SCAIL-Agriculture: User guide
Contents
1. SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 11 Location Details For each site query you will need to choose a UK country or the Republic of Ireland Figure 5 Project Details Click on the question mark icon L I to view guidance on each G Project Notes Test case for Agriculture Tool form field Project Run Mode Conservative Met Realistic Met Location Details Select Country mms v A Select a country Installation Details England Northern Ireland Installation Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales Installation Name Installation Location 400000 500000 Landranger x y Verify Location Figure 5 Initial project setup Installation Details An Installation is the facility or group of Sources for which the assessment of releases is required More than one Installation can be specified if the assessment is for a number of releases from different locations or if you want to see detailed output from a particular Source in isolation from the other Sources being modelling such as for a Source apportionment study The use of SCAIL Agriculture is not suitable for regulatory screening of sites with multiple installations or dispersed sources In these cases the relevant Regulatory Authority must be contacted for advice Click on the down arrow next to the Installation to add another Installation otherwise select the Installation identifier for which you are about to enter details the de2. SCAIL Verify Location Google Chrome www scaildev ceh ac uk agriculture verify htm Map Satellite Z 3 Installation Name Bl v Installation Location 9 400000 500000 Landranger 9 x y t verify Location ny HE nec E navigate and click A a new position then click Ok Source 1 me ll Current location Source D Pig Poultry 400000 500000 id d New or Existing Source Existing or New E ok 9 Source Name Source Location 2 Landranger xy Vidi Verify Location 2 side X Low R Source Type please select x eu ule Naturally Vented 3 Map dain 82013 Google emzctlss Rapata maparo Building Height m Figure 7 Verifying the location details Source Details Each Installation is made up of a number of discrete Sources representing component contributions on the farm from which pollutants are emitted It should be noted that SCAIL Agriculture groups all the contributing sources in an Installation and therefore you will not be able to tell how much contribution to the total concentration or deposition a particular Source made i e to identify which of a number of animal houses made the highest contribution or whether stored manure or housed animals were likely to be the cause of an odour problem Where you require details of the specific contributions then simply create a separate Installation and put the source you want to specifically identify into thi
3. Select Conservative or Realistic mode For regulatory purposes conservative eege 3 0 ANALYSE RESULTS Adddetails ofthe Countryto be Check whether sources assessed cause exceedences when running in conservative mode Adddetails of Installationnumber 1 the main Installation applied in the Site contains assessment multiple Exceedences Exceedences installations or Occur in do not occur in dispersed sources Conservative Conservative mode mode Add in all sources new and existing For regulatory purposes detailed modelling may be required contact Regulator for advice Add further Installation as required these are minor installations Regulator confirms Regulator advises use of SCAILis use of SCAILis NOT appropriate appropriate Use the automated Look up facility to No further action report add habitats if required Detailed Ed results from SCAIL require For regulatory purposes conservative mode results must be reported Add any userdefine habitats e g RAMSAR Sites Referto guidance Add in any human health receptors Save a copy of your input file and run l 2 0 GENERATE RESULTS SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 9 2 2 Filling out the Form Throughout the SCAIL Agriculture web system the user is provided with guidance notes by using the information icon By clicking the mouse on the icon see Figure 3 text is displayed in the grey box on the ri
4. SCAIL Agriculture User guide Contents NNEN ge Le Le EE 3 1 1 Legislative backgroulid e mette deett odes ala cu eet gessi gon de 3 1 2 Emission sources ANG Impacts eee ree e tuve SR iaaa E tree osea gus 5 1 3 Environmental Assessment Levels Critical Loads Critical Level 6 1 4 Ee 0 er M EE 7 2 The SCAIL Agriculture Web System 8 2 1 SCAIL Agriculture decision flow chat 8 2 2 Filling Out thie Foss e a tn ex eer elucet Dev ree dak 10 2 3 Interpreting the Res lts ceret ie cete saksikan nan tte Ran Ee ala kakak ais ee eu de 21 Appendix 1 Typical Meteorological Year Wind Roses 24 Appendix2 Ammonia Emission Factors for Cattle sssennnsnseesnneennsessesnnenrnssssrsrneennsssserrennnssssenne 46 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 2 1 Introduction Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits from Agricultural Sources SCAIL Agriculture is a screening tool for assessing the impact from pig and poultry farms on human health and on semi natural areas like SSSIs and SACs The model provides an estimate of the amount of acidity and nitrogen deposited as a consequence of ammonia emissions from a farm as well as predictions of air concentrations of ammonia NH3 odour and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microns PM 9 These values can then be used to assess whether impact limits for human health or habitats are exceeded or not Please note that the updated version of
5. and land spreading On an environmental permit application form and on the SCAIL web site you will be asked to fill out all the sources involved in your farming operation that contribute to NH emissions Further detailed information on IED can be found on the APIS IED Directive page The following links will direct the user to the relevant guidance specific to the agency regulating the installation England http www environment agency gov uk business sectors 40069 aspx Wales http naturalresourceswales gov uk apply buy report apply buy grid installations intensive farming Scotland http www sepa org uk air process industry regulation pollution prevention control intensive agriculture aspx Northern Ireland http www doeni gov uk niea pollution home ippc ippc farmregs application forms and guidance htm Republic of Ireland http www epa ie pubs forms lic ipc d en 46362 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 3 If there is the potential for deposition to have an impact on a site with a conservation designation e g Special Area of Conservation SAC or in the UK an Area Site of Special Scientific Interest ASSI SSSI then this potential impact needs to be considered PM legislation Air quality regulation within the EU is based upon the Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008 50 EC and Directive 2004 107 EC which set limits for concentrations of pollutants in outdoor air These are promulgated in national
6. 3 1 51 82 m s 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s Figure A1 23 Skye Lusa wind rose for 2004 Figure A1 24 Spadeadam wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 36 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 6 10 16 knots I nen u en 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s 200 160 180 170 Figure A1 25 Stornoway Airport wind rose for 2005 Figure A1 26 Valley wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 37 2100 200 160 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots ENN ee 0 15 3 1 51 82 ms Figure A1 27 Dyce wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 210 200 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots aoe oe 0 15 31 51 82 ms 160 Figure A1 28 Prestwick RNAS wind rose for 2005 38 210 200 160 200 i 190 480 170 160 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 0 3 6 10 16 knots muu _ nn u i6 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 29 Tiree wind rose for 2005 Figure A1 30 Wick Airport wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 39 480 170 190 480 170 6 10 16 mots 0 3 6 10 16 mots s ven m ven 0 15 31 51 82 m 0 15 31 51 82 m9 Figure A1 31 Belmullet wind rose for 2002 Figure A1 32 Birr wind rose for 2005 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 40 y Ul A cx 480 170 6 10 16 mots F
7. SCAIL Agriculture includes a module that provides an estimation of PM concentrations The module is currently under development in consultation with the regulatory authorities and should only be used to provide an indicative assessment for PM 19 The SCAIL Agriculture user guide provides information on the Industrial Emissions Directive IED critical loads and the model as well as providing a walk through of the system itself You will be shown how to complete a query using the web form and how to interpret the results 1 1 Legislative background Industrial Emissions Directive Intensive agriculture is covered under the Environmental Permitting Regulations in England and Wales Pollution Prevention and Control Scotland Regulations 2012 Pollution Prevention and Control Industrial Emissions Regulations Northern Ireland 2013 The Regulations and Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Emissions Licensing Regulations Republic of Ireland 2013 for the rearing of poultry and pigs There are three main activities that are included in the regulations for installations with more than i 40 000 places for poultry including ducks and turkeys ii 2 000 places for production pigs over 30 kilogrammes or iii 750 places for sows For the three situations above there is also a requirement to look at the different emission sources of NH that are occurring within these types of installation namely emissions from housing storage
8. a comparator value to enable a comparison to be made between the environmental effects of different substances in that medium and between environmental effects in different media and to enable the summation of those effects PM are governed by ambient air quality standards set out in the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010 In England Wales and Ireland for PM the daily average concentration limit is 50 ug m not to be exceeded more than 35 times a calendar year For Scotland the PM daily average concentration limit is 50 pg m not to be exceeded more than 7 times a calendar year Critical Loads levels are the threshold level for the deposition or concentration of a pollutant above which harmful indirect effects can be shown on a habitat or species according to current knowledge Additional deposition above the Critical Load Level is termed Critical Load Level Exceedance For agricultural practices we are primarily interested in the critical loads for nitrogen and acidity and the critical level for ammonia NH3 since emissions from livestock farming lead to increased pollutant loads which could cause harmful effects The impact of excess nitrogen deposition is always quoted in Kg of nitrogen per hectare per year Kg N ha yr whilst acid deposition is quoted in Kg of hydrogen ion equivalents K Eq H per hectare per year K Eq H ha yr Further information on critical loads can be found at www apis ac uk overview issues overview Cloads
9. a statutory nuisance A Public Inquiry at Newbiggin on Sea established that the 98 percentile of hourly concentrations provided a suitable surrogate for determining an odour nuisance Typically concentrations above between 1 and 5 Odour Units per cubic meter of air when evaluated as the 98 percentile of hourly values would be determined to result in odour pollution Horizontal Guidance from the Environment Agency for England Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland and the Odour Impact Assessment Guidance for EPA Licensed Sites for the Republic of Ireland provides further details on the assessment of odour issues for regulatory purposes Further guidance can be found at http www scottishairquality co uk http www sepa org uk http www apis ac uk www environment agency gov uk http naturalresourceswales gov uk http www epa ie http www doeni gov uk SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 4 1 2 Emission sources and impacts Ammonia NH3 Nitrogen deposition and impacts Ammonia NH3 in the atmosphere results primarily from the decomposition and volatilisation of animal wastes As such it is in principle a natural trace gas However as agricultural livestock numbers have dramatically increased together with increases in nitrogen fertilization NH emissions have increased accordingly Sutton et al 1993 Emissions of ammonia lead to the deposition of nitrogen to vegetative surfaces through processes of wet and dry depo
10. legislation Air quality is a devolved matter though the UK government leads on international and European legislation Administrations in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland are responsible for their own air quality policy and legislation The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010 transpose into English law the requirements of Directives 2008 50 EC and 2004 107 EC on ambient air quality Equivalent regulations have been made by the devolved administrations in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland The equivalent in the Republic of Ireland is the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2011 Odours The Environmental Permitting Regulations require the control of pollution including odour In addition action on odours can be taken under Section 80 of The Environmental Protection Act 1990 in cases where a statutory nuisance is found to exist Whether or not odour constitutes a statutory nuisance depends on several factors including severity e duration frequency and whether it interferes with the average person s reasonable enjoyment of their property In other words an unpleasant odour in someone s garden in the winter that does not enter their house would not constitute a statutory nuisance as the average person would not be expected to spend significant periods of time in their garden during cold weather However during warmer weather they are more likely to be in the garden and therefore the same odour would be more likely to constitute
11. m u en 0 15 31 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 5 Church Fenton Wind rose 2003 Figure A1 6 Coleshill Wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 27 N 150 160 jem 190 480 170 170 10 16 knots 3 6 10 16 knots mm m nen 0 15 31 51 82 m9 0 15 3 1 51 82 m9 Figure A1 7 Crosby Wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 8 Edinburgh Gogarbank Wind rose for 2003 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 28 320 lt 310 a 300 190 480 170 190 0 3 6 10 16 mots 0 3 200 160 200 160 180 170 6 10 16 knots muu _ nen u en 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 9 Eskdalemuir Wind rose for 2004 Figure A1 10 Glasgow Bishopton Wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 29 200 160 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots m gt 0 15 3 1 51 82 m Figure A1 11 Heathrow Wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 190 1800 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots aoe ee 0 15 31 51 82 ms 200 Figure A1 12 Islay Port Ellen wind rose for 2005 160 160 170 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 16 knots a ven CENE ven 0 15 31 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 13 Isle of Portland wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 14 Lerwick wind rose for 2005 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 31
12. offices in Edinburgh Greenside House 25 Greenside Place Edinburgh EH1 3AA Scotland UK 0131 557 2140 infoGsniffer org uk ww sniffer org uk Scotland amp Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research Sniffer Scottish Charity No SC022375 Company No SC149513 Registered in Edinburgh Registered Office Edinburgh Quay 133 Fountainbridge Edinburgh EH3 JAG
13. on the question mark icon 2 to view guidance on each form field Submit Realistic Met v Figure 4 Specifying file for loading input data Project Details amp Run Mode In the Project Notes box you can enter details on the sources to be modelled and the type of run being carried out e g worst case or realistic This information is copied onto the output screen and also to any output files saved Figure 5 For the Project Run Mode either Conservative or Realistic Met can be chosen Figure 5 Where SCAIL Agriculture results are to be reported to the relevant regulatory authority results must be produced using the Conservative Met run mode SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 10 SCAlL Agriculture can be used in either mode as a guide for non regulatory purposes such as exploratory investigations for planning pre application or research Realistic Met will use the actual position of the habitat site and Conservative Met will rotate the habitat site so that it is in the prevailing wind direction for the meteorological file being used and hence receive the highest amount of pollutant concentration and deposition The Conservative Met assumption can help to ensure that the effects of local wind fields are captured However the method works best for situations where there are either single sources or sources are closely grouped and care needs to be taken with sources that are w
14. 160 160 180 170 180 170 6 10 16 knots 6 10 16 knots a ven FE e 0 15 31 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 15 Leuchars wind rose 2003 Figure A1 16 Lossiemouth wind rose 2004 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 32 320 ou A 310 N P 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots ENN eee 0 15 3 1 51 82 ms 200 160 Figure A1 17 Lyneham wind rose for 2002 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 210 200 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots aoe ee 0 15 31 51 82 ms 160 Figure A1 18 Marham wind rose for 2001 33 210 J 200 i RARE RENE EL 160 190 480 170 190 upps 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 0 3 6 10 16 knots C EE ven ERR ee 0 15 31 51 82 m s 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s Figure A1 19 Mumbles Head wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 20 Plymouth Mountbatten wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 34 2100 210 200 160 200 in ae 160 190 480 170 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 0 3 6 10 16 knots I ien u en 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 21 Portglenone wind rose for 2002 Figure A1 22 Sennybridge wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 35 210 200 160 160 190 480 170 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 0 3 6 10 16 knots muu _ iei u iones 0 15
15. 700 573000 285 250 STORNOWAY AIRPORT STOR OS 146443 933104 15 190 VALLEY VALL OS 230885 375849 10 210 DYCE DYCE OS 387810 812800 62 170 PRESTWICK RNAS PRES OS 236902 627653 10 250 TIREE TIRE OS 99900 744600 10 190 WICK AIRPORT WICK OS 336490 952230 30 150 BELLMULLET BELL IRL 70220 335187 11 190 BIRR BIRR IRL 206158 205628 73 190 CASEMENT CASE IRL 303878 229925 94 220 CORK CORK IRL 166139 65739 154 220 DUBLIN AIRPORT DUBL IRL 316878 243079 71 250 KILLKENNY KILK IRL 250828 155810 66 180 KNOCK KNOC IRL 139548 282924 205 210 MULLINGAR MULL IRL 243023 253295 104 220 ROSSLARE ROSS IRL 309980 114606 26 220 SHANNON SHAN IRL 138530 162095 6 250 VALENTIA VALE IRL 45204 77945 25 170 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 160 TE 190 480 170 180 170 6 10 16 knots 3 6 10 16 knots I wn CENE ven 0 15 S31 51 82 m s 0 15 3 1 51 82 m s Figure A1 1 Aviemore Wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 2 Ballykelly Wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 25 210 A ENT 210 200 190 480 170 190 480 170 0 3 6 10 16 knots 0 3 6 10 16 knots wn I nen 0 15 31 51 82 m 0 15 31 51 82 m9 200 160 Figure A1 3 Boulmer Wind rose for 2004 Figure A1 4 Cardiff Weather Centre Wind rose for 2003 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 26 200 160 A a 190 480 170 190 0 3 6 10 16 mog 3 6 10 16 ot9 m
16. 72 SAC 398154 491220 16 Ox Close 8 974 SSSI 398158 491217 17 Kisdon Force Woods 9 149 SSSI 390875 500665 18 Bowes Moor 9 768 SSSI 394815 508278 Figure 15 Receptor details within a specified distance of an Installation Clicking on the Verify Receptor Locations button produces a map showing the Installation and identified receptor locations Figure 16 Further information on the specific habits is provided by hovering the mouse over the blue Receptors pins these show the closest edge of the identified habitats The red Receptor pin shows the location of the first Installation that was added No of Designated Sites Ki Site No Name Distance km Designation Easting Northing North Pennine Moors 0 047 SAC 400035 Arkengarthdale Gunnerside amp Reeth Moors 0 047 400035 North Pennine Moors 0 048 400035 Park Hall Meadows Healaugh 1375 Lovely Seat Stainton Moor 1 916 Feetham Holme 2 232 Shaw Beck Gill 3 648 D www scaildev ceh ac uk agriculture verify receptors htm country gb Map Satellite Fothering Holme 3 868 Len Pastures Crackpot 3 898 North Pennine Dales Meadows Stephen Ings Crackpot 4 158 Arkle Beck Meadows Whaw 4 266 New Close Calvert Houses 8 064 Muker Meadows 8 972 Kisdon Force Woods Bowes Moor Figure 16 Confirming Receptor locations in relation to an Installation SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 17 There is also the facility to add User specified sites This can be used whe
17. E E mu wen 0 15 31 51 82 ms 0 15 31 51 82 m s Figure A1 33 Casement wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 34 Cork wind rose for 2005 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 41 150 160 160 170 170 190 480 0 3 6 10 16 mots 16 mots EEE ven Se ven 0 15 31 51 82 m 0 15 31 51 82 m9 Figure A1 35 Dublin Airport wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 36 Kilkenny Airport wind rose for 2001 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 42 190 480 170 16 mots 0 3 6 10 16 mots EE ven m ven 0 15 31 51 82 m 0 15 31 51 82 m9 Figure A1 37 Knock wind rose for 2005 Figure A1 38 Mullingar wind rose for 2005 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 43 150 160 160 170 mots mots m m m ven 0 15 31 51 82 m 0 15 31 51 82 m9 170 Figure A1 39 Rosslare wind rose for 2001 Figure A1 40 Shannon wind rose for 2002 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 44 160 180 170 6 10 16 mots EE ven 0 15 31 51 82 m9 Figure A1 41 Valentia wind rose for 2005 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 45 Appendix 2 Ammonia Emission Factors for Cattle Housing Storage Spreading Grazing outdoor Livestock category emission emission emission emission Dairy cows amp heifers 1 70E 01 5 15E 00 9 28E 00 2 01E 00 Dairy heifers in calf 5 04E 00 1 57E 00 2 24E 00 1 89E 00 Dairy repl
18. Source 2 v g Source Pig oa Poultry New or Existing Source New x Source Name Building 2 Source Location 77 400000 500100 Landranger 9 x y verify Location Source Type Housing d Naturally Vented Building Height 5 m Fan Location 2 Roof z Number of Fans 10 Fan Diameter 2 1 m Fan Flowrate 4 m s Livestock Number 7 10000 Housing Floor Area 1000 m2 Type 3 Layers Y Details 77 Ventilated deep pit Total emissions NH3 12000 kg PM10 1200 kg Odour 2649024000 kOu Get Emissions Values NH3 emission kg 2000 comment PM10 emission kg 200 comment Odour emission kOu Q 441504000 comment Figure 8 Specifying Source details Select Pig or Poultry depending on the livestock type you are assessing At this point you are now ready to enter the data that will be used to calculate the emissions coming from the various agricultural Sources SCAIL uses the same emission factors found in the IPPC application There are three menus associated with Source type Figure 8 Most of the time you will need to select all 3 The first select list shows the three main types of agricultural Sources 1 Housing 2 Litter Manure Storage 3 Land Spreading The second select menu will depend on what is selected in the first menu but it will contain livestock types storage or land spreading operations Finally the third select menu gives furt
19. Yew Woodland 400035 500035 SPAD Conservative 90 Process Contribution at receptor edge Background concentration at receptor edge _ Predicted Environmental Concentration Process Contribution at receptor edge Background deposition at receptor Predicted Environmental Deposition Broad leaved mixed and yew Environmental Assessment Level or Critical Load Level 3 5 0 of relevant standard EXCEEDANCE Save Results Save Inputs Use this Back button Do not use the browser back button you could lose all inputs Scottish Environment AGENCY Zeus PORA POR Ers enen e Me Hydrol gy SE PAW ENVIRONMENT A SNIFFER NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL Protection Agency Figure 24 Results screen Displayed Critical Load values are examples only SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 22 Options after running the model At the bottom of the results page are several options Figure 24 The Save Results button will save the output data in CSV comma separated variables format which can be opened in Microsoft Excel The Save Inputs button can be used to save the input data for this model run if it was not saved on the input form before running the model You can return to the Input Page by clicking on the Back Page button at the bottom of the page If you use your browser s Back button to go back to the input page you may lose the inpu
20. acements 4 21E 00 1 31E 00 1 87E 00 1 58E 00 Dairy calves 9 51E 01 1 66E 00 1 83E 00 9 10E 01 Beef cows amp heifers 6 45E 00 1 87E 00 2 69E 00 2 14E 00 Beef heifers in calf 4 57E 00 1 33E 00 1 91E 00 1 52E 00 Beef 1yr 4 57E 00 1 33E 00 1 91E 00 1 52E 00 Beef calves 9 51E 01 1 65E 00 1 84E 00 9 10E 01 Emissions are quoted in Kg NH per animal per year SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 46 Q Sniffer 2014 All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of Sniffer The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of Sniffer Its members servants or agents accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information or reliance upon views contained herein Dissemination status Unrestricted Project funders Environment Agency Scottish Environment Protection Agency Northern Ireland Environment Agency Whilst this document is considered to represent the best available scientific information and expert opinion available at the stage of completion of the report it does not necessarily represent the final or policy positions of the project funders Research contractor Sniffer s project manager This document was produced by Sniffer s project manager for this contract is Michela
21. ckground at specified receptors and selecting the output statistic for PM assessments Saving the input file Use the Save input data button to save all the information entered on the form for this project Figure 20 and Figure 21 This will enable the same scenario to be run again or modified without having to enter all the information again A user specified file can be saved Figure 20 although this depends on the internet browser that you are using the options shown in Figure 20 are relevant to Microsoft Internet Explorer This file should be renamed if you want to save multiple runs in the same folder If you forget to save the input data at this stage it can be saved from the results page after the model has run Human Health Receptor Details Receptor 7 v Add Receptor PM10 percentile 90 vi Receptor Name House Receptor Location ox 400378 499315 O Landranger x y Verify Location Check Background PM10 Levels Finished adding sources Save Input Data Clear Form Figure 20 Specifying file name for saving input data options depend on the browser that you are using Clearing the Form If you want to clear the form deleting all the Sources that have been set up click on the Clear Form button Figure 21 If the input data is required later make sure you have saved the data first using the Save Input Data button SCAIL Agriculture User Guide A
22. eleted by selecting the site then pressing the red delete button next to the Add site button User specified site 1 4 Add site SCAIL Combusiton Background Levels Google Chrome Site Name North Pennine Moors n EEPDUNUXUUSCUHI ES EDO www scaildev ceh ac uk cgi bin agriculture background check pl habitat Ac Site Location z 400035 500035 Landranger 9 x y Verify Location 2 Habitat within site Acid grassland Background Levels and Critical Loads Region England Gridreference 400035 500035 Habitat Acid grassland Check Background Levels Human Health Receptor Details Receptor 1 z Add Receptor PM10 percentile oo Receptor Name House Receptor Location 400378 499315 Landranger xy Verify Location 2 Check Background PM10 Levels Figure 18 Background levels at User specified habitat sites Entering Human Receptor details There is also the facility to add User specified Human Receptor sites These are used to assess concentrations of PM and odour There are a number of statistics that are relevant for PM exposure hence SCAIL Agriculture allows the user to specify either the 90 percentile 98 percentile or annual average statistic these are selected using the PM percentile drop down shown in Figure 19 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 18 The method is very similar to the add
23. fault is 1 for the first Installation If other Installations have been added more than 1 identifier will be present Figure 6 To delete an Installation select the Installation then click on the cross next to the Installation selection box Installation Details Installation AR Nase Add Installation Installation Location 400000 500000 Landranger x y verify Location Figure 6 Specifying an installation Enter the Installation name and then add the location details Put in the grid reference of the location of the habitat at its nearest edge to your source You can enter either Landranger e g NJ692258 or OS x y co ordinates e g 369250 825850 in metres For Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland only x y co ordinates e g 145665 156755 in metres can be used Confirm that the location of the Installation is correct by clicking on Verify Location This opens a Google Maps window showing the co ordinate locations entered Figure 7 The map can be zoomed to confirm the exact installation location If not the location can be moved by clicking at the appropriate location on the Map then clicking on OK to confirm the new location The new location co ordinates are transferred back to the Installation Location box Close the Map box when finished SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 12 Location Details Select Country Installation Details Installation England 2
24. g x Naturally Vented Building Height 5 m Fan Location 2 Roof Number of Fans 10 Fan Diameter 2 1 m Fan Flowrate 2 4 m s Livestock Number 2 10000 Housing Floor Area 2 1000 m2 Type Layers v Details 2 Ventilated deep pit Figure 9 Specifying options for housing Finally specify the Livestock number and the footprint area of the animal housing and the type of animal housed in the building see Figure 10 for types available As a guide the animal welfare regulations The Welfare of Farmed Animals England Regulations 2007 recommends minimum floor areas that must be provided for livestock aes O v M lamma please select please select Barn and free range Farrowers Broilers Weaners Turkeys male Growers Turkeys female Finishers Ducks Boars Pullets Figure 10 Specifying animal types for housing The last input stage is to specify the housing regime for the animal Figure 11 then click on the Get Emission Values button to populate the values from the database defaults according to the options selected and input values User specified values can be added and comments on the Source entered Where any manual modification is made to the emission rates then suitable comments should be included to provide a record of any assumptions made SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 15 ey please select Bar
25. gh O Neill Sniffer Jacobs UK Ltd Sniffer s technical advisory group is 1080 Eskdale Road Rob Kinnersley Environment Agency Principal technical advisor Winnersh Alan McDonald Scottish Environment Protection Agency Wokingham Alison Long Scottish Environment Protection Agency RG41 STU sa Hedmark Scottish Environment Protection Agency John McEntagart Environmental Protection Agency Centre for Ecology amp Hydrology Ciara Maxwell Environmental Protection Agency Maclean Building David Bruce Northern Ireland Environment Agency Benson Lane Clare Whitfield Joint Nature Conservation Committee Crowmarsh Gifford Simon Bareham Natural Resources Wales Wallingford Ji Ping Shi Natural Resources Wales Oxfordshire OX10 8BB th Naturiol An Agency within the Department of the Cymru Northern Ireland Environment S E PAP EM i e ENVIRONMENT A Environmenti www doeni gov uk Scottish Environment Wales AGENCY wwwni environment gov uk Agency Protection Agency Sniffer is a charity delivering knowledge based solutions to resilience and sustainability issues We create and use breakthrough ideas and collaborative approaches across sectors to make Scotland a more resilient place to live work and play Through innovative partnership approaches we share good practice synthesise and translate evidence commission new studies and target communications guidance and training Sniffer is a company limited by guarantee and a registered charity with
26. ght of the form giving guidance on the relevant input field Click on the question mark icon 2 to view guidance on each Project Notes form field Project Details Project Run Mode Conservative Met Realistic Met Location Details Select Country England v Installation Details Installation 1 v Installation Name My Farm 7 Installation Location 400000 500000 Landranger x y Verify Location Figure 3 How to use the guidance info tool Entering Input Data All the information needed to run the model is entered on the web form However if you have saved input data from a previous run this can be loaded by clicking on the Load Input Data button at the top right of the form This will bring up a window where the input file can be selected and loaded Figure 4 This will populate the form with the saved input data ready to edit or run SCAIL Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits Agricultural Sources SCAIL Agriculture is a screening tool for assessing the and on semi natural areas like SSSIs and SACs The model provides an estimate of a farm as well as predictions of air concentrations of odour and PM10 These values for human heath or habitats are exceeded or not 3 www scaildev ceh ac 3 www scaildev ceh ac uk ag Filename BEPA EA NIEA EPA Contact Details Online Tutorial Load Input Data Choose File testcase inp Click
27. her detail The two input boxes are for inputting the number of livestock or area of housing or volume of slurry spread on fields For example in Figure 8 the user has selected Housing Layers and Ventilated deep pit There are 10000 layers in the housing unit which has an area of 1000 m 50 x SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 14 20 m shed It should be noted that SCAlL Agriculture includes buildings as cuboids hence this building will be represented in the tool as having a footprint of 31 6 m x 31 6 m If housing is selected you are prompted to specify the building height and select if the building is naturally ventilated If the building is not naturally ventilated i e it is ventilated by mechanical fans then specify the location of the ventilation fans as either Roof or Side of Building using the Fan Location drop down If you do not know the location of the ventilation fans or if there is a roughly even split between fans mounted on the roof and walls of the building then you should select Side of Building When Roof mounted fans are selected then you should specify the number of fans the diameter of a typical exhaust and airflow of a typical fan Figure 9 If any of information required for including Roof mounted fans is unknown then use the Side of Building option Guidelines on the ventilation rates for typical livestock types can be found in Table 2 D of the SCAIL Agriculture report Source Type Housin
28. idely spaced apart For this reason the use of SCAIL Agriculture is not suitable for regulatory screening of sites with multiple installations or dispersed sources and the relevant Regulatory Authority should be contacted for advice Where SCAIL Agriculture is not being used for regulatory purposes in situations where a large number of sources are being modelled across a wide geographical area the modeller should use the actual source position as applied through the realistic met option Details of the meteorological sites included in SCAIL Agriculture can be seen in Appendix 1 The prevailing wind direction at each of the meteorological sites is listed in Table A1 1 Wind Direction degrees The following examples illustrate the use of the Conservative Met option The left hand and centre figures illustrate that the rotation of the receptor locations into the prevailing wind direction works well when sources are located close to Installation number 1 The source midpoint is determined by the location of Installation number 1 as defined by the user The methodology does not work well when sources are distant from Installation number 1 as shown in the right hand figure Single source S Groups of sources J Groups of MP lt O gt O O 9 e ee Source midpoint e Source 9 Receptor conservative position e Receptor actual position Q Distance between source and receptor Prevailing wind direction
29. ition of user specified habitat sites as described in the previous section Click on Add receptor then enter a name and location for the Receptor Confirm the site location using the map then at this stage you can use the Check Background PM Levels button to check the background PM concentration at the location read from APIS Figure 19 As before more Human Receptor sites can be added in the same way and individual receptors can be deleted by selecting the receptor then pressing the red delete button next to the Add receptor button It should be noted that background concentrations for odour are not required in the assessment User specified site 1 O Add site Site Name North Pennine Moors Site Location 400035 500035 Landranger 9 x y FA www scaildev ceh ac uk agriculture pm O DE X erify Location O www scaildev ceh ac uk agriculture pm10 background c Habitat within site Acid grassland ati Background Levels and Critical Loads Check Background Levels Human Health Receptor Details Region England Receptor 1 H 6 Add Receptor PM10 percentile 99 x Gridreference 400378 499315 90 Receptor House Receptor Name House Average Receptor Location 400378 499315 Landranger 9 x y Verify Location Background concentration to receptor 573 Critical Level annual mean equivalent 90th so Check Background PM10 Levels Figure 19 Checking PM ba
30. levels htm Critical levels for ammonia are quoted in ug m and have been set for lichens bryophytes and other vegetation SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 6 1 4 Meteorology The SCAIL Agriculture screening model uses an approach that uses data from nearby meteorological stations The Typical Meteorological Year approach is used to derive meteorological data to best represent the long term dataset based on the similarity of the annual wind direction distribution to the long term average five year Similarity of long term wind direction distributions of nearby stations has been used to reduce the number of meteorological stations used The 30 stations included in the model for the UK are shown in Figure 1a and the 11 stations for the Republic of Ireland are shown in Figure 1b Figure 1 Meteorological Station used in SCAIL Agriculture LERWICK STORNOWAY AIRPORT AIRPORT ISLAY PORT C ELLEN PRESTWICK We of Om d d s CHURCH ESKDALEMUIR ENT PORTGLENDNE CROSBY VALLEY Uae COLESHILL IYBRIDGE EAM HEATHROW LYNEHAM CENTRE ISLE OF PORTLAND PLYMOUTH NTBATT b 11 Meteorological Station used in SCAIL Agriculture for the Republic of Ireland SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 7 2 The SCAIL Agriculture Web System This section provides a brief walk through of the system and will guide you through the form filling exercise and interpretation of the results 2 1 SCAIL Agriculture decision flow chart E
31. n and free range Broilers Turkeys male Turkeys female Ducks Pullets Figure 11 Specify housing regime Fully Slatted Floor FSF please select Fully Slatted Floor FSF Solid Floor straw system Part Slatted Floor PSF with reduced manure p t FSF with vacuum system for frequent slurry removal For manure storage enter the mass of manure and area of storage then select the storage type Figure 12 Now click on the Get Emission Values button and the emissions of ammonia PM and odour will be populated with values from the database defaults according to the options selected and input values These values can be replaced by user defined values if required and a comment added about the values used Manure belts Manure deep pit Other litter Manure belts Manure heap iv please select please select please select Manure heap Slurry circular store Slurry lagoon Figure 12 Specifying Litter Manure storage parameters Similarly if land spreading is selected enter the mass of manure to be spread and the area over which it is spread and the number of applications per year Select the type of application Figure 13 the type of poultry where relevant Figure 14 then Press the Get Emission Values button and the emissions of ammonia PM and odour will be populated with values from the database according to selections made Again
32. ntering designated site details Enter the radius over which you would like an automated search of designated sites then click on the Run receptor search button It should be noted that this search will be centred on the location that was specified for Installation number 1 This searches on line databases for designated sites within the specified radius from the Installation and produces a list of all sensitive designated sites found Figure 15 This list shows the site name the distance to the Installation and the site designation Search Radius 9 10 km Run Receptor Search No of Designated Sites 18 found Verify Receptor Locations Site No Name Distance km Designation Easting Northing 1 North Pennine Moors 0 047 SAC 400035 500035 2 Arkengarthdale Gunnerside amp Reeth Moors 0 047 SSSI 400035 500035 3 North Pennine Moors 0 048 SPA 400035 500035 4 Park Hall Meadows Healaugh 1 375 SSSI 400998 499054 5 Lovely Seat Stainton Moor 1 916 SSSI 400902 498310 6 Feetham Holme 2 232 SSSI 399455 497835 d Shaw Beck Gill 3 648 SSSI 400016 503648 8 Fothering Holme 3 868 SSSI 399319 503807 9 Len Pastures Crackpot 3 898 SSSI 397606 496924 10 North Pennine Dales Meadows 3 917 SAC 399166 503827 1 Stephen Ings Crackpot 4 158 SSSI 397534 496651 12 Arkle Beck Meadows Whaw 4 266 SSSI 398520 504001 13 New Close Calvert Houses 8 064 SSSI 392189 497994 14 Muker Meadows 8 275 SSSI 392049 497703 15 Ox Close 8 9
33. pril 2014 19 Running the model Before running the assessment tool you can add any additional information about the Assessment in the notes box Save the input file if you wish to re use the input data Once you are happy that all the information has been correctly entered on the form click the Calculate button to run the assessment Figure 21 Add Receptor PM10 percentile 90 z EEn House 400378 499315 C Landranger Ss o Check Background PM10 Levels Finished adding sources Save Input Data Figure 21 Buttons to run the model save the input data or clear the form A holding screen is displayed while the calculations are being undertaken Figure 22 SCAIL Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits Please Wait This can take a few minutes to process Figure 22 Holding screen while calculation is on going SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 20 2 3 Interpreting the Results Once the assessment has run you will be presented with the results page To display the results for different receptor site click the box in top left of the Results form Figure 23 Help text can be accessed by clicking on the information icon This text appears in the Content Specific Help Text box at the top of the screen as shown in Figure 23 The output screen is split into e Site Information information on the selected site name location distance from In
34. re new sites may have arisen for example or where other semi natural areas need assessing Click on Add site then enter a name and location for the site You should also select the habitat type within the Receptor site Figure 17 User specified site 1 y o Site Name North Pennine Moors Site Location 400035 500035 Landranger 9 x y Verify Location Habitat within site Acid grassland please select Check Background Levels Bogs Human Health Receptor Details Broadleaved Mixed and Yew Woodland Calcareous grassland Receptor 1 Coastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh 10 percentile 90 v Q Coastal saltmarsh Coniferous woodland Dunes Shingle amp Machair Dwarf Shrub Heath Receptor Location Fen Marsh and Swamp Hedgerows Inland Rock amp Scree Maritime Cliff and Slopes Montane Habitats Neutral Grassland Wood Pasture and Parkland Receptor Name Check Background PM10 Levels Figure 17 Specifying habitat type for a user defined receptor Confirm the site location using the map then at this stage you can use the Check Background Levels button to check the background concentration and deposition levels for each pollutant at the habitat grid reference entered and then compare these levels with the Critical Load Level of the selected Habitat Type Figure 18 This information will open in a new window More User specified sites can be added in the same way and individual sites can be d
35. rror Reference source not found shows the flow diagram of the SCAIL agriculture tool and the decisions that may be taken in carrying out an environmental assessment Since the tool compares a number of metrics for habitats or human health obtaining no exceedance on all limits may be difficult Where environmental standards are already exceeded by the background or the new installation results in an exceedance you should consult the relevant regulatory guidance for further action In addition for emissions of ammonia where a sensitive receptor is located within 250 metres of the installation the following guidance must be followed e For intensive farming sites that are regulated under the Environmental Permitting Regulations EPR in England and Wales PPC permitted sites in Scotland IPPC in Northern Ireland and with distances to the nearest sensitive receptor of less than 250m applicants must go straight to undertaking detailed modelling e For non EPR PPC IPPC sites with distances to the nearest sensitive receptor between 100 250m SCAIL can be used and then advice must be sought from the regulator for clarification on whether detailed modelling is required e For sites with distances to the nearest sensitive receptor of less than 100m detailed modelling will be required SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 8 Figure 2 SCAIL Agriculture flow chart Re run in alternative mode for non regulatory purposes 1 0 CONFIGURATION
36. s Installation Installations can overlap each other Sources can be buildings housing animals for instance or manure heaps stores or land spreading The Source details section allows the specification of each Source at an Installation Enter the details for each Source If you want to use multiple Sources fill in the details for one Source then select Add Source from the Source drop down and fill in the details for the additional Source Sources can be removed using the red delete button Figure 7 Up to 20 sources can be added For each Source enter a Source name and a location This process is identical to the specification of Installation location Enter the relevant co ordinates then click on Verify location to open the map window allowing the source location to be confirmed or moved by clicking at a new location and clicking OK to confirm the new location Figure 7 Select whether the Source is related to pigs or poultry by clicking the appropriate Radio button and confirm whether a Source is new or existing If your application is for a new Installation or Source select New If you are including an existing Source select Existing Nitrogen deposition from existing Sources are already included in the background totals and should therefore be removed to avoid double counting of Sources SCAIL carries this process out for you Figure 8 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 13 Source Details
37. sed on the grid reference supplied for the habitat An exceedance total value environmental standard is then calculated and displayed as both a percentage and an absolute value A positive value indicates an exceedance and is shown in red The relevant regulatory authority should be contacted for advice regarding as to whether further detailed modelling will be required if one or more of the following threshold levels are met or exceeded based on results produced using the Conservative Met run mode e PM greater than the threshold level of 1096 of the relevant standard critical level e NH greater than the threshold level of 1 of the relevant standard critical level e Odour greater than the threshold level of 10 of the relevant standard critical level For more information on how to interpret the results please consult the relevant regulatory Guidance Document for the country that the assessment is being conducted SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 21 SCAIL Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits Results Scail Home User Guide SCAIL Agriculture Report SEPA EA NIEA EPA Contact Details Online Tutorial Site Information Ste v 2 Region Site Name Site Code Designation Status Distance from Installation m Habitat Type Grid Reference Met Site Run Mode PM Percentile England North Pennine Moors N A User defined 49 Broadleaved Mixed and
38. sition Excess nitrogen deposition to terrestrial plants can lead to eutrophication effects and communities most at risk are those rich in mosses and lichens and where species richness is comprised of slow growing species Competition from invasive species often grasses poses a threat for many plant communities but the type of species invading will depend on the proximity of a seed source arable farmed land Nitrogen deposition can also increase the risk of damage from drought summer and winter and frost PM Particulate pollution is composed of particles that are small enough to remain suspended in the air Particulate matter pollution consists of very small particles floating in the air which can include smoke soot dust salts acids metals and semi volatile liquids Particulate matter also forms when gases emitted from industrial and combustion sources and motor vehicles undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere Particulate pollution also can include materials that can be highly toxic Exposure to such particles can affect both the lungs and heart PMio refers to particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter about one seventh the thickness of a human hair Major sources of PM include motor vehicles wood burning stoves and fireplaces dust from construction landfills and agriculture wildfires and brush waste burning industrial sources windblown dust from open lands and atmospheric chemical and photochemical reactions S
39. stallation No 1 etc as well as generic information on the model run met site run mode and the PM percentile that was applied e Installation Information emissions concentrations and deposition values subdivided by each Installation included in the assessment This includes information on the total number of Sources included in each Installation and the number of Sources that were flagged as being New Sources e Total Deposition Concentrations and Exceedences concentrations and deposition values totalled for all Installations included in the assessment These can include information on the relevant Environmental Assessment Level or Critical Load Level based on the pollutant and receptor type being modelled Site Information Site 1 2 Region site 2 England Site Name Site 3 North Pennine Moors site 4 Site Code site 5 N A site 6 Designation S site 7 User defined A site 8 Distance from Site 9 n m 49 Habitat Type Site Broadleaved Mixed and Yew Woodland site 1 Grid Referendsite 12 400035 500035 R site 13 Met Site site 14 SPAD Run Mode Conservative PM Percentile L I 90 Installation Information Figure 23 Selecting different receptor sites to display Results are displayed for PM NH3 Odour Nitrogen deposition and acid deposition Figure 24 A breakdown of the total concentration and deposition to the habitat is given together with the background concentration deposition ba
40. t data you filled out on the form SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 23 Appendix 1 Typical Meteorological Year Wind Roses Table A1 1 Details of meteorological sites included in SCAIL Agriculture StationX Station Y Station Wind Station mE GER Coordinate Coordinate Elevation Direction Short Grid m m m degrees AVIEMORE AVIE OS 289652 814315 228 210 BALLYKELLY BALL IRL 263400 423800 4 110 BOULMER BOUL OS 425300 614200 23 250 CARDIFF WEATHER CENTRE CARD OS 318200 176100 52 230 CHURCH FENTON CHUR OS 452818 438027 8 270 COLESHILL COLE OS 421090 286940 96 200 CROSBY CROS OS 329940 400570 9 150 EDINBURGH GOGARBANK EDIN OS 316100 671400 57 250 ESKDALEMUIR ESKD OS 323500 602600 242 190 GLASGOW BISHOPTON GLAS OS 241788 671073 59 210 HEATHROW HEAT OS 507700 176700 25 210 ISLAY PORT ELLEN ISLA OS 132900 651300 17 140 ISLE OF PORTLAND ISLE OS 367798 69251 52 250 LERWICK LERW OS 445392 1139664 82 170 LEUCHARS LEUC OS 346800 720900 10 260 LOSSIEMOUTH LOSS OS 321249 869822 6 250 LYNEHAM LYNE OS 400629 178255 145 210 MARHAM MARH OS 573700 309100 21 210 MUMBLES HEAD MUMB OS 262700 187000 32 270 PLYMOUTH MOUNTBATTEN PLYM OS 249219 52714 50 90 PORTGLENONE PORT IRL 299100 403100 64 330 SENNYBRIDGE NO 2 SENN OS 289408 241777 307 230 SKYE LUSA SKYE OS 170593 824888 18 210 SPADEADAM NO 2 SPAD OS 364
41. user specified values can be added and comments on the Source entered CC Broadcast solid manure EJ please select Broadcast solid manure Broadcast solid and ploughed within 24 hrs Broadcast slurry Trailing shoe slurry Injection open slot Injection closed slot Figure 13 Specifying Land spreading parameters Laying hens Ea please select Laying hens Other poultry Figure 14 Specifying poultry type for land spreading selection please select B Broadcast Broadcast amp ploughed within 24hrs Complete the entry of all details for all Sources required TIP for modelling types of Sources not included in the tool SCAIL Agriculture provides a flexible platform for modelling a multitude of Sources The inclusion of Pig and Poultry within the tool relates to the automated look up of emissions data although the users of the tool are able to overwrite these values with their own emission calculations suitable commentary should be added Ammonia emission factors for dairy cattle are provided at the end of this user guide Appendix 2 and could be applied to model dairy housing it is recommended that the naturally ventilated housing option is applied Likewise modelling of emissions from on farm anaerobic digestion units could apply the point source modelling approximations to treat a range of types of emissions SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 16 E
42. uspended particulates produce haze and reduce visibility Odour Odour is the smell that we are able to detect from substances carried by air into our nostrils The ability of odours to be carried long distances in the air means that odours have the ability to affect a large number of people The degree to which people are affected will however depend on the sensitivity of their sense of smell and their tolerance of the odour in question Odour problems are typically associated with the following e fumes from boilers etc e smoke from bonfires or chimneys e accumulations of waste e g dog faeces food items etc e odour arising from the manner in which animals are kept and e odour from industrial trade or business premises Occasionally pollutants have an accompanying odour e g hydrogen sulphide or ammonia Sutton M A Pitcairn C E R and Fowler D 1993 The exchange of ammonia between the atmosphere and plant communities Advances in Ecological Research 24 301 392 SCAIL Agriculture User Guide April 2014 5 1 3 Environmental Assessment Levels Critical Loads Critical Levels For many substances which are released to air Environmental Quality Standards have not been defined Where the necessary criteria are absent then the Regulators have adopted interim values known as Environmental Assessment Levels EALs The EAL is the concentration of a substance which in a particular environmental medium the Regulators regard as
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