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User Guide - ECO-III

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1. Projection Factor H V 0 45720 1 82880 0 25 M factor 0 79 From ECBC Table 4 4 Projection Factor 0 25 E W and S orientation for north latitude 15 or greater East West and South facing glazing 508 x 0 75 381 m2 East West and South facing Fenestration SHGC 0 20 U factor 3 30 East West and South Facing Fenestration Skylight Area 10 8 m Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 28 Building Envelope Q Does my building envelope comply Prescriptively with the ECBC A To utilize the prescriptive requirements of ECBC vertical fenestration is limited to 60 of the gross wall area so this building is allowed under this method ECBC Table 4 3 limits the SHGC value to a maximum of 0 20 for composite climate zone however an exception exists by use of an overhang ECBC 4 3 3 allows for an M Factor or multiplier In this case the M is 0 79 Multiplying M times the SHGC 0 7900 x 0 20 0 1580 and thus complies with ECBC Table 4 3 Exception to SHGC Requirements in 4 3 3 Vertical Fenestration areas located more than 2 2 m 7 ft above the level of the floor are exempt from the SHGC requirement in Table 4 3 if the following conditions are complied with a Total Effective Aperture The total Effective Aperture for the elevation is less than 0 25 including all fenestration areas greater than 1 0 m 3 ft above the floor level b An interior light shelf is provided at the bottom of this fene
2. While modeling the facades of the building the windows need to be modeled separately if the building uses daylight controls Otherwise they can be combined if they are in the same zone into a larger effective window Manually operated window shading devices such as blinds or shades should not be modeled However any permanent shading devices such as fins overhangs and light shelves have to be modeled as they have significant impact on the overall heat gain as well as daylight in the building Since India presently does not have a labeling program certifying the U factor of the windows the projects Proposed Design needs to comply with the requirement of the ECBC for unrated vertical fenestration as specified in Table 11 1 of Appendix C As per this table the U factor of the window assembly of the case study model is 5 1 W m2 K Manufacturer has however provided the SHGC 0 36 and 0 23 for two types of glazing used in the building and Visible Light Transmittance values 0 62 and 0 41 for two types of glazing For exterior roofs other than roofs with ventilated attics the reflectance and emittance of the proposed roof surface which can be derived from building material specifications should also be modeled For the case study the roof surface has been modeled with a reflectance of 0 45 since the reflectance and emittance of the roof surface is exceeding the Code requirements as specified in Table 10 1 Building Envelope of the Guide
3. Schedules Office schedule with varying occupancy from 7 am to 12 mid night has been proposed for the building Normal office schedule will be from 9 am to 6 pm Lighting Por the Proposed Design The design electric lighting power should be modeled accurately for the purpose of simulation The lighting system power should include all lighting system components shown or provided for in the plans including lamps ballasts task fixtures and furniture mounted fixtures In cases where the electrical design includes lighting controls they should be included in the simulation model For the case study An LPD value of 8 61 W m2 has been used in the office areas Daylight sensors are proposed in the design of the lighting systems on the North and West facades HVAC Zoning Where a complete HVAC system has been designed the simulation model should be consistent with the design Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 27 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method documents It should reflect the actual zoning scheme For the case study Since the HVAC zoning has not been designed finalized the ECBC User Guide mandates that a simple perimeter and core zoning should be done The perimeter areas are modeled with a depth of 5 meters from exterior wall for four cardinal directions along with a central core area Figure 10 2 Simplified Zoning of the Case Study Building when HVAC Zoning is Not
4. a All permanently wired polyphase motors of 0 375 kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than 1 500 hours per year and all permanently wired polyphase motors of 50kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than 500 hours per year shall have a minimum acceptable nominal full load motor efficiency not less than IS 12615 for energy efficient motors Refer Table 8 3 Table 8 4 Table 8 5 and Table 8 6 b Motors of horsepower differing from those listed in the table shall have efficiency greater than that of the next listed kW motor c Motor horsepower ratings shall not exceed 20 of the calculated maximum load being served Refer Box 8 C d Motor nameplates shall list the nominal full load motor efficiencies and the full load power factor e Motor users should insist on proper rewinding practices for any rewound motors If the proper rewinding practices cannot be assured the damaged motor should be replaced with a new efficient one rather than suffer the significant efficiency penalty associated with typical rewind practices Refer Box 8 D for more information f Certificates shall be obtained and kept on record indicating the motor efficiency Whenever a motor is rewound appropriate measures shall be taken so that the core characteristics of the motor is not lost due to thermal and mechanical stress during removal of damaged parts After rewinding a new efficiency test shall be performed and a simil
5. APPENDIX D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method 12 1 The Envelope Performance Factor 12 1 1 The envelope performance factor shall be calculated using the following equations 12 1 2 Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients 12 1 3 Baseline Building Definition APPENDIX E Climate Zone Map of India 13 1 Climate Zones APPENDIX F Air Side Economizer Acceptance Procedures 14 1 Construction Inspection 14 2 Equipment Testing APPENDIX G Compliance Forms 15 1 Envelope Summary 15 2 Building Permit Plans Checklist 15 3 Mechanical Summary A 1 A 1 A 1 A 12 B1 Bl Bl B2 B 3 B 3 B 3 BZ BZ BS BS B 6 BG C 1 Cl C2 2 C2 a2 C3 D1 D 1 D 1 D2 D 5 eel EA E1 El ie sl Gl1 G 1 G2 G 3 15 4 Mechanical Checklist 15 5 Lighting Summary 15 6 Lighting Permit Checklist 15 7 Electrical Power 15 8 Whole Building Performance Checklist 16 APPENDIX H Comparison Of International Building Enerey Standards 17 APPENDIX I References G 4 G5 G6 G6 G 7 H 1 11 List of Tables Table 4 1 Values of Surface Film Resistance Based on Direction of Heat Flow Table 4 2 Thermal Resistances of Unventilated Air Layers Between Surfaces with High Emittance Table 4 3 Comfort Requirements and Physical Manifestations in Buildings Table 4 4 Roof Assembly U Factor and Insulation R value Requirements ECBC Table 4 1 Table 4 5 Opaq
6. Applicability Code Location Building Department yes no n a Section Component Information Required on Plans Notes HEATING VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING Chapter 5 MANDATORY PROVISIONS Section 5 2 o Equipment effficiency Provide equipment schedule with type capacity efficiency C jas cos f j o Indicate thermostat with night setback 3 different day types and 2 hour manual override mam m asi 5 2 3 2 Temp amp deadband Indicate temperature control with 3 degree C deadband minimum 5 2 3 3 Clg tower fluid cooler Indicate two speed motor pony motor or variable speed drive to control the fans ipi Indicate sealing caulking gasketing and weatherstripping eis ell iping i i Indicate R value of insulation EE Ductwork insulation Indicate R value of insulation a Ductwork sealing Specify sealing types and locations ls a 5 2 5 System balancing Specify system balancing PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE OPTION Section 5 3 Indicate whether project is complying with ECBC Prescriptive Option OR with ASHRAE Standard 90 1 2004 i Indicate 100 capability on schedule Integrated operation Indicate capability for partial cooling 321 Purp tow ies _ ndcto vata Tow cpaclyonsawais 5322 scaionvehes ndeate woway avonaie eatonvabes S x nate vrane sea L C Foupmenterioenoy Prove equipment schedule wih ype capac stares M Pinginsuaton IndcatoRvavecfin
7. HVAC system is being extended to serve the new construction then that system needs to be fully modeled in order to account for its energy performance If however this system only serves a portion of the existing building and only part of that building is affected by the new work then it is not necessary to model the entire existing building Parts of Existing Buildings The rules for excluding parts of the existing building are as follows If there is new construction that comes under the ECBC scope and it is part of the existing building but will be excluded from the Proposed Design then those parts must comply with the Code s applicable prescriptive requirements The excluded parts of the existing building must be served by HVAC systems that are completely independent of the systems or building components being modeled for the Proposed Building There should not be any significant energy flows between the excluded parts of the building and the modeled parts Rephrasing the design space temperature HVAC system operating set points and operating and occupancy schedules on both sides of the boundary between the included and excluded parts must be the same If the excluded portion of the building is a refrigerated warehouse and the included portion is an office this condition would not be met because there would be significant energy flows between them 10 1 2 Compliance Compliance of the Proposed Design with the requirement
8. Indian consumers could benefit from this process as the energy costs in new buildings decline at the same time that the environmental footprint of these buildings grows smaller Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide H 4 Appendix I References 17 APPENDIX I References f 10 11 12 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A Bhatia Course Content PDH 149 HVAC Design Aspects Choosing a Right System Central V s Compact Systems Herndon USA ASHRAE ANSI standard 62 2004 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Atlanta USA ASHRAE ANSI Standard 55 2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Atlanta USA ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals S 1 American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Ait conditioning Engineers Inc www ashrae org Atlanta GA USA ASHRAE 2004 2007 90 1 User Manual ANSI ASHRAE IESNA Standard 90 1 2004 American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Inc wwwashrae org Atlanta GA USA ASHRAE 2004 Exergy Standard for Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers Inc www ashrae org Atlanta GA USA Bansal and Minke 1988 Chimatic z
9. Skylight to Roof Area 112 1863 6 Q Does my building envelope comply with the ECBC using the prescriptive path A No this building does not comply because the prescriptive approach limits skylights area to a maximum of 5 of the roof area This building would need to comply under the envelope trade off option or the Whole Building Approach As with windows the skylight roof ratio must be calculated separately for each space category The criteria for each space category are determined from its own skylight roof ratio not the skylight roof ratio for the whole building Box 4 K Glazing Selection for ECBC Compliance What is the most important feature that a building professional should look for regarding windows doors and skylights The SHGC and U factor ratings are the most important items to verify during inspections Building professionals should verify that the ratings of the installed windows doors and skylights meet or exceed the ratings specified on the plans It is also important to verify that the same window area has been installed as the area shown on the plans and that the glass orientation on the plans and building are consistent What is Solar Heat Gain Coefficient The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient is a measure of the percentage of heat from the sun that gets through a window or other fenestration product The SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1 The lower a window s SHGC the less solar heat it transmits
10. b Minimum Modeling Capabilities This defines the minimum set of capabilities for WBP method simulation programs These have been broadly defined to allow all complying programs to be considered for approval by the Authority Having Jurisdiction while eliminating programs that would not be able to adequately account for the energy performance of building features important under the Code These minimum capabilities are Approved Simulation Program The simulation program should be subjected to the International Energy Agency BESTEST Building Energy Simulation Test and Diagnostic Method or the ANSI ASHRAE Standard 140 2004 Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs Minimum Hours per Year Programs must be able to model energy flows on an hourly basis for the entire year 8 760 hours Hourly Variations Building loads and system operations vary hour by hour and their interactions have a great influence on building energy performance Approved programs must have the capability to model hourly variations and to establish separately designed schedules of operation for each day of the week and for holidays for occupancy lighting power miscellaneous equipment power thermostat set points and HVAC system operation Thermal Mass Effects A building s ability to absorb and hold heat varies with the type of construction and with the system and ventilation characteristics This affects the ti
11. i 0 55 0 75 78 0 82 5 83 8 85 0 87 0 Sl 35 us 88 3 89 2 90 1 11 4 Ce f eo f ee o 32M 700 9 3 11 0 15 0 18 5 22 0 180L 90 5 91 0 91 8 922 92 6 95 2 s f 70 6 70 _ F s s 6 70 _ s 70 _ 66 f 70 _ E sam js massa mi s Note Output to frame size relation is maintained in accordance with IS 1231 for all motors except those marked as D wherein the frame size indicated is preferred frame size Source IS 12615 2004 Energy Efficient Induction Motors Three Phase Squirrel Cage First Revision Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 74 Electrical Power Table 8 5 Values of Performance Characteristic of 6 Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Rated Frame Full Full Breakaway Breakaway Nominal Output Designation Load Load Torque in Current in Terms Efficiency Speed Current Terms of Full of Full Current Load Torque Equal or Below Min Max Min For eff 2 For For eff 2 For eff 1 eff 1 kw Rev min Amp Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent O 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 75 90S 890 550 74 6 Note Output to frame size relation is maintained in accordance with IS 1231 for all motors except those marked as wherein the frame size indicated is preferred frame size Source IS 12615 2004 Energy Efficient Induction Motors Three Phase Squirrel Cage First Revision Table 8 6 Values of Performance Characteristic of 8 Pol
12. if these are specified These efficiency requirements set the baseline for equipment trade offs under the WBP method The actual equipment efficiency of the Proposed Design is then used to calculate the Standard Design Since mechanical and service hot water heating equipment efficiency is a prescriptive requirement if the equipment is covered by these equipment requirements the equipment efficiency in the Proposed Design must be equal to or greater than the prescriptive equipment efficiency If mechanical or service hot water heating equipment falls outside of those listed in the efficiency tables the standard equipment efficiency shall be equal to the efficiency of the equipment in the Proposed Design Thus the only trade off available for equipment efficiency is to specify higher efficiencies than those called for in the ECBC which would give electricity consumption savings for the design Equipment Capacities The equipment capacities for the Standard Design shall be based on sizing runs for each orientation per Table 10 1 and shall be oversized by 15 for cooling and 25 for heating i e the ratio between the capacities used in the annual simulations and the capacities determined by the sizing runs shall be 1 15 for cooling and 1 25 for heating Unmet load hours for the Proposed Design or Standard Designs shall not exceed 300 of the 8 760 hours simulated and unmet load hours for the Proposed Design shall not exceed the number of unmet load
13. major Indian cities along with its climatic zone A new Appendix H has been included that provides a comparison of International Building Energy Standards Apart from comparing some of the technical specifications this appendix also provides the different approaches taken by countries to check code compliance and enforcement It is hoped that this section will provide some ideas to the policy makers on how to make ECBC compliance mandatory so that minimum energy efficiency performance can be met by buildings coming under the scope of ECBC The ECBC User Guide has been designed in an easy to understand format The document uses a consistent format and provides guidance at the following three levels a Text that is shown in Blue This text is a direct excerpt from the ECBC document and is likely to serve as an anchor for many of the guidance text and examples included in different chapters Users interested in showing ECBC compliance should pay close attention to the text drawn from ECBC and shown in blue Examples of ECBC text and ECBC table are reproduced below for guidance The Code is applicable to buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 100 kW or greater or a contract demand of 120 kVA or greater Window Wall Ratio Minimum VLT 0 31 0 4 0 20 b Boxed Text showing Tips Frequently Asked Questions FAQ Examples etc The Boxed Text provides guidance to the users for better understanding of ECBC concepts and ECB
14. must be modeled assuming a surface reflectance value of 0 30 Refer ECBC Table 10 1 If a Proposed Design calls for a reflective roof surface however the model may assume a long term average reflectance of 0 45 which results in the lower heat absorption of the reflective surface and makes a conservative allowance for degradation of the reflectivity over its lifetime For this exception to be allowed the specified reflectance of the roof in the Proposed Design must exceed 0 70 and its emittance must exceed 0 75 As per ASHRAE 90 1 2004 i Windows Fenestration The solar thermal and optical performance of windows systems are defined by the combination of four main parameters i e the area as defined by the window to wall ratio thermal transmittance U factor Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGO and Visible Light Transmission VLT Fenestration Area Fenestration areas and performance are strong drivers of energy use in buildings Therefore the ECBC places great emphasis in how these values are calculated and applied for compliance ECBC 4 3 3 sets the prescriptive upper limits on vertical fenestration area and skylight area If the fenestration areas for the Proposed Design are less than these limits the Standard Design shall have the same areas and orientations as the Proposed Design If the fenestration areas in the Proposed Design exceed these limits then the corresponding areas in the Standard Design must be adjusted down
15. scroll or reciprocating compressors Centrifugal and screw chillers have one or two compressors Scroll and reciprocating chillers are built with multiple smaller compressors Centrifugal chillers are the quiet efficient and reliable workhorses of comfort cooling Although centrifugal chillers are available as small as 70 tons most are 300 tons or larger Screw chillers are up to 40 smaller and lighter than centrifugal chillers so are becoming popular as replacement chillers Scroll compressors are rotary positive displacement machines also fairly new to the comfort cool ing market These small compressors are efficient quiet and reliable Scroll compressors are made in sizes of 1 5 to 15 tons The energy efficiency of cooling and heating systems in terms of Coefficient of Performance COP Energy Efficiency Ratio EER and Integrated Part Load Value as specified by the Code are presented in Box 5 H Box 5 H Energy Efficiency Terms Appendix A of ECBC Coefficient of Performance COP Cooling The ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input in consistent units for a complete refrigerating system or some specific portion of that system under designated operating conditions Coefficient of Performance COP Heating The ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input in consistent units for a complete heat pump system including the compressor and if applicable auxiliary heat un
16. 100 hp energy efficient motor losing over two points between 50 and 25 load and the average 100 hp standard efficiency induction motor dropping some 5 5 points over the same range Smaller motors lose even more particularly at lower efficiencies 1 5 1 0 Decrease in slip Percentage points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Increase in efficiency Percentage points Figure 8 3 Increase in efficiency Percentage points A general rule of thumb is that a one percentage point increase in efficiency is equivalent to about a one third point increase in slip a decrease in slip can therefore quickly negate even a significant energy efficiency improvement Figure 8 3 Box 8 D Motor Rewinding versus Replacement Motor failures are frequently caused by bearing failures and are often accompanied by the breakdown of the coils of insulated wire inside the motor the stator windings and other problems When a motor fails the owner is faced with deciding whether to rebuild it or replace it Rebuilding commonly called rewinding usually entails a lower initial cost compared to a replacement motor especially for larger motors Rewinding can preserve and in rare cases slightly improve motor efficiency if skillfully done However the rewinding process provides many avenues by which the motor efficiency can be degraded greatly increasing operating cost and energy consumption Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 76 Electrical Power To
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18. 2 Table 11 2 Defaults for effective U Factor for Exterior Insulation layers under review Thickness R value U factor W m K 15 mm 0 5 0 70 4 1 420 20 mm 0 75 1 06 6 0 946 25 mm 1 09 HO Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide C 2 Appendix C Default Values For Typical Constructions 11 4 Typical Wall Constructions For calculating the overall U factor of a typical wall construction the U factors from the typical wall construction type and effective U factor for insulation shall be combined according to the following equation 1 U Tota wan 1 1 T Typical Wall U Typical Insulation where Urtotal Wall Total U factor of the wall with insulation Utypical Wall U factor of the wall from Utypical Insulation U factor of the effective insulation from Table 11 3 or Table 11 4 Table 11 3 Defaults for effective U factor for Exterior Insulation Layers under review Thickness R value U factor W m2 K 15 mm 0 5 0 70 4 1 262 20 mm 0 75 1 06 6 0 874 25 mm 1 0 1 41 8 0 668 40 mm 1 5 2 11 12 0 454 50 mm 2 0 2 82 16 0 344 65 mm 25 352 20 75 mm 3 0 3 70 21 0 264 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide C3 Appendix D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method 12 APPENDIX D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method 12 1 The Envelope Performance Factor 12 1 1 The envelope performance factor shall be calculated using the
19. 2 2 Opaque Construction 42 3 Building Envelope Sealing Prescriptive Requirements 4 3 1 Roofs 4 3 2 Opaque Walls 4 3 3 Vertical Fenestration 4 3 4 Skylights Building Envelope Trade Off Option 5 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 1 5 2 General Mandatory Requirements 4 gi Be xe a CA NF WWW Q N NY N N N e QJ Q Q Q O NY DD PB PPP Be RP Be KR O WN C C CN NN OD O O C C NN NY Ff OOO 5 3 5 21 Natural Ventilation 5 2 2 Minimum Equipment Efficiencies 5 2 3 Controls 5 24 Piping and Ductwork 5 2 5 System Balancing 5 2 6 Condensers Prescriptive Requirements 5 3 1 Economizers 5 3 2 Variable Flow Hydronic Systems Service Water Heating and Pumping 61 General 6 2 Mandatory Requirements 6 2 1 Solar Water Heating 6 2 2 Equipment Efficiency 6 2 3 Supplementary Water Heating System 6 2 4 Piping Insulation 6 2 5 Heat Traps 6 2 6 Swimming Pools 6 27 Compliance Documentation Lighting 7 1 General 7 2 Mandatory Requirements 72 1 Lighting Control 7 2 2 Exit Signs 72 3 Exterior Building Grounds Lighting 7 3 Prescriptive Requirements 7 3 1 Interior Lighting Power 7 3 2 Building Area Method 7 3 3 Space Function Method 7 3 4 Installed Interior Lighting Power 7 3 5 Exterior Lighting Power Electrical Power 8 1 8 2 General Mandatory Requirements 8 2 1 Transformers 8 2 2 Energy Efficient Motors 8 2 3 Po
20. 2 in Mineral fiber duct board per UL 181 2 in Mineral fiber board per ASTM C 612 Types IA amp IB 3 in 4 lb ft Mineral fiber duct wrap insulation per ASTM C 1290 3 in Insulated flex duct per UL 181 2 2 in Mineral fiber board per ASTM C 612 Types IA amp IB 1 Listed R values are for the insulation only as determined in accordance with ASTM C 518 at a mean temperature of 24 C at the installed thickness and do not include air film resistance 2 Consult with manufacturers for other materials or combinations of insulation thickness or density meeting the required R value Source ASHRAE 90 1 User Manual 2007 Table 6 D Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 45 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Ductwork should be properly air sealed Box 5 K and also be protected from moisture absorption Condensing moisture can cause many types of insulation such as fiberglass to lose their insulating properties or degrade Box 5 K Duct Sealing Duct sealing is critical to avoid air leaks that prevent the HVAC system from functioning as designed and operated The Code currently does not provide any guidance on ductwork sealing The ASHRAE 90 1 energy code can be referred to for appropriate seal levels for all ductwork in order to minimize energy losses from the HVAC system ASHRAE 90 1 tables 6 2 4 3 A and 6 2 4 3 B specify sealing requirements based on the duct location static pressure classification and type o
21. 5H C lt io 4 5 Plan H Section i F H oes Daylighted Area H i 2H a Ceiling height lt gt gt ig neg Vertical Fenestration the floor area adjacent to side apertures vertical fenestration in walls with an effective aperture greater than 0 06 6 The daylighted area extends into the space perpendicular to the side aperture a distance either two times the head height of the side aperture or to the nearest 1 35 m 54 in or higher opaque partition whichever is less In the direction parallel to the window the daylighted area extends a horizontal dimension equal to the width of the window plus either 1 m 3 3 ft on each side of the aperture the distance to an opaque partition or one half the distance to an adjacent skylight or window whichever is least Luminaires in Daylighted Area 1m or to nearest lt Opaque portion Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A3 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Dead band the range of values within which a sensed variable can vary without initiating a change in the controlled process Demand the highest amount of power average KW over an interval recorded for a building or facility in a selected time frame Design capacity output capacity of
22. Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 11 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method 1 005 Equipment Lighting Occupancy 3 a KC 01 00 02 00 02 00 03 00 03 00 04 00 00 00 01 00 04 00 05 00 06 00 07 00 09 00 10 00 10 00 11 00 8 s 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 14 00 15 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 20 00 21 00 23 00 24 00 m Occupancy E Lighting O Equipment Schedules have a large impact on the overall energy consumption Designers are required to specify Weekday Saturday Sunday and Holiday operation in each schedule An example for Weekday schedules in an office building is shown below The ECBC allows designers to select reasonable or typical schedules for the building In all cases the schedules for the Proposed Design and the Standard Design shall be identical This means that the Proposed Design may not take advantage of scheduling changes It further means that any equipment in the Proposed Design that saves energy by altering operating patterns or profiles must be modeled explicitly it is not sufficient simply to assume a schedule change and use that to account for the electricity savings An example is daylighting controls which reduce lighting power when daylight is available in a space The Pro
23. Design with that of the Standard Design 6 If the energy consumption of the Proposed Design is more than that of Standard Design incorporate additional ECMs in the Proposed Design 7 Ensure that the Standard Design created in Step 4 is still valid If necessary revise the Standard Design 8 Repeat step 5 through 7 till energy consumption in the Proposed Design is less than or equal to the energy consumption in Standard Design 9 Prepare the compliance documents All the above steps are dealt with in detail in this chapter Before commencing with the data input process for the model the project should refer to Appendix E Climate Zone Map of India in the Code to check the climate zone in which the site is located The Guide also lists various cities and their corresponding climate zones Weather files for 58 cities from India are available at http www eere energy gov buildings energyplus cfm weather_data3 cfm region 2_asia_wmo_region_2 country IND cname India This weather data is ready to be used in EnergyPlus simulation software but can be customized for other simulation tools using appropriate weather file converter program The building proposed for the case study is in Ahmedabad which is classified under hot and dry climate The building should then be classified either as a 24 hour activity building or a daytime activity building because the ECBC specifications for the U factors of the building envelope are mandated according to the c
24. Designed HVAC Systems For the Proposed Design The HVAC system should be specified according to the mechanical layout of the design All the inputs should be as per the designs which include the fan and equipment efficiencies static pressure pump heads etc None of the default values by the software should be considered as input values for the above parameters unless they match the actual proposed values When the HVAC system is designed the system type and all actual component capacities and efficiencies should be modeled as per the actual system design Any HVAC specific energy efficiency features for example economizets variable air volume drives etc should also be included in the simulation model as per the specifications in the design documents For the case study The building is served by VAV air handling units which are connected to the centrifugal chillers Water cooled centrifugal chillers ate proposed to meet the cooling requirements of the building The system consists of chilled water circulation with evaporator condenser and a chilled water citculation pump Two chillers each of 262 tons and with COP of 5 55 are proposed to meet the cooling requirements of the building All the power and efficiencies of the system fan match with the Standard Design specifications No savings is taken in the HVAC system design except the variable speed fan used in the water cooled condenser in place of the two speed fan in the Standa
25. ECO III Project and to the International Resources Group for spearheading this team effort P Pr A 17th July 2009 Dr Ajay Mathur maia wa vefa sa w Save Energy for Benefit of Self and Nation when ma Fa wey mo Fo ga T Reet 110 066 4th Floor Sewa Bhawan R K Puram New Delhi 110066 eTel 26178316 sifuVDirec1 26179699 5 Lines frea Fax 91 11 26178328 f WewE Mall dg bee nic in WwmWzAVeb Site www bee india nic in Hi ECBC User Guide Development Team Satish Kumar Team Leader IRG USAID ECO III Project Aleisha Khan Alliance to Save Energy Anurag Bajpai IRG USAID ECO III Project G S Rao Team Catalyst Jyotirmay Mathur Malviya National Institute Technology Laurie Chamberlain International Resources Group IRG P C Thomas Team Catalyst Rajan Rawal Center for Environmental Planning and Technology Ravi Kapoor IRG USAID ECO II Project Surekha Tetali International Institute of Information Technology Vasudha Lathey Vishal Garg International Institute of Information Technology Acknowledgements Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide developed by the USAID ECO III Project in association with Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE aims to support the implementation of ECBC I would like to thank Dr Archana Walia and Mr S Padmanaban of USAID for their constant encouragement and steadfast support during the development process I would like to acknowledge the tremendous su
26. Envelope i sy Below Grade Wall Construction Roof Construction Exterior Floor Construction Slab on Grade Construction Window to Gross Wall Ratio Fenestration Type s Fenestration Assembly U Factor Fenestration Assembly SHGC Fenestration Visual Light Transmittance Fixed Shading Devices Automated Movable Shading Devices Electrical System amp Process Loads aaa Design Description SS SSS ee a rr s u Receptacle Equipment Elevators or Escalators a Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide G7 Appendix G Compliance Forms Mechanical amp Plumbing Systems HVAC System Type s Variable Air Volume Constant Air Volume C s jarana mam rV p rra a p a rs Fr ra a mu mr c Standard Design End Use Summary End use 0 rotation 90 rotation 180 rotation 270 rotation Average Energy Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Type kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW Interiors Elec Lighting Interior lighting Elec Process Exterior Elec bee oe e Ta We me Fee ae Space heating Natural Fuel 1 Gas Space heating Elec Fuel 2 ee n eS eS eS ea es P a ee es a a re a ee ee ee s ss u r mF s Fans Parking Elec garage Service Water Natural Heating Fuel 1 Gas Service Water Elec Heating Fuel 2 Receptacle Equipment Refrigeration Food etc commercial fuel 1 Energy Conservation Building Code E
27. HVAC Zone Multiplier In some simulation programs the interior HVAC ZONES of a multi story building which may be physically separate zones on each floor can be reasonably combined and treated as a single thermal zone with a multiplier Use of a multiplier allows simplification of the calculation of electricity consumption for the whole building without having to repeatedly describe many similar or identical zones in the simulation model thus saving time and effort without significant loss of accuracy However a cafeteria or computer room in an office building would need to be modeled separately as would lower floor retail uses The following conditions must be met to be able to use the multiplier option All of the space use classifications must be the same throughout the thermal zone This ensures that they have the same load and schedule characteristics For exterior or perimeter HVAC ZONES with glazing the glazing for all zones included in the thermal block must have the same orientation or at least their orientations must be within 45 degrees of each other This ensures that they have the same solar heat gain characteristics This is not to say that the zones may not have two or more glazing orientations a corner office could easily have two but that the zones must have similar orientations It would be acceptable for example to group all of the northeast corner offices on the intermediate floors of an office tower into a sin
28. Indian Standards for the various water heating equipment such as electric and gas heaters instantaneous heaters boilers and pool heaters For Solar water heating systems IS 13129 Part 1 provides information on the Performance Rating Procedure Using Indoor Test Methods and IS 13129 Part 2 provides the information on the Procedure for System Performance Characterization and Yearly Performance Prediction These standards however do not provide any performance minimum efficiency levels For Gas Instantaneous Water Heaters IS 15558 describes the information and procedure for the measurement of thermal efficiency of the heaters As per this Standard thermal efficiency of the water heaters under test conditions shall not be less than 84 percent for water heaters with a nominal heat input exceeding 10 kW 82 percent for water heaters with a nominal heat input not exceeding 10 kW However the Code specifies thermal efficiency of 80 or more Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 54 Service Water Heating and Pumping For Electric Water Heaters IS 2082 Part 1 covers the safety and performance requirements of heaters with rated capacities in the range of 6 liters to 200 liters In these heaters certain amount of energy is consumed to keep the water hot while it is not being used This consumption of electricity is called as standing loss or standby loss Refer Box 6 C Box 6 C Standby Losses These
29. L provides additional information on the construction documents Box 5 L Construction Documents Construction documents provide vital information to the building owners on how to properly operate and maintain a system that has been properly balanced Verify during final inspection that an operations manual has been passed on to the building owner and that it contains the following information at a minimum HVAC equipment capacity Equipment operation and maintenance manuals e HVAC system control maintenance and calibration information including wiring diagrams schedules and control sequence descriptions A complete written narrative of how each system is intended to operate Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 46 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 2 5 1 1 Air Systems Balancing Air System Balancing refers to the adjustment of airflow rates through air distribution system devices such as fans and diffusers This is done by adjusting the position of dampers splitter vanes extractors etc manually or by using automatic control devices such as constant air volume or variable air volume boxes Balancing is necessary to verify that each space served by a system receives the air volume designed for that space Proper means for air balancing should be installed at each supply air outlet and zone terminal device These include balancing dampers or other means of supply air adjustment provided in the branch
30. Minimum R value Maximum U factor Minimum R value the overall assembly of insulation alone of the overall of insulation alone W m K m2 K W assembly W m2 K m2 K W 4 3 3 Vertical Fenestration ECBC limits the area of vertical fenestration under the prescriptive approach to a maximum of 60 of the gross wall area The ECBC addresses energy losses through fenestration by specifying the following requirements maximum U factor or thermal transmittance and maximum SHGC for the following window to wall ratio WWR WWR up to 40 and WWR in the range of more then 40 and up to 60 Vertical fenestration should meet the requirements for maximum area weighted U factor and maximum area weighted SHGC The U factor and SHGC requirements of the rated labeled fenestration for two WWR ranges for Code compliance are given in Table 4 3 of ECBC reproduced in Table 4 6 Table 4 6 Vertical Fenestration U factor W m2 K and SHGC Requirements ECBC Table 4 3 WWRS40 40 lt wWWR lt 60 Climate Maximum U factor Maximum SHGC Maximum SHGC Composite a Warm and Humid Moderate Coid Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 26 Building Envelope For unrated windows follow the values given in Table 4 7 Table 11 1 of Appendix C of ECBC Table 4 7 Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration Overall Assembly including Sash and Frame Table 11 1 of ECBC Frame Type Glazing Type Clear Glass Tinted Glas
31. SU USISOG pIepuLIS uBis q p sodoid pue pippup s do A p 0 slle1 p jeuoppe apiAoid 0 p 32ueuu u q sey ajqe u L smoy p rdn oun Sump sJu ur szmb s uonejnu A umuururtu p jzgpuuuu q jss pue yey aavy WY sds ur smou p rdnovoun pue p rdnovo Surmp uo uwwa peys sue VAH smoy fe SuEMp sprog SuTOOD pue Sunt u PIU o1 JJO pue uo papAd aq peys mq smoy pordnovo Suunp snonunuoo Suruun se p ge nuus aq JOU peys suey WAs s Surjooo Jo pue Sunray qe srp ur poquos p syuswormbes ayy PIW o ATUO p yemuus Suq sr uq ls s Sut oo2 Jo SUNLIY z pue pesu aq 0 sr W S s STOOD so pue SuAvaY OU orq Z ssuondaoxy smoy p klnoooun Surmp spueo Suooo pue Sunu u PNU o O pue UO pop o q peys pur poidnooo age saovds JaaouayAs jsnonunuoo UNF JENS UOpEJDU A JOJ Je JOOpino sapraosd yeep solmp tpS Ue OVAH uoynpsunf FuavH Guoqup I9 q poaosdde pue p uruua 13 p se d amp Surppmq p sodosd y Jo peord aq peys s np up s 2y L p sn oq peys uonuj odo waishs OVAH pur slurod jas 3e3souus un oaod yuowdmbs snosuejposru J m od Sunysy ouedn oo ur suonenea pmoy Suopow jJo qede s np uo s AOKI sn p xiru v STH Ji Supping z ur p sn aq Aew AzOSaqv9 d Surpimq suo utu IOW e 3o Z TI ouepiooo ur Usoy aq eys suontogissu o od ouds Jo ad Surpimq AL ous IP ATTenUAssa are Surpimq I Jo syed popnpxe pue pepnput u xq q ATepunog I Jo pts Jou UO sz Npayps pue urod yas Sun
32. System amp Process Loads Ambient lighting power density and Lighting 8 61 W m 10 8 W m u K Description Process Process Lighting i Fm a Refigention Equipments iP r C E rr P s rr Mechanical amp Plumbing Systems HVAC System Type s Variable Air Volume Constant Air Volume Dessay AW T ee a 5 s Unitary Unitary Equipment Heating Efficiency Heating Efficiency Chiller Type Capacity And Efficiency 2 X 262 tons Water cooled 2 x 232 tons Water cooled chiller COP 5 55 chiller COP 5 55 Cooling Tower One two cell with VSD control One two cell with two speed control Chilled Water loop and Pump Parameters Pump head 9 2 m Efficiency 0 9 Pump head 9 2 m Efficiency 0 9 Condenser Water loop and Pump Parameters Pump head 4 5 m Pump head 4 5 m Impeller efficiency 0 77 Impeller efficiency 0 77 Motor efficiency 0 9 Motor efficiency 0 9 Flow 3 gpm ton Flow 3 gpm ton m ama ma of a Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide B 33 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Standard Design End Use Summary End use 0 rotation 90 rotation 180 rotation 270 rotation Average Energy Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy Peak Type kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW Interiors Elec 492 303 152 1 492303 152 1 492303 152 1 492303 152 1 492 303 15211 Lighting Interior lighting Elec Process Exterior Elec Light
33. The description of lighting systems in building energy simulation models must incorporate the following two characteristics Application of a lighting power density LPD for each space or thermal zone of the building model This may be determined using one of the two methods defined in 7 3 2 building area method or 7 3 3 space function method An operational schedule for the lighting system which describes the percentage of the maximum LPD value that is energized during a particular hour There are further requirements if the electric lighting system is to be controlled in response to the amount of daylight in perimeter zones of the building In such cases the building simulation program must be able to explicitly model daylight levels in each perimeter space that has daylight linking Light sensors must be modeled in these zones and a control strategy must be applied that modulates electrical energy output from the electric lighting system Typically there are at least three daylight linked control schemes to modulate electrical energy output Stepped control in this control scheme the electrical lighting system can respond to the presence of daylight in defined steps Linear control the lighting system modulates it s output in a linear function to a prescribed minimum level and Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 14 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Linear off the lighting system
34. Use a time scheduling device to control lighting systems according to predetermined schedules Occupancy Sensing Control lights in response to the presence or absence of people in the space Daylighting Switch or dim electric lights in response to the presence or absence of daylight illumination in the space Lumen Maintenance Gradually adjust electric light levels over time to correspond with the depreciation of light output from aging lamps As per the Code Interior lighting systems in buildings larger than 500 m 5 000 ft shall be equipped with an automatic control device Within these buildings all office areas less than 30 m 300 ft enclosed by walls or ceiling height partitions all meeting and conference rooms all school classrooms and all storage spaces shall be equipped with occupancy sensors For other spaces this automatic control device shall function on either a A scheduled basis at specific programmed times An independent program schedule shall be provided for areas of no more than 2 500 m 25 000 ft and not more than one floor or b Occupancy sensors that shall turn the lighting off within 30 minutes of an occupant leaving the space Light fixtures controlled by occupancy sensors shall have a wall mounted manual switch capable of turning off lights when the space is occupied Exception to above Lighting systems designed for 24 hour use Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 59
35. User Guide Fl Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 APPENDIX G Compliance Forms 15 1 Envelope Summary Envelope Summary 2007 IndiaEnergy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Project Info Project Address For Building Department Use Applicant Name Applicant Address Applicant Phone Project Description L New Building L Addition L Atteration LI change of Use Comp ance Option g Prescriptive UD Envelope Trade Off Appendix D U Systems Analysis O Hospital hotel call center 24 hour O Other building types daytime Vertical Fenestration Area Total Vertical Fenestration l lati Area Gross Exterior Vertical Calculation rough opening divided by Wall Area times 100 equals Fenestration Note Vertical fenestration area can not exceed 40 of the gross wall area for prescriptive option Skylight Area Calculatim Total Skylight Area Gross Exterior rough opening divided by Wall Area times 100 equals Skylight Note Skylight area can not exceed 5 of the gross roof area for prescriptive compliance Hospital hotel call center 24 hour Other building type daytime OPAQUE ASSEMBLY OPAQUE ASSEMBLY Roof Minimum Insulation R value Roof Minimum Insulation R value Wall Minimum Insulation R value Wall Minimum Insulation R value Oooo Maximum Ua xs s Maximum Ustactor I C Maximum SHGC or SC Maximum SHGC or SC ECBC implementing agencies may adapt the compliance form to suit their requiremen
36. always a good idea Install the water heater in a heated location The colder the air surrounding the heater the more the standby loss Indoor gas heaters should be sealed combustion or fan forced draft Insulate pipes and use heat traps Insulate all exposed pipes The R value of pipe insulation is dependent on wall thickness thicker is better A 5 8 wall thickness should be considered minimum for foam insulation while 3 is the minimum for fiberglass wrap Heat trap nipples work best to eliminate convective losses from the tank into the plumbing but pipe loops also work if the drop is at least 6 6 2 5 Heat Traps Heat traps are valves or loops of pipe that allow water to flow into the water heater tank but prevent unwanted hot water flow out of the tank The valves have balls inside that either float or sink into a seat which stop natural water circulation loop Heat traps can help save energy and cost on the water heating bill by preventing convective heat losses through the inlet and outlet pipes These specially designed valves come in pairs The valves are designed differently for use in either the hot or cold water line As per the Code Vertical pipe risers serving storage water heaters and storage tanks not having integral heat traps and serving a non recirculating system shall have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to the storage tank Heat traps may either be installed internally by the m
37. and beam structure with flat slab External wall is made of brick with cement plaster 45 of all facade area comprises of glazing that is flush with the external wall Internal partition walls are designed as brick construction with cement plaster on both sides No insulation is used in the roof and walls f Water cooled centrifugal chillers are proposed to meet the cooling requirements of the building All the spaces in the building will be served with variable air volume VAV air handlers The system consists of chilled water circulation with evaporator condenser and a chilled water circulation pump Two chillers each of 262 tons and with COP of 5 55 are proposed to meet the cooling requirements of the building The fenestration consists of a double glass unit in aluminum frame with the following properties Table 10 7 Fenestration Summary The building design includes the following features which incorporate some passive design methods to reduce energy consumption of the building in hot and dry climate Ahmedabad and still strive for a high WWR on certain facades to take advantage of daylight The WWR on the northern fa ade is 65 In a city like Ahmedabad which is 23 N latitude the sun rately goes to the north of the building hence there will be almost no direct light coming into the building from the North North glazing brings in diffused light which is preferred for office activity The building has a WWR of 25 on th
38. ballast expressed in lumens per watt Efficiency performance at a specified rating condition Remittance the ratio of the radiant heat flux emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature and under the same conditions Enclosed building a building that is totally enclosed by walls floors roofs and openable devices such as doors and operable windows Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 4 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Energy the capacity for doing work It takes a number of forms that may be transformed from one into another such as thermal heat mechanical work electrical and chemical Customary measurements ate watts wW Energy Efficiency Ratio EER performance of smaller chillers and rooftop units is frequently measured in EER rather than 1 n kW ton It is the ratio of net cooling capacity in Btu h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions The higher the EER the more efficient the unit Energy Factor EF a measure of water heater overall efficiency Envelope performance factor the trade off value for the building envelope performance compliance option calculated using the procedures specified in Section 12 Appendix D For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements the classifications are defined as follows Base envelope performance factor the building envelope performance factor for the base desi
39. buildings in the tropical climate The allowable operative temperature limits may not be extrapolated to the outdoor temperature above and below the end points of the curves in this figure If the mean monthly outdoor temperature is less than 10 C or greater than 33 5 C this option may not be used Occupant controlled naturally conditioned spaces are those spaces where the thermal conditions of the space are regulated primarily by the occupants through opening and closing of windows Field experiments have shown that occupants thermal responses in such spaces depend in part on the outdoor climate and may differ from thermal responses in buildings with centralized HVAC systems primarily because of the different thermal experiences changes in clothing availability of control and shifts in occupant expectations This optional method is intended for such spaces In order for this optional method to apply the space must be equipped with operable windows that open to the outdoor and that can be readily opened and adjusted by the occupants of the space Mechanical ventilation with unconditioned air may be utilized but opening and closing of windows must be the primary means of regulating the thermal conditions in the space The space may be provided with a heating system but this optional method does not apply when a heating system is in operation It applies only to spaces where the occupants are engaged in near sedentary physical activities with metabo
40. design simulations are properly sized which avoids the problem of differing part load performance characteristics between the two designs c Modeling Exceptions All the energy systems of the Proposed Design must be modeled The Standard Design however does have some exceptions that may be applied only in rare special cases It is allowable to exclude some components or systems of the Proposed Design provided they do not affect the energy usage of the other systems being modeled for trade off purposes For example if the service hot water heating system is not located in the conditioned space and if it is not generating significant heat gains that affect the HVAC system then it may be ignored in the model All systems that are excluded on this basis however must still meet the prescriptive requirements that apply to them This exception can help to simplify the modeling somewhat but only in ways that will not affect the accuracy of the WBP method calculations d Limitations of the Simulation Program There may also be cases where the simulation program lacks modeling capabilities needed to fully model a component or system of the Proposed Design If this means that a reasonable calculation of the proposed building cannot be made then the best solution is to seek a different program that has the needed capabilities One alternative is to ignore the system in the model provided this does not affect the modeling of energy consumption measure
41. difference in the climatic data across these zones defines unique thermal comfort requirements for buildings located in different zones Following broadly highlights the differences in weather data in the five climate zones and Table 13 2 provides a list of major cities in India with respect to their climate zones These differences in the weather profile translate into unique requirements for building thermal comfort and architectural responses for the different climate zones See in Figure 13 1 LEGENDS GE Horory gt a w nu uuuip 4 r 9 o D composite TEMPERATE s 3 ENS coin 4 Figure 13 1 Climate Zone Map Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide E 1 019 ysoperg vAypeyy Yessy pueyyreyf seqrg qe unq euvksepy qsoprag ERA ys pvIdq Teyoeunsy upj AIS Tegouesen Ys perq Pyp rw 4H qleperr Nw ysespp nwwef ueoq I Jo syed pue BOD Jo esurg D9 ysoprsg wypuy pur essHO JO sized jeson npeu rue PHY 999 CNYSEFYEN Tenu O us puid vAypeyy UI Isay PENY uvupseley uoosuout aup ur pmp puv ISELITI O IEHVA I JO 3sO u JOJ ISIA O 0S gt PAod pnop TIA wD Jotuumsur spnop mof su p YHA JSVII AO jjeuorseo20 TIP ATureyy ares yueseojdun Sutsnuo 08 pu gp u q q SUISULI JOAOD Pnop 3seS 2AO xes Sursnvo UONeIpLs FEJOS ysr qa sopys ss pno ypuow JS J3 AN OY UT WUW GZ SUYI uoosuow Surmp I ww 008
42. divided by height from window sill to bottom of eT must be permanent Heat Gain Coefficient V H Requirements dependent on Overhang projection factor M Factor from Table 4 8 Orientation Climate Zone PF H V Without Overhang SHGC range 0 25 0 51 based on climate zone Figure 4 10 Projection Factor Calculation ECBC Table 4 4 provides the values of M factor for various projection factors Table 4 8 SHGC M Factor Adjustments for Overhangs and Fins ECBC Table 4 4 Overhang M Vertical Fin M Overhang Fin Factors for 4 Factors for 4 M Factors for 4 Projection Factors Projection Factors Projection Factors Project Location Orientation 0 25 0 50 0 75 1 00 0 25 0 50 0 75 1 00 0 25 0 50 075 1 00 gt 049 0 74 0 99 0 49 0 74 0 99 0 49 0 74 0 99 North latitude 15 Eee j ee 6 or greater Less than 15 North latitude Example 4 2 Prescriptive Requirements for Fenestration Location Chandigarh Climate Zone Composite Lat 30 42 N Long 76 54 E Building Type Daytime Use Building Roof Area 568 m Roof Insulation Rigid Board 25 mm with R 2 1 m K W Wall Area 1130 m2 Wall Insulation Rigid Board 25 mm with R 1 41 m2 K W Total Fenestration Area 508 m2 Window to Wall ratio 508 1130 45 East West and South facing windows are all 1 82880m x 0 91440m with a 0 45720 m overhang and represent 75 of the glazing on the building
43. ducts or at each individual duct register grille or diffuser Installation in the duct system of all devices used for balancing shown on the approved mechanical plans typically on the ductwork layout should be verified As per the Code Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to minimize throttling losses Then for fans greater than 0 75 KW 1 0 HP fans must then be adjusted to meet design flow conditions Box 5 M provides the concepts related to air handling units for air distribution systems for energy efficiency Box 5 M Air Handling Unit Concepts An ait handler is responsible for moving air throughout the duct work in an air conditioning system All air handlers contain a blower motor and squirrel cage blower housing which facilitates the movement of air Most air handlers also include system controls which are connected to the thermostat Depending on the type of system an air handler can also be integrated with a gas oil electric furnace heat pump and cooling coils or evaporator coil for the air conditioning High efficiency air distribution systems can substantially reduce fan power required by an HVAC system resulting in dramatic energy savings The largest gains in efficiency for air distribution systems are realized in the system design phase for new constructions or major retrofit projects Passive or natural air transport systems have the highest efficiency and successful modern examples of this approach are stea
44. e coating will have SHGC ratings of 0 40 or lower 4 4 Building Envelope Trade Off Option This is a systems based approach where the thermal performance of individual envelope components can be reduced if compensated by higher efficiency in other building components i e using higher wall insulation could allow for a less stringent U factor requirement for windows or vice versa These trade offs typically occur within major building systems roofs walls fenestration overhangs etc This method offers the designer more flexibility than strictly following the prescribed values for individual elements The thermal performance of one envelope component such as the roof can fail to meet the prescriptive requirements as long as other components perform better than what is required Trade offs are permitted only between building envelope components It is not possible for instance to make trade offs against improvements in the lighting or HVAC systems However this makes using the envelope trade off option more complicated than the prescriptive method It is necessary to calculate the surface area of each exterior and semi exterior surface all areas must also be calculated separately for each orientation The equations used for calculating envelope performance factor under envelope trade offs are documented in ECBC 12 Appendix D Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 32 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 Heating
45. entry door of hotel and motel guest rooms to control all permanently installed luminaires and switched receptacles The control is usually a three way device wired in combination with local controls In multiple room suites a single master control must be located at the main entrance This master lighting control allows guests or the housekeeping staff to turn off all permanently installed luminaires when they are exiting the room Task Lighting All supplemental task lighting in a space shall have a separate control Desk lamps will inherently meet this requirement but the requirement also applies to permanently installed under shelf or under cabinet lighting Such lighting can have a switch integral to the luminaires or be controlled by a wall mounted control device provided the control device is accessible and the controlled lighting can be observed when the switch is toggled Non Visual Lighting Lighting needed for non visual purposes such as plant growth or food warming must have a separate control This is because such lighting is likely to be needed at different times than the general lighting Demonstration Lighting Lighting on display in retail lighting stores and lighting that is being demonstrated in classrooms and lighting education facilities must have a separate control Again the justification is that such lighting is operated on a separate schedule from the general lighting 7 2 2 Exit Signs As per the Code Internally illuminate
46. following equations Equation 12 1 EPFrota EPFroot EPFwan EP Frencst where EPFroof Croot D Us As St EPFwa C yall Mass 5 UsAs C Yall Other 5 UA S 1 S 1 n n EP Frast Cirene North gt SHGCyw Mw Aw C2 Fenest North gt UwAw F W 1 W 1 n n Cites NonNorth 5 SHGCwMw Aw Coa renest NonNorth Y gt UwAw ot W 1 W 1 Crenest Skylight Y gt SHGCsMsAs F C Fenest Skylight gt Us As 1 S 1 where EPF Roof Envelope performance factor for roofs Other subscripts include walls and fenestration Ay Ay The area of a specific envelope component referenced by the subscript s or for windows the subscript w SHGC The solar heat gain coefficient for windows w SHGCs refers to skylights Mw A multiplier for the window SHGC that depends on the projection factor of an overhang or sidefin U The U factor for the envelope component referenced by the subscript s CRoof A coefficient for the Roof class of construction Call coefficient for the Wall GiPenesi A coefficient for the Fenestration 1 Co Pence A coefficient for the Fenestration 2 Values of c are taken from Table 12 1 through Table 12 5 for each class of construction Table 12 1 Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Composite Climate under review Daytime Occupancy 24 Hour Occupancy U factor SHGC U Factor SHGC Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide D1 Appendix D
47. glazed orientations such as corner offices should be divided proportionately between zones having the different orientations Zoning Based on Floor Levels Spaces exposed to ambient conditions such as the top floor or an overhanging floor and spaces in contact with the ground such as the ground floor must be zoned separately from zones that are not exposed to ambient conditions such as intermediate floors in a multi story building Therefore a multi storey tower office building could be divided into a top floor a typical middle floor with the appropriate floor multiplier and a bottom floor Thermal Zones For Multi Family Residential Buildings Multifamily residential buildings are another special case In general the residential spaces must be treated as separate thermal zones except that some combinations are allowed Units all facing the same orientation and having similar conditions at the top bottom and sides may be combined Similar corner units may be combined and units with similar roof or floor loads may be combined ii HVAC Systems Defining HVAC systems for use with whole building simulation programs is complex and there are many inter related rules Some of the rules that govern the description of HVAC SYSTEMS for the ECBC whole building performance method ate The HVAC SYSTEM described in the Standard Design Model should just meet the prescriptive requirements of the ECBC These requirements are deemed representa
48. have a low emittance These surfaces reflect heat but heat that is absorbed cannot escape Other surfaces such as dark paint have a high emittance but a low reflectance These surfaces allow heat to escape but do a poor job of reflecting heat that strikes the surface Most cool roof materials for low sloped roofs are white or another light color For steep sloped roofs that are often visible from the ground roofing material manufacturers have developed popular roof colors other than white that will still reflect solar radiation or emit the sun s energy away from the building Cool roofs have other benefits in addition to reducing operating absorbed heat costs For building owners they can cut maintenance costs and increase the life expectancy of the roof For society in general cool roofs can even help to reduce the urban heat island effect and slow down global warming that makes our cities hotter and produces unhealthy air What is meant by Urban Heat Island effect An Urban Heat Island is a metropolitan urban area which is significantly warmer than its surroundings As population centers grow in size they tend to have a corresponding increase in average temperature Scientists refer to this phenomenon as the Urban Heat Island Effect The two main causes of the urban heat island is modification of the land surface by urban development and waste heat generated by energy usage One consequence of urban heat islands is the increased energy
49. hours for the Standard Design by more than 50 If unmet load hours in the Proposed Design exceed the unmet load hours in the Standard Design by more than 50 simulated capacities in the Standard Design shall be decreased incrementally and the building re simulated until the unmet load hours are within 50 of the unmet load hours of the Proposed Design If unmet load hours for the Proposed Design or Standard Design exceed 300 then simulated capacities shall be increased incrementally and the building with unmet loads re simulated until unmet load hours are reduced to 300 or less Sizing Runs Weather conditions used in sizing runs to determine Standard equipment capacities may be based either on hourly historical weather files containing typical peak conditions or on design days developed using 99 6 heating design temperatures and 1 dry bulb and 1 wet bulb cooling design temperatures Preheat Coils If the HVAC system in the Proposed Design has a preheat coil and a preheat coil can be modeled in the Standard system the Standard system shall be modeled with a preheat coil controlled in the same manner as the Proposed Design Fan System Operation Supply and return fans shall operate continuously whenever spaces are occupied and shall be cycled to meet heating and cooling loads during unoccupied hours If the supply fan is modeled as cycling and fan energy is included in the energy efficiency rating of the equipment fan energy shall not be modeled ex
50. in 3 2 2 Whole Building Performance WBP Method is an alternative method to comply with the Code This method is more complex than the Prescriptive Method but offers considerable design flexibility It alows for Code compliance to be achieved by optimizing the energy usage in various building components and systems envelope HVAC lighting and other building systems in order to find the most cost effective solution WBP method requires an approved computer software program to model a Proposed Design determine its annual energy use and compare it with the Standard Design of the building Further explanation on the WBP Method can also be found in 3 2 1 This Chapter has been adapted from ASHRAE User Manual 2004 As per the Amended Energy Conservation Act 2001 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 3 Administration and Enforcement Box 3 A provides an overview of the ECBC compliance process Box 3 A Steps for meeting ECBC Compliance for ECBC Compliance Meet Mandatory Provisions Prescriptive Mehtod ECBC Compliance 3 1 3 Additions to Existing Buildings Whole Building Performance Method ECBC Compliance Existing Building Compliance The Code also applies to additions in existing buildings The requirements are triggered when new construction is proposed in the existing building As per the Code Where the addition plus the existing building exceeds the conditioned floor area of 1 0
51. information on the plans and specifications They provide a checklist for the enforcement agency to help structure the drawing check process They promote communication between the drawings examiner and the field inspector They provide a checklist for the inspector 3 4 2 Supplemental Information As per the Code The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require supplemental information necessary to verify compliance with this Code such as calculations worksheets compliance forms manufacturer s literature or other data Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 11 Building Envelope 4 Building Envelope 4 1 General Overview he building envelope refers to the exterior facade and is comprised of opaque components and fenestration systems Opaque components include walls roofs slabs on grade in touch with ground basement walls and opaque doors Fenestration systems include windows skylights ventilators and doors that are more than one half glazed The envelope protects the building s interior and occupants from the weather conditions and shields them from other external factors e g noise air pollution etc Unconditioned Space The building envelope depicted here by the green lt line which separates the conditioned space from the unconditioned space Figure 4 1 Building Envelope Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants as well as energy cons
52. is not conditioned space or a semi heated space Crawlspaces attics and parking garages with natural or mechanical ventilation are not considered enclosed spaces Standard Design a computer representation of a hypothetical design based on the actual Proposed Design as pet Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Story portion of a building that is between one finished floor level and the next higher finished floor level or the roof provided however that a basement or cellar shall not be considered a story Supply Air air being conveyed to a conditioned area through ducts or plenums from a heat exchanger of a heating cooling absorption or evaporative cooling system Supply air is commonly considered air delivered to a space by a space conditioning system Depending on space requirements the supply may be either heated cooled or neutral System a combination of equipment and auxiliary devices e g controls accessories interconnecting means and terminal elements by which energy is transformed so it performs a specific function such as HVAC service water heating or lighting System existing a system or systems previously installed in an existing building Terminal a device by which energy form a system is finally delivered e g registers diffusers lighting fixtures faucets etc Thermal block a collection of one or more HVAC zones grouped together for simulation purposes Spaces need not be contiguous to be com
53. loading dock and security applications Building material any element of the building envelope through which heat flows and that heat is included in the component U factor calculations other than air films and insulation Circuit breaker a device designed to open and close a citcuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically at a predetermined over current without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating Class of construction for the building envelope a subcategory of roof wall floor slab on grade floor opaque door vertical fenestration or skylight Coefficient Of Performance COP cooling the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input in consistent units for a complete refrigerating system or some specific portion of that system under designated operating conditions Coefficient Of Performance COP heating the ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input in consistent units for a complete heat pump system including the compressor and if applicable auxiliary heat under designated operating conditions Commercial building all buildings except for multi family buildings of three stories or fewer above grade and single family buildings Construction documents drawings and specifications used to construct a building building systems or portions thereof Control to regulate the operation of equipment Control device a specialized device used to regula
54. loss k e Heat loss through glazing through Heat loss a los through glazin Heat loss throug frame amp curb gng 8 tEroash frame amp curb frame sI 4 e i j Area Rough Area Rough Area Glazing Frame Opening Frame Opening amp frame curb Curb Flush Site Built Figure 4 12 Skylight Installations Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide 30 Building Envelope As per the Code Skylights shall comply with the maximum U factor and maximum SHGC requirements of Table 4 6 Skylight area is limited to a maximum of 5 of the gross roof area for the prescriptive requirement Table 4 10 Skylight U Factor and SHGC Requirements ECBC Table 4 6 Maximum U factor Maximum SHGC Climate With Curb w o Curb 0 2 SRR 2 1 5 SRR Hot and Dry na mm Warm and Humid E Moderate E SRR Skylight roof ratio which is the ratio of the total skylight area of the roof measured to the outside of the frame to the gross exterior roof See 11 2 2 for typical complying skylight constructions Example 4 3 Prescriptive Requirements for Skylights Location Chennai Climate Zone Warm Humid Building Type Daytime Use Building Roof Area 1 863 m2 Roof Insulation Rigid Board 25 mm with R 2 1 m2 K W Wall Area 3 706 m2 Wall Insulation Rigid Board 25 mm with R 1 41 m2 K W Fenestration Area 487 m2 Window to Wall ratio 487 3706 13 SHGC 0 20 U factor 3 30 Skylight Area a UZ sam
55. losses account for energy lost while storing heated water This includes any heat losses through the water heater tank wall fittings and flue plus any pilot light energy Standby loss depends on the design and insulation of the water heater as well as the difference between the temperature of the water and that of the air around the tank Water heating energy can be reduced by decreasing standby losses The following table of IS 2082 Part 1 specifies the standing loss in the heaters For hot water temperature difference of 45 C in no case the standing loss should exceed the values specified in the Table 6 1 Table 6 1 Standing Loss in Storage Type Electric Water Heaters Rated Capacity in Liters Loss in kWh day for 45 Difference pacity y o eee Source IS 2082 Part 1 1993 Reaffirmed 2004 Edition 5 4 2002 05 Stationary Storage Type Electric Water Heaters Specification Fourth Revision 6 2 3 Supplementary Water Heating System As per the Code Supplementary heating system shall be designed to maximize the energy efficiency of the system and shall incorporate the following design features in cascade a Maximum heat recovery from hot discharge system like condensers of air conditioning units b Use of gas fired heaters wherever gas is available c Electric heater as last resort 6 2 4 Piping Insulation As per the Code Piping insulation shall comply with 5 2 4 1 The entire hot water system including the stora
56. modulates it s output in a linear function and will switch off use zero electrical energy when there is sufficient daylight in the space Hither the building area or space function method may be used but the categorization of spaces must be identical between the Standard Design and the Proposed Design The LPD for the Proposed Design is taken from the design documents for the building If a lighting system already exists then the lighting system design for Proposed Design will be based on the actual lighting power density of the existing system In the special case where no lighting system or design exists as in a shell building where the lighting will be installed by a future tenant then a default lighting power density must be assumed based on the building area method for the appropriate building type If no building type is known then an office building is assumed refer ECBC Table 10 1 Exterior lighting systems as defined in ECBC 7 2 3 refers to grounds luminaires which operate at greater than 100W They shall contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of 60 lm W unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor or exempt under 7 1 as mentioned below Emergency lighting that is automatically off during normal building operation and is powered by battery generator or other alternate power source Lighting in dwelling units f HVAC Incorporating HVAC systems into whole building energy simulation models is a complex proces
57. normally varies anywhere between 96 to 99 percent The efficiency not only depends on the design but also on the effective operating load Transformer losses consist of two parts No load Loss and Load Loss No load Loss also called core loss is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the transformet s steel core Core loss occurs whenever the transformer is energized and it does not vary with load Core losses are caused by two factors hysteresis and eddy current losses Hysteresis loss is that energy loss caused by reversing of the magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing alternating current rises and falls and reverses direction Eddy current loss is a result of induced currents circulating in the core Load Loss also called copper loss is associated with full load current flow in the transformer windings Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings Copper loss varies with the square of the load current P IR Transformer losses as a percentage of load is given in the Figure 8 2 El Winding loss kw oi El Core loss kW 2 50 2 00 v 8 150 a4 1 00 0 50 0 00 8 FFF KF 2 2 2 g 2 2 RK EKER 8 n 6 nonon S m S m S m S m O m m O Q N m m TT AH O ORR DO AAS of Rated Capacity Figure 8 2 Transformer loss vs Load For a given transformer the manufacturer can supply values for no load loss Pxo_joag
58. one cabinet which usually is placed on a roof or on a concrete slab adjacent to the building This type of air conditioner is typical in small commercial buildings and also in residential buildings Air supply and return ducts come from indoors through the building s exterior wall or roof to connect with the packaged air conditioner which is usually located outdoors Packaged air conditioners often include electric heating coils or a natural gas furnace This combination of air conditioner and central heater eliminates the need for a separate furnace indoors Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 38 Central Plant Systems Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Central plant air conditioning systems In central air conditioning systems chilled water is generated via a central chilled water plant The chilled water is distributed to air handling units or fan coil units via a chilled water reticulation system consisting of chilled water pipes valves fittings and pumps The chillers used in central chilled water plants include air cooled chillers as well as water cooled chiller systems that work in conjunction with cooling towers for heat rejection Box 5 F provides an overview of the differences between DX and Central HVAC systems It should help in selecting appropriate system for the building Box 5 F Overview of DX and Central Plant HVAC Systems Central Chilled Water Systems GRATAS Will require separate building spac
59. partial cooling even when additional mechanical cooling is required to meet the cooling load 5 3 1 3 Testing of Air Side Economizer As per the Code Air side economizets shall be tested in the field following the requirements in Appendix F of the Code to ensure proper operation Exception to above Air economizers installed by the HVAC system equipment manufacturer and certified to the building department as being factory calibrated and tested per the procedures in Appendix F of the Code 5 3 2 Variable Flow Hydronic Systems Fluid from the heating or cooling source is supplied to heat transfer devices such as coils and heat exchangers and back through the hydronic system The Code specifies the type of equipment and capabilities in such a way as to reduce pump energy Variable fluid flow automatic isolation valves and variable speed drives enable the system to operate below design flow when needed 5 3 2 1 Variable Fluid Flow in Chilled or Hot Water System As per the Code Chilled or hot water systems shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducing pump flow rates to no more than the larger of a 50 of the design flow rate or b The minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for proper operation of the chillers or boilers Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 50 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 3 2 2 Automatic Isolation Valves Two way automatic isolati
60. power requirements the installed lighting power used by luminaires including lamps ballasts current regulators and central devices except as specifically exempted in 7 1 is first calculated using the procedure discussed under 7 3 4 1 of ECBC Calculated installed power is then compared with the maximum permissible Interior Light Power Densities specified for various building types Building Area Method or building space functions Space Function Method under table 7 1 and 7 2 of ECBC respectively These two are discussed in more detail at 7 3 2 and 7 3 3 Box 7 I Lighting Power Allowance Appendix A of ECBC 1 Interior lighting power allowance the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the interior of a building 2 Exterior lighting power allowance the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the exterior of a building Interior lighting includes all permanently installed general and task lighting shown on the plans Interior lighting for a building or a separately metered or permitted portion of a building shall not exceed allowed power limits The building area method is the simplest method to follow since fewer calculations are required However if the project applies to only a portion of the entire building is not listed as a building type or has more than one occupancy type the space function method should be used to determine compliance Trade off of lighting power allowances are not permitted between portions of a
61. process Standard Design and the Proposed Design To evaluate energy performance of the Proposed Design and to see if it is compliant with ECBC one needs to build a hypothetical simulation model based on the methodology described in Appendix B of the Guide also explained in this Guide This hypothetical model is called Standard Design Sometimes Standard Design is also referred to as Base Case Energy consumption in the Standard Design is compared with the energy consumption in the Proposed Design If the energy consumption in the Proposed Design is more than that of the Standard Design one needs to incorporate energy conservation measures ECMs to improve the energy performance of the Proposed Design for achieving ECBC compliance Hence in this case study after analyzing the design inputs and incorporating the ECMs the Proposed Design model has been created The process of creating the Standard Design model and the Proposed Design model their inputs for simulations and their results are discussed and explained in this case study The hypothetical building used in the case study is located in Ahmedabad Gujarat India The steps involved for ECBC compliance using WBP method ate 1 Ensure that the building design conforms to the local building bye laws and regulations 2 Comply with the mandatory requirements of the ECBC 3 Create the Proposed Design model 4 Create the Standard Design model 5 Compare the energy consumption of the Proposed
62. required for air conditioning and refrigeration in cities that are in comparatively hot climates Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 25 Building Envelope What types of roofing products are available Products for low slope roofs found on commercial and industrial buildings fall into two categories single ply materials and coatings Single ply materials are large sheets of pre made roofing that are mechanically fastened over the existing roof and sealed at the seams Coatings are applied using rollers sprays or brushes over an existing clean leak free roof surface Products for sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles These products stay cooler by the use of special pigments that reflect the sun s infrared heat In India lime coats white tiles grouted with white cement special paints etc are used as cool roofing materials 4 3 2 Opaque Walls Opaque walls can meet the prescriptive requirements by either using a construction that has an assembly U factor lower than the specified value as shown in ECBC Table 4 2 reproduced in Table 4 5 or by using insulation with R value more than the prescribed value R value is for the insulation alone and does not include building materials or air films Table 4 5 Opaque Wall Assembly U Factor and Insulation R value Requirements ECBC Table 4 2 Climate Zone Hospitals Hotels Call Centers Other Building Types Daytime 24 Hour Maximum U factor of
63. result is reduced energy requirements for fans and air conditioning systems Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 78 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms 9 APPENDIX A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms 9 1 General ertain terms abbreviations and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this code These definitions are applicable to all sections of this code Terms that are not defined shall have their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged copyright 1986 shall be considered as providing ordinarily accepted meanings 9 2 Definitions Addition an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building outside of the existing building envelope Alteration any change rearrangement replacement or addition to a building or its systems and equipment any modification in construction or building equipment Annual fuel utilization efficiency AFUE an efficiency description of the ratio of annual output energy to annual input energy as developed in accordance with requirements of U S Department of Energy DOE 10CFR Part 430 Astronomical time switch an automatic time switch that makes an adjustment for the length of the day as it varies over the year Authority having jurisdiction the agency or agent responsible for enforcing this Code Automatic self acting
64. shall be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions Exceptions to above a Impellers need not be trimmed nor pump speed adjusted for pumps with pump motors of 7 5 kW 10 hp or less b Impellers need not be trimmed when throttling results in no greater than 5 of the nameplate horsepower draw or 2 2 kW 3 hp whichever is greater 5 2 6 Condensers 5 2 6 1 Condenser Locations A condenser is a heat exchanger that liquefies refrigerant vapor through heat removal The typical condensing unit houses a compressor a condenser fan motor and coils along with controls which make all the components work sequentially As per the Code Care shall be exercised in locating the condensers in such a manner that the heat sink is free of interference from heat discharge by devices located in adjoining spaces and also does not interfere with such other systems installed nearby Condensers should be located in such a manner that there is no restriction to the air flow around the condenser coils there is no short citcuiting of discharge air to the intake side and the heat discharge of other adjacent equipment is not anywhere the air intake of the condenser 5 2 6 2 Treated Water for Condensers Condenser water treatment is important to eliminate mineral buildup in condensers and chilled water systems Mineral deposits
65. surfaces gt 0 8 The values under horizontal should be used for heat flow directions 30 from the horizontal plane for other heat flow directions the values under up or down should be used Table 4 2 Thermal Resistances of Unventilated Air Layers Between Surfaces with High Emittance Thickness of Air Layer Thermal Resistance m K W mm Direction of Heat Flow Horizontal Up Down 0 Example 4 1 R Value and U factor Calculations for Cavity Wall Construction 0 013 0 230 0 115 0 115 0 013 Units are inmeter Figure 4 4 Typical Cavity Wall Construction R1 Resistance for Layer 1 13 mm Gypsum Plaster 0 079 Km2 W from ECBC Table 11 4 R2 Resistance of Layer 2 230 mm brick wall density 1920kg m3 d gt amp 0 230 0 81 0 284 K m2 W from ECBC Table 11 4 R3 Resistance of Layer 3 115 mm air gap 0 18 Km2 W from Table 4 2 R4 Resistance of Layer 4 115 mm brick wall density 1920kg m3 d4 k4 0 115 0 81 0 142 Km2 W from ECBC Table 11 4 Re R value for the composite wall R1 R2 R3 R4 0 079 0 284 0 18 0 142 0 685 K m2 W Ry Rat R R 0 13 0 685 0 04 0 855 from Table 4 1 U factor for the composite wall 1 Ry 1 0 855 1 169 W m2 K Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 15 Building Envelope The design of the building envelope is generally the responsibility of an architect The building designer is responsible for making sure that the building envelope is e
66. systems is currently excluded 8 2 of ISO 15099 addresses environmental conditions The following are defined for India For U factor calculations f Tia 24 C Tsai 32 C V 3 35 m s Tim out Lout Tona Ta 1 0 W m2 For SHGC calculations Tin 24 C Tout 32 C V 2 75 m s Timour lout T T tm in in Is 783 W m 8 3 of ISO 15099 addresses convective film coefficients on the interior and exterior of the window product In 8 3 1 of ISO 15099 simulations shall use the heat transfer coefficient based on the center of glass temperature and the entire window height this film coefficient shall be used on all indoor surfaces including frame sections In 8 3 2 of ISO 15099 the formula from this section shall be applied to all outdoor exposed surfaces 8 4 2 of ISO 15099 presents two possible approaches for incorporating the impacts of self viewing surfaces on interior radiative heat transfer calculations Products shall use the method in 8 4 2 1 of ISO 15099 Two Dimensional Element to Element View Factor Based Radiation Heat Transfer Calculation The alternate approach in 8 4 3 of ISO 15099 shall not be used Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide C1 Appendix C Default Values For Typical Constructions 11 2 Default U factors and Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Unrated Fenestration Products All fenestration with U factors SHGC or visible light transmittance determined certified and
67. the closer it s emissivity is to 1 The more reflective a material is the lower its emissivity The emissivity of building material unlike reflectance is usually measured in the far infrared part of the spectrum Ideal Exterior Surface An ideal exterior surface coating of a building in hot climate and under indoor cooling would have reflectance neat 1 and absorptance near zero and Emissivity near 1 to radiate absorbed heat back to the sky If designing a cool roof requirements for minimum solar reflectance and initial emittance levels are specified ECBC 4 3 1 1 Roofs with slopes less than 20 shall have an initial solar reflectance of no less than 0 70 and an initial emittance no less than 0 75 Solar reflectance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E903 96 and emittance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E408 71 RA 1996 Box 4 H Cool Roofs In hot climates cool roofs or high emissivity or thermal emittance roof surfaces are an effective way to reduce solar gains and cut building owners energy costs Because cool roofs gain less heat than normal roofs they reduce the need for air conditioning and make buildings more comfortable to the people inside The light color reflects sunlight and heat away from the building and the high emissivity or thermal emittance allows heat to escape to the atmosphere when the surface becomes heated Although some surfaces such as galvanized metal have a high reflectance they
68. to oppose the stator magnetic field and this causes the rotor to rotate The 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor is the workhorse of most applications it is rugged and reliable and is by far the most common motor type used These motors drive pumps blowers and fans compressors conveyers and production lines The 3 phase induction motor has three windings each connected to a separate phase of the power supply Box 8 B provides more information on the induction motors Box 8 B Induction motors The induction motor is the dominant motor in use today with over 90 percent of the installed horsepower largely because it is rugged has no brushes or slip rings and is simple reliable and cheap Figure 7 2 shows the spectrum of common motor types including induction motors As with most motors the induction motor has stator and rotor magnetic fields that interact to spin a shaft which provides torque for performing useful work The stator and rotor magnetic fields in an induction motor are each created differently The stator field results from applying AC voltage directly to copper windings distributed around the circumference of the stator causing the magnetic field to rotate with the sinusoidally varying input power The speed at which the stator field rotates the motor s synchronous speed depends on the construction of the motor The induction motor is unique in how it develops its rotor field Typically the rotor has bars that circula
69. water and the heating is provided by electric resistance Fans and controls As specified in the mandatory provisions given in Section 5 2 3 of the Code all the mechanical cooling and heating systems should be controlled by respective schedules and set point temperatures The supply fans should be controlled by variable speed drives as specified in Section 5 3 2 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 30 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Number of Chillers and Sizing For the Standard Design The size of the chiller which decides the COP of the chiller as per Table 5 1 of the Code is given in accordance with the following table To decide the size of the chiller a sizing run for the Standard Design is performed The sizing ratios for this model would be 15 oversized for the cooling and 25 oversized for the heating unit as mentioned in the Code In cases where HVAC efficiency values are not specified in the Code they should be referred to Appendix Go of ASHRAE 90 1 2004 If values are specified neither in ECBC nor in ASHRAE 90 1 2004 they should be taken from the Proposed Design For the case study Table 10 3 of the Guide has been followed for determining the number of the chillers and their sizes in the case study building The system consists of chilled water circulation with evaporator condenser and a chilled water citculation pump Two chillers each of 232 tons and with COP of
70. water heating equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 6 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device 3 1 4 4 Lighting As per the Code Alterations to building lighting equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 7 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered New lighting systems including controls installed in an existing building and any change of building area type as listed in Table 7 1 shall be considered an alteration Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device Exception to above Alterations that replace less than 50 of the luminaires in a space need not comply with these requirements provided such alterations do not increase the connected lighting load 3 1 4 5 Electric Power and Motors As per the Code Alterations to building electric power systems and motors shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 8 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equip
71. 00 m or more the additions shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 Compliance may be demonstrated in either of the following ways The addition alone shall comply with the applicable requirements or The addition together with the entire existing building shall comply with the requirements of this Code that would apply to the entire building as if it were a new building Exception to above When space conditioning is provided by existing systems and equipment the existing systems and equipment need not comply with this Code However any new equipment installed must comply with specific requirements applicable to that equipment Example 3 1 ECBC Compliance for Additions to Existing Building An existing warehouse measures 120 m X 60 m The warehouse is unconditioned and the administrative office 30 m X 30 m located in one corner The office is served by a single zone rooftop packaged HVAC system that provides both heating and cooling The owner wants to expand the administrative office into the warehouse The new office space will convert an area that measures 30 m X 15 m from unconditioned to conditioned space The existing HVAC system has sufficient capacity to serve the additional space However new ductwork and supply registers will need to be installed to serve the additional space Warehouse 120m Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 4 Administration and Enforcemen
72. 1 WS IRMA 74 ww0001 IWIPOW I uuu 007 gt ANO J ww 0001 lt uSIH TA ww 00ZI lt Y31tH J uruu 00S gt oT S6 0S spou d PM 0S 07 sponog Aiq IGEN 08 OL YSTH 0S OL O T S9 91 09 YSIH 06 91 0 SIH OVS MOT AA ssuIpling juapyyq Adi9uY 10 yooqpuvy usisap V DIMPY aarsuodsas 1zuur 1002 Te 9 ususi CC OF SE S S SZ 91 SZ EL CHS coil OR DIL BIPUT ur Sursnoy TEINI puv s uoz onzun 9 8961 JUIN pus esuLg s znos Sc 9101 g 8 03 gt 01 LZ ORCS B cE OFLC eh OF Ce IZ oe 3 LI TI 07 v7 ay Ciy yZ 911 OZ ORE Se OOS oe 0 Sp 91 Ob VE OF 0 UOLIA euOsvas pue odvospury aqua suoosuow ur pum SUOMs PUL J JuuA UT SPUIA pjoo Towns ur spu JOH js Azvy EuorseooO UORLIper p sngrp YS suoosuour ydaoxa suosvas JE ur uontrptus Jos P np ys suoosuow ur ysr pue Jouruns ur pprumy mo Ium Ur pjoo pue s tuums ur ammveradura y y sagosaywo aaoqe ay jo Aue UIA vy JOU Op NOW Jo s UOUT o VYN sade sru T Apnop pfoo ur uonz S A Juepunqe pue Auuns p o2 ur uonviasaa apay Aza 3970M Ur spurs ploO Apnop ploo ur moj pue Auuns pjoo ur uonuIpu ze os uSrH pnop plo3 ur ysry pue Auuns plo3 ur uoneydposd mo pnoj p o2 ur Qrprumu ys pue Auuns pjoo ur Arprumy Ao yum ur Moy a pue somprdwa jours HPO UOLIA JULpUNe UIA uos neod ysy so APH Zuder odo uo Surpu d p 2ouruns Surmp spum usr Aqesoua
73. 10 8 Library 14 0 Manufacturing Facility 14 0 Motel 10 8 Motion Picture Theater 12 9 In cases where both a general building area type and a specific building area type are listed the specific building area type shall apply 7 3 3 Space Function Method Similar to the building area method the first step of the space function method is to identify the appropriate building type and their allowed lighting power densities which varies according to the function of the space These are listed in ECBC Table 7 2 Interior Lighting Power Space Function Method Table 7 2 Interior Lighting Power Space Function Method ECBC Table 7 2 Space Function LPD W m Space Function LPD W m Office enclosed For Reading Area Office open plan Hospital Conference Meeting Multipurpose For Emergency Lobby For Nurse Station For Performing Arts Theater For Pharmacy For Motion Picture Theater For Patient Room Audience Seating Area For Operating Room For Medical Supply For Gymnasium For Nursery For Sports Arena For Radiology Classroom Lecture Training For Recovery Mi 5 For Motion Picture Theater Automotive Service Repair ee 9 4 T For Performing Arts Theater For Laundry Washing 5 S 6 Atrium first three floors For Low Bay lt 8m ceiling Atrium each additional floor ae For High Bay gt 8m ceiling For Religious Buildings For Physical Therapy En
74. 2 of ECBC Required Insulation R values in m2 K W Duct Location Supply Ducts Return Ducts Vented A Unventilated Attic without Roof Insulation Unventilated Attic with Roof Insulation Indirectly Conditioned Space ae alnsulation R value is measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTM C518 at a mean temperature of 24 C 75 F at the installed thickness bIncludes crawlspaces both ventilated and non ventilated Includes return ait plenums with or without exposed roofs above Table 5 9 provides R value h F ft Btu of a few insulating materials Table 5 9 Sample R values for Duct Insulation Materials Installed R value Typical Material Meeting or Exceeding the Given R value h F ft2 Btu 1 2 in Mineral fiber duct liner per ASTM C 1071 Type 1 1 in Mineral fiber duct liner per ASTM C 1071 Types I amp II 1 in Mineral fiber board per ASTM C 612 Types IA amp IB 1 in Mineral fiber duct board per UL 181 1 2 in Mineral fiber duct wrap per ASTM C 1290 1 in Insulated flex duct per UL 181 6 0 1 Zin Mineral fiber duct liner per ASTM C1071 Types I amp II 1 Zin Mineral fiber duct board per UL 181 1 2 in Mineral fiber board per ASTM C 612 Types IA amp IB 2 in 2 lb ft Mineral fiber duct wrap per ASTM C 1290 2 1 2 in 0 6 to 1 lb ft Mineral fiber duct wrap per ASTM C 1290 2 in Insulated flex duct per UL 181 2 in Mineral fiber duct liner per ASTM C 1071 Types I amp II
75. 300 m 3 000 ft area shall have a sepatate control device b Case Lighting Lighting in cases used for display purposes greater than 300 m 3 000 ft area shall be equipped with a separate control device c Hotel and Motel Guest Room Lighting Hotel and motel guest rooms and guest suites shall have a master control device at the main room entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires and switched receptacles d Task Lighting Supplemental task lighting including permanently installed under shelf or under cabinet lighting shall have a control device integral to the luminaires or be controlled by a wall mounted control device provided the control device complies with 7 2 1 2 of ECBC e Non visual Lighting Lighting for non visual applications such as plant growth and food warming shall be equipped with a separate control device Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 62 Lighting f Demonstration Lighting Lighting equipment that is for sale or for demonstrations in lighting education shall be equipped with a separate control device accessible only to authorized personnel Box 7 G provides more information and guidelines for installation of controls for the above lighting applications Box 7 G Additional Control Many special lighting applications must be controlled separately including display lighting in retail stores case lighting hotel motel guest rooms task lighting non visual lighting application
76. 5 55 are proposed to meet the cooling requirements of the building Service Hot Water When there is service hot water supply for the Proposed Design similar system must be modeled in the Standard Design model In this case study since the Proposed Design is not a residential hotel or hospital building 20 of design loads are not required to be met by solar hot water system The system efficiencies shall be as per Section 6 2 2 of the Code Miscellaneous Loads The equipment loads in the Standard and the Proposed Design shall be modeled in the same way Step 5 Compare the Energy consumption in the Proposed Design with that of Standard Design A review of the detailed inputs of both the Standard Design model and the Proposed Design model shows that the building does not meet the U factor requirements for the wall as specified in the prescriptive table of ECBC Since the fenestration is unlabeled the resultant U factor of the complete window assembly is also high when compared with the U factor of the Standard Design simulation model However the internal lighting load is 20 less in the Standard Design model A glass of higher SHGC has been used on the West South and North side of the building and a glass of SHGC lesser than the base case has been used on the East facade The windows are designed in such a way that mainly diffused light get into the building from the North facade West facade has a high WWR of 55 but because there is good shadi
77. 978M JOY IMAIIS OU SPEO JOIVA JOY IMAI S OU MVY M IVY sSurpimq 104 SPLOT 1938M JOY IWES IY SIAI S PUL s 0 c PAPPUVIF IY ur WAS S IYI sayoIeUT WY p pou aq PEYS ur ls s Joya JOY IMAI S V SPEOJ JoIVA JOY IMIS MLY IAN Zupmq sy ynq p gro ds u q SVY JO SISIX W JS S FFM JOY IMAF S OU IPY syu umoop u9rs p YM JUASISUOD aq eys PPpPOW 1934 JOY IMIS I p uroods u q svy WAS S IWA JOY 3IAJ S YM SIPUPYJ pUL s RPedeI yuouoduuioo jenyr Sursn d 4 WAS s enqov ayy IOHA PEYS UFs pasodosg IY sistxo ur 1s s Jaya JOY rA3 S PJdWOI v IPY SANO OJ s p uruuj j p oq EYS Ksq p sodoig IY ur lu muj pus sommoudvo yuourdmba se yons J ojoured souvursoysod poawpI pe pue oddy ur js s FIWA JOY IMIS ML ureySord uoncvnuur s y SUONEN Sulppow sproy sno uc 32srT AI DRM 10H IA3 S B 10 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method 10 3 1 1 Calculating Proposed and Standard Design a Design Model The Proposed Design and the corresponding Standard Design shall be consistent with information contained on the plans and specifications Some buildings such as retail malls and speculative office buildings typically are built in phases For example the core mechanical system may be installed with the base building while the ductwork and terminal units are installed later as part of tenant imp
78. Atlas System Efficacy Lumens Watt 400 500 600 900 1000 System watts Figure 7 2 Exterior Grounds Lighting and specific Technologies Source Adapted from ASHRAE IESNA Standard 90 1 1999 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 64 Lighting Box 7 H Lighting Controls High efficiency lighting components such as T 8 fluorescent lamps and electronic high frequency ballasts make a significant impact on lighting energy and its associated costs by reducing the kW required to illuminate buildings Lighting controls on the other hand affect lighting energy by directly reducing lighting s time of use Some lighting control techniques such as using photocell controls in building spaces that incorporate daylighting not only reduce lighting time of use but also decrease lighting power and may even reduce the average cost of electricity by eliminating some lighting kW during peak demand periods Source ASHRAE Manual 2004 7 3 Prescriptive Requirements The prescriptive requirements of the Code regulates both interior and exterior lighting power 7 3 1 Interior Lighting Power The prescriptive lighting requirements limit the installed electric wattage for interior building lighting As with the other sections of the Code however these lighting power requirements are minimum requirements Designers working on specific projects may often be able to design mote efficient lighting systems For interior lighting
79. Board Steel Joist Roof with Insulated Cavities Metal Framed Ceiling Insulation Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 22 Building Envelope We Insulation entirely above deck Insulation is installed above a concrete b wood or c metal deck in a continuous manner a b and c are shown sequentially right to left lt Membrane lt Top Chord Steel Deck Insulation Bottom Chord lt 4 Gypsum Board Blocking Steel Joist Roof with Continuous Insulation Figure 4 7 Building Roofs Typical Roof Counstructions with Insulation 230 mm Brick Wall with Exterior Plaster m Vata Fillet Joint Along Parapet 25 mm Thick China Mosaic 100mm Thick BBCC H 75mm Thick Vermiculite RCC Slab A RCC Slab Insulated with Vermiculite B RCC Slab Insulated with Earthen Pots Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 23 Building Envelope Weather Proofing System H p 230 mm Brick wall with Plaster Ceramic Tile Screed Non Woven Polyester Geotextile ti Foam Insulation 4 mm water Proofing System Membrane Type I P Screed with Slope p RCC Slab Figure 4 8 Typical Insulation Technique for RCC Roof Construction 4 3 1 1 Cool Roofs Depending on the material and construction a roof will have different properties that determine how it conducts heat to the inside of the building Cool roofs are roofs covered wi
80. Building Envelope Tradeoff Method Skylights 96 35 311 71 294 66 918 77 Table 12 2 Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Hot Dry Climate under review Daytime Occupancy 24 Hour Occupancy U factor SHGC U Factor SHGC O na PsP wao s _ C 2 T C d x me u o z j j Table 12 3 Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Hot Humid Climate under review Daytime Occupancy 24 Hour Occupancy U factor SHGC U Factor SHGC C ww oat e a i O o j CC Y Coa as OP o O o O Table 12 4 Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Moderate Climate under review Daytime Occupancy 24 Hour Occupancy U factor SHGC U Factor SHGC O omw m oo o a oOo wo 2m L C dT CC Y Poo sas j j Table 12 5 Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Cold Climate under review Daytime Occupancy 24 Hour Occupancy U factor SHGC U Factor SHGC Poo si or iP 12 1 2 Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients The M multiplication factor can also be calculated using Equation 12 2 If the equation is used a separate calculation shall be made for each orientation and unique shading condition Equation 12 2 M aPF bPF 1 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide D2 Appendix D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method Table 12 6 Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients Device Coefficient North South East West Overhangs x 5 a o o 0 Example 12 1 Calculat
81. C applicability in different situations An example of Boxed Text is shown below Box 1 A Role of Climate Zone The ECBC building envelope requirements are based on the climate zone in which the building is located ECBC defines five climate zones hot dry warm humid composite temperate cold which are distinctly unique in their weather profiles Appendix E Based on the characteristics of climate the thermal comfort requirements in buildings and their physical manifestation in architectural form are also different for each climate zone c Normal text in black This type of text forms the core of the ECBC User Guide and provides overall guidance on how best to understand and apply ECBC vi Table of Contents USAID ECO III Project Foreword ECBC User Guide Development Team Acknowledgements How to Use This Guide 1 Purpose 2 Scope 21 Applicable Building Systems 2 2 Exemptions 2 3 Safety Health and Environmental Codes Take Precedence 2 4 Reference Standards 3 Administration and Enforcement 3 1 Compliance Requirements 3 1 1 Mandatory Requirements 3 1 2 New Buildings 3 1 3 Additions to Existing Buildings 3 1 4 Alterations to Existing Buildings 3 2 Compliance Approaches 3 3 Administrative Requirements 3 4 Compliance Documents 3 4 1 General 3 4 2 Supplemental Information 4 Building Envelope 4 1 4 2 4 3 44 General Mandatory Requirements 4 2 1 Fenestration 4
82. C temperature difference VAV Minimum Flow Set points System Type ECBC Table 10 2 Minimum volume set points for VAV reheat boxes shall be 2 15 L s m2 of floor area served Fan Power System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 Fans in parallel VAV fan powered boxes shall be sized for 50 of the peak design flow rate and shall be modeled with 0 74 W per L s fan power Minimum volume set points for fan powered boxes shall be equal to 30 of peak design flow rate or the rate required to meet the minimum outdoor air ventilation requirement whichever is larger The supply air temperature setpoint shall be constant at the design condition VAV Fan Part Load Performance System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 VAV system supply fans shall have variable speed drives and their part load performance characteristics shall be modeled using either Method 1 or Method 2 mentioned in table below Table 10 4 Part Load Performance for VAV Fan Systems Method 1 Part Load Fan Power Data Fan Part Load Ratio Fraction of Full Load Power Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide B 20 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Method 2 Part Load Fan Power Equation Pian 0 0013 0 1470 x PLRg 0 9506 x PLR 0 0998 x PLR fn where Prin fraction of full load fan power and PLRe fan part load ratio current cfm design cfm Hot Water Supply Temperature System Type ECBC Table 10 2 Hot water design supply temperat
83. CBC User Guide G8 Appendix G Compliance Forms Cooking Elec commercial fuel 2 Elevators and Elec Escalators r w i a E Total Building Elec Consumption Demand Total Process Elec Energy Energy Summary by End Use Proposed Design Standard Design End Use Energy Type Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy kWh GW kWh W Fineior Lighting Ambien Eleoticty vei ighing Process E E E kr S S S p gt w sami imam aswawan asas Space Henng ma ena a eee es ee eee Electricity Pumps Electricity Heat Rejection Electricity Fans Interior Electricity Fans Parking Garage Electricity Natural Gas Electricity Service Water Heating fuel 1 Service Water Heating fuel 2 Receptacle Equipment Electricity Refrigeration food etc Electricity Cooking commercial fuel 1 Natural Gas Cooking commercial fuel 2 Electricity Elevators and Escalators Other Process Total Building Consumption Electricity Electricity Proposed Design Standard Design Percentage Improvement Type Energy Use Energy Use Energy kWh kWh Nonrenewable Regulated amp Unregulated Gs ae aS Other Total Nonrenewable Regulated amp 2583 826 2624 623 Unregulated Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G9 Appendix H Comparison of International Building Energy Standards 16 APPENDIX H Comparison Of International Building Energy Standards piis account for abo
84. Code as if it were a new building 3 1 4 1 Building Envelope As per the Code Alterations to the building envelope shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 4 of the Code or fenestration insulation and air leakage applicable to the portions of the buildings and its systems being altered Exception to above The following alterations need not comply with these requirements provided such alterations do not increase the energy usage of the building Replacement of glass in an existing sash and frame provided the U factor and SHGC of the replacement glazing are equal to or lower than the existing glazing Modifications to roof ceiling wall or floor cavities which are insulated to full depth with insulation Modifications to walls and floors without cavities and where no new cavities are created 3 1 4 2 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning As per the Code Alterations to building heating ventilating and air conditioning equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 5 of the Code applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 5 Administration and Enforcement 3 1 4 3 Service Water Heating As per the Code Alterations to building service
85. ECBC User Guide 18 Building Envelope ECBC identifies several areas in the building envelope where attention should be paid to infiltration control These include a Joints around fenestration and doorframes b Openings at penetrations of utility services through roofs walls and floors c Site built fenestration and doors d Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums e Joints seams and penetrations of vapor retarders f All other openings in the building envelope It is also recommended that junctions between walls and foundations between walls at building corners between walls and structural floors or roofs and between walls and roof or wall panels Fenestration products including doors can also significantly contribute to infiltration Although not included in the Code it is recommended that fenestration products should have infiltration less than 0 4 cfm ft 2 0 1 s m For glazed entrance doors that open with a swinging mechanism and for revolving doors it is recommended that infiltration be limited to 1 0 cfm ft 5 0 1 s m2 4 3 Prescriptive Requirements For envelope component based compliance approach ECBC sets requirements for Exterior roofs and ceilings Cool roofs Opaque walls Vertical fenestration Skylights 4 3 1 Roofs In roofs the U factor for the overall assemblies or minimum R values for the insulation must be complied with the provisions of the Code ECBC Appendix C provides
86. Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide ENERGY IS LIFE S gt USAID INDIA lt gt 3 ANMA FROM THE AMERICAN PEO CONSERVE IT Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide 1st Printed July 2009 Reprinted April 2011 Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide 2009 Bureau of Energy Efficiency Published by Bureau of Energy Efficiency Ath Floor Sewa Bhawan R K Puram New Delhi India Developed by USAID ECO III Project International Resources Group 2 Balbir Saxena Marg Hauz Khas New Delhi India No portion graphics or text of this guide may be reproduced translated or transmitted in any form or manner by any means including but not limited to electronic copy photocopy or any other informational storage and retrieval system without explicit written consent from Bureau of Energy Efficiency New Delhi All rights reserved Printed in New Delhi India ISBN No 978 81 909025 3 3 1st Printed July 2009 Reprinted April 2011 This Guide is made possible by the support of the American People through United States Agency for International Development USAID under the terms of Award No 386C 00 06 00153 00 The contents of the Guide are the sole responsibility of International Resources Group IRG and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government USAID ECO III Project The Energy Conservation and Commercialization ECO Program was signed between the Gove
87. Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Composite Climate under review Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Hot Dry Climate under review Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Hot Humid Climate under review Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Moderate Climate under review Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients Cold Climate under review Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients Classifications of Different Climate Zones in India Climate Zone of the Major Indian Cities B25 B32 C 2 cCA C3 D1 D2 D 2 D 2 D2 D3 E2 E 3 List of Figures Figure 3 1 Design Process for the Whole Building Performance Method Figure 3 2 The Building Design and Construction Process Figure 4 1 Building Envelope Figure 4 2 The Solar and Blackbody Spectrum Figure 4 3 Schematic Showing Three Modes of Heat Transfer Figure 4 4 Typical Cavity Wall Construction Figure 4 5 Direct and Indirect Solar Radiation Figure 4 6 Heat Transfer Conduction Convection amp Radiation and Infiltration Across a Window Figure 4 7 Building Roofs Figure 4 8 Typical Insulation Technique for RCC Roof Construction Figure 4 9 Heat Transfer Through Roof Figure 4 10 Projection Factor Calculation Figure 4 11 Illustration to show U factor SHGC and VLT Figure 4 12 Skylight Installations Figure 5 1 Acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces F
88. Lighting Box 7 B provides a brief on scheduling controls Box 7 B Scheduling Controls Programmable timing also known as automatic time scheduling is the oldest form of automatic lighting control Time scheduling manages the on and off times of a building s lighting systems Scheduling systems function by turning off all or some of the lights when a building space is unoccupied In the most basic time scheduling scheme a time switch switches lighting circuits on or off based on programmable schedules For example exterior lighting is usually switched on to correspond to sundown and is switched off again at daybreak By contrast time scheduling of interior lighting systems is based for the most part on occupancy schedules In some cases time switches are used to energize additional lighting control systems such as daylighting controls which are held off during unoccupied periods Time scheduling systems employ the following components A central processor is usually capable of controlling several output channels each of which may be assigned to one or mote lighting circuits Relays are series wired to lighting control zones and are controlled by the central processor Overrides are required to accommodate individuals who use the space during scheduled off hours Individuals can activate manual switches or use telephone overrides to regain temporary control of the lights in a given space Occupant sensing devices are an alternativ
89. PIYA ur sju uoduuoo Joox pe ur 3zgu ojJod zeonu pr uv Aq pasvoIEp aq PEYS g Te WpSTAYs ur stq LIIE JOOF SsOIS IYI JO G VEY JoIwIS SI UVS pasodosy IJI JO vate S S 2 J Tews sr zgA uoruA odopaaus Surpymq I Jo ed sr WY vase Joos SSOIS IYI JO 0 FO URSIL p sodoa IYI ur WY o1 enb aq qeys vare 4S s STASIS O O JO AiTAMDO Por v YALA pP pow oq peys s 2vzins Joos I V op q V Jooq poO IP JO rp PUL Crp AQL PM Adwo feys J HS IP pue p AQL PM lIduuoo gus 10924 uongnms u PIPPO oq JOU EYS sopeys Jo spurq se uons s 9m p Surpeys uonuzs u j PHLIdO JENUEN JOO1 JO JEA 109382 IP PM usnp aq o pownsse aq TEYS VOREHSIVJ tp jppoutu aq 0 suonoo ojd Jupes ON suontju ro Moz I ssoyov spueq eyuOzoy ur rusojiun pANGHSIP oq EYS pUe TOEWS sr IAIA vare TEM apess aaoqe ssors JO Op JO UPA pasodody IYI ur WY enb EYS svare uonens u 4 TEP pur Le Jo suu uuommbor p Adwo 109 pue utsa pasodid IP se Apedes qeay ums IP Sutazu SE POPPOW aq PEYS SEM pue SI00p stoop Foor sv upns s llqur sse anbedO JSE PEYS 1ou s op HWY os p l pouu aq Tegs Surpimq u r SMSA IP SujeIae u up s so p 0Z 081 06 SuIPINg mu IP SuALIOS IYL UDE PUL UOREJUIHO JEMIE SH YMN Sutplmq Ip Sune nuns Aq porzouss oq peys s uztrropod Surpimq prepuess JI VOREN C Mop p 1ou sv 1d 2x UTII pasodoig IYI se SUONVIJUIIO PUL suorsu uurp JONX eonu pr PUL EIIE JOO p uonipuo2o szonu pir savy PEYS SUPLI puwpurjy SUT
90. RI 550 590 1998 Cooled Chiller 2530 and lt 1050 kW 2150 and lt 300 tons Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor Water 5 75 6 43 ARI 550 590 1998 Cooled Chiller gt 1050 kW gt 300 tons These are aspirational values For mandatory values refer to ASHRAE 90 1 2004 As per the Code Unitary Air Conditioner shall meet IS 1391 Part 1 Table 5 3 split air conditioner shall meet IS 1391 Part 2 Table 5 4 packaged air conditioner shall meet IS 8148 Table 5 5 and boilers shall meet IS 13980 the standard specifies the procedure with above 75 thermal efficiency Table 5 3 Power Consumption Ratings for Table 5 4 Power Consumption Ratings for Split Unitary Air Conditioners Under Test Conditions Air Conditioners Under Test Conditions Rated Cooling Capacity Maximum Power kcal h Consumption kW Rated Cooling Capacity Maximum Power kcal h Consumption kW Source Code No IS 1391 Part 1 1992 Source Code No IS 1319 Part 2 1992 amendment No 2 Dec 2006 amendment No 2 Dec 2006 Table 5 5 Power Consumption Rating for Packaged air Conditioners under test conditions Cooling Capacity Maximum Power Consumption in Watts Watts Tons of Refrigeration Water Cooled Air Cooled Source Code No IS 8148 2003 Selection of individual equipment efficiency should be considered in the context of the whole HVAC system In a chilled water system for example althoueh the chiller is at the core of the system an
91. Standard Design the building complies with the Code Figure 3 1 shows a schematic depicting the WBP method ECBC Non Compliant Energy Consumption Proposed Design gt Energy Consumption Standard Design Make changes to the Proposed Design Standard Design Computer Model i with ECBC compares the Proposed Design Prescriptive Energy with actual design requirements Consumption of specifications two designs ECBC Compliant Energy Consumption Proposed Design lt Energy Consumption Standard Design Figure 3 1 Design Process for the Whole Building Performance Method The biggest advantage of using this approach is that it enables the design and construction team to make comparisons between different design options to identify the most cost effective and energy efficient design solution For instance the efficiency of the indoor lighting system might be improved in order to justify Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 7 Administration and Enforcement fenestration design that does not meet the prescriptive envelope requirements As long as the total energy use of the Proposed Design does not exceed the allowed energy use in Standard Design the building will be ECBC compliant Note For a detailed description of the computer simulation process and details please refer to the Energy Simulation Tip Sheet which can be accessed at http eco3 org energy simulation tip sheet 3 3 Administrative Requiremen
92. Supunossy sodosd Surpn our ju um op USIS P IY YA FUASISUOD aq PEYS Us pasodosg IP JO ppow uonv nurs sy J usIsoq posodorg s np uo s uOHeoyIsse D ENERIZ Suonc19 V pue suontppV ISPoW usrs q 320 suBis q piepue1s pue p sodoid Buljejn gt e gt 104 sjuawasinbay Huljapow LOL aqeL B 7 Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method poO sup ur susWaFMbas JONU AJoJ puLUT dy H 0 pooysJopun 33e pasn s np uo s Sunu sr u sv sQ puypurjs IY ur p pouu oq peys vonezyyn isyAvp JO sjonuoo onzuuonnt Jo gqewwerrsord 33 sfonUOD SuNYST onewome ON U pabpuas pure pasoderg IY ur ATTeonUapl p pour oq peys uonzv n jz5 nsu p somod Sunysy 2y UT p pni ur you SIIIXY 1oj Jomog ro ZELE soup ur AzoSa1v9 pue poypw surpuodsazsoo u1 JO pamoyY umwreu ay 0 enbo s Jamod Sunysy YNA UFSI pasodosg IY sev SIOZ pur uonounj ovds JO v Surp mq mpoIrd UOBEZHO99162 IWES JY SuIsN PIOUTWIJP oq eYs SUFs pawpurzs IY ur Jomod SunuSr payenyeaa Suq yom Jo doos atp Jo Ped WY suolstA z Kuu O soud suonripuos Sunspo 31o g z leus SUs urpu IP sodopaue urplmq Sunsrx 104 sSurpimg Sunsp lt T uonulu no pue IW 107 sju uus szmb z yeridosdde amp yew reys s pI doxd JOHS pur I0P8J N HSY JS URAA pasodorg IY ut se IWS IY Aq TEYS HH pus UORVIUINO 1u r JS ONEI JOOI OJ JYSH NS o IY YILI o p lzoo are syysyAys Y
93. Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 1 General eating Ventilation and Air Conditioning HVAC refers to the equipment distribution systems and 1 that provide either collectively or individually the heating ventilation or air conditioning requirement to a building or a portion of building The HVAC system accounts for a significant portion of a commercial building s energy use HVAC energy use in a commercial building can increase decrease significantly depending on how efficiently the combination of air side systems and central plant operates Proven technologies and design concepts can be used to build energy efficiencies in the system and generate significant energy and cost savings HVAC systems also affect the health comfort and productivity of occupants Issues like user discomfort improper ventilation lack of air movement and poor indoor air quality and poor acoustic design are linked to HVAC system design and operation and can be improved In many existing buildings envelope upgrades are often necessary to improve comfort and energy efficiency through improvements such as reducing envelope leakage Generally upgrading an existing building envelope is expensive Other strategies such as central plant airside or control system upgrade may be necessary to improve occupant comfort and energy efficiency The best HVAC design considers all the interrelated building systems while addressing indoor air quality thermal comfort energy co
94. What are some of the benefits of Power Factor Correction Reduced power consumption Reduced electricity bills Improved electrical energy efficiency Extra kVA availability from the existing supply Reduced R losses from transformer and distribution equipment Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 77 Electrical Power Minimized voltage drop in long cables What are some ways to correct the power factor Minimize operation of idling or lightly loaded motors Avoid operation of equipment above its rated voltage Replace standard motors as they burn out with energy efficient motors Even with energy efficient motors however the power factor is significantly affected by variations in load A motor must be operated near its rated capacity to realize the benefits of a high power factor design Install capacitors in your AC circuit to decrease the magnitude of reactive power 8 2 4 Check Metering and Monitoring A significant barrier to achieving energy efficiency during the operation of a building is inadequate metering systems and monitoring plans Building operators cannot be expected to manage energy if they cannot measure energy use To improve a buildine s energy performance over its operating life and optimize the energy efficient requirements the Code requires that the building s performance be measured Metering is about having information that allows buildings energy managers to analyze and
95. a building where a large number of spaces may be unoccupied at any given time such as a dormitory or a motel local systems may be totally shut off in the unused spaces thus providing huge energy saving potential As a self contained system a local HVAC system may provide greater occupant comfort through totally individualized control options if one room needs heating while an adjacent one needs cooling two local systems can respond without conflict As the compact systems are small they are designed for full peak load and the standard rooftop or package units are not typically available with variable speed option This type of system therefore has very limited potential to operate efficiently during part load situations The availability of VRF system is changing this Unlike central systems DX systems pose a greater risk of refrigerant leaks to the atmosphere With DX systems installed in several localized areas it may be very difficult ot impossible to detect these leaks especially in split systems with long pipe runs using high pressure refrigerant Local systems can have a useful life of up to 15 years Local systems maintenance may often be relatively simple but maintenance may have to occur directly in occupied spaces Packaged and split units have much lower first costs than a central system The operating costs of unitary systems is usually higher due to lower efficiency ratings and lower part load performance
96. a system or piece of equipment at design conditions Design conditions specified environmental conditions such as temperature and light intensity required to be produced and maintained by a system and under which the system must operate Distribution system a device or group of devices or other means by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their source of supply Door all operable opening areas which are not fenestration in the building envelope including swinging and roll up doors fire doors and access hatches Doors that are more than one half glass are considered fenestration For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements the classifications are defined as follows Door non swinging roll up sliding and all other doors that ate not swinging doors Door swinging all operable opaque panels with hinges on one side and opaque revolving doors Door area total area of the door measured using the rough opening and including the door slab and the frame Dwelling unit a single unit providing complete independent living facilities for one or more persons including permanent provisions for living sleeping eating cooking and sanitation Economizer air a duct and damper arrangement and automatic control system that together allow a cooling system to supply outdoor air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling during mild or cold weather Economizer water a system by which the supp
97. ading from window recesses overhangs side fins or other permanent shading devices that reduce solar gains on the glazing Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 13 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Interior shading devices if not automatic should not be modeled in the Proposed Design In Standard Design no shading should be modeled Exceptions for Envelope Any simulation program necessarily relies on a somewhat simplified description of the building envelope It is usually time consuming and difficult to explicitly detail every minor variation in the envelope design and if good engineering judgment is applied these simplifications won t result in a significant decline in accuracy Three exceptions where more substantial simplifications may be made are Minor Assemblies Frequently there will be small areas on the building envelope with unique thermal characteristics The ECBC exempts any envelope assembly that covers less than 5 of the total area of a given assembly type e g exterior walls or roofs from being treated as a separate envelope component Instead that area may be added to an adjacent assembly of the same type For example if there is an exterior wall constructed of load bearing masonry but there are small wood framed infill areas the infill areas may be treated as if the entite wall is of masonry Note that the gross wall area is unchanged and no areas are left out of the model Diffe
98. alled in a permanent manner and in substantial contact with the inside surface of the construction assembly If the insulation does not entirely fill the cavity the air gap should be on the outside surface Maintaining substantial contact is particularly important and problematic for batt insulation installed between floor joists Without proper support gravity will cause the insulation to fall away from the floor surface leaving an air gap above the insulation Air currents will ultimately find their way to the gap and when they do the effectiveness of the insulation will be substantially reduced Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 21 Building Envelope Insulation Above Suspended Ceilings It is not good practice to install insulation directly over suspended ceilings with removable ceiling panels This is because the insulation s continuity is likely to be disturbed by maintenance workers Also suspended ceilings may not meet the ECBC s infiltration requirements unless they are properly sealed Compliance with this requirement could have a significant impact in some parts of the country as it is common practice to install insulation over suspended ceilings Many building codes will consider the space above the ceiling to be an attic and require that it be ventilated to the exterior If vented to the exterior air in the attic could be quite cold or hot and the impact of the leaky suspended ceiling would be made worse I
99. ance of each layer For the calculation of the thermal transmittance U factor under ordinary building conditions the seasonal mean values of the exterior surface thermal resistance R and the interior surface thermal resistance R can be obtained from Table 4 1 These values are the result of empirical studies and merely represent magnitudes of order They consider both convection and radiation influences Table 4 1 Values of Surface Film Resistance Based on Direction of Heat Flow si se Direction of Heat Flow Direction of Heat Flow Horizontal Horizontal Down Thermal Resistance of an Element Consisting of Homogenous Layers A building element is usually composed of a number of different materials When materials are placed in series their thermal resistances are added so that the same area conducts lesser heat for a given temperature difference Formation of air film at the surface of wall or roof due to convection movements of air also provides resistance to the heat flow similar to the construction material The total resistance of the wall or roof includes all of the resistances of the individual materials that make it up as well as both the internal and external air film resistance U factor 1 Ry Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 14 Building Envelope Thermal Resistance of Unventilated Air Layers Table 4 2 gives the thermal resistances of unventilated air layers valid for emittance of the bounding
100. and Electrical Equipment for Buildings 10th Ed John Wiley amp Sons Inc US Department of Energy ExergyPlus Energy Simulation Weather Data www eete energy gov Washington DC US Green Building Council 2006 LEED for new Construction Reference Guide Version 2 2 Third Edition www usgbc org Washington DC USA USAID ECO III Project Exergy Conservation Building Code Tip Sheet Envelope Lighting HVAC gt Energy Simulation www eco3 org New Delhi India Web References J Southface Energy Institute www southface org 241 Pine Street NE Atlanta USA Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 1 1 USAID ECO III Project International Resources Group AADI Building Lower Ground Floor 2 Balbir Saxena Marg Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India Phone 91 11 4597 4597 Email eco3 irgssa com Web Site www eco3 org
101. and load loss Pr oad The total transformer loss Prota at any load level can then be calculated from Protal PNo toaat Z Load 100 x Proad Source Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities Bureau of Energy Efficiency 2005 As per the Code Power transformers of the proper ratings and design must be selected to satisfy the minimum acceptable efficiency at 50 and full load rating In addition the transformer must be selected such that it minimizes the total of its initial cost in addition to the present value of the cost of its total lost energy while serving its estimated loads during its respective life span ECBC lists various transformer sizes of dry type and oil filled transformers and their associated losses at 50 and full load rating Table 8 1 and Table 8 2 of ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 70 Electrical Power Table 8 1 Dry Type Transformers ECBC Table 8 1 Rating KVA Max Losses at Max Losses at Total losses at Total losses 50 loading 100 loading 50 loading at rated load kW kW kW kW Up to 22 kV class 33 kV class Total loss values given in above table are applicable for thermal classes E B amp F and have component of load loss at reference temperature according to clause 17 of IS 2026 Part 11 i e average winding temperature rise as given in column 2 of Table 8 2 plus 30 C An increase of 7 on total for thermal class H is allowed Table 8 2 Oil Filled Transforme
102. and the maximum outside air ventilation required He or she may combine two or more thermal zones into a thermal block designed to be conditioned by a single HVAC SYSTEM for example an Air Handling Unit AHU or an DX system If the building uses central air conditioning systems as opposed to DX systems see Chapter 5 then a series of HVAC SYSTEMS may be served by one or more HVAC PLANT component chillers pumps cooling towers etc For the WBP method using building energy simulation analysis HVAC ZONES must be described to be identical in both the Standard Design and the Proposed Design Models This rule ensures consistency with the requirement that the shape and area of the building envelope for the Standard Design be the same as for the Proposed Design and that the space use classifications be the same HVAC Zoning Based On HVAC Design As noted earlier building areas that are thermodynamically similar spaces and whose heating and cooling loads can be satisfied through use of a single thermostat or other type of temperature control can be combined in a single thermal zone The outside air flow quantities and control strategies applicable to the duct outlets or other terminal units controlled by this single thermostats may be part of the HVAC ZONE description Clearly this process requires mapping of the HVAC SYSTEM design into the simulation model and the simulator needs to work interactively with the services consultant Use of
103. angs fins and trees Increase surface reflectivity Pale colour glazed china mosaic tiles etc Promote Heat Loss COLD Cloudy Sunny CLIMATE ZONE Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Loss Promote Heat Gain COMPOSITE CLIMATE ZONE Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Gain in Summer and Reduce Heat Loss in Winter Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building Use of trees as wind barriers Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and wall insulation Increase thermal capacity Time lag Thicker walls Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 20 Building Envelope Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for windows Minimize glazing in East and West Promote Heat Loss in Summer Monsoon Increase air exchange rate Ventilation Courtyatds wind towers arrangement of openings Increase humidity levels in dry summer Trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling Decrease humidity in monsoon Dehumidifiers desiccant cooling Source Nayak and Prajapati 2006 Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings Exterior roofs can meet the prescriptive requirements in one of two ways Use the required R value of the insulation this R value does not apply to building materials or air film It should be referred exclusively for insulation or Usea roof assembly U factor that meets the maximum U factor criterion for thermal performance
104. anufacturer installed as an after market add on or site fabricated Site fabricated heat traps may be constructed by creating a loop or inverted U shaped arrangement to the inlet and outlet pipes See Figure 6 4 for general guidance Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 56 Service Water Heating and Pumping Heat Trap Cut outs for heating coil elements Cut outs for we Gas Electric Combustion Air Figure 6 4 Heat Trap Elements 6 2 6 Swimming Pools Heated swimming pools can be a source of considerable heat and water loss due to evaporation Also the cost of the energy required to maintain the temperature of the water in the pool at a level comfortable for swimming is a strong incentive to adopt measures which promote retention of heat in the pool and reduction in heat loss As per the Code Heated pools shall be provided with a vapor retardant pool cover on or at the water surface Pools heated to more than 32 C 90 F shall have a pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R 2 1 R 12 Exception to above Pools deriving over 60 of their energy from site recovered energy or solar energy source 6 2 7 Compliance Documentation As per the Code The application for approval shall furnish detailed calculation showing the design to ensure that at least 20 of the heating requirement shall be met from solar heat heat recovery and not more than 80 of the heat shall be met from electrical heating Where
105. ar record shall be maintained Table 8 3 Values of Performance Characteristic of Two Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Rated Frame Full Full Breakaway Breakaway Nominal Output Designation Load Load Torque in Current in Terms Efficiency Speed Current Terms of Full of Full Current Load Torque Equal or Below Min Max Min Foreff 2 Foreff1 Foreff 2 For eff 1 Rev min Amp Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 4 2780 2 0 170 0 77 0 2790 2 8 170 0 82 8 150 0 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 73 Electrical Power 110 0 125 0 132 0 315M 2980 220 0 160 01 315L 2980 265 0 Note Output to frame size relation is maintained in accordance with 1s 1231 for all motors except those marked as D wherein the frame size indicated is preferred frame size Source IS 12615 2004 Energy Efficient Induction Motors Three Phase Squirrel Cage First Revision Table 8 4 Values of Performance Characteristic of 4 Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Rated Output Full Full Load Load Speed Current Nominal Efficiency Frame Breakaway Torque in Terms of Full Load Torque Min Breakaway Current in Terms of Full Current Equal or Below Designation Min Max For eff 2 For eff 1 Foreff 2 For eff 1 r Percent Percent Percent 550 6 seo s 6o mo s 600 zo Sei eu s 600 6 70 soo 70 so 7 Rev min Percent Percent we
106. ary somewhat with each adopting jurisdiction the enforcement authority is generally the building department or other agency that has responsibility for approving and issuing building permits When non compliance or omissions are discovered during the plan review process the building official may issue a correction list and require the plans and applications to be revised to bring them into compliance prior to issuing a building permit In addition the building official has the authority to stop work during construction when a code violation is discovered co Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Administration and Enforcement The local building department has jurisdiction for determining the administrative requirements relating to permit applications They are also the final word on interpretations claims of exemption and rights of appeal From time to time the concerned authority will issue interpretations clarifying the intent of the Code The local building department may take these under consideration but the local building department still has the final word To achieve the greatest degree of compliance and to facilitate the enforcement process the Code should be considered at each phase of the design and construction process see Figure 3 2 1 At the design phase designers must understand both the requirements and the underlying intent of the Code The technical sections of this Guide provide information that designer
107. ating Seasonal Performance Factor HSPF the total heating output of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating in Btu divided by the total electric energy input during the same period Historic a building or space that has been specifically designed as historically significant HVAC system the equipment distribution systems and terminals that provide either collectively or individually the processes of heating ventilating or air conditioned to a building or portion of a building Infiltration the uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and crevices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by pressure differences across these elements due to factors such as wind inside and outside temperature differences stack effect and imbalance between supply and exhaust ait systems Installed interior lighting power the power in watts of all permanently installed general task and furniture lighting systems and luminaires Integrated part load value a single number figure of merit based on part load EER COP or 1 n kW ton expressing part load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment Kilovolt ampere where the term kilovolt ampere kVA is used in this Code it is the product of the line current amperes times the nominal system voltage kilovolts times 1 732 for three phase curre
108. ation Duct sealing Insulation type and location Report on HVAC balancing Service Hot Water and Pumping Solar water heating system details Lighting Schedules that show type number and wattage of lamps and ballasts Automatic lighting shutoff details Occupancy sensors and other lighting control details Lamp efficacy for exterior lamps Electrical Power Schedules that show transformer losses motor efficiencies and power factor correction devices Electric check metering and monitoring system details The documents submitted should include sufficient detail to allow thorough review by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for Code compliance Additional information may be requested by the authority if needed to verify compliance The compliance forms and worksheets are provided with this Guide Appendix G and are intended to facilitate the process of complying with the Code These forms serve a number of functions They provide a permit applicant and designer the information that needs to be included on the drawing They provide a structure and order for the necessary calculations The forms allow information to be presented in a consistent manner which is a benefit to both the permit applicant and the enforcement agency Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 10 Administration and Enforcement They provide a roadmap showing the enforcement agency where to look for the necessary
109. ature ECBC User Guide has used W m K as the unit of U factor Wherever C was being used for differences in temperature it has been replaced with K in the Guide U factors for fenestration systems including the sash and frame are required to be determined in accordance with ISO 15099 as specified in ECBC 11 Appendix C by an accredited independently laboratory and labeled and certified by the manufacturer or other responsible party Box 4 D briefly explains how these issues are addressed in US Box 4 D How Fenestration Products are Tested Certified and Labeled in the U S In the U S the fenestration U factors are determined in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council NFRC Standard 100 NFRC is a membership organization of window manufacturers researchers and others that develops supports and maintains fenestration rating and labeling procedures Most fenestration manufacturers have their products rated and labeled through the NFRC program Certified products receive an 8 2 by 11 inch NFRC label that lists the U factor SHGC and the visible transmittance 4 2 1 2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient The ECBC requires that SHGC be determined in accordance with ISO 15099 by an accredited independent laboratory and labeled and certified by the manufacturer or other responsible party SHGC has replaced Shading Coefficient SC as the preferred specification for solar heat gain through fenestration products Designers shou
110. aywredag s uoz usaa jaq Ajayeuonsodosd popp aq Peys UONKIUSTIO uo UEY jouu SuyAvyY SJEA PUR paze s Jo W G UYA IW Joo WY Jdaoxa TEM Jajo Wad pazys z WOI ss JO W G ST WY LIE JOOP fe pn our eys uoz yvy uon v UaTIO IWES IY aq ol pasaprsuOD aq Av saaISap Gp uzun SS Aq JazFIP WY SUON JUNO y 3d ox UONYIJUATIO yOva 107 papraosd aq peys uoz aywsiedas z sem JOWAIXI paze s 0 JUsou pe soovds Jo poumsse oq peys souoz ewy aywsedag q EA 3O 1X UB JO W G UIM p lsoo aso 2q reys soovds PPU EMA IONX UL WOI W G UEY 1948913 payvooy soun aq freys saovds JOWU s oeds 1 1 urrr d puv F040 JO pownsse oq eys souoz pewsoy ayvIedag e s urjopis SUIMOT OF IY YM UONvUTqUIOD ur pue np u s znjejoduu l soeds pur Jewry SunysSy Aouvdnos0 s nisu p pvoy eu3s lur ze Iruurs uo p seq pouyop aq JIES souoz jzuug oun p uSrs p u q Jo4 JOU JAVY suu 1s s pug s uoz DVAH P WOU uashs OVAH jo pury ums y Aq Jo wiaysks VAH ues oy Aq p A39s ore s uoz y JO TTY saorsap Gp ucun ss Aq Awa suONYIUATIO JAY JO UONLIUOTIO IWES IYJ ILJ STLA JOVAIXA pozejs o1 yUIu pe Fe Ivy uoz JeW OY UT ssuoz 9 VAH IV q uoz VUTJOY IY 3anousnosun IWES u ST UOMKOTSsvpD asn vds oy Z JOU ze suonipuoo SurAo oj 24 Jo e WY papraosd UOZ ewy FUIS z 38I 0 poUTquIOD aq ew souoz DYAH 1u s jjiq uondsoxq uoz ewy ovredas z sv poppow aq Peys 2u0z DYAH YL ssurmvrzp ustsop VAH
111. based on the properties of the glazing material whether the window has single double or triple glazing and the window operation either operable or fixed Glazing units with a low SHGC will help reduce the air conditioning energy use during the cooling season Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 16 Building Envelope Edge Seal Elane Air Infiltration Glazing Outside Inside T T T gt T P gt P Legend T Temperature P Pressure Figure 4 6 Heat Transfer Conduction Convection amp Radiation and Infiltration Across a Window 4 2 1 1 U factors Clear glass which is the most common type of glass used today has no significant thermal resistance R value from the pane itself It has a value of R 0 9 to R 1 0 due to the thin films of air on the interior and exterior surfaces of the glass The U factor thermal conductance must account for the entire fenestration system including the effects of the frame the spacers in double glazed assemblies and the glazing There are a wide vatiety of materials systems and techniques used to manufacture fenestration products and accurately accounting for these factors is of utmost importance when meeting the fenestration requirements The Code also specifies U factor for sloped glazing and skylights and minimum U factors for unrated products ECBC has used W m C as the unit for U factor Since differences in temperature are always denoted in K in physics liter
112. bined within a single thermal block Thermal Zone a term used in energy simulation to represent area catered to by one air conditioning unit With the help of the zoning building plans are simplified to reduce the modeler s work Normally within one zone usage pattern set point temperature and other conditions are identical Building spaces that would experience similar heating and cooling loads are generally grouped under one zone Thermostat an automatic control device used to maintain temperature at a fixed or adjustable set point Tinted as applied to fenestration bronze green or grey coloring that is integral with the glazing material Tinting does not include surface applied films such as reflective coatings applied either in the field or during the manufacturing process Ton one ton of cooling is the amount of heat absorbed by one ton of ice melting in one day which is equivalent to 3 5136 KW or 3 516 thermal kW Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 10 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Transformer a piece of electrical equipment used to convert electric power from one voltage to another voltage U factor Thermal Transmittance heat transmission in unit time through unit area of a material or construction and the boundary air films induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each side Units of U are W m C Btu h ft F Variable Air Volume VAV sy
113. ble of providing 100 of the expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 10 C 50 F dry bulb 7 2 C 45 F wet bulb and below Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 49 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Exceptions to above are a Projects in the hot dry and warm humid climate zones are exempt b Individual ceiling mounted fan systems lt 3 200 1 s 6 500 cfm are exempt Box 5 P Economizers Air Economizer An ait economizer is duct and damper arrangement and automatic control system that together allow a cooling system to supply outdoor air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling during mild or cold weather Water Economizer A water economizer is a system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled indirectly with water that is itself cooled by heat or mass transfer to the environment without the use of mechanical cooling 5 3 1 2 Partial Cooling One can use the building s intrinsic thermal mass to reduce peak cooling loads by circulating cool night time air to pre cool the building prior to daily occupancy in the cooling season The building control system can operate ventilation fans in the economizer mode on a scheduled basis Care should be taken to prevent excessive fan operation that would offset cooling energy savings It is also ensured that night humidity does not preclude the use of this strategy As per the Code Economizets shall be capable of providing
114. building where different methods are used Thete are many exceptions to the lighting power requirement generally for specialized lighting These are listed in ECBC 7 3 1 7 3 2 Building Area Method This method provides the procedure of calculating total watts per square meter for the entire building based on its type The sum of all the interior lighting power for various areas of the building cannot exceed the total watts to be in compliance The first step is to identify the allowed power lighting density for appropriate building area types listed in Table 7 1 of ECBC If more than one listed type applies to the area the more general building area type should be used Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 65 Lighting The second step is to calculate the gross lighted floor area for each of the building area types this can be done using the building plans Finally the last step is to multiply the allowed watts per square meter listed for each selected building type by the corresponding lighted floor areas to determine the allowed light power allowance Table 7 1 Interior Lighting Power Building Area Method ECBC Table 7 1 Building Area Type LPD W m2 Building Area Type LPD W m2 Automotive Facility IT Convention Center 12 9 Dining Bar Lounge Leisure 14 0 Dining Cafeteria Fast Food 15 1 Dining Family 17 2 Dormitory Hostel 10 8 Gymnasium 11 8 Health care Clinic 10 8 lospital Health Care 12 9 Totel
115. create poor heat transfer situations there by reducing the efficiency of the unit As per the Code All high rise buildings using centralized cooling water system shall use soft water for the condenser and chilled water system 5 3 Prescriptive Requirements As per the Code The prescriptive requirements apply for each HVAC system in the building that meets the following criteria a Serves a single zone b Cooling if any is provided by a unitary packaged or split system air conditioner or heat pump c Heating if any is provided by a unitary packaged or split system heat pump fuel fired furnace electric resistance heater or baseboards connected to a boiler d Outside air quantity is less than 1 400 1 s 3 000 cfm and less than 70 of supply air at design conditions Other HVAC systems shall comply with ASHRAE 90 1 2004 6 5 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 48 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Box 5 N Single Zone for HVAC As per the Code HVAC Zone is a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions e g temperature can be maintained throughout using a single sensor e g thermostat or temperature sensor Box 5 0 Heat Pump A heat pump consists of one or more factory made assemblies that normally include indoor conditioning coil compressor and outdoor coil including means to provide a heating functio
116. ct by working closely with BEE and state level energy development agencies Ongoing ECO III Project activities are aligned with BEE s focus areas as proposed in the 11th Five year Plan The focus is on developing the framework for institutionalizing energy efficiency at the state level through energy conservation action plan development and implementation assist implementation of ECBC enhance energy efficiency initiatives in buildings municipalities and in small and medium enterprises promote institutional capacity development and coordinate energy efficiency projects and activities between India and the United States ECBC User Guide has been developed by ECO III Project to assist Government of India in the implementation of ECBC which was launched by Ministry of Power in May 2007 It is hoped that this document will help in creating awareness and enhancing understanding about the ECBC ECO III Project has also developed ECBC Tip Sheets in the past to help in the ECBC implementation efforts More information as well as electronic copies of all the publications can be accessed at www eco3 org ENERGY IS LIFE Saat PIRNAT a R FI MIY vaz Oma aren fea Aare meer Ajay Mathur Ph D BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY Director General C NSERVE IT Government of india Ministry of Power Foreword The Energy Conservation Act 2001 52 of 2001 empowers the Central Government under Section 14 p read with Section 56 2 to prescribe Energy Conse
117. d Performance Based x Alternative 1 Content Credit M Evans B Shui A Delgado Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PNNL USA 2 This report is primarily based on a series of country reports describing building energy codes in the Asia Pacific region that the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory prepared with U S Department of Energy support under the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Develop ment and Climate 3 Some countries refer to their building energy regulations as codes and others call them standards 4 Please see www energycodes gov for details 5 Jens Lausten 2008 Energy Efficiency Requirements in Building Codes Energy Efficiency Policies for New Buildings International Energy Agency Paris Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide H 1 Appendix H Comparison of International Buildine Energy Standards Not all standards and codes cover the same types of buildings either For example in India the Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC covers commercial and multi family residential buildings but not small residential buildings this is also true of the standards in Russia Ukraine and Kazakhstan for example In Japan there are standards for both residential and commercial buildings but the buildings must have at least 2 000 square meters of floor space to be covered Most countries that regulate both commercial and residential construction for energy efficiency have separate standards for each although cou
118. d These areas would have identical schedules applied for operation of internal loads and HVAC systems Building areas that have the same lighting power density may be combined i e the use of space use classifications The choice of space use classifications is taken from one of the two lighting tables in the ECBC either Table 7 1 Interior Lighting Power Building area method or Table 7 2 Interior Lighting Power Space Punction method The designer may choose either classification scheme but may not mix the schemes by using one for part of the building and the other for the rest of the building Building in this context refers to the space encompassed by a single building permit application which may be less than the complete building The secondary support areas associated with each of the major building types would be included in each building type For example if a building included both office and retail areas the corridors and restrooms associated with the office occupancy would be included in the office area and the storage or and dressing room areas associated with the sales floor would be included in the retail area Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 15 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method HVAC Zones are identical to the thermal zones or spaces discussed earlier An HVAC designer will consider the internal and external loads on each zone to calculate a design day cooling and heating load
119. d equipment including heating ventilating and air conditioning Service hot water heating Interior and exterior lighting Electrical power and motors Specific compliance requirement of the above building components and systems are discussed in Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 of this Guide 2 2 Exemptions The provisions of this Code do not apply to Buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel Equipment and portions of building systems that use energy primarily for manufacturing processes 2 3 Safety Health and Environmental Codes Take Precedence Where this Code is found to conflict with safety health or environmental codes the safety health or environmental codes shall take precedence 2 4 Reference Standards National Building Code NBC 2005 is the reference document standard for lighting levels HVAC comfort levels natural ventilation pump and motor efficiencies transformer efficiencies and any other building materials and system performance criteria The National Building Code 2005 has also been used as a reference in this Guide The Code is a dynamic document under continuous maintenance Addenda errata and interpretations can be issued as and when necessary by the concerned authorities such as the Ministry of Power the Bureau of Energy Efficiency the state governments etc This Guide is consistent with ECBC 2007 revised version May 2008 Designers using this Guide should confirm if an
120. d exit signs shall not exceed 5W per face Electrically powered exit signs normally use incandescent bulbs Most LED and some CFL exit signs can meet ECBC requirement Due to their low power consumption LED exit signs can be purchased with built in back up power supplies i e batteries With an estimated service life of 10 years or more LEDs require significantly fewer lamp replacements than exit signs equipped with either incandescent lamps or CFLs Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 63 Lighting 7 2 3 Exterior Building Grounds Lighting As per the Code Lighting for exterior building grounds luminaires which operate at greater than 100W shall contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of 60 lm W unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor or exempt under 07 1 of ECBC Efficacy of Lamp with or without ballast is the lumens produced by a lamp ballast system divided by the total watts of input power including the ballast expressed in lumens per watt Figure 7 1 and Figure 7 2 provide a broad range of lamp efficacy of commonly used lamps Standard incandescent al Tungsten halogen Halogen infrared reflecting Mercury vapor Zompactfluorescent 5 120W luorescent Linear and U tube High pressure sodium Low pressure sodium 0 2 40 60 80 100 120 140 Efficacy including ballasts lumens per watt Figure 7 1 Relative Efficacy of Major Light Sources Lumens Watt Source E Source Lighting
121. d typically is the single largest energy user simply selecting a high efficiency chiller does not guarantee high performance Auxiliary equipment such as fans and blowers and design decisions such as approach temperatures can have substantial effects on overall efficiency Thus attention to overall system design and auxiliary components is critical to achieving optimal performance and comfort Even in packaged air conditioning systems leaky ductwork improper sizing refrigerant charge and air flow rates can considerably affect energy performance 5 2 3 Controls Controls are one of the most critical elements for improving efficiency of any HVAC system Controls determine how HVAC systems should operate to meet the design goals of comfort efficiency and cost effective operation In this context the Code specifies the use of time clocks temperature controls thermostats and two speed or variable speed drives for fans Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 42 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 2 3 1 Timeclock Control As per the Code All mechanical cooling and heating systems shall be controlled by a timeclock that a Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day types per week b Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours and c Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of th
122. de inside Figure 4 3 Schematic Showing Three Modes of Heat Transfer Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 13 Building Envelope Box 4 B Conduction and Resistance Conduction Conduction is heat transfer through a solid medium as a result of a temperature gradient The heat flow direction is in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics from a region of higher temperature to that of lower temperature The Conductivity is the property of material The rate of heat transfer q through a homogeneous medium is given by Fourier s Law of Conduction q kA SEW Rate of heat transfer W Thermal conductivity of the material Wm2 K 1 Area m7 Temperature K 4 o gt ew A Distance in the direction of heat flow m Resistance Thermal Resistance is proportional to the thickness of material of construction and inversely proportional to its conductivity This a lower value of conductivity means less heat flow and so does the greater thickness of material Together these parameters form the Thermal Resistance to the process of heat conduction R im KW Description of Surface Resistance The total thermal resistance Ry of a plane element consisting of thermally homogeneous layers perpendicular to the heat flow is calculated by the following formula Rr Ra Re Re Where R is the sum of thermal resistance of each layer in the wall roof R RIF R O TR Where Ry Ro R are the thermal resist
123. der designated operating conditions Energy Efficiency Ratio EER The ratio of net cooling capacity in BTU hr to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions Integrated Part Load Value IPLV A single number figure of merit based on part load EER COP or KW ton expressing part load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment As per the Code Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented in Table 5 2 Heating and cooling equipment not listed here shall comply with ASHRAE 90 1 2004 6 4 1 Table 5 2 Chillers ECBC Table 5 1 Equipment Class Minimum COP Minimum IPLV Test Standard Air Cooled Chiller lt 530 kW lt 150 tons ARI 550 590 1998 Air Cooled Chiller 2530 kW 2150 tons ARI 550 590 1998 Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller lt 530 kW lt 150 5 80 6 09 ARI 550 590 1998 tons Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller gt 530 and lt 1050 ARI 550 590 1998 kW 2150 and lt 300 tons 6 6 5 5 80 17 Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller gt 1050 kW gt 61 300 tons Reciprocating Compressor Water Cooled Chiller all sizes Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller lt 530 kW lt 150 tons Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 41 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor Water 5 40 6 17 A
124. dily accumulating For buildings that require mechanical ventilation innovative design approaches and a methodical examination of the entire air system can greatly improve efficiency and effectiveness Air handling efficiency The energy required to move air is calculated as follows Flow X Static Pressure Efficiency All these factors can be manipulated to reduce the energy consumption of the system Air flow has a dominant effect on energy consumption because it shows up twice in the energy equation as the first term and as a squared function in the second term pressure The pressure a fan must work against depends on two primary factors the flow and duct design features such as diameter length surface treatment and impediments such as elbows filters and coils Typical pressure losses are on the order of 2 to 6 inches water gauge wg an efficient system operates at less than 1 5 wg A fans duty factor is the number of hours per year that it operates sometimes presented as a percentage Many large fans spin at full speed continuously 8 760 hours per year Using simple or complex controls duty factors can often be reduced to about 3 000 hours per year or less by limiting fan operation to occupied periods The mechanical efficiency of the fan and its drive system can typically be raised from the 40 to 60 range to the mid 80 range Wire to air efficiency will need to be considered and is function of motor efficiency x mechanical efficienc
125. dings vi Greatest flow per unit area of openings is obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of nearby equal areas at the same level vii Fora total area of openings inlet and outlet of 20 to 30 of floor area the average indoor wind velocity is around 30 of outdoor velocity Further increase in window size increases the available velocity but not in the same proportion In fact even under most favorable conditions the maximum average indoor wind speed does not exceed 40 of outdoor velocity viii Where the direction of wind is quite constant and dependable the size of the inlet should be kept within 30 to 50 of the total area of openings and the building should be oriented perpendicular to the incident wind Where direction of the wind is quite variable the openings may be arranged so that as far as possible there is approximately equal area on all sides Thus no matter what the wind direction is there would be some openings directly exposed to wind pressure and others to air suction and effective air movement through the building would be assured ix Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space In places where building sites are restricted open space may have to be created in the buildings by providing adequate courtyards x Inthe case of rooms with only one wall exposed to outside provision of two windows on that wall is preferred to that of a single window xi Windows located diagonally opposite to each
126. e electric lighting and its associated cooling loads Glazing with low SHGC generally has a low VLT however if the VLT is too low the outside view from inside the building will be impaired With lower VLT the daylighting in the interior may also reduce to a level that may require supplemental electrical lighting for some occupants functions or to make the environment productive and enjoyable to the occupants Thus buildings with lower window to wall ratios WWR may need higher VLT Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 29 Building Envelope U Value 3 3W m C SHGC 0 39 39 of Solar Heat gain Trasmitted gt ty VT 0 71 71 of visible Light transmitted Figure 4 11 Illustration to show U factor SHGC and VLT Effective Aperture of Glazing In simple terms as the area of an aperture opening in the building envelope increases the amount of daylight received in the building space also increases However the glazing material within that aperture can effectively reduce the amount of visible light that enters the space Therefore aperture size alone is not an effective determinant to measure illumination levels If the glazing in an opening is a perfectly transparent material the effective aperture size would be equal to the area of the opening because the visible transmittance of the glazing would be one If however the glazing has a VLT of 0 5 the opening will transmit only half of the light striking it and the e
127. e with canopy 13 W m 1 3 W ft of canopied area Building entrance without canopy 90 W lin m 30 W lin f of door width Building exit 60 W lin m 20 W lin f of door width Building facades 2 W m 0 2 W ft of vertical facade area Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 68 Electrical Power 8 Electrical Power 8 1 General CBC has only mandatory requirements for electric power systems installed in buildings These provisions are related to distribution transformers electric motors power factor and distribution losses 8 2 Mandatory Requirements The mandatory requirements of the Code cover the following electrical equipment and systems of building Transformers Energy Efficient Motors Power Factor Correction Electrical Metering and Monitoring Power Distribution Systems 8 2 1 Transformers Transformer is a static device which is used to either increase Step up or decrease Step down the input supply voltage depending on the application and requirement Transformers consist of two or more coils that are electrically insulated but magnetically linked see Figure 8 1 The primary coil connected to the power source and secondary coil connects to the load Normal Operation Low High Voltage Voltage a IIIIIIIIIIII Magnetic Fleux Ground Figure 8 1 Transformer Power transmitted from power plants is in the form of high tension voltage 400 kV 33 kV The reasons f
128. e B 31 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Some key differences in modeling the Standard Design and the Proposed Design model ate as follows The Standard Design may differ from the Proposed Design model in the specification of building envelope U factors glazing SHGC lighting power density and mechanical efficiency of HVAC system The other major difference is in the modeling of the glazing In the Standard Design the glazing WWR is spread on all the fa ades equally as specified in the Building Envelope of Table 10 1 of Appendix B Moreover there is no self shading of the building allowed as specified in Table 10 1 No assumed efficiency measures should be modeled over the Proposed Design to meet or to perform better than Standard Design However efficiency options which are designed for implementation in the proposed building can be included in the Proposed Design simulation model Step 6 Not needed Step 7 Not needed Step 8 Not needed Step 9 Prepare the compliance documents For the project to finally comply with the Code the required compliance documents should be prepared and filed as submittals to show that the Proposed Design consumes energy less than or equal to the Standard Design model Table 10 8 provides Whole Building Performance compliance report making it easier for users to show compliance Table 10 8 Building Energy Model Information Whole Building Performance Method Compliance Report Project Na
129. e East side and a WWR of 55 on the West side Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 25 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Ahmedabad being in a hot climate the solar heat gain coefficient of the glass plays an important role In this regard the windows on East fa ade where horizontal and vertical shading devices would not be very effective of the building are proposed with a double glazed unit of low SHGC value of 0 23 Windows on the South North and West facades have a double glazed unit with SHGC of 0 36 On the south fa ade of the building overhangs of 0 6 m depth have been designed to reduce the direct light coming inside the building To reduce high solar heat gain from the West side vertical louvers fins of 0 6 m width at a gap of 1 5 m ate proposed To take advantage of the high visible transmittance 0 62 of double glazed unit and high WWR in the North and the West facades perimeter zones in these directions are equipped with daylight sensors that can dim the internal lighting in these zones Steps for ECBC Compliance Step 1 Ensure that the building design conforms to the local building bye laws and regulations It is recommended to ensure that the building design conforms to the local building bye laws and regulations The design team should request clear guidance from the local authorities on the following issues Applicability of ECBC to the project Submittal requirements a
130. e Energy Efficient Induction Motors Rated Frame Full Full Breakaway Breakaway Nominal Output Designation Load Load Torque in Current in Terms Efficiency Speed Current Terms of Full of Full Current Load Torque Equal or Below Min Max Min For eff 2 Foreff 1 Foreff 2 For eff 1 Percent Percent Percent Percent Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 75 Electrical Power Note Output to frame size relation is maintained in accordance with 1s 1231 for all motors except those marked as D wherein the frame size indicated is preferred frame size Source IS 12615 2004 Energy Efficient Induction Motors Three Phase Squirrel Cage First Revision Box 8 C Consequences of Motor Over Sizing When motors are oversized and operate for extended periods atthe base motor efficiency is assumed to be 90 significantly less than full load there are three significant operational penalties reduced efficiency reduced slip important if the load is a cube law type and reduced power factor 2 5 Increased energy use 2 0 Depending on the motor efficiency will typically peak at somewhere between 75 load and full load The larger the motor and the higher its peak efficiency the more likely it will have a relatively flat efficiency curve between 50 load and full load with a hump at 75 load some 0 3 to 1 points higher than at full load Efficiency drops precipitously below 50 load with the average
131. e flue outlet when then appliance is in standby condition Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 5 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Fossil fuel fuel derived from a hydrocarbon deposit such as petroleum coal or natural gas derived from living matter of a previous geologic time Fuel a material that may be used to produce heat or generate power by combustion Generally accepted engineer standard a specification rule guide or procedure in the field of engineering or related thereto recognized and accepted as authoritative Grade the finished ground level adjoining a building at all exterior walls Guest room any room or rooms used or intended to be used by a guest for sleeping purposes Heat capacity the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given mass 1 C 1 F Numerically the heat capacity per unit area of surface W m K Btu ft F is the sum of the products of the mass per unit area of each individual material in the roof wall or floor surface multiplied by its individual specific heat Heat Pump A heat pump consists of one or more factory made assemblies that normally include indoor conditioning coil compressor and outdoor coil including means to provide a heating function Heat pumps provide the function of air heating with controlled temperature and may include the functions of air cooling air circulation air cleaning dehumidifying or humidifying He
132. e system for up to 2 hours Exceptions to the above are a Cooling systems lt 28 kW 8 tons b Heating systems lt 7 kW 2 tons 5 2 3 2 Temperature Control As per the Code All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled Where a unit provides both heating and cooling controls shall be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3 C 5 F within which the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum Where separate heating and cooling equipment serve the same temperature zone thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling It is important to clearly establish design conditions and ensure adequate dead band between cooling and heating set points to avoid conflicting thermostat control conditions Increasing the dead band can make the system more stable and efficient 5 2 3 3 Controls for Cooling Towers and Closed Circuit Fluid Coolers As per the Code All cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors pony motors or variable speed drives controlling the fans Box 5 I briefly discusses the concept of Variable Speed Drive and Box 5 J provides guidelines for improving energy and water efficiency in cooling towers Box 5 I Variable Speed Drive A variable speed drive VSD is an electronic device that controls the rotational speed of a piece of motor driven equipment e g a blower compressor fan or pum
133. e taken before and after rewinding Source E Source Technology Atlas Series Volume IV Drive Power 8 2 3 Power Factor Correction As per the Code All electricity supplies exceeding 100 A 3 phases shall maintain their power factor between 0 95 lag and unity at the point of connection Power factor correction is the process of adjusting the characteristics of electric loads in order to improve power factor so that it is closer to unity i e 1 In simplified electrical terminology power factor is the difference between real kW and reactive power k VAR It is a measure of how effectively current is being converted into useful work output and more specifically is a good indicator of the effect of the load current on the efficiency of the supply system Power factor correction PFC may be applied either by an electrical power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the transmission network or correction may be installed by individual electrical customers to for example reduce costs charged to them by their electricity supplier while simultaneously improving energy efficiency A high power factor is generally desirable in a transmission system to reduce transmission losses and improve voltage regulation at the load PFC is normally achieved by the addition of capacitors to the electrical network which reduce the burden on the supply Box 8 E gives more information on the subject Box 8 E Power Factor Correction
134. e to house the Requirements Aesthetics Zoning Controls chillers boilers pumps AHU s distribution networks and control panels In addition space is required outdoors for condensing unit for air cooled machines and cooling tower for water cooled machines The building structure should be designed to take the weight of equipment Suitable vibration control must be considered and adequate load bearing beams and columns must be available for lifting and shifting of such equipment Central systems are generally designed as concealed systems and the visible distribution grilles etc can be easily blended with the aesthetics Central HVAC system may serve multiple thermal zones and have their major components located outside the zone s being served usually in some convenient central location This system can provide better flexibility in terms of zoning The quality of air conditioning is comparatively superior with better control over temperature relative humidity air filtration and air distribution Best suited for applications demanding close control of temperature humidity and cleanliness and can be customized as per the design conditions Central HVAC systems will require a control point for each thermal zone The controls are field wired and are integrated to a central control panel The controls are complex and depend on the type of system Constant ait volume CAV systems alter the temperature while keep
135. e to scheduling controls and an acceptable means of meeting the requirement for automatic shutoff The designer is free to arrange occupant sensing controls in any manner that makes sense for the building design In office spaces each room or space might have an occupant sensor Of course the smaller the area controlled the greater the energy savings will be In open office areas several occupant sensors may be connected so that the lights remain on if any one of the sensors detects occupants However in order to satisfy the requirement it is necessary that all the general lighting be controlled by one or more occupant sensors Box 7 C provides more information on occupancy sensors Box 7 C Occupancy Sensors Occupancy sensors ate automatic scheduling devices that detect motion and turn lights on and off accordingly Most devices can be calibrated for sensitivity and for the length of time delay between the last detected occupancy and extinguishing of the lights The most energy efficient occupancy sensors known as manual on automatic off require that the user manually switch on the lights when entering a controlled zone the lights off function is still automatic Occupancy sensor systems typically consist of a motion detector a control unit and a relay Usually two or more of the components are integrated into one package Most systems also require a power supply in the form of a transformer which steps down the building
136. each control can serve a maximum area of 1 000 m2 7 2 1 3 Control in Daylighted Areas As per the Code Luminaire in daylighted areas greater than 25 m 250 ft2 shall be equipped with either a manual or automatic control device that Is capable of reducing the light output of the luminaires in the daylighted areas by at least 50 Controls only the luminaires located entirely within the daylighted area Box 7 F Luminaire Appendix A of ECBC As pet ECBC Luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the housing designed to distribute the light position and protect the lamps and connect the lamps to the power supply Appendix A of ECBC provides more information on the daylighted area 7 2 1 4 Exterior Lighting Control As per the Code Lighting for all exterior applications not exempted in 7 3 5 of the Code shall be controlled by a photosensor or astronomical time switch that is capable of automatically turning off the exterior lighting when daylight is available or the lighting is not required 7 2 1 5 Additional Control As per the Code The following specialty lighting spaces are required to have a control device that separates lighting control from that of the general lighting The following lighting applications shall be equipped with a control device to control such lighting independently of general lighting a Display Accent Lighting Display or accent lighting greater than
137. een 7 C and 12 C at temperatures between 16 C and 27 C Chilled Water Pumps System Type RHFS from ECBC Table 10 2 The Standard Design pump power shall be 349 kW 1000 L s Chilled water systems serving 11 148 m or more shall be modeled as primary secondary systems with variable speed drives on the secondary pumping loop Chilled water pumps in systems serving less than 11 148 m shall be modeled as a primary secondary system with secondary pump riding the pump curve Heat Rejection System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 The heat rejection device shall be an axial fan cooling tower with two speed fans Condenser water design supply temperature shall be 29 C or 5 6 C approach to design wet bulb temperature whichever is lower with a design temperature rise of 5 6 C The tower shall be controlled to maintain a 21 C leaving water temperature where weather permits floating up to leaving water temperature at design conditions The Standard Design condenser water pump power shall be 310 kW 1000 L s Each chiller shall be modeled with separate condenser water and chilled water pumps interlocked to operate with the associated chiller Supply Air Temperature Reset System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 Supply air temperature shall be reset based on zone demand from the design temperature difference to a 5 6 C temperature difference under minimum load conditions Design air flow rates shall be sized for the reset supply air temperature i e a 5 6
138. efinitions of Instantaneous Gas and Electric Passive Solar Systems which collect and store solar thermal energy for water heating applications and do not require electricity to recirculate water through a solar collector Active Solar Systems which collect and store solar thermal energy for water heating applications requiring electricity to operate pumps or other components Large Volume of Water Stored in Collection Presure Relief Valve Cold Water in Freeze Protection Hot Water out The simplest systems are passive solar water heaters also called batch or bread box collectors they are most common in Auxiliary Heat H regions that do not experience extensive Electric Or Gas Hot 11 periods of below freezing temperatures Water The waterin these solar collectors circulates without the aid of pumps or controls Figure 6 1 Batch Collector Passive System Airvent Active solar water heaters use pumps to circulate water or an Sa kill antifreeze solution through heat absorbing solar thermal collectors 4 Collector Hot Water In Hot Water in Hot Water Out 4 7 Auxiliary Heat Electric Or Gas Check Valve lt 4 Cold Water in Figure 6 2 Active Indirect System Source www southface org Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide 53 Service Water Heating and Pumping Box 6 B Instantaneous Water Heaters Instantaneous water
139. eloping a detailed building energy simulation model The simulation program is then used to test the thermal response and to calculate the energy use of the building model using a weather data file to capture the climatic impact on the building This type of analysis is referred to as the Whole Building Performance WBP method Benefits Whole building energy simulation is currently the most sophisticated way of analyzing the impact of energy efficiency measures in an integrated manner It is an alternative to the prescriptive requirements contained in 4 to 8 of ECBC The impact of changing any one of the myriad parameters affecting energy performance of the building design being modeled can be predicted using this method This is particularly useful for studying the impact of combinations of energy efficiency measures that may lead to non linear building energy outcomes For example electric lights produce light and heat inside a space Calculating the electrical consumption for the electric lights is not very difficult as long as one knows how many lights there are what their heat output is and how many hours they run One does not need a simulation model to predict this outcome However the heat generated by electric lighting has to be removed by the HVAC systems in a warm or hot climate Calculating the reduction in energy used by the HVAC systems due to the use of a more efficient electric lighting system is not recommended through ma
140. enewable Regulated amp Unregulated ans o o j p paea I pe ooo o a Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 35 11 Appendix C Default Values For Typical Constructions APPENDIX C Default Values for Typical Constructions 11 1 Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 4 2 1 1 and 4 2 1 2 require that U factors and solar heat gain coefficients SHGC be determined for the overall fenestration product including the sash and frame in accordance with ISO 15099 The building envelope trade off option in 4 4 requires the use of visible light transmittance VLT In several cases ISO 15099 suggests that individual national standards will need to be more specific and in other cases the ISO document gives users the choice of two options This section clarifies these specific issues as they are to be implemented for this code a d e 4 1 of ISO 15099 For calculating the overall U factor ISO 15099 offers a choice between the linear thermal transmittance 4 1 2 and the area weighted method 4 1 3 The area weighted method 4 1 3 shall be used 4 2 2 of ISO 15099 Frame and divider SHGC s shall be calculated in accordance with 4 2 2 6 4 of ISO 15099 refers the issue of material properties to national standards Material conductivities and emissivities shall be determined in accordance with Indian standards 7 of ISO 15099 on shading
141. ensure the highest quality in repaired motors the consistent use of test equipment and documentation procedures must be integral parts of the repair process so that the efficiency of the motor and the quality of its components can be verified before the motor is put back into service A critical task in most motor rebuilds is to remove the old windings without altering the adjacent laminated steel cores and then to wrap new insulated wire around the old cores Figure 8 4 Stator Core Air Gap pesen Rotor Core Tooth Rotor Bar Slot Figure 8 4 Profile cutaway of an induction motor stator and rotor The old windines are commonly embedded in thick coats of varnish used to glue the windines inside the core slots which prevent their easy removal Heat chemicals or mechanical force are commonly used to loosen and pull out old windings excessive use of any of these can cause damage to the cores Improper machining replacement bearings wire diameter and winding technique can all compound resulting in a rebuilt motor with poor performance and lower efficiency Although it is technically possible to rebuild a motor to its original specifications survey results of actual rewind practices show that this is seldom the case On the average rewound motors are less efficient than they were before rewinding The magnitude of this problem can vary widely from one rewind shop to another and can only be properly identified when efficiency measurements ar
142. er allowance Interior lighting power allowance the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the interior of a building Exterior lighting power allowance the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the exterior of a building Lighting Power Density LPD the maximum lighting power per unit of area of a building classification of space function Low rise residential single family houses multi family structures of three stories or fewer above grade manufactured houses mobile homes and manufactured houses modular Lumen It is the unit of total light output from a light source If a lamp or fixture were surrounded by a transparent bubble the total light flow through the bubble is measured in lumens Lamps are rated in lumens which is the total amount of light they emit not their brightness and not the light level on a surface Typical indoor lamps have light output ranging from 50 to 10 000 lumens Lumen value is used for purchasing and comparing lamps and their outputs Lumen output of a lamp is not related to the light distribution pattern of a lamp Luminaries a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the housing designed to distribute the light position and protect the lamps and connect the lamps to the power supply Manual non automatic requiting personal intervention for control Non automatic does not necessarily imply a manual controller only that personal intervention is necessary Ma
143. ere applicable Piping Losses Piping losses shall not be modeled in either the proposed or Standard Designs for hot water chilled water or steam piping Type and Number of Chillers Electric chillers shall be used in the Standard Design regardless of the cooling energy source e g direct fired absorption absorption from purchased steam or purchased chilled water The Standard Design chiller plant shall be modeled with chillers having the number and type as indicated in table below as a function of building conditioned floor area Table 10 3 Type and Number of Chillers Building Peak Cooling Load Number and Type of Chiller s lt 300 tons 1 water cooled centrifugal chiller gt 300 tons and lt 600 tons 2 water cooled centrifugal chillers sized equally 2600 tons Minimum 2 water cooler chillers with one or more chillers equal to 600 tons and one chiller less than 600 tons Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 19 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Chilled Water Design Supply Temperature System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 Chilled water design supply temperature shall be modeled at 6 7 C and return water temperature at 13 C Chilled Water Supply Temperature Reset System Type RHFS ECBC Table 10 2 Chilled water supply temperature shall be reset based on outdoor dry bulb temperature using the following schedule 7 C at 27 C and above 12 C at 16 C and below and ramped linearly betw
144. erefore be advantageous to provide ventilators as close to ceilings as possible Ventilators can also be provided in roofs as for example cowl ventpipe coveted roof and ridge vent Energy Conservation in Ventilation System Maximum possible use should be made of wind induced natural ventilation This may be ac complished by following the design guidelines i Adequate number of circulating fans should be installed to serve all interior working areas during the summer months in the hot dry and warm humid regions to provide necessary air movement at times when ventilation due to wind action alone does not afford sufficient relief ii The capacity of a ceiling fan to meet the requirement of a room with the longer dimension D meters should be about 55D m3 min iii The height of fan blades above the floor should be 3H W 4 where H is the height of the room and W is the height of the work plane iv The minimum distance between fan blades and the ceiling should be about 0 3 meters v Electronic regulators should be used instead of resistance type regulators for controlling the speed of fans vi When actual ventilated zone does not cover the entire room area then optimum size of ceiling fan should be chosen based on the actual usable area of room rather than the total floor area of the room Thus smaller size of fan can be employed and energy saving could be achieved vii Power consumption by larger fans is obviously higher but t
145. ergy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 66 Lighting Dan ST arom Room s Ror Bartonage inweDinng sa aa SCE n 2 E j si CO a o peaa a mO OOOO O o dC eGo Sports Asi sn E as j 9 7 9 7 6 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 O47 3 2 8 6 For Museum For Medium Bulky Material 9 7 Storage E E E imi j x s Fen ma weas P C Convention Center Exhibit Space For Airport Concourse Library For Air Train Bus Baggage 10 8 Area For Ticket Counter Terminal For all facilities except the following Electrical Mechanical Facility Parking Garage Garage Area For Card File amp Cataloging 118 Second for each space that is enclosed by partitions which are 80 or greater than ceiling height the gross interior floor area must be determined This applies to all space area types except for retail The gross interior floor area should be calculated by measuring to the center of the partition walls and must also include spaces allotted to balconies or other projections Finally the individual lighting power allowances for each space is determined by multiplying its gross lighted floor area by the allowed lighting power density for that space The lighting power allowances are summed to equal the Interior Lighting Power Allowance for the building 7 3 4 Installed Interior Lighting Power As per the Code The installed interior lighting power calculated for comp
146. ese shall be the same as the proposed design b The U factor of each envelope component shall be equal to the criteria from 4 3 for each class of construction c The vertical fenestration area shall be equal to the proposed design or 40 of the gross exterior wall area which ever is less The skylight area shall be equal to the proposed design or 5 of the gross exterior roof area which ever is less d The SHGC of each window or skylight component shall be equal to the criteria from 4 3 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide D5 Appendix E Climate Zone Map of India 13 APPENDIX E Climate Zone Map of India 13 1 Climate Zones he first step in following the ECBC is determining the appropriate climate zone of the building site which will dictate the specific requirements for design and construction of the building systems and components India possesses a large variety of climates which can be broadly categorized into five regions with distinct climates The five climate zones illustrated in the following map are normally designated as hot and dry warm and humid composite temperate and cold The classification of climate for different types of buildings is an aid to the functional design of buildings Our country is zoned into several regions such that the differences of climate from region to region are capable of being reflected in building design warranting some special provision for each region The significant
147. ethod Table 7 2 of ECBO individual spaces are assigned with different LPD values based on the activity within that space For the case study The Building Area method has been followed in the case study A LPD of 10 8 W m is considered in all the office areas as per Table 7 1 of ECBC assuming all the areas to be office HVAC Zoning This zoning pattern is the same for both Proposed Design and the Standard Design model HVAC Systems For the Standard Design As specified in Table 10 2 of Appendix B of the Code the HVAC system of the Standard Design model is based on The building type residential or non residential The total built up area excluding the parking area of the building For the case study Based on the above two categories the heating system of the Standard Design model is served by the Reheat Fan System RHFS Since the Proposed Design has a water cooled chiller the Standard Design will also have water cooled centrifugal chiller as specified in the footnote of Table 10 2 of Appendix B of the Code Inthe Proposed Design there is no heating system provided for the building However since the Standard Design should also be modeled with heating the same kind of provision is assumed for the Proposed Design simulation model as well The Standard Design consists of a centrifugal chiller which is water cooled with a variable air volume VAV AHU for each zone The cooling type is chilled
148. euaion S y specifications to show that equipment has internal heat trap Swimming Pool covers Provide vapor retardant coverforpoos O OO ooo ooo Poosoer32C Prove R2 tns oo OO O L j Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G 4 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 5 Lighting Summary Lighting Summary 2007 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Project Info poenas fr cng Depart se gt gt gt s kon ke c s sole MENE 3213 gt z s alo S OS 3 aloalo Dig n Project Description New Building Addition Alteration Change of Use Prescriptive Systems Analysis Compliance Option Alteration Exceptions Less than 50 check box if appropriate Q z g oO 2 a s oO n 2 oO O A N a s Oo amp Q o 4 o Q oO s o 9 Q 9 oO N oO a Maximum Allowed Lighting Wattage Interior Section 7 3 Location Allowed floor room no Occupancy Description Watts per m Area in m Allowed x Area Document all exceptions Total Allowed Watts Po oposed Lighting Wattage Interior Number of Watts Watts Fixtures Fixture Proposed O o p floor room no Fixture Description Total Proposed Watts may not exceed Total Allowed Watts for Interior Total Proposed Watts Maximum Allowed Lighting Wa
149. f of a building is considered vertical fenestration Fenestration area total area of the fenestration measured using the rough opening and including the glazing sash and frame For doors where the glazed vision area is less than 50 of the door area the fenestration area is the glazed vision area For all other doors the fenestration area is the door area Floor area gross the sum of the floor areas of the spaces within the building including basements mezzanine and intermediate floored tiers and penthouses with headroom height of 2 5 m 7 5 ft or greater It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings but excluding covered walkways open roofed over areas porches and similar spaces pipe trenches exterior terraces or steps chimneys roof overhangs and similar features Gross building envelope floor area the gross floor area of the building envelope but excluding slab on grade floors Gross conditioned floor area the gross floor area of conditioned spaces Gross lighted floor area the gross floor area of lighted spaces Gross semi heated floor area the gross floor area of semi heated spaces Flue damper a device in the flue outlet or in the inlet of or upstream of the draft control device of an individual automatically operated fossil fuel fired appliance that is designed to automatically open the flue outlet during appliance operation and to automatically close th
150. f the duct exhaust or return as given below ASHRAE 90 1 Table 6 2 4 3 A Minimum Duct Seal Level Duct Location Duct Type Supply Exhaust lt 498 2 Pa gt 498 2 Pa Outdoors a ee ee Conditioned Spaces ASHRAE 90 1 Table 6 2 4 3 B Duct Seal Levels Seal Level Sealing Requirements A All transverse joints and longitudinal seams and duct wall penetrations Pressure sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant All transverse joints and longitudinal seams Pressure sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant Transverse joints only 5 2 5 System Balancing 5 2 5 1 General System balancing is a process for maintaining the performance of an HVAC system and for providing the occupants with a comfortable conditioned space Balancing an ait or water based HVAC system of buildings will make it more energy efficient provide improved thermal comfort extend the life of the building equipment and reduce the cost of operating it Balancing is achieved by optimizing the air water distribution rates for the HVAC system As per the Code Construction documents shall require that all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally accepted engineering standards Construction documents shall require that a written balance report be provided to the owner or the designated representative of the building owner for HVAC systems serving zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 500 m 5 000 ft Box 5
151. f values are default then specify frame type glazing layers gapwidth low e 2 Indicate SHGC or SC on fenestration schedule Indicate if 4 3 4 Skylights values are rated or default BUILDING ENVELOPE TRADE OFF OPTION Section 4 4 Provide calculations Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G2 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 3 Mechanical Summary Mechanical Summary 2007 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Project Info Project Description Briefly describe mechanical system type and features Includes Plans Compliance Option Simple System Complex System Systems Analysis Equipment Schedules The following information is required to be incorporated with the mechanical equipment schedules on the plans For projects without plans fill in the required information below Cooling Equipment Schedule Equip Capacity OSA CFM SEER Brand Name Model No kW Total L s or Econo or EER IPLV Location ss S eating Equipment Schedule Equip Capacity OSA cfm Brand Name Model No kW Total L s or Econo Input kW Output kW Efficiency Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G3 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 4 Mechanical Checklist Mechanical Permit Checklist The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the mechanical requirements in the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007
152. f wide span buildings xviii Air motion in a building unit having windows tangential to the incident wind is accelerated when unit is located at end on position on downstream side xix Air motion in two wings oriented parallel to the prevailing breeze is promoted by connecting them with a block on downstream side xx Air motion in a building is not affected by constructing another building of equal or smaller height on the leeward side but it is slightly reduced if the leeward building is taller than the windward block Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 35 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning xxi Air motion in a shielded building is less than that in an unobstructed building To minimize the shielding effect the distances between two rows should be 8H for semi detached houses and 10H for long rows houses However for smaller spacing the shielding effect is also diminished by raising the height of the shielded building xxii Hedges and shrubs deflect the air away from the inlet openings and cause a reduction in indoor ait motion These elements should not be planted at a distance of about 8m from the building because the induced air motion is reduced to minimum in that case However air motion in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by planting a low hedge at a distance of 2m from the building xxiii Trees with large foliage mass having trunk bare of branches up to the top level of window deflect t
153. ffective aperture will be half of the actual size of the opening The Effective Aperture EA or light admitting potential of a glazing system is determined by multiplying the Visible Light Transmittance of the glazing by the window to wall ratio of the building The window to wall ratio is the ratio of the net window area to the exterior wall area Effective Aperture Visible Light Transmittance x Window to Wall Ratio WWR VLT x WWR Example Two cases with WWR 0 4 and WWR 0 6 are discussed below WWR 0 4 WWR 0 6 VLT 0 26 VLT 0 15 EA 0 104 EA gt 0 1 EA 0 09 EA lt 0 1 Glazing complies with ECBC Glazing does not comply with ECBC 4 3 4 Skylights A skylight is a fenestration surface having a slope of less than 60 degrees from the horizontal plane Other fenestration even if mounted on the roof of a building is considered vertical fenestration Skylights can be installed into a roof system either flush mounted or curb mounted including site built In order to create a positive water flow around them skylights are often mounted on curbs set above the roof plane However these curbs rising 6 to 12 inches 15 to 30 centimeters above the roof create additional heat loss surfaces right where the warmest air of the building tends to collect Portions of roof that serve as curbs that mount the skylight above the level of the roof See below are part of the opaque building envelope ss through a Slag Heat
154. for each individual element of the building systems covered in Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 of the Code For building envelope the Code provides a Trade Off option that allows trading off the efficiency of one envelope element with another to achieve the overall efficiency level required by the Code The envelope trade off option is discussed in Chapter 12 Appendix D of ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 6 Administration and Enforcement b Whole Building Performance Method Use of energy simulation software is necessary to show ECBC compliance via the Whole Building Performance Method Energy simulation is a computer based analytical process that helps building owners and designers to evaluate the energy performance of a building and make it more energy efficient by making necessary modifications in the design before the building is constructed These computer based energy simulation programs model the thermal visual ventilation and other energy consuming processes taking place within the building to predict its energy performance The simulation program takes into account the building geometry and orientation building materials building facade design and characteristics climate indoor environmental conditions occupant activities and schedules HVAC and lighting system and other parameters to analyze and predict the energy performance of the building Computer simulation of energy use can be accomplished with a varie
155. for each zone AHU for each zone Fan control Constant volume Constant volume Constant volume air Variable air volume atr handler for each zone handler Heating type Electric resistance Electric resistance Electric resistance Electric resistance a PTAC equipment efficiency shall be per Table 10 6 A PTAC unit is a factory selected wall sleeve and separate un encased combination of heating and cooling components assemblies or sections It may include heating capability by hot water steam or electricity and is intended for mounting through the wall to serve a single room or zone b PSZ equipment efficiency shall be per Bureau of Indian Standard 8148 1988 S If the proposed building has an air cooled chiller system then the budget building shall have Air cooled chiller otherwise the budget case shall have water cooled centrifugal chillers If the building has a mix of air and water cooled chillers then the Standard Design shall have the mix of air and water cooled chillers in the same proportion Chiller Efficiencies shall be as per Table 5 1 of the Code Table 10 6 Electrically Operated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners Single Package Vertical Air Conditioners Minimum Efficiency Requirements Equipment Type Size Category Subcategory or Minimum Efficiency Input Rating Condition PTAC Cooling Mode New All capacities 35 C db outdoor air 3 66 0 213 x Cap 1000 COP Construction PTAC Cooling Mode All capacities 35 C db outdo
156. g Bajpai for his tireless efforts in coordinating inputs from the Development Team members Ms Meetu Sharma for her persistence efforts to prepare the graphics and desktop layout of multiple iterations of the guide and Ms Vidhi Kapoor for her meticulous coordination and follow up with the printer for timely bringing out the guide Without the perseverance and discipline of ECO III Project Team this work would not have been possible I also like to thank Ms Laurie Chamberlain of International Resources Group IRG HQ for assisting us in carrying out technical editing of this document a Chima 17th July 2009 Dr Satish Kumar Chief of Party USAID ECO II Project International Resources Group How to Use This Guide The ECBC User Guide follows the same structure as the Energy Conservation Buildine Code Consequently Chapters 1 through 8 and Appendix A through G are identical to the ECBC chapters and the sections within each chapter also follow the ECBC Appendix B provides detailed guidance on the Whole Building Performance method Assumptions that can be standardized have been included to reduce the chances of gamesmanship and to create a framework that would allow for apples to apples comparison across different projects while creating simulation models for Standard and Proposed Design Appendix E is about Climate Zones in India This appendix provides a summary of each of the five climate zones and another table that provides a listing of
157. g should be noted Walls within 45 degrees of each other can be combined into a single wall and assumed to have one orientation The building in the Proposed Design case is to be modeled only for the actual designed orientation All the building envelope materials in the simulation model shall be as per the Proposed Design of the building Thermal specifications of walls must include thermal mass specific heat and density as well as thermal resistance U factor or R value Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 26 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method In this case study the external wall section in the Proposed Design is a 230 mm brick wall with cement plaster on either side If the manufacturer provides the material properties they should after verification be used to calculate the final U factor of the construction assembly However in this case study it is assumed that no data was available from the manufacturer Thermo physical properties of construction materials can be obtained from two soutces Appendix C of ECBC Libraries included in the simulation program For this case study the properties of the specified materials were derived from the simulation software library which were assembled to form the building envelope The resultant U factor of the wall works out to be 2 02 W m 2 K Similarly U factor of the roof which is an un insulated RCC slab works out to be 1 618 W m2 K
158. ge tanks pipelines shall be insulated conforming to the relevant IS standards on materials and applications Table 5 6 of this Guide for piping insulation is reproduced below Table 6 2 Insulation of Hot Water Piping Heating System Designed Operating Temperature of Piping Insulation with Minimum R value m2 K W Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 55 Service Water Heating and Pumping Box 6 D and Box 6 E provide guidelines for hot water temperature controls and measures for improving heating efficiency respectively Box 6 D Guidelines for Temperature Controls Water heating systems ate requited to have controls that are adjustable down to a 49 C setpoint or lower An exception is made where a higher setting is recommended by the manufacturer to prevent condensation and possible corrosion To comply with this requirement the water heater must have thermostatic control with an accessible setpoint This setpoint must be adjustable down to whichever is lower 49 C or the minimum manufacturer s recommended setting to prevent condensation Both standby and distribution losses will be minimized by designing a system to provide hot water at the minimum temperature required In addition to the potential energy savings maintaining water temperature as low as possible reduces corrosion and scaling of water heaters and components Another important benefit is improved safety with respect to scalding Accidental scalding from te
159. gle thermal block All of the HVAC ZONES in different floors must be served either by the same HVAC SYSTEM or by the same kind of HVAC SYSTEM This is so that the simulation program can accurately model the performance of the system s serving the zones HVAC Zoning When No HVAC Design Exists In a situation where an HVAC ZONING plan has not been designed then a configuration of thermal blocks must be assumed for the WBP method This situation is quite common in commercial buildings where the future tenants will determine the zoning of spaces in the building In this case the building must be divided into thermal zones based on similar internal load densities and lighting power densities operational schedules occupancy patterns space temperature schedules etc There are several guidelines that should be followed in this situation as described below Zoning Based on Perimeter and Interior Spaces In situations when no HVAC design has been developed divide the floor plate into perimeter spaces than are within 5 meters of an exterior wall and interior spaces that are more than 5 meters from an exterior wall Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 16 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Zoning Based on Glazing Orientation Glazed exterior walls should be assigned to different perimeter thermal zones for each major orientation Orientations within 45 degrees of each other may be combined Spaces with two or more
160. gn Proposed envelope performance factor the building envelope performance factor for the Proposed Design Equipment devices for comfort conditioned electric power lighting transportation or service water heating including but not limited to furnaces boilers air conditioners heat pumps chillers water heaters lamps luminaries ballasts elevators escalators or other devices or installations Equipment existing equipment previously installed in an existing building Fagade area area of the facade including overhanging soffits cornices and protruding columns measured in elevation in a vertical plane parallel to the plane of the face of the building Non horizontal roof surfaces shall be included in the calculations of vertical facade area by measuring the area in a plane parallel to the surface Fan system power the sum of the nominal power demand nameplate W or HP of motors of all fans that are required to operate at design conditions to supply air from the heating or cooling source to the conditioned space s and return it to the source of exhaust it to the outdoors Fenestration all areas including the frames in the building envelope that let in light including windows plastic panels clerestories skylights glass doors that are more than one half glass and glass block walls Skylight a fenestration surface having a slope of less than 60 degrees from the horizontal plane Other fenestration even if mounted on the roo
161. h wattage of lamp and ballast and number of fixtures Document all exceptions a 3 3 Space function method Provide lighting schedule with wattage of lamp and ballast and number of fixtures Document all exceptions AMAR EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER COMPLIANCE OPTION Section 7 3 5 7 3 5 lectrical power limits Provide lighting power details for each of the exterior lighting per unit area application 15 7 Electrical Power MANDATORY PROVISIONS Section 8 2 ja322 Motor efficiency Provide equipment schedule with motor capacity efficiency 23 Power factor correction Provide schedule with power factor correction os Check metering Provide check metering and monitoring Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide G 6 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 8 Whole Building Performance Checklist Whole Building Performance Method Compliance Report Project Name Project Address Date Designer of Record Telephone Contact person Telephone City Weather Data Climate Zone Advisory messages Proposed Design Standard Design Difference Number of hours of heating loads unmet system plant BSS HSS Number of hours of cooling loads unmet system plant BSS rp Number of warnings Number of errors Number of defaults overridden Number of floors Simulation program Comparison of Input Parameters in Proposed Design and Standard Design Building Element Proposed Design Input Standard Design Input
162. handling units or process needs sterilizers in hospitals direct injection heating in laundries and dishwashers etc The remaining heating systems include heat pumps and space heaters that heat directly and require little or no distribution 5 2 Mandatory Requirements The Code contains mandatory requirements for the following elements of the HVAC system Natural Ventilation Equipment Efficiency Controls Piping and Ductwork System Balancing Condensers Economizers Hydronic Systems 5 2 1 Natural Ventilation As per the Code Natural ventilation of buildings shall comply with the design guidelines provided for natural ventilation in the National Building Code of India 2005 NBC 2005 Part 8 5 4 3 and 5 7 1 These guidelines from NBC 2005 have been reproduced below in Box 5 C keeping in view the philosophy behind this Guide to include ECBC treferenced material in the Guide However the exact relevance of these general guidelines in the design of commercial buildings need to be critically examined Box 5 C Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation By Wind Action i Building need not necessarily be oriented perpendicular to the prevailing outdoor wind it may be oriented at any convenient angle between 0 and 30 without losing any beneficial aspect of the breeze If the prevailing wind is from east or west building may be oriented at 45 to the incident wind so as to diminish the solar heat without m
163. he Proposed Design s features A building energy simulation model comprises of Detailed description of the building geometry and materials of construction 2 In order to show compliance using WBP method WBP compliance forms included in Appendix G must be completed and submitted Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B3 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Description of the internal loads in the building e g lighting equipment and people Description of the environmental control systems that operate to maintain comfortable conditions Description of schedules and controls to characterize the internal loads and environmental control systems a Building Model Much of the effort in developing the model for an energy simulation analysis is in describing building geometry This includes e e Describing the overall building envelope and geometry ie number of floors orientation Describing physical and thermal properties for the construction of each building element Describing the location size and the thermal optical and solar properties of windows Describing permanent shading devices attached to the building automatic window blinds and details of their operation Describing objects that might cast shadow on the building being simulated e g surrounding buildings Describing spaces or thermal zones and their relative location and relationship with the HVAC system design for the building
164. he mandatory and prescriptive requirements 10 1 5 Documentation Requirements Compliance shall be documented and submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction The information submitted shall include the following a The annual energy use for the Proposed Design and the Standard Design b A list of the energy related building features in the Proposed Design that is different from the Standard Design c The input and output report s from the simulation program including a breakdown of energy usage by at least the following components lights internal equipment loads service water heating equipment space heating equipment space cooling and heat rejection equipment fans and other HVAC equipment such as pumps The output reports shall also show the amount of time any loads are not met by the HVAC system for both the Proposed Design and Standard Design d An explanation of any error messages noted in the simulation program output 10 2 Simulation General Requirements 10 2 1 Energy Simulation Program WBP method uses the output of a simulation program to demonstrate that the Proposed Design complies with the ECBC In order to make sure that these calculations are sufficiently accurate for the purposes of the Code a series of requirements have been set The most basic requirement is that the simulation program be a computer based program designed to analyze energy consumption in buildings and that it has the capability to model t
165. he Proposed Design has a WWR of 45 as per Table 10 1 Building Envelope of the Guide the WWR in the Standard Design shall be limited to 40 All the windows in the Standard Design shall have a U factor of 3 3 W m2 K and SHGC of 0 25 as per Table 4 3 of the Code Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 29 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Space Use According to Appendix A of ECBC the floor area of a building is categorized as conditioned space semi heated cooled space or un conditioned space ECBC defines conditioned space as a cooled space heated space or directly conditioned space in the building A semi heated space is defined as an enclosed space within a building that is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is greater than or equal to 10 7 W m of floor area but is not a conditioned space An un conditioned space is one that is not a conditioned space or a semi heated space Crawl spaces attics and parking garages with natural or mechanical ventilation are not considered as enclosed spaces For the case study the entire floor plate is assumed to be conditioned space Lighting For the Standard Design The lighting power density LPD should be specified using either the Building Area method or the Space Function method In Building Area method Table 7 1 of ECBC an average LPD value is defined for the entire building whereas in Space Function m
166. he ait quality is not comparable to central systems These systems typically cannot provide close humidity control or high efficiency filtration The compact systems being standard factory items typically cannot be modified to suit the required design conditions all the times Local units ate off shelf items complete with integrated controls They usually have a single control point which is typically only a thermostat The room by room or zone control minimizes over cooling typical of central ait conditioning systems With the zone control ability of the compact systems only occupied spaces are maintained at a comfort level and conditioning for the rest of the building is turned down or shut off It should be noted that some DX systems have limited capacity control and have limited capability to reduce airflow during low load situations Hence there is a limitation in saving fan energy in DX systems with some types of DX systems only having on off control for the compressors that can result in considerable hunting and space temperature fluctuation 39 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Efficiency Refrigerant Containment Operations and Maintenance 015229 Central systems usually operate under part load conditions and localized areas cannot be isolated for complete shut down under any condition In a central system the individual control option is not always available If individual control
167. he outdoor wind downwards and promotes air motion in the leeward portion of buildings xxiv Ventilation conditions indoors can be ameliorated by constructing buildings on earth mound having a slant surface with a slope of 10 on the upstream side xxv In case of industrial buildings the window height should be about 1 6m and the width about two thirds of wall width These should be located at a height of 1 1m above the floor In addition openings around 0 9m high should be provided over two thirds of the length of the glazed area in the roof lights xxvi Height of industrial buildings although determined by the requirements of industrial processes involved generally kept large enough to protect the workers against hot stagnant air below the ceiling as also to dilute the concentration of contaminant inside However if high level openings in roof or walls are provided building height can be reduced to 4m without in any way impairing the ventilation performance By Stack Effect Natural ventilation by stack effect occurs when air inside a building is at a different temperature than air outside Thus in heated buildings or in buildings wherein hot processes are carried out and in ordinary buildings during summer nights and during premonsoon periods when the inside temperature is higher than that of outside cool outside air will tend to enter through openings at low level and warm air will tend to leave through openings at high level It would th
168. he total skylight area of the roof measured to the outside of the frame to the gross exterior roof Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A9 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Slab on grade floor that portion of a slab floor of the building envelope that is in contact with ground and that is either above grade or is less than or equal to 24 in below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade Solar energy source source of thermal chemical or electrical energy derived from direction conversion of incident solar radiation at the building site Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC the ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation typically ranging from 0 9 to 0 1 where lower values indicate lower solar gain Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then reradiated conducted or convected into the space Space an enclosed space within a building The classifications of spaces are as follows for the purpose of determining building envelope requirements Conditioned space a cooled space heated space or directly conditioned space Semi heated space an enclosed space within a building that is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is greater or equal to 10 7 W m 3 4 Btu h ft of floor area but is not a conditioned space Enclosed Space space within a building that
169. heaters provide hot water only as it is needed They do not produce the standby energy losses associated with storage water heaters which can save money Water heaters heat water directly without the use of a storage tank Therefore they avoid the standby heat losses associated with storage water heaters When a hot water tap is turned on cold water travels through a pipe into the unit Either a gas burner or an electric element heats the water As a result demand water heaters deliver a constant supply of hot water The heater dose not need a storage tank to fill up with enough hot water However the water heater s output limits the flow rate Heating Elements Heating Unit is installed in close proximity to hot water use Hot Cold Water line Power Source Figure 6 3 Instantaneous Water Heater 6 2 2 Equipment Efficiency As per the Code Service water heating equipment shall meet or exceed the performance and minimum efficiency requirements presented in available Indian Standards a Solar water heater shall meet the performance minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 13129 Part 182 b Gas Instantaneous Water heaters shall meet the performance minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 15558 with above 80 thermal efficiency c Electric water heater shall meet the performance minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 2082 The mandatory requirements for the Code include minimum efficiencies presented in relevant
170. heir power consumption per square meter of floor area is less and service value higher Evidently improper use of fans irrespective of the rooms dimensions is likely to result in higher power consumption From the point of view of energy consumption the number of fans and the optimum sizes for rooms of different dimensions are given in the following table Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 36 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Table 5 1 Optimum Size Number of Fans for Rooms of Different Sizes Room Length a2 12071 1200 3 Em 14072 1400 1 14073 1200 2 1400 2 1050 4 1200 4 1400 4 1400 4 1200 6 120072 10072 10 4 T2072 140072 TOA 1400 2 1400 2 1400 4 1400 4 1400 4 1400 4 1400 6 Tao072 1400 2 10 4 1500 2 1500 2 1500 4 1200 3 1400 3 1200 6 1200 6 1400 6 1400 3 1400 3 10 6 10 3 1400 3 1400 9 Source National Building Code of India 2005 For data on outdoor wind speeds at a place reference may be made to The Climatic Data Handbook prepared by Central Building Research Institute Roorkee 1999 Box 5 D provides additional information in naturally ventilated spaces for tropical countries Box 5 D Optional Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Naturally Conditioned Spaces Based on Field Experiments Conducted in Tropical Countries The adaptive model of thermal comfort is derived from a global database of 21 000 measurements taken primarily in office
171. hen none is modeled The last rule is different than for other energy related systems in the building because service water heating generally has little interaction with the other energy systems Refer ECBC Table 10 1 7 Standard Designing Service water heating systems may participate in the WBP method trade offs when they are eligible under the same permit application as the rest of the Proposed Design They must be modeled as the same water heater type and must be assumed to have the same performance characteristics such as hot water demand fuel type operating schedules circulating pumps etc The only characteristic then that may contribute to electricity consumption savings is the water heater equipment efficiency There is a special case where the service water heater is also used for space heating or vice versa For WBP method purposes the Standard Design is assumed to model solar system capable of meeting 20 of the design load for residential facilities hotels and hospitals The equipment should be modeled so that system shall meet the efficiency requirements of ECBC 6 2 2 the pipe insulation requirements of ECBC 96 2 4 and incorporate heat traps in accordance with ECBC 6 2 5 h Miscellaneous Loads Proposed Design If there are significant energy related systems besides those discussed in above sections that generate internal heat gains or otherwise interact with the other energy systems then they should be modeled as
172. ies glazing assemblies etc That is they must have the identical plan conditioned floor area number of floors floor to floor distances wall and roof areas surface tilts and orientation In some cases the building envelope may already exist as in the case of newly conditioned space or a tenant build out of a shell building in these cases the existing building envelope is modeled The Standard Design will have the maximum allowable window to wall ratio WWR in each orientation but Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 12 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method the Proposed Design may exceed this limit provided compliance is achieved Opaque assemblies like walls roofs and floors must be described by material layer as per the architectural drawings For the Standard Design the characteristics U factor of these envelope components are set to the prescriptive values specified in ECBC 4 0 The heat capacities for each assembly type must match the heat capacities of the Proposed Design This is because heat capacities may have a significant effect on the performance of envelope components which shows up in the simulation runs but they are not a requirement of the ECBC Heat capacity is modeled to be the same in both the Proposed Design and the Standard Design simulation runs and so is energy neutral under the WBP method Por the Standard Design exterior roof surfaces other than those with ventilated attics
173. ifferent simulation programs then some portion of the differences between the resulting energy consumption would be due to differences in algorithms or calculation methodologies making it difficult to evaluate the impact of the two designs on energy use The WBP method provides the building owner and design team with the flexibility to try out different design options provided the end result is a building that does not have higher annual energy consumption than if it would have met all the prescriptive requirements For example the owner may decide to invest in a more efficient lighting system in place of larger glazing areas or invest in high performance glazing to avoid the cost of installing an economizer and get the benefits of daylighting 10 1 3 Annual Energy Use Annual energy use for the purposes of the whole building performance method shall be calculated in kilowatt hours kWh of electricity use per year Energy sources other than electricity which are used in the building shall be converted to kWh of electric energy at the rate of 0 75 kWh per mega Joule 10 1 4 Trade offs Limited to Building Permit The whole building performance method may be used for building permit applications that include less than the whole building however any design parameters that are not part of the building permit application shall be identical for both the Proposed Design and the Standard Design Future improvements to the building shall comply with both t
174. igure 5 2 Economizer Figure 6 1 Batch Collector Passive System Figure 6 2 Active Indirect System Figure 6 3 Instantaneous Water Heater Figure 6 4 Heat Trap Elements Figure 7 1 Relative Efficacy of Major Light Sources Lumens Watt Figure 7 2 Exterior Grounds Lighting and specific Technologies Figure 8 1 Transformer Figure 8 2 Transformer loss vs Load Figure 8 3 Increase in efficiency Percentage points Figure 8 4 Profile cutaway of an induction motor stator and rotor Figure 10 1 Five zone floor plate showing the perimeter and core zoning Figure 10 2 Simplified Zoning of the Case Study Building when HVAC Zoning is Not Designed Figure 13 1 Climate Zone Map 12 13 13 15 16 lt 17 23 24 24 28 30 30 38 49 53 53 54 a Dil 64 64 69 70 76 z EE B25 B28 Bel Purpose 1 Purpose he purpose of Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC is to provide minimum requirements for energy efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems The building sector represents about 33 of electricity consumption in India with commercial sector and residential sector accounting for 8 and 25 respectively Estimates based on computer simulation models indicate that ECBC compliant buildings can use 40 to 60 less energy than conventional buildings It is estimated that the nationwide mandatory enforcement of the ECBC will yield annual
175. ilding with heating and cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions e g temperature can be maintained throughout using a single sensor e g thermostat or temperature sensor 9 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms AFUE ANSI ARI ASHRAE ASTM BIS Btu Btu h Btu ft F Btu h ft Btu h ft F Btu h ft F C cfm cm COP DOE EER Annual fuel utilization efficiency American National Standards Institute Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Bureau of Indian Standards British thermal unit British thermal units per hour British thermal units per square foot per degree Fahrenheit British thermal units per hour per square foot British thermal units per lineal foot per degree Fahrenheit British thermal units per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit Celsius Cubic feet per minute Centimeter Coefficient of Performance Department of Energy US Energy Efficiency Ratio Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 12 EC Act 2001 EF F ft h HC h ft F Btu h m K W hp HSPF HVAC I P IPLV ISHRAE kVA kW kWh LE lin lin ft lin m Im LPD NAECA PF PTAC SC SHGC SL Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Energy Conservation Act 2001 Energy Factor Fahrenheit Foot Hour Heat capacit
176. ing Space heating Natural Fuel 1 Gas Space heating Elec 3 065 110 1 3 252 108 4 3 389 109 7 3 164 108 8 3 218 109 25 Fuel 2 Fans Parking Elec garage Service Watet Natural Heating Fuel Gas 1 Service Water Elec 11 324 4 4 11 324 4 4 11 324 4 4 11 324 4 4 11 324 4 4 Heating Fuel 2 Receptacle Elec 984 607 304 2 984 607 304 2 984 607 304 2 984 607 304 2 984 607 304 2 Equipment Refrigeration Elec Food etc Cooking Elec commercial fuel 1 Cooking Elec commercial fuel 2 Elevators and Elec Escalators E aeee Total Building Elec 2626180 1092 8 2623864 1091 1 2623743 1092 3 2624703 1091 5 2624623 1091 925 Consumption Demand 984607 304 2 984607 304 2 984607 304 2 984607 304 2 984607 304 2 Energy Energy Summary by End Use Proposed Design Standard Design End Use Energy Type Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy kWh KW kWh KW Eee aE Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 34 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Space Cooling 896 924 381 9 816 393 338 1 9 86 5 Service Water Heating fuel 2 11 324 11324 4 4 Receptacle Equipment 984 607 304 2 984 607 304 2 Refrigeration food etc Cooking commercial fuel 1 r i Total Building Consumption 2583 826 1060 2624 623 1091 9 1 55 Proposed Design Standard Percentage Design Improvement Type Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use kWh kWh Nonr
177. ing the constant air delivery CAV systems serving multiple zones rely on reheat coils to control the delivered cooling This incurs a lot of energy wastage due to simultaneous cooling and heating Space temperature control can also be achieved by applying a variable air volume VAV system which primarily alters the air delivery rates The VAV system may or may not have a reheat coil which provides additional heat when the space does not need to be cooled or needs less cooling than would be delivered by supply air at the terminal box s minimum air quantity setting Proper zoning using face zoned AHUs working in conjunction with downstream VAV boxes will provide energy efficient cooling and eliminate the need of reheat Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Direct Expansion or DX Systems No separate plant room space is required as the refrigeration package is integral to the package unit condensing unit which is generally located outdoors Evaporator units are generally located indoors The local systems ate smaller in size and are less bulky The appearance of local units can be unappealing and may not necessarily blend well with the aesthetics A local HVAC system typically serves a single thermal zone and has its major components located within the zone itself or directly adjacent to the zone Multiple units are required for multiple zones This system is less flexible to zoning requirements T
178. ion Inspection Prior to Performance Testing verify and document the following System controls are wired correctly to ensure economizer is fully integrated i e economizer will operate when mechanical cooling is enabled Economizer lockout control sensor location is adequate open to ait but not exposed to direct sunlight nor in an enclosure away from sources of building exhaust at least 8 m 25 ft away from cooling towers System is provided with barometric relief relief fan or return fan to control building pressure 14 2 Equipment Testing Step 1 Simulate a cooling load and enable the economizer by adjusting the lockout control setpoint Verify and document the following Economizer damper modulates opens to 100 outside air Return air damper modulates closed and is completely closed when economizer damper is 100 open Economizer damper is 100 open before mechanical cooling is enabled Relief fan or return fan if applicable is operating or barometric relief dampers freely swing open Step 2 Continue from Step 1 and disable the economizer by adjusting the lockout control setpoint Verify and document the following Economizer damper closes to minimum ventilation position Return air damper opens to at or near 100 Relief fan if applicable shuts off or barometric relief dampers close Return fan if applicable may still operate even when economizer is disabled Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC
179. ion Showing ECBC Compliance Using Trade Off Option 2 TS Building size 40m length breadth 25m 3m height having 10sqm fenestration on each facade Description of building Location Hot and dry climatic zone Step 1 Determination of upper limit of envelope performance factor EPF for wall roof and fenestration using prescriptive values a EPF C root gt UsAs S 1 U from table 4 1 0 261 for 24 hr building A as per geometry 40 x 25 1000 m2 Croof from table 12 2 25 98 for 24 hr building in hot and dry climate EPF Roof 25 98 x 0 261 x 1000 6780 78 b EP Fwa Cyan Mass 5 Us As Coal Other Y gt UsAs 1 In this case it has been assumed that there is no curtain wall U from table 4 2 0 440 A as per geometry 390 m2 Cwan from table 12 2 15 01 FEPEWal 15 01 x 0 44 x 390 2575 71 Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide D 3 Appendix D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method n c EP Frenest Giras North Y gt w 1 SHGCw Mwy Aw H C2 Fenest North 5 UwAw We 1 n n C 1Fenest NonNorth Y gt SHGCw Mw Aw T C 2 Fenest NonNorth 5 UwAw W 1 W 1 n n C igenest Skylight gt SHG Cw Mw Aw Ca renest skylight gt UsAs Wel S 1 Assuming there is no skylight and no shading device used on windows Uy from table 4 3 3 3 SHGC from table 4 3 0 25 since WWR lt 40 My 1 for no overhang case in case of overhang My is to be calc
180. ion because Japan has a very well developed system of training and information dissemination on the building energy standards Studies in the US have shown that there physical inspections result in much higher compliance rates The stringency of the national system for testing materials and equipment for their energy efficiency properties can also have a marked impact on the final energy consumption of a building Most countries have a system of certified laboratories that test materials and equipment like windows and air conditioners and rate them for efficiency These ratings then determine if the equipment in a building meets the building energy standard Testing procedures vary between countries and there is anecdotal evidence that even in countries with well established systems ratings can differ by 10 or more based on the testing procedures Building energy standard compliance rates vary significantly between countries What constitutes compliance may also vary and not all countries consistently publish compliance data That said countries usually have lower compliance rates soon after they adopt or revise a standard and when their enforcement system is not fully developed Options for India to Consider India has taken a purposeful step toward improved building energy efficiency in adopting the Energy Conservation Building Code The next step is implementing this code which could require concerted efforts both at the state and natio
181. is desired the system shall be designed as variable air volume system with localized thermostats Central systems designed for VAV system is based on block load calculations as the VAV units allow the system to borrow air from areas with low load By incorporating VAVs with variable speed drive on air handling units it is possible to achieve excellent savings in power Proper zoning as mentioned earlier can avoid conflicting demands for heating and cooling Central plant systems provide an excellent means to contain all refrigerant within the chiller housing and plant room It is possible to detect any minor leaks within the localized plant room and take remedial action to arrest the leak Large central systems can have a life useful life of up to 25 years Central systems allow major equipment components to be kept isolated in a mechanical room Grouping and isolating key operating components allows maintenance to occur with limited disruption to building functions The initial purchasing and installation cost of a central air conditioning system is much higher than a local system These systems can offer higher system efficiencies full load and part load and thus can pay pack the elevated initial costs through reduced costs of operations within a few years Extra cost benefits can be achieved due to the potential for energy efficiency measures like thermal heat recovery economizers energy storage systems and etc In
182. issues such as the use of natural ventilation and renewable energy and building maintenance In some countries not all the issues are considered in a single standard For example the Chinese standards include lighting in a separate document Within these broad categories there are also numerous differences in what the specific requirements cover Some countries have significant detail about the need to minimize condensation on insulation Some countries like India or Japan have detailed requirements based on different types sizes or orientations of buildings for example while others have simpler requirements for a broader range of buildings The U S India and Canada all have commercial building energy codes derived from standards produced by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAB although specific requirements in each country vary European Union countries are all required to adopt legislation harmonized with the Directive on Energy Performance in Buildings which provides guidelines for the performance of buildings including the envelope HVAC lighting in non residential building orientation and passive solar systems Comparison of Elements Covered in Selected Commercial Building Standards and Codes Australia Canada China India Japan Korea U S ASHRAE 90 1 2007 Envelope HVAC Service Hot Water and Pumping Electrical Power Lighting x N A in a sepa rate standar
183. ity Time lag Massive structure Increase buffer spaces Air locks lobbies balconies verandahs Decrease air exchange rate ventilation during day time Smaller windows openings night ventilation Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 19 Building Envelope Increase shading External surfaces protected by overhangs fins and trees Increase surface reflectivity Pale colour glazed china mosaic tiles etc Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for windows Minimize glazing in East and West Promote Heat Loss Increase air exchange rate Ventilation during night time Courtyards wind towers atrangement of openings Increase humidity levels Trees water ponds evaporative cooling WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE ZONE Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Gain Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for windows Minimize glazing in East and West Promote Heat Loss Increase air exchange rate Ventilation throughout the day Ventilated roof construction Courtyards wind towers and arrangement of openings Decrease humidity levels Dehumidifiers desiccant cooling MODERATE CLIMATE ZONE Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Gain Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and east and west wall insulation Increase shading East and west walls glass surfaces protected by overh
184. ive section in these units The dry finned section handles as much of the load as possible with the unit able to operate completely dry at reduced ambient Both open and closed circuit versions are available Source Morrison F What up with Cooling Tower 2004 ASHRAE Journal 46 7 5 2 4 Piping and Ductwork 5 2 4 1 Pipe Insulation To minimize heat losses the Code requires that piping of heating and cooling systems including the storage tanks must be insulated The Code specifies required R values of insulation for heating and cooling systems based on the operating temperature of the system These are as shown in Table 5 6 and Table 5 7 Table 5 6 Insulation of Heating Systems Table 5 7 Insulation of Cooling Systems Heating System Cooling System Designed Operating Insulation with Temperature of Piping Minimun R value Designed Operating Insulation with Minimun Temperature of Piping R value m K W m2 K W Above 40 C and below 60 C Refrigerant Suction Piping As per the Code Insulation exposed to weather shall be protected by aluminum sheet metal painted canvas or plastic cover Cellular foam insulation shall be protected as above or be painted with water retardant paint Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 44 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 5 2 4 2 Ductwork As per the Code Ductwork shall be insulated in accordance with the Table 5 8 Table 5 8 Ductwork Insulation Table 5
185. l area off a wall including openings such as windows and doors measured horizontally from outside surface to outside service and measured vertically from the top of the floor to the top of the roof If roof insulation is installed at the ceiling level rather than the roof then the vertical measurement is made to the top of the ceiling Note that does not allow roof insulation to be located on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels The gross wall area includes the area between the ceiling and the floor for multi story buildings Obstruction Lee Water heater vessel in which water is heated and is withdrawn for use external to the system Weather stripping Materials such as a strip of fabric plastic rubber or metal or a device used to seal the openings gaps or cracks of venting window and door units to prevent water and air infiltration Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 11 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Window Wall Ratio W WR the ratio of vertical fenestration area to gross exterior wall area Gross exterior wall area is measured horizontally from the exterior surface it is measured vertically from the top of the floor to the bottom of the roof Vertical Dimension Parapet Parapet Insulation in roof Celling Insulation at Celling Vertical Dimension Unconditioned Space Unconditioned Space Zone HVAC A space or group of spaces within a bu
186. labeled in accordance ISO 15099 shall be assigned those values 11 2 1 Unrated Vertical Fenestration Unlabeled vertical fenestration both operable and fixed shall be assigned the U factors SHGCs and visible light transmittances in Table 11 1 Table 11 1 Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration Overall Assembly including the Sash and Frame Clear Glass Tinted Glass Frame Type Glazing U factor SHGC VLT U factor SHGC VLT Type W m2 K W m2 K Wood vinyl or fiberglass Double Glazing 3 3 0 59 0 64 3 4 frame 11 2 2 Unrated Sloped Glazing and Skylights 0 42 0 39 Unrated sloped glazing and skylights both operable and fixed shall be assigned the SHGCs and visible light transmittances in Table 11 1 To determine the default U factor for unrated sloped glazing and skylights without a cutb multiply the values in Table 11 1 by 1 2 To determine the default U factor for unrated skylights on a curb multiply the values in Table 11 1 by 1 6 11 3 Typical Roof Constructions For calculating the overall U factor of a typical roof construction the U factors from the typical wall construction type and effective U factor for insulation shall be combined according to the following equation 1 U Tonal Roof 1 1 U typical Roof l U typical Insulation where Urtotal Roof Total U factor of the roof with insulation Utypical Roof U factor of the roof Utypical Insulation U factor of the effective insulation from Table 11
187. ld insist on getting SHGC data from the manufacturers However it should be kept in mind that only SHGC data that is certified by an accredited independent testing laboratory can be used to show ECBC compliance Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 17 Building Envelope 4 2 1 3 Air Leakage As per the Code Air leakage for glazed swinging entrance doors and revolving doors shall not exceed 5 0 1 s m2 Air leakage for other fenestration and doors shall not exceed 2 0 1 s m2 The first set of air leakage requirements deals with inadvertent leaks at joints in the building envelope In particular the standard states that exterior joints cracks and holes in the building envelope shall be caulked gasketed weather stripped or otherwise sealed The construction drawings should specify sealing but special attention is needed in the construction administration phase to assure proper workmanship A tightly constructed building envelope is largely achieved through careful construction practices and attention to detail Poorly sealed buildings can cause problems for maintaining comfort conditions when additional infiltration loads exceed the HVAC design assumptions This can be a significant problem in high rise buildings due to stack effect and exposure to stronger winds 4 2 2 Opaque Construction As per the Code U factors shall be determined from the default tables in Appendix C 11 or determined from data or procedures contained i
188. lers consume more energy to provide the same amount of cooling when compared to water cooled machines with cooling towers Energy Efficiency Measures Proper site selection and sizing of the tower can reduce fan speed capacity and sound and help to conserve energy Centrifugal fans in favor of lower energy axial fans can reduce horsepower by 50 or more for the same capacity Fan control through two speed motors pony motors or variable speed motors can save energy as well Water Efficiency Measures An optimized bleed rate for the tower should be maintained to regulate water consumption The evaporation rate is dependent on the load which can vary widely and a constant bleed rate usually discharges more water than required A properly operating conductivity meter can automatically control bleed to the proper amount required to maintain the desired tower chemistry in the system at all times Contaminant induction should be minimized and a proper blow down rate should be maintained Water treatment regimens are effective for water conservation keeping the cooling loop cleaner saving energy reducing maintenance and improving reliability of the entire cooling system New technological solutions like hybrid wet dry cooling tower designs which combine wet and dry cooling can be adopted to reduce water use some as much as 70 compared to conventional towers Typically a dry finned coil section is combined in series with an evaporat
189. liance with 7 3 of the Code shall include all power used by the luminaires including lamps ballasts current regulators and control devices except as specifically exempted in 7 1 of the Code Exception to above If two or more independently operating lighting systems in a space are controlled to prevent simultaneous user operation the installed interior lighting power shall be based solely on the lighting system with the highest power Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 67 Lighting 7 3 4 1 Luminaire Wattage The Code requires that luminaire wattage be incorporated into the installed interior lighting power calculation as follows a The wattage of incandescent luminaires with medium base sockets and not containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the maximum labeled wattage of the luminaires b The wattage of luminaires containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the operating input wattage of the specified lamp ballast combination based on values from manufacturers catalogs or values from independent testing laboratory reports c The wattage of all other miscellaneous luminaire types not described in a or b shall be the specified wattage of the luminaires d The wattage of lighting track plug in busway and flexible lighting systems that allow the addition and ot relocation of luminaires without altering the wiring of the system shall be the larger of the specified wattage of the luminaire
190. lic rates ranging from 1 0 met to 1 3 metl This optional method applies only to spaces where the occupants may freely adapt their clothing to the indoor and or outdoor thermal conditions Limits on Temperature Drifts and Ramps Maximum Operative iL C EOE 1 7 G 0 F 2 2 C 4 0 F 2 8 C 5 0 F 3 3 C 6 0 F Temperature Change Allowed Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 37 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning indoor operative temperature C mean monthly outdoor air temperature C Figure 5 1 Acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces Allowable indoor operative temperature for spaces that meet these criteria may be determined from the figure above This figure includes two sets of operative temperature limits one for 80 acceptability and one for 90 acceptability The 90 acceptability limits may be used when a higher standard of thermal comfort is desired 1 1met 58W m2 for typical office activity one person is likely to produce 100 125 watts of heat Source ASHRAE 55 2004 5 2 2 Minimum Equipment Efficiencies Minimum equipment efficiencies are required to be met for all HVAC equipment These include chillers unitary ait conditioner split air conditioner packaged air conditioner boilers etc Box 5 E and Box 5 F provide basic information and an overview of air conditioning systems Box 5 G provides more information on Chillers Box 5 E Type
191. limate zone and the occupancy type of the building However before going into the details of ECBC compliance it is necessary to describe the case study used for demonstration Building Description a The building proposed for the case study is in Ahmedabad which is classified under hot and dry climate as per Appendix E of the Code Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 24 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method b The building in this case study is a daytime use building c The building used in this case study is a square building with one side measuring 39 62 m The building has ten floors with identical plan The entire building is conditioned space with a total conditioned area of 15 717 sq m all ten floors The building is exposed on all the four sides Windows on all four sides together constitute a WWR of 45 There are permanent external shading devices designed for the proposed building d The HVAC design and consequently zoning for the proposed building have not been finalized hence according to Table 10 1 for each floor a simple core perimeter zoning pattern as shown in the Figure 10 1 has to be considered The depth of perimeter zones is 5m as per guidance provided in this chapter All the five zones are considered to be conditioned office areas Figure 10 1 Five zone floor plate showing the perimeter and core zoning e Construction consists of typical reinforced cement concrete RCC column
192. locks occupant and motion sensors automatic or manual daylighting controls and astronomical time switches the automatic switches that adjust for the length of the day as it varies over the year Box 7 A Manual Vs Automatic Controls Manual lighting controls range from a single switch to a bank of switches and dimmers that ate actuated by toggles rotary knobs push buttons remote control and other means Manual controls can be cost effective options for small scale situations However as the lighting system becomes larger automated systems become more cost effective and are better at controlling light Manual controls may not give the desired results in real situations because the decision to shut off the lights when they are not needed is based entirely on human initiative It is worthwhile to determine the amount of local vs central control that is needed from the lighting control system 7 2 1 1 Automatic Lighting Shutoff Although there is no simpler way to reduce the amount of energy consumed by lighting systems than to manually turn lights off whenever not needed this is not done as often as it could be In response to that problem the Code requires several automatic controls that either work on time schedule or sense the presence of occupants Automatic Control Strategies Several different approaches can be used to control electric lighting The control hardware and design practices are discussed below Scheduling Control
193. ly air of a cooling system is cooled indirectly with water that is itself cooled by heat or mass transfer to the environment without the use of mechanical cooling Effective aperture Visible Light Transmittance X Window to wall Ratio EA VLT X WWR Effective aperture horizontal fenestration a measure of the amount of daylight that enters a space through horizontal fenestration skylights It is the ratio of the skylight area times the visible light transmission divided by the gross roof area above the daylighted area See also daylighted area Effective aperture vertical fenestration a measure of the amount of daylight that enters a space through vertical fenestration It is the ratio of the daylight window area times its visible light transmission plus half the vision glass area times its visible light transmission and the sum is divided by the gross wall area Daylighted window area is located 2 2 m 7 ft or more above the floor and vision window area is located above 1 m 3 ft but below 2 2 m 7 ft The window area for the purposes of determining effective aperture shall not include windows located in light wells when the angle of obstruction a of objects obscuring the sky dome is greater than 700 measured from the horizontal nor shall it include window area located below a height of 1 m 3 ft See also daylighted area Efficacy the lumens produced by a lamp ballast system divided by the total watts of input power including the
194. me Project Address Date June 2009 Designer of Record Telephone Contact person Telephone City Ahmedabad Weather Data Ahmedabad IWEC weather data Climate Zone Hot and dry Total Conditioned Area sq ft Total Unconditioned Area sq ft Total Floor Area sq ft Advisory messages Proposed Design Standard Design Difference Number of hours of heating lads unmet stemiplant Number of bours of cooling loads unmet ytemiplant Number of warning Ca 2 an Number of errors Number of defaults overridden Additional Building Information Number of floors G 9 Simulation program Visual DOE 4 1 2 based on DOE 2 1 E Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 32 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Comparison of Input Parameters in Proposed Design and Standard Design Building Element Proposed Design Input Standard Design Input Envelope Above Grade Wall Construction s U value 2 02 W m2 K 230 mm thick U value 0 44 W m2 K 230 mm thick wall Cement motar either side wall Insulation outside to inside Below Grade Wall Construction yr Roof Construction U value 1 618 W m2 K 150 mm RCC U value 0 409 W m2 K Insulation slab Cement motar either side 150 mm RCC slab outside to inside U factor 5 1 W m2 K Upeo 3 Wek Fenestration Visual Light Transmittance 0 6 m fixed overhangs on South amp 0 6 None m wide vertical fins on West side Automated Movable Shading Devices ps Electrical
195. ment or control device 3 2 Compliance Approaches The Code requires that the building shall comply first with all the mandatory provisions discussed in Chapter 4 to 8 of the Code But every building project is different each building has its own site that presents unique opportunities and challenges each building owner or user has different requirements and climate and microclimate conditions can vary significantly among projects Architects and engineers need flexibility in order to design buildings that address these diverse requirements The Code provides this flexibility in a number of ways Building components and systems have multiple options to comply with the Code requirements To use the building envelope section as an example designers can choose the Prescriptive Method that requires roof insulation be installed with a minimum R value Alternatively the other options allow the designer to show compliance with the thermal performance U factor of roof construction assembly In addition building envelope trade off option discussed in Chapter 4 permits trade offs among building envelope components roof walls and fenestration for Code compliance If more flexibility is needed the Whole Building Performance Method is available a Prescriptive Method The Code specifies a set of prescriptive requirements for building systems and components Compliance with the Code can be achieved by meeting or exceeding the specific levels described
196. ming and magnitude of loads handled by the HVAC system Simulation programs must be able to model these thermal mass effects Number of Thermal Zones There are multiple thermal zones in all but the simplest buildings and they experience different load patterns Approved programs must be able to model at least 10 thermal zones many simulation programs can handle far greater number of zones Part Load Performance Mechanical equipment seldom experiences full load operating conditions so the performance of this equipment under part load conditions is important Approved programs must incorporate part load performance curves in their calculations Correction Curves The efficiency of the mechanical equipment varies depending on temperature and humidity conditions Approved programs must incorporate efficiency correction curves for mechanical heating and cooling equipment Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 4 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Economizers Economizer cooling is an important efficiency measure under the Standard Approved programs must have the capability to model both airside and waterside economizers with integrated control Design Load Calculations Approved programs must be capable of performing design load calculations to determine required HVAC equipment capacities and air and water flow rates for both the Proposed Design and the Standard Design This is to ensure that the systems in both
197. mperatures as low as 60 C is responsible for numerous deaths each year Designers should be aware that the bacteria that cause Legionnaire s Disease has been found in service water heating systems and can colonize in hot water systems maintained below 46 C Careful maintenance practices can reduce the risk of contamination In health care facilities or service water systems maintained below 60 C periodic flushing of the fixtures with high temperature water or other biological controls may be appropriate Box 6 E Guidelines for Improving Water Heating System Efficiency Reduce standby losses from storage tank and pipes Lower Water Heating Temperature Use a hot water system with a thermostat Service water heating energy use and operating costs can be reduced by simply lowering the thermostat setting on your water heater For each 5 5 C 10 F reduction in water temperature can save between 3 5 in energy costs Insulate the storage tank Install a water heater insulation blanket the higher the R value the better Use wite or twine or straps to insure that the blanket stays in place Some new high efficiency heaters should not be insulated consult the equipment manual provided by the manufacturer Gas water heaters should not be insulated on top or within about 8 of the bottom of the water tank Set an electric water heater on a rigid foam insulation board This step is most critical when the heater sits on a concrete slab but it s
198. n Heat pumps provide the function of air heating with controlled temperature and may include the functions of air cooling 5 3 1 Economizers Economizers allow the use of outdoor air to cool the building when the outside temperature is cooler than that inside An economizer consists of dampers sensors actuators and logic devices that together decide how much outside air to bring into a building See Figure 5 2 Under the right conditions sensors and controls shut down the compressor and bring in the outside air through the economizer louvers A properly operating economizer can cut energy costs by as much as 10 of a building s total energy consumption depending mostly on local climate and internal cooling loads Air Information Flow Z How eee Mixed Air Outdoor Temperature Sensor Logic Controller Heating Coil Cooling Coil Outside Air oe Supply Air Linkage Pad Motorized Actuator Return Air Damper Linkage Motorized Return Air Actuator Figure 5 2 Economizer Source E Source Cooling Atlas 5 3 1 1 Air Side Economizers As per the Code Each individual cooling fan system that has a design supply capacity over 1 200 1 s 2 500 cfm and a total mechanical cooling capacity over 22 kW 6 3 tons shall include either a An ait economizer capable of modulating outside air and return air dampers to supply 100 of the design supply air quantity as outside air or b A water economizer capa
199. n the ASHRAE Fundamentals 2005 4 2 3 Building Envelope Sealing Air leakage can also occur through opaque construction Apart from adding cooling or heating load in the building air leakage can cause condensation within walls and roof can damage insulation material and degrade other building materials Box 4 E discusses these aspects in more detail It must be noted that building sealing is more important in air conditioned buildings In naturally ventilated buildings the concept of building ceiling and tight envelope runs counter to conventional and traditional wisdom Box 4 E Building Envelope Sealing and Air Leakage Air leakage is the passage of air through a building envelope wall window joint etc Leakage to the interior is referred to as infiltration and leakage to the exterior is referred to as ex filtration Excessive air movement significantly reduces the thermal integrity and performance of the envelope and is therefore a major contributor to energy consumption in a building A tightly constructed building envelope is largely achieved through careful construction practices and attention to detail Building envelopes should be carefully designed to limit the uncontrolled entry of outdoor air into the building Air leakage introduces sensible heat into conditioned spaces In climates with moist outdoor conditions it is also a major source of latent heat Latent heat must be removed by the air conditioning system at considerable ex
200. nal levels States would need to decide to adopt the code The national government could also help with this learning process by requiring that all new government buildings meet the building energy code For example the national government might provide tools to help states and local jurisdictions with enforcement India has a well developed system to enforce other types of building codes and it might use this system for enforcing the building energy code as well Building energy inspectors at the local level might need training and local jurisdictions could hire some staff to handle the additional workload India could also try to simplify the implementation task by developing code compliance software that allows building developers and inspectors to 6 R E Horne et al 2005 International Comparison of Building Energy Performance Standards Centre for Design RMIT University Mel bourne Australia Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide H 3 Appendix H Comparison of International Buildine Energy Standards easily check the building design for compliance Such software could also be designed to automatically develop inspection checklists As India gains experience with implementing its code it might want to modify the code periodically Many countries have found that establishing a regular timetable for such modifications can allow many stakeholders to have input into the process which in turn makes the code more feasible to implement
201. nd procedure to apply for ECBC compliance Any local amendments to the ECBC that need to be followed Acceptability of the weather file to the authorities Step 2 Comply with the mandatory requirements of the ECBC All the mandatory requirements of the ECBC code must be met by the project The mandatory provisions of building envelope HVAC service hot water and pumping lighting and electrical power are provided in sections 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 and 8 2 respectively of the Code and must be complied with It should be noted that even if the WBP method is adopted for ECBC compliance mandatory requirements must still be followed even though one might not follow any or all of the prescriptive requirements Step 3 Create the Proposed Design Simulation Model The simulation model should be developed as per the Proposed Design guidelines provided in Table 10 1 of the Guide This table is an updated version of Table 10 1 of ECBC and provides detailed guidance to the users in creating both the Proposed and Standard Design This section describes the methodology for creating the Proposed Design simulation model All the assumptions while creating the model must be stated clearly and unambiguously and the simulation model of the Proposed Design should be prepared using approved simulation software The simulation software must meet all the specifications listed in Section 10 2 1 of Appendix B of the Code Building Envelope While modeling the followin
202. nd to non occupant motion in a space The major limitation of PIR sensors is that they are strictly line of sight devices unable to see around corners or partitions Ultrasound US detectors radiate ultrasonic waves into a space then read the frequency of the reflected waves Motion causes a slight shift in frequency which the detector interprets as occupancy They ate mote sensitive than PIR sensors which is both an advantage and a disadvantage They are often used very effectively in partitioned spaces but are also more prone to false triggering due to their sensitivity to air movement Proper design and installation minimizes this potential problem 7 2 1 2 Space Control Along with controls for individual lights or sets of fixtures master controls ate required for each space which can shut off all the lights within the space For example the last person leaving the office is much more likely to use a master switch than to go through the office turning off every switch Similarly a cleaning crew can easily use master switches to turn lights off at the end of a working day As per Code Each space enclosed by ceiling height partitions shall have at least one control device to independently control the general lighting within the space Each control device shall be activated either manually by an occupant or automatically by sensing an occupant Each control device shall a Control a maximum of 250 m 2 500 ft for a space less than
203. ndenser The expansion device transforms the high pressure high temperature liquid refrigerant to low pressure low temperature mixture of refrigerant liquid and vapor This mixture fully evaporates in the evaporator absorbing the heat from the water cooling the water in a chilled water system or cooling the air drawn across the coil direct expansion system The compressor then raises the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant and the cycle continues on Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 33 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Box 5 B Heating Systems Heating system types can be classified fairly well by the heating equipment type The heating equipment used in buildings includes boilers oil and gas furnaces oil gas and electric heat pumps and space heaters Boiler based heating systems have steam and or water piping to distribute heat Boilers can be self contained units or they can be packaged units which are factory built systems disassembled for shipment and reassembled at the site The heated water may serve preheat coils in air handling units reheat coils and local radiators Systems that circulate water or a fluid are called hydronic systems Heating water may also be used for heating of service water and other process needs depending on the building type Some central systems have steam boilers rather than hot water boilers because of the need for steam for conditioning needs humidifiers in air
204. nergy efficient and complies with the mandatory and prescriptive requirements of the Code ECBC also provides trade off option which allows flexibility to the designer to trade off prescriptive requirements of building components while meeting the minimum energy performance requirements of the envelope 4 2 Mandatory Requirements 4 2 1 Fenestration Heat transfer across glazing products or fenestration windows door and skylights is similar to the heat transfer that takes place across walls and roofs through conduction and convection So U factor of glazing is analogous to the U factor of wall assembly In addition direct solar radiation contributes to the solar heat gain through the fenestration system Box 4 C discusses the concept of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC Fenestration and doors must be rated using procedures and methods specified in the ECBC Three fenestration performance characteristics are significant in the ECBC U factor SHGC and Visible Light Transmittance VLT These are reviewed below The U factor of fenestration is very important to the energy efficiency of buildings especially in cold climates The U factor must account for the entire fenestration product including the effects of the frame the spacers in double glazed assemblies and the glazing There are a wide variety of materials systems and techniques used to manufacture fenestration products and accurately accounting for these factors is of
205. ng Code ECBC User Guide D4 Appendix D Building Envelope Tradeoff Method In the example given above through back calculation it can be found that for bringing down the EPFpew to the level of EPF 10178 47 and with EPFp o being 7794 and no change in fenestration EPFpenest prescriptive 821 98 the maximum EPFy can be EPP wan new 10178 47 7794 821 98 1562 02 Step 5 For the target EPFw 1 new 1562 02 the required Uyg new can be calculated through back calculation EPF wail EPFwa Cwan 2 UsAs 156201 _ Uwal Uwa 4801 x 300 0 266 This means that due to certain limitation if in place of having U factors of roof equal to 0 261 it is kept as 0 3 as one option U factor of wall can be improved from 0 44 to 0 266 for complying with the code Similar to the method of calculating revised U factor for wall other alternatives such as change in SHGC or change in U penest can also be explored Important Change in specification through trade off method would vary from case to case and therefore need to be calculated separately for individual building and for individual solution 12 1 3 Baseline Building Definition The following rules shall be used to define the Baseline Building for Envelope Tradeoff a The Baseline Building shall have the same building floor area gross wall area and gross roof area as the proposed design If the building has both 24 hour and daytime occupancies the distribution between th
206. ng provided in the form of vertical fins the effect of high WWR has been compensated to a certain extent Also as the building is a daytime office use building the effect of West sun would be mainly in the unoccupied hours Both the Proposed Design Model and the Standard Design models are simulated and the results are analyzed to check for errors if any In some cases there are instances when either the cooling set point or the heating set point temperatures are not met by the HVAC system or the plant They are normally categorized as either system unmet or plant unmet hours which state the number of hours the system or the plant was unable to meet the cooling or heating load The maximum allowable unmet hours either for the Proposed Design or the for the Standard Design are 300 hours as per Appendix B of the Code and if the number of hours that loads are unmet by either the system or plant shows a difference of more than 50 hours between the Standard and Proposed Design models the simulation results are not accepted as valid The best way to deal with this issue is to confirm that the sizing method of both the Standard and Proposed Design is similar It could also be the case that some part of the HVAC system is undersized and may require redesign These models are refined and re run and checked for all the compliance clauses again and if found in order prepared for compliance documentation checks Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guid
207. nsulation Protection It is strongly recommended that insulation be protected from sunlight moisture landscaping equipment wind and other physical damage Rigid insulation used at the slab perimeter of the building should be covered to prevent damage from gardening or landscaping equipment Rigid insulation used on the exterior of walls and roofs should be protected by a permanent waterproof membrane or exterior finish In general a prudent designer should pay attention to moisture migration in all building construction Vapor retarders prevent moisture from condensing within walls roofs or floors but care should be taken to install them on the correct side warmer or cooler side of the walls and roofs to prevent water damage Water condensation can damage the building structure and can seriously degrade the performance of building insulation and create many other problems such as mold and mildew The designer should evaluate the thermal and moisture conditions that might contribute to condensation and make sure that vapor retarders are correctly installed to prevent condensation In addition to correctly installing a vapor retarder it is important to provide adequate ventilation of spaces where moisture can build up Figure 4 7 shows some common techniques to insulate different types of roofing systems Pre Fabricated Metal Roofs Showing Thermal Blocking of Purlins Membrane Steel Deck Top Chord Insulation Bottom Chord Gypsum
208. nsumption and environmental benefits Optimizing both the design and the benefits requires that the architect and mechanical system designer address these issues early in the schematic design phase and continually revise subsequent decisions throughout the remaining design process It is also essential that a process be implemented to monitor proper installation and operation of the HVAC system throughout construction An effective commissioning plan for each of the systems at full load and part load including controls calibration and commissioning is essential to the optimal performance of the building General concepts of HVAC systems are discussed in more details in Box 5 A and Box 5 B Box 5 A Air Conditioning System Basics Basic components of the system include a compressor condenser air cooled or water cooled evaporator and an expansion device similar to that of a domestic refrigerator Discharge Line Condenser Expansion Device Liquid Line Compressor Evaporater Room ait is drawn across an indoor coil called the evaporator that cools and dehumidifies the air during the cooling cycle The condenser condenses the refrigerant and transforms the high pressure vapor into high pressure liquid Heat is rejected via air drawn across the condenser coils using fans air cooled condenser or using a shell and tube heat exchanger in conjunction with a condenser water reticulation system and cooling towers water cooled co
209. ntries categorize the buildings differently In India Australia Canada and the U S the codes consider commercial buildings to include multi family residential buildings while in China and Japan the residential standards regulate such multi family residences This difference is important because typically the commercial building requirements ate somewhat more complex and cover more issues than those for residential buildings Specific Requirements The actual efficiency requirements for new buildings vary between countries While it would not be possible to highlight the full range of variation in a summary of this size a few examples may help to illustrate this point The table below highlights differences between the requirements for several building components in India Australia China and the US Snapshot of Building Energy Efficiency Maximum U Factors and Lighting Power Densities in the U S China and India Units W m K for U factors Building Components US China India Australia Miami Hainan New Delhi Darwin Roof 0 358 0 0 409 for most buildines 0 313 0 261 for 24 hr buildines i 1 Vertical Glass Windows SHGC 0 35 to 0 60 0 20 to 0 25 PT o a ms Notes This table assumes that we are comparing a 10 story commercial office building in similar climate zones in each country The representative cities used for the comparison are Miami in the U S Hainan Province in China and New Delhi in India SHGC stands for
210. nts For single phase applications kVA is the product of the line current amperes times the nominal system voltage kilovolts Kilowatt the basic unit of electric power equal to 1000 W Labeled equipment or materials to which a symbol or other identifying mark has been attached by the manufacturer indicating compliance with specified standard or performance in a specified manner Lamp a generic term for man made light source often called bulb or tube Lighted floor area gross the gross floor area of lighted spaces Lighting decorative lighting that is purely ornamental and installed for aesthetic effect Decorative lighting shall not include general lighting Lighting emergency lighting that provides illumination only when there is a general lighting failure Lighting general lighting that provides a substantially uniform level of illumination throughout an area Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 6 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms General lighting shall not include decorative lighting or lighting that provides a dissimilar level of illumination to serve a specialized application or feature within such area Lighting Efficacy LE the quotient of the total lumens emitted from a lamp or lamp ballast combination divided by the watts of input power expressed in lumens per watt Lighting system a group of luminaires circuited or controlled to perform a specific function Lighting pow
211. nual calculations This computation becomes significantly more complex if the design team decides to employ a daylight linked electric lighting system Such a system is designed to reduce light and heat output in a space when enough daylight is available This non linear relationship impacts the electric energy input to the lighting system and the heat removed by the HVAC system At this time predicting the integrated energy performance resulting from complex energy efficiency strategies cannot be studied reliably by any other means except the use of a whole building energy simulation analysis Once the model is completed and a base run is established carrying out multiple runs to test alternate design options involves less effort on the part of the analyst although there could still be substantial computer run time involved Whole building energy simulation is increasingly being used for testing compliance with various building energy codes and sustainability rating tools such as LEED and GRIHA Technically reliable and verifiable energy simulation programs satisfying the minimum modeling capabilities specified in 10 2 1 should be used for compliance using this verification method 10 1 1 Scope In general the WBP method may be used to show compliance with the ECBC for any project at the designet s discretion subject to the following caveats and exceptions No HVAC System Use of the WBP method requires knowledge of the proposed HVAC
212. nufacturer the company engaged in the original production and assembly of products or equipment or a company that purchases such products and equipment manufactured in accordance with company specifications Mean temperature one half the sum of the minimum daily temperature and maximum daily temperature Mechanical cooling reducing the temperature of a gas or liquid by using vapor compression absorption and desiccant dehumidification combined with evaporative cooling or another energy driven thermodynamic cycle Indirect of direct evaporative cooling alone is not considered mechanical cooling Metering instruments that measure electric voltage current power etc Multifamily high rise multifamily structures of four or more stories above grade Multifamily low rise multifamily structures of three or less stories above grade Multiplication factor indicates the relative reduction in annual solar cooling load from overhangs and or side fins with given projection factors relative to the respective horizontal and vertical fenestration dimensions Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide AT Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Parapet Projection Factor H V Non automatic See definition of manual Occupancy sensor a device that detects the presence or absence of people within an area and causes lighting equipment or appliances to be regulated accordingly Opaque all areas in the building e
213. nvelope except fenestration and building service openings such as vents and grilles Orientation the direction an envelope element faces i e the direction of a vector perpendicular to and p Le perp pointing away from the surface outside of the element For vertical fenestration the two categories ate north oriented and all other Outdoor outside air air that is outside the building envelope or is taken from the outside the building that has not been previously circulated through the building Overcurrent any current in excess of the rated current of the equipment of the capacity of the conductor It may result from overload short circuit or ground fault Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner PTAC a factory selected wall sleeve and separate unencased combination of heating and cooling components assemblies or sections It may include heating capability by hot water steam or electricity and is intended for mounting through the wall to service a single room or zone Party wall a firewall on an interior lot line used or adapted for joint service between two buildings Permanently installed equipment that is fixed in place and is not portable or movable Plenum a compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected that forms a part of the air distribution system and that is not used for occupancy or storage A plenum often is formed in part or in total by portions for the building Pool any structure basin
214. o the mandatory requirements in that they provide specific values and details However building designers may be allowed to trade off some of the prescriptive requirements with others regarding the building envelope The codes then provide rules on what can be traded off and how Finally these codes also provide an option for compliance based on building energy performance instead of the prescriptive requirements This last option would allow a building designer to install Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide H 2 Appendix H Comparison of International Buildine Energy Standards less efficient windows but a more efficient air conditioning system if the total designed energy use falls within the required norms There are several approaches to establishing the baseline for comparison under the building energy performance method The UK uses a total carbon footprint of the building called the Carbon Index Rating the U S uses the cost as its reference metric while some other countries define the characteristics of a reference building for the comparison Korea takes a different approach establishing mandatory requirements and points for a whole range of energy issues related to buildings Each new building must have a minimum of 60 points Buildings that exceed the minimum point requirement may be eligible for certain benefits such as relaxation of certain zoning rules Enforcement Systems Enforcement is critical for the
215. of Air Conditioning Systems There are primarily two main types of air conditioning systems 1 A direct expansion or DX type system in the form of room air conditioners split system air conditioners and packaged air conditioners Heat exchange takes place directly from the refrigerant within the copper tubes to the air being drawn across the finned coil by an evaporator fan The DX type systems offer localized solutions for a building s heating and cooling needs These systems are typically appropriate for smaller single zone buildings 2 Central plant system uses chilled water recirculation Compared to a DX systems a central plant HVAC will be able to provide better thermal comfort and flexibility Direct Expansion Systems or DX Systems Unitary air conditioners These are normally used for cooling individual rooms and provide cooling only when needed Room air conditioners house all the components of an air conditioning system discussed above in one casing Their efficiency is generally lower than that of central plant systems Split system air conditioning systems This consists of an outdoor metal cabinet that contains the condenser and compressor and an indoor cabinet that contains the evaporator In many split system air conditioners this indoor cabinet also contains a furnace or the indoor part of a heat pump Packaged air conditioners In a packaged air conditioner the evaporator condenser and compressor are all located in
216. on valves serve as a means of varying flow rate in a hydronic system As per the Code Water cooled air conditioning or heat pump units with a circulation pump motor greater than or equal to 3 7 kW 5 hp shall have two way automatic isolation valves on each water cooled air conditioning or heat pump unit that are interlocked with the compressor to shut off condenser water flow when the compressor is not operating 5 3 2 3 Variable Speed Drives Variable speed drives are required to control chilled water and condenser water systems for energy efficiency As per the Code Chilled water or condenser water systems that must comply with either 5 3 2 1 or 5 3 2 2 of ECBC and that have pump motors greater than or equal to 3 7 kW 5 hp shall be controlled by variable speed drives Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 51 Service Water Heating and Pumping 6 Service Water Heating and Pumping 6 1 General J por some building types such as large hotels and hospitals service water heating can be major energy consumer Inefficiency in water heating is caused primarily by inefficiency of the heating equipment and by heat loss from hot water storage tanks and distribution piping network ECBC through mandatory requirements seeks to minimize energy usage in water heating systems by Utilizing solar water heating Specifying heating equipment efficiency Maximizing heat recovery and minimizing electric heating Insula
217. ones and rural housing in India India Bureau of Energy Efficiency Ministry of Power Government of India 2007 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC Revised Version May 2008 New Delhi India Bureau of Energy Efficiency Ministry of Power Government of India 2005 Exergy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities New Delhi India Bureau of Indian Standard 2005 National Building Code of India Second Revision 2005 New Delhi India Donald R Wulfinghoff 1999 Energy Efficiency Manual Energy Institute Press Wheaton Maryland USA Dr Ardeshir Madhavi 1995 Fundamentals of Building Physics Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA E Source 2005 E Source Technology Atlas Series Volume I Lighting Volume I Commercial Space Cooling and Air Handling Volume IV Drive Power Boulder CO USA Goetzler W 2007 Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems ASHRAE Journal 49 4 Krishan et al 2001 Cmate responsive architecture A design handbook for energy efficient buildings School of Planning amp Architecture SPA New Delhi India Ministry of Power 2001 Energy Conservation Act www powermin nic in New Delhi India Morrison F 2004 Whats up with Cooling Tower ASHRAE Journal 46 7 USA Nayak and Prajapati 2006 Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings YT Bombay Bombay India Stein B Reynolds J Grondzik W amp Kwok A 2005 Mechanical
218. ons and fire stations Return Air air from the conditioned area that is returned to the conditioning equipment for reconditioning The air may return to the system through a series of ducts plenums and airshafts Roof the upper portion of the building envelope including opaque areas and fenestration that is horizontal or tilted at an angle of less than 60 from horizontal Roof area gross the area of the roof measured from the exterior faces of walls or from the centerline of party walls Service the equipment for delivering energy from the supply or distribution system to the premises served Service water heating heating water for domestic or commercial purposes other than space heating and process requirements Set point point at which the desired temperature C of the heated or cooled space is set Shading Coefficient SC the ratio of solar heat gain at normal incidence through glazing to that occurring through 3 mm 1 8 in thick clear double strength glass Shading coefficient as used herein does not include interior exterior or integral shading devices Simulation program a computer program that is capable of simulating the energy performance of building systems Single zone system an HVAC system serving a single HVAC zone Site recovered energy waste energy recovered at the building site that is used to offset consumption of purchased fuel or electrical energy supplies Skylight roof ratio SRR the ratio of t
219. operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some non manual influence such as a change in current strength pressure temperature or mechanical configuration Automatic control device a device capable of automatically turning loads off and on without manual intervention Balancing air system adjusting airflow rates through air distribution system devices such as fans and diffusers by manually adjusting the position of dampers splitters vanes extractors etc or by using automatic control devices such as constant ait volume or variable air volume boxes Balancing hydronic system adjusting water flow rates through hydronic distribution system devices such as pumps and coils by manually adjusting the position valves or by using automatic control devices such as automatic flow control valves Ballast a device used in conjunction with an electric discharge lamp to cause the lamp to start and operate under proper circuit conations of voltage current waveform electrode heat etc Boiler a self contained low pressure appliance for supplying steam or hot water Boiler packaged a boiler that is shipped complete with heating equipment mechanical draft equipment and automatic controls usually shipped in one or more sections A packaged boiler includes factory built boilers manufactured as a unit or system disassembled for shipment and reassembled at the site Building a structure wholly or partially enclosed within exterior wall
220. or transmitting HT voltage are Reduced conductor size and investment on conductors Reduced the transmission losses and voltage drop At the user end equipment with various voltage rating is used for different applications Hence the transmitted voltage is first stepped down 11 kV 230V through distribution transformers and then the power supply is distributed to the various sections and equipment Distribution transformers are used normally in all commercial buildings They are kept energized around the clock providing power to the building s electrical equipment 8 2 1 1 Maximum Allowable Power Transformer Losses Transformers are of two types Dry type and Oil filled Fire safety and environmental concerns associated with transformers are important Oil filled transformers are not installed at fire hazardous places Dry type transformer is used when it has to be located near the load center which may be in a hazardous place As there is no oil used in the transformer and special type of fire resistant insulation are used for the windings the fire tisk is considerably reduced in these transformers Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 69 Electrical Power Distribution transformers consume energy even when the building is not occupied or its equipment are not operating resulting in energy loss Transformers losses are discussed in Box 8 A Box 8 A Transformer Efficiency and Losses The efficiency of transformers
221. or air 3 19 0 213 x Cap 1000 b COP Replacementsa a Replacement units must be factory labeled as follows Manufactured for Replacement Applications Only not to be Installed in New Construction Projects Replacement efficiencies apply only to units with existing sleeves less than 16 in high and less than 42 in wide b Cap means the rated cooling capacity of the product in Btu h If the unit s capacity is less than 7000 Btu h use 7000 Btu h in the calculation If the unit s capacity is greater than 15 000 Btu h use 15 000 Btu h in the calculation Source ASHRAE 90 1 2004 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 22 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Percentage Improvement The formula below demonstrates a percentage performance improvement in the proposed and Standard Design per ECBC by a whole building performance using building performance rating method used in chapter 10 of ECBC The minimum energy saving percentage applicable to LEED India and GRIHA rating systems is as under Improvement 100 x Energy Use in Standard Design Energy Use in Proposed Design Energy Use in Standard Design Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 23 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Case Study To demonstrate ECBC compliance for building design using WBP method building energy simulation models need to be developed This document uses two important terms to understand the
222. or all applicable buildings mentioned under Chapter 2 of the Code 3 1 2 New Buildings The Code compliance procedure requires the new building to fulfill a set of mandatory provisions related to energy use as well as show compliance with the specified requirements stipulated for the different building components and systems The mandatory requirements are described in Sections 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 and 8 2 of the Code These mandatory provisions are discussed in the corresponding sections of this Guide The Code also specifies prescriptive requirements for building components and systems However to maintain flexibility for the design and construction team the Code compliance requirements can be met by following one of two methods 1 Prescriptive Method specifies prescribed minimum energy efficiency parameters for various components and systems of the proposed building The prescriptive requirements are covered in Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 dealing with the building envelope HVAC systems service hot water and pumping lighting systems and electric power respectively To use the building envelope section as an example designers can choose the prescriptive method that offers flexibility in selecting insulation for roof that meets specified thermal characteristic e g R value discussed in Chapter 4 of this Guide in place of meeting prescriptive requirements of U factor of the roof assembly More explanation related to this method can be found
223. or equal to 1 000 m 10 000 ft and a maximum of 1 000 m2 10 000 ft2 for a space greater than 1 000 m 10 000 ft b Be capable of overriding the required shutoff control ECBC 7 2 1 1 for no more than 2 hours c Be readily accessible and located so the occupant can see the control Box 7 D summarizes the Code requirements Box 7 D Space Area and Lighting Controls S No Space Area Coverage Area for each control device Exception to c above The required control device may be remotely installed if required for reasons of safety or security A remotely located device shall have a pilot light indicator as part of or next to the control device and shall be clearly labeled to identify the controlled lighting An exception to c is provided for control devices that need to be remotely installed for reasons of safety or security However a remotely located device must have a pilot light indicator as part of or next to the control device and it must be clearly labeled to identify the controlled lighting device Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 61 Lighting Box 7 E Lighting Controls Q An open office area is 900 m2 How many controls are required for this space A Minimum four since this space is smaller than 1 000 m and each space control can serve a maximum area of 250 m2 Q In an open office 1 500 m2 how many minimum controls are required A Minimum two since this space is larger than 1 000 m2
224. or tank containing an artificial body of water for swimming diving or recreational bathing The terms include but are not limited to swimming pool whirlpool spa hot tub Process load the load on a building resulting from the consumption or release of process energy Projection factor overhang the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided by the sum of the height of the fenestration and the distance from the top of the fenestration to the bottom of the farthest point of the external shading projection in consistent units Projection factor sidefin the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided by the distance from the window jamb to the farthest point of the external shading projection in consistent units R value thermal resistance the reciprocal of the time rate of heat flow through a unit area induced by Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 8 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms a unit temperature difference between two defined surfaces of material or construction under steady state conditions Units of R are m K W h ft F Btu For the prescriptive building envelope option R value is for the insulation alone and does not include building materials or air films Readily accessible capable of being reached quickly for operation renewal or inspections without requiring those to whom ready access is requisite to climb over or remo
225. oth simulation models would also include the existing building envelope Where no HEATING SYSTEM exists a default heating system must be assumed and modeled It should be a simple heating system that burns fossil fuel sized with sufficient capacity to meet the design heating loads for the Proposed Design An identical system with sizing adjustments must be assumed for the Standard Design 4 The WBP method is more vulnerable to this sort of abuse which is why the rules for constructing the Standard Design must be so specific The WBP modeling rules for part load efficiency and system sizing are intended to minimize these effects on the trade off calculations for the other measures in the building For example electricity consumption differences cannot be gained for a difference between a properly sized HVAC system in the Proposed Design and an improperly sized HVAC system for the Standard Design The modeling rules are discussed individually in the following sections Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 17 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Where no COOLING SYSTEM exists a default cooling system must be assumed and modeled for both the Standard Design and Proposed Design Minimum Efficiencies The minimum efficiencies for HVAC equipment 5 2 2 and for service hot water heating equipment 6 2 2 must be used for the applicable equipment in the S andard Design This includes any part load efficiencies
226. other with the windward window near the upstream comer give better performance than other window arrangements for most of the building orientations xii Horizontal louvers that is a sunshade atop a window deflects the incident wind upward and reduces air motion in the zone of occupancy A horizontal slot between the wall and horizontal louver prevents upward deflection of air in the interior of rooms Provision of inverted L type r louver increases the room air motion provided that the vertical projection does not obstruct the incident wind xiii Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of 45 in appropriate direction helps to promote the indoor air motion Sashes projecting outward are more effective than projecting inward xiv Air motion at working plane 0 4 m above the floor can be enhanced by 30 using a pelmet type wind deflector xv Roof overhangs help by promoting air motion in the working zone inside buildings xvi Verandah open on three sides is to be preferred since it causes an increase in the room air motion for most of the orientations of the building with respect to the outdoor wind xvii A partition placed parallel to the incident wind has little influence on the pattern of the air flow but when located perpendicular to the main flow the same partition creates a wind shadow Provision of a partition with spacing of 0 3 m underneath helps by augmenting air motion near floor level in the leeward compartment o
227. ows users to use exceptional calculations provided the nature of the exceptional method is open ended however the burden is on the applicant to demonstrate that the method is reasonable accurate well founded and not in contradiction with the rules of the WBP Method The applicant must describe the theoretical basis for the exceptional method and must provide empirical evidence that the method accurately represents the energy performance of the design material or device c Disclaimer It is important for users of the WBP method as well as the owners of the proposed buildings to understand the WBP Method s intent and limitations It is intended to provide a fair method of comparison between the estimated annual energy consumption of the Proposed Design and the Standard Design for purposes of compliance with the Code The WBP Method is not intended to provide the most accurate prediction of actual energy consumption for the building as it is actually built Although the designer is expected to model the future use of the building as closely as possible there are many reasons why the actual building performance may differ from the design energy consumption These include Variations in Operation and Occupancy The actual schedules of operation and occupancy may differ from those assumed in the WBP analysis Variations in Control and Maintenance The building s energy systems may be controlled differently than assumed the equipment ma
228. p Speed control is obtained by adjusting the frequency of the voltage applied to the motor This approach usually saves energy for varying load applications Through the application of VSD on the cooling tower fan the fan speed can be reduced during lower ambient conditions for reducing energy consumption However condenser water reset strategy may require condenser fan speeds to be maintained to improve chiller efficiency by lowering condenser water temperature At lower loads the overall system efficiency should be the driver as pumping and tower fan energy form significant proportion of overall chiller plant energy Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 43 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Box 5 J Energy and Water Efficiency in Cooling Towers Energy and Water Efficiency in Cooling Towers Water based HVAC systems offer significant energy savings due to the ability of water to transport large quantities of heat over relatively long distances more efficiently than air based systems Additionally they offer advantages such as smaller equipment size and cost along with reduced maintenance and extended life of mechanical equipment However for water scarce urban centers in India the viable installation and operation of cooling towers will require balancing needs for energy efficiency and water conservation simultaneously Air cooled chillers are a good option to conserve water however the trade off is that these chil
229. p ua souvprosov ur p383 aq gus 5utuyyrtu PUL outz15 p 1 u L 0 0 JO IULIDOHOI YA p pouu aq peys SOIVJINS JOOJ JOYIO V G 0 VEY 19W73 Sr uu3lru SIT put 0 0 UY 4916913 SI JOOX UTIS pasododg IY JO Suv159J 1 IP Jr Gp 0 JO 2Uz323J 1 amp YIM p opouu oq Avur 2ujJins JOOF IY sSJOOJ 1OH91x3 JOJ p 9pouu q PEYS ouJ1ns Joos sy Jo I0UL UIA PUL 5ut35 J 1 IU SIV p Je 1mu A YPM sJOO1 ULY I9YJO SJOOS J01797X IO stoydnpnur Sursn lt q JO IVINS JBU z Joye sv p quos p oq Kur IWES IY ASTMIOYIO IWE pu s 18 p Gp Uey NOW ou Aq IFP IM puv voNviueTO YPNWIZE ssOyM sodvJINs IONIA od sures yey Jo A quiasse uaoulpe oy JO VIIe IY 0 poppe oq 3snuu ATquassv do Au UE Jo LFL IY p qraos op Ajayesedas you JJ poqiosop ATaysedas aq OU p u spes 701389 S adi A quiasse 7EY JO CIW e101 IY JO 0 G UL sso sJaAOD WY ATquuassv dop au uy e sSuIAWwIp TEMPA WOI 32 JJIp 0 poyrursod ore sju u Supping Surxsoj oj u T suondooxy sodopaaus Surpr mq Sunsix 107 p lrz3sur sv JO SSUTAWIP eINIDDITYDI UO UMOYS s p pouu aq eys usaq pasodosg u3 ur adopaaus Surppnq y Jo syu uodwo Ty Ssunysry dopavg Surpimsq B 8 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Jo syuowasmbar y 3 uu peys ougugojs d yuowdmby Z O AQEL WOY p ouru3s l p oq TEYS S S pappuvgs dy
230. paces of buildings b Exterior building features including fa ades illuminated roofs architectural features entrances exits loading docks and illuminated canopies c Exterior building grounds lighting that is provided through the building s electrical service Exceptions to above a Emergency lighting that is automatically off during normal building operation and is powered by battery generator or other alternate power source b Lighting in dwelling units 7 2 Mandatory Requirements The mandatory requirements for lighting mostly relate to interior and exterior lighting controls Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 58 Lighting 7 2 1 Lighting Control Lighting controls allow lighting to be turned down or completely off when it is not needed the simplest way to save energy Maximizing the use of controls involves developing a set of strategies that utilize the Code requirements for various devices including on off controls dimming controls and systems that combine the use of both types of equipment These controls can be quite sophisticated but in general they perform two basic functions 1 they turn lights off when not needed and 2 they modulate light output so that no more light than necessary is produced The equipment required to achieve these functions varies in complexity from simple timers to intricate electronic dimming circuits each applicable to different situations Controls include time c
231. part of the Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 21 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method proposed and Standard Designs For example most nonresidential buildings have substantial plug loads and some have process loads These should be modeled using the best available information about their energy characteristics from the design drawings or when applicable from the existing systems already in place Systems that do not interact substantially with other energy systems such as elevators or parking garage fans may be neglected in the Proposed Building modeling Refer ECBC Table 10 1 Standard Design The WBP method does not Electricity consumption savings for non HVAC motors or for other miscellaneous energy related equipment in a building such as elevators conveyors autoclaves etc Where these systems contribute significant loads to the building they should be modeled but they must be identical in the proposed and standard runs Refer ECBC Table 10 1 Table 10 5 HVAC Systems Map ECBC Table 10 2 Residential Nontresidential More than 3 stories Less than 3 4 or 5 floors or less More than 5 floors floors or less than 7 500 m or 5 or more than than 7 500 m floors or less and 15 000 m 7 500 15 000 m Code pszb RHFS RHFS System type Packaged terminal air Packaged rooftop air Central cooling plant Central cooling plant conditioner conditioner with constant volume with variable air volume AHU
232. pense In addition to causing energy loss excessive ait leakage can cause condensation to form within and on walls This can create many problems including reducing insulation R value permanently damaging insulation and seriously degrading materials It can rot wood corrode metals stain brick or concrete surfaces and in extreme cases cause concrete to break bricks to separate mortar to crumble and sections of a wall to fall jeopardizing the safety of occupants It can corrode structural steel re bar and metal hangars and bolts with very serious safety and maintenance consequences Moisture accumulation in building materials can lead to the formation of mold that may require extensive remedying the situation Virtually anywhere in the building envelope where there is a joint junction or opening there is potential for ait leakage Air leakage will cause the HVAC system to run more often and longer at one time and still leave the building uncomfortable for its occupants All openings in the building envelope including joints and other openings that are potential sources of ait leakage should be to be sealed to minimize air leakage It means that all gaps between wall panels around doors and other construction joints must be well sealed Ceiling joints lighting fixtures plumbing openings doors and windows should all be considered as potential sources of unnecessary energy loss due to air infiltration Energy Conservation Building Code
233. people are able to comprehend ECBC in a better way Considering this growing need for developing a better understanding of ECBC in the country the ECBC User Guide has been prepared under the USAID ECO III Project in close partnership with BEE The document aims to guide and assist the building designers architects and all others involved in the building construction industry to implement ECBC in real situations The document is written both as a reference and as an instructional guide It also features examples best practices checklists etc to direct and facilitate the design and construction of ECBC compliant buildings in India I am happy to note that the ECBC User Guide Development Team has made a concerted effort to provide all the information especially minimum performance standards that buildings need to comply with in one place Consequently it is my hope that users of ECBC trying to show compliance through the prescriptive path will find it easier to do so through the guidance provided in the document The ECBC User Guide also provides additional guidance on the Whole Building Performance method by making references to international publications that are widely used by the building design community I thank the entire ECBC User Guide Development Team led by Dr Satish Kumar for its extensive efforts in bringing out this document I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the USAID for providing this technical assistance under the
234. plicitly Ventilation Minimum outdoor air ventilation rates shall be the same for the Proposed and Standard Designs Exception When modeling demand control ventilation in the Proposed Design when its use is not required by Ventilation Controls for High Occupancy Areas Systems with design outdoor air capacities greater than 1400 L s serving areas having an average design occupancy density exceeding 100 people per 100 m2 shall include means to automatically reduce outdoor air intake below design rates when spaces are partially occupied Design Air Flow Rates System design supply air flow rates for the Standard Design shall be based on a supply ait to room air temperature difference of 11 C If return or relief fans are specified in the Proposed Design the Standard Design shall also be Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 18 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method modeled with fans serving the same functions and sized for the Standard system supply fan air quantity less the minimum outdoor air or 90 of the supply fan air quantity whichever is larger Supply Fan Power System fan electrical power for supply return exhaust and relief excluding power to fan powered VAV boxes shall be calculated using the following formulas Pian 746 1 el 0 2437839 x In bhp 1 685541 x bhp Where Pin electric power to fan motor watts bhp brake horsepower of Standard fan motor from the table below where cfm rep
235. posed Design must simulate the actual performance of the daylighting control in response to daylight availability rather than the simulator simply assuming some schedule change that arbitrarily reduces lighting power during daylight hours Another example of equipment that must not be modeled by reducing operating hours in the Proposed Design are occupancy sensing controls that turn off equipment when not needed While this type of equipment might well be installed because of the owner s conviction that it is a good investment there is no credit for it under the WBP method In selecting the schedules it is prudent to consider the likely long term operation of the building For example if a new school will initially operate on a traditional schedule but the school district has a policy of shifting its schools over to year round operation then it would be prudent to apply a year round schedule in the WBP method modeling The selected schedules should likewise not intentionally misrepresent the operation of the building If a grocery store chain keeps its stores open 24 hours a day it would be inappropriate to use a 12 hour a day operating schedule in the modeling d Building Envelope The building footprint and overall geometry must be identical for both the Standard and Proposed Designs and must use the design shown on the final architectural drawings including building shape dimensions surface orientations opaque construction assembl
236. pport and encouragement provided by Dr Ajay Mathur Director General and Mr Sanjay Seth Energy Economist of BEE in the preparation of the Guide A substantial undertaking of this nature would not have been possible without the extremely valuable technical contribution provided by the Development Team of ECBC User Guide especially Ms Vasudha Lathey Ms Aleisha Khan of Alliance to Save Energy ASE Dr Vishal Garg and Ms Surekha Tetali of International Institute of Information Technology IMT Prof Rajan Rawal of Center for Environmental Planning and Technology CEPT Dr Jyotirmay Mathur of Malviya National Institute Technology MNIT Mr P C Thomas and Mr G S Rao of Team Catalyst I would like to acknowledge the assistance that the Development Team received from the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Inc USA The 90 1 User Manual ANSI ASHRAE IESNA Standard 90 1 2004 provided us with a robust framework and a sound technical reference during the development of the ECBC User Guide I am also thankful to Ms Meredydd Evans of Pacific North West National Laboratory PNNL and to Saint Gobain DuPont ASAHI India and Dr Mahabir Bhandari DesignBuilder for providing inputs on many iterations of this document I would like to convey my special thanks to the ECO III Project Team Mr Ravi Kapoor for his substantial technical contribution to the development of the entire guide Mr Anura
237. r at less than 80 C Water temperature is controlled with a thermostat Storage Electric An electric water heater designed to heat and store water at less than 80 C Water temperature is controlled with a thermostat Storage electric water heaters have a manufacturer s specified capacity of at least two gallons Storage Heat Pump An electric water heater that uses a compressor to transfer thermal energy from one temperature level to a higher temperature level for the purpose of heating water It includes all necessary auxiliary equipment such as fans storage tanks pumps or controls Instantaneous Gas A gas water heater controlled manually or automatically by water flow activated control or a combination of water flow and thermostatic controls Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 52 Service Water Heating and Pumping Instantaneous Electric An electric water heater controlled automatically by a thermostat instantaneous water heaters are not generally designed for use with solar water heating systems or as heat sources for indirect fired water heaters They are also typically inappropriate for use with recirculation systems Refer Box 6 B for more information Indirect Gas A water heater consisting of a storage tank with no heating elements or combustion devices connected via piping and recirculating pump to a heat source consisting of a gas or oil fired boiler or instan taneous gas water heater see note following the d
238. ransformers ECBC Table 8 2 Table 8 3 Values of Performance Characteristic of Two Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Table 8 4 Values of Performance Characteristic of 4 Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Table 8 5 Values of Performance Characteristic of 6 Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Table 8 6 Values of Performance Characteristic of 8 Pole Energy Efficient Induction Motors Table 10 1 Modeling Requirements for Calculating Proposed and Standard Design Table 10 2 Standard Fan Brake Horsepower Table 10 3 Type and Number of Chillers Table 10 4 Part Load Performance for VAV Fan Systems Table 10 5 HVAC Systems Map ECBC Table 10 2 Table 10 6 Electrically Operated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners 14 15 19 21 26 26 arar T 29 31 37 41 42 42 42 44 44 45 45 DO 2 35 66 66 68 T1 71 oO 74 75 75 B 7 B 19 B 19 B 20 B22 B22 Table 10 7 Table 10 8 Table 11 1 Table 11 2 Table 11 3 Table 12 1 Table 12 2 Table 12 3 Table 12 4 Table 12 5 Table 12 6 Table 13 1 Table 13 2 Fenestration Summary Building Energy Model Information Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration Overall Assembly including the Sash and Frame Defaults for effective U Factor for Exterior Insulation layers under review Defaults for effective U factor for Exterior Insulation Layers under review
239. rd Design as the complete HVAC system is not designed in the case study Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 28 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Miscellaneous Loads For the case study an internal equipment load of 21 6 W m has been considered for both the Proposed Design Step 4 Create the Standard Design simulation model The simulation model should be developed as per the Standard Design guidelines provided in Table 10 1 of the Guide The Standard Design model is created using the Whole Building Performance method specified in ECBC Once the model has been created the simulation runs will show the energy consumption of the Standard Design building The Standard Design is created with building specifications that comply with all prescriptive requirements of the ECBC In the simulation model of the Standard Design the glazing area is equally distributed on all sides of the building Por the Standard Design the energy use shall be generated by simulating the building with its actual orientation and subsequently rotating the building by 90 180 and 270 degrees The energy use for the Standard Design will be obtained by taking an average of energy use from the simulation runs for four different orientations Site and Climate All the input parameters in the Standard Design will be same as in the Proposed Design model Building Envelope While modeling the following should be noted Walls The propo
240. rent Tilt or Azimuth This exception primarily intended to address curved surfaces specifies the minimum number of orientations into which these surfaces must be split up The Standard allows similarly oriented surfaces to be grouped under a single tilt or azimuth provided they are of similar construction and provided the tilt or azimuth of the surfaces are within 45 degree of each other They may be grouped as a single surface or a multiplier may be used Fenestration Interior and or exterior shading devices in the Proposed Design shall not be modeled unless they ate automatically controlled In the Standard Design shades of any kind are not modeled When the window area in the Proposed Design exceeds the prescriptive maximum the window area in the Standard Design is set to the prescriptive maximum area and representative opaque wall area replaces any excess window area Thus the overall wall area opaque wall window area is the same for both standard and proposed buildings The window area in Standard Design is decreased uniformly in each orientation so that the fraction of total window area in each direction is the same in both Standard Design and Proposed Design simulation models e Lighting Systems Under the WBP method lighting systems are a very important part of overall building performance for most non residential building types Any lighting system efficiency improvements or reductions are reflected as energy savings in the WBP method
241. resents design supply flow rate Table 10 2 Standard Fan Brake Horsepower Supply Air Volume Baseline Fan Motor Brake Horsepower Constant Volume Systems 1 4 Variable Volume Systems 5 8 lt 9400 L s 17 25 cfm 20000 x 0 0008625 24 cfm 20000 x 0 0012 9400 L s 17 25 cfm 20000 x 0 000825 24 cfm 20000 x 0 001125 Exception If systems in the Proposed Design require air filtering systems with pressure drops in excess of 1 in wc when filters are clean the allowable fan system power in the Szandard Design system serving the same space may be increased using the following pressure credit Pressure Credit watts CFMgier Spgiter 1 4 984 where CFM filter supply ait volume of the proposed system with air filtration system in excess of 250 Pa Spgrer ait pressure drop of the filtering system in wg when the filters are clean Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Individual fan systems that have both a design supply air capacity of 2400 L s or greater and have a minimum outdoor air supply of 70 or greater of the design supply air quantity shall have an energy recovery system with at least 50 recovery effectiveness 50 energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change in the enthalpy of the outdoor air supply equal to 50 of the difference between the outdoor air and return air at design conditions Provision shall be made to bypass or control the heat recovery system to permit air economizer operation wh
242. rnment of India GOD and USAID in January 2000 under a bilateral agreement with the objective to enhance commercial viability and performance of Indian energy sector and to promote utilization of clean and energy efficient technologies in the sector Following the enactment of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 ECO I Project supported GOI in the establishment of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE Support to BEE was provided to set up procedures and authorities establish office facilities and assist in several activities leading to the development of BEE s Action Plan including thrust area such as the development of an energy auditor certification program ECO II Project provided BEE with necessary technical assistance and training support to implement three thrust areas of the Action Plan The first area was to develop the Energy Conservation Building Codes ECBC for the five climatic zones of India the second was to support Maharashtra Energy Development Agency in developing strategies for energy conservation and implementation of selected programs and the third area focused on implementing a pilot DSM program to replace incandescent lamps with CFLs in the state of Karnataka in partnership with BESCOM Since November 2006 International Resources Group IRG with support from its partners IRG Systems South Asia Alliance to Save Energy and DSCL Energy Services other partner organizations and consultants has been implementing the ECO III Proje
243. rough relatively unaffected whole rejecting invisible infrared heat For example an emissivity of 0 10 means that 90 of the long heat radiation is reflected back There are a large number of glazing products that are available from different manufacturers complying with the ECBC requirements for fenestrations Exception to ECBC 4 3 3 The SHGC requirement of a fenestration can be affected by overhangs on a building which reduce solar gains ECBC uses a term called a projection factor to determine how well an overhang shades the building s glazing The projection factor is calculated by measuring the distance from the window to the farthest edge of the overhang and dividing that by the distance from the bottom of the window to the lowest point of the overhang demonstrates how to calculate a projection factor Projection Factor H horizontal V vertical ECBC provides a modified SHGC requirement where there are overhangs and or side fins which are a permanent part of the building This may be applied in determining the SHGC for the Proposed Design An adjusted SHGC accounting for overhangs and or sidefins is calculated by multiplying the SHGC of the unshaded fenestration product by a multiplication M factor If this exception is applied a separate M Factor shall be determined for each orientation and unique shading condition Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 27 Building Envelope PF Ratio of overhang projection
244. rovements Por the purpose of calculating the Proposed Building the rule is simple the features that are not yet designed or documented in the construction documents are assumed to minimally comply with the applicable prescriptive requirements of the ECBC as specified in Sections 4 through 8 In cases where the space use classification is not known the default assumption is to classify it as office space using the Building Area Method The WBP method is based on the assumption that non residential buildings are both heated and cooled Even if not installed initially it is common for buildings lacking a heating or cooling system to have one retrofitted by future occupants Accordingly there is a special rule for calculating energy use in the Proposed Design when a building s HVAC system is heating only or cooling only the building must be modeled as if it is going to have both heating and cooling The missing system is modeled as the default heating or cooling system that just meets the prescriptive requirements of the ECBC The same system is modeled for both Standard and Proposed Designs Refer ECBC 4 0 b Space Use Classifications A key task in modeling the Proposed Design is assigning space use classifications to different areas of the building These classifications are used to assign lighting power density assumptions and to differentiate areas within the building that may have different operating schedules and characteristics thermos
245. rs ECBC Table 8 2 Rating KVA Max Losses at Max Losses at Total losses at Total losses 50 loading 100 loading 50 loading at rated load kW kW kW kW Up to 11 kV class 33 kV class oe i a oe ih lTotal loss values given in above table are applicable for thermal classes E B amp F and have component of load loss at reference temperature according to clause 17 of IS 2026 Part 11 i e average winding temperature rise as given in column 2 of Table 8 2 plus 30 C An increase of 7 on total for thermal class H is allowed 8 2 1 2 Measurement and Reporting of Transformer Losses As per the Code All measurement of losses shall be carried out by using calibrated digital meters of class 0 5 or better accuracy and certified by the manufacturer All transformers of capacity of 500 kVA and above would be equipped with additional metering class current transformers CTs and potential transformers PTs additional to requirements of Utilities so that periodic loss monitoring study may be carried out Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 71 Electrical Power 8 2 2 Energy Efficient Motors Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy Induction motors are the most commonly used prime mover for various equipment in buildings In induction motors the induced magnetic field of the stator winding induces a current in the rotor This induced rotor current produces a second magnetic field which tries
246. rvation Building Code ECBC The Code defines norms and standards for the energy performance of buildings and their components based on the climate zone in which they are located Under the leadership of Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE a Committee of Experts finalized ECBC in consultation with various Stakeholders in 2007 with an overall purpose to provide minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings ECBC covers building envelope heating ventilation and air conditioning system interior and exterior lighting system service hot water electrical power system and motors In May 2007 the Ministry of Power Government of India formally launched the ECBC for its voluntary adoption in the country Since then BEE has been promoting and facilitating its adoption through several training and capacity building programmes BEE is also monitoring implementation of ECBC through the ECBC Programme Committee EPC EPC also reviews periodically the inconsistencies and comments on ECBC received from various quarters In this context BEE in consultation with EPC and support from USAID ECO III Project brought out a revised version of ECBC in May 2008 During the capacity building effort a need was clearly felt to provide additional guidance to design and construction professionals on the rationale behind the ECBC specifications and provide explanations to the key terms and concepts governing these specifications so that
247. s It requires knowledge of how buildings respond to climate in addition to knowledge of the configuration of HVAC systems and appropriate control strategies For the purpose of building energy simulation it is useful to think of the building model as having three HVAC type components ZONES SYSTEMS and PLANT i HVAC Zoning A key task in developing both of the simulation models is to divide the Proposed Design into a series of spaces or thermal zones to be input to the energy simulation program Due care and consideration needs to be taken to divide the building into an appropriate number of thermal zones There are several considerations for this division and some of these considerations can be conflicting The following are some of the considerations that need to be thought through when dividing the building for simulation analysis Building areas that are thermodynamically similar spaces and whose heating and cooling loads can be satisfied through use of a single thermostat or other type of temperature control can be combined in a single thermal zone Since this requires mapping of the HVAC system design into the simulation model the simulator needs to work interactively with the services consultant Building areas that perform a similar function in the building design may be combined to form a thermal zone for example some open plan office areas or retail shop areas that have similar loads and operate similar hours may be combine
248. s U factot SHGC VLT U Factor SHGC VLT W m2 K W m2 K Mende foe oe SSE Box 4 I Energy Efficient Fenestration Products Assemblies Windows are affected by many factors which in turn affect the comfort and energy performance of buildings Understanding these factors is critical in designing buildings that meet the needs of building owners and users Once these factors are identified a designer can then apply the appropriate technology to address them A fenestration product is comprised of three areas the vision area the glazing and the opaque area or the frame In a window glazing is generally 90 95 of the total area and therefore the most important part to address for achieving energy efficiency However the frame becomes important to optimize the overall energy efficiency of the window The energy efficiency of a fenestration product is affected by Films which are applied to improve energy efficiency Low emissivity low e coatings for energy efficient windows Gas fill used in insulating glass units for energy efficient windows Insulating glass units for energy efficient windows Frame designs for energy efficient windows Reducing the air leakage of windows to improve energy efficiency Number of layers of glass in the fenestration product The technology for producing energy efficient windows relies heavily on the development of coatings for glass A low e coating allows the visible light to pass th
249. s and demonstration lighting These are discussed below Display Accent Lighting Lighting used to highlight artwork or merchandise in retail stores art galleries lobbies and other spaces must have a separate lighting control This additional control can save considerable energy since the hours required for display lighting are generally fewer than the hours that the space is occupied In a retail store for instance employees typically arrive one to two hours before the store opens in order to prepare the store and often employees need to stay for an hour or two after the store closes Without a separate control for display lighting the display lighting would have to be operated for two to four hours each day when it isn t needed Controls for display lighting can be situated in remote locations but it is advisable that they have indicator lights and be clearly marked to indicate which lighting is controlled Case Lighting Lighting is frequently installed in closed casework for the display of jewelry and other fine merchandise Such lighting is required to have a separate control from that used for general illumination of the space The reason for this requirement is the same as for display lighting the case lighting is only needed during store hours not during the entire occupancy period of the space Usually the control for case lighting is integral to the case Hotel Motel Guest Room Lighting A master lighting control is required at the
250. s described in the previous section A second alternative is to apply engineering judgment and to model the component or system using a thermodynamically similar model that is within the capabilities of the program being used This requires a thorough understanding of the algorithms of the simulation program and the thermodynamic characteristics of the component being modeled but in many cases it can be accomplished without compromising accuracy It makes little sense though to use an alternate program for a component if it means losing the interactive capabilities of the hourly modeling tool Consequently this is generally not recommended A third alternative is to simply model the system or component as if it were the base case system defined for the Standard Design Of course this alternative is only allowable when the system of component meets the prescriptive requirements of the ECBC Also this alternative is not preferred as the intent is to model the actual Proposed Design The general rule therefore is if a simulation program can t model a component then the component must not be given any energy saving benefits 10 2 2 Climate Data A reference climate data file for the location being tested or a prescribed equivalent should be used for the analysis The ISHRAE database of weather files developed for energy simulation is the primary dataset for this type of analysis 10 2 3 Compliance Calculations a On Site Renewable or Site Reco
251. s engineers builders energy consultants and others on how to comply with the Code It provides expanded interpretation examples and supplementary information to assist in applying ECBC during the design and construction of new buildings as well as additions and alterations to existing buildings This Guide can also be used as a document by authorities having jurisdiction in the enforcement of the Code once it is made mandatory The Guide follows the nomenclature of the Code It is written both as a reference and as an instructional guide and can be helpful for anyone who is directly or indirectly involved in the design and construction of ECBC compliant buildings Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 1 Scope 2 Scope he Code is applicable to buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 100 kW or greater or a contract demand of 120 kVA or greater Generally buildings or complexes having conditioned area of 1 000 m or more will fall under this category The Code is presently under voluntary adoption in the country This Code would become mandatory as and when it is notified by the Central and State government in the official Gazette under clause p of 14 or clause a of 15 of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 52 of 2001 2 1 Applicable Building Systems The provisions of the Code apply to Building envelopes except for unconditioned storage spaces or warehouses Mechanical systems an
252. s or within exterior and party walls and a roof affording shelter to persons animals or property Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Al Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Building existing a buildine or portion thereof that was previously occupied or approved for occupancy by the Authority Having Jurisdiction Building complex a group of buildings in a contiguous area under single ownership Building entrance any doorway set of doors turnstiles or other form of portal that is ordinarily used to gain access to the building by its users and occupants Building envelope the exterior plus the semi exterior portions of a building For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements the classifications are defined as follows Building envelope exterior the elements of a building that separate conditioned spaces from the exterior Building envelope semi exterior the elements of a building that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space or that enclose semi heated spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from unconditioned spaces or to or from conditioned spaces Building exit any doorway set of doors or other form of portal that is ordinarily used only for emergency egress or convenience exit Building grounds lighting lighting provided through a building s electrical service for parking lot site roadway pedestrian pathway
253. s included in the system or 135 W m 45 W ft Systems with integral overload protection such as fuses or circuit breakers shall be rated at 100 of the maximum rated load of the limiting device 7 3 5 Exterior Lighting Power Lighting power limits are specified for building exterior lighting applications in Table 7 3 of the Code The connected lighting power for these applications must not exceed these allowed limits In addition trade offs between applications are not permitted Exemptions are allowed for the following lighting applications only if they are equipped by an independent control device a Specialized signal directional and marker lighting associated with transportation b Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic landmark structures ot buildings c Lighting that is integral to advertising signage d Lighting that is specifically designated as required by a health or life safety statute ordinance or regulation Any exterior lighting applications not listed in Table 7 3 of the Code and not exempt as described above are required to simply comply with the mandatory requirements in 7 2 3 of the Code This requires luminaires operating at greater than 100W to contain lamps with minimum efficacy of 60 lm W unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor Table 7 3 Exterior Lighting Building Power ECBC Table 7 3 Exterior Liehting Applications Power Limits Building entranc
254. s need to understand how the Code applies both to individual building systems and to the integrated building design 2 At permit application the design team must make sure that the construction documents submitted with the permit application contain all the information that the building official will need to verify that the building satisfies the requirements of the Code This Guide provides compliance forms and worksheets to help ensure that all the required information is submitted 3 During plan review the building official must verify that the proposed work satisfies the requirements of the Code and that the plans not just the forms describe a building that complies with the Code The building official may also make a list of items to be verified later by the field inspector 4 During construction the contractor must carefully follow the approved plans and specifications The design professional should carefully check the specifications and working drawings that demonstrate compliance and should observe the construction in progress to see that compliance is achieved The building official must verify that the building is constructed according to the plans and specifications 5 After completion of construction the contractor and or designer should provide information to the building operators on maintenance and operation of the building and its equipment Although only minimal completion and commissioning is required by the Code most energ
255. s of the ECBC Whole Building Performance Method consists of the following steps Developing a Standard Design simulation model Carrying out a valid energy simulation run using the Sandard Design to predict its annual energy use Developing the Proposed Design simulation model for which compliance is being sought Carrying out a valid energy simulation run for the Proposed Design model and ensuring that the predicted annual energy use is less than or equal to the energy use in Standard Design The major consideration for generating the Standard Design simulation model is that it complies with the minimum performance requirements specified in the ECBC Much of the remainder of this chapter is addressed towards the development of the Standard and Proposed Designs The following sections describe how decisions are to be taken for each of the two designs and how these two simulation runs are to be done but the following rules always apply Mandatory provisions of the Code mentioned in 4 through section 8 are met Both simulation runs must use the same simulation program Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 2 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Both simulation runs must use the same climate data Both simulation runs must use the same schedules of operation These rules ensure a fair comparison between the two runs without introducing extraneous differences For instance if the runs used d
256. s sr Ays pue Jeak I MOYSNOIYI sues VONLIPLI FWEJO TeFUTET pue Arprumy avpow amprdwa PON pombas sr 138M Jo aseulesp Joy uorstaoxq uone Sa JUepunqy suog oomp pum Suypeasad woy spum ysty A790 0 WED IEI st AYs J asuaIUT pue YSTY sr IOAOD pnop z uonuip EF FEJOS postygiq eyures pue Grprumy yor Ar 31u pue ep Surmp ysry pwrpow sr omprdwr TOPEA uJms Jo SIIMOS AJ pU qV IOWA puno pun MOT uontj s A op WIAA punoss Axpor so Apuv 348r spum J002 put ep op Supp spum 3oH Ays wP ATesouas v pue uonurpuz jos su ru peyare pue Grprumy mo amesodua qor pno amp uun PED A Pm pur uueAN iq pur oH E 2 31H eppru Jourums ao D yuru J urum 31H Aeppru J JUIAN moT yuru INU UONE Ayprumny jeuiniq Appendix E Climate Zone Map of India s vejd suoprpuoo MIS uonc dr zq Tenuuv DADLIY uvoyy D0 zmez dur r ue lw epu u s uoz 1euu 2 1u J jjid JO suone3ulsse 2 L L lqe L uonduos q uoz awo Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide Appendix E Climate Zone Map of India Table 13 2 Climate Zone of the Major Indian Cities Indian Cities and their respective Climatic Zones City Climatic Zone City Climatic Zone Energy Conservation Buildine Code ECBC User Guide E 3 Appendix F Air Side Economizer Acceptance Procedures 14 APPENDIX F Air Side Economizer Acceptance Procedures 14 1 Construct
257. savings of approximately 1 7 billion kWh The ECBC is expected to overcome market barriers which otherwise result in under investment in building energy efficiency The ECBC was developed as a first step towards promoting energy efficiency in the building sector The ECBC also referred to as The Code in this document is the result of extensive work by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE and its Committee of Experts It is written in code enforceable language and addresses the views of the manufacturing design and construction communities as an appropriate set of minimum requirements for energy efficient building design and construction For developing the Code building construction methods across the country were reviewed and various energy efficient design and construction practices were evaluated that could reduce energy consumption in building In addition detailed life cycle cost analyses were conducted to ensure that the Code requirements reflect cost effectiveness and practical efficiency measures across five different climate zones in India While taking into account different climate zones the Code also addresses site orientation and specifies better design practices and technologies that can reduce energy consumption without sacrificing comfort and productivity of the occupants The ECBC User Guide also referred to as The Guide in this document has been developed to provide detailed guidance to building owners designer
258. sed building has two types of walls external walls and internal partitions Walls of the building should be categorized based on their position within the building Appendix A of the Code deals with the definitions of various kinds of walls in a building The wall construction must comply with the prescriptive requirements of Section 4 3 2 of the Code For the case study since the building is in hot and dry climate and is a daytime use building according to Table 4 3 2 of the Code the U factor of the wall shall be 0 44 W m K Roof The roof construction must comply with the prescriptive requirements of Section 4 3 1 and 4 3 2 of the Code For the case study a mass construction roof with a U factor of 0 409 W m2 K has been specified in the Standard Design model Table 10 1 provides guidance on how to model the reflectivity of the roof Windows In the Standard Design Windows in all the directions have the same prescriptive requirements for SHGC and the U factor Windows should be equally distributed on all the sides U factor and the SHGC requirements depend on the window wall ratio WWR and the climate zone The U factor SHGC and Visible Light Transmittance of the glass must meet the requirements set forth in Section 4 3 3 of the Code Shading should not be modeled whether internal or external Self shading of the building too shouldn t be modeled as per Table 10 1 Building Envelope For the case study Since t
259. see ECBC Table 4 3 1 The U factor takes into account all elements or layers in the construction assembly including the sheathing interior finishes and air gaps as well as exterior and interior air films As per the Code The roof insulation shall not be located on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels The Code requirements for the U factor and R values for 24 hours use buildings and daytime use buildings for five climate zones as shown in Table 4 4 below Table 4 4 Roof Assembly U Factor and Insulation R value Requirements ECBC Table 4 1 Climate Zone 24 Hour use buildings Hospitals Daytime use buildings Other Building Hotels Call Centers etc Types Maximum U factor of Minimum R value Maximum U factor of Minimum R value the overall assembly of insulation alone the overall assembly of insulation alone W m K m K W W m K m K W aE ey oa Some recommended practices for proper installation and protection of insulation are provided below Insulation The first set of mandatory requirements addresses the proper installation and protection of insulation materials It is recommended that insulation materials be installed according to the manufacturer s recommendations and in a manner that will achieve the rated insulation R value Compressing the insulation reduces the effective R value and the thermal performance of the construction assembly Substantial Contact It is recommended that insulation be inst
260. solar heat gain coefficient and it represents the ratio of solar heat that can penetrate through a window WWR stands for window to wall ratio 9 11 Sources ASHRAE 90 1 2007 ECBC 2007 China s Design Standards for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings 2005 and the Building Code of Australia 2007 In general the lower the number represented in this chart the more efficient the component will be However because this chart is looking at one building type in one climate zone extrapolating these results to a national level requires some care For example the U S U factors shown are quite different than the requirements applicable in other U S climate zones where more efficient envelopes are mandatory Means of Attaining Compliance Building energy standards typically provide property owners with some degree of flexibility in meeting the energy efficiency requirements This is important because it means that the standard can be more stringent without impinging too severely on the ability of property owners to adapt buildings to their needs There are several approaches to providing this flexibility In many countries including India the U S Canada and Australia the codes have four classes of requirements The first are mandatory requirements that must be satisfied regardless of any other factors for a building to be considered in compliance The majority of these codes are then made of up prescriptive requirements which are similar t
261. standard to have an effect Not all countries have mandatory building energy standards India for example has a voluntary code Japan s standard is also technically voluntary although Japan has recently adopted penalties for non compliance that blur this distinction The U S Canada and Australia all adopt building standards at the local level Not all jurisdictions in the U S and Canada have adopted their nation s model building energy code Some important issues regarding enforcement and the related impact of the code on energy use include the point of compliance design and or construction stage how buildings are checked and by whom penalties and other incentives for compliance training and information on the code compliance tools such as code compliance software and inspection checklists equipment and material testing and ratings In the U S Canada Australia and Korea for example the building design must be approved and inspectors check the building for compliance at least once during construction In Japan parts of Europe and the former Soviet Union the checks only occur at the building design stage China uses a combination of government employees and certified companies to check building designs and inspect the buildings for compliance There is no single answer as to which system produces the highest level of compliance For example Japanese officials believe that Japan attains a high level of compliance in actual construct
262. stem HVAC system that controls the dry bulb temperature within a space by varying the volumetric flow of heated or cooled supply air to the space Vent damper a device intended for installation in the venting system or an individual automatically operated fossil fuel fired appliance in the outlet or downstream of the appliance draft control device which is designed to automatically open the venting system when the appliance is in operation and to automatically close off the venting system when the appliance is in standby or shutdown condition Ventilation the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space Such air is not required to have been conditioned Visible Light Transmittance VLT also known as the Visible Transmittance is an optical property of a light transmitting material e g window glazing translucent sheet etc that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted of the total incident light Wall that portion of the building envelope including opaque area and fenestration that is vertical or tilted at an angle of 60 from horizontal or greater This includes above and below grade walls between floor spandrels peripheral edges of floors and foundation walls Wall above grade a wall that is not below grade Wall below grade that portion of a wall in the building envelope that is entirely below the finish grade and in contact with the ground Wall area gross the overal
263. stration area with an interior projection factor not less than i 1 0 for E W SE SW NE and NW orientations ii 0 5 for S orientation and Hi 0 35 for N orientation when latitude is lt 23 4 3 3 1 Minimum Visible Transmission of Glazing for Vertical Fenestration ECBC encourages the use of daylighting features in buildings Box 4 J discusses how glazing affect the daylighting It also explains the concept of Visual Light Transmittance VLT and Effective Aperture EA of Glazing As per the Code Vertical fenestration product shall have the minimum Visual Light Transmittance VLT defined as function of Window Wall Ratio WWR where Effective Aperture gt 0 1 equal to or greater than the Minimum VLT requirements of Table 4 5 of ECBC Table 4 9 Minimum VLT Requirements ECBC Table 4 5 Window Wall Ratio Minimum VLT Box 4 J Daylighting Visual Light Transmittance and Effective Aperture Visual Light Transmittance also known as Visual Transmittance VT is defined as the ratio of light that passes through the glazing to the light passing through perfectly transmitting glazing In other words it also refers to the fraction of visible light transmitted through the glazing VLT is concerned with the visible portion of the solar spectrum See Figure 4 11 as opposed to SHGC which takes into account the entire solar radiation VLT affects energy consumption in building by providing daylight that creates the opportunity to reduc
264. system in order to create the Standard Design Buildings with no HVAC system cannot use the WBP Method In the case of a shell building which might become conditioned in the future trade offs may still be made within the envelope system 1 This chapter has been adapted from Appendix G and ECB chapter of ASHRAE User Manual Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 1 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method Alterations to Existing Buildings When the WBP method is used for an alteration of an existing buildine some special rules apply The WBP method is optional for this purpose designers may use the calculation acceptable to the Authority Having Jurisdiction Unless a building component is being altered the Proposed Design and the Standard Design are identical for that component Portions of the building that are being replaced shall be treated as new systems and these systems in the S andard Design shall be representative of the requirements in the ECBC Alterations and Additions The basic rules for alterations and additions are discussed in the Administration and Enforcement Section 3 of the ECBC User Guide There are some more rules that apply to cases where it is undesirable either to treat the addition as a stand alone building or to fully model the entire existing building It is often necessary with additions or alterations to model at least part of the existing building For instance if the existing building s
265. t A Area of Existing Office 30m x 30m 900m Additional Area of Office 30m x 15m 450m2 However the Code applies to the 30m X 45m space that is being converted from unconditioned to conditioned space The Code does not apply to the existing office or the existing warehouse space The existing HVAC system does not need to be modified but the ductwork extensions must be insulated to the requirements of 5 The new lighting system installed in the office addition must meet the requirements of 7 The walls that separate the office addition from the unconditioned warehouse must be insulated to the requirements of 4 The exterior wall and roof are exterior building envelope components and must meet the Code requirements Source Adapted from ASHRAE User Manual 2004 3 1 4 Alterations to Existing Buildings When making alterations to an existing building the portions of a building and its systems that are being altered must be made to comply with mandatory and prescriptive requirements As per the Code Where the existing building exceeds the conditioned floor area threshold of 1000 m or more portions of a building and its systems that are being altered shall meet the provisions of Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 of the Code The specific requirements for alterations are described in the following subsections Exception to above When the entire building complies with all of the provisions of Chapter 4 through Chapter 8 of the
266. t Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G1 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 2 Building Permit Plans Checklist Building Permit Plans Checklist ENVELOPE Checklist The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the building envelope requirements in the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 ee aid ace C T s es no n a Section Component Information Required on Plans Notes a21 renestrationrating O Specify whether per 4 2 1 1 ordefaultin Append C 4212 Specify whether per 4 2 1 2 or defautin Append 42143 Wirleakage Specifyleakagerates C 423 Biag env sealing indicate sealing caulking gasketing andweatherstipping PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE OPTION Section 4 3 j o inaicate Revalues on roof sections jasa cooo indicate minimum refiectance and emittance onpians C hsz fwa incicate Revalues onwallsectons 1 Indicate U factors on fenestration schedule Indicate if values are rated or default If values are default then specify frame type glazing layers gapwidth low e 2 Indicate SHGC or SC on fenestration schedule Indicate if values are rated or default 3 Indicate if overhangs or side fins are used for compliance Vertical fenestration purposes If so provide projection factor calculation 1 Indicate U factors on fenestration schedule Indicate if values are rated or default I
267. tat settings ventilation rates etc The choice of space use classifications is taken from one of the two lighting tables in the ECBC either Table 7 1 Interior Lighting Power Building area method or Table 7 2 Interior Lighting Power Space Function method The designer may choose either classification scheme but may not mix the schemes by using one for part of the building and the other for the rest of the building Building in this context refers to the space encompassed by a single building permit application which may be less than the complete building The secondary support areas associated with each of the major building types would be included in each building type For example if a building included both office and retail areas the corridors and restrooms associated with the office occupancy would be included in the office area and the storage or and dressing room areas associated with the sales floor would be included in the retail area c Schedules Schedules are used to describe the percentage of a maximum design value of an internal load that is applicable during a particular time period usually one hour i e lighting power density miscellaneous equipment plug load power density occupant load or any other significant load thermostat set point s applicable in this time period or the availability on off and control operation of a system or system component e g cooling systems fans chillers or pumps Energy
268. te currents that generate the rotor field Instead of connecting the bats to a power supply as for the stator field or otherwise creating a field using a permanent magnet the rotor field is created by current induced in the rotor bars by the rotating stator field The rotor field thus rotates at the same speed as the stator field however it is offset by a certain angle that increases as more motor torque is required Although induction motors are normally considered fixed speed machines one potential disadvantage is that their operating speed will change with both load and voltage In fact it is difficult to find two induction motors that will operate at exactly the same speed even when operated at identical voltage and frequency and driving identical loads There are two major classes of induction motors varying in winding pattern and construction squirrel cage motors in which conductive bars mounted in the laminated rotor and held by heavy end rings that short circuit them at both ends form the rotor windings and wound rotor motors in which coils of wire form the rotor windings In wound rotor motors the windings are generally connected via slip rings and brushes to a variable resistance which can vary the motor s speed and torque Induction motors can be constructed so that different pole pairs can be connected and disconnected as desired at the terminal box producing a variety of speeds Such squirrel cage induction motors are mul
269. te the operation of equipment Constant Volume System a space conditioning system that delivers a fixed amount of air to each space The volume of air is set during the system commissioning Cool roof a property of a surface that describes its ability to reflect and reject heat Cool roof surfaces have both a light color high solar reflectance and a high emittance can reject heat back to the environment Daylighted area the daylight illuminated floor area under horizontal fenestration skylight or adjacent to vertical fenestration window described as follows Effective Aperture Visible Light Transmittance x Window to Wall Ratio EA VLT x WWR Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 2 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Horizontal Fenestration the area under a skylight monitor or sawtooth configuration with an effective aperture greater than 0 001 0 1 The daylighted area is calculated as the horizontal dimension in each direction equal to the top aperture dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height H for skylights or 1 5 H for monitors or H or 2H for the sawtooth configuration or the distance to the nearest 1000 mm 42 in or higher opaque partition or one half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing whichever is least as shown in the plan and section figures below Sawtooth H H Daylighted Daylighted Area Area H I 2H 1 5H 3 1
270. th a reflective coating that has a high emissivity property that is very effective in reflecting the sun s energy away from the roof surface These cool roofs are known to stay 10 C to 16 C cooler than a normal roof under a hot summer sun this quality greatly reduces heat gain inside the building and the cooling load that needs to be met by the HVAC system Box 4 G discusses how solar heat radiation is reflected absorbed and emitted from the roof and how these concepts are used in developing cool roofs Box 4 G Reflectance Absorptance and Emissivity The heat transfer process involved in the roof is similar to the heat transfer that takes in a wall Heat transfer actoss the roof is more prominent compared to the wall because of higher incidence of solar radiation Depending on the properties of the roof material and construction the roof reflects part of the solar radiation back to the environment and absorbs the other part of the heat in the roof See Figure 4 9 Finally portion of the absorbed heat in the roof is emitted as long wave radiation back to the environment and the remaining part of the absorbed heat is conducted inside of the building This heat transfer process is governed by the Solar Reflectance and Emissivity Thermal Emittance properties of the roof material apart from the thermal conductivity of the materials used in the roof NS 1 Solar Reflectance The 2S fraction of solar energy that is reflected b
271. third party inspectors Communication between these parties and an integrated design approach will be essential for the compliance enforcement process to run efficiently Box 3 B Integrated Design Approach An integrated design approach brings together the various disciplines involved in designing a building and its systems and reviews their recommendations in a comprehensive manner It recognizes that each discipline s recommendations have an impact on other aspects of the building project This approach allows for optimization of both building performance and cost Often the architect mechanical engineer electrical engineer contractors and other team members pursue theit scope of work without adequate interaction with other team members This can result in oversized systems or systems that are not optimized for efficient performance For example indoor lighting systems designed without consideration of day lighting opportunities or HVAC systems designed independently of lighting systems An integrated design approach allows professionals working in various disciplines to take advantage of efficiencies that are not apparent when they are working in isolation It can also point out areas where trade offs can be implemented to enhance resource efficiency The earlier that integration is introduced in the design process the greater the benefit Box 3 C The Compliance and Enforcement Process Although the compliance and enforcement process may v
272. ting designers also need to consider a host of other factors including the effect of quality of light on the visual comfort and productivity of the occupants Small improvement in lighting quality can improve productivity of the user substantially In practice the right quality and quantity of light can be provided efficiently with less energy by using the right technology and its effective integration with daylight General Design Considerations Using efficient lighting equipment and controls is the best way to ensure lighting energy efficiency while maintaining or even improving lighting conditions For instance modern fluorescent lighting such as T 8 systems with electronic ballast can provide the same quantity of light as older fluorescent lighting while consuming as little as two thirds of the energy Similarly compact fluorescent sources are three to four times more efficient than the traditional incandescent lamps they are designed to replace For a lighting designer an energy efficient lighting design involves sensitive integration of many requirements and considerations that include building orientation interior building layout task illumination daylight strategies glazing specification choice of lighting system and controls etc The designer is also responsible for making sure that lighting complies with the Code meeting both mandatory and prescriptive requirements The lighting requirements in the Code apply to a Interior s
273. ting hot water storage tanks and pipelines Reducing standby losses Reducing heat and evaporation losses in heated swimming pools 6 2 Mandatory Requirements 6 2 1 Solar Water Heating As per the Code Residential facilities hotels and hospitals with a centralized system shall have solar water heating for at least 1 5 of the design capacity Exception to above Systems that use heat recovery for at least 1 5 of the design capacity There ate two types of solar water heaters Passive heaters collect and store solar thermal energy for water heating applications and do not require electrical energy input for recirculating water through solar collector Active heaters collect and store solar thermal energy for water heating applications and require electrical energy input for operation of recirculation pumps or other components Figure 6 1 and Figure 6 2 show examples of solar water heating systems An exception is provided by the Code for systems that use heat recovery systems for at least one fifth 20 of the design capacity For example heat is rejected from the air conditioner s condenser to the atmosphere By recovering this waste heat and utilizing it to heat water wherever feasible it is possible to substantially reduce water heating costs Box 6 A provides information on various water heating systems normally used in practice Box 6 A Types of Water Heaters Storage Gas A gas water heater designed to heat and store wate
274. tispeed usually two speed but are not variable speed if operating from a supply at fixed frequency In another variation patt winding start induction motors energize part of the winding when starting and the rest later in one or mote steps so as to reduce starting torque or current Induction motors can be constructed for single or polyphase operation with most motors over 20 horsepower designed for three phase power Source E Source Technology Atlas Seties Volume IV Drive Power Motor Efficiency is the ratio of the useful mechanical power output to the total electric power input to the motor Like all electromechanical equipment motors consume some extra energy in order to make the conversion Efficiency reflects how much total energy a motor uses in relation to the rated power delivered to the shaft A motor s nameplate rating is based on output horsepower which is fixed for continuous operation at full load The amount of input power needed to produce rated horsepower will vary from motor to motor with more efficient motors requiring less input wattage than less efficient models to produce the same output Electrical energy input is measured in watts while output is given in horsepower Output power for motors may also be stated in watts or kilowatts One horsepower is equivalent to 746 watts Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 72 Electrical Power As per the Code Motots shall comply with the following
275. tive of current standard practice that meets the ECBC Where possible the HVAC SYSTEM is to be conceptualized as completely as possible on the actual system designed for the Proposed Design This includes the system type equipment capacities and efficiencies controls ancillary features such as economizers etc The equipment efficiencies may need to be adjusted to meet the needs of the simulation program While efficiencies may be most accurately specified at the building s design conditions most simulation programs require efficiencies to be specified at standard rating conditions such as those given in ECBC 95 0 Where the entire HVAC SYSTEM design is not known as in the case of a shell and core design the unknown parts of the system are assumed to just meet the prescriptive requirements of the ECBC and to be energy neutral This strategy prevents gamesmanship with the undefined system components Gamesmanship is the practice of artificially reducing the efficiency of the Standard Design in order to increase the apparent relative efficiency of the Proposed Design Where the complete HVAC SYSTEM exists the Proposed Design and Standard Design are based on the existing HVAC system for example fit out of an existing speculative building for a tenant The subject of the building permit is primarily the interior construction and lighting system and does not include the HVAC system because it has already been built and permitted B
276. to the interior of the building SHGC can also refer to shading so the lower the SHGC the more effective the product is at shading the heat gain from entering the interior Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 31 Building Envelope What is low e glass Low e stands for low emissivity and refers to a special coating that reduces the heat transfer of a window assembly Low e coated products that reduce solar heat gain can be produced by adding a metallic coating either while the glass is in a molten state or by applying to the glass after it has cooled to a solid state Low e glass is readily available from all the glass and window manufacturers The coatings typically add about 10 to the cost of a window but costs vary by product type by manufacturer by retailer and by location What is spectrally selective glass The sun emits visible solar radiation in the form of light and infrared radiation that cannot be seen but causes heat Spectrally selective glass transmits a high proportion of the visible solar radiation but screens out radiant heat from the sun significantly reducing the need to cool a building s interior Spectrally selective glass is used to describe low e coated glass that lowers the SHGC How can I be sure I have spectrally selective glass The SHGC rating for the product is the key to determining whether you have glass with a spectrally selective coating In general windows with a spectrally selective low
277. to these limits AND corresponding increases made to opaque areas so that the gross wall area and gross roof area are the same for both the Proposed Design and the Standard Design ECBC s prescriptive envelope requirements do not provide an exception for street level street side vertical fenestration e g store display windows Thus such fenestration must be modeled identically for the Proposed Design and the Standard Design simulation runs so that the representation of these types of fenestration is energy neutral e U Factors The U factor for the Standard Design is set to the minimum required for the climate as specified in ECBC Table 4 3 The minimum U factor is a function of the percentage of glazing WWR in a wall or roof as described above Solar Heat Gain Coefficient The solar heat gain coefficient value for the fenestration applied in the Sandard Design is set to the maximum required for the climate and for each orientation as specified in ECBC Table 4 3 The maximum SHGC is a function of the glazing percentage of wall or roof which is based on the Proposed Design as described above If the vertical fenestration to be used is unrated then the SHGC values in ECBC Table 11 1 must be used ii Shading of Fenestration Glazing installed in the Standard Design must be modeled as being flush with its wall or roof surface and without any external shading devices This ruling allows the Proposed Design to use to its advantage sh
278. track changes in energy demand and therefore to manage their energy consumption more effectively Energy metering is not a new concept and has been used by large energy intensive buildings for many years to monitor energy consumption The Code requires check metering based on following three scenarios a Services exceeding 1000 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record demand kVA energy kWh and total power factor The metering shall also display current in each phase and the neutral voltage between phases and between each phase and neutral and Total Harmonic Distortion THD as a percentage of total current b Services not exceeding 1000 kVA but over 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electric metering to record demand kW energy kWh and total power factor or kVARh c Services not exceeding 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record energy kWh 8 2 5 Power Distribution Systems 8 2 5 1 Power Distribution System Losses As per the Code The power cabling shall be adequately sized as to maintain the distribution losses not to exceed 1 of the total power usage Record of design calculation for the losses shall be maintained An engineer or contractor can demonstrate the real savings as well as the advantages of lower generated heat and increased flexibility of the installation with a properly sized distribution system In addition when less heat is generated the
279. ts As per the Code Administrative requirements relating to permit requirements enforcement interpretations claims of exemption approved calculation methods and rights of appeal are specified by the Authority Having Jurisdiction Administration and enforcement of the Code is carried out by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction This authority can be responsible for specifying permit requirements code interpretations approved calculation methods worksheets compliance forms manufacturing literature rights of appeal and other data to demonstrate compliance The Authority Having Jurisdiction will need to receive plans and specifications that show all pertinent data and features of the building equipment and systems The process of designing code compliant buildings will include different stages that begin with the design process obtaining a building permit completing the compliance submittals the construction of the building followed by periodic inspections to make sure that construction is taking place per the requirement of the Code Box 3 B discusses the Integrated Design Approach and Box 3 C provides guidelines for introducing the Code compliances and enforcement process The process of complying with and enforcing the Code will require the involvement of many parties Those involved may include the architect or building designer building developer contractor engineers energy consultant owner officials doing compliance check and
280. ttage Exterior Section 7 4 Allowed Watts Area in m Allowed Watts per m or per lm or Im for perimeter xm or x Im Description O a Total Allowed Watts Proposed Lighting Wattage Exterior Number of Watts Watts Fixture Description Fixtures Fixture Proposed Total Proposed Watts may not exceed Total Allowed Watts for Exterior Total Proposed Watts e O S Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide G 5 Appendix G Compliance Forms 15 6 Lighting Permit Checklist Lighting Permit Checklist 2007 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Project Address The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the lighting requirements in the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 sena seen eo remain eases stare Raa yes no n a Section Component Information Required on Plans Notes CS es _ C C T T L L e cansu a s G C PT rate foao conti Prose scneaue win yee nicae T T os avg areas Provide schedule wih ype and features S CT T 22 fea ining eona fireste poten or etnonia ne swen TT Fras aire contr Prove sched wih ype waicate catons TT 22 fenton nate Svatsmanmim _ S LT Tes Ec essssaes e I 7 3 Indicate whether project is complying with the Building Area Method 7 3 1 or the Space Function Method 7 3 2 ing area method Provide lighting schedule wit
281. ty of computer software tools and in many cases may be the best method for guiding a building project to be energy efficient However this approach does require considerable knowledge of building simulation tools and very close communication between members of the design team Appendix B of the Code describes the Whole Building Performance Method for complying with the Code This method involves developing a computer model of the Proposed Design and comparing its energy consumption to the Standard Design for that building Energy consumption in the Standard Design represents the upper limit of energy use allowed for that particular building under a scenario where all the prescriptive requirements of the Code are adopted Code compliance will be achieved if the energy use in Proposed Design is no greater than the energy used in the Standard Design Three basic steps are involved 1 Design the building with energy efficiency measures the prescriptive approach requirements provide a good starting point for the development of the design 2 Demonstrate that the building complies with the mandatory measures See sections 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 and 8 2 3 Using an approved simulation software model the energy consumption of the building using the proposed features to create the Proposed Design The model will also automatically calculate the energy use for the Proposed Design If the energy use in Proposed Design is no greater than the energy use in the
282. uch reduction in air motion indoors ii Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed and should be located on the windward side at a low level and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side Inlet and outlet openings at high levels may only clear the top air at that level without producing air movement at the level of occupancy iii Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the sill height of the opening at 85 of the critical height such as head level for the following recommended levels of occupancy 1 For sitting on chair 0 75 m Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 34 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 2 For sitting on bed 0 60 m 3 For sitting on floor 0 40 m iv Inlet openings should not as far as possible be obstructed by adjoining buildings trees sign boards or other obstructions or by partitions inside in the path of air flow v In rooms of normal size having identical windows on opposite walls the average indoor air speed increases rapidly by increasing the width of the window up to two thirds of the wall width beyond that the increase is in much smaller proportion than the increase of the window width The air motion in the working zone is maximum when window height is 1 1 m Further increase in window height promotes air motion at higher level of window but does not contribute additional benefits as regards air motion in the occupancy zones in buil
283. ue Wall Assembly U Factor and Insulation R value Requirements ECBC Table 4 2 Table 4 6 Vertical Fenestration U factor W m K and SHGC Requirements ECBC Table 4 3 Table 4 7 Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration ee acini TENER Sash and ar Table 11 1 of ECBC Table 4 8 SHGC M Factor Adjustments for Overhangs and Fins ECBC Table 4 4 Table 4 9 Minimum VLT Requirements ECBC Table 4 5 Table 4 10 Skylight U Factor and SHGC Requirements ECBC Table 4 6 Table 5 1 Optimum Size Number of Fans for Rooms of Different Sizes Table 5 2 Chillers ECBC Table 5 1 Table 5 3 Power Consumption Ratings for Unitary Air Conditioners Under Test Conditions Table 5 4 Power Consumption Ratings for Split Air Conditioners Under Test Conditions Table 5 5 Power Consumption Rating for Packaged air Conditioners under test conditions Table 5 6 Insulation of Heating Systems Table 5 7 Insulation of Cooling Systems Table 5 8 Ductwork Insulation Table 5 2 of ECBC Table 5 9 Sample R values for Duct Insulation Materials Table 6 1 Standing Loss in Storage Type Electric Water Heaters Table 6 2 Insulation of Hot Water Piping Table 7 1 Interior Lighting Power Building Area Method ECBC Table 7 1 Table 7 2 Interior Lighting Power Space Function Method ECBC Table 7 2 Table 7 3 Exterior Lighting Building Power ECBC Table 7 3 Table 8 1 Dry Type Transformers ECBC Table 8 1 Table 8 2 Oil Filled T
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285. ulated using table 12 6 and equation 12 2 of ECBC CI Fenest North from table 12 2 56 09 C Fenest North from table 12 2 1 49 C Fenest Non North from table 12 2 81 79 C Fenest Non North from table 12 2 1 187 EP Ffenest 56 09 x 0 25 x 10 1 49 x 3 3 x 10 81 79 x 0 25 x 30 1 187 x 3 3 x 30 821 98 FEPFTotal EPP Roof EPF all EPP renest 6780 78 2575 71 821 98 10178 47 Step 2 Determination of EPF of proposed building using actual U factors and SHGC Assuming that in place of using Uroof of 0 261 the roof of proposed building has U factor of 0 3 EPF 25 98 x 0 3 x 1000 7794 roof new Similarly if U factor of wall fenestration and SHGC are different from prescriptive requirement new EPF EPFrenest ate to be calculated wall In this case let us first assume that the wall and fenestration meet the prescriptive requirements The EPF of proposed building is EPF Total new 7794 2575 71 821 98 11191 69 Step 3 Comparison of EPF through perspective route and EPF through actual specifications show the later is higher than the EPF perspective Hence the building is not complying with the ECBC Step 4 Now even with the roof having inferior U value 0 4 against the requirement of 0 261 the EPF is to be brought down to the level of EPF perspective 10178 47 in this case This may be done by several options related to wall or fenestration Energy Conservation Buildi
286. umption in the building Box 4 A discusses the there modes of heat transfer Conduction Convection and Radiation in the building Conductive heat transfer across the envelope also depends upon the conductivity of the building material used Different materials offer different thermal resistance to the conduction process Individually walls and roofs are comprised of a number of layers composed of different building materials Thus it is important to establish overall thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient U factor also termed thermal transmittance The concepts of thermal resistance and U factor are discussed in Box 4 B for better understanding Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 12 Building Envelope Box 4 A How Heat Transfer Takes Place in a Building Heat transfer takes place through walls windows and roofs in buildings from higher temperature to lower temperature in three ways conduction convection and radiation Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter within a material or materials in physical contact Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid air or gas or liquid Radiation is the movement of energy heat through space without relying on conduction through the air or by the movement of air The surface of the sun estimated to be at a temperature of about 5500 C emits electromagnetic waves These waves are also known as solar radiation or short wa
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289. ure shall be modeled as 82 C and design return temperature as 54 C Hot Water Supply Temperature Reset System Type ECBC Table 10 2 Hot water supply temperature shall be reset based on outdoor dry bulb temperature using the following schedule 82 C at 7 C and below 66 C at 10 C and above and ramped linearly between 82 C and 66 C at temperatures between 7 C and 10 C Hot Water Pumps System Type ECBC Table 10 2 The Standard Design hot water pump power shall be 301 kW 1000 L s The pumping system shall be modeled as ptimary only with continuous variable flow Hot water systems serving 11 148 m2 or more shall be modeled with variable speed drives and systems serving less than 11 148 m2 shall be modeled as riding the pump curve g Service Hot Water Systems Proposed Design The WBP method provides an opportunity to include the service hot water systems in the overall building performance and so for it to be part of the trade off procedures These systems are treated similarly to the HVAC systems discussed above The basic rule is that the Proposed Design hot water system is modeled in accordance with the design documents including equipment types capacities efficiencies insulation controls and all other related performance parameters In cases where a service hot water system already exists the model must be based on that system s characteristics If neither case applies i e there is no service hot water system t
290. ut one third of all the energy consumption in the world and much of this consumption footprint is locked in through the design and construction of the building Building energy standards are an important tool to improve energy efficiency in new buildings For example China s residential energy standard requires new buildings to be 65 more efficient than buildings from the early 1980s In the U S building energy codes save over 1 billion in energy costs per year and this figure is growing 4 Denmark adopted one of the first comprehensive building energy codes in 1961 and it has seen average household energy consumption per unit of space drop substantially since then gt Building energy standards set requirements for how energy efficient a building will be Standards vary quite a bit between countries in several respects including the extent of their coverage the specific requirements means of attaining compliance and the enforcement system This summary provides an overview of some key trends in building energy standards and what this may mean for India Extent of Coverage Building energy standards at a minimum usually cover insulation and thermal and solar properties of the building envelope the walls roofs windows and other points where the interior and exterior of a building interface Most standards also cover heating ventilation and air conditioning hot water supply systems lighting and electrical power Some cover additional
291. utmost importance when calculating the U factor According to ECBC Fenestration U factors must be determined in accordance with ISO 15099 Box 4 C Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and U Factor Conduction heat flow through the fenestration e g glass windows is similar to the process discussed for walls and roofs However regardless of outside temperature heat gain through the fenestration is also dependent on direct and indirect solar radiation The ability to control this heat gain is characterized in terms of SHGC SHGC is the ratio of the solar heat gain that passes through the fenestration to the total incident solar radiation that falls on the fenestration The solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then re radiated convected or conducted into the interior space SHGC indicates how well the glazing glass and fenestration products insulate heat caused by sun falling directly on the glass Heat gain due Direct and re emitted NN lf to direct solar gt energy in an enclosed radiation space co Zi sHac paf Outside Inside a a incident solar radiation b directly transmitted heat c reflected heat d absorbed heat e re emitted heat f re emitted heat Figure 4 5 Direct and Indirect Solar Radiation In hot climates SHGC is more important than the U factor of the glazing A lower SHGC means that lesser heat can pass through the glazing The SHGC is
292. uvpsosov ur sdex 3y ovsodsoour put 7779 Jo syusuermMbes uonuvnsur odid ayy 779 Jo squowrsrmbas Aquat yFo un3 uu freys suu 3s peog uSrs p u1 Fo 07 SuNIOUT jo gqedes WAS S IOS z JAVY PEYS SUFI pawpurzs IY sjeudsoy pur spoioy santos enuoprsos IOJ URSI pasodorg IY yo d sures ay JO aq Peys Woaysds FUREY JoIwA U T s opouu sz0 s c puvpurgs pur UTII PISO dode ay YAO 107 g nu pr p pou oq Peys 3u uoduuo2o ay PHAS sr POYLU 233A U9IAN G un oouvpsosov ur ur 1s s OVAH SSU s q pappurs Iy Sursn suu 1s s zo stu uoduuoo Waisks DYAH PP pO 9 P pow u uodwos repus peorweu powy v SuNINsqns yu uodwos y ppow q JULITTUSIS JOU SI posJapisuos Sur q s yo opey 2y uo pedwr AS1 ou y Jr 3u uoduuo2 y zousr e uoynpsun S4pr Guoqngy ayy Jo yeaordde y yA p sn aq Eys spoyjous SurAxo oJj IY JO uo 0 Z T pasodoig IY ur papnput was s Jo yUauOduIOD z pow JouUL WIeISOId uonv nuuis 2y JI oouvursojsod Surpimq pesodosd puer aouvursojsod Surp mq psepurys oy SUNEMIAEI VIM popnpuT aq eys pue Surp mq oy Jo suonzsmus ur p pni ur oq PES speo SJL zo zpsun S aaprT uq ayy Aq pazoyne T e o gro ods sv ydaoxa sswseacq panpurjs pue pasodosd y ur eonu pr aq 0 pownsse oq peys pue AzoSayv9 ad aouds 10 ad Surprmq y uo paseq payeumsa aq meys Juawdmba yoy30 pue ougJo 707 soy se yons speoy ss oozd pue apridasay Poppow aq peys WJS S 7
293. values The potential for adoption of high tech energy efficiency measutes is very limited Source A Bhatia Course Content PDH 149 HVAC Design Aspects Choosing A Right System Central V s Compact Systems http www pdhcenter com Heating System Types and Team Catalyst The Code refers to various types of chillers Box 5 G gives a brief description of the chillers Box 5 G Chiller What is a Chiller A chiller is essentially a packaged vapor compression cooling machine The chiller rejects heat either to condenser water in the case of a water cooled chiller or to ambient air in the case of an air cooled chiller Water cooled chillers incorporate the use of cooling towers which improve heat rejection more efficiently at the condenser than air cooled chillers For a water cooled chiller the cooling tower rejects heat to the environment through direct heat exchange between the condenser water and cooling air For an air cooled chiller condenser fans move air through a condenser coil As heat loads increase water cooled chillers are more energy efficient than ait cooled chillers A typical chiller is rated between 15 to 1000 tons 53 to 3 500 kW in cooling power Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 40 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning What are the different types of chillers Chillers are classified according to compressor type Electric chillers for commercial comfort cooling have centrifugal screw
294. values for typical constructions In real practice the heat gains through the walls roof and fenestration depends upon the climate zone in which the building is located The National Building Code of India 2005 has divided the country in five climate zones Hot Dry Warm Humid Composite Temperate Moderate and Cold and the air temperature and humidity variations that exist need to be considered while designing the building envelope Box 4 F Role of Climate Zone The ECBC building envelope requirements are based on the climate zone in which the building is located ECBC defines five climate zones hot dry warm humid composite temperate cold which are distinctly unique in their weather profiles Appendix E of the Guide provides additional information on the five climatic zones Based on the characteristics of climate the thermal comfort requirements in buildings and their physical manifestation in architectural form are also different for each climate zone See Table 4 3 These physical manifestations in turn dictates the ECBC requirements for the envelope as well as other building components that are applicable to the building Table 4 3 Comfort Requirements and Physical Manifestations in Buildings HOT AND DRY CLIMATE ZONE Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Gain Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building Increase thermal resistance Insulation of building envelope Increase thermal capac
295. ve obstacles or to resort to portable ladders chairs etc In public facilities accessibility may be limited to certified personnel through locking covers or by placing equipment in locked rooms Recirculating system a domestic or service hot water distribution system that includes a close circulation circuit designed to maintain usage temperatures in hot water pipes near terminal devices e g lavatory faucets shower heads in order to reduce the time required to obtain hot water when the terminal device valve is opened The motive force for circulation is either natural due to water density variations with temperature or mechanical recirculation pump Reflectance the ratio of the light reflected by a surface to the light incident upon it Resistance electric the property of an electric circuit or of any object used as part of an electric circuit that determines for a given circuit the rate at which electric energy is converted into heat or radiant energy and that has a value such that the product of the resistance and the square of the current gives the rate of conversion of energy Reset automatic adjustment of the controller set point to a higher or lower value Residential spaces in buildings used primarily for living and sleeping Residential spaces include but are not limited to dwelling units hotel motel guest rooms dormitories nursing homes patient rooms in hospitals lodging houses fraternity sorority houses hostels pris
296. ve radiation with wave length in the range of 0 3 to 2 5 microns or 300 nm to 2500 nm and has three components Ultra Violet UV Visible the sun light which is visible to human eye and Solar or Near Infrared as depicted in the Figure 4 2 0 9 0 8 0 7 Solar 23 9 C 75 F Specti 96 pecirum Blackbody Spectrum E w 05 iS TA Human Eye 4 Response H w 03 02 g v Q x 0 1 0 5 1 0 5 0 10 0 50 0 UV Visible Solar Infrared Long wave infrared Wavelength micrometers Figure 4 2 The Solar and Blackbody Spectrum When the Solar Infrared component of the waves comes in contact with the earth or any object or a building it transfers its energy to the object building in the form of heat The phenomenon is known as solar radiation heat transfer Radiation heat transfer in fact can be between any two bodies having different temperatures with heat transfer taking place from the body at higher temperature to the body at the lower temperature The Figure 4 3 shows all three modes of heat transfer across a building wall facing the external environment li I Wall gt 2 Air Film _ Air Film Pn lt Convection Convection Solar Radiation Electromagnetic Waves Tiside Cold Air Hot Air Heat Ugre i Absorbed Longwave by wall Longwave Radiation X Radiation Conduction Reflected Radiation T 2 INSIDE CURE T gt T gt T gt T outsi
297. ver gas is available not more than 20 of the heat shall be met from electrical heating Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 57 Lighting 7 Lighting 7 1 General ighting accounts for 15 of total energy consumption in India Lighting is an area that offers many energy efficiency opportunities in almost any building facility existing or new A century ago a person could read by the light of a single candle but today a person in a typical office uses hundreds or even thousand times more light Over the years illumination standards have increased radically along with efficiency of lamps People want light for different reasons and a good lighting designer need to keep all of them in mind Different tasks and building facilities require different amounts and types of light For example a surgeon in an operation theater needs lots of light with low glare and excellent color rendering restaurant owners and diners often want low light levels corporate boardrooms call for lighting that reinforces a feeling of importance and success while adapting to audio visual presentations retail outlets in many situations want to make their merchandise sparkle so that it draws the customers and encourages them to buy An office executive needs modest ambient lighting level good task lighting on work surface and minimal glare to effectively read and work on computers While energy efficiency is an attractive goal for many reasons ligh
298. vered Energy There is a special case for calculating the design energy consumption for buildings that have on site renewable energy sources or site recovered energy For example a building may have a solar thermal array photovoltaic panels a geothermal energy source or a building with substantial refrigeration loads may recover heat from the condenser to meet service water heating loads If either renewable or recovered energy is available at the site it is considered free energy by the WBP method and that energy is not included in the design energy consumption provided that it is not required by any of the prescriptive requirements in ECBC For the Standard Design calculations the loads met by renewable or recovered energy are considered to be served by the backup Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 5 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method energy source For example where recovered energy is used to heat water then the backup water heater would be assumed to supply all the hot water for the Standard Design and that would be part of the Standard Design method If no backup energy source is specified for the Proposed Design then the source is assumed to be electricity in the Standard Design b Exceptional Calculation Method As newer technologies become available there may be cases where none of the existing simulation programs can adequately model the energy performance of these technologies The WBP method all
299. voltage to 24V The detector collects information then sends it to the controller where it is processed Output from the controller activates the relay which in turn switches the light circuit There are two major types of occupancy controls Wallbox units are designed to fit into a standard wall switch box and operate on the building voltage i e a separate power supply is not required They are excellent inexpensive replacements for standard wall switches Their main limitation is their relatively short range Consequently they tend to be used in small offices and meeting rooms Wall and Ceiling units typically contain an integrated sensor controller unit wired Class 2 to a switch pack containing the relay and power supply They are far more popular than wallbox units and have very few application limitations Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 60 Lighting Occupancy sensing lighting controls represent a refinement of the technology developed in the early 1970s to detect intruders for residential and commercial security applications With lighting control two different means of detecting occupancy are used Passive Infrared PIR sensors perceive and respond to the heat patterns of motion This same technology is used in most residential and commercial security systems The chief advantage of PIR sensors is that they are relatively inexpensive and reliable They very rarely false trigger that is respo
300. wer Factor Correction 8 2 4 Check Metering and Monitoring 8 2 5 Power Distribution Systems 34 38 42 44 46 48 48 49 50 52 52 222 zD 54 DD 99 56 2 oH EO 58 58 s790 59 63 64 65 65 65 66 67 68 69 69 69 69 Ta p 77 78 78 10 11 12 13 14 15 APPENDIX A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms 91 General 92 Definitions 93 Abbreviations and Acronyms APPENDIX B Whole Building Performance Method 10 1 General 10 1 1 Scope 10 1 2 Compliance 10 1 3 Annual Energy Use 10 1 4 Trade offs Limited to Building Permit 10 1 5 Documentation Requirements 10 2 Simulation General Requirements 10 2 1 Energy Simulation Program 10 2 2 Climate Data 10 2 3 Compliance Calculations 10 3 Calculating the Energy Consumption of the Proposed Design and the Standard Design 10 3 1 The simulation model for calculating the Proposed Design and the Standard Design shall be developed in accordance with the requirements in Table 10 1 APPENDIX C Default Values for Typical Constructions 11 1 Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 11 2 Default U factors and Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Unrated Fenestration Products 11 2 1 Unrated Vertical Fenestration 11 2 2 Unrated Sloped Glazing and Skylights 11 3 Typical Roof Constructions 11 4 Typical Wall Constructions
301. y Design options for improving air distribution efficiency include Variable aitr volume systems VAV diffusers Low pressure drop duct design Low face velocity air handlers Fan sizing and variable frequency drive motors Displacement ventilation systems 5 2 5 1 2 Hydronic Systems Balancing Hydronic System Balancing refers to the adjustment of water flow rates through distribution system devices Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 47 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning such as pumps and coils by manually adjusting the position of valves or by using automatic control devices such as flow control valves When something is balanced it is even on both sides Therefore a balanced hydronic system is one that delivers even flow to all of the devices on that piping system Each component has an effective equal length of pipe on the supply and return And when a system is balanced all of the pressure drops are correct for the devices When that happens the highest efficiencies are possible in the system One need not have to change system supply temperatures to accommodate one zone only The system has the least amount of pressure drop possible which translates into reduced pumping costs A balanced hydronic system is one that is efficient If a system that is not delivering the water to the right devices in the right amounts then the system is out of balance As per the Code Hydronic systems
302. y Hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit per British thermal unit Hour per square meter per degree Celsius per Watt Horsepower Heating seasonal performance factor Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Inch pound Inch Integrated part load value Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers Kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour Lighting efficacy Linear Linear foot Linear meter Lumen Lighting Power Density Meter Millimeter National Appliance Energy Conservation Act Projection factor Packaged terminal air conditioner R value thermal resistance Shading Coefficient Solar heat gain coefficient Standby loss Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 13 Appendix A Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms VAV VLT W ft W m W m K W m W mK W m2 K Wh Variable air volume Visible light transmission Watt Watts per square feet Watts per square meter Watts per square meter per degree Celsius Watts per hour per square meter Watts per lineal meter per degree Celsius Watts per hour per square meter per degree Celsius Watthour Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide A 14 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method 10 APPENDIX B Whole Building Performance Method 10 1 General Wi building energy simulation analysis is used to predict the annual energy performance of a building design The analysis is carried out by first dev
303. y addendum has been adopted in the Code by the Authority Having Jurisdiction before incorporating its requirements in the proposed building s design As per the Amended Energy Conservation Act 2001 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 2 Administration and Enforcement 3 Administration and Enforcement his chapter addresses administration and enforcement issues as well as general requirements for demonstrating compliance with the Code The compliance requirements of the Code have been made flexible enough to allow architects and engineers the ability to comply with the Code and meet the specific needs of their projects according to the climatic conditions of the site 3 1 Compliance Requirements As mentioned in Chapter 2 all the buildings or building complexes with a connected load of 100 kW or greater or a contract demand of 120 kVA or greater have to comply with the Code Buildings with 1 000 m2 or more of conditioned area are likely to fall under the above load conditions The following sections which deal with mandatory and prescriptive requirements of new and existing buildings are related to this specified threshold area It is important to mention here that these mandatory and prescriptive requirements are applicable only where the building has a connected load of 100 kW or more or contract demand of 120 kVA or more 3 1 1 Mandatory Requirements Compliance with the requirements of the Code shall be mandatory f
304. y efficiency experts agree that full commissioning is important for proper building operation and management Figure 3 2 maps the Design and Construction process along with the Compliances Enforcement steps needed to show ECBC compliance Time Permit Permit Field Application Issued Inspector Design Team D 2 2 Programming Schematic Design Construction Construction Commissioning Design Development Documents Management General Contractor 4 B Bidding amp Commissioning Building Department Owner Acceptance 5 GY a a Inspection Figure 3 2 The Building Design and Construction Process Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 9 Administration and Enforcement 3 4 Compliance Documents 3 4 1 General As per the Code Plans and specifications shall show all pertinent data and features of the building equipment and systems in sufficient detail to permit the Authority Having Jurisdiction to verify that the building complies with the requirements of this code Details shall include but are not limited to Building Envelope Insulation materials and their R values Fenestration U factors SHGC visible light transmittance if using the trade off approach and ait leakage Overhang and sidefin details Envelope sealing details Type of systems and equipment including their sizes efficiencies and controls Economizer details Variable speed drives Piping insul
305. y not be set up or maintained properly Variations in Weather The simulation runs use weather data that may not match the actual weather conditions further there is variability in weather conditions from year to year Energy Uses not Included The WBP method under certain conditions may not require all building energy uses to be included in calculating the design energy consumption Sometimes there is additional energy using equipment that is added to a building after it is built Precision of the Simulation Program Even the most sophisticated simulation programs approximate the actual energy flows and consumption in a building further the energy analyst will usually make simplifying assumptions Both can be sources of error in the predictions of energy consumption 10 3 Calculating the Energy Consumption of the Proposed Design and the Standard Design 10 3 1 The simulation model for calculating the Proposed Design and the Standard Design shall be developed in accordance with the requirements in Table 10 1 Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide B 6 Appendix B Whole Building Performance Method 02s q posodo Sw IWES UTII pasodory SE sues USISIq pasodody SE IWES UTSI p2sodoa T PUE SUFSI pavpurgs 3Y ur feonuopr poppow aq peys pw2wdmb pue susaysAs Surpirmq Te qE STY ur p jo nzsur gogro ds sv ydooxy a qui sty ur p quos p se UJISI pasodoig IY SUP pow q p do A p aq zus susaq p ppupi
306. y the roof Tis gt poet Thermal Emittance The relative ability of the roof The sun s radiation surface to radiate hits the roof surface absorbed heat Some heat is absorbed by the roof and transferred to the building below Figure 4 9 Heat Transfer Through Roof Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC User Guide 24 Building Envelope Solar Reflectance and Absorptance The solar reflectance is the fraction of solar radiation reflected by roof The complement of reflectance is absorptance whatever radiant energy incident on a surface that is not reflected is absorbed in the roof The reflectance and absorptance of building materials are usually measured across the solar spectrum since these are exposed to that range of wavelength Reflectance is measured on a scale of 0 to 1 with 0 being a perfect absorber and 1 being a perfect reflector Absorptance is also rated from 0 to 1 and can be calculated from the relation Reflectance Absorptance 1 Emissivity or Thermal Emittance Emissivity or thermal emittance of a material usually written or e is the ratio of energy radiated by a particular material to energy radiated by a black body at the same temperature It is a measure of a material s ability to radiate the absorbed energy A true black body would have an e 1 while any real object would have e lt 1 Emissivity is a dimensionless quantity does not have units In general the duller and blacker a material is

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