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Millennium Cohort Study: A User Guide Focussing on Families in

1. 175 Table 9 6b Mother s economic activity status at child s age 3 by type of ward Rest of UK 176 Table 9 7a Mother s economic activity status by number of children at child s age 3 Scotland 176 Table 9 7b Mother s economic activity status by number of children at child s age 3 Rest of UK 177 Table 9 8 Mean weekly hours of employed mothers by whether works full or part time 177 Father s economic activity at age 3 178 Table 9 9 Father s economic activity by country at child s age 3 sss 178 Table 9 10 Fathers education qualifications at MCS 2 by country ssssssssssssseeeeenenee 178 Table 9 11a Father s current economic activity status at child s age 3 by highest educational achievement at MC ST Scotland 23 2 eon o aria han ic ttr t Does deo e dl 179 Table 9 11b Father s current economic activity status at child s age 3 by highest educational achievement at MGST ReStoF UK 30e Cet Dade cete EE mud cr abe N A 179 Table 9 12a Employed father s NS SEC 4 by highest education level at MCS1 Scotland 180 Table 9 12b Employed father s NS SEC 4 by highest education level at MCS1 Rest of UK 181 Couples employment status at age 181 Table 9 13 Parents partnerships and economic status by country sss 181 Employed parents NS SEC statuses ccccscccssss
2. 28 Table 2 10a Scotland Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by Good area to bring up children rege RED E Hee entend 29 Table 2 10b Rest of UK Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by Good area to bring up hisdem r 29 Table 2 11 How safe you feel in area by UK country of interview ssssssssseeeeeee 30 Table 2 12 How safe you feel in area by UK country and urban rural location esses 30 Table 2 13a Scotland How safe you feel in area by Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification 31 Table 2 13b Rest of UK Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by How safe you feel in E EE 31 Home atmosphere ii dit 32 Table 2 14 Home atmosphere scale weighted means by UK country at MCS 2 sse 32 Table 2 15a Home atmosphere weighted means at MCS 2 by parents labour market status couples and number of parents carers Scotland siseses iini eenei ener enne nennen nennen nennen nnn 32 Table 2 15b Home atmosphere weighted means at MCS 2 by parents labour market status couples and number of parents carers Rest of UK 33 CHAPTER THREE FAMILY DEMOGRAPHICS ssssssssssssssessessesessesessessesessessesessessesessessesessesseseeserses 34 Ila p Ic dass 34 Table 3 1 Family type at MCS1 and MCS2 by contre 34 Change in family t
3. N All mothers 4 s 4s w 1785 Mothers age 16 24 Chi Square 194085 E Po po ya EE e SA Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland 72 Table 5 10b Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 Rest of UK Regular mealtimes Usually Total Unweighted Rest of UK Mothers age Mothers age 16 24 2 Mothers age 25 29 tis occ Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in England Wales and NI Parenting beliefs and values Table 5 11 Important qualities for children at age 3 by UK country Most important quality for child to have To be well To help To obey To learn Total liked others parents religious Unweighted popular values N Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country Unweighted observations weighted s using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 173 Table 5 12a Important qualities for children at age 3 Scotland Most important quality for child to have To be well To think To help To obey To learn Total liked for others parents religious Unweighted popular themselves values FIM BEL NUR NN Mothers age 16 24 Mothers age 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Chi Square Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland Table 5 12b Important qualities for children at age 3 Rest of UK Most important quality for child to have To be w
4. 0 l 8rL6 TSS 000070 ea oe LEI ect e oe SEN svi jee gn Eu rs Ir SE EE ez feres Le Jer ee Jos SANT TLI T 8S L II EL ss 9Y97 P OAN ssi es ri fes Jos ect ONT Sri es E eu frs ose ONY TOAN PAJ UOH EINPI s Jou jeq E 6L 98p ZO 0000 0 on eA d rip e fea sz su v 7 EEN EIERE fe en sce PROPIA pou wpe pa o du Sung Gon er om ow em SU wey snjtjs FCO Lev cuo 000070 onjea d eu ce Lat in II Lee SH E su fre ow en ee feri Imper pur KoSo OROT so s fen sz sn fe PAKOA js sy TROIE eus Sept EE a EZ uuour Ss pe wis oma 1 Tel IN pue soem pue Sug ur sjuopuodso urew TSOW 9seg oosjouqA BUIYSIOM JOJ posn o qeHI A PAYIM oie sogejuooloq pojusioAun oJe soseq VIOL EN ILE 0 SIJON 6LLT E6 0000 0 ma sc ra ew ha or ro mn cot Lem get vci ws Leg A gt 8189 Sjuo1ed e1njeu pore addy Aprueq N pays romun 99A L soun 99A L puou 9IOUI JO sown y 07 AppuojN uey seat 1949N asn oqoo e yuoLIND al Table 8 9 Parental CAGE scores MCS2 by country excludes non drinkers LENS Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score 2 or drinker CAGE gt score s than 2 A Total all mothers who completed self 11 094 5 7 94 3 completion in main interview England 6 726 Wales 5 000 0 O 1 780 Scotland 1 492 LN ireland 1 096 p value 0 3396 C
5. 40andovr 1 778 277 300 30 to 34 2 372 28 4 0 0503 i 19 6082 Father s Managerial amp professional 3 298 occupational class 178 67 1 31 0 2 0 14 o employed mI po Routineandsemirouine 1867 672 0 0033 JI Lo employment status not employed E AA not employed N o a N Nel oo Lo No lt Rh hb 0 7 LA H H nN wm 5 4 Both partners unemployed 5 A N 9 Lo oo os IT 28 9 38 1 28 8 28 6 26 7 35 7 30 5 28 3 N nN wm NVQ 1 2 138 27 8 Le pL oj oo S Te EST 2 526 294 NVOS 507 680 31 5 Other Overseas 273 63 4 32 9 qualifications y nH IL N 28 0 N N pee IO afle 69 4 9 6 70 2 69 4 67 72 2 62 9 67 9 8 69 1 67 None of the above p value 0 0004 chi2 44 3361 N oo l Lo Ge E lt 157 Total N o Family type Married natural parents 6 052 64 7 Cohabiting natural parents 1 465 179 p value 0 0025 chi2 27 3228 Natural parents 403 other unknown relationship Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 158 Life satisfaction Table 8 19 Parental life satisfaction MCS 2 by country Total Percentage life Unweighted satisfaction 7 or zZ EI a E
6. Lei AN el qes str ss 889 Ire EON sU feo ovr os foe TONN I OAN errr tit co jos re iso Ice ws SE og poAoydura poAoydura Orte 99 pst LEE eo eT ED TH 69 CAN E e cx euorssojoud 2 eios eue At LT Ur 9L CO IW 99p euorednooo s 19436 A sjonpo d sdn 01 2ur sdn q oa our sdn jJo1 ur 099 q0 9339 IESI9 9 9 18319 9339 I 310 N 1910 07 61 01 OT t9pun Joxours uoN paypa Ser Zuppous mun mon TI CCl IN pue soem pue Sug ur syuopuodsos urew SIN 9seg oosjouqA SUIUSISM JOJ posn 210pUEA P9Y ISM oie sogejuooloq poyySloMun oJe soseq VIOL EN 9 QU 0 SIJON EL8v 0Tv 0000 0 drysuoneyor CH all 8 89 09r uMouxun Ioqo syuored jenjen CU LTL LC St OS 09 u iz s6 EC re ETE od ar eh sd mae sjonpo d sdn 01 out sdn q oa our sdn jJo1 ur 099 q0 SIPELS SIPPIE 31 9339 1 310 N 19410 07 61 01 OT topun Joxours uoN PAJUSIOMU snjejs 9UIOUIS JU9 LIn EL ez sjuopuodso urew ZTSOW 9seg ZTSIYSIOM SUNYSIOM JOJ posn I QRIIBA PAYIM ose sodejuooloq PO TSMUN oe soseq VIOL gN 91 qu 03 SIJON 6L88 007 auo 0000 0 onpeA d sor Le EE er o Im Ir 06 MOTAIOJUT 190318 pojopduroo ou sJoqjej 8 830 L E A ER AAN cic feir A Z009 LIZ mil 000070 o run el YIMM SOUND muou 9 I0UI 10 S soul p 03 AUO uen sso aen oyooye JUAN
7. e Mother Total all mothers who completed self completion in main 13 359 interview Country England 8 313 Wales 2 054 Scotland 1 687 N Ireland 1 305 p value 0 0286 chi2 11 4308 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview Scotland N Ireland p value chi2 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents 159 Table 8 20a Parental life satisfaction MCS 2 Scotland Total Percentage life Unweighted satisfaction 7 or N above Total all mothers who completed self completion in main 83 4 interview 1 687 Natural parents other unknown 54 76 4 relationship Lone natural mother 2206 8 5 214 25 to 29 289 75 8 30034 oo 525 Bo 350039 S 484 Bo 40anddovr E eaa AAA NN chi2 467 4108 class l emediate 239 871 oo Smallmployer amp selfemployd 57 910 Lower supervisory and technical 40 866 oo Routine and semiroutine 269 802 AAA chi2 99 9596 status IN co JN MM employed Bett TE employed Bothpartnersunemployed _80 605 PEO EA ode chi2 496 8822 Mothers education level NVO1 ol 681 NVQ2 Y s NVQ3 S 37 m NVQ4 560 910 fe EN ee 1 Mix ES Other Overseas qualifications 25 Po None oftheabove
8. one of the above 87 2 p value 0 0000 chi2 78 3249 W 144 Total Use of recreational drugs in past year N 2 Married natural parents 6459 al 93 Le NEC 1 6 Cohabiting natural parents 1 569 3 7 eS LER A other unknown relationship po Other FT 863 aa E ebe e chi2 250 4514 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI Psycho social health Post natal depression and diagnosed depression Table 8 13 Maternal post natal depression by country natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MCS2 Unweighted for2 weeks or more N Mother Total all mothers who completed main interview 4 109 Country England 2 766 N Ireland p value 0 2845 chi2 5 5360 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 natural mothers who had another baby by MCS2 145 Table 8 14a Maternal post natal depression Scotland natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MCS 2 Mother es PY 80H Sto p E Inter mediate Pp Lowersupervisory and technical Total Percentage low or sad Unweighted for 2 weeks or more N Couple s employment status Both partners employed 162 Both partners unemployed 27 62 6 Partner employed main not employed
9. Lomematalmoher f 250 276 pf ther o 1 _ 49 QG98 p value 0 0030 110 Total Percentage Unweighted longstanding illness n Total all fathers who completed partner interview 6 9 Father s age at interview Under 25 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 Pp 40 and over p value Father s occupational Managerial amp professional class Intermediate Small employer amp self employed E E Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine Couple s employment status Father s education level Family type Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents 154 0 5329 22 6136 16 3 pst S 287 49 8 other unknown 29 9 18 7 p value chi2 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 111 Table 8 4b Parental longstanding illness MCS2 Rest of UK Total Percentage Unweighted n longstanding illness Total all mothers who completed main interview 13 698 Mother s age at 1 921 21 4 interview Under 25 P250t29 pp 26090 226 80H OO 4224 199 A ouo LL aoj ay ander 0 LiS 238 Mother s occupational Managerial amp professional 2 429 class intermediate ES Smalemployer amp selfemployrd Lowersupervsoryandtechnical Routineandsemirouine status Pp Partn
10. Main employed partner not employed Routine and semi routine Notes to table N 30 174 5261 Base MCS2 natural mothers who had another baby by MCS2 in Scotland Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl 146 Table 8 14b Maternal post natal depression Rest of UK natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MCS 2 Total Percentage low or sad Unweighted for 2 weeks or more N Mother A Pp po ENTE A ESF PEE Mother s occupational class Managerial amp professional 312 Small employer amp self employed 25 6 p Lower supervisory and technical 46 44 3 ooo Routineandsemiroutine Couple s employment status Both partners employed Main employed partner not employed Both partners unemployed N N N N Partner employed main not employed Other Overseas qualifications one of the above 135 6208 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base Base MCS2 natural mothers who had another baby by MCS2 in England Wales and NI 147 Table 8 15 Mother diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS 2 Never Diagnosed but Diagnosed and Unweighted diagnosed not currently currently being depression or treated treated Bon sS anxiet 99 MH Total all mothers who completed main 15 229 interview po Wales 220 2
11. Table 3 14 Grandparents in the household by country Country at MCS2 Leen in HH England Wales Scotland Northern SET Notes to table Chi2 9 9647 p 0 0557 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed Table 3 15a Grandparents in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview group pe Notes to table Chi2 330 7989 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known 44 Table 3 15b Grandparents in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped GR REC IMS LZ BE Notes to table Chi2 301 3344 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known Natural father in household Table 3 16 Natural father in household by country Country at MCS1 Country at MCS2 BTE father England Wales Scotland Northern England Wales Scotland Northern HH SES KE n father is d in HH Natural father Eco bm in HH Total Base 11533 2760 2336 1923 18552 10107 2233 1800 1450 15590 unweighted Notes to table MCS1 Chi2 44 5824 p 0 0007 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 MCS2 Chi2 15
12. it to take account of the needs of families of different sizes and compositions For the calculation of equivalent income we used a version of the McClements equivalence scale also used by the government in its annual publication of Households Below Average Income We did not take account of the detailed child weights in the McClements scale partly on the grounds that it gives a weight of only 0 09 for babies 0 18 for a child aged 3 Instead we assigned to children under 16 in the household the average of the child weights of 0 23 The McClements scale was used instead of the newer OECD scale in these first analyses since this was the scale used in analyses of MCSI so that comparisons can be made Figure 1 shows the distribution of total family income for MCS2 families The mean was 341 33 per week and the median was 281 43 per week Income poverty The poverty threshold was defined as 60 percent of national median income before housing costs This is the conventional relative poverty measure used by the government in the Households Below Average Income series In 2003 4 the median before housing costs was 333 per week for a childless couple DWP 2005 The proportion of families with equivalent income below a threshold based on this level 200 per week was 26 8 percent This 1s higher than the national child poverty estimate of 21 percent in the HBAI DWP 20005 because the MCS2 poverty rate is a family poverty rate for families with a
13. Children in Scotland appear to experience different numbers of weekly hours of childcare for the different types of care they are given and according to whether their mother is employed or not employed When future sweeps are available other analyses will be possible for example There are differences in parenting styles between mothers in Scotland and the other UK countries It would be possible with future sweeps on MCS to examine whether differences in parenting style at age 3 affect child outcomes measures at older ages Differences visible in transitions from MCS sweep to sweep2 into and out of family poverty between Scotland and the rest of the UK will be able to be analysed The data collected will also be able to throw further light on how families spend their money and what they cannot afford 17 18 CHAPTER ONE THE MILLENNIUM COHORT STUDY DETAILS Note on sample sizes in rest of the Report s Annex 1 1 In the rest of this Report the Tables report the sample sizes even when the base and cell sizes are small Where the base or any individual cell statistics is based on less than 50 cases the statistic is put in parentheses Note on Table numbering in rest of the Report s Annex 1 2 Tables on Scotland only are given an a in addition to their number For the equivalent table for the rest of the UK England Wales and Northern Ireland the same table number is adopted and a b added Weights 1 3 All of th
14. Jpn Ah a FEE E opo o qo o ll p p TI E Parent s employment situation Father only eamer_ 69 13 an ol ol ml Chi Square 599985 LE Value poo CC E l Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland 66 Table 5 4b Mothers reading with the child at age 3 Rest of UK How often mothers read with child Every Several Once or Less Never Total day times a twice a often week i month Unweighted N EC Mothers age E 1624 sop af I 4 331 191 ECH Mothers age 25 29 19 3 2 100 2692 Moteras 3034 oa ae m 2 3 2 3 n FMothersage3539 66 19 0 3 1 2 10 3359 Chi Square 3289 Jo LE Vae p009 f ASA A PS E A O A EEE E Parent s employment situation Noeamerfamily 39 20 23 6 ol ml 883 Chi Square 4999 pame FBO Ip We ile 3E lio Se Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in England Wales and NI 67 89 1 14319 mM sosn yorga sisAyeue Aunos 3dooxo z JYSIOM Sursn soSejuoorod pajy3tom suoneA1osqo payysiomuy ANUNOD ur soyez juepuodsaz 1oujyred ZTSOW IV oseg IIE 03 SIJON E o c ud o ua s E s E gt 22 x EE SOMME 168 odor Se qs L EEES o Jor fe Js je peo Pons sw dor e pr mM so eo c o pn Z0L9 op s S ER EE Dep 05701 CA CA EE Ep Vm n eos s
15. Obese obese Le Mother PAGO E TIT IICPIE EIE Eccc NN T PG UN NU main interview Country England 8228 30 579 252 aal 40 E was 4 BOS 360 103 39 Scota 1482 amp 24 607 240 90 39 PN Ireland 123 20 sss m i aal Ae ae partner interview Pt Wales Tse TS 28 o Scotland 1024 N Ireland p value 0 0576 chi2 24 4591 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 164 Table 8 22a Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS 2 Scotland E mWub M gt 5 7 Unweighted Less than 18 5 18 5 to25 0 Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Underweight Normal Overweight Morbidly Mother main interview at interview 3510039 f aaf X 60 X 28 5 Ga A LLL uu chi2 271 5771 Mother s Managerial amp 381 1 0 63 9 252 8 1 1 8 occupational professional class self employed nl ili cw and technical routine chi2 288 3958 4 1 employment employed status Main employed 44 7 9 54 1 17 2 10 1 10 6 a t Rn employed main not employed unemployed FN UNA ANNE NIAI RN UNE chi2 203 5118 education level Nyos LL 70 Go 76 X QI0 0 qualifications p value 0 0009 chi2 500 5801 165 To Current BMI cce Less than 18 5 18 5 to25 0 Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Underweight Normal
16. Overweight Morbidly E patents parents Natural parents 2 3 62 5 24 6 NS 6 NES 0 other unknown relationship 20 8 109 Other 69 4 174 16 38 p value 0 e FE Ee e E Fathers partner interview Father s age 31 66 8 14 4 14 4 4 5 351039 gt E S0 EH 23 E s sie der x zu I Ls chi2 276 D Father s 37 1 48 4 12 4 2 0 occupational Managerial amp class EEN Intermediate pif 09 ea maof ady self employed E ep 9p 9p 9 and technical i 0I E routine E lI II chi2 266 T Couple s Both partners p 8 employment employed status Main employed 30 44 9 36 8 14 0 4 3 Em MM employed main not employed unemployed eee chi2 408 4658 166 Pp Toa Current BMI UU Less than 18 5 18 5 to25 0 Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Underweight Normal Overweight Morbidly E Father s sch 4 6 r education NVQ 1 level NO 2 NVQ f m woa ar a oa da vos l HE RES A A SN Other Other Overse 20 35 5 46 0 18 5 mx p pL PC pur e chi2 294 E parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship p value 0 01 T chi2 253 4183 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 167 Table 8 22b Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS2 Rest of UK Current B
17. research E C Oo Uu JU9UUJIAOS pUe EST e JW ES Tie I o 0n MILLENNIUM COHORT STUDY A USER GUIDE FOCUSSING ON FAMILIES IN SCOTLAND Edited by Shirley Dex Centre for Longitudinal Studies Institute of Education University of London Scottish Government Social Research 2008 This report is available on the Scottish Government Social Research website only www scotland gov uk socialresearch The views expressed in this report are those of the researchers and do not necessarily represent those of the Directorate or Scottish Ministers Crown Copyright 2008 Limited extracts from the text may be produced provided the source is acknowledged For more extensive reproduction please write to the Chief Researcher at Office of Chief Researcher 4th Floor West Rear St Andrew s House Edinburgh EH13DG CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS aggies ege eegend een 8 LISO Contributors une e UP e coda Ee 8 HEADLINE FINDINGS neret rere tesis S e uso de cocido dador peek a ke ee RES Re NR SEP Mea aea nae vade e ERR Ee NES EN en casan 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY do E mm 3 Scotland s User Guide to Millennium Cohort Study Data 3 1 Introduction to Millennium Cohort Study sss ener enne ener enne nnne 3 2 Housing neighbourhood and community 3 3 Family demographics and relationships sess eene ener nennen nen 4 4 Grandparents eite eee eee tere ect deed eee bee rete
18. 53 Table 3 25a Contact with non resident natural father at MCS2 and maintenance payments by non resident natural father at MCS2 by whether natural father previously resident at MCSI Scotland 54 Table 3 25b Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by whether natural father previously resident Rest of UK 55 CHAPTER FOUR THE GRANDPARENTS OF THE COHORT CHILD eerie teen entente 56 Presence oF Grandpareritsz sese olera usc a tede e in beet RR 56 Table A La Proportion of respondents reporting their parents as alive Scotland ssssessse 56 Table 4 1b Proportion of respondents reporting their parents as alive Rest of UK 56 Grandparent Contact icem ese tette ia 57 Table A Aa Contact between respondents and their parents Scotland sss 57 Table A Ab Contact between respondents and their parents Rest of UK 57 Child care and financial support from Grandparents essere enne 58 Table 4 5a Child care and financial support provided by at least one grandparent Scotland 58 Table 4 5b Child care and financial support provided by at least one grandparent Rest of UK 58 Employment in the Previous Generation esssssssessesee eee ener enne ener innere nennen 59 Table 4 7 Percentage of respondents whose parents were e
19. 9 of of mi 3 Father only eamer 2 2 3 1T 0 325 ENoemerfmiy Sf af Gi o of w Chi Square 133096 Povis qogeo0p Do sp Y o oo 3 Notes to table Base All MCS2 Scotland partner respondent fathers Unweighted observations weighted percentages Scotland only using weight 1 Other uk country analysis which uses whnotsco 64 Table 5 3b Fathers time with child at age 3 Rest of UK How much time father has with child Oooo y Plenty Just Not quite Nowhere Total enough enough near Unweighted EC NH Fathers by age xa 16 24 Fathers age 24 25 29 io NE ME Fathers age 30 34 35 39 cals ie a 4 Parents employment situation Two earner family 29 Mother only earner 78 14 Ducem 9 aj a o 4 mor No earner family al uj 9 Qj 0 oi Chi Square 140912 LE Value poo II J j Notes to table Base All MCS2 partner respondent fathers in England Wales and NI a 1 24 14 22 23 24 34 27 23 21 20 78 19 65 Family Activities Table 5 4a Mothers reading with the child at age 3 Scotland How often mothers read with child Every Several Less Never Total Total day times a often Unweighted week i i N a brun month Yo ee Mothers age Mothers age 16 24 55 a ol oli 100 X 230 Mothers age40 68 a an mol ol 10 ei Chi Square 36707 Eee
20. Note Figures assume an NVQ qualification at any level is higher than an overseas qualification and an overseas qualification is higher than None 195 Father s new qualifications by age 3 Table 9 29 Whether fathers had acquired new qualifications by MCS2 by country Acquired new qualifications since cohort child England Wales Scotland Northern All UK e 9 10 months old Ireland Total EE Tux oo IT IT IT e Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 excluding those with missing information Chi sq 6 69 P 0 02 Table 9 30a Father s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ at MCSI Scotland Fathers acquired new Level of original MCS 1 qualification All Scotland qualification by MCS 2 NVQ NVQ NVQ Overseas Total level 4 5 level 3 level 1 2 qualification only None of these 2 215 160 Ga Pi Unveighted sample size i011 Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 who had acquired a new qualification since sweep one interview Chi sq 4 34 P 0 00 in upper table only Note Figures assume an NVQ qualification at any level is higher than an overseas qualification and an overseas qualification is higher than None Table 9 30b Father s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCS1 Rest of UK Fathers acquired new L
21. PA EA Of those currently employed 9 00 SA DEAE ES Works fulltime J ss 969 IO oo 10 100 ASA Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step Excludes proxy fathers and other carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Education is based on education reported in MCS1 and updated with any new qualifications reported in MCS 2 Chi sq 79 97 P 0 0000 for father s economic activity by NVQ level in upper Table only Table 9 11b Father s current economic activity status at child s age 3 by highest educational achievement at MCS1 Rest of UK Father s current economic Father s highest education academic or vocational MCS1 Rest of activity status NVQ level NVQ NVQ level Overseas UK 4 5 level 3 1 2 and other unclassified total Degree A level O level Qualification GCSE None of these Unweighted sample size 3172 1219 2943 1340 8674 AAA wq cg AMA Of those currently employed 955 949 859 945 953 945 59 943 Unweighted sample size Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step Excludes proxy fathers and other Total percent 5 carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Education is based on education reported in MCS1 and updated with any new qualifications reported in MCS 2 Chi sq 523 92 P 0 0000 for father s economic activity by NVQ level in upper Table
22. Pp Lower supervisory and technical 257 po Routine and semi routine 1 655 p value chi2 status employed Both partners unemployed Partner employed main not employed A ES Pp oN po A NN E Pp OtherOverseas qualifications Ke None of the above Family type Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship Lone natural mother chi2 857 0550 162 Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview St EE EEN po and over gt gt 3 gt 3 gt Po Intermediate o o Smallemployer amp selfemployed e P Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine 2 026 status employed employed PO 689 88 2 71 9 86 9 68 9 543 129 8340 582 NV 2 274 Des 1 196 ives 0 2 605 AAA OS 530 Pp Other Overseas qualifications 302 Ge None of the above 793 0 0000 47 9664 Family type Married natural parents 6 410 Cohabiting natural parents 1 553 Natural parents other unknown chi2 124 5598 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 163 Height and Weight Table 8 21 Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS 2 by country Current BMI Unweighted Less than 18 5 18 5t025 0 Over 25 to 30 Over 30 Over 35 N Underweight Normal Overweight to 35 Morbidly
23. Table 9 21 10 Income and poverty 57 The survey was able to estimate whether parental net income fell below a given threshold 60 per cent of the national median after our own adjustment for family size and composition The proportion of cohort families in this poverty category in the UK remained stable between MCS1 and MCS2 at 26 The proportion of families in Scotland falling below this threshold in sweep 2 was lower at 21 Table 10 1 At MCS sweep 1 Scotland s rate of family income poverty was 23 which was the same as the rate in England and Northern Ireland but less than in Wales 2796 Part of this improvement in Scotland was found to be due to the higher drop out rate between surveys of families in Scotland and especially higher drop out rates from the lower income groups PE 58 Groups at higher risk of being in family income poverty at the second survey in Scotland as in the rest of the UK Table 10 2 10 3 included e lone parents without employment lone parents with employment no earner couples couples with the mother employed but the father not employed families with three or more children having a mother or a father with no qualifications or having an employed father in a semi routine or routine occupation 59 Living in poverty in Scotland and the rest of the UK was also more common among mothers who were under 20 and also those who were 21 25 years old In most of these cases these additional factors when e
24. Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 142 Table 8 12b Current parental drug use MCS 2 Rest of UK Use of recreational drugs in past year Unweighted Never N ER RSC SE Can t say e x E Mother Total all mothers who completed self completion in main interview 12 495 Mother s age at Under 25 1 711 interview 25 to 29 92 8 30 to 34 95 3 27 2 3 8 5 o 2 o 7 35to39 2 983 2 7 IN 5 p value 0 0000 chi2 124 2978 E 9 5 0 1 hb ha 1 1 98 0 40 and over 1 029 Mother s Managerial amp professional 2 306 occupational class Intermediate 1 510 2 2 0 9 Small employer amp self 3 1 2 employed Lower supervisory and 258 2 7 9 technical p value 0 0008 chi2 35 8753 230 1 5 1 8 No A LA No 9 9 93 8 Main employed partner not 6 6 Routine and semi routine 1 669 Couple s Both partners employed 5 407 employment status Se POR PAS K w CA A d Oh ph wm IL N T ML J M PE employed Partner employed main not 3 457 employed Both partners unemployed p value 0 0000 chi2 77 1862 Mother s NVQ 1 1 055 3 4 9 education level gt gt 9 9 9 0 3 1 5 6 9 6 1 5 7 0 1 3 O NOR 94 7 Pp NVQ3 94 7 g Nas 973 Other Overseas qualifications 94 0 A one of the above 1 231 92 4 p value 0 0001 chi2
25. amp Farrell J 1995 Ages and Stages Questionnaire Baltimore Paul H Brookes Elliott C D 1983 British Ability Scales Windsor UK NFER Nelson Fenson L Dale P S Resnick J S Thal D Bates E Hartung J P et al 1993 MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories CDI San Diego CA Singular Publishing Group Frankenburg W K amp Dodds J B 1967 Denver Developmental Screening Test J Paediatrics 71 181 191 Frankenburg W K amp Dodds J B 1990 Denver II screening manual Denver CO Denver Developmental Materials Goodman R 1997 The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire A Research Note Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 581 586 Goodman R 2001 Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 1337 1345 Goodman R Meltzer H amp Bailey V 1998 The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire A pilot study on the validity of the self report version European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 7 125 130 Schoon L Sacker A Hope S Collishaw S amp Maughan B 2005 Children s development in the family environment In S Dex amp H Joshi Eds Babies of the New Millennium pp 159 174 Polity Press 103 CHAPTER EIGHT PARENTAL HEALTH AND WELL BEING Self rated health Table 8 1 Parental general health MCS 2 by country Total
26. calculation and a further 24 classified as overweight but not obese In comparison in the 12 rest of the UK 14 of mothers were obese and 23 5 were overweight but not obese Among Scotland s fathers 14 8 were obese and a further 46 4 were overweight but not obese compared with 16 8 obese and 45 6 overweight but not obese in the rest of the UK For both mothers and fathers problem BMI values were more common at lower levels of both socio economic status and educational qualifications but seemed unrelated to family employment marital status or ages of parents Table 8 22 These relationships were similar for the rest of the UK and for Scotland as far as it was possible to tell given the small sample sizes 9 Parental employment and education 51 The economic activity of parents is another vitally important element of the context in which the cohort child is growing up It influences not only the income level and household resources but the time available to spend with the child Just over half 54 of the UK millennium cohort mothers were employed when their child was three up from around 50 in the first survey although in Scotland 64 of mothers were employed at age 3 Table 9 1 However Scotland s MCS mothers at MCS2 were more highly qualified than those in the rest of the UK Table 9 2 Mothers in Scotland with degree level qualifications were more likely to be employed than degree qualified mothers in the rest of the UK 2
27. old child Table 5 2 Again the gap was still evident when fathers were compared at the same age Table 5 3 20 The frequency with which parents read to their 3 year old also displayed some country differences Table 5 4 There was a higher frequency of reading among both mothers in Scotland than the rest of the UK and fathers in Scotland compared with fathers in the rest of the UK Table 5 5 5 6 in both cases the gap remained when fathers were compared at the same age group MCS mothers in Scotland had the higher levels of education than those in other UK countries which is partly responsible for this higher frequency of reading with children 62 896 of mothers in Scotland had NVQ level 3 or above compared with the UK MCS mothers average of 51 7 Table 9 2 Fathers in Scotland had the highest frequencies of reading to their children of fathers across the four UK countries Table 5 5 This too is probably related to higher levels of education for fathers in Scotland 61 2 of MCS2 fathers had education of NVQ level 3 or above compared with 54 8 for the MCS UK average for fathers Table 9 10 Fathers in Wales however were most likely to say they never read to their children 7 per cent while fathers in Scotland were least likely to say this 3 per cent 21 The regularity of children s routines varied a little by country but with Wales not Scotland standing out In Wales children had both the highest rates of regular bedtimes
28. supervisory amp routine technical NVQ level 4 5 75 8 37 0 40 9 16 2 Degree NVQ level 3 15 3 32 1 22 1 28 8 fot om m mom NVQ level 1 2 7 7 28 8 33 0 42 5 O level GSE Overseas unclassified 1 3 2 2 4 0 12 5 and other Sample Siz 1083 Notes to table Base All employed MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step in Scotland Chi sq 310 40 p value 0 00 174 Table 9 5b Employed mother s NS SEC 4 classification at MCS2 by highest education level by MCS1 in Rest of UK Mothers highest NS SEC 4 Rest of education level UK Total Managerial amp Intermediate Small employer Semi routine amp professional self employed amp routine low supervisory amp technical 46 4 NVQ level 3 15 1 A level 33 6 4 9 100 NVQ level 1 2 s O level GSE NVQ level 4 5 Degree and other Notes to table Base All employed MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step in England Wales and NI Chi sq 1685 51 p value 0 00 Table 9 6a Mother s economic activity status at child s age 3 by type of ward Scotland Mother s current economic activity Type of ward at MCS1 All Scotland Total status Non Other disadvantaged Disadvantaged Currently working full time Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step This table excludes any natural mothers not interviewed and any fathers or grandparents
29. using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 70 Table 5 8a Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 Scotland Regular bedtimes Never Some Usually Always Total Total Ev Unweighted N All Scotland 1530 mothers Parent s employment situation Two earner family o s s IRA on Mother only earner Chi Square aal p Value poop Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland Table 5 8b Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 Rest of UK Regular bedtimes Never Some Usually Always Total Total bon Unweighted N All Rest of UK mothers 11057 Parent s employment situation PP P A E Mother only earner 2 an 37 34 ml 255 Father only eamer 7 o 3 5 o es Chi Square 1 2007 L P Vau ewo Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in England Wales and NI 71 Regularity of Mealtimes Table 5 9 Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 by UK country Regular mealtimes Never Some Usually Total Total times Unweighted M N All UK England 101 EE TAR LL p 0 00 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country pe JL Unweighted observations weighted s using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 Table 5 10a Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 Scotland Regular mealtimes Never Some Usually Total times Unweighted
30. 12 Families in Scotland were also less likely to have grandparent living in the household than families in the rest of the UK Table 3 13 except where the mother was over 40 years of age although this is a very small sample in Scotland Table 3 14 13 Overall the patterns of changes that have occurred to millennium families from 2001 to 2003 04 have some distinctive elements where Scotland stands out from the rest of the UK There has been more movement in Scotland from lone parenthood into two parent families and towards marriage partly from mothers getting back together with their earlier partners and in some cases getting married This trend is more noticeable among mothers in Scotland who were young when having the Millennium child and are more likely than their counterparts in the rest of the UK to have moved to a 2 parent family 4 Grandparents 14 Almost all the cohort children had at least one living grandparent at sweep 2 Table 4 1 4 2 However the paternal grandparents of millennium children were less likely to be alive for families in Scotland than was the case for families in the rest of the UK 65 of paternal grandmothers from Scotland s families were alive compared with 74 in the rest of the UK and 56 of paternal grandfathers in Scotland compared with 64 in the rest of the UK Table 4 1 4 2 Mothers and to a lesser extent fathers in Scotland were both slightly older on average than parents in the rest of the UK which wo
31. 147 chi2 531 3288 1 048 47 76 4 p value 0 0000 chi2 883 3097 N 99 N IA N 160 Total Unweighted Father Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview 5029 301034 o 5 381039 O 40andovr 0 103 6707 460 103 131 HT C Lower supervisory and technical 179 Routine and semi routine 278 i 173 3321 status employed w IS eel Both partners unemployed y 0 0000 i 750 2711 Father s education level LA Partner employed main not 324 employed IRE Other Overseas qualifications N N N N one of the above 159 9406 Family type Married natural parents 848 Cohabiting natural parents 238 Natural parents other unknown 43 relationship Q5 0 0001 chi2 182 1551 IT op Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 161 Percentage life satisfaction 7 or Table 8 20b Parental life satisfaction MCS2 Rest of UK Total Percentage life Unweighted satisfaction 7 or N above Mother Total all mothers who completed self completion in main 82 3 interview 12 423 Mother s age atinterview Under25 OO 699 A P250t29 EECH Ts 30034 1 1 0 374 856 P35t039 SO esel 40adovr o 1017 aa p value 0 0000 chi2 239 6920 Mother s occupational Managerial amp professional 2 300 class 7 Smalemployer amp selfemplyed 433 874
32. 16 24 Mothers age 25 29 ER III IIIS 30 34 uc co o ow E 35 39 Ec x58 AO 40 Chi Square ssp 4 p 0 00 a DERIO CREO CES ER SHEETS Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in England Wales and NI Rules Table 5 15 Mothers rules at age 3 by UK country Type of rules Lots of rules Not many Varies Total Total rules Unweighted N 15219 ERA PU A ES Chi Square IL aal Po AAA p lt 0 001 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country Unweighted observations weighted percentages using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 76 Table 5 16 Whether mother reports rules were strictly enforced child age 3 by UK country Whether rules strictly enforced Po Strictly Not very It Varies Total enforced strictly Unweighted enforced o o AIUK AIL UK England plut Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country Unweighted observations weighted percentages using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 Parenting Style Table 5 17 Mothers parenting style at age 3 by UK country Et ol Mothers parenting style Firm rules Lots offun Notreally Firmrules Doing my Total and thought with fun Unweighted discipline about it Y D Y 14723 England Ireland p lt 0 001 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country weighted percentages using weight 2 except co
33. 2 1 3 5 4 9 7 7 4 0 7 3 5 3 8 3 Never Contact 2 1 7 0 1 5 54 1 5 2 9 5 9 8 3 0 9 2 3 4 0 7 4 Unweighted N 1623 1418 1009 Notes to table Note Daily includes those living with their own parent this table is constructed for those with an appropriate living grandparent only The main respondents include lone parents and those with partner respondents Percentages are weighted using weight and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented Base All MCS2 respondents in Scotland with own parent alive Table 4 4b Contact between respondents and their parents Rest of UK Po Main Respondent s Partner Respondent s Contact with Mother Father Mother Father MCS2 RA A O ee Daily Contact 20 0 11 6 6 9 7 1 pow 18 6 21 5 10 5 12 7 6 0 7 8 6 3 8 1 Weekly Contact 44 9 39 3 42 8 36 9 eomm soem oraa osa pg Monthly Contact 26 1 32 1 40 0 39 6 24 1 28 2 30 0 34 3 37 4 42 5 37 1 42 1 8 0 Yearly or less 7 0 9 8 t 10 0 6 1 7 9 8 9 10 8 7 1 9 2 5 7 11 3 Never Contact 2 1 7 3 24 6 4 1 8 2 4 6 7 7 9 2 0 2 8 5 7 7 1 Unweighted N 12374 10721 8089 6857 Notes to table Note Daily includes those living with their own parent this table is constructed for those with an appropriate living grandparent only The main respondents include lone parents and those with partner respondents Per
34. 23 Mobility of residence iene nen A UR Te e dte ates 23 Table 2 1 Residential mobility by UK country at MCS 1 enne 23 Table 2 2 Mean distance moved by UK country living in at MCSI esseessssssssseseeeees 23 Table 2 3a Scotland Residential mobility by type of accommodation at MCS 1 sess 23 Table 2 3b Rest of UK Residential mobility by type of accommodation at MCS 1 sss 24 Table 2 4a Scotland Residential mobility by tenure at MCS 1 sees 24 Table 2 4b Rest of UK Residential mobility by tenure at sweep le 24 Table 2 5a Scotland Residential mobility by family income at MCS TI 25 Table 2 5b Rest of UK Residential mobility by family income at MCS 1 25 Table 2 6a Scotland Residential mobility by combined labour market status of main and partner respondents AMES perite its m tapas uu mte tet me etu ed 26 Table 2 6b Rest of UK Residential mobility by combined labour market status of main and partner r spondentsiat MES Tenere e aree eee a it ec et gets on e EORR at a ee eR ee E 26 Table 2 7a Scotland Reasons for moving given by movers by MCL 27 Table 2 7b Rest of UK Reasons for moving given by movers by MCOS2 sss 27 Families views about the rea iiie EENEG e iaia 28 Table 2 8 Whether respondent thought Good area to bring up children by UK country of residence 28 Table 2 9 Whether respondent thought Good area to bring up children by UK country
35. 327 E 49 51 5 32 0 16 5 p value 0 0000 chi2 616 9371 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Natural parents 56 70 7 other unknown relationship AAA 2 Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 150 Table 8 16b Parental diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS2 Rest of UK Total Never Diagnosed but Diagnosed and Unweighted diagnosed not currently currently N depression or treated being treated serious anxiety EE I RE BSG Mother Mother S O A WEN interview 13 698 E Leg Interview Under 25 p SIA EA a 5 ji 9 1988 p 8300 O T amp 4 d82 A 40adovr 118 766 O Jo l 65 Jl Al ll chi2 140 8269 occupational class 5 Intermediate 1 597 re a a R employed L E technical Routine and semi routine 1813 69 0 OT 7 0 p value 0 0000 chi2 86 0021 Couple s Both partners employed 5 738 77 1 17 9 5 0 status up wu cw not employed Riet nt Bet BE Be not employed E O Both partners unemployed 16 5 p value education level VQ2 VQ3 VQ4 VQ 5 Other Overseas qualifications one of the above p value chi2 151 Family type Married natural parents 8 281 Cohabiting natural parents 2 012 Total Never Diagnosed but Diagnosed and Unweighted diagnosed not currently currently depression or treated being treated
36. 68 IN pue sojem puejgu Ul ewp pirea yy USIP IYO uogaus ZSOJN 9seg IIE 03 SIJON 100 d LTITI 6SIT crt LSET Orly TEOT 801 SIOZ u Doan Jm Ja Jm Jo joor Jm Jor oo sme Jm J Leg les pre Jen vs Jar tol Ayisaqo Surpn oxo 6 LI SH 0LD 6 81 rst 791 L 9I VLI IYSTOMIOAQ qeu fom In jest fee feos Lea foe 1 o uoneogimenb suonpeogipenb 3rurpeoe AO 9q I0 D 9A0qB 10 J V on eA d ISIU JO JUON DYO sapt 13 ASOD S PLIS HSIOD SPAA S SV V eurojdiq 994991 10 Jo 3S9Y ISOIN 38 uoneoripenb oruropeoe jsousm S IIYJOW Aq Ajrsoqo pue ju3roA 19A0 pooqprm qpro9 oer puepjoos ur ejep PILA YIM USIP IO uojo 8Surs ZSIIN oseg IIE 03 SIJON wad 9191 soc a Js Jus es ei Je o on qs fe Jo Jo cs 59 wo on to Aysoqo Surpn oxo Col 8LD 88 Trz 07 0 SD zez 0 02 IYSTOMIOAQ jos Jee Jee Tue on Jon en Je o uopeogienb suonvogienb 3ruropeoe MO 9Q 10 D 940q 10 J V on eA d ISI JO JUON DYO SopeJS ASOD sope18 HSIOD SPAA S SV V euro diq 994991 PUEROS ISON Je uoneogipenb oruopeoe ysoysry s 12qj0ur Aq Ajrsoqo pue juSroA 1240 POOYPTIYD Ep T 9 o qe L Toilet training Table 6 15a Toilet training and concerns about speech by gender Scotland Male Female Total Chi square ae value Always dry by day 21 Unweighted n 1794 0 0000 AAA A Concems about speech 1514891 TAI 00000 Notes to table Base MCS2 sample in Scotland Table 6 15b Toilet training and concerns about speech by gend
37. 7829 p 0 0563 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 45 Table 3 17a Natural father in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Re l Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped Natural father in HH 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Natural father not in HH 415 252 104 7 6 8 D 154 Notes to table Chi2 1515 5648 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age is known Table 3 17b Natural father in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK Pp 5 MefhersageatMCS2interview grouped SO E ON ee E GE SE E Natural father notin HH 5L1 229 113 92 aal Ga Notes to table Chi2 1653 0368 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age is known Transition from non resident to resident natural father Table 3 18 Transition from non resident to resident natural father by country Country at MCS2 ca in natural father England Wales Scotland Northern a HH eel lt n at MCS1 A TS a 7 resident at MCS2 Non resident at MCS1 81 5 79 1 74 6 72 1 80 3 and MCS2 Base unweighted 1337 2298 Notes to table Chi2 16 5761 p 0 0019 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCSI 46 Table 3 19a Transition from non resident to resident natural father
38. 88 8 91 8 61 4 67 4 Father Alive 78 9 55 6 76 4 81 3 52 3 58 8 Unweighted N 1800 1544 Notes to table Note Those reporting their parent as dead at MCS1 are accounted for here Percentages are weighted using weight1 and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented Base all MCS2 main respondents mothers and partner respondents fathers of cohort child in Scotland Table 4 1b Proportion of respondents reporting their parents as alive Rest of UK Main Respondent Partner Respondent Mother Alive 90 5 74 4 89 9 91 0 73 1 75 7 Father Alive 79 2 63 9 78 3 80 1 62 4 65 4 Unweighted N 13790 11312 Notes to table Note Those reporting their parent as dead at MCS1 are accounted for here Percentages are weighted using whnotsco and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented Base all MCS2 main respondents and partner respondents in England Wales and NI 56 Grandparent Contact Table 4 4a Contact between respondents and their parents Scotland o un 3l Main Respondent Partner Respondent Mother MCS2 po user Daily Contact 26 2 15 9 EE 22 8 30 0 13 7 18 4 4 8 7 9 4 9 8 9 Weekly Contact 45 0 42 9 52 5 45 2 emm re mal worst Rid Monthly Contact 24 1 28 1 34 4 36 0 21 0 27 4 25 0 31 4 30 1 39 1 31 9 40 4 5 5 6 6 Yearly or less 2 7 6 12 a
39. Aayunos Aq 7 SOIN sn ouoo e ejuo red jo Aouonboug Juno 8 AQEL Sununp 119q01d pup uoydunsuos joyorp vcl SEU LI8 00000 T 6 TITL 6SY 0000 0 9v por desde oc LEY euorssojoJd 29 jerzoSeue At tuor ednooo s 19130 AI 9 9 POTT 000070 ST IPUN o 997 0 87 S 67 pst Otc M9IAJ9 UI JE 938 s 190 0 A ee jozp LU oo Lt Tea Lostaieigt Ge pojo duroo oA gegen Wei e30 L E EE puou 99A E San 9 I0UI 10 e sow p 03 7 AON uey sso SN Jouoo e JUAN puepooS 7 SOIN Sn ouooge e3uo red jo Aouonboug yUIAAIND egg 9108 L SCT ILSY LOY crys cO an wes en me SPU Monte OBE SOME L6 Joe eat eet s Toart EA WEE DWA TOTO T9S cu jazo0 EI aco e o OT uo eee oe ree eI Jose SE BE A A CI EE AN Ed ote gr Leg gu eee EE es LI 00 LOL vci Lt EEN SIE B0 PL ew sto E 92A P Sam Yoo E uyuour 9J0UI 10 e soum p 03 T AUO uey sso aen Jouoo e JUAN 9cI T6b1 18L auo 000070 on eA d rv p Uri 9 07 Gil O 9A0Q dy JO 9UON IC Cor 9 61 7 01 wwa s suoneogrenb seosi2A 0 1900 DU es el Uc m os s DAN ECO r1 oo Jon o pe rrr ss rs ct ew e sit 5 OTON ED es ei en jo CON CCITv68 auo 000070 anpea d snjejs OCT 169 pe ris Do Tat EU ese SC EU Ter ii ig eg 81 EE E E EE POR eS eae NS __ Sen a SE 99A B SOD 9J0UI 10 soum poj3 Appuo y uey sso J49A9N m sn poose
40. Base unweighted 7956 1770 1527 1180 12433 qup p family One parent 73 3 70 5 64 1 68 7 72 1 famil One parent family Base unweighted 1307 2249 Notes to table Two parent family at MCS1 One parent family at MCS1 Chi2 9 7279 p 0 0630 Chi2 10 5980 p 0 0269 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 and were in either a two parent family or a one parent family at both MCS1 and MCS2 35 Table 3 4a Change in family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview group ped Family Type Type 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Total at paa at MCS2 m parent Two parent o 2 WE EH De famil famil E One parent 14 9 11 0 3 0 4 2 3 9 5 6 family Total Ye wf woj wwf of of oo GEES hted meu parent sar a 5 ec 0 1 1 ar 9 family famil One parent 67 0 71 9 62 9 76 1 GE Total Base 100 61 52 24 12 unweighted Notes to table Two parent family at MCS1 Chi2 325 7482 p 0 0000 One parent family at MCS1 Chi2 43 2715 p 0 3243 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 and were in either a two parent family or a one parent family at both MCS1 and MCS2 and in which the main respondent at MCS2 was a mother any type of mother for whom age was known 36 Table 3 4b Change in family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview group ped at MCSI at MCS2 Ee
41. Chi sq 22 94 P 0 08 Table 9 15 Employed father s NS SEC when child aged 3 by country Father s socio economic status Country at MCS 2 All UK England Wales Scotland Northern Total Ireland High managerial professional Low managerialprofessional Fsemiroutne o a A 91 83 C8 Unweighted sample size Notes to table Base All MCS2 employed fathers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCSI Excludes proxy fathers and other carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Within country weighted by weight 1 All UK weighted by weight 2 Chi sq 64 13 P 0 0000 182 Employed mother s atypical working patterns Table 9 16 Employed mother s working at atypical hours per week by country Mother s working weekly Country at MCS 2 All UK atypical hours England Northern Ireland Total Works after 6 pi 351 Works nights 108 108 S ag 10 8 Works Saturdays d 14 0 Works Sundays 1 8 4 7917 Notes to table Base All MCS2 employed mothers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 who reported working these atypical patterns on a weekly basis Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Chi sq 4 91 P 0 25 Chi sq 4 03 P 0 28 Chi sq 16 86 P 0 01 Chi sq 19 09 P 0 01 Table 9 17a Employed mother s atypical weekly working patterns by NS S
42. En oL 830 L J9A9N U9 JO SSI V IMMI 10 IDUQ IIM 10 IDUQ Y SOW B 19A9S Aep AIAJ PI qr pea4 S 190J8 UJO MOH Ayuno JN Aq c 938 je DI IY YIM Surpeo SADUJE A SS AQEL Table 5 6a Fathers reading with the child at age 3 Scotland How often fathers read with child Several Once or Once or Less Never Total Total times a twice a twice a often Unweighted ba jou month SS BN MA UG Fathers age 16 24 Fathers age 22 7 5 3 154 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Chi Square 25615 Pee ee a E Parents employment situation famil ne O BT e earner No earner 12 26 30 10 14 9 Chi Square 4046 III P Vawe qp lt o 00 III Notes to table Base All MCS2 partner respondent fathers in Scotland 69 Table 5 6b Fathers reading with the child at age 3 Rest of UK How often fathers read with child Several Once or Once or Less Never Total Total times a twice a twice a often Unweighted week week month 25 EE Notes to table Base All MCS2 partner respondent fathers in England Wales and NI Parenting Competence Regularity of Bedtime Table 5 7 Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 by UK country Regular bedtimes Never Some Usually Total Total Es Unweighted Y N 14541 E A 38 9802 SA 2200 A 1785 PS PEA England 7 Waes Lal Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country Unweighted observations weighted s
43. Intermediate 9 9 10 5 Bots mE Small Employers and Own 18 0 17 4 mE Lower Supervisory and Technical 13 8 14 2 A ce m Semi routine and Routine 30 7 30 7 29 0 32 5 28 8 32 7 Unweighted N 10794 7182 Notes to table Note The data for this table is based on an approximation of the SOC codes to the NS SEC Base MCS2 respondents in England Wales and NI with employed parents when the respondent was 14 Percentages are weighted using whnotsco and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented 61 CHAPTER FIVE PARENTING Time with child Table 5 1a Mothers time with child at age 3 Scotland How much time mother has with child Plenty Just Not quite Nowhere Not sure Total Total enough enough near Unweighted enough N Ss MN NNI GN M Mother s by age Mothers age 25 29 el 5 a ol ml 2304 Chisgare lt e D893 f Se gt EXT E 100 ES gn A T SES REUS Es NR NE PO Parent s employment situation Parent s employment situation ss household Father only eamer el ol ol Gul ul 10 e Chi Square 175555 y P Value 900 CC o o Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland 62 Table 5 1b Mothers time with child at age 3 Rest of UK How much time mother has with child Plenty Just Not quite Nowhere Not sure Total Total enough near Unweighte
44. MCS2 MCSI and MCS2 100 2011 Notes to table Chi2 167 9992 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and contact patterns was known from MCS1 main interview 49 Table 3 22a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by maintenance payments from MCSI Scotland Maintenance payments from MCSI Change in natural Regular maintenance Irregular No maintenance father in HH payments maintenance payments pa pet MCSI Resident at MCS2 MCS1 and MCS2 Notes to table Chi2 84 5303 p 0 0036 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and maintenance payments was known from MCS1 main interview Table 3 22b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by maintenance payments from MCSI Rest of UK Maintenance payments from MCS1 Change in natural Regular maintenance Irregular No maintenance father in HH payments maintenance payments payments Non resident at MCSI Resident at MCS2 Non resident at 69 2 MCSI and MCS2 Base unweighted Notes to table Chi2 69 8709 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and maintenance payments was known from MCS1 main interview 50 Contact and maintenance payments Table 3 23 Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural fath
45. Percentage fair or Unweighted poor health N 174 Country 177 16 5 159 15 6 p value 0 0519 chi2 10 8805 England 607 Al p value 0 29 chi2 4 39 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 104 Table 8 2a Parental general health MCS2 Scotland Total Percentage fair or Unweighted poor health Mother Total all mothers who completed main interview Under 25 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40andover chi2 272 3724 Managerial amp professional Pp Intermediate Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and technical PO Routine and semi routine chi2 Both partners employed Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed Both partners unemployed p value NVQ 1 VQ2 VO VQ 5 ther Overseas qualifications one of the above p value chi2 Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship Lone natural mother Other p value chi2 Under25 Lime ETE 35t039 o y 40andover Y O Managerial amp professional Intermediate Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine Both partners employed Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed Both partners unemployed ET Married natural pa
46. Scotland as in the rest of the UK and for both mothers and fathers Larger amounts of alcohol in take went hand in hand with having higher amounts of income However mothers in Scotland tended to drink larger amounts per week than mothers in the rest of the UK when they were at the high end of the alcohol spectrum that is they drank more at higher ages higher socio economic status higher educational qualifications and when they were in a two earner compared no earner or one earner families Table 8 8 The same relationship was evident for Scotland s fathers but to a lesser extent CAGE scores examine the frequency of drinking alcohol among those who do drink it CAGE scores of drinkers in Scotland and the rest of the UK showed less of a gradient with socio economic classifications but highlighted problem drinking more clearly in lone parent and no earner families Such problems were less notable in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Table 8 9 8 10 48 Admitting to ever having used recreational drugs in the past year was slightly higher in Scotland than in the rest of the UK 4 5 for mothers and 9 4 for fathers in Scotland compared with 3 8 for mothers and 8 2 for fathers in the rest of the UK Table 8 11 For mothers and fathers the likelihood of recreational drug use declined with age and with higher socio economic status or educational qualification groups Usage rates were much higher among lone mothers cohabiting mothers and fath
47. Total Prefer to be at home looking after family 55 Prefer to look after children myself 53 5 de I cannot earn enough to pay for childcare 0 0 8 1 54 0 69 I cannot find suitable childcare There are no suitable jobs for me My family would lose benefits if I was earning I am caring for an elderly or ill relative or friend I prefer not to work My husband partner disapproves 7 0 I have a new baby 0 0 63 05 Unweighted cases sample size 1 53 359 H p NO Notes to table Base MCS2 mothers in Scotland who were not employed at the MCS2 interview and had partners Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Table 9 22b Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by partner s employment status at MCS2 Rest of UK Mothers reasons why not currently Partner employed at MCS 2 Rest of employed at MCS2 Employed Employed Non UK Total Prefer to be at home looking after family 680 698 660 43 03 Notes to table Base MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI who were not employed at the MCS2 interview and had partners Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed 189 Table 9 23a Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by household income at MCS2 Scotland Mothers reasons why not currently All employed at MCS 2 Income Poverty status at MCS 2 Above 60 median income level Below 60 median income level Unwei
48. at One child 25 3 MCS2 946 95 08 0 Twochlden 168 740 Theechildenormoe 332 355 9 Chique 1901644 E ec c cod peces A 7 t pas pp 8360 2s0 pap 43 13135 AA ELA ET dL E 2916 po Chisquae 3325333 AA 4 1 90 2 4 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland with valid data 198 Table 10 2b Incidence of family income poverty at MCS2 by ward type partnership number of children and mother s age at birth Rest of UK Percentage below 60 per Total cent unweighted n EE ig E a P 0000 EE status at 2 A 14 4 6902 MCS2 os bie SRL E eis E EE 0000 n of children at One e 28 7 2831 MCS2 5o Twochldren 201 5077 oo Threechildrenormore 376 eg Chisque 21290588 E 4p o gp OC T pas po sel o PAT E E 3835 e 1 sB2 0 909 a o 189 1353 Ohsqae 238708 Pp 9000 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI with valid data 199 Table 10 3a Family poverty at MCS2 by employment and by education of parents Scotland Percentage below 60 Total percent threshold Unweighted n Employment status Both employed full time 2 9 Father full time mother part time 4 886 i Mother full time father part time 2 9 24 MET E E employed B o
49. by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped EN in natural 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Total er in HH eneen resident at 7 3 CH 7 s 4 m 9 6 MCSI resident at MCS2 MCS1 and MCS2 Notes to table Chi2 33 4978 p 0 4117 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and the main respondent at MCS2 was a mother any kind of mother for whom age was known Table 3 19b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview group Spec arius in natural 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Total EIE in HH EE resident at s 2 9 MCS1 resident at MCS2 MCS1 and MCS2 Notes to table Chi2 13 8036 p 0 0459 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and the main respondent at MCS2 was a mother any kind of mother for whom age was known 47 Table 3 20a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by prior relationship from MCS1 Scotland Prior relationship from MCS1 nm in natural Previously married In a relationship Not in a Total p in HH lived oe GER a ac resident at EECH 6 e 8 ss UE MCS1 resident at MCS2 Non resident at A 63 2 2 4 2 MCSI and MCS2 Base unweighted Notes to table Chi2 146 5597 p 0 0002 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 a
50. ce adas 77 Table 5 17 Mothers parenting style at age 3 by UK country 77 CHAPTER SIX CHILD HEALTH E 78 Disability and general health cese cere ee ete e ec NR eos 78 Table 6 1 Parental concerns about eyesight hearing and long standing Illness at MCS2 by country and type of Ward at MES eandem eie e de Ie RAT OUI e EVER CR ERRORS 78 Table 6 2a Longstanding illness by children s gender Scotland ssseseeee 79 Table 6 2b Longstanding illness at ag e3 by children s gender Rest of UK 79 Table 6 3a Longstanding illness at age 3 by family income at MCS1 Scotland esses 79 Table 6 3b Longstanding illness at age 3 by family income at MCSI Rest of UK 80 Asthma and acute NESSES su eei e ce tette rie Ue e OE DEDERE EUR VAR ORE TA Ee HERO e d 81 Table 6 4 Asthma wheezing and chickenpox by country and type of ward at MCSI sss 81 Table 6 5a Asthma and wheezing chickenpox and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by gender Scotland 82 Table 6 5b Asthma and wheezing chickenpox and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by gender Rest of UK Table 6 6a Child asthma wheezing and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by maternal smoking Scotland 83 Table 6 6b Child asthma wheezing and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by maternal smoking Rest of UK Vnde Ee nata ero od de OH RU Tre Peg cC oe EE er o OE e e ete o ORE D pet E RA T Foo dens 83 O 84 Table 6 7 Injuries by country and t
51. contrast to Northern Ireland where maternal grandmothers stood out as being far less likely to have been employed 53 than those in other countries when the cohort child s mother was 14 5 Parenting 18 The study provides a rich resource to look at different aspects of parenting particularly in relation to fathers Both parents where there were two living with the child were asked a wide range of questions regarding their activities and behaviours with their children and their different parenting styles and beliefs Their responses provide a unique picture of what parents were doing with their children at the age of three and how well they felt they were managing as parents There are many similarities in parenting practices and beliefs between mothers and fathers but the practices varied in ways that were consistent with men and fathers tending to work more and longer hours than women and mothers 19 When asked about whether parents had enough time to spend with their child at age 3 thinking they had plenty of time declined with the age of the mother and with the age of the father Table 5 1 However among families in Scotland fewer mothers than in the rest of the UK thought they had plenty of time and this gap was evident across all age groups of mothers The opposite was the case for fathers in Scotland where fathers were more likely than fathers in the rest of the UK to say they had plenty of time to spend with their 3 year
52. ee ei famil famil One parent 23 3 10 5 4 5 33 33 6 4 family Total Ye OOO of oj o ed hted Fell ww wp e RES nm parent family Two parent famil One parent A Total 100 w w wf mof 10 Base 471 112 1969 unweighted Notes to table Two parent family at MCS1 Chi2 511 0613 p 0 0000 One parent family at MCS1 Chi2 14 8792 p 0 0470 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 and were in either a two parent family or a one parent family at both MCS1 and MCS2 and in which the main respondent at MCS2 was a mother any type of mother for whom age was known Transition from cohabitation to marriage Table 3 5 Transition from cohabitation to marriage by country Country at MCS2 Family Type at Family Type at England Wales Scotland Northern UK Total MCSI MCS2 Ireland Cohabiting Married natural natural parents parents 30 2 27 0 24 4 44 8 29 7 Cohabiting natural parents 69 8 73 0 75 6 55 2 70 3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Base unweighted 1687 472 355 154 2668 Notes to table Chi2 23 6938 p 0 0001 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 who were in a family with cohabiting natural parents at MCS2 and are in a family in which the same two parents are still present at MCS2 and the relationship between the parents at MCS2 is known 31 Table 3 6a Transition from cohabitation to marriage by mother s age at MCS2 inter
53. illness Mother Total all mothers who completed main interview Count p value 0 11 chi2 8 61 Total all fathers who completed partner interview 10 256 Country England 6 707 1 488 1 169 N Ireland p value 0 0373 chi2 12 1732 Father Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 109 Table 8 4a Parental longstanding illness MCS 2 Scotland Total Percentage Unweighted longstanding illness n Total all mothers who completed main interview 1785 interview Under 25 30034 1 0 23 3 35039 ES 184 40andovr 187 LO p value 0 0287 o uro amar E Mother s occupational Managerial amp professional class 16 2 Small employer amp self employed 21 3 Lower supervisory and technical 40 35 4 1 i E LI chi2 95 2838 status 35 4 Routineandsemiroutine 287 23 1 18 2 2 Main employed partner not employed 53 Gen Partner employed main not employed 461 264 Bothpartners unemployed 85 96 chi2 219 5530 NETA level NVQ 1 A NVQs a o jynva O l 211 PN J ap 189 EA ANO AO EE ESA Other Overseas qualifications 27 Goal Noeoftheabove f leaf Q92 a chi2 311 3798 Family type oo Cohabiting natural parents ___327 243 relationship
54. natural father by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland ies ROI esent iere ace ue o redi ecl t e nt deb ede a D IS 47 Table 3 19b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest e R I Qr ET e RR 47 Table 3 20a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by prior relationship from MCSI Scotland NEP 48 Table 3 20b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by prior relationship from MCSI Rest of DKS E 48 Table 3 21a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by contact patterns from MCS1 Scotland ET 49 Table 3 22a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by maintenance payments from MCS1 Scotland EE 50 Table 3 22b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by maintenance payments from MCSI Restot UK eite te d e Ie de RENS SUR UC RE RHEIN ERE TERRENT Eee et 50 Contact and maintenance Davments eere ne enn ne trennen neret nennen nes 51 Table 3 23 Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by country 4 rei tense eene EENS SEENEN 51 Table 3 24a Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by mother s age Scotland secedere estet ti ere ee dedere 52 Table 3 24b Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by mother s age Rest of UK
55. of UK p value Combined MMR vaccine IL 32 889 ml zl Unweighted n 6951 6692 13643 0 1418 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI Height and weight Table 6 12a Overweight and obesity by children s gender Scotland Male Female Normal weight 69 Unweighted n Notes to table Base MCS2 singleton children with valid data In Scotland 87 Table 6 12b Overweight and obesity by children s gender Rest of UK eremi EE Normal weight E39 0 ai H 3 ais r C ES CAI IMEF E Total T n E 151 AA 002 12 153 em Notes to table Base MCS2 singleton children with valid data m England Wales and NI Table 6 13a Childhood overweight and obesity by equivalised family income Scotland Above 60 Below 60 Total p value national median national median Normal weight 75 8 75 9 75 8 Overweight excluding 19 9 18 2 19 5 obesity Obesity 4 4 5 9 4 7 Total 96 100 100 100 Unweighted n 1 091 335 1 426 p 41 Notes to table Base MCS2 singleton children with valid data In Scotland Table 6 13b Childhood overweight and obesity by equivalised family income Rest of UK Above 60 Below 60 Total p value DE OS median national median ECL MN excluding MEI 0 17 4 17 8 iei a a E Unweighted n 6 942 3 317 10 259 Notes to table Base MCS2 singleton children with valid data In England Wales and NI 88
56. of family poverty at MCS2 compared to the rest of the UK However differential attrition from MCS1 to MCS2 of families in Scotland and low income families in particular compared with England also contributed to this lowering of Scotland s rate of family poverty The data collected will be able to throw further light on how families spend their money and what they cannot afford and on movements in and out of poverty 11 Childcare and early education 62 The majority of pre school children now experience some non maternal care Childcare outside the family at age 3 is not solely custodial arrangements for working mothers About six out of ten children in MCS2 were in at least one form of childcare usually just one Mothers making these arrangements were both employed and not employed Compared with all mothers who were employed who had made arrangements about childcare 22 per cent of non employed mothers had made childcare arrangements Arrangements were broadly similar between Scotland and the rest of the UK It was Northern Ireland children that had a more distinct profile of childcare from the other UK countries 63 The main arrangement was classified as formal group care if it involved a group setting such as a day nursery or nursery school slightly less in Scotland 27 7 families compared with the rest of the UK 31 8 Table 11 1 Formal childcare in a non group setting such as childminder or nanny were at similar perce
57. or self employed occupations did have the same mean Bracken scores in Scotland as in the rest of the UK Table 7 4 39 The children s emotional and behavioural problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire This was included in a computer assisted self completion exercise undertaken by parents usually the mother The results suggest that most children are relatively well behaved and emotionally adjusted However children from more advantaged families were assessed as having fewer behavioural problems than the more disadvantaged This was seen consistently across parental education occupation and income Girls were assessed as having fewer behavioural problems than boys Table 7 5 These relationships were evident in the mean scores for children from Scotland as well as children from the rest of the UK Table 7 6 40 Children in Scotland had lower mean scores on this behavioural scale signalling they had fewer behaviour problems than children in the rest of the UK and than children in England and Wales but not children in Northern Ireland Table 7 5 The improved behaviour scores for children in Scotland over the rest of the UK were not explained by differences in gender family type annual family income and most levels of parental education parental employment parental occupation Table 7 6 when examined as separate factors 4 This difference between families in Scotland and the rest of the UK was ex
58. serious anxie pr c ee Natural parents 507 other unknown relationship 2 325 Po fome 3mw9 o si6 _ 387 9 7 p value 0 0000 chi2 388 1915 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI Psychological distress Table 8 17 Parental psychological distress MCS 2 by country Unweighted N completion in main interview Paes 1906 693 274 33 Scotland L mel 714P 254 Q2 p value 0 0039 chi2 23 1928 ee Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview 0 0073 21 0319 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 152 Table 8 18a Parental psychological distress MCS 2 Scotland augent Law or sone Medium High _ Mother EE ee am Up mI m completion in main interview 1 576 Mother s age at Under 25 interview po 25 t29 1 264 6 1 2901 6 0 po y y 30034 494 742 242 19 35t39 1 46 735 248 40adover 17 733 Q48 Oe E E A chi2 339 1048 fe bel E EE national class L NEL employed technical SD CC chi2 104 employment status not SE 022 42 2 Both partners unemployed Partner employed main not employed p value 0 0000 chi2
59. sq 354 12 P 0 000 Employee mother s use of flexible working arrangements Table 9 18 Percent of employee mothers in each country who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer at age 3 Mothers report of flexible working All UK P arrangements used England Wales Scotland Northern Total value iced end imd A Par 43 es 34 00 Dog me e ep o EE 140 109 M2 78 153 000 Special shifts 1 e evenings school 16 9 17 4 15 3 10 6 16 6 wem NUNG E NEL 13 School term time contracts 78 28 Unweighted maximum sample size 9 day fortnights 4 5 day working week 13 a3 1 1 5 Notes to table Base All MCS2 employee mothers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCSI 184 Table 9 19a Percent of employee mothers in each NS SEC group who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer by NS SEC 4 at child s age 3 Scotland Mother s flexible working Mother s NS SEC All arrangements used Scotland Total Managerial Intermediate Low Semi amp supervisory routine amp professional amp technical routine m Part time working Job sharing 24 am 3s mr Flexible working hours GLD Working at or from home 19 0 10 0 10 1 occasionally 11 4 Special shifts i e evenings 13 4 13 2 8 2 15 8 school hours 9 day fortnights 4 5 day 1 2 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 56 working
60. sss 139 Table 8 12a Current parental drug use MCS2 Scotland sse 140 Table 8 12b Current parental drug use MCS 2 Rest of UK 143 Psycho social health eerte cias 145 Table 8 13 Maternal post natal depression by country sse eene 145 natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MORE 145 Table 8 14a Maternal post natal depression Scotland 146 natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MORE 146 Table 8 14b Maternal post natal depression Rest of UK 147 natural mothers who had had another child since MCS1 MORE 147 Table 8 15 Mother diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS 2 148 Table 8 16a Parental diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS2 Scotland sssss 149 Table 8 16b Parental diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS2 Rest of UK 151 Table 8 17 Parental psychological distress MCS 2 by country eese 152 Table 8 18a Parental psychological distress MCS 2 Scotland see 153 Table 8 18b Parental psychological distress MCS 2 Rest of UK 156 BEE 159 Table 8 19 Parental life satisfaction MCS 2 by country cocoooocoocnococonononcconononoonnonn nono nonnnnn nono n nono corn nn ener 159 Table 8 20a Parental life satisfaction MCS 2 Scotland sssssssseseeeeeeenenene 160 Table 8 20b Parental life satisfaction MCS2 Rest of UK 162 Height and Weight stt o hes AR atl ng eatin Hen e
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62. than the UK national average in 2003 04 The overall employment rates for MCS fathers was similar in Scotland and the rest of the UK Table 9 9 54 Combining of mothers and fathers employment rates to give a family classification of employment types gives families in Scotland a higher proportion of families with 2 earners than in the rest of the UK Table 9 13 13 7 of families in Scotland had 2 full time earners 10 8 in the rest of the UK and 36 7 per cent had 1 5 earners 34 1 in the rest of the UK The higher rates of employment and socio economic status below of mothers in Scotland is due to the disproportionate loss of lower educated and low income families from the MCS2 sample of families in Scotland 13 55 There were some small differences between the socio economic profiles of Scotland s mothers employed mothers in Scotland having 42 1 in professional or managerial occupations compared with 39 6 in the rest of the UK Table 9 14 However fathers in Scotland were slightly less likely to be in this top group of occupations than fathers in the rest of the UK Table 9 15 56 Scotland had the highest country percentage of employed mothers working on Saturdays 16 3 and the highest percentage using job share arrangements Table 9 16 Also when not employed mothers in Scotland were slightly less likely to say they preferred to look after their own family or their own children than those in the other UK countries
63. very young child The median income band for couples in our sample was 22 000 28 000 per annum The median for single parents was just 5 500 7 500 per annum 7 Family income is only asked of lone parents and couples and does not include income earned by other adults living in the household McClements equivalence scale Number of people in family Equivalence scale Head 0 61 Spouse 0 39 Each additional adult over 16 0 45 Each child 0 09 0 36 197 By country Table 10 1 Percent families in poverty at MCS2 by country Percentage Below 60 Total N percent N unweighted Country at MCS 2 England 8184 Walks 303 1850 Scotland 1 213 1489 IO ESTETICA O mei pK IL 260 X 12587 Po ChiSqae S E ee E Notes to table Notes All MCS 2 families includes natural adoptive foster and step families who answered the family income question n 12 954 Weighted by weight 2 Country weighted by weight one for within country analysis and weight 2 for all UK Table 10 2a Incidence of family income poverty at MCS2 by ward type partnership number of children and mother s age at birth Scotland Percentage below 60 per Total cent Unweighted n oo Nondiadvataged a w Chisqae Sogo Pp 5 O 3 vm A MCS2 Cehbiing 111 356 295 po one parent 1 658 a po Chi square 3 6247 Eo PB 0000 Number of children
64. who completed the main interview Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 7 88 P 0 00 for economic activity by area of residence in upper Table only 175 Table 9 6b Mother s economic activity status at child s age 3 by type of ward Rest of UK Mother s current economic activity Type of ward at MCS1 Rest of status Non Other Minority Ethnic UK disadvantaged Disadvantaged Disadvantaged Total Currently working full time 13 9 12 0 8 9 6 Currently working part time 35 6 Not currently working Unweighted sample size Of those currently employed Works fulltime Total percent 100 1 00 100 100 Unweighted sample size 3259 2960 6696 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers natural adoptive foster and step in England Wales and NI This table excludes any natural mothers not interviewed and any fathers or grandparents who completed the main interview Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 403 67 P 0 00 for economic activity by area of residence in upper Table only Table 9 7a Mother s economic activity status by number of children at child s age 3 Scotland Mother s current economic activity status Number of children living in household All Cohort Two Three or more Scotland baby only children children Total Unweighted sa
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66. 1 5 of mothers in Scotland worked full time at MCS2 compared with 19 8 in the rest of the UK and 52 1 in Scotland worked part time 49 7 in the rest of the UK Table 9 3 The split between full and part time hours was similar in Scotland and the rest of the UK at one quarter full time and three quarters part time hours Table 9 1 However at lower levels of education NVQ3 and below employed mothers in Scotland were more likely to work part time hours and less likely to be not working than those in the rest of the UK Table 9 3 The share of part time working among employed mothers was not related to whether or not they had a grandparent alive in Scotland or the rest of the UK 52 There were sizeable changes of status for mothers between MCS1 and MCS2 interviews and Scotland s MCS mothers had lower flows out of employment and higher flows into employment than those in the rest of the UK 12 5 of mothers in Scotland employed at MCS1 were not employed at MCS2 15 6 in the rest of the UK and 29 5 of Scotland s mothers who were not employed at MCS1 were employed at MCS2 25 for the rest of the UK Table 9 4 These flows are despite the fact that Scotland s mothers had higher rates than the rest of the UK of having a new baby by MCS2 Section 2 53 The proportion of MCS fathers who were self employed was lower in Scotland 14 than in the rest of the UK 18 at this time Table 9 9 although this MCS figure for the UK was higher
67. 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Unweighted N 9264 2219 1792 1445 14720 Notes to table Base Country MSC2 main respondents Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi Square 75 7 P value lt 0 001 Table 2 9 Whether respondent thought Good area to bring up children by UK country MCS2 COUNTRY Good area England Wales Scotland N Ireland All UK Total to bring up children avenge af es cm del ies ea iso se 5 oa Poor Very 1 8 8 2 3 6 6 3 2 9 6 7 Poor Heu roo roo Too qe roo rn ro on ra mol Unweighted 7942 1296 1674 1477 11974 2757 N Total unweighted sample size 14731 Notes to table Base ALL MSC2 main respondents Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi Square 72 1 P value 0 002 Chi Square 20 7 P value 0 119 Urban rural distinction in Scotland is based on Scottish Executive 2 fold division In England And Wales rural urban distinction is based on ONS2005 Urban Rural Morphology code 3 cats collapsed to 2 urban is gt 10k population Northern Ireland is based on Northern Ireland 3 fold distinction collapsed to 2 urban and missed urban are combined into urban 28 Table 2 10a Scotland Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by Good area to bring up children NS SEC five classes at MCS1 interview main respondent Management Intermediate Small Low Semi Total and employer and supervisory routine professional self e
68. 11a Older and younger siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland 41 Table 3 11b Older and younger siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK 42 Half siblings iei ii e ee oben e ii ias 42 Table 3 12 Half siblings in household by country sss eene 42 Table 3 13a Half siblings in household by family type Geotland ccecceesceeseeeseeeeceeeceeceseeneeeneeeeeeneeaes 43 Table 3 32b Half siblings in household by family type Rest of UK 43 GENI MP 44 Table 3 14 Grandparents in the household by coumntrw sse 44 Table 3 15a Grandparents in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland 44 Table 3 15b Grandparents in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK 45 Natural father ini ou hd era Dee T ee tiet e e arre eterne 45 Table 3 16 Natural father in household by contre 45 Table 3 17a Natural father in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland 46 Table 3 17b Natural father in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK 46 Transition from non resident to resident natural father sse 46 Table 3 18 Transition from non resident to resident natural father by country sss 46 Table 3 19a Transition from non resident to resident
69. 17 BI LL Scotland 1785 690 213 LR kend 1434 716 DI p value 0 0000 chi2 45 0670 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 148 Table 8 16a Parental diagnosed depression or serious anxiety MCS2 Scotland Total Never Diagnosed but Diagnosed and Unweighted diagnosed not currently currently N depression or treated being treated serious anxie _ 2 _ _ A E Mother Total all mothers who completed main 21 3 interview 1785 25 4 Mother s age at Under 25 59 4 interview o 25029 34 X G1 257 12 2 30034 0 1 509 gs 208 89 35t039 1 51 75 183 92 40adovr 18 705 99 mal EN EN Ill chi2 228 3323 occupational class fF 5 9 Lp employed technical Routine and semi routine 287 naf 192 9 6 0 2001 81 5794 Couple s 93 76 1 17 8 employment 53 71 3 23 7 5 1 61 66 5 23 5 10 0 85 316 0515 654 445 65 4 389 9 6 602 5 5 4 84 qualifications one of the above 164 p value 0 0000 chi2 421 7122 149 Total Never Diagnosed but Diagnosed and Unweighted diagnosed not currently currently N depression or treated being treated serious anxie pc dell Family type Married natural parents 1 103 Cohabiting natural parents
70. 31 1765 0 0101 Recurring ear infection Sid SY Unweighted n 1128 1761 0 1044 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents for Scotland Table 6 6b Child asthma wheezing and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by maternal smoking Rest of UK Mother smoked in pregnancy 1 p value Recurring ear infection L 78 66 103 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents for England Wales and NI 83 Injuries Table 6 7 Injuries by country and type of ward at MCS1 mee Eurum ENGLAND health service attendance N BEEN wares O e S NORTHERN IRELAND II O Not disadvantaged Disadvantaged UK Total 15184 Notes to table Chi square P Value 76 3494 lt 0 0001 Base MCS2 main respondents in country and ward Not disadvantaged Disadvantaged Table 6 8a Health service attendance for accidental injury by child gender Scotland Males Females Total Chi square p value LE O A Unweighted n 1795 0 2670 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 6 8b Health service attendance for accidental injury by child gender Rest of UK Males Females Total Chi square p value Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 84 Table 6 9a Health service attendance for accidental injury at MCS2 by family income at nine months and three years Scotland Above 60 per cent Below 60 per cent Total Chi square median equivalised income median equivalised inco
71. 353 a Loneparentnotemployed 912 m a a TBH fe AA 0000 0 Ip 0 0 y class NS SEC intermediate LI All 1404 ooo Smallemployes ownacout 201 376 Lowersupervsoryandtechnical 6 1 224 Semi routineandroutine 248 o Chisure THT foe I et l 00800 3 Fathers social class Managerial and professional 5 4 3085 NS SEC po Intermediate PPO Smallemployes ownaccoun 22 5 1050 Lower supervisory and technical 193 1090 5 Semi routine and routine 363 1929 Chismr OTTO AA A 3 kkk NVQ 3 1123 NVQ 1 2 2464 ooo Overseas NS P94 Nee NO E ES 99 139 1094 el oo000 Mothers education Mother NVQ 4 5 EE 3593 kkk 21 8 1508 13 19 8 NE NVQU2 EEN Po Overseas 0 0 542 w Nee 1 0 651 1233 EA 2 2 Yi 279 8705 pica M 0 0000 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI with valid data 201 Table 10 4a Subjective indicators at MCS2 by income poverty Scotland Percentage with Total family income below icd 60 per cent threshold Mothers reports of Living comfortably 4 7 managing financiall Lem allright 193 568 Jusaboutmamgig 326 38i Finding it difficult 7 6 131
72. 4 1738 pis Notes to table Base MCS1 Employed mothers sample in Scotland or England Wales or NI 177 Father s economic activity at age 3 Table 9 9 Father s economic activity by country at child s age 3 Father s current economic Country at MCS2 All UK activity status Wales Scotland Total G 143 82 76 100 Unweighted sample size 6707 1488 1169 10256 Of those currently employed 513 si 100 Unweighted sample size 6032 1333 1059 9235 Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 Excludes proxy fathers and other carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Within country weighted by weight 1 all UK weighted by weight2 Chi sq 20 09 P 0 001 Table 9 10 Fathers education qualifications at MCS 2 by country Country at MCS 2 England Wales Seotland NI Total NONE OF THESE i 87 se 9 92 100 Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers Chi sq 74 78 P 0 006 178 Table 9 11a Father s current economic activity status at child s age 3 by highest educational achievement at MCS1 Scotland Father s current economic Father s highest education academic or vocational MCS1 All activity status NVQ level NVQ NVQ level Overseas Scotland 4 5 level 3 1 2 and other unclassified total Degree A level O level Qualification GCSE None of these Total percent 100 Unweighted sample size 131
73. 518 3 m Mother s education NVO I level 391 354 547 SE 23 68 6 28 0 D 3 4 quaficetions 122 A 0 0001 _991 283 Natural parents other unknown relationship oooO Lone natural mother 205 4 N R No ON 0 0 TU 431 0306 153 Medium N Total all fathers who completed self completion ENTUM 24 in partner interview 1 102 interview po 25 t0 29 27 6 pC 0 t0 34 23 5 po 35to39 22 7 Lo LA ala ojo AI D I QH NS o 24 5 Father s Managerial amp professional 451 76 6 2 occupational class 27 6 Small employer amp self 123 78 3 21 7 employed 5 4 hb 8 Couple s Both partners employed 77 1 employment status LA AR SEH Lower supervisory and 175 73 4 25 5 technical p E 68 2 2 LA N N 2 2 4 2 4 H EL not employed E deu ei cm vp o not employed E K Eet Both partners unemployed lt y Rh o N 48 9 level N N LA AR N N ON INVQ4 887 281 21 vos ae 83 8 15 3 Other Overseas 78 6 18 0 qualifications m IV Im llo ee dl ell etl anal Pose A B LO LW Nn oO AR wa Is pipi lt None of the above 29 4 p value 0 0005 chi2 287 1669 lt CA N Se 154 Total N Family type Married natural parents 814 76 3 22 7 1 0 Cohabiting natural parents 225 23 p value 0 0015 chi2 174 5
74. 54 2732 251029 0 0000 30t034 i O 35t039 00 40andover Intermediate Routine and semi routine Both partners unemployed 143 Total Use of recreational drugs in past year Unweighted Ever Never Can t say N es e ST 22 9n Cohabiting natural parents 1 897 63 92 0 x Natural parents 412 1 9 97 6 other unknown relationship 2016 8 3 89 3 Other 4 1 93 8 p value 0 0000 chi2 230 8586 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion sil eel in partner interview 9 553 89 8 interview D 7 2549029 1 063 82 5 ETRE 2 524 9 88 8 Do 35to39 2 810 6 91 5 2 0 4 3 2 9 1 8 bas N oS N Nw lt L6 40 and over 1 894 93 2 L 2997 53 p value 0 0000 NEE chi2 123 5955 Es 38 Father s Managerial amp professional 3 431 occupational class Intermediate 93 2 po A employed technical 9 Routine and semi routine 2 061 10 1 p value 0 0000 chi2 66 8868 Couple s Both partners employed 4 797 employment status Main employed partner not 203 19 8 employed 1 0 0 7 0 N O an 9 7 N Both partners unemployed 0 chi2 118 5735 level 79 0 92 0 88 3 87 1 4 Partner employed main not 3 056 o5 89 4 employed po J 15 0 9 VQ2 2 288 86 8 VQ 3 1204 7 9 90 3 VQ4 2 618 92 4 o Nvas 5 3 94 0 Other Overseas qualifications 6 0 89 6 2 2 6 3 8 3 8 2 3 7 5 3 6 5 5 8 E 7 0 5 4 9
75. 578 Natural parents 43 85 5 11 1 3 4 other unknown relationship Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 155 Table 8 18b Parental psychological distress MCS 2 Rest of UK oo Tota Lowornone Medium High BEEN IL CNN WE umet paw 7 T completion in main interview 11 593 Mother s age at Under 25 56 1 38 0 5 9 interview 25 t29 20as 612 ao 48 30034 asp 7 262 27 po 35t39 277 708 276 eil 40adover os saf 322 eA E RI chi2 178 8601 occupational class EE EC employed A ION Ec technical Routine and semiroutine 1507 eil ant 18 FINE IA chi2 39 8398 employment status not employed 521 54 0 p value 0 0000 level Partner employed main 3 110 65 7 31 2 3 0 not employed 3 232 3 312 Other Overseas qualifications 1 010 p value 0 0000 6 572 1 724 Natural parents 380 other unknown relationship Po Lone natural mother 1 787 281 p value 0 0000 chi2 276 7470 156 ey A A LA o ra A CA wm Medium Unweighted N Father m S he E Lo nN IL EN rele b HL J Sa c Wa Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview 9 048 Father s age at Under 25 interview po 25 to 29 28 9 po 35 to 39 2 648 29 4
76. 6 5346 NW M AO 969 03 Em 140 Total Use of recreational drugs in past year N 2 1 052 104 17 other unknown relationship 19 Other p value 0 0000 chi2 662 6666 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion Eet ed in partner interview 1 155 9 4 89 4 1 3 interview poso E G 1 EE 1 2 Po 35 t0 39 0 5 P 40 and over chi2 558 7275 occupational class Intermediate 6 0 92 5 14 2 9 Small employer amp self 131 11 4 85 9 2 7 employed Lower supervisory and 17 8 3 91 0 4 technical Routine and semi routine 16 3 1 8 p value 0 0003 chi2 239 8433 Couple s Both partners employed 8 4 90 8 0 7 employment status 1 1 8 1 I 9 2 4 2 724 4 1 3 4 Partner employed main not 3 7 6 9 employed Both partners unemployed 26 9 71 7 1 4 p value 0 0000 chi2 428 0864 9 Main employed partner not 41 21 0 69 9 employed level 3 Nvo2 1 6 Pp NVQ3 281 8 6 me 0 8 vg 0 2 o Nvas o 86 90 910 Other Overseas qualifications Oooo one of the above 13 9 p value 0 0415 chi2 197 3007 m LA No T 141 Total Use of recreational drugs in past LL QM TNI N oe ee 7 A ONDES 85 72 923 wa 850 E Cohabiting natural parents 19 0 4 1 3 Natural parents 44 9 3 90 7 other unknown relationship 25 6 3 934 p value 0 0000 chi2 445 4052 Notes to table NB
77. 6032 Notes to table Base MCSI main sample in England Wales and NI with housing tenure at MCS1 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Other includes living with parents living rent free squatting Chi square 655 P value 0 001 24 Table 2 5a Scotland Residential mobility by family income at MCS 1 Family income at MCS1 SE Son banded n BEE EI0 400 20 800 pa 22M ESE TI AE SSCS Notes to table Base MCS1 main sample in Scotland by income response at MCS1 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 58 P value lt 0 001 Table 2 5b Rest of UK Residential mobility by family income at MCS 1 Family income at MCS1 Mobile Base banded N 0 10 400 pa Lib 10 400 20 800 pa udi 20 800 31 200 pa 2851 2 pa A DOT A A O EU Notes to table Base MCS1 main sample in England Wales or NI Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 191 P value lt 0 001 25 Table 2 6a Scotland Residential mobility by combined labour market status of main and partner respondents at MCS 1 Paid work status of the cohort families at MCS1 Mobile Base n N Main in workon leave partner notin workon eave 399G0 6 Partner in work on leave main not in work on leave 629 Notes to table Base MCSI families in Scotland with two resident parents Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 31 P valu
78. 96 of such families in Scotland had moved address compared with only 43 5 in the rest of the UK Table 2 6 7 Parents in Scotland 41 were more likely to rate the area they lived in as excellent for children to grow up in than parents in England 32 or Wales 35 Table 2 8 and this more favourable rating persisted holding constant parents socio economic positions Table 2 10 People living in rural areas were far more likely than those living in urban areas to rate their area as excellent for their children to grow up in for every UK country Table 2 9 and people in rural Scotland were similar to those in rural England in this respect However people living in urban Scotland had the highest percentage of parents 36 4 across UK countries who rated their urban areas as excellent for children to grow up in compared with 26 1 in urban England and 29 in urban Wales Parents in Scotland rated their area very safe for children to grow up in 42 of cases which was higher than the rest of the UK 38 Table 2 11 and especially higher among manager or professional parents in Scotland 49 44 in rest of UK and small employers or self employed 55 41 in rest of UK Table 2 13 Employees in the lower NS SEC groups were similar in Scotland and in the rest of the UK in their thoughts about the safety of their area Again people living in rural Scotland were far more likely than those in urban areas to say they fel
79. CS2 by employment and by education of parents Scotland 200 Table 10 3b Family poverty at MCS2 by employment and by education of parents Rest of UK 201 Table 10 4a Subjective indicators at MCS2 by income poverty Scotland 202 Table 10 4 b Subjective indicators at MCS 2 by income poverty Rest of UK 203 Table 10 5a Poverty at MCS1 and MCS2 Scotland sese 203 Table 10 5b Poverty at MCS1 and MCS2 Rest of UK eene ene 204 CHAPTER ELEVEN CHILDCARE erronee euet sre vo eh sonestsnnecenctdsngedsntuncencosavenosscedeadenosdsensvastcoss 205 Main childcare arrangement at MCS 2 205 Table 11 1 Main Childcare Arrangement at Age 3 by users of care by country ssssssssssses 205 Table 11 2a Main Childcare Arrangement at Age Three by users of care Scotland s 206 Table 11 2b Main Childcare Arrangement at Age Three by users of care Rest of UK 207 laudo PL A E 208 Table 11 3a Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of non working mothers Scotland Wer EE diay HE P eL e PO eae C UP e b pe ap eret rio rite b e a He E EE DP PA E RC ee See 208 Table 11 3b Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of non working mothers Rest of lj 208 Table 11 4a Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of working mothers Scotland 209 Table 11 4b Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of working mot
80. E Mothers Fathers Their mother s Social Class Managerial amp Professional 17 9 16 0 ps 16 Intermediate 22 0 22 1 MES Small Employers and Own 6 9 6 8 Account Workers 5 3 8 6 Lower Supervisory and Technical 0 7 1 0 os 13 Semi routine and Routine 52 4 54 1 02 580 Unveighted N 780 Their father s Social Class Managerial amp Professional 27 8 26 7 mL ssa Ba Intermediate 8 8 7 6 mn pa m Small Employers and Own 18 7 17 5 us Lower Supervisory and Technical 13 5 15 2 A ibi m Semi routine and Routine 31 3 33 1 28 4 34 3 29 5 36 8 Unweighted N 1507 1025 Notes to table Note The data for this table is based on an approximation of the SOC codes to the NS SEC Base MCS2 respondents in Scotland with employed parents when the respondent was 14 Percentages are weighted using weight and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented 60 Table 4 8b Respondents parents social class based on their occupation when the respondent was 14 Rest of the UK Ss Mathers Fathers Their mother s Social Class Managerial amp Professional 16 8 16 5 vi Ei Intermediate 19 0 19 5 82 209 Small Employers and Own 8 6 9 1 Account Workers 8 1 10 3 Lower Supervisory and Technical 0 8 05 10 Semi routine and Routine 54 8 54 2 120 64 Unveighted N 5537 Their father s Social Class Managerial amp Professional 27 7 27 3 mL Bst E
81. EC Scotland Mother s working Mothers NS SEC 4 All weekly atypical hours Managerial Intermediate Small employer Semi routine amp Scotland amp self employed amp routine Total professional low supervisory amp technical Works afer gen 3 on 6 Works nights 43 Works Saturdays Works Sundays 65 8 90 254 5 size Notes to table Base All employed MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step who reported working these atypical patterns on a weekly basis Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Chi sq 80 94 P 0 000 Chi sq 46 84 P 0 000 Chi sq 139 13 P 0 000 Chi sq 85 94 P 0 000 183 Table 9 17b Employed mother s atypical weekly working patterns by NS SEC Rest of UK Mother s working Mothers NS SEC 4 Rest of weekly atypical hours Managerial Intermediate Small employer Semi routine amp UK amp self employed amp routine Total professional low supervisory amp technical Works ater gen Works nighis Works Saturdays Works Sundays Unweighted sample 2457 1605 1849 6669 size Notes to table Base All employed MCS2 mothers in England Wales and UK natural adoptive foster and step who reported working these atypical patterns on a weekly basis Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Chi sq 411 45 P 0 000 Chi sq 226 83 P 0 000 Chi sq 524 36 P 0 000 Chi
82. ILS 198 S16 9 SI 1881 SOLE 6 Tp poyystomun N LL9 6L97 0 suoroojur 88 9I CO 0 s es LL c9 Cp SL V Jeo JUMI Jis ots ms Um ie ei fuo rer sue Lem N pansion 1000 0 gt SUIISTYM cy ES S 0 8 TE 897 SCE EST 89 CU VST 6 tt 6c BUIZOOU AN short 68 coc Le s vost Je ro Der ctor N pasion 100070 L6 9L S 8 SI E TI LTI SL Ch vcl O11 8 pI Co ewpse peu 1943 NEA d EEN po3ejueape pa3ezueape po3ejueape poejueape padezueape poSejueApe po3ejueape pa3ejueape ISOIN 1830 91enbs n sid SIP JON ig SIp JON ig SIP JON ia SIP JON ye pem Jo 2041 ISOIN 38 pIem Jo ad pue Aunos Aq xoduoxorqo pue SuizoouA eurgjsy p 9 AQEL sossouj 9IINIB pue BUSY Table 6 5a Asthma and wheezing chickenpox and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by gender Scotland Male Female Total Chi square p value 7 7 0 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 6 5b Asthma and wheezing chickenpox and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by gender Rest of UK Male Female Total Chi square p value ee ml Il e Rees 91 zl Cl D Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 82 Table 6 6a Child asthma wheezing and recurring ear infections at MCS2 by maternal smoking Scotland Mother smoked in pregnancy 0L Yes Total Chi square p value Unweighted n 1120 1747 0 0023 Wheezing or whistling in the chest Asthma OS 9 Unweighted n 11
83. MI Unweighted Less than 18 5 Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Underweight d Overweight Bodl main IDEEN nt o EE 35 to 39 2 933 7 s xof sof ae 40 and over 1 061 0 0000 129 2623 Mother s Managerial amp 2 129 1 6 63 9 occupational professional Intermediate 1 386 2 E Small employer amp self employed Res supervisory and technical 1 609 0 0000 81 0758 Couple s Both partners 2 0 58 6 employment employed 5 010 Main employed 32 59 3 partner not Partner employed 3 459 2 5 57 6 main not mployed E partners 6 7 51 7 unemployed p value 0 0000 chi2 66 5 x Mother s VOI 4 4 53 6 education NVQ2 3 340 1 555 NVQ4 3 213 VO Other Overseas ualifications one of the above p value No a Z Z Z lt yo LA W 168 Tota Current BMI Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Overweight Morbidly Normal Obese obese Phi ENSE Family type Married natural parents EE Cohabiting natural parents EE Natural parents other unknown relationship NEEM Lone natural mother Pf Other U O p value chi2 95 4672 Fathers partner interview at interview 30to34 351039 p value chi2 Father s Managerial amp occupational professional supervisory and technical Couple s Both partners employment employed Main employed partner not Partner employed main not 169 Tota Current BMI MEN Unweighted Less than 18 5 E Over 25 to 30 Over 35 Underweight 1 Ove
84. Millennium Cohort Study offers large scale information about children born into the New Century and the families who are bringing them up for the four countries of the United Kingdom Its second survey with which this report is concerned conducted in 2003 5 when the children were age 3 is the first in a planned series of follow ups building on the first survey carried out during 2001 2002 3 The second sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study MCS2 collected information from 1 814 families in Scotland who were part of 15 590 families of children born across the UK in 2000 2 The study s first sweep carried out during 2001 2 when the children were aged 9 10 months old laid the foundations for this major new longitudinal research resource It recorded the circumstances of pregnancy and birth the all important early months of life and the social and economic backgrounds of the families into which the children were born 4 The second survey data allow researchers for the first time to chart the changing circumstances of these children and their families and offer some direct measurements of the children s development at the age of three Percentages reported here are re weighted to provide representative estimates There were differential rates of attrition by country from MCS1 to MCS2 a loss of 20 of Scotland s Sweep 1 MCS families from the sample at MCS2 compared with a 15 loss from England 17 from Wales and 22 from Northern Ireland Tabl
85. ST ven een ET 891 Nux o 1 i i 1 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 who gave valid information Chi sq 6 83 P 0 02 Table 9 28a Mother s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCS1 Scotland Mothers acquired new Level of original MCS 1 qualification All Scotland qualification by MCS 2 NVQ NVQ NVQ Overseas Total level 4 5 level 3 level 1 2 qualification only None of these O3 Unweighted sample size 1785 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 who had acquired a new qualification since sweep one interview Chi sq 9 78 P 0 01 in upper table only Note Figures assume an NVQ qualification at any level is higher than an overseas qualification and an overseas qualification is higher than None Table 9 28b Mother s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCS1 Rest of UK Mothers acquired new Level of original MCS 1 qualification Rest of qualification by MCS 2 NVQ NVQ NVQ Overseas qualification UK Total level 4 5 level 3 level 1 2 only None of these Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 who had acquired a new qualification since sweep one interview Chi sq 133 15 P 0 000 in upper table only
86. Scales for vocabulary indicate higher scores for children in Scotland which could only be partly explained by further analysis After taking other factors into consideration Scottish children were 1 5 months ahead of children in the rest of the UK at the same stage This issue is further analysed and discussed in a separate report e While the majority of parents across all UK countries reported drinking some alcohol the numbers were slightly higher for Scottish mothers 88 and fathers 93 than in the rest of the UK 82 for mothers 91 for fathers However those mothers and fathers in Scotland who were older in higher socio economic groups and had higher educational qualifications reported drinking larger amounts of alcohol per week than in the rest of the UK e Scotland s MCS mothers who were employed when last contacted had lower flows out of employment than those in the rest of the UK Twelve percent of employed Scottish mothers moved out of employment between sweep 1 and sweep 2 in comparison with 16 for the rest of the UK Scotland s MCS mothers who were not employed when last contacted had higher flows into employment than those in the rest of the UK Almost 3096 of non employed Scottish mothers had moved into employment by sweep 2 compared with only 2596 of MCS mothers in the other UK countries Families in Scotland were both significantly less likely to flow into poverty between sweeps 1 and 2 and significantly more likel
87. Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 138 Recreational drug use Table 8 11 Current parental drug use MCS 2 by country Total all mothers who completed self completion in main interview Total all fathers who completed self completion 9 818 8 3 in partner interview 6 313 1 469 1 158 p value chi2 oo o oi AI Le ke bie No Ne J No FSH No y he ii Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 139 Table 8 12a Current parental drug use MCS2 Scotland Ld e Use of recreational drugs in past year Mother Total all mothers who completed self completion in main interview 4 5 1 1 1 690 Mother s age at Under 25 218 11 2 2 6 interview 35 to 39 40 and over a 0 0000 364 1079 Mother s Managerial amp professional Inm class Intermediate Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine Couple s Both partners employed employment status Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed Lh Both partners unemployed Mother s education level None of the above chi2 D 3 i i al 980 98 0 IM RS E C E 274 E NM NEN lia ww Mo CARO 80 858 8 E MN NN 19
88. UK 96 Behavioural adjustment iii ee ere UR e E Te e Pe Vide Re e nda 97 Table 7 5 Total Difficulties Score Mean and Percentiles at MCS2 by country cocooocoocnoconocononcnononononncinncnnnonoos 97 Table 7 6a Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Scotland 98 Table 7 6bTotal Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK 99 Developmental Milestone Measures by British Ability Scores DAS 100 Table 7 7a BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Scotland 100 Table 7 7b BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK 100 Developmental Milestone Measures by Bracken School Readiness eene 101 Table 7 8a Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Scotland 101 Table 7 8b Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Rest of UK 101 Developmental Milestone Measures by total difficulties score oooonoonncnncnocaccconconcononononononononnonnonnonncnncnncnnos 102 Table 7 9a Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Scotland 102 Table 7 9b Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK 102 Refetenees cuente teet etel a eene e s ton ace bt otis eter CL Le a meee ta cue t cet nee tU 103 CHAPTER EIGHT PARENTAL HEALTH AND WELL BEING esee esent ntn en
89. ain respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age was known 32 Table 3 24b Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by mother s age Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview Contact and maintenance 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Total E sena uc ind sel i El Be Frequent contact 3 or 26 6 zeen mp we Gp m wep 3 Less frequent contact E d We Mi d e fee el AS A E Regular maintenance 38 5 38 0 51 6 49 8 40 1 43 3 Ferra my me mom eno st Irregular maintenance 10 7 13 3 12 1 12 6 13 7 12 2 Eu e A No maintenance 50 8 48 7 36 3 37 6 46 2 44 5 rome y e TZ Base unweighted 486 402 338 228 98 155 Notes to table Contact Chi2 67 0004 p 0 0000 Maintenance Chi2 33 2205 p 0 0096 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 except new families in which the natural father was non resident and contact patterns maintenance payments was known from main interview and in which main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age was known 53 Table 3 25a Contact with non resident natural father at MCS2 and maintenance payments by non resident natural father at MCS2 by whether natural father previously resident at MCS1 Scotland Contact and maintenance Non resident Non resident payments natural father at natural father at MCS2 in HH at MCS2 not in HH at MCS1 more time a week weekly or less often Base unweighted A
90. al professional Intermediate Small employer and self employed Lower supervisors and technical Semi routine and routine 52 9 50 7 49 6 41 41 CA 1 UA No F 4 325 44 57 P gt F 000 ug zi 7355 3460 F 1 329 401 29 P gt F 000 Income Above 60 of median Below 60 of median E et No o n E A Ata un Nn NO NO wje 99 Ne N wjp oj S P Notes to table Base singleton children in England Wales and NI where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bas scores were specified Unweighted N values 93 Bracken Basic Concept Scale Revised BBCS R Table 7 3 Bracken Mean and Percentile Scores at MCS2 and Gender of Child by country Bracken Mean Standard 10 25 50 75 90 i d Error percentile percentile p Pe percentile percentile pan 1056 oul al wel 106 England 1056 al 83 ao wel 117 Gel ol Scotland 1075 075 86 ai ml 18 127 Gas Northern 102 5 0 85 81 91 104 114 122 1096 Ireland F 6 76 Prob gt F 0 0002 103 7 5796 1074 al aal ai ml 126 5757 F 108 79 Prob gt F 0 0000 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in UK country where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where B
91. always but also the highest rate of never having regular bedtimes Table 5 7 5 8 Wales and Northern Ireland children also had higher percentages with regular mealtimes than children in Scotland or England Table 5 9 5 10 Regular bedtime had some relationship with families employment in that no earner households tended to have the highest rates of irregularity in bedtime routines Table 5 8 22 Virtually all mothers said they wanted to impart such values as independence obedience and respect Table 5 13 But mothers in Northern Ireland were keener to instil religious values in their children than mothers in the other UK countries Eighty five per cent of Northern Irish mothers considered religious values important compared with just over half in England Wales and Scotland 23 However when asked about the things of most importance families in Scotland were more likely 5596 than those in the other UK countries 40 5096 to select wanting children to think for themselves Table 5 12 This emphasis in Scotland persisted after controlling for mother s ages However these responses also varied by mothers ages More emphasis 59 60 was given to the importance of children thinking for themselves by older mothers in Scotland 35 years and over In consequence mothers in Scotland placed a bit less emphasis than in other countries on obeying parents and helping others Wanting children to be liked or popular or to learn religious
92. ample numbers Chi square 65 P value lt 0 001 Base MCS2 main respondents who were given NS SEC at MCS1 Table 2 13b Rest of UK Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by How safe you feel in area NS SEC five classes at MCSI interview main respondent Management Intermediate Small Low Semi Total and employer supply routine and professional and self and routine employed technical Fairy sao Neither 3 4 7 7 7 8 1 MCS2 safe nor How unsafe em area Ve 3 0 7 2 1 2 7 14 unsafe Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Base N 3542 2200 472 794 4573 11491 Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unnweighted sample numbers Chi square 356 4 P value 0 001 Base Main respondents at MCS2 in England Wales and NI who were given NS SEC at MCSI 9 safe you Fairly 2 0 feel in unsafe 0 31 Home atmosphere 2 1 There are three variables each with five ordered categories which relate to the atmosphere of the home disorganised hearing yourself think and calm atmosphere These variables are correlated the values of Kendall s tau vary between 0 33 and 0 41 and so they can be added together to form a scale measuring home activity or home atmosphere that varies between zero hectic and 12 calm This scale is skewed towards the calm end with a median of eight with 11 percent scoring 11 or 12 but less than 1 percent scoring below two Tab
93. anota tns tns tatnatuno 104 Self rated health Reed HER eb m iq vede e p e e ater o ens 104 Table 8 1 Parental general health MCS 2 by country coooococccoccnoconononononnnonncon nono nono nonn ono nc nro n ono nennen 104 Table 8 2a Parental general health MCS2 Scotland sse 105 Table 8 2b Parental general health MCS 2 Rest of UK 107 Longst nding 1ilIness trente e RE eR its 109 Table 8 3 Parental longstanding illness MCS 2 by country cocooooooccoccnononononononononnnonnnnn nono nono non nono rro nennen 109 Table 8 4a Parental longstanding illness MCS 2 Scotland sese 110 Table 8 4b Parental longstanding illness MCS2 Rest of UK 112 Health related behavior ra CE der e POE HE et etg re OE He ease 114 Table 8 5 Current parental smoking status MCS2 by country eese 114 Table 8 6a Current parental smoking status MCS 2 Scotland sss 115 Table 8 6b Current parental smoking status MCS 2 Rest of UK 119 Table 8 7 Current frequency of parental alcohol use MCS 2 by COUNtLY sse 123 Table 8 8a Current frequency of parental alcohol use MCS 2 Scotland sees 124 Table 8 8b Current frequency of parental alcohol use MCS 2 Rest of UK 128 Table 8 9 Parental CAGE scores MCS2 by country sssssssseseeeeeeneenene eene 132 Table 8 10a Parental CAGE scores MCS 2 Scotland sss 133 Table 8 11 Current parental drug use MCS 2 by country
94. arents 6 6 Natural parents 52 6 0 94 0 other unknown relationship 5 2 3 6 96 4 p value 0 3368 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion 14 4 85 6 in partner interview Father s age at Under 25 28 3 71 7 interview 25 to 29 30 to 34 N wo o wm 40 and over p value Chi2 Father s Managerial amp professional occupational class FESTES eco wr Intermediate ch Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and __ Routine and semi routine p value 0 5564 Chi2 23 6373 Couple s Both partners employed 698 13 3 86 7 employment status Main employed partner not 29 2 70 8 9 N Ww A an N employed Partner employed main not 85 employed Both partners unemployed p value Chi2 0 0053 98 0394 D N 134 excludes non drinkers Unweighted Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE more score less than 2 a PP DEE MUN SEN 85 0 87 9 86 2 87 9 85 3 0 87 2 66 2 Natural parents other unknown relationship 2 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 135 Table 8 10b Parental CAGE scores MCS 2 Rest of UK CAGE scores excludes non drinkers Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE score less than 2 Mother Total all mothers who completed self 5 completion in
95. centages are weighted using whnotsco and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented Base All MCS2 respondents in England Wales and NI with own parent alive 57 Child care and financial support from Grandparents Table 4 5a Child care and financial support provided by at least one grandparent Scotland At least one grandparent undertaking Any type of child care Po Financial help Notes to table Note Child care chi2 1 3 3787 p 0 5544 Financial help chi2 1 15 95 p 0 1281 Child care here refers to any type of child care undertaken since MCS1 Financial support consists of buying essentials for the baby paying for other household costs buying gifts and extras for the baby paying for childcare and other financial help Percentages are weighted using weight1 and observations are unweighted Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 4 5b Child care and financial support provided by at least one grandparent Rest of UK A At least one grandparent undertaking Any type of child care AAA A Couples 25 6 Lone Parent 22 8 Total 25 2 Unweighted N 13606 Couples 90 1 Lone Parent 78 8 Total 88 4 Unweighted N 13606 Financial help n Notes to table Child care chi2 1 7 32 p 0 037 Financial help chi2 1 246 89 p 0 01 Child care here refers to any type of child care undertaken since MCSI Financial support consists of b
96. child s age 9 10 months and age 3 Scotland 193 Table 9 26b Parents partnerships and economic statuses at child s age 9 10 months and age 3 Rest of UK t BEE ecu re tede EE E tuc Ponticus erai thie Ir LM terae oes 194 Mother s new qualifications by age 3 195 Table 9 27 Whether mothers had acquired new qualifications by MCS2 country sess 195 Table 9 28a Mother s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCS1 Scotland 195 Table 9 28b Mother s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCSI Rest of UK 195 Father s new qualifications by age 3 196 Table 9 29 Whether fathers had acquired new qualifications by MCS2 by country 196 Table 9 30a Father s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ at MCSI Scotland 196 Table 9 30b Father s new qualifications by MCS2 by NVQ level at MCS1 Rest of UK ssie 196 CHAPTER TEN INCOME AND POVERTY e eeeeeeee estne tete than tosta tasto tasas tasas tae totae totas tasto tasas totae 197 Methods nt RE Rn RETE P EE TOR i a ee R iaaa 197 reen EE IER Botte T 198 Table 10 1 Percent families in poverty at MCS2 by country sssssssssseeeeeeeeneeneeneenen enn 198 Table 10 2a Incidence of family income poverty at MCS2 by ward type partnership number of children and mother s age at birth Scotland eee e eG D de e LEE WI re re pe S 198 Table 10 3a Family poverty at M
97. cupation Intermediate 534099 1 47 S2 58 AEN ee Ms Mo E E self employed HO a technical routine F 4 57 11 04 P gt F 000 Income Ww A A E PRA EE emp Above 60 of median 543 0 43 41 47 se ol eum Below 60 of median 0 63 F 1 60 57 83 P gt F 000 Notes to table Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bas scores were specified Unweighted N values 92 Table 7 2b BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK Family type Lone parent Two natural parents Step parent family SE 10 25 N 75 90 Ed 6531 6312 F 1 329 154 50 P gt F 000 a ae 47 2165 51 8381 47 174 F 2 328 123 55 P gt F 000 pr eer 44 493 47 377 49 2087 51 1613 56 3800 F 4 326 70 17 P gt F 000 E qe 44 2098 49 3926 51 4711 F 2 322 220 39 P gt F 000 4293 1066 56 827 0 30 41 0 23 44 0 83 41 46 9 51 2 47 6 Ale Parental Education None NVQ 1 NVQ 2 NVQ 3 NVQ 4 ees 079 28 36 4 0 32 41 0 35 44 0 25 47 43 4 49 3 51 2 53 3 Parental employment Workless household 1 person working 2 or more people working 45 2 50 2 52 3 0 34 38 0 33 42 0 20 45 0 26 47 0 37 44 36 0 46 E ON N AE Kafe Highest parental Occupation Manageri
98. d p EE pee o o T Tw Mother s by age Mothers age 16 24 78 11 lt 1 1915 EOT cos 0 gt 0 Mothers age 3034 el el ui 5 il ml 4266 Chi Square um P Value o Jj HE E E A NEN SES SS E Parent s employment situation household Father only earner 87 8 5 ol ul 10 Age osque q99 9m Lt M2 NS AE AAN P Vawe Leni 1l Notes to table Note All MCS2 main respondents mothers in England Wales and NI Table 5 2 Fathers time with child at age 3 by UK country How much time father has with child Plenty Just Not quite Nowhere Not sure Total Total enough enough near Unweighted enough N Waes 2 3s ui vi mi es Northern Ireland 24 28 3 9 of mi e Chi Square 7298 5 j Bams EE Z E A A A O Notes to table Base All MCS2 partner respondent fathers in country Unweighted observations weighted percentages using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 63 Table 5 3a Fathers time with child at age 3 Scotland How much time father has with child Plenty Just Not quite Nowhere Not sure mer Total enough enough near Unweighted enough N ES age a SII 16 24 Fathers age 25 29 Fathers age lt 1 30 34 Ee a A 35 39 eor Chi Square 28411 J EE AAA Parents emplo ment situation EE EE A Mother only earner 8 5
99. dren in disadvantaged areas tended to be a little more likely to be The BMI overweight cut off at 3 year 36 months are 17 9 kg m2 for boys and 17 6 for girls The corresponding obesity cut offs are 19 6 for boys and 19 4 for girls overweight and obese In Scotland the rate of obesity was the same as in the rest of the UK with a slightly higher rate of children being overweight but not obese 19 296 in Scotland Girls aged 3 in Scotland had a slightly higher rate of being overweight but not obese than girls in the rest of the UK and children living at incomes above the poverty line had slightly higher rates of problem levels of BMI in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Table 6 13 The relationship between BMI and mothers education was complicated In general having a mother with a degree was associated with lower rates of problem BMI values and appeared therefore to work as a protection factor across the UK but not to the same extent in Scotland Table 6 14 34 There were no statistically significant differences in obesity rates between boys and girls However some early and important gender differences in other health indicators were observed which were mostly evident across boys and girls in the rest of the UK These differences were evident in boys and girls in Scotland although not always reaching levels of statistical significance probably due to smaller sample sizes Boys were more likely than girls in Scotland and the rest o
100. e 0 001 Table 2 6b Rest of UK Residential mobility by combined labour market status of main and partner respondents at MCS 1 Paid work status of the cohort families at MCS1 Mobile Base n N Both in work on leave 6437 Notes to table Base MCSI families with two resident parents in England Wales or NI Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 57 P value 0 001 26 Table 2 7a Scotland Reasons for moving given by movers by MCS2 What were the main reasons Per cent n Base ou moved to this address Wanted to move to better area 20 4 For children s education Wanted place of my own 9 6 Relationship breakdown 20 Problem with neighbours 6 5 36 Notes to table Base Mover Families in Scotland MCS1 to MCS2 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Respondents could give more than one response Table 2 7b Rest of UK Reasons for moving given by movers by MCS2 ou moved to this address 113877 48 4 Wanted to buy 7 6 3 3 Notes to table Base MCS mover families in England Wales and NI MCS1 to MCS2 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Respondents could give more than one response 27 Families views about the area Table 2 8 Whether respondent thought Good area to bring up children by UK country of residence Country ty MCS2 Good area to bring up ent as 29 children Total 100 0
101. e 1 5 In addition the loss of families from the Scotland sample was biased towards those without any educational qualifications although the rate of attrition in Scotland was higher than for England at all levels of education Table 1 5 Low income families were less likely to respond than those with higher incomes in all countries Among Scotland s families the higher non response rate than for England s families was visible at both high and low levels of family income Table 1 5 Fortunately MCS3 has picked up and interviewed 1444 families across the UK who were not interviewed at sweep 2 5 All references to Tables in this Executive Summary refer to the Annex Tables 2 Housing neighbourhood and community 6 Moving home is often an important event in the lives of families with young children Over one third 38 of UK families interviewed when their child was 9 10 months had changed their address by the time the child was 3 and this figure was higher in Scotland 41 Table 2 1 The average distance moved was also much higher in Scotland 35 kms compared with the lowest average of only 11 kms in Northern Ireland Table 2 2 Mobility was more common among those on low incomes but families in Scotland on very low incomes under 10 400 p a in 2001 were more likely to have moved 54 994 than those in the same income group in the rest of the UK 47 896 Table 2 5 Similar findings were evident among families with no earners where 56 8
102. e linked to other age 9 10 month development indicators Table 7 7 7 8 7 9 Children who were delayed in their gross or fine motor development at this younger age also had lower BAS and Bracken cognitive scores and higher SDQ problem behaviour scores at age 3 8 Parental health and wellbeing 42 The health of parents matters in our account of the millennium children s lives as an important part of the context in which they are growing up MCS2 collected data on health and related behaviours including general self rated health longstanding illnesses cigarette smoking alcohol and recreational drug use psychological morbidity life satisfaction and height and weight Each of these is considered for mothers and fathers in relation to age country of residence occupation educational qualifications family structure and employment status 43 Most parents seem to be in reasonably good health as would be expected of parents with children aged three A minority rated their general health as fair or poor Table 8 1 Mothers in Scotland had the lowest percentage rating themselves in this way 15 1 mothers in Wales the highest 17 796 Fathers in Scotland were in the middle range 13 596 between the highest percentages or poor health in England 14 196 and the lowest in Wales 12 196 The ranking of percentages with long standing illness by country Table 8 2 differed from that of general self assessed health parents in Scotland lay in
103. e ongoing at the time of the interview 212
104. e statistics have been weighted by in the case of Scotland the country weight and in the case of the rest of the UK by a specially constructed weight to reflect these 3 countries The sample sizes given in each table are the unweighted sample sizes unless otherwise specified Units of analysis in case of children 1 4 Where analyses are reported about children only one child in families of twins and triplets are included Details of Millennium Cohort Study Table 1 1 Achieved Samples in MCS1 and MCS2 Number Achieved Responses BEN of sample war GE Children Families Partners Single Parents interviewed 1 H E H H Sweep E 1 8 E mp O AA eene 98 00 of which mem 9p Lt met pe west LI Lat Lei Let IL 3 Notes to table counting superwards as a single unit all productive contacts excluding proxy interviews All numbers unweighted Table 1 2 MCS1 productives by MCS1 and MCS2 country MCS2 UK Country NL LL DEA Ireland Unknown England wat Wales 20 803 oof of 1w7 om UK 59 1 9 4 276 Country Scotland Northern 11 9 oi 762 26 1 Ireland 2 o aa as Tot 5 i2 mal s nl ml Notes to table Unweighted numbers and row percents Country unknown combines unproductive and ineligiible 20 Table 1 3 MCS2 Summary of MCS2 Survey Elements Respondent Summary of Content Mother Father Household Module Mother mai
105. ed Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step This table excludes any natural mothers not interviewed and any fathers or grandparents who completed the main interview Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 1359 07 P 0 0000 for economic activity by NVQ in upper Table only Degree means this level is degree level or above Changes in employment status MCS1 to MCS2 Table 9 4a Mother s employment transitions from MCS1 to MCS 2 Scotland Mother s employment status at MCS 1 Total Sample status at MCS 2 Size Employed 992 798 Notes to table Base All MCS mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and 2 Chi sq 630 74 P 0 0000 173 Table 9 4b Mother s employment transitions from MCS1 to MCS 2 Rest of UK Mother s employment status at MCS 1 Mother s employment Total Sample status at MCS 2 Size Employed 15 6 75 0 453 Notes to table Base All MCS mothers natural adoptive foster and step in England Wales and NI interviewed in sweep 1 and 2 Chi sq 4541 09 P 0 0000 Table 9 5a Employed mother s NS SEC 4 classification at MCS2 by highest education level by MCS1 Scotland education level Scotland Total Managerial amp Intermediate Small employer self Semi professional employed amp low routine amp
106. ed Mean scores weighted using weight 1 Base MCS2 families in Scotland using child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision at age three has been specified and care is not by the respondent or partner Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error Table 11 4b Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of working mothers Rest of UK England Wales and Northern Ireland only hours of error N care All working mothers with a childcare arrangement 20 6 0 29 4037 who reported hours 45 83 Parter husband Other relative friend neighbour Childminder manny au pair non relative Nursery creche nursery school playgroup Notes to table Observations unweighted Mean scores weighted using weight 1 Base MCS2 families in England Wales and NI users of child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision at age three has been specified and care is not by the respondent or partner Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error 209 Price Table 11 5a Mean price per hour of formal childcare arrangements Scotland Mean Standard Unweighted price per Child
107. ee mede Ate aee ded 5 5 Parentitig i eo eu ra e secet dua cpu degno 6 o Child salia ge AER aces aaa A ERRE 8 7 Cognitive development and behaviour sse eee en enne enne enne nnns 9 8 Parental health and wellbeing e eee idad diee in 11 9 Parental employment and education ccscccsseessesscesscesscesecesecaeceecseceaeceaecseecaeecaeeeaeeeeeeeeesreneeeseneesaeenaes 13 TO Income and poverty iaa 14 IT Childcare and early ed catiob iere m cie 15 H Potential for further dise uis ar ene e EEN EE 16 CHAPTER ONE THE MILLENNIUM COHORT STUDY DETAILS eeeeeeeee esee teens ta tns tn tns 19 Note on sample sizes in rest of the Report s Annex ccccesecsseessesseeesceesceecesecesecaecsaecaeecaeeeseeeseeeeeeeeseneeerens 19 Note on Table numbering in rest of the Report s Annex sessssesesseeeeene ener 19 Munt ce rum 19 Units of analysis in case of children sess nnne nnn nnne 19 Details of Millennium Cohort Study ee eee er cte eR RR RE EIE RR IRE HERE Pe ue 20 Table 1 1 Achieved Samples in MCS1 and MCL 20 Table 1 2 MCS1 productives by MCS1 and MCS2 country essen 20 Table 1 4 Distribution of cohort member s age at MCS enne 22 Table 1 5 Rates of attrition MCS1 to MCS2 by country by NVQ at MCSI and family income at MCSI 22 Percent of MCSI sample non productive at MCL 22 CHAPTER TWO HOUSING NEIGHBOURHOOD AND COMMUNITY ereeeeeeee teens tn tn tna ntns
108. elationships between childcare arrangements Figure 11 1a Changes in Use of Childcare Arrangement between MCS1 and MCS2 Scotland Only No childcare arrangement at MCS2 381 No childcare arrangement at MCSI 595 Childcare arrangement at MCS2 214 Childcare arrangement at Childcare MCS2 880 arrangement at MCSI 1082 No childcare arrangement at MCS2 202 Notes to figure Observations unweighted Percentages weighted using weightl Base MCS2 families in Scotland users of child care at MCSI with natural step or adoptive parents Childcare arrangement at MCSI is the arrangement reported by respondent at MCSI with possible correction at MCS2 Arrangements at MCS2 were ongoing at the time of the interview 211 Figure 11 1b Changes in Use of Childcare Arrangement between MCS1 and MCS2 England Wales and Northern Ireland Only No childcare arrangement at MCS2 3625 No childcare arrangement at MCSI 5177 Childcare arrangement at MCS2 1552 Childcare arrangement at Childcare MCS2 5343 arrangement at MCSI 6724 No childcare arrangement at MCS2 1381 Notes to figure Observations unweighted Percentages weighted using weight2 Base MCS2 families with natural step or adoptive parents in England Wales and Northern Ireland users of child care at MCS1 Childcare arrangement at MCSI is the arrangement reported by respondent at MCS1 with possible correction at MCS2 Arrangements at MCS2 wer
109. ell Tohelp Toobey Tolearn liked others parents religious Unweighted popular values N All rest of UK 4 12873 Mothers age Mothers age 2 100 1855 16 24 100 2528 100 4099 100 00 Mothers age 3 46 17 17 14 25 29 3260 1 1131 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in England Wales and NI 74 Table 5 13 Important values for children by UK country Values mother would want child to have Independence Obedience Art of Respect for Doing well Religious Total and respect negotiation elders at school values Unweighted N 14006 9282 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in country Unweighted observations weighted s using weight 2 except country analysis which uses Weight 1 Table 5 14a Important values for children Scotland Values mother would want child to have Independence Obedience Art of Respect for Doing well Religious Total and respect negotiation at school Unweighted All Scotland Mothers age O gt 16 24 Mothers age 100 ES Mothers age 100 Esa m 35 39 Mothers age 100 3 8 0 00 Chi Square 38 o p 0 00 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondent mothers in Scotland 75 Table 5 14b Important values for children Rest of UK Values mother would want child to have Independence Obedience Art of Respect for Doing well Religious Total and M i dnd bd at ud rod d ue All Rest of ETT UK Mothers ag 2 940 3
110. er Rest of UK Male Female Total Chi square value Always dry by day GE Unweighted n 6941 6691 13632 0 0000 pi xc drip Concerns about speech 174 98 oi 132 77 Unweighted n 6951 6692 13643 0 0000 Notes to table Base MCS2 sample in England Wales and NI 90 CHAPTER 7 CHILD DEVELOPMENT British Ability Scales BAS Naming Vocabulary Table 7 1 BAS Mean and Percentile Scores by Country and Child Gender Mean Standard 10 25 50 75 90 b ie EOD am d DES GEES E GE an so6 021 a L8 F 11 15 Prob F 0 0000 6133 5963 F 157 06 Prob gt F 0 0000 Northern 5 3 0 48 1084 Ireland Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in UK country where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bas scores were specified 91 Table 7 2a BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Scotland Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Gender ll LI 0 50 Family type ge DENEN EE IEEE 4 0 39 4 58 26 F 2 59 3 66 P gt F 032 0 52 F 4 57 11 23 P gt F 000 Parental employment o S Workless household 47 5 069 36 al al ai al 187 l person working 53 5 0 63 Al ol al ai el 464 Ema oii NUM I O working F 2 59 44 10 P gt F 000 LA Oc
111. er by country EE IO at MESZ Contact and maintenance England Wales Scotland Northern UK FORCE TN EA AAA A EE Frequent contact 3 or more time 22 4 25 4 24 2 37 9 23 2 Eur rcc Less frequent contact weekly or 44 9 36 8 42 1 29 0 43 7 eccl e e md Not in any contact Eu p eap E Notes to table Contact Chi2 43 2922 p 0 0000 Maintenance Chi2 1 8211 p 0 9512 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 except new families in which the natural father was non resident and contact patterns maintenance payments was known from main interview 51 Table 3 24a Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by mother s age Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview Contact and maintenance 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Total E sensa i ed sal sil i all Frequent contact 3 or 28 0 20 6 22 5 19 5 38 8 emer l t at nt oem ae Less frequent contact 30 7 44 3 44 8 60 3 37 4 Par EEN WT VT e eee Regular maintenance 51 7 46 6 39 9 47 4 28 8 45 7 payments Irregular maintenance 9 8 6 9 11 7 8 3 17 8 9 6 payments No maintenance 38 5 46 5 48 5 44 3 53 4 44 7 payments Notes to table Contact Chi2 128 2408 p 0 1084 Maintenance Chi2 34 6023 p 0 8284 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 except new families in which the natural father was non resident and contact patterns maintenance payments was known from main interview and in which m
112. er employed main not employed i Both partners unemployed NENNEN GENE 77 8709 mem tg level NVQ2 1 1 0 3869 231 Main employed partner not employed N N N N N Po Other Overseas qualifications P Noone ofthe above Family type Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship P Lone natural mother 0 0000 chi2 53 3895 112 Total Percentage Unweighted n longstanding illness AAA Total all fathers who completed partner interview 841 interview Under 25 30034 263 191 C 1 3510039 1 294 197 PaO andover 1 1995 260 4 p value 0 0000 chi2 41 5097 Father s occupational Managerial amp professional 3 466 class Intermediate HO asa Small employer amp self employed 1 364 Pp Routineandsemirouine 2 288 p value 0 0000 chi2 39 1214 4 9 Lower supervisory and technical 1 239 9 Couple s employment Both partners employed 4 881 status Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed 3 261 Both partners unemployed p value 0 0000 chi2 263 4026 Father s education level 22 NVQ 1 pe 224 IHNVQ3 19 NVQ AH 20 E ANS A CA AR OtherOverseas qualifications 373 284 AA Noneoftheabove 999 262 p value 0 0026 1 1 3 Natural parents other unknown 460 22 9 relat
113. ers and in no earner families and possibly at higher rates in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Table 8 12 49 A number of different indicators of mothers mental health were used in the surveys Mothers who had another baby since MCSI were asked questions to identify post natal depression Table 8 13 30 5 of such mothers in Scotland and 33 in the rest of the UK said they had felt low or sad for two weeks or more although this Scotland advantage was reversed for no earner families but not for lone parent families Table 8 14 In terms of having been diagnosed with depression 31 of mothers in Scotland and 28 in the rest of the UK said they had been diagnosed with depression by a GP Table 8 15 Mothers in Scotland 9 8 per cent were less likely than mothers in Northern Ireland 11 3 per cent but more likely than mothers in Wales 8 7 per cent or England 7 4 per cent to be receiving treatment for depression However the vast majority of cohort children s parents around 5 out of 6 said they were reasonably satisfied with their lives 83 of mothers and 87 of fathers in Scotland on a par with 82 of mothers and 87 of fathers in the rest of the UK Table 8 19 8 20 50 Parents height and weights were collected in order to calculate their BMI values Mothers and fathers in Scotland were slightly less likely than those in the rest of the UK to have BMI problem scores Table 8 21 In Scotland 12 9 of mothers were obese on this
114. evel of original MCS 1 qualification Rest of qualification by MCS 2 NVQ NVQ NVQ Overseas UK level 4 5 level 3 level 1 2 qualification only Total None of these Notes to table Base All MCS2 fathers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 who had acquired a new qualification since sweep one interview Chi sq 27 92 P 0 00 in upper table only Note Figures assume an NVQ qualification at any level is higher than an overseas qualification and an overseas qualification is higher than None 196 CHAPTER TEN INCOME AND POVERTY Methods We follow the same procedures we used in MCSI The derivation of an income poverty rate for the MCS is not straightforward In order to maintain response rates respondents were asked to specify which of 18 income bands their family income belonged to instead of asking them to specify an actual figure for their income The survey questionnaire used separate income bands for lone parents and for couples In order to produce an estimate of family income we assigned the central value of the income band to all the families belonging to that particular band For the top and bottom categories of the income bands we took respectively the top and bottom thresholds of the band as the household income This procedure artificially reduces the estimated range of family income somewhat Having established income we need to equivalise
115. ew Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview group ped seu of 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 Total ES in HH Lowe ee E O ee One Three ormore Q4 71 85 usf 156 an Base 1921 2693 4275 3360 1185 13434 unweighted Notes to table Chi2 860 8427 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known 40 Older and younger siblings Table 3 10 Older and younger siblings in household by country Country at MCS2 n and younger siblings England Wales Scotland Northern campanas HH I EE Notes to table Chi2 73 9135 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed Table 3 11a Older and younger siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped Sie and younger 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Total Em sin HH ounger Notes to table Chi2 1660 0861 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known 41 Table 3 11b Older and younger siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped EE and younger 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Total Emi in HH uu older a
116. ey in several ways as did the International Centre for Child Studies The work could not have been accomplished without the involvement of over a large number of advisors drawn from academics policy makers and funders who we consulted throughout the design of the surveys particular thanks to those who served on the MCS Advisory Committee and the MCS Advisory Groups for the second survey The survey and this document also benefited from the enthusiasm and expertise of Researchers programmers field managers and interviewers at NOP and their sub contractors Millward Brown in Northern Ireland The staff of the Information Centre at Newcastle of H M Revenue and Customs formerly the Department of Social Security The members of the CLS tracing team IT team database team survey and research teams List of contributors Lisa Calderwood Shirley Dex Kirstine Hansen Denise Hawkes Elizabeth Jones Heather Joshi Sos Ketende Kate Smith Kelly Ward HEADLINE FINDINGS e Urban areas in Scotland were more likely to be rated as good for bringing up children than urban areas in the other countries of the UK Thirty six percent of Millennium Cohort Study MCS parents living in urban Scotland rated their urban areas as excellent for children to grow up in compared with 26 in urban England and 29 in urban Wales e Lone parents in Scotland had larger flows into partnerships than in the rest of the UK Thirty six percent of lone pa
117. f cohort member s age at MCS2 UK 0063 T IE 21 55 46 410 2 6 267 17 179 Li Iss Lo 130 089 149 0 94 104 0 66 102 0 68 191 12 100 Notes to table Base MCS2 main sample Note Interview date is missing for 9 cases Table 1 5 Rates of attrition MCS1 to MCS2 by country by NVQ at MCS1 and family income at MCS1 Percent of MCS1 sample non productive at MCS2 Status At MCS1 England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland NI N N N 1 N o N N 1 NVQ3 14 1466 17 379 19 484 2 269 19 1033 18 271 30 99 28 156 O 19 30 9 17 1 20 5 1 11397 2739 20 2296 1902 meom RE 30 22 Above 60 median 13 7470 1809 17 1613 19 1191 29 2 d 6 9 2853 10 665 11 676 15 486 1 4 5 4 Below 6096 25 3719 2 900 29 662 696 Toal 16 14260 17 2744 20 2303 2 1912 Notes to table missing on income at MCS1 included in total 22 CHAPTER TWO HOUSING NEIGHBOURHOOD AND COMMUNITY Mobility of residence Table 2 1 Residential mobility by UK country at MCS 1 Country at MCS1 Mobile Base percent N England 11326 2744 2303 Northern reland 1912 Notes to table Base Country MCS1 main sample Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 17 P value 0 0041 Table 2 2 Mean distance moved by UK country living in at MCS1 Country at MCSI 95 Cl Somn ESC E E Notes to table Base MCS1 Main resp
118. f the UK to be delayed in toilet training and speech Table 6 15 to have a longstanding illness to have suffered from wheezing and asthma recurring ear infections and to have required medical attention for injuries Girls were more likely than boys to have had chickenpox and to have received the combined MMR vaccine These variations may relate in part to different social expectations and early social experiences and may in turn influence access to early years provision and later health 7 Cognitive development and behaviour 35 The survey pioneered the mass collection of data on three year olds cognitive skills in their own home Two established assessments were used the Naming Vocabulary Subtest of the British Ability Scales and the School Readiness Composite SRC of the Revised Bracken Basic Concept Scale The first is part of a set of cognitive assessments designed to assess children s expressive language skills The Bracken SRC consists of six tests that measure readiness for formal education by assessing knowledge of colours letters numbers counting sizes comparisons and shapes Both of these age 3 child assessments were administered by survey team members in computer assisted interviews 36 The results show marked differences between children from advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds in Scotland and the rest of the UK Better cognitive scores were achieved by children from families who were highly educated and had above po
119. fter by their working mothers spent 25 5 hours per week on average in Scotland in that form of care 32 6 hours a week in the rest of the UK Table 11 4 When partners provided care while the mother was at work fathers weekly hours of care were similar 20 4 hours per week in Scotland and 18 8 hours in the rest of the UK However when childcare was provided by partners mainly fathers of the child to children whose mother was not employed fathers average hours of care were longer in Scotland 23 3 per week than in the rest of the UK 15 hours per week Table 11 4 However it is perhaps surprising that amounts of time fathers cared for the children were not more dissimilar according to whether the mother was employed or not 65 On average nurseries and cr ches offered the most expensive form of childcare and the prices were all slightly higher per hour in the rest of the UK than in Scotland Table 11 5 The average price for childminder nanny au pair and other non relative care was 3 16 per hour in Scotland 3 57 per hour in the rest of the UK nurseries were 3 54 in Scotland and 3 79 per hour in the rest of the UK 66 Although the use of formal care was higher in the highest income group relatively high percentages of children from the most socio economically disadvantaged groups were also receiving formal care higher in Scotland 33 4 than in the rest of the UK 29 7 in the lowest income group below 181 per week i
120. ght 1 Base MCS2 families in Scotland using child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision has been specified Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error Table 11 3b Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of non working mothers Rest of UK hours of care All non working mothers with a childcare 12 1 arrangement who reported hours Partner husband Other relative friend neighbour Childminder manny au pair non relative Nursery creche nursery school playgroup Notes to table Observations unweighted Mean scores weighted using weight 1 Base Families in England Wales and Northern Ireland using child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision has been specified Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error 208 Table 11 4a Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of working mothers Scotland Mean Standard Unweighted hours of N All working mothers with a childcare arrangement 645 who reported hours Self provision whilst working 25 5 Childminder manny au pair non relative Notes to table Observations unweight
121. ghted cases sample size Notes to table Base MCS2 mothers in Scotland who were not employed at the MCS2 interview Columns do not add to 100 percent as P values multiple responses allowed Table 9 23b Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by household income at MCS2 Rest of UK Mothers reasons why not currently employed at MCS 2 Prefer to be at home looking after family Income Poverty status at MCS 2 Rest of UK Above 60 median Total income level 67 5 63 0 Below 60 median income level I am caring for an elderly or ill relative or friend Unweighted cases sample size Notes to table 11 3 3 9 2 7 2 0 1 7 6 2 1 2 11 0 2162 900 ss al 900 na 2 oo 6 5 0 900 a ESCH ons ps e 90 asa o 900 tt 3 90 9 ii 90 3 amp 9 4m 11 2 Base MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI who were not employed at the MCS2 interview Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed 190 Changes in parent s employment from 9 10 months to age 3 Table 9 24a Changes in mother s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age3 Scotland Mother s employment status when Mother s employment status Total Sample cohort child aged 9 10 months when cohort child aged 3 Size time time employed 296 Parttime 86 778 s 100 mm 809 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in s
122. hers Rest of UK 209 England Wales and Northern Ireland only 209 Price ze e tee e ERU OP EU heh ee eor tete e p TE n acted eter 210 Table 11 5a Mean price per hour of formal childcare arrangements Geotland 210 Table 11 5b Mean price per hour of formal childcare arrangements Rest of UK sss 210 England Wales and Northern Ireland only 210 Longitudinal relationships between childcare arrangements eesseeeeeeeeeen ener 211 Figure 11 1a Changes in Use of Childcare Arrangement between MCS1 and MOBI 211 Scotland Only isnt em ee e HR PR CR ER EUH P Pe ERR ERE e RE ENTRA ERES 211 Figure 11 1b Changes in Use of Childcare Arrangement between MCS1 and MCS2 sess 212 England Wales and Northern Ireland Only 212 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the co operation of the children who form the Millennium Birth Cohort and their mothers fathers and other family members all entirely voluntary We wish to acknowledge the initiation and funding of the survey by the Economic and Social Research Council and its substantial supplementation by the consortium led by the Office for National Statistics of government departments the Dept for Education and Skills the Department of Work and Pensions the Department of Health and of the governments of Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland The National Evaluation of the Children s Fund offered the opportunity to enhance the second surv
123. hi2 4 2537 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview o a e 3536911 E BN Scotland 107 144 856 PN mean 787 Oa 888 p value 0 0328 Chi2 11 0939 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weights2 Base MCS2 main respondents 132 Table 8 10a Parental CAGE scores MCS 2 Scotland CAGE scores excludes non drinkers Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE score less than 2 Mother Total all mothers who completed self completion in main interview 4 5 95 5 9 interview Le 125029 24 Q4 966 gt 30034 460 4 49 951 35039 40 45 955 e 40adovr HB SE EE RS Chi2 25 5594 occupational class Intermediate LI 221 49 954 T Ape employed L qiero Routineandsemiroutine 248 32 968 p value 0 4837 EE JS Lei EK A employment status USD ici DE MU MN employed p e ro uu employed Both partners unemployed 54 93 8 p value education level VQ2 VQ3 VQ 4 VQ 5 Other Overseas 96 6 qualifications 6 one of the above 0 p value Chi2 133 CAGE scores excludes non drinkers Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE more score less than 2 aae Me O O A A Cohabiting natural p
124. ided family friendly arrangements by country at child s age 3 187 Non employed mothers reasons for not working at age 3 188 Table 9 21 Non employed mothers reasons for not working by country ssssssseeee 188 Table 9 22a Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by partner s employment status at MESZ Scotlands C 189 Table 9 22b Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by partner s employment status at MCS2 Rest OF URS one teen eeng tbe M a ufo tee E 189 Table 9 23a Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by household income at MCS2 Scotland EE 190 Table 9 23b Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by household income at MCS2 Rest B qe Tr 190 Changes in parent s employment from 9 10 months to age 3 sse eene 191 Table 9 24a Changes in mother s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Scotland Table 9 24b Changes in mother s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Rest of UK EIE OE om orae B a monio RIO Duomo eoo e 191 Table 9 25a Changes in father s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Scotland 191 Table 9 25b Changes in father s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Rest of UK Ai Eua ree Deen Sete teet i FU lea ERU EES 192 Changes in parents combined partnership and economic status 193 Table 9 26a Parents partnerships and economic statuses at
125. ionship Pp Le 200 p value 0 0033 chi2 18 4577 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotscoBase MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 113 VI sjuopuodso urew ZTSOW 9seg ZTSIYSIOM SUNYSIOM 10 posn I QRIIBA PAYIM ose sodejuooloq pow slomun oe soseq VIOL IN IIE 03 SIJON LOES PS cnp Z000 0 on eA d He eS E ER HE poet N J puepno g ao aan 84 LEER Sr Le BEEN TI ei o IU8 8H HD Log ep AUN ET o 98 dra OTOL ustinn 1oujred pajojduroo OYM SIEF Wel EOL LEE v9 9 cuo 0000 on eA d EMEN A ML NNNM CUM ver pum NI puepoog syonpoid sdn jjo1 our sdn 01 aut sdn jo1 dur 0998q0 SaUaAIEZD 3339 1IESI9 SIEF 1YO 07 61 01 OT topuy Snjvj s SULjOWS JU2 LIn gunoo q ZSOIN Sn3e3s Surqouis ejuo red juoJan S 8 9 q8 L SULYOUS 21124051 JnorAgqoq poje ao r uQ eoH SII 6000 C 000070 po o duro 18 O ZI 06 60L 19y jou eu po amp ojduro oued oo L 8 S17 871 6 95 NE 918 079 0000 0 O y y ED LIT Ural ro Le EEN 0771 071 1 29 Im KH 81 1 s LC PN Lev euorssojoud 2 eLo 3 Rue uopnedna30 s 49u30 AI OLLS 1901 0000 0 A9IA I9 UI CTI 8 Sc LEI Suy OEZ Sz Jopun Je 938 S IION co s st rg ru fea EELER LEIT sdn qjo1 DUL sdn 0 1 DUL sdn 01 our sjonpo d 9 0 18319 9 0 18319 9 0 18319 N
126. ive father and data are available on both carers including lone parents and where the main childcare provision specified is ongoing at the time of the MCS2 interview Notes Self in self partner category relates to self provision while working and does not include non working mothers who look after their children Highest parental qualifications and occupation is the higher of either of the two parents in two parent families or the highest qualification or occupation of lone parents 206 Table 11 2b Main Childcare Arrangement at Age Three by users of care Rest of UK Self partner Grandparent Other Childminder Nursery relative nanny au creche friend pair non nursery neighbor relative school playgroup All main childcare 21 4 1272 28 9 1906 5 9 404 12 0 665 31 8 1762 100 6009 arrangements at MCS2 Mother s employment status Mother does not work 10 6 164 21 4 373 5 7 105 8 4 100 53 9 745 100 1487 Mother works part time 264 870 322 1148 5 8 210 11 9 352 23 8 695 100 3275 Mother works full time 19 9 238 28 4 384 6 2 89 17 0 213 28 4 322 100 1246 F 43 08 P lt 001 Highest qualifications of parents NVQ1 no qualifications 30 7 85 33 2 96 100 296 F 19 21 P lt 001 Highest parental occupation Managerial professional 18 6 560 25 9 851 4 7 160 15 5 453 35 3 965 100 2989 24 1 175 33 5 270 6 7 58 10 8 81 24 8 164 100 748 Sma
127. jum mon TT LEI pue joos ur sjuopuodsoi ureu SOJA 9seg Stau SunugSioA JO posn s qeueA PAYIM ose sogejuooloq powslomun oe soseq e30 IN ILE 0 SIJON L760 IGI 9Lv0 O 18 ges ron SvO CO ve drgsuoneerumouyungeg suomd pmeN 9 tris em em ES e sumdgmeumuqupo cw Jes su su co ps susie remis pori sd pue CO E Yoo E SOD X994 Tuyuour 9 0UI 10 sow po3 Apuo y uey sso J9A9N poystomuyQ aen Jouoo e JUAN 8cI C8EV ESS 0000 0 orz Ire voc Im Im snjejs SEL juour amp o duro sa dno o TE9S Gel 0000 0 LITS VSL crys Bre Leg e t r ooo ep tie 38 998 sapo fest Ia 869 l MOITAL9JUT DIEU pojo duroo OYM SIIYJOW 8 630 L EE EE 99 e SOU g1uoul N 9IOUI JO soul po Auo Up Sea JOANN ponigioAu Ss Spe wis PC AAA MA Jo 19H 7 SOIN N ouoo e ejuo red jo Aouonboug 3uo n 088 AQEL 6cI IS6L SST Tyo O CA CCT A EE pes fee ee re mes EE DWA IEST TOT cu E9 Test EA EA 890l ee HOY vv Jee UU m et Leer E BEE EE E E EE 609 zoe L jocc etl zioz SE ET EC 1878 Se SIE OT9T 9TZI tct Jors ost ent ett Losst SAOQESII OG SMON e pss poor LO Ces osr SLOE END SER CAGO er Jee 607 ge get ot pad MORE MDE SISMO DIM SOUT X994 Le uuour 9IOUI IO souy y 03 1 Auo uey sso IDAN powsiomuy asn oqoo e JUIN al
128. juooloq powsIomun oe soseq e30 gN 9 QU 0 SIJON TYST 6 6 00000 digsuone o1 ID 0 81 9 1 6 89 bb UMOUNUN J94J0 sjuo1ed eme oD r9 ro i prop pe SIE diy met sdn 01 20 sdn 01 200 sdn 01 201 sjonpo d 9 0 18319 9 9 18319 SIEF N 0398q0 1930 07 61 01 01 pun I9MOUIS UON pogSroAu j Snjej s SUD OVIS JU2 LIn oL 61 poAoydura jou ureu poKo duro 190718 4 poAoydura jou 1ouj1ed poKo duro uen snjejs juourKo duro s o dno I8 T Mc cov euorssojoJd 2 jeruoSeue A euonednooo s 49130 AI FCI v90I 0000 0 mo OF CH Reg SCHEI AQ9IA I9 UI 070 TOI T87 EI 9 Sp sc c pun je 338 SIYON TO s pa re u ea Der e portus Sus ge TE rero IPON syonpoid sdn jjoa au Sdn jo1 out sdn jo1 our 41330 07 61 01 OT topuny JQYOUIS UON poyusroau y muer Speer wey GIA Jo SOY Z SOIN Sn3e3s Sup ours ejuo red zud IN q9 8 9148 p dal 09pL tp cnp cc JIDD M9IA I9 UI 0 D 6 0 ERSAT TV SpE je 938 e Ioue mr ss Ja o ra SEELEN SIOUYIB A drysuoneyor UMOUXUN 19470 syuored jenjen sjonpo d sdn 01 out sdn q oa our sdn jJo1 au 099 q0 9339 IESI9 9JJ9 18 31 S9JJ918 310 Iuno 07 61 01 OT topuny Snj js SUYOWS jua Lm IcI 9806 99 Tyo 0000 0 en eA d so em reo Jro HHH EEN foo Jom Loi ent os et EE EENG eD oO eg Jos SANT eD er Ju
129. jur XOJd pue s1o1eo Joy POMILAJOJUL JOU 919A sJoujred 9SOYM s1oqour Surpn oxo gz dosms ur dn po o oj pue dooms Ul poAerA1ojur soyez pue sioujouir dag pue 193180 oAndope enjeu IN pue soem puLl su_ ur sore SON IV 9seg IIE 03 SIJON swoi Jo Ten oo low Lee oz so no sow poKo duro Le Jm mer Je ep Jee Leg 7 90 prop zow og evt foot Je loz e em e TE petophue Apo see oc or mg joo eg een lez Gro pages dquo sapo VL U Joyjow pue 6LI 001 10 LT 0 9 1 6 3 01 1d ue pe amp o duro og 900 E UI 0 LSI TI y 10097 poLojdwo pog v s0 3 2971 o so se jro Jee Les srs owp poforduo mog y you 3d 19g3our po amp o duio Dakotduta peKopduro puejd augt pue y 199387 ourmn nj jou juo red juo 1red poKo duro po amp ojduro K uo po amp o duro po amp o duro po amp o duro 9uo q 9uo q jou yog Apuo 9014 IION yog yog yog syjuoul 01 6 pose pry 3 1040 z s o dures juo34od Hal Snjejs 9ruouoaa IIL PSP MUNQ Pose pry 310q02 U9YA snjejs orurouooo pur digs aouj1eq pue digsgoujgeq 1d 19qj0u1 pue 67 MA Jo 3s 938 pue sqjuour T 6 938 e DUU 3e SOSNJEIS oruouooo pue sdrqsaoujaed sjuo4eq 4976 AEL Mother s new qualifications by age 3 Table 9 27 Whether mothers had acquired new qualifications by MCS2 country Acquired new qualifications since cohort Country at MCS 2 All UK child was 9 10 months old England Total Ireland EN
130. le 2 14 Home atmosphere scale weighted means by UK country at MCS 2 Mean Standard 95 percent CI Error Country England 0 048 7 9 8 1 n 15446 0 082 78 80 0 064 233 wooo e e ersa Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Base Country MCS2 main respondents Table 2 15a Home atmosphere weighted means at MCS 2 by parents labour market status couples and number of parents carers Scotland Mean Standard 95 percent CI Error Parental Work Status 0 075 8 0 83 n 1544 Only main in work 0 368 6 7 8 1 Parents in IH n 1805 Notes to table Note Weighted mean unweighted sample numbers Base MSC2 main respondents in Scotland 32 Table 2 15b Home atmosphere weighted means at MCS 2 by parents labour market status couples and number of parents carers Rest of UK Mean Standard 95 percent CI Error Parental Work Status 0 052 8 1 8 3 n 710735 Only main in work 0 167 7 4 8 0 Only partner in work 0 055 7 8 8 0 019 69 74 Parents in H H n 12970 Notes to table Note Weighted mean unweighted sample numbers Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 33 CHAPTER THREE FAMILY DEMOGRAPHICS Family type Table 3 1 Family type at MCS1 and MCS2 by country Country at MCS1 Country at MCS2 EL Type England Wales ipu Northern UK England Wales Scotland Northern UK Em EAN P ulla ias Bed od x i ac M paren
131. lke eile GRIS Me EE eie uto 164 Table 8 21 Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS 2 by country 164 Table 8 22a Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS 2 Scotland sese 165 Table 8 22b Parental Body Mass Index BMI MCS2 Rest of UK 168 CHAPTER NINE EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION eeeeee ener en tne tn enano tn tn ansia tasas tasas tasto tao 171 Mother s economic activity at age a Ee d eee E etd 171 Table 9 1 Mother s economic activity status by country at age 3 sss 171 Mothers education and emplosment eene nennen rre 171 Table 9 2 Mothers education qualifications at MCS 2 by Country sse 171 Table 9 3a Mother s current economic activity by highest educational achievement Scotland 172 Table 9 3b Mother s current economic activity by highest educational achievement Rest of UK 173 Changes in employment status MCS1 to MCHT ener nnne nne 173 Table 9 4a Mother s employment transitions from MCS1 to MCS 2 Scotland sss 173 Table 9 4b Mother s employment transitions from MCS1 to MCS 2 Rest of UK 174 Table 9 5a Employed mother s NS SEC 4 classification at MCS2 by highest education level by MCSI SCOtlatid EE 174 Table 9 5b Employed mother s NS SEC 4 classification at MCS2 by highest education level by MCSI in R St o DEE 175 Table 9 6a Mother s economic activity status at child s age 3 by type of ward Scotland
132. ll employee self 23 9 86 31 7 120 8 4 34 6 5 22 29 5 107 100 369 employed Low support technical 31 5 129 32 0 132 8 2 27 5 0 19 23 3 79 100 386 162 79 35 2 193 6 1 35 8 6 35 33 8 166 100 508 F 7 41 P lt 001 Equivalised family income e 1329 330 477 100 1387 E182 329 76 09 100 1345 Sp 63 G6 100 995 23 39 P lt 001 Notes to table Observations unweighted Percentages weighted using weight 1 Base MCS2 Families in England Wales and Northern Ireland using child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father and data are available on both carers including lone parents and where the main childcare provision specified is ongoing at the time of the MCS2 interview Notes Self in self partner category relates to self provision while working and does not include non working mothers who look after their children Highest parental qualifications and occupation is the higher of either of the two parents in two parent families or the highest qualification or occupation of lone parents 207 Hours of Care Table 11 3a Mean weekly hours of care for each childcare arrangement of non working mothers Scotland Mean Standard Unweighted hours of N Partner husband 23 3 113 Nursery creche nursery school playgroup Notes to table Observations unweighted Mean scores weighted using wei
133. ll employer amp self employed 1 813 73 4774 Couple s employment status Both partners employed 5 738 Pp Lower supervisory and technical Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed 4 186 Both partners unemployed N 1 896 107 Unweighted poor health n Re BETEN LI 195 30034 3 1 lt 2861 136 135039 1 9 102 Father s occupational class Couple s employment status Father s education level Family type Notes to table 40 and over p value chi2 Managerial amp professional Intermediate Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine p value chi2 Both partners employed Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed Both partners unemployed p value chi2 NVQ 1 iVQ 2 VQ3 VQ 4 VQ 5 ther Overseas qualifications one of the above p value chi2 Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship Other p value chi2 Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 108 1 995 0 0000 57 9456 3 466 F EN 180 6358 4 881 3 261 0 0000 439 4731 5 0 0000 14 4371 NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Longstanding illness Table 8 3 Parental longstanding illness MCS 2 by country Total Percentage Unweighted longstanding
134. loyed MCS2 fathers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step Excludes proxy fathers and other carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Education is based on education reported in MCS1 and updated with any new qualifications reported in MCS 2 Note chi sq 2434 35 p value 0 000 Couples employment status at age Table 9 13 Parents partnerships and economic status by country Parents partnerships and economic Country at MCS 2 All UK statuses Total SE SE Tetange ao ser aa Fa a Toi Unweighted sample size 8646 1949 1432 1152 13179 Notes to table All MCS2 mothers and fathers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 Excludes mothers whose partners did not complete the interview approximately 2 056 cases and interviews completed by grandparents or proxy interviews Weighted by all UK weight Chi sq 90 07 P 0 0000 181 Employed parents NS SEC statuses Table 9 14 Employed mother s NS SEC by country Mother s socio economic status Country at MCS 2 England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland High managerialiprofessional Low managerial professional Routine a a a san 100 Notes to table Base All MCS2 employed mothers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 whose occupations were known Within country weighted by weight 1 All UK weighted by weight 2
135. main interview 8 94 2 10 623 interview 2851029 1 1 h732 47 953 300034 o 310 53 o7 35t039 2544 9889 ooo 40andovr 88 sas 213 Jl lm Chi2 19 2678 occupational class intermediate os 39 961 AMIA o Ml A ME employed AAA Routineandsemiroutine 1414 48 952 p value 0 0581 i JS Lei employment status A employed REN A employed 94 8 BEEN Both partners unemployed 92 0 p value education level VQ2 VQ3 VQ4 VO Other Overseas qualifications one of the above p value Chi2 136 CAGE scores excludes non drinkers Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE more score less than 2 AMES ee 5 749 Cohabiting natural parents 1 627 Natural parents 331 7 6 92 4 other unknown relationship 6 1 p value Chi2 Father Total all fathers who completed self completion in partner interview interview po 35 039 40andovr Father s Managerial amp professional occupational class Intermediate WR eet employed Routine and semi routine employment status en EE employed Law employed PF Both partners unemployed p value Chi2 137 CAGE scores excludes non drinkers Problem drinker Not problem CAGE score20r drinker CAGE score less than 2 Natural parents other unknown relationship Notes to table NB
136. me p value mm 0 0p 00 pep o nine months Unweighted n 1313 1770 0 0077 Em cL opp s three years Unweightedn 1200 1581 0 0706 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 6 9b Health service attendance for accidental injury at MCS2 by family income at nine months and three years Rest of UK Lo pem la equivalised income equivalised income NT uM months Unweightedn 8804 3918 12722 0 1778 Income at 34 9 38 5 35 9 9 01 three years Unweightedn 7667 3767 11434 0 0029 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 85 98 prem pue Ayuno ur sjuopuodsoi urew SON 9seg IIE 03 SIJON poiystomun 8ISI 9 8 ILS 198 S16 SCH LL9 GEN SOLE Orly N MoL 100070 K orexedos 200070 QULDIBA SLS0 0 I8 6 IW Lv ee LS 99 9 L 9 9uoN ENPA d posvjuvape poSgejueApe posSejugeApe poSezueape poSezueape po3ezueape IWA posvjuvape padejueape ISOIN arenbs YD BIOL iq SIp JON ig SIp JON ia SPION JLIOUIAL ia SIP JON ye pIem Jo od T ISOIN 378 pJI A Jo ad pue amp 1unoo Ad ej oqnsj pue sduinjA sse 10 uopesrunuruig 019 AQEL Table 6 11a Immunisation for measles mumps and rubella by gender Scotland Male Female Total Chi square p value Unweighted n 1795 0 6818 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 6 11b Immunisation for measles mumps and rubella by gender rest
137. minder nanny au pair non relative Nursery creche Notes to table Observations unweighted Mean scores weighted using weight 1 Base MCS families in Scotland users of child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision at age three has been specified hours of use and price paid have been specified and care is not by the respondent or partner Includes working and non working mothers Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error Table 11 5b Mean price per hour of formal childcare arrangements Rest of UK England Wales and Northern Ireland only Mean Standard Unweighted price per hour Childminder nanny au pair non relative Nursery creche Playgroup Notes to table Observations unweighted Mean scores weighted using weight 1 Base MCS2 families in England Wales and NI users of child care where the main respondent is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where main childcare provision at age three has been specified hours of use and price paid have been specified and care is not by the respondent or partner Includes working and non working mothers Number of observations too small to allow estimation of standard error 210 Longitudinal r
138. mns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Note This table is based on employees only therefore does not include self employed mothers Employees were asked which if any of these arrangements have you made use of in your current main job or plan to make use of 187 Non employed mothers reasons for not working at age 3 Table 9 21 Non employed mothers reasons for not working by country Mothers reasons why not Country at MCS 2 All UK P value currently employed England Wales Scotland Northern Total LED Prefer to be at home looking after HE SL Sm Fee Dee M e A tee Rs i i Mic Ms I cannot earn enough to pay for I4 11 3 7 9 10 7 0 07 childcare Teannot find sable hidre 47 8 76 oa si ooo BEE Laagemeene 39 Gn Go oy Fs e My family would lose benefits if I was earning relative or friend Ohm a 1 3 9a to oo Maximum unweighied sampe size 469 sl al 59 sea Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers who were no working nor seeking work when cohort child aged 3 natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed 188 Table 9 22a Non employed mothers reasons for not working at MCS2 by partner s employment status at MCS2 Scotland Mothers reasons why not currently employed All at MCS2 Employed Employed Non Scotland Part time employed
139. mokers 46 Smoking was more prevalent among the youngest parents Table 8 6 More than half of younger mothers under 25 were smoking at the time of interview 52 296 in Scotland mothers 54 4 in the rest of the UK compared with about one in five of those aged 35 and over Smoking was slightly higher among fathers than among mothers The prevalence of smoking among both mothers and fathers varied with age socio economic circumstances educational qualifications employment status and marital status in the same ways in Scotland 11 as in the rest of the UK There was a small tendency for fathers but not mothers in Scotland to be more likely to smoke than those in the rest of the UK when they were in the lowest socio economic or educational group or were in a no earner family Table 8 6 47 The large majority of parents also drank some alcohol Table 8 7 Mothers in Scotland 88 were more likely than those in the rest of the UK 82 to drink alcohol at some time although the gap was smaller for fathers with 9396 in Scotland compared with 91 of fathers in the rest of the UK drinking alcohol In terms of drinking alcohol five or more times a week this was unusual among mothers 4 in Scotland and 8 in the rest of the UK and 10 of fathers in Scotland compared with 16 in the rest of the UK drank alcohol frequently Alcohol consumption was related to age socio economic status education level and parents employment in similar ways in
140. mple size 478 1794 Of those currently employed Works full time 33 2 16 7 Unweighted sample size 358 1109 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 105 51 P 0 0000 for economic activity by number of children in upper table only 0 4 s ms B Si 0 0 176 Table 9 7b Mother s economic activity status by number of children at child s age 3 Rest of UK Mother s current economic activity status Number of children living in household Rest of Cohort Two Three or more UK baby only children children Total DC E ml Works part time 69 0 78 0 80 0 75 7 Unweighted sample size 2027 3193 1476 6696 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 611 64 P 0 0000 for economic activity by number of children in upper table only Table 9 8 Mean weekly hours of employed mothers by whether works full or part time Mean weekly hours Mother works Mother works Mother works Mother works full time at part time at full time at part time at MCS2 MCS2 MCS2 MCS2 po TJ asa wi 395 182 37 8 39 0 18 7 19 6 39 1 39 9 17 9 18
141. mployed and and un technical routine 40 8 2 A s emp em MCS2 Good area E TRE NIE to bring up 1 7 5 7 1 2 5 3 4 7 children 0 4 0 9 5 6 0 7 3 7 1 7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Base 642 351 58 102 583 1739 Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Base MCS2 main respondents who were given NS SEC at MCS1 Chi square 167 0 P value lt 0 001 Table 2 10b Rest of UK Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification by Good area to bring up children NS SEC five classes at MCS1 interview main respondent Management Intermediate Small Low Semi and employer supervisory routine and professional and self and technical routine employed Ena Good area isis Total Base Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 808 0 P value lt 0 001 Base Main respondents at MCS2 in England Wales and NI who were given NS SEC at MCSI 29 Table 2 11 How safe you feel in area by UK country of interview Country England Niveland Fairly safe MCS2 Neither safe nor 65 55 54 24 57 How safe unsafe you feelin Fairly unsafe Total 109 0 100 0 109 0 100 0 100 0 Base N 9302 2222 1795 1445 14764 Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi Square 165 4 P value lt 0 001 Base Main respondents at MCS2 Table 2 12 How safe you feel in area by UK country a
142. mployed when they were 14 by country at MCS2 SO re dieit ge ecd feet eet cet fe Hee e eee dtr a 59 Table 4 7b Percentage of respondents whose parents were employed when they were 14 Rest of UK 59 Table 4 8a Respondents parents social class based on their occupation when the respondent was 14 Scotland t RD an Rep eee RD NO ERU e pO RC d e RR DR RR ERE 60 Table 4 8b Respondents parents social class based on their occupation when the respondent was 14 Rest ofthe UK ege eege ne ere eite are mea atntedtien iP 61 CHAPTER FIVE PARENTING etre erret ese teste eroe e eo Uv Une cosets suaddcsusduseusseatensvsssuess 62 Time E 62 Table 5 1a Mothers time with child at age 3 Geotland canon noon nro nonnnonnnonnninos 62 Table 5 1b Mothers time with child at age 3 Rest of UK 63 Table 5 2 Fathers time with child at age 3 by UK country essere 63 Table 5 3a Fathers time with child at age 3 GGcotland sse 64 Table 5 3b Fathers time with child at age 3 Rest of UK 65 Family Activities iei etie DRE IECIT REIHE e eL ete re eG e eee io eg E gas 66 Table 5 4a Mothers reading with the child at age 3 Gcotland eecseescseeeeceseeeceseceeeseceeeceaeeeceaeeeeeneens 66 Table 5 4b Mothers reading with the child at age 3 Rest of UK 67 Table 5 5 Fathers reading with the child at age 3 by UK comte 68 Table 5 6a Fathers reading with the child at age 3 Scotland sssssssseseeee 69 Table 5 6b Father
143. mployer and self employed Lower supervisors and technical Semi routine and routine Income Above 60 of median Below 60 of median Notes to table 102 F 2 328 149 32 P gt F 000 ee ed 103 F 4 326 116 13 P gt F 000 L 09 UE ETS A IT ee 1086 ol al ml wel ml ol 4552 F 2 322 283 90 P gt F 000 1066 061 sel ol wl el 125 1036 vii Bond Bd Do S Ml Oa 983 el 77 86 al 108 118 1352 F 4 325 112 28 P gt F 000 geg TEE paure 88 99 108 xl 127 me 77 sel al wel gl 3300 F 1 329 644 82 P gt F 000 Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Unweighted N values Base singleton children in England Wales and NI where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 96 Behavioural adjustment Table 7 5 Total Difficulties Score Mean and Percentiles at MCS2 by country Total Difficulties Mean Standard 10 per 25 per 50 per 75 per 90 per Unweig Score Error centile centile centile centile centile hted 9 9 9 N All 12018 Sl 99 England 60 sol 120 160 7680 1865 so sol 120 158 1390 EEE 589 3 A wl Scotland 87 o 3 0 1083 F 4 79 Prob gt F 0 0027 Males 98 00 ol 60 90 130 170 o Females ss oto 30 soj aal 120 158 5898 F 97 18 Prob gt F 0 0000 Northern Irela
144. n 10 25 50 75th 90 Unweighted Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile N mm TT Development at 9 months Fa o Ma i i M delays 43 Ez dn td MN MU o a Ml motor delays F 1 329 75 26 P gt F 000 Ser 0 LI Development at 9 months delays produ cp eo E XC e motor delays F 1 329 43 27 P gt F 000 0 0 Table 7 8b Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Rest of UK 10 25 50 75th 90 Unweighted Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile N n SE Gross Motor Development at 9 months No gross motor 107 6 0 78 delays 14 1 or more gross 106 motor delays Fine Motor Development at 9 months F 1 60 0 21 P gt F 647 No Fine motor 107 4 0 75 97 108 118 127 1488 delays i 08 120 129 91 1 or more fine 108 8 2 motor delays Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner BE REGERE F 1 60 0 44 P gt F 508 respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 101 Developmental Milestone Measures by total difficulties score Table 7 9a Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Scotland Total SE 10 25 50 75th 90 difficulties Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Unweighted score N Gro
145. n 2003 4 12 Potential for further use 67 The basic analyses carried out for this Report point to a number of ways in which families in Scotland appear to be distinctive from families in the rest of the UK These are areas that could be investigated further as listed below e Urban areas are more likely to be rated as good for bringing up children than urban areas in the other countries of the UK e Lone parents have larger flows into partnerships in Scotland than in the rest of the UK 16 68 Paternal grandparents were far less likely to be alive in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Fathers of the cohort child in Scotland were slightly older than those in the rest of the UK so this will explain part of the difference It would be interesting for the rest of the UK to know why fewer relatively advantaged families in Scotland declined the combined MMR vaccination for their children Rates of child injuries among girls in Scotland was higher than in the rest of the UK although some other health problems such as recurring ear infections were higher in Scotland than the rest of the UK when living in a disadvantaged ward Mothers and fathers in Scotland tended to drink larger amounts per week when they were older in higher socio economic groups and with higher educational qualifications There may be higher rates of post natal depression among mothers in no earner or lone parent families in Scotland than the rest of the UK
146. n Interview Household Module Module A Non resident parents Module C Pregnancy labour and delivery Module D Baby s health and development Module E Childcare Module F Grandparents and friends Module G Parent s health Self completion Module H Child s temperament amp behaviour Relationship with partner Previous relationships Domestic tasks Previous pregnancies Mental health Attitudes to relationships parenting Interview Module J Employment income education Module K Housing and local area Module L Interests and time with baby Module N Older Siblings Father Partner Interview Module B Father s involvement with baby Module C Pregnancy labour and delivery Module F Grandparents and friends Module G Parent s health Self completion Module H Self completion Baby s temperament amp behaviour Relationship with partner Previous partners Previous children Mental health Attitudes to marriage parenting work Interview Module J Employment and education Module L Interests Interviewer Observations Home Environment Neighbourhood Child Assessment BAS Naming Vocabulary Bracken Basic Concept Scale Height amp Weight Oral fluids Older Siblings Self completion England only Notes to table n the vast majority of cases the Main interview was undertaken by the natural mother and the Partner interview was undertaken by the father father figure 21 Table 1 4 Distribution o
147. nd A ounger Yemgers ngony 262 198 206 nsi EE Notes to table Chi2 1371 8181 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known Half siblings Table 3 12 Half siblings in household by country Country at MCS2 m England Wales Scotland Northern sens ETT TS M in HH E EAM A No half siblings in 89 8 88 1 91 5 90 1 HH Base unweighted 9987 2222 1795 1444 15448 Notes to table Chi2 92 4564 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed 42 Table 3 13a Half siblings in household by family type Scotland Famil Half siblings Married Cohabiting Natural parents Lone Other Total natural natural other unkown natural p EU p Ec Se half siblings in HH unweighted Notes to table Chi2 370 0834 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed Table 3 32b Half siblings in household by family type Rest of UK Famil Half siblings Married Cohabiting Natural parents Lone Other Total natural natural other unkown natural D ZC a half siblings in HH 100 100 100 unweighted Notes to table Chi2 538 1163 p 0 0000 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed Buc in ge ET 2 43 Grandparents
148. nd E 95 ERE 94 0 Wales 91 014 an 89 i 07 87 4 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in UK country where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents N B Analysis by ethnicity uses the child s ethnicity parental qualifications and occupation relate to the higher of either of the parents in two carer families or the highest qualification or occupation of lone parents 97 Table 7 6a Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Scotland Total difficulties score Mean SE 10 25 50 75th 90 Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile 0 20 F 4 57 28 79 P gt F 000 Parental employment EA ES 1 person working 87 020 3 s s GI Go Er dmi d al M A al working F 2 59 35 76 P gt F 000 LLLA Occupation Intermediate 92 033 4 9 n et 148 F7 M n Ll MM MEN RUNI self employed EEN technical Aa APA CPC COR Cb Se SESS routine F 4 57 21 28 P gt F 000 Ma AAA A ME LE iT Pee EGER Above 60 of median 81 017 3f S Tt 1184 F 1 60 73 39 P gt F 000 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Unweighted N values Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mo
149. nd MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and the prior relationship was known from MCS1 main interview Table 3 20b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by prior relationship from MCSI Rest of UK Prior relationship from MCS1 T E in natural Previously married Ina Not in a Total rnc C in HH lived et Dm E cm REO qn MCSI resident at MCS2 MCS1 and MCS2 Base unweighted Notes to table Chi2 53 4468 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and the prior relationship was known from MCS1 main interview 48 Table 3 21a Transition from non resident to resident natural father by contact patterns from MCSI Scotland Contact patterns from MCS1 Change in natural Frequent contact 3 or Less frequent Not in any contact father in HH more times a week contact weekly or less ee MCSI EE at MCS2 MCSI and MCS2 Notes to table Chi2 272 7124 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 and MCS2 in which the natural father was non resident at MCS1 and contact patterns was known from MCS1 main interview Table 3 21b Transition from non resident to resident natural father by contact patterns from MCSI Rest of UK Contact patterns from MCS1 Change in natural Frequent contact 3 or Less frequent Not in any contact father in HH more times a week contact weekly or less often AA A 5 MCSI resident at
150. nd urban rural location MCS2 COUNTRY How safe England Wales Scotland N Ireland All UK Total you feel in unm Neither safe 75 1 9 3 1 35 30 1 E 72 2 1 nor unsafe Fairly very 7 0 2 De 4 9 4 0 4 unsafe 100 Unweighted 7979 1297 1676 1479 12016 aS N Total unweighted sample size 14775 Notes to table Base ALL MSC2 main respondents Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi Square 49 9 P value 0 000 Chi Square 12 2 P value 0 116 Urban rural distinction in Scotland is based on Scottish Executive 2 fold division In England And Wales rural urban distinction is based on ONS2005 Urban Rural Morphology code 3 cats collapsed to 2 urban is gt 10k population Northern Ireland is based on Northern Ireland 3 fold distinction collapsed to 2 urban and missed urban are combined into urban 30 Table 2 13a Scotland How safe you feel in area by Main respondent s NS SEC five fold classification NS SEC five classes at MCS1 interview main respondent Management Intermediate Small Low Semi Total and employer and supply routine and professional self employed and routine 50 68 Fairy sa G55 dis Neither 4 2 4 0 8 3 6 0 7 8 5 5 MCS2 safe nor How unsafe safe you Fairly 1 7 2 9 0 0 6 0 3 6 2 7 area Very 0 0 0 8 1 2 0 7 1 8 0 8 Total 100 100 00 100 100 100 Base N 645 351 58 102 583 1739 Notes to table Note Weighted percentages unweighted s
151. ne in six had a longstanding illness Table 6 1 The survey also showed that children starting out in disadvantaged communities were more likely to suffer disability and ill health and to experience more problems with vision and hearing as well as asthma and other longstanding conditions chronic infections and injuries Table 6 1 28 Families in Scotland were slightly less likely to report that millennium children had longstanding illnesses Table 6 2 This could have been a result of differences in income since families at different income levels tend to have different levels of health or illness When comparing families at the same broad level of income families in Scotland did not have lower rates of longstanding illness Table 6 3 although the MCS2 sample had a higher rate of attrition among low income than among higher income families see Section 2 At levels of income that categorise a family as living in poverty 60 of the national median income families in Scotland were slightly more likely than the rest of the UK to report that children had longstanding illnesses although among those who had such illnesses those in Scotland were less likely than those in the rest of the UK to find it limiting Table 6 3 29 On some other illness and health indicators children in Scotland had a slight advantage they were slightly less likely than in the rest of the UK to report having hearing problems Table 6 6 speech problems controlled f
152. nt at Age Three by users of care Scotland Self partner Grandparent Other Childminder Nursery Total N relative nanny au creche friend pair non nursery neighbour relative school playgroup All main childcare 19 0 162 33 9 301 7 2 66 10 9 88 28 9 243 100 860 arrangements at MCS2 Mother s employment status Mother does not work 10 8 17 28 9 44 3 2 6 6 2 9 50 9 79 100 155 Mother works part time 23 0 116 37 0 193 8 0 43 10 8 51 21 2 104 100 507 Mother works full time 15 0 29 30 1 64 82 7 15 1 28 31 5 60 100 198 F 6 83 P lt 001 Highest qualifications of parents 100 105 F 5 19 P lt 001 Highest parental occupation Managerial professional 16 4 73 29 7 142 6 5 31 12 7 56 34 7 153 100 455 27 4 28 41 5 45 66 1L5 1 13 0 13 100 104 Small employee self 19 6 7 31 2 10 10 1 3 10 1 3 28 9 9 100 32 employed Low support technical 24 8 16 44 4 30 10 6 8 3 0 2 17 3 12 100 68 10 2 9 44 9 32 82 6 9 0 6 27 7 20 100 73 F 2 55 P lt 005 Equivalised family income 478 1329 11 4 Q6 330 477 25 1 57 35 8 87 6 1 15 182 329 10 8 Q6 EE 64 7 Notes to table Unweighted sample sizes Percentages weighted using weight 1 Base MCS2 Families in Scotland where the main respondent uses child care and is a natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondent is a natural step or adopt
153. ntages in Scotland 1396 and the rest of the UK 1296 Formal care of both types was more commonly used by mothers in higher socio economic status groups among the more highly educated and in higher family income groups in Scotland as in the rest of the UK Table 11 2 The other 57 per cent of 15 arrangements classified as informal involved family members mainly grandparents 31 3 in Scotland 28 9 in the rest of the UK and neighbours or other relatives 8 1 in Scotland 5 9 in the rest of the UK Grandparent care was more commonly used as the main source of care by those in lower socio economic groups by those with lower education qualifications and by those working part time In addition some employed mothers or their partners looked after their children themselves while working 19 9 in Scotland 21 4 in the rest of the UK This was less common among mothers in manager and professional jobs and among the highly educated These relations were similar across the rest of the UK and Scotland Table 11 2 64 Children of employed mothers were in childcare for 21 hours a week on average 21 2 hours in Scotland and 20 6 hours per week in the rest of the UK Table 11 4 Children whose mothers were not employed were in care approximately 9 hours less per week than those whose mothers were in employment for an average of 13 7 hours per week in Scotland and 12 1 hours per week in the rest of the UK Table 11 3 Children looked a
154. nweighted Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile N A Rd E E E Fine Motor Development at 9 months No Fine motor 53 1 4 5 5 delays 1 or more fine 51 8 motor delays Notes to table Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner 1 F 1 60 3 08 P gt F 084 1 o e SN UN Br LOEO EUN F 1 60 1 20 P gt F 278 respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Table 7 7b BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK NN FA FAA A A Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile N Development at 9 months F xd a ll Mi BE E delays al Bala Ll E Ml MI M motor delays FA 3297526 P F 000 F 1 329 75 26 P gt F 000 se LIT Development at 9 months AA delays HE a MN MM MR Il E motor delays Doo FDSP F 1 329 49 45 P gt F 000 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in England Wales and NI where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 100 Developmental Milestone Measures by Bracken School Readiness Table 7 8a Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Scotland Bracke
155. ondents at MCS2 whose contact address had moved house since MCS1 excluding those ineligible international migrants and deaths for MCS2 Unweighted sample numbers Table 2 3a Scotland Residential mobility by type of accommodation at MCS1 Type of accommodation ay MCS1 Mobile pos n House or bungalow sm Flat oF maisonette Other studio flat rooms bedsit etc 72 4 5 four 4 ss Notes to table Base MCS1 main sample in Scotland living in type of accommodation at MCS1 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 151 P value lt 0 001 23 Table 2 3b Rest of UK Residential mobility by type of accommodation at MCS 1 Type of accommodation at MCS1 Mobile Base N House or bungalow 14006 1942 Other studio flat rooms edit ctc 16045 Notes to table Base MCS1 main sample in England Wales and NI living in accommodation at MCS1 Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Chi square 425 P value 0 0012 Table 2 4a Scotland Residential mobility by tenure at MCS 1 Housing tenure at MCS1 Total Notes to table Base MCS1 main sample in Scotland with housing tenure at MCSI Note Weighted percentages unweighted sample numbers Other includes living with parents living rent free squatting Chi square 106 P value lt 0 001 Table 2 4b Rest of UK Residential mobility by tenure at sweep 1 Housing tenure at MCS 1 Mobile Base N 5210 5809 1013 1
156. only 179 Table 9 12a Employed father s NS SEC 4 by highest education level at MCS1 Scotland Fathers highest NS SEC 4 All education level Managerial amp Intermediate Small employer self Semi Scotland professional employed amp low routine Total supervisory amp amp technical routine NVQ level 4 5 39 Ch SEN 8 8 Degree NVQ level 3 32 5 LEE NVQ level 1 2 24 SI O level GSE Overseas EN 2 3 6 EN la and other unclassified Qualification None of these i wd Sample Siz EE ET Notes to table Base All employed MCS2 fathers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step Excludes proxy fathers and other carers who completed the partner interview mothers and grandparents Education is based on education reported in MCS1 and updated with any new qualifications reported in MCS 2 Note chi sq 412 38 p value 0 000 180 Table 9 12b Employed father s NS SEC 4 by highest education level at MCS1 Rest of UK Fathers highest NS SEC 4 education level Managerial amp Intermediate Small Semi professional employer routine self employed amp amp low routine supervisory amp technical NVQ level 4 5 65 6 48 7 20 2 10 7 41 0 em mL m Um om mn NVQ level 3 i sr nt es 79 m NVQ level 1 2 O level GSE Overseas mm d and other unclassified Qualification None of these ou J 0 Ho of 19 10 Sample Size 3402 2506 2135 8665 Notes to table Base All emp
157. ooo hisquare o 64981 PAS cau c orit 200000 Mothers reports of Very easy to manage 11 2 417 coping with the mortgage rent P Fairly easy Neither 289 Fairly very difficult to 49 0 72 manage Donthaveren motgag 870 na I ER u U Chi mn 870584 0 0000 I i satisfaction 0 6 or S 46 1 10 10 is most satisfied O E AS ES T pO SGT po Chi Square o oaa po 000 JF Notes to table Base Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland with valid data 202 Table 10 4 b Subjective indicators at MCS 2 by income poverty Rest of UK Percentage with Total family income below ee 60 per cent threshold Mothers reports of Living comfortably 8 715 2747 managing financiall Doing allright 209 209 Jusaboutmamgig 403 36 Finding it difficult 56 4 1084 oo Chiqae 300706 PAS ori c orn 09000 Mothers reports of Very easy to manage 17 8 2480 coping with the mortgage rent P Fairly easy 4099 Po Neither E 1998 Fairly very difficult to 43 6 774 manage po Donthaverentmorigage 879 73 I ER u U Chi mn msaso 0000 satisfaction 0 6 or 2 44 6 1887 10 10 is most satisfied IS E E 4066 A ESTA IA ER 0 4002 Phi Square 23478 po 15 1 2000 ZJ Notes to table Base MCS2 main
158. or gender asthma and wheezing the latter two differences were not explained by either living in a disadvantaged area Table 6 4 the gender of the child Table 6 5 or whether mothers smoked during pregnancy Table 6 6 30 On hearing problems families in Scotland reported the lowest rates across UK country wards 2 6 2 8 compared with a UK average of 4 8 Table 6 1 While this can represent a health advantage to children in Scotland it can also represent lower levels of awareness and therefore needs to be considered in the light of country policies and practices on screening children for hearing problems 3 Overall rates of immunisation were similar in Scotland as in the rest of the UK and slightly higher in Scotland on the combined MMR Table 6 10 6 11 The boost to the rate of opting for the separate MMR visible in more advantaged wards in England was absent in Scotland 32 The rate of child injuries among girls in Scotland was higher than in the rest of the UK Table 6 7 6 8 although on some other health problems such as recurring ear infections rates were higher in Scotland than in England and Northern Ireland but not Wales when living in a disadvantaged ward Table 6 4 6 5 6 6 The higher injury rate for families in Scotland with low income visible in the sweep one MCS data was not present at sweep 2 Table 6 9 33 Across the UK 5 of children were obese and a further 18 were overweight Table 6 12 Chil
159. ortion of families where parents were legally married was higher in MCS2 than in MCSI by 4 with corresponding falls in the proportions of cohabitating couples and lone parents Table 3 1 The rise in the proportion of families in Scotland who were married over this period was higher than in the rest of the UK and it was due to those mothers in Scotland aged 35 and above at MCS2 being more likely than mothers of the equivalent age in the rest of the UK to be married at this point Younger mothers in Scotland at MCS2 16 24 were slightly less likely than the rest of the UK to be married and far more likely to be cohabiting when the cohort child was aged 3 Table 3 2 By the second sweep of MCS the percentage of lone mothers in Scotland s MCS families was lower than in the rest of the UK especially marked where the mother is aged 16 24 This was a change from sweep 1 where England had the lowest rate of lone mothers Scotland s drop in the percentage of lone mothers over this period should be seen against a slight rise in the UK as a whole Table 3 1 10 These net figures result from flows between having two or one parent families and between the state of marriage and cohabiting Outflows from cohabiting to marriage were the lowest among mothers in Scotland compared with the other UK countries Table 3 5 However families in Scotland exhibited larger flows than the rest of the UK from being a lone parent at sweep 1 to being in a two parent family a
160. other s current economic activity by highest educational achievement Scotland Mother s current Mother s highest education academic or vocational MCS1 economic activity NVQ level NVQ NVQ level Overseas other unclassified Scotland status 4 5 level 3 1 2 and No qualifications Degree A level ze Ee Currently employed 7 9 full time Currently employed part time Foul pers i06 i85 198 ir 10 Unweighted sample size 6 sss sm 9 mor Of those currently employed 177 5 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step This table excludes any natural mothers not interviewed and any fathers or grandparents who completed the main interview Not currently working includes those who were at home looking after the family and home non employed and those in education Chi sq 143 05 P 0 0000 for economic activity by NVQ in upper Table only Degree means this level is degree level or above 172 Table 9 3b Mother s current economic activity by highest educational achievement Rest of UK Mother s current Mother s highest education academic or vocational MCS1 Rest of economic activity NVQ level NVQ NVQ level Overseas other unclassified UK total status 4 5 level 3 1 2 and No qualifications Degree A level O level GSE Currently employed 19 8 14 7 4 1 13 0 ee IM o Me EE UR part time Of those currently employ
161. p value median median equivalised equivalised income income o Family income at nine months Longstndingilness w o o m e Unweighted n 1313 1770 0 0305 Among those with longstanding illness Limiting condition IEEE 16 9 15 3 16 5 0 10 TAA Family income at three years Lopundmiles a o 3 a 00419 Among those with longstanding illness Limiting condition 0 4409 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 79 Table 6 3b Longstanding illness at age 3 by family income at MCSI Rest of UK Above 60 per cent Below 60 per Total p value median equivalised cent median income equivalised income po Family income at nine months aes aes Longstanding illness o Unweighted n 8804 3918 12722 0 5701 Among those with longstanding illness Limiting condition o Vi 189 mar Unweighted n 0 0008 E Fay income at tree years OOO O Longstanding illness jet Josi 056 PS Umwighedn SST 3161 11434 0 4556 Among those with longstanding illness Limiting condition GBS zm C Umwighein 120 633 186 0 0001 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 80 18 sjuopuodso urew TSO 9seg 9 q 0 SIJON 06i Jo roc e Lu Les 9 usi eue Log pararem N 100007 sx Xoduoxotqo SO L8I Lt 6 S LYvYv L 8 00S 8tr e Is TIE 0 0p dok pey 19A GI 9 8
162. plored through multivariate analysis This analysis confirmed that children in Scotland still had higher BAS vocabulary scores than the rest of the UK which could not be explained by the above range other factors when they were all combined However the amount children in Scotland were ahead of those in the rest of the UK narrowed as a result of including all the above factors combined see Dex S ed 2007 Millennium Cohort Study Exploring some of the Distinctive results for Scotland Report to Scottish Government This means therefore it is a feature of the MCS sample in Scotland rather than other factors that are responsible for the finding that children in Scotland were ahead in their vocabulary than children in the rest of the UK A multivariate analysis of Bracken school readiness scores found that the advantage of children in Scotland over the rest of the UK was fully accounted for by all the above factors combined see Dex S ed 2007 Millennium Cohort Study Exploration of some distinctive results for Scotland Report to Scottish Government A multivariate analysis found that the advantage of children in Scotland over the rest of the UK in their total difficulties scores was fully accounted for by the set of all the above factors when combined see Dex S ed 2007 Millennium Cohort Study Exploration of some distinctive results for Scotland Report to Scottish Government 10 4 Lastly the BAS and Bracken cognitive scores wer
163. racken scores were specified 94 Table 7 4a Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Scotland Percentile Percentile Percentile t ure rg were s ers Mae 1058 082 al ai ml ml ol 776 082 al mi 110 tt 127 803 F 1 60 221 15 P gt F 000 ERE A ls 1 19 0 80 2 31 F 2 59 11 85 P gt F 000 112 86 al 107 Gel 286 F 4 57 18 49 P gt F 000 Parental employment III Workless household 974 127 mal ai al 106 at 167 2 or more people 109 4 0 74 88 100 110 119 128 653 working F 2 59 42 06 P gt F 000 mum IE TT eT TA Occupation Intermediate 1077 102 s9f ml ml el Gel oi self employed technical routine F 4 57 18 59 P gt F 000 i 3 AAA gt ae du o ee Above 60 of median 1098 071 89 ml OT 9 129 Below 60 of median 1005 109 si al ml 110 120 F 1 60 80 98 P gt F 000 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified Unweighted N values 95 Table 7 4b Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Rest of UK Family type RESET e 2 or more people working Highest parental Occupation Managerial professional Intermediate Small e
164. rents Cohabiting natural parents 105 Father Total all fathers who completed partner interview Under 25 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 and over p value chi2 Managerial amp professional Intermediate Small employer amp self employed Lower supervisory and technical Routine and semi routine p value chi2 Both partners employed Main employed partner not employed Partner employed main not employed Both partners unemployed p value chi2 NVQ 1 iVQ 2 Father s occupational class Couple s employment status Father s education level VQ 4 VO ther Overseas qualifications one of the above p value chi2 Married natural parents Cohabiting natural parents Natural parents other unknown relationship Other p value chi2 Family type ZIO Z Z Z Z lt yo LA Notes to table Total Unweighted Percentage fair or poor health 64 9031 9 7 PF EN 315 2586 BT 452 0 0000 931 2407 0 0000 EIN 0 0002 187 9760 NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting weightl Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland 106 Table 8 2b Parental general health MCS 2 Rest of UK Total Percentage fair or Unweighted poor health n LL 25429 1 0 A 1 220 30034 eS plo 35439 1 11 EE adore is gg 1 597 Mother s occupational class Managerial amp professional 2 429 Sma
165. rents in Scotland at sweep 1 2001 02 had become a two parent family by sweep 2 2003 05 compared with a flow of 28 for the rest of the UK and this trend was particularly marked for younger mothers aged 16 24 e Paternal grandparents were far less likely to be alive in Scotland than in the rest of the UK 65 of paternal grandmothers from Scotland s families were alive compared with 74 in the rest of the UK and 56 of paternal grandfathers in Scotland compared with 64 in the rest of the UK However parents of Scottish cohort children were slightly older on average than those in the rest of the UK so this may partially explain the difference e More mothers and fathers from the MCS cohort in Scotland had achieved higher levels of educational attainment than those in other UK countries Sixty three percent of mothers and 61 of fathers in Scotland had an education level of NVQ level 3 or above in comparison with 52 mothers and 55 fathers in other UK countries This may go towards explaining the higher frequency of reading with children reported overall by parents in the Scottish cohort e Rates of child injuries among girls in Scotland were higher than those for girls in the rest of the UK 35 in Scotland compared with 31 across the rest of the UK countries e Children in Scotland were ahead of those in the rest of the UK on expressive language skills vocabulary development at this stage Results from the BAS British Ability
166. respondents in England Wales and NI with valid data Table 10 5a Poverty at MCS1 and MCS2 Scotland MCS2 Above 60 per cent Below 60 per cent NE Ee 60 per cent 100 1128 Below 60 per cent 9 6 100 343 Total 78 2 21 8 100 1471 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland with valid data Unweighted sample sizes 203 Table 10 5b Poverty at MCS1 and MCS2 Rest of UK Family income Above 60 per cent Below 60 per cent Total n Above 60 per cent 15 4 100 7567 MCS1 Below 60 per cent 63 7 100 2852 Total 32 4 100 10419 Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI with valid data Unweighted sample sizes 204 CHAPTER ELEVEN CHILDCARE Main childcare arrangement at MCS 2 Table 11 1 Main Childcare Arrangement at Age 3 by users of care by country Self partner Grandparent Other relative Childminder Nursery cr che Percent Percent friend neighbour nanny au pair nursery school Percent non relative playgroup Percent Percent arrangements at MCS2 England 22 8 1102 26 5 1282 6 2 328 13 4 593 31 1 1516 22 6 262 35 8 418 5 2 65 8 1 89 28 3 296 19 9 189 31 3 305 8 1 80 13 0 114 27 7 256 Northern Ireland 159 110 36 5 249 11 4 82 21 6 145 14 7 82 Chi2 12 78 78 P 0 0000 Notes to table Base All MCS2 main respondents users of child care Unweighted sample sizes 205 Table 11 2a Main Childcare Arrangeme
167. rweight Morbidly SES obeso ME er 3s r MM Father s NVQ 1 s E education level e 2 072 34 9 46 1 Se Other Over seas qualifications 774 chi 151 9597 parents parents Natural parents other unknown relationship 163 p value 0 0057 chi2 33 3787 Notes to table NB Total bases are unweighted Percentages are weighted Variable used for weighting whnotsco Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 170 CHAPTER NINE EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION Mother s economic activity at age 3 Table 9 1 Mother s economic activity status by country at age 3 Mother s current economic activity Country at MCS 2 All UK England Wales Scotland Northern DUE Lui edi d NANI Nor employed and seeking work 13 11 10 09 12 In education or government training 1 1 1 6 1 9 1 1 1 2 scheme Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCS1 This table excludes any natural mothers not interviewed and any fathers or grandparents who completed the main interview Within country weighted by weight 1 all UK weighted by weight2 Chi sq 70 3731 P 0 0000 Mothers education and employment Table 9 2 Mothers education qualifications at MCS 2 by Country Country at MCS 2 All UK PF Engtand Wales Scotland NI Total Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers Chi sq 109 32 P 0 000 171 Table 9 3a M
168. s reading with the child at age 3 Rest of UK 70 Parenting Competence Regularity of Bedtime sese eene eren enne 70 Table 5 7 Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 by UK contre 70 Table 5 8a Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 Scotland ssssssssssesssseseeeeeeeeeenns 71 Table 5 8b Regularity of bedtimes at age 3 Rest Of UK 71 Regularity of Mealtimes iii eet tiet ee ettet e e Ite ep Ves feeder tie ER RE Reds 72 Table 5 9 Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 by UK country sssessssssssesseeeeeeeeneneen ns 72 Table 5 10a Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 Scotland sse 72 Table 5 10b Regularity of mealtimes at age 3 Rest of UK 73 Parenting beliefs and vals ii cii e ede ien hehe ie ER e de Re dH 73 Table 5 11 Important qualities for children at age 3 by UK country sse 73 Table 5 12b Important qualities for children at age 3 Rest of UK 74 Table 5 13 Important values for children by UK country sse 75 Table 5 14a Important values for children GGcotland nro nono nonnnonnninos 75 Table 5 14b Important values for children Rest of UK 76 jurc c eege EE ESE E NTE e EE ee eg M 76 Table 5 15 Mothers rules at age 3 by UK country ssssssssseeseeeeeeennen nennen ener ener 76 Table 5 16 Whether mother reports rules were strictly enforced child age 3 by UK country 77 Parenting Style
169. s to table Base All employee MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Note This table is based on employees only Employees were asked which if any of these arrangements have you made use of in your current main job or plan to make use of 186 Table 9 20 Percent of employee mothers in each country with access to employer provided family friendly arrangements by country at child s age 3 Employers offers of family friendly Country at MCS 2 AU UK provisions England Wales Scotland Northern Total p value M CR 9 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 2 1 3 53 7 8 1 2 2 Financial help with childcare childcare vouchers 5 Workplace nursery or cr che 3 Other nurseries supported by employer D 8 0 9 Care for children after school hours or 6 1 52 Career breaks for personal reasons 70 amp 5 Paternity teave o 22 i 172 CA telephone to use for family reasons 443 300 463 503 Nmeo ee a ws 245 197 Unweighted sample size 4202 1104 1021 770 7097 Help with finding childcare facilities away from the workplace E 29 15 06 08 MH 578 532 og 98 69 23 13 187 172 e s2 3 E 378 27 3 5 2 l 7 a E Notes to table Base All MCS2 employee mothers natural adoptive foster and step including 692 families who were not interviewed at MCSI Colu
170. ss Motor Development at 9 months Ee 2 Be delays Mu ML EM E motor delays F 1 60 1 75 P gt F 191 Fine Motor Development at 9 months Los ci E EE E UNI delays motor delays F 1 60 8 08 P gt F 006 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in Scotland where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified Table 7 9b Total Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK Total Mean difficulties score Gross Motor um Development at 9 months Final Rd delays Em motor delays 9 2 0 6 10 25 50 75th 90 Unweighted Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile Percentile No Fine motor 1 11289 delays 1 or more fine 1 motor delays Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Base singleton children in England Wales and NI where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the be Fine Motor Development at 9 months 22 0 6 Lo NN RR R MUS AE F 1 329 48 56 P gt F 000 partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 102 References Bracken B A 1998 Bracken Basic Concept Scale Revised San Antonio TX The Psychological Corporation Bricker D Squires J Mounts L Potter L Nickel B
171. ssesscessceescesecesecesecesecaecaaecaeecaeecaeeeaeeaeecaeseaeseeeenseseeesereneensees 182 Table 9 14 Employed mother s NS SEC by country sess 182 Table 9 15 Employed father s NS SEC when child aged 3 by country c ooooooconocccococononononnnoonconocononnnconononoronoo 182 Employed mother s atypical working patterns 0 ccccesceseeesecseceseceecseecseesaeeeneeseeeeceeenseenseenseeaeenseeeeaees 183 Table 9 16 Employed mother s working at atypical hours per week by country 183 Table 9 17a Employed mother s atypical weekly working patterns by NS SEC Scotland 183 Table 9 17b Employed mother s atypical weekly working patterns by NS SEC Rest of UK 184 Employee mother s use of flexible working arrangements sess 184 Table 9 18 Percent of employee mothers in each country who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer at age 3 184 Table 9 19a Percent of employee mothers in each NS SEC group who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer by NS SEC 4 at child s age 3 Scotland 185 Table 9 19b Percent of employee mothers in each NS SEC group who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer by NS SEC 4 at child s age 3 Rest of UK 186 Table 9 20 Percent of employee mothers in each country with access to employer prov
172. t MCS 2 Regular maintenance payments Irregular maintenance payments No maintenance payments Base unweighted 193 Notes to table Contact Chi2 257 4583 p 0 0000 Maintenance Chi2 59 5048 p 0 0402 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 except new families in which the natural father was non resident and contact patterns maintenance payments was known from main interview 54 Table 3 25b Contact with non resident natural father and maintenance payments by non resident natural father by whether natural father previously resident Rest of UK Contact and maintenance Non resident Non resident Total payments natural father at natural father at MCS2 in HH at MCS 2 not in HH at Nul pn Frequent contact 3 or Le more time a week p weekly or less often Base unweighted 2388 Regular maintenance payments EAS A payments MN payments Base unweighted aal 01S Notes to table Contact Chi2 204 5385 p 0 0000 Maintenance Chi2 26 4873 p 0 0003 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 except new families in which the natural father was non resident and contact 23 2 43 7 43 3 12 1 44 6 patterns maintenance payments was known from main interview 55 CHAPTER FOUR THE GRANDPARENTS OF THE COHORT CHILD Presence of Grandparents Table 4 1a Proportion of respondents reporting their parents as alive Scotland Main Respondent Partner Respondent Mother Alive 90 4 64 5
173. t sweep 2 36 of lone parents in Scotland at sweep 1 had moved to be a two parent family by sweep2 compared with a flow of 28 for the rest of the UK Table 3 3 3 4 Younger mothers 16 24 in Scotland stood out in this higher flow into 2 parent families compared with the those of equivalent age in the rest of the UK Table 3 4 Scotland also had the highest rate across the UK of non resident natural fathers moving back to live with the mother and their child particularly higher than the rest of the UK in the youngest 16 24 and 35 or older age groups Table 3 4 3 17 3 18 Non resident fathers who moved into being resident fathers were more likely to have been married to the mother previously or to have been a relationship Table 3 19 and to have kept in contact with the child over the period Table 3 30 Families in Scotland 84 6 were more likely than those in the rest of the UK 82 6 to have a natural father living in the household Table 3 2 3 15 However the gap is much larger 58 5 in Scotland compared with 48 9 in the rest of the UK when the mother was aged 16 24 Table 3 16 11 Similarly in terms of the break up of 2 parent partnership families couple families in Scotland had the lowest outflow rate 6 from 2 parent families across the UK Table 3 3 3 4 Again the younger age group of mothers in Scotland had a particularly lower outflow rate compared to mothers of the same age across the rest of the UK Table 3 4
174. t very safe in their area 62 of cases in rural Scotland compared with 58 5 in Rural England 55 8 in rural Wales But also people living in urban Scotland had a higher percentage 36 3 rating their area very safe than those living in urban England 31 8 but not than those living in urban Wales 39 2 Table 2 12 3 Family demographics and relationships 8 Focusing on family demographics presents a picture of both change and stability in the membership of the cohort families Tables 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 The Millennium child was more likely to be the first child in the family in Scotland than in the other UK countries giving families in Scotland smaller family size than families in the other UK countries at the outset of this study Table 3 7 3 8 3 9 However mothers in Scotland were catching up on family size but not quite eliminating the gap with those in other UK countries especially Northern Ireland Table 3 7 by sweep 2 By the time the cohort child was aged 3 it was slightly more likely that mothers in Scotland would have had another child than those in the rest of the UK Mothers in Scotland between ages 30 and 40 were most likely to have had another child and have closed the family size gap with the rest of the UK Table 3 8 3 10 Families in Scotland were slightly less likely 8 5 than those in the rest of the UK 10 to have a half sibling to the cohort child in the family Table 3 11 3 12 9 The prop
175. the middle of a fairly narrow range for UK countries 22 7 of mothers 22 1 of fathers with parents in Northern Ireland appearing to be the most healthy on this measure 19 4 of mothers and 16 8 of fathers 44 Both general self assessed health and longstanding illness of both mothers and fathers had relationships with socio economic status parents education marital status and being a lone parent Table 8 3 Ill health was worse for parents with low or no educational qualifications lower socio economic status groups and among the self employed for long standing illness no earner families or lone mothers General ill health declined with age although this was not so clearly the case for longstanding illness In all of these relationships with parents health indicators parents in Scotland exhibited the same relationships as parents in the rest of the UK where the sample sizes for parents in Scotland were sufficient to make the comparison Deviations of Scotland from the rest of the UK tended to be found where sample sizes were low in Scotland 45 In health related behaviour we examined smoking and alcohol consumption On parents smoking 28 9 of mothers and 30 5 of fathers in Scotland were smokers at MCS2 Table 8 5 These statistics were similar to the rest of the UK statistics although with some variation in that mothers in Wales had a higher percentage 32 696 and fathers in Northern Ireland 25 296 a lower percentage of s
176. ther and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 98 Table 7 6bTotal Difficulties Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK Mean T MR DON Male Family type Ig ae LI s 034 aa 6 aia 1856 a as F 4 326 84 78 P gt F 000 Parental employment 222 o l __ ___ o A A A M Me l person working 94 os 3 el Sa C 9 3p Gp p Up Sp nw working F 2 322 239 28 P gt F 000 al ET T Occupation Managerial professional 80 009 3 5 7 uf 14 4305 Intermediate 90 pl 4 6 9 GI GI 1075 R ME CR self employed A Ber GG technical _ Lal sd ERR Mp F 4 325 74 94 P gt F 000 Hnc OA MA e PS EE Above 60 of median 86 ol 3 5 s uf GI aal F 1 329 529 32 P gt F 000 Notes to table Mean scores weighted using weight 2 Unweighted N values Base singleton children in England Wales and NI where the main respondent is natural step or adoptive mother and the partner respondents is a natural step or adoptive father including lone parents and where Bracken scores were specified 99 Developmental Milestone Measures by British Ability Scores BAS Table 7 7a BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Scotland ES Gross Motor Development at 9 months No gross motor delays 1 or more gross 51 1 1 19 motor delays had bai 10 25 50 75th 90 U
177. ts Other 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 9 0 4 4 3 5 2 3 7 4 0 4 3 unknown relationship mother sinn i Rd BEE a i pe Base 11533 2760 2336 1923 1855 10107 2233 1800 1450 1559 unweighted 2 0 Notes to table MCS1 Chi2 171 9397 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS1 MCS2 Chi2 118 2893 p 0 0000 Base All families interviewed at MCS2 Table 3 2a Family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland De ee O O Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped AAA AAA unknown relationship 21 6 es Other family type 98 216 89 66 Pas az 25 Notes to table Chi2 1601 6719 p 0 0000 Base All MCS2 families in which the main respondent was a mother any type of mother and in which mothers age was known 34 Table 3 2b Family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK oo Mefhersageat MCS interview grouped AAN s eer eg Married Other 30 43 37 37 38 37 unknown relationship Lone natural mother 436 197 aal 81 87 on Notes to table Chi2 1655 1196 p 0 0000 Base All families in which the main respondent was a mother any type of mother and in which mothers age was known Change in family type Table 3 3 Change in family type by country Family Type at MCSI Two parent family Country at MCS2 ET Type England Wales Scotland Northern at GE fee al n famil One parent 7 2 6 7 Kr 5 3 famil 10 0 Base weighted PF 7242 1843 1544 1249 13201
178. ty by mother s highest academic qualification at MCSI Scotland icem dette t ee ee fee ee e RR HR e Re ded 89 Table 6 14b Childhood overweight and obesity by mother s highest academic qualification at MCS1 Rest of UR iii A wll e TAE He nied POSUER E EO li te e E eps 89 Toilet tr ming oa ene e e etu me A ER QUE EG UU Darna etes desee e UN ee ee teda 90 Table 6 15a Toilet training and concerns about speech by gender Scotland 90 Table 6 15b Toilet training and concerns about speech by gender Rest of UK 90 CHAPTER 7 CHILD DEVELOPMENT ssssssscscssssecsesscsecsessesecsersesecsesscsessesecsersesecsersesecsessesecsessesesserses 91 British Ability Scales BAS Naming Vocabulary eese enne eene enne 91 Table 7 1 BAS Mean and Percentile Scores by Country and Child Gender 91 Table 7 2a BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Scotland sssse 92 Table 7 2b BAS naming Vocabulary Score means and percentile scores Rest of UK 93 Bracken Basic Concept Scale Revised BBCS R cccecccescesseeeseessecseeeseeeneeseeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeneceseenaeenaeenneeses 94 Table 7 3 Bracken Mean and Percentile Scores at MCS2 and Gender of Child by country 94 Table 7 4a Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Scotland 95 Table 7 4b Bracken School Readiness Test Scores means and percentile scores Rest of
179. ty of those who were struggling to manage financially were in poverty and could accurately be said to be suffering poverty However the link between poverty status and subjective poverty was not always direct Over four in ten of those finding it difficult to manage were estimated to have income above the poverty line both in Scotland and in the rest of the UK and 9 per cent of those in the UK 5 in Scotland who said they were living comfortably had income below the threshold Table 10 4 Almost one half of those living below the poverty threshold indicated they had lower levels of satisfaction with their lives in both Scotland and the rest of the UK Table 10 4 61 Changes took place in families financial circumstances between MCS sweeps 1 and 2 The flows between living in and out of poverty showed distinctive differences in Scotland from the rest of the UK Table 10 5 Families in Scotland were both significantly less likely to flow into poverty over this period and significantly more likely to flow out of it than families in the rest of the UK Whereas 12 of families who were not in poverty in Scotland at MCSI ended up in poverty at MCS2 in Scotland the equivalent figure for the rest of the UK was 15 Also 44 of families who were in poverty in Scotland at MCS1 moved out of this state by MCS2 compared with 36 of families in the rest of the UK The relative sizes of these flows helped families in Scotland to have a lower rate
180. uld explain part of their having fewer parents alive 39 8 of mothers in Scotland were over 34 compared with 34 5 in the rest of the UK Despite there being fewer grandparents alive among Scotland s families care from grandparents for the cohort child up to age 3 was more common among families in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Table 4 5 in 32 of couple families in Scotland grandparents provided some care for the cohort child compared with 26 in the rest of the UK and for 34 of lone parent families in Scotland compared with 23 in the rest of the UK 15 Although there were similar levels of being in contact with grandparents by families in Scotland and the rest of the UK the frequency of contact of cohort parents with their own parents was slightly higher in Scotland than in the rest of the UK Table 4 4 16 Twenty five per cent of the children had some form of childcare from a grandparent and 90 per cent of cohort families had received financial support from grandparents Table 4 5 Financial support for couple families took place to the same extent in Scotland as in the rest of the UK but financial support for lone parents from their own parents was higher for mothers in Scotland 88 than in the rest of the UK 79 gra Maternal grandmothers in Scotland were the most likely of grandmothers across the UK families to have been in employment 7096 when the cohort child s mother had been 14 years old Table 4 7 4 8 This is in
181. untry analysis which uses Weight 1 144 58 TT 8L sjuopuodso urew SON ITV 9seg 318 0 SIJON resi o us ms Je Joer juo Leet Los ett ag engt sy10 0 ssouj 68 0c 8ST Oe OT ELI ori 691 vel cu vL 9 ST w19 Suo sest fes Le ec om Jeer wo ss us nr CREAN 1000 0 Suupa YM LILT Sv 0 p pv 87 97 Ce 0 p C E Ft Ce uro qoud Auy Leet ves Les Im oe Ier an Ter Lee SE pario N 8Sv0 0 soho tan 79 71 v9 88 LY UL IW E S 6 p Ce UL IW uo qoud Auy CNPA d po3ezueape poSejueApe posejuvape po3ezueape pooejueApe pogezueape orm posvjuvape po3ejueape ISOIN o1enbs nj SIp JON a SIp JON Ia SIPJON JLIOUIJAL a SIp JON ye paem jo ad L ISOIN ISOIN 38 pave Jo ad pue Ayuno Aq TSON 38 ssou Surpugjs 3uo pue Suey uSIso49 jnoqe SUAIDUOD eju93Jeq 9 AQEL pa jeaouos pue Ajmiqesiq H I IVAH CIHO XIS WALdVHO Table 6 2a Longstanding illness by children s gender Scotland Male Female Total Chi square p value 921 874 1795 0 3388 Unweighted n Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland Table 6 2b Longstanding illness at ag e3 by children s gender Rest of UK Male Female Total Chi square p value 6950 6692 13642 0 0247 Unweighted n Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI Table 6 3a Longstanding illness at age 3 by family income at MCS1 Scotland Above 60 per cent Below 60 per cent Total
182. uying essentials for the baby paying for other household costs buying gifts and extras for the baby paying for childcare and other financial help Percentages are weighted using whnotsco and observations are unweighted Base MCS2 main respondents in England Wales and NI 58 Employment in the Previous Generation Table 4 7 Percentage of respondents whose parents were employed when they were 14 by country at MCS2 Scotland England Wales Scotland Northern Chi Square o 0 mem omm UM rri Pme artner Respondent Notes to table Note Percentages are weighted using weight 2 and observations are unweighted Base Country MCS2 main and partner respondents who reported parents employment including lone parents Table 4 7b Percentage of respondents whose parents were employed when they were 14 Rest of UK Main Respondent Partner Respondent Own een Worked 65 8 66 6 64 3 67 4 65 0 68 1 Unweighted N 13474 9142 Own father worked 86 5 90 1 85 5 87 3 89 2 90 9 Unweighted 13133 8946 Notes to table Note Percentages are weighted using whnotsco and observations are unweighted Confidence intervals for each cell percentage are presented Base all MCS2 main and partner respondents in England Wales and NI who report their parents employment Lone parents are included 59 Table 4 8a Respondents parents social class based on their occupation when the respondent was 14 Scotland E
183. values were pretty uncommon as the most important qualities in all countries 24 There was also an age divide on religious values Older mothers wanted their children to adopt religious values 64 per cent of 35 to 39 year olds but only a minority of 16 to 24 year old mothers 38 per cent felt they were important When mothers of the same age were compared responses in Scotland indicated a slightly lower level of importance for religious values than the rest of the UK Table 5 14 25 In bringing up their children mothers in Scotland reported the most use of lots of rules 33 compared with a UK average of 31 Table 5 15 However at the same time of mothers in Scotland who used rules 46 suggested they strictly enforced these rules a lower percentage than gave this reply among similar mothers in England 50 and Wales 47 but a greater extent than mothers in Northern Ireland 41 Table 5 16 26 It will be interesting to discover whether these systematic and individual differences in parenting styles Table 5 15 5 16 5 7 and attitudes will change as the child gets older and whether they will be related to behaviour and attainment later on This is something that MCS data will be able to reveal in the future 6 Child health 27 This preliminary look at the health data collected by sweep 2 suggests that while the majority of pre school children in the four UK countries were healthy a minority were in poor health O
184. verty incomes The vocabulary assessment revealed that girls had marginally better expressive language skills than boys Table 7 1 37 Children in Scotland were ahead of those in the rest of the UK on expressive language skills BAS by an amount that represents about three months of development at this age Table 7 1 Controlling separately for a range of other factors did not explain the higher BAS score for children in Scotland the differential was not explained by differences of gender family type parental education parental employment parental occupation and annual family income Table 7 2 when examined separately However in the rest of the UK children in families with two working parents had a higher BAS score than children in families with one working parent whereas in Scotland there was no difference according to whether there was one or two employed parents 38 Children in Scotland and girls also did better in the Bracken school readiness assessment than children in the rest of the UK and boys respectively Table 7 3 The lead in average scores in Scotland is equivalent to about two months progress while girls on average are three months ahead of boys These differences were not explained by differences in gender family type parental education parental employment parental occupation and annual family income when examined as separate factors Parents with highest education as NVQ level 2 and parents in small employer
185. view Scotland i aie a 3 Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped Family Type Family Type 16 24 25 29 SCH 34 E d p Total at MCSI at MCS2 Cohabiting Married 19 3 25 2 SS 3 ox 2 as 2 natural natural parents parents Total of 100 100 100 Base 77 o8 unweighted Notes to table Chi2 25 2801 p 0 5457 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 who were in a family with cohabiting natural parents at MCS2 and are in a family in which the same two parents are still present at MCS2 and the relationship between the parents at Cohabiting 80 7 74 8 84 8 natural parents 0110 MCS2 is known and where the main respondent was a mother any type of mother for whom age is known Table 3 6b Transition from cohabitation to marriage by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK ES o e Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped Family Type Family Type 16 24 25 29 ES 34 EUR z pa at MCS1 at MCS2 Cohabiting Married 23 2 34 9 natural natural parents parents Cohabiting natural parents Base unweighted Notes to table Chi2 20 5951 p 0 0108 Base All families who took part in both MCS1 and MCS2 who were in a family with cohabiting natural parents at MCS2 and in a family in which the same two parents are still present at MCS2 and the relationship between the parents at MCS2 is known and where the main respondent was a mother any type of mother for whom age is known 38 Ha
186. ving a another baby by MCS2 Table 3 7 Whether cohort mother had a subsequent birth at MCS 2 by Country at MCS 2 New child at MCS 2 Country at MCS 2 TOTAL England Unweighted Sample 9987 2222 1795 1444 15448 Size Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers Chi sq 22 051 P 0 0000 Number of siblings Table 3 8 Number of siblings in household at MCS1 and MCS2 by country Country at MCS1 Country at MCS2 Number of England Wales Scotland Northern England Wales Scotland Northern siblings in HH ER PS Oe 362 368 357 326 36 aso 4s2 495 39s 477 reenen e E too ml mt ol Base 11533 2760 2336 1923 SS 9987 2222 1795 1444 15448 unweighted Notes to table MCS1 Chi2 89 6411 p 0 0000 MCS1 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS1 MCS2 Chi2 125 4253 p 0 0000 MCS2 Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed 39 Table 3 9a Number of siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland Mother s age at MCS2 interview grouped es of 16 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 Total ru in HH One Base 230 304 549 515 187 1785 unweighted Notes to table Base All families who were interviewed at MCS2 in which the main respondent was interviewed and in which the main respondent was a mother any kind of mother for whom age in known Chi2 1003 0542 p 0 0000 Table 3 9b Number of siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 intervi
187. w employed o Bothnotemployea 904 s6 Lempaentempoyd RS 100 Lonepaentnotempoyd 948 m7 5 Chisqmre ES Poe ee P 000 JO Pp class NS SEC intermediate 220 Smallemployers own account A Lower supervisory and technical 18 2 3G Semi routineandroutine O O 244 201 Chisqmae 17988 WER ESO 009004 ooo Fathers social class Managerial and professional 5 6 423 NS SEC Intermediate PBS Small employers own account AI Jm Lower supervisory and technical 3 3 124 Jm Semiroutineandroutine 313 246 po Chisquare OE es es Fathers education NVQ 4 5 kkk EE ooo onn O Overseas Noe G84 J S85 po Chisquare pra Enc rot Mothers education NVQ 4 5 kkk E NVQU2 O Po Overseas None O po p Notes to table Base MCS2 main respondents in Scotland with valid data 200 Table 10 3b Family poverty at MCS2 by employment and by education of parents Rest of UK Percentage below 60 Total percent threshold Unweighted n Employment status Both employed full time 1074 Po Father full time mother part time 68 3099 Mother full time father part time 4 L MENS E EE employed L Haee m employed Bothmtempoyd 838 544 o Lemeparentempoyd
188. week e 35 TH Ability to change from full to 26 4 21 3 22 2 10 3 20 5 part time don as size Notes to table Base All employee MCS2 mothers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step Columns do not add to 100 percent as multiple responses allowed Note This table is based on employees only Employees were asked which if any of these arrangements have you made use of in your current main job or plan to make use of 3 8 Working at or from home all the 1 3 2 9 3 8 0 3 1 5 0 04 time 0 4 185 Table 9 19b Percent of employee mothers in each NS SEC group who reported using flexible working arrangements with their current employer by NS SEC 4 at child s age 3 Rest of UK Mother s flexible working Mother s NS SEC Rest of P arrangements used Managerial Intermediate Low Semi UK value amp supervisory routine amp Total amp technical routine professional ery sa nI aroo Job sharing 09 9 se al Flexible working hours ail xs 224 asooo Working at or from home 24 0 10 3 4 0 1 6 13 3 occasionally Working at or from home all the 3 4 4 3 0 7 1 0 2 9 xau MEME Special shifts 1 e evenings 13 7 15 0 25 7 22 1 16 9 ies EA 9 day fortnights 4 5 day 22 1 1 0 8 0 3 1 3 working week A el s oa Ability to change from full to 29 8 26 8 22 3 11 8 23 7 part time 01 al aal to7 o12 Unweighted maximum sample 2307 1604 1849 6035 E size Note
189. weep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 therefore excluding 692 families who were not interviewed at sweep one Chi sq 1212 90 P 0 0000 Table 9 24b Changes in mother s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths toage3 Restof UK Mother s employment status when Mother s employment status Total Sample cohort child aged 9 10 months when cohort child aged 3 Size time time employed Parttime LL 98 729 s 10 22 Notes to table Base All MCS2 mothers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 therefore excluding 692 families who were not interviewed at sweep one Chi sq 7690 36 P 0 0000 Table 9 25a Changes in father s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Scotland Father s employment status when Total Sample cohort child aged 9 10 months when cohort child aged 3 Size time time employed Notes to table Base All MCS2 employed fathers in Scotland natural adoptive foster and step interviewed in sweep 1 and followed up in sweep 2 Chi sq 499 51 P 0 0000 191 Table 9 25b Changes in father s employment status and hours of work from 9 10 mths to age 3 Rest of UK Father s employment status when Father s employment status Total Sample cohort child aged 9 10 months when cohort child aged 3 Size Full Part non Notes to table Base All MCS2 employed fathers in England Wales and NI natural adoptive foster and
190. xamined separately did not explain the lower levels of poverty and risk attached to families in Scotland compared with the rest of the UK One exception although based on a very small sample was lone parents who were not employed gt A multivariate analysis of living in poverty found that the difference between poverty rates in Scotland and the rest of the UK was fully accounted for by the above range of factors combined see Dex S ed 2007 Millennium Cohort Study Exploring some of the Distinctive results for Scotland Report to Scottish Government MCS was not able to ask the detailed questions about household income that would have enabled us to reproduce the government s official child poverty measures for children of all ages For household income before housing costs this stood at 23 per cent below the UK median at the time of the first survey and 22 percent in 2003 4 In any case the MCS survey covered family income rather than household income the latter would include the income of any other adults in the home 14 who were more likely in Scotland to be living in poverty 94 896 compared with the rest of the UK 91 296 Table 10 2 One other difference was that mothers in Scotland who had NVQ qualifications to levels 1 or 2 had well above average rates of living in poverty where in the rest of the UK this level of qualification was associated with well below average rates of family poverty Table 10 3 60 A majori
191. y to move out of it than families in the rest of the UK Of families in other UK countries living above the poverty line when last contacted 15 had moved into poverty by sweep 2 whereas in Scotland this percentage was 12 Of families in other UK countries who were living in poverty when last contacted 36 had moved out of poverty compared to 44 of such families in Scotland in the same period Issues surrounding family poverty differences are further analysed and discussed in a separate report Mothers who had had another child since MCS sweep 1 showed a similar pattern in reported instances of post natal depression across Scotland 30 and the rest of the UK 33 However this rate was much higher for Scottish mothers in no earner families 63 and indicates that they may be particularly vulnerable to post natal depression in comparison even to those in equivalent family circumstances in the rest of the UK 45 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Scotland s User Guide to Millennium Cohort Study Data l This report presents some of the main initial findings of a focus on Scotland s families in the Second Survey of the Millennium Cohort Study MCS2 conducted by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies which is based at the Institute of Education University of London It is intended to provide an introduction to potential users of the survey and to stimulate further in depth and longitudinal analysis 1 Introduction to Millennium Cohort Study Za The
192. ype ice timere ia ei 35 Table 3 3 Change in family type by country esses ennemis 35 Table 3 4a Change in family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland sess 36 Table 3 4b Change in family type by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK esses 37 Transition from cohabitation to marriage ooooonncnncononononoconoconccnncnnncon nono nonn nono non rro n ran nro nennen ener nnne nnne 37 Table 3 5 Transition from cohabitation to marriage by country sssssseeeee eene 37 Table 3 6a Transition from cohabitation to marriage by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland 38 Table 3 6b Transition from cohabitation to marriage by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK 38 Having a another baby by MOS x gege NEEN eee ER ER Hee ia i e Pee denda 39 Table 3 7 Whether cohort mother had a subsequent birth at MCS 2 by Country at MCS 2 sss 39 N mber of siblings rete ete tes eet eec p UR RV e e EP TETUER en 39 Table 3 8 Number of siblings in household at MCS1 and MCS2 by country 39 Table 3 9a Number of siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Scotland 40 Table 3 9b Number of siblings in household by mother s age at MCS2 interview Rest of UK 40 Older and younger siblings oeste nee eite eit deii SEENEN 41 Table 3 10 Older and younger siblings in household by country 41 Table 3
193. ype of ward at MCS1 0 ceccecccceessesseecesseeeeeeeeceseensecesecaeceaecnseeeeeeesneeees 84 Table 6 8a Health service attendance for accidental injury by child gender Scotland 84 Table 6 8b Health service attendance for accidental injury by child gender Rest of UK 84 Table 6 9a Health service attendance for accidental injury at MCS2 by family income at nine months and three years E EE 85 Table 6 9b Health service attendance for accidental injury at MCS2 by family income at nine months and three years Rest of UK ain eerte eR ne cre dein Oe de e avn ER ie Fe DE Te HERR Fede Ln 85 Table 6 10 Immunisation for Measles Mumps and Rubella by country and type of ward at MCSI 86 Table 6 11a Immunisation for measles mumps and rubella by gender Scotland ssse 87 Table 6 11b Immunisation for measles mumps and rubella by gender rest of UK 87 Height nd Welt ete e E RE Ie e OE seri EVER E Re Pe ede 87 Table 6 12a Overweight and obesity by children s gender Scotland sss 87 Table 6 12b Overweight and obesity by children s gender Rest of UK 88 Table 6 13a Childhood overweight and obesity by equivalised family income Scotland 88 Table 6 13b Childhood overweight and obesity by equivalised family income Rest of UK 88 Table 6 14a Childhood overweight and obesi

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