From Theory to Practice Keynote User Guide About Me Four Sets of
Contents
1. Role of UEFs in WCD EMS WCD Approach 4 Element Measurement Strategies Evaluation measures what and instruments how are selected for each worth map element Expressivity more than a worth element label Credibility d l d via Worth Deli S i on a Sen ee Pa ae Partially instantiates subprinciple of evaluability Improvability evaluability and understandability follow from Measures and instruments for expected UX dynamics design elements come from existing approaches feelings are understood and assessed in context to software media quality no idealised separation of measurable emotions Jettan ea sale Shales cannot ne i i ring interaction wor m r Inclusiveness applied during Interaction worth comes late Meanings can be associated with stakeholders nA University of Balance of worth positive and negative meanings University of menses Basis for Worth Map element annotations ene NESTA ix NESTA w 10 DWI WCD evaluation insight Direct Worth Instrumentation direct collection of measures by instrumenting the technical system logging or the wider sociodigital system instrumentation measure what matters and endures in the world as and when lasting outcomes form measure transient user experiences to diagnose degraded worth Role of EMSs in WCD Committedness to means of evaluation A big picture of what matters most Understandability within worth map context Evaluation plan2. Hiring a van to move something from one place to another Gift purchase sale or disposal Different goals overlapping values Anatomy of WCD Style MECs eee Worthwhile Outcome they achieved it Geoivaue User Experience they had it Clear informative Quality you achieved it aceon Feature you configured it Web pages with downloadable Material you sourced it documents Adverse Outcome they may suffer it Van Hire Worth Map Good Plan Clear Concerned Complete checkable Helpful informative caring valuing thorough considerate EI oe What to bring amp Confirmation of Van load Depot maps and when information booking information directions information Web pages with Email and fax Image capabilities dowloadable documents capabilities of html java etc en Oe 2 4 2009 Worth Maps WCD Approach 1 m Origins in hierarchical value models HVMs of consumer psychology already in use in Information Systems St Gallen Software Engineering Australia Web development USA Mobile HCI Korea Austria Network models of intersecting and converging means end chains MECs associate product attributes with the UXs and valued outcomes of user interaction Direct support for designing as connecting Associating explicit means with explicit ends Interactions July August 2008 Worth Map Elements means or ends technical or human Ee aim
3. spam 2 4 2009 Limitations of a posteriori approaches n Trust Primary sources cannot be fully revealed for inspection except artefact corpora for making Overcommitment One approach to evaluation or user research Focus on artefacts or people not both Scope Direct Manipulation principles don t cover all interaction designs Can t go from humans to designs or vice versa IDEO set the best balanced here but then they are designers Choice Theory Allingham design outcomes result from decisions Choice implies alternatives Choice Theory calculates the bases of rational choice Selections from menus of alternatives What do we expect of any choice Especially a design choice Good selections good menus or both 1 Receptiveness Not just having spam Or just egg sausage and bacon as well Pizza toppings fare better Arrabiata Hawaiian Curry Cajun Receptive to international influences Staying open to alternatives Positively seeking them out Receptiveness First meta principle of abstract choice What Makes a Good Menu 2 4 2009 2 Expressivity Hors D OEUVRE Soupe de poissons Soupe l oignon Salade fris e aux lardons Crottin chaud en salade Omelette aux fines herbes i Oeufs en cocotte Jeke Langia TH cape Lohas Lory POISSONS Plade xe gee Sole Meuni re Pn Pir Sit Quenelles de brochet Coguilles St Jacques fomspe ot a VIANDES Ss Fromage Hachis par
4. Beyond Bodies Life as a web of Self Other relations Self individual motivation Alderfer Existence Relatedness Growth Existence and growth of mind body and spirit Other collective structures mould agency Kin Kind and Institutions Families and similar groupings e g gangs Communities of practice interest place age issue faith belief gender language ethnicity Institutional governmental religious commercial charitable educational professional scientific advocacy political Role of Worth Webs in WCD UEFs WCD Approach 3 Broadening scope of receptiveness L ERG IKK alergic to theory User Experience Frames UEFs Locales Existence Relatedness Growth Multi column expression of abstract Kin Kind Institutions i interaction scenarios Webs create multiple places over spaces Explore credibility of UXs as the final Understanding individuals in relation to means in means end chains their web of social contexts Does interaction deliver intended worth ROE GETE EANA TEPENE ES Provide a focus for direct evaluation of Value conflicts and priorities user interaction worth inspection Potential beneficiaries adverse impacts wor
5. hired for up to 24 hours or for short hires of up to four hours The i local depot is open from 8AM to 8PM over the weekend Harry notices a hire planner button below the information and moves the mouse to Display home page click it feng on says Sally let s see how much it is first I can see says Harry it will be 44 for four hours The chaise longue was only 60 said Sally that hardly seems wort A new one s over 150 said Harry and you said it was as good as new I can take some things to the recycling centre on my way back four hours asked Sally Maybe not let s see said Harry and he clicks on a chunky hire planner button A simple spin box appears with 2 in it with the label Number of draps pick ups Harry clicks this up to 3 let s see there here e right oi recycling yes that s 3 He clicks on OK and text boxes pop up one by one to t the spin box At either end is the depot s post code in Open www a non editable text box with the OK button moved to the right as well but disabled Their post code has been pre entered into the third box That s smart says Harry I just need to fill in the seller and recycling centre post codes He sees a link to UK post code look up clicks on it lovelyvan com and a web site opens in a new window Harry types in the names of the nearest main roads to the vendor s house and the recycling centre explaining to Sa
6. olane and her husband Harry nend to do now isto o and pay for it ang pick ji up Sally was careful to check its measurements 5 4 when she viewed it It s x x 54cm so they visit www lovelyvan com the web site of a national van hire franchise to hire a van to help Feelings Beliefs System Usage System Actions in the the deliver it as the chaise longue won t fit into the back of their small hatch back with all the seats down They ve chosen www lovelyvan com Response World after seeing a press campaign for the company and some friends in London have used it and recommended it Sally lets Harry drive their PC He finds a prices and availability section on www lovelyvan com but Sally asks him to check depot locations There s ne point in checking on prices availability if the nearest depot isn t close enough to their house and the vendor s There s a clear area on Better to start with depot Can find info on depots the right of the home page for finding your nearest depot Harry types in their post code and a map appearsin the large blank space below showing the locations of nearby depots A key below also lists depots While Harry ponders the map Sally notices their nearest on the list in Carlisle Centre around half way between their s and the vendor s Harry clicks on this under Sally s index finger and the map changes to a local one for the depot with address and phone details and driving directions Harry is really impressed by the anim
7. principle What sorts of principle are there B How are they derived and defended What do you think B 3x2x2 Bases for Derivation Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Knowing Theoria Sophia Episteme Making Techne Poesis Phronesis Doing Praxis Phronesis Kant and many others a posteriori based on experience a priori based on deduction Research sources Primary Secondary Our Four Sets of HCI Principles All a posteriori derivations Gould Dourish knowing Shneiderman Gould making Brown doing making Mostly primary in their sources Dourish uses secondary ones Gould and colleagues should have e g Dreyfuss Designing for People An a priori alternative Start with an introductory text s position on design outcomes John Heskett Design A Very Short Introduction cut down Toothpicks and Logos result from decisions Choice implies alternatives in how ends can be achieved and for whose advantage design is not only about initial decision or concepts by designers but also about how these are implemented and by what means we can evaluate their effect or benefit Heskett 2002 pp 5 6 What Makes a Good Menu there s egg and bacon egg sausage amp bacon egg and spam egg bacon amp spam egg bacon sausage amp spam l spam bacon sausage amp spam N spam egg spam spam bacon and spam spam sausage spam spam bacon spam tomato amp
8. 2 4 2009 From Theory to Practice From Meta Principles to Design Practices y Where Worthwhile Interaction Designs Come From and How To Get There m Principles for design ing Four example post hoc sets of principles 2 Limitations of a posteriori derivations A priori alternative six meta principles Gilbert Cockton m Progressive instantiation Research Chair Human Computer Interaction Constrain design choices by craft and purpose a EE Engineering and Technology Support design choices with a development University of Sunderlan z framework of design and evaluation approaches M NESTA Fellow 2005 2007 Principle sets completed on a project team organisation basis University of Sunderland Keynote User Guide About Me Two hours allocated HCI Research Chair since 1997 allowed to teach not required m Breach of Geneva Convention EE eseae Cruel and Unusual Punishment Before that secondary m Keynote split into two with a break a P alls Plus some discussion question gaps QO Enpe es a pont 1 Meta principles 9 Post Doc 1986 89 Break PhD 1993 2 Constraining design choices Academic at Glasgow GIST co founder 3 Supportive WCD framework of then Northumbria via HEADS work design and evaluation approaches Industry consultancy work since 1985 Four Sets of HCI Principles Gould Lewis and Others Gould amp colleagues IBM Usability _ Early focus on users and tasks Shneide
9. aluability understandability l inclusiveness credibility ji l responsiveness receptiveness Red Cross Break Geneva Convention requires a break at this point Resume in 10 minutes Getting Started Limit four choice classes to Interaction Design via craft materials and axiological design purpose constraints Support project teams via frameworks of approaches not methods Enough support to guide project teams Enough freedom to work effectively as needed for the project and or by the team their organisation and sponsors Sive partial instantiation Craft Axiological Constraints Restrict means to materials of Interaction Design Socio digital systems post sociotechnical People are part of our materials Axiological constraints reflect design philosophies What is the purpose of design ISO 9241 Efficiency effectiveness satisfaction User Experience emotional usability and more Contextual Design fit to context Ludic Design Fun Other Reflective Stances interpretative etc Worth favourable balance of benefits over costs for beneficiaries within a sociodigital system Acceptable impact for negative beneficiaries Placing the other principles Streets T Work g Meaning Support from Existing Approaches 2 4 2009 Worth Centred Interaction Design SDS Actors Recap Keynote Part 2 m Receptiveness Participative developm
10. and payment page where Sally helps him with credit card and checking all details Harry clickes the terms and conditions box ice information and Whatto bring and when Email fax confirmation of Van load information Depot maps and which pops up Key Points when you hover over it Harry saves and prints confirmation page i bookit di sons inf ithin minutes Harry has an email from lovelyvan It s a well laid out html message with link to an on line pdf as an alternative layout Harry summary ooking rections information s the link to the pdf out of curiosity That looks very smart says Sally and it is The document contains details of the hire the depot and ions to it the documents that drivers need to bring instructions on what to do at the depot and time estimates for these activities and a p with the route between drop offs There s legal information at the end but this is clear and well set out and written in a reassuringly raightforwardtone Harry prints the pdf off staples it and pins it to the cork board near the PC The pdf even looks good when pinned up 2 ae X niai F F I m really looking forward to getting the chaise longue now said Sally I ll be glad to get all that stuff to the recycling said Harry much easier Mating Anticipation positiv fr m press campaign and friends recommendations Making than I thought a 3 s J y 9 a yong y tanovatiorl E E tanovation Fownh Fownh
11. ations used in the transition from one map to another and from the list to the depot details Cool he Sally persuades Harr exclaims but Sally s finger is already over which van do I need button Harry is confident that after all those fancy animations that the location YP y map and depot details will stay there Sure enough another animated transition places a circle of vans in the blank area to the left Next to each van there s an example load and below that there s the van s load space dimensions Sally immediatel spots the van with a settee next to it That should do she says but this time Harry s finger has got there first Hang on he says Let s check the small print OK load space dimensions 240 long by 170 wide by 140cm high Something 206 x 67 x 54cm will fit in easily and there ll be enough room down one side to 7 manoeuvre it from inside the van xo a medium panel van is what we want With that Harry clicks straight on the obvious red circular Book Me Nota good place to start Can find prices amp button over the right edge of the van photo availability 1 4 This time there are no fancy animations The other vans disappear and a calendar appears in between the medium panel van and the depot details It clearly indicates that there are medium panel vans available for the coming weekend Below the calendar is a clear informative statement on hire periods prices and depot opening times Vans can be
12. ent field studies reflective design value sensitive design designs trends inventions Expressivity Personas scenarios sketching experience prototyping Credibility Design Rationale Task Scenario Analyses Technical Feasibility Analysis Grounded Theory Interaction Design studies Inclusiveness Stakeholder analysis plus aspects of accessibility reflective design value sensitive design sustainability Improvability RITE evaluability user testing and inspection understandability Activity Theory Distributed Cognition User Experience Theories etc Committedness Illustration of alternative a priori derivation of design meta principles Heskett as an example starting point Constrain Heskett s 4 choice classes Craft constraints socio digital materials of Interaction Design Axiological constraints the purpose of design is to demonstrate the achievement of worth by identified beneficiaries via aligned evaluations Support with framework of worth centred design and evaluation approaches Worth Centred Innovations Committedness Worth maps with element annotations 1 Receptiveness and Inclusiveness L ERG IKK worth webs 2 Expressivity User Experience Frames 3 Worth personas Worth boards adaptation of mood boards Credibility Worth Delivery Scenarios 3 Improvability 4 Element Measurement Strategies Direct Worth Instrumentation Total Iteration Potential
13. gn Worth as one form of axiological constraint WCD framework of approaches partially instantiates meta principles for constrained choices Final instantiation must occur on a studio team or project basis Approaches not algorithms Questions 11 Thank You Gilbert Cockton Research Chair Human Computer Interaction School of Computing and Technology University of Sunderland NESTA Fellow 2005 2007 v University of Sunderland 2 4 2009 12
14. gn decisions or dealing with nut allergies We have reached a point where reflecting on abstract menu choices will take us no further result from decisions Choice implies alternatives in how ends can be achieved and for whose advantage design is not only about initial decision or concepts by designers but also about how these are implemented and by what means we can evaluate their effect or benefit Heskett 2002 pp 5 6 Credibility now has a context for design ecisions beyond abstract options Context Four Interconnected Classes of Menus for Design Choices ends for whose advantage how implemented by what means evaluated Benefici aries Credibility Two Types of Choice Are Special Two extra meta principles follow from questions for two design choice classes Q1 Are choices of beneficiaries the same as choices of means Q2 What should we do when evaluation indicates that some ends have not somehow been achieved We do more than commit to an evaluation We also commit to follow through unless we just need usability approval 5 Inclusiveness Required by first specific question Choices about people are special because people are Choices need to be more than credible Choices about people are moral all of us or economic ethical some of us Ends should imply beneficiaries who to include Means also imply cost impacts perhaps including groups beyond
15. ing and missing hitting Ends intended discovered co created designs in use Balance of Worth Role of Worth Maps in WCD m m Committedness to designing as connecting Chosen means and ends associated in MECs Beneficiaries and evaluations also connected Worth Maps as an anchor representation Credibility relates to elements and associations Human Value Element annotations support Inclusiveness and evaluability Worth Maps must be fully augmented to support receptiveness and expressivity menus and options are external to worth maps so are details of inter element associations 2 4 2009 Worth Centred Development Understanding ends Axiological constraints on non craft and beneficiaries design choices independently of Consider balance of costs and benefits technology eti Upgrading users from Assess existing design and Se etesones Geetgn evaluation approaches against Untethering people from usage constrained meta principles Web metaphor common in figurative and Adapt and fill gaps as required i related sociology framing device Weber Arendt Parsons Elias Giddens locales Individuals and spaces located within webs of overlapping social structures http www nancarrow webdesk com warehouse storage2 2007 w40 img 1827 Individuals in Social Webs
16. lly that they will be good enough As he gets gach post code peenters it into a blank pet box and presses the OK uttan once itis enabled Three more text boxes i ity A i ity B i i g a ra o i i i appear below the post code ones labelled time needed at each drop off pick up with default editable times oi minutes in each ere s an Enabling quality A Enabling quality B Enabling quality C Complete accurate checkable Enabling quality D OK button at the end again and Harry presses it If we re quick BO at each will be enough A summary of the route comes up From the van Clear informative Concerned caring thorough Helpful considerate depot to From to your location From your location to to the van depot It s all clearly laid out with a time estimate for each leg for the valuing date and time and a total time based on these legs and the time at each drop off pick up Below this is a very obvious clear statement that while lovelyvan have done their best they can to be accurate they cannot guarantee time estimates Sally is really impressed that s so helpful she cries out The total estimated time is three hours That s enough leeway for us says Harry especially if we have everything clear for getting the chaise longue in and the recycling stuff is stacked up ready to go Harry selects a date and a time period and navigates to the Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5 ooking details
17. mentier Noisettes d agneau DESSERTS Bifteck au poivre Tarte aux myrtilles Blanquette de vean P che Melba Magret de canard Cr me caramel C te de pore Ie flottante Ris de veax Cr pes flamb es Cog an vin Gateau St Honor Making 2 lenowation Fownh Bad Choices or Bad Menu To make a fair choice from a menu all options must be well expressed It s hard to choose an option that you don t understand Lord Montague s Welsh Pomfrey The Oudenaarde Waterzooi Mrs Ainley s Lane s Prince Albert Pie Expressivity Second meta principle of abstract choice Committedness and Choice a Havenwerks com uisa Credibility a fourth meta principle Are good choices from bad menus possible Poorly expressed options obstruct confidence Unreceptive menus have obvious inadequacies Bad menus undermine committedness Third meta principle of abstract choice Genuine choices must be committed to _ Applies to the chooser not the choice Knowing what we have chosen and why _ What makes it possible to commit Where Design Outcomes Come From All menu options must be credible as well as well expressed Is credibility wholly about choice from a menu Is something beyond rational choices based on abstract utility involved Yes credibility requires a context and an audience Context is largely ignored in choice theory Rationality credibility Contexts differ for different sorts of choices e g desi
18. ning can be completed before design finalisation Designs get better establishing element measurement criteria Supports expressivity for ends and increases receptiveness for means Heisencockton simprovabilityprinciple Concluding Claims Meta principles for designing and their initial worth centred pre instantiation re frame and support adaptation of most existing HCI approaches Personas scenarios user testing probes highlight gaps in current HCI support Representing commitments e valu ation of costs as well as benefits user experience as axiological meaning making broad views of human values and their social contexts WiCkID Worth Centred Interaction Design University of Sunderland 2 4 2009 DWI Van Hire Examples Worthwhile Outcomes Worthwhile economic transaction Pleasant sequel successful delivery Adverse outcomes Costs of control load won t fit can t collect van late pick up can t find depot Need to instrument van hire depot and customers not earlier web site interactions Still need to instrument some UXs e g confidence in choices and preparation Summary Three 1 1 2 2 meta principles implied by ordinary language analysis and choice theory Designing implies 3 more 2 2 1 1 close reading of Heskett s position on outcomes Constrain Heskett s four choice classes Means of Interaction Design Socio digital materials Purpose of Desi
19. rman Direct Manipulation _ Empirical measurement Dourish Embodied Interaction Iterative design Brown IDEO Design Thinking Integrated Design Then an alternative approach from my NESTA fellowship work Ben Shneiderman Direct Manipulation Continuous representation of the object of interest Physical actions or labelled button presses instead of complex syntax Rapid incremental reversible operations whose impact on the object of interest is immediately visible Layered or spiral approach to learning that permits usage with minimal knowledge Tim Brown Design Thinking Hit the streets Recruit T shaped people Build to think The prototype tells a story Design is never done Five Senses of Principle Concise Oxford English Dictionary A fundamental truth or law as the basis of reasoning or action A personal code of conduct in plural rules of conduct A general law in physics etc A law of nature forming the basis for the construction or working of a machine etc A fundamental source a primary element 2 4 2009 Paul Dourish Embodied Interaction Computation is a medium Meaning arises on multiple levels Users not designers create and communicate meaning Users not designers manage coupling Embodied technologies participate in the world they represent Embodied interaction turns action into meaning Are these the same sorts of
20. tential not just design iteration If something needs to improve it should be improved otherwise evaluation is pointless We must understand how to improve 6 2 Understandability and be able to make improvements 6 3 Responsiveness Three subprinciples of improvability 6 1 3 RITE Questions Problem Understand Fix Six Meta Principles for Designing Receptiveness of virtuous designers Expressivity of design content Committedness of virtuous designers Credibility of design decisions Inclusiveness of virtuous designers Improvability within design process Revealed through the magic of words conceptual and logical investigation that cannot be solved by empirical means A C Grayling Wittgenstein 2001 n From Meta Principles to Design Practice Meta principles are too abstract to guide action but they do provide broad heuristics for design and evaluation methods Participative Design supports receptiveness but not Personas support expressiveness but not RITE MS supports improvability but not a Social construction of reality limits the extent of instantiation before specific team project contexts Can t fully programme humans or their work especially creative work Actionable codes rules of conduct must be finalised on team project bases get close but don t close Teams must find their own virtuous golden means 2 4 2009 Total Iteration Potential ev
21. th Sociodigital system design opportunities e g Job enrichment for van depot staff 2 4 2009 UEF Headers Footers Columns Van Hire Example Fragment UEFs use a tabular format to render UX as co construction of meanings The name of a UX is its meaning to the user A UX s meaning heralds outcomes Columns for ideal dynamic elements of interaction Feelings beliefs user actions system reactions ee Cee I Mee Additional circumstance columns for Read email follow link Display pdf contingent contextual worth processing Feels great all well Booked right van for Save and print fa cto rs S i t u a te d n e S S planned now right time period confirmation page actions and fco present ot v w actions and responses of co present others w Univ of i i i Univ of a changes in the world including people poets And that s a Good Plan for Hiring Our Van UX for Customer Stakeholder No immediate outcomes enables later Jn Control UX for van hire and use Feelings Beliefs System Usage System Actions in the Response World Looking forward to Have all necessary getting van details Book and pay for van Sally checks details NESTA NESTA The Other End UEF UX start Worth Delivery Scenario for UEF Sally saw a classified advert in the free Carlisle local paper and agreed to buy a second hand outdoor chaise longue after visiting the owner to have a ook
22. those chosen as design beneficiaries Economic Ethical costs of purchase configuration use integration maintenance indirect impact Moral Accessibility sustainability _ Virtuous golden means between vices of extremes _ Generally axiological all about value s Muhing Mating tenowation ienowation FHownh Hlowenh 2 4 2009 4 Credibility Choices in Context All genuine options for each class of choice menu types must be individually credible but so must the relationships between choices Both design means and evaluation measures and criteria should be credible with respect to ends Means should also be credible through evaluation inspection feasibility aesthetics etc Benefits should be credible through evaluation investigation testing usage studies surveys etc Credibility and more applies to all connections between choice classes Designing as connecting Interactions July 2008 Clement Mok Stephano Marzano Sir George Cox RSA Student Design Competition A1 Worthwhile Interconnections Benefici aries One Last Interconnection Benefici aries Se 6 Improvability Evaluation should establish whether ends have been achieved 6 1 Evaluability and what to improve Response to second specific question if ends are not well achieved we must stay committed to or make a new choice or choose new means beneficiaries even evaluations Total iteration po
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