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Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation: Volume I

1. jewoy esy p dus sadeospjay xs oyy 4 pessy ansayog pessy 8 dys sue 55 5 0 4 dys quoe e dys uolBas fqunoo Aaungs y dys anoypuoqybug dys xa ssn sih 49P 00004 50 44P 0000950 yafoid xassng 7 deH wopuj souder eueu 20 SID M HDJY The County of Sussex by Broad HLC Type Figure 27 33 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide ile Edit View Theme Graphics Window Help 910 Scale 1 5 301 Mis uss ex Shape Polygon Hleid 35583 Char Woodland Brightone i Subchar Ancient Seminalural Patlem Sinuous _ Reetifyfra i ae i Sinuous n a Sinuous Kentshp Surrey e Bdychng i Active H T m i Period Medieval AD 1066 1499 F hlo sx a Interpret Ghyll il Aa em Confidence Certain cor Notes Spring Garden Wood Magaonb Fhic sx fi Ch lear Clear All 4 Ass Formal Enclosure planne d private Informal Fieldscapes Fhle sussex shp Coastal Communications Designed Landscapes Fieldscapes 0 Horticulture Industry Miltary Ej Reclaimed Marshland Recreation Settlement Unimpr
2. Qu 4 t x ee 4 re gt art e qus E k eb E D i a Azi gt W SS tm ims a 4 NX t 3 i v gt A E LP ook 4 4 or 1 ae j tm 4 gt x 4 2 y j p A 5 224 4 id NC w P f NS y o Ww A r T oa ZEN ni 4 te 74 x p PO P f Ue t hy t 5 2 ps i 1 ar D 3i 4 F as i 1 llometers pen ety 717 xe 1 0 1 2 Kilometers 2 0 2 Miles 2 0 2 Miles Burgess Burgess 1600 1800 Period 4 P4 Figure 10 Development of Burgess Hill from 1600 to the present For Key see page 28 Table 1 A landscape of scattered farmsteads around a common Period 4 P4 was surrounded by larger landscaped gardens and smaller parks Period 3 P3 which followed by the development of smaller estates and dwellings extending into St John s Common Period 2 P2 16 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Those areas not developed had been enclosed as fields By the present day the common had disappeared as had the fields under larger scale housing estates and industry The present extent of the development is confined especially to the south and west by the curving modern ring road 2
3. sedeosp si jeusoyy pasuadsip 91035 pueped jewscy adip euuejd sunso ou3 jewo B Jayy engeus juerouy EN dys cd petu amp issp sjd 2 u H dys quoeGey dus uoiBai Aunos saung C dsw CI dusxessnsw dusxessns3 D 581 jo sled 1507 GNOV An example of a from the High Weald Historic Parkland Analysis showing lost Figure 5 deer parks by the present sub type character N B The Kent HLC does not have any categories for past landuse Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 2 3 Lost Features in the Landscape Developing on from looking at themed extracts from the HLC it is also possible to use the data to identify potentially lost landscape features An example of how the HLC can reveal new elements about landscapes and provide a catalyst for research is the identification of a previously unrecorded medieval deer park at Lurgashall During the characterisation process which looked at key historic maps as well as the present OS Explorer Maps place names settlement pattern field patterns and boundary alignments all pointed to the presence of a deer park at Lurgashall which had not been previously recorded either on the HER SMR nor in the Historical Atlas of Sussex Figure 6 Map sources used to identify Lurgashall Medieva
4. User Guide Historic Landscape and Archaeology Terminology Acculturation to acquire new techniques through assimilation of different cultures Ancient Semi natural Woodland ASN woodland that has been under continuous woodland cover since at least 1600 AD Assart To clear land from woodland wood pasture or heath to create clearings for cultivation These are then enclosed by hedges created left from the adjacent woodland or new planted Assart Woodland The pieces of much once much larger woods which are left after clearings have been made from them and enclosed into fields Brook Innings The enclosure or innings of marshlands and alluvial flood plains to create water meadows and valley meadows or brooks in the main river valleys e g the Amberley Brooks which are remnants of unenclosed meadows Caput estates focal centres of settlement not always villa regalis royal centres of the early medieval period Enclosure the result or consequence of enclosing inclosing to surround or fence in land especially of common land Furlong main division of an open field a group of selions or cultivated strips of the same length Gill Ghyll Woodland Gills are steep narrow valleys in the High Weald with fast flowing streams in winter the valleys support a species rich ancient woodland with rare bryophytes Hide A hide was originally the amount of land that could be ploughed by one oxen and keep
5. Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide High Weald AONB 2009 Parkscapes in the High Weald Extracts from the Kent and Sussex HLC See High Weald AONB web site Howorth R 2006 The State of the West Weald s Natural Environment West Weald Landscape Partnership and Sussex Wildlife Trust Lake J 2009 Assessing Farmstead Character and Significance Preliminary National Guidance April 2009 English Heritage Lake J amp Edwards B 2006 Farmsteads and landscape Towards an Integrated View Landscapes Vol 7 No 1 1 36 Lesley K amp Short B 1999 An historical Atlas of Sussex Phillimore Chichester Mid Sussex District Council 2005 A Landscape Character Assessment for Mid Sussex Mid Sussex District Council and West Sussex County Council Oxford Archaeology Unit amp Scott Wilson Resource Consultants 1999 Hampshire Historic Landscape Assessment Hampshire County Council and English Heritage 2volumes Sussex Biodiversity Records Centre 2008 Wood Pasture and Pasture Parkland Analysis Extracts from the Sussex HLC Weald Forest Ridge Landscapes Partnership 2009 Historic Environment Awareness Project Design Submitted to English Heritage 43 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide TABLE 2 Summary of Historic Landscape Character Broad Types with the Attribute fields for the database See Sussex Historic Landscape Characte
6. from Sussex Wildlife Trust Report 15 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 2 5 An example of time depth from past land use change The HLC previous layers are very useful in looking at how settlements have developed in particular during the 19th and early 20th centuries when parts of the Sussex landscape were under going significant change for example along the coastal margins The HLC maps are produced by switching on the hlc previous layers hic prev for each period and placing them in chronological order in the theme menu with the earliest period at the top and the latest at the bottom Burgess Hill is a town which owes its development to the coming of the railway and the migration of people from London looking for a rural retreat in the countryside There was also land available for expansion in the extent of heaths and commons for example St John s Common The sequence of maps by broad HLC type shows the expansion of Burgess Hill from a small hamlet near the railway line gently curving line running north south and station into the large town it is today Ce Us m XM Si at nae ate Ad Wim E Kilometers 2 Kilometers 2 0 2 Miles 0 2 Miles Burgess Hill 1945 Present Day Burgess Hill 1914 1945 Period 2 P2 ED che rto etie Y 7 U wFw ERN m ral GU USE I Face 1 LO E 4 s E 7
7. 4 ER o __ dys ggg paid As dus siousip xessnssA __ dus uoa Ajepunoq C 0081 34 YSALOVUYVHO AdVOSANV1 OLYOLSIH Taken from the Report on the West Weald Landscape Howorth R 2006 The State of the Figure 1 West Weald s Natural Environment West Weald Landscape Partnership and Sussex Wildlife Trust Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 92957 siskjeuy 359M Plod 21H Xessng 22XSAA Jo uoissiuued puly 4 xessns 159 2 puejpoo v EN pasojouau wun wapas Aasnpu 01 sedeosp a J ER sedeospue EN suomgeaiunur __ je e25 0 dys xs AAA depiw S suogepfun w uo 0 i Anenpu puepue NNI wa wapas BENI 10015 Aaea puejumog puejpoo enynonaog E89 suou uo sadeospja J E dys 008 sod As ANAA dys sjaujsip xessns jy C dys uoa aana C Taken from the Report on the West Weald Landscape Howorth R 2006 The State of the 008 l LSOd YALOVYVHO 1 OIYOLSIH lt West Weald s Natural Environment West Weald Landscape Partnership and Sussex Wildlife Trust Figure 2 JO uoissiuued Aq
8. Figure 19 Example of the Hierarchy of HLC Types colours match the maps in the Sussex Historic Landscape Character Vol Ill Atlas of Maps amp Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation ems T HLC Broad Type HLC Sub type Interpretation Planned Enclosure Because of this regional consistency across the Broad Type Category it does enable a regional HLC map of Broad types to be produced By giving each corresponding Broad HLC type the same colour code the extent of the diversity and pattern of the area of the Weald in the South East Region can be seen as shown in Figure 20 Summary Table of Types in the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology for the key to colours In Figure 20 the outline to each polygon has been switched off otherwise at this scale the map would appear almost black especially in Sussex where the average polygon size is smaller due to the greater complexity in data capture based on the Ordnance Survey s OS Mastermap This is an indicative map as is the iconic map in the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Ill Atlas of Maps Map 1 Croft A Munby J amp Ridley M 2001 Kent Historic Landscape Characterisation Kent County Council and English Heritage 3 volumes Bannister N R amp Wills P M 2001 Surrey Historic Landscape Characterisation Surrey County Council English Heritage and Countryside
9. fields created by enclosure from woodland clearance or from waste The presence of this type of fields instead of informal fields or planned fields can lead to questions on how wooded was the park when it was enclosed to fields Or was the presence of the gill system running through the park a controlling element in its subsequent enclosure It is also possible to see how the presence of the park pale has influenced settlement patterns On the eastern side of the park small cottages have been built between the road and the park pale an example of purpresture or squatting on waste manorial lands Figure 6 e f To the south lies the small hamlet of Lurgashall whilst within the park are two farms which may have originated as former park lodges To the west of the park is an area of commons identified by their funnel shaped drove roads and in between are assart fields belonging to small farmsteads located on the boundary between the common and the fields This is a very interesting area of the Low Weald and highlights the landscape s detailed and ancient land use history Identification of lost historic landscape features like former deer parks through a combination of the Sussex HLC with archive research and checking in the field can form the basis for targeting management resources for the conservation of features such as in Higher Level Stewardship or the England Woodland Grant Scheme 11 Sussex Historic Landscape Char
10. 2 j S 3 o gt 2 amp 12 Internal None 0 25 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No boundary change 26 50 51 1 75 76 99 100 13 External Settlement edge Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Boundary Road railway Characteristics 1 canal water course woodland dog leg coast 14 Internal Ditto Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No Boundary Characteristics 1 15 Active inactive Active Inactive No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 1 unknown CHRONOLOGY Extant features Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 16 Characteristic in landscape features of past and present processes gt 1 17 Place Names gt See full list in Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 text 18 Date 1 See full list in Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes text 19 Interpretation of list changes with Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No character type 1 each BHLC type 45 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide TABLE 2 continued Attributes Options sedeos 4 eanynona4oH pesojoueun 1 1615209 Ausnpu peuBiseg suol yeolunuWwOo9 194e M 20 Confidence 1 Certain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes pro
11. Atlas of Maps Map 1 This same method can also be undertaken for the interpretation of character type Due to the detail in data capture this level of characterisation is best viewed for smaller areas rather than the whole county or by splitting and making new themes of each of the HLC types See below 3 6 amp 3 7 below 36 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide File Edit Theme Graphics Window Help EZ COE HA M 2 ele wel OLSEN 2 Sussex HLC Project Magaonb shp Fhle sx assarts shp Aggregate Assart 1777 Cohesive Assart A Fhic sx fieldscapes shp Assarts Formal Enclosure planned private Informal Fieldscapes A Fhle sussexshp Ancient Seminatural Replanted Ancient Semi Natural Plantations Regenerated Other Woodland ET Fhle sx alWwoodland shp Ancient Seminatural Replanted Ancient Semi Natural Plantations Regenerated Other Woodland Fhle sx settlementshp Hetoric Core Historic dispersed Expansion other Expansion suburbs Non historic isolated Fhic sx unenclosed shp Common Downland Green Heath Marsh Fresh Wooded over common _ Fhle sx ancientwoods shp _ Joa for sussex shp KEY Ancient Semi natural Woodland
12. Commission 2 volumes 26 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 60 Miles Es E o e Figure 20 Map of the Weald in the South East Region by HLC Broad Types OF Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide TABLE 1 HLC Broad Type categories for the Wealden South Eastern Counties including the key to Map 1 SUSSEX KENT SURREY HAMPSHIRE ISLE OF WIGHT Military Military amp Defence Military amp Defence Military amp Defence Military and Defence Water Bodies management management Valley floor amp water Valley floor amp water Valley floor amp water Valley Floor management 3 2 Sussex HLC OS Master The Sussex HLC used the OS Master Map as its base and captured individual map polygons which shared the same HLC attributes The OS Master Map used in this project was a frozen layer abstracted in November 2002 at 1 1250 scale The polygons were identified and plotted at 1 10 000 scale but the resulting HLC layers can be viewed at a range of scales The OS Master Map polygons were unionised to form one HLC hyper polygon to which the descriptive and interpretive material recorded on the Access 97 database was attached The GIS programme used was ArcView 3 2a The advantage of using OS Master Map is that the HLC was linked directly to the OS base
13. Figure 34 The Ashdown area by period of origin of present day character The main central area is essentially medieval however the surrounding heathland because it has become wooded over in the 20th century is shown as modern 3 8 Viewing the HLC by selected areas In addition to creating new sub themes from the main HLC layer for the whole of the county it is also possible to copy and cut out sections of the HLC and create new themes using other polygon data sets as the defining boundary of the area to be cut See the River Valley analysis in Section 2 2 of this volume This method comes under the ArcView Geoprocessing extension and uses the intersection commands in ArcView It is a useful tool when looking at for example individual parishes This data can then be queried in similar ways as to that explained above but the data sets are more manageable However when this intersection command is used in the ArcView project not all the data from the Access database is automatically transferred across The previous land use layers HLC Prev layers are not included and have to be queried either in Access or by setting up an SQL Select Query Link and hot link between the ArcView Attribute Tables and Access HLC Tables This is advanced GIS working and needs an experienced practitioner to work out the commands Readers are also asked to check with the relevant ArcView Programme and Access Technical 39 Sussex Historic Landscape Chara
14. HLCs this was the only characterisation undertaken with past land use implicit in the characterisation process for example Hampshire and Kent However for some of the later HLCs such as Surrey Buckinghamshire and Isle of Wight additional attributes were included which described past land use for example where a 19th century brickworks has now been developed to a suburban estate or a medieval deer park to a post medieval designed landscape As already stated the Sussex HLC describes the present historic landscape and this forms the main part of the data base However for some landscapes and areas where the information on changes in land use was available from the key sources the previous historic landscape character has been identified These are termed the HLC Prev layers and follow the same characterisation process as for the present day view layer namely HLC Broad type Sub type and interpretation of character To view these in ArcView an Access query link has to be created or a hot link between the ArcView project and the Access database Readers should check with the relevant editions of the ArcView and Access Technical Manuals for the details for this procedure Approximately half of the Sussex HLC polygons have at least one previous land use characterisation layer See Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol IV Atlas of Maps 37 48 So for the example of Ashdown Forest an area to the south of the gill woodland has several
15. Volume User Guide 3 3 Capturing and Presenting the Data The following sequence of illustrations shows how the HLC polygons are created and the form of the data which sits behind them The HLC was built up on a parish by parish basis using parish OS Master Maps cut from the OS County Master Map Firstly distinctive areas separated from their surroundings through sharing similar HLC attributes were identified from key historic maps such as the OS Epoch 1 1 Edition of the OS 25 map as shown in the Figure 21 below and 2001 aerial photographs These were compared with the modern OS maps to assess boundary change Each HLC area was then identified highlighted and captured from the OS Master Map Secondly the resulting unionised polygon was then added to the HLC layer and the data base of descriptive and interpretative attributes was completed A series of short cut command buttons were added to the customized ArcView project in order to speed up the process of capturing from Master Map This process was completed for each polygon of which there are over 45 000 which make up the Sussex HLC E Marestield shp e ERO ST E Seale 1 5 301 9022790 5 5 E sussex iftshp 25k tq dbf Kent_epoch_1_oatalog dbf Esussex parish shp Esussex districts shp Esussex shp Wsussex districts shp Wsussex parish shp All parishes in kent and medway_region shp
16. a family for a year High Forest a continental form of forestry management of woodland with all trees allowed to grow to mature timber trees with no coppicing Inclosure variation of Enclosure Innings the enclosure of alluvial flood plains and salt marshes to create fields and meadows by ditching and draining Derived from the Old English inning meaning to enclose PAWS Plantations on Ancient Woodland Sites a woodland type recognised by the Forestry Commission and one targeted for reversion to broad leafed woodland Shaw Either a narrow strip of woodland dividing two fields commonly found in the Weald or a small woodland usually named as such in the 19th century also found in Weald Sometimes called a rew Tenantry commons The open grazing pastures on the top of the chalk downs which belonged to the manors at the foot of the downs escarpement Virgate a quarter of a hide 50 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Yokes A yoke in Kent or wista in Sussex is a medieval measure of land equivalent to a virgate or quarter of a hide approximating to about 15 to 60 acres depending on the quality of the soil A hide was originally the amount of land that could be ploughed by one oxen and keep a family for a year 51
17. and unimproved pastures for feeding and reaching roosts the following sequence of maps taken from the HLC analysis report Figures 1 3 From a point of view of landscape character viewpoint the West Weald is a one of great historic interest with its medieval origins visible and contributing to the present local distinctiveness A large part of the West Weald Landscape lies within the Low Weald National Landscape Character Area which has the least coverage by national landscape designations than the High Weald or the South Downs This has important implications for the long term conservation of local distinctivenss and character of the Low Weald Landscape Low Weald landscape West Sussex County Council _ preamiasem avefoid IH xossns DIXSAA Jo uoissiuued purs Aq 4 jlounoD xessns 1S9AA 0 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Ads pueipoo NI 1918 M pasojouau wun wa wapas p 20 4 sadeospue paubiseg 1 E88 dus 008 Las MM ER suone unu uo 0 Aaysnpu i E puepue d NNI jue wapas NI 400135 Aaea puejumog 88 Eg suou
18. group of fields all showing a similar character maybe defined by the following suite of attributes small regular with straight internal and external boundaries This HLC polygon can then be further identified using a pre defined HLC type the least detailed type e g Fieldscapes and sub type e g Assarts This approach is similar to that used in the Kent and Surrey HLCs for example Fields small irregular assarts intermixed with woodlands Surrey equates to aggregate assarts small Sussex Sussex also has a third level of typology for some broad types called Interpretation of Character the most detailed interpretation for example Planned Enclosure See Figure 19 So a group of fields defined by their attributes as small regular with straight internal and external boundaries would be Fieldscapes Formal Enclosure planned private enclosure For details on the interpretation of the different types sub types and interpretation of character see the Sussex HLC Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology for Fieldscapes HLC sub type takes each of the Broad types and sub divides them by key attributes so for example for Fieldscapes the sub types are assart fields formal and informal fields Unlike in some other county HLCs this grouping does not divide along period of origin as some formal or planned fields typicalyl post medieval can have originated in the early medieval period such as co axial fields By contrast some iso
19. now been superseded by ArcView 9 0 However the principles for asking questions or querying the data still remain the same though the exact method and commands may vary between the two editions of the GIS programme Users should refer to the relevant GIS technical manuals for further details on the exact procedure However this Sussex HLC User Guide does provide outlines of approaches to using the Sussex HLC data It assumes the reader has a basic understanding of GIS and the programme ArcView 3 and how they work The User Guide presents some examples of how the Sussex HLC can be used interpreted and its potential It also shows how some basic queries and the resulting maps can be produced from it Several points should be borne in mind when using the Sussex HLC and querying the data 1 It was a desk based exercise with no checking in the field 2 It is a broad brush approach to interpreting the landscape and provides a first step to understanding the historic time depth of any given area t should be viewed at an appropriate scale such as county district parish or estate rather than on an individual field by field basis it sets the landscape context for farms and settlements 3 It is a systematic interpretation of the historic aspects of the landscape using key and selected historic maps and sources 4 As a data set that incorporates interpretation it is not definitive nor set in stone and will in the future be modifie
20. of Analyses already completed from Sussex HLC data Name of Analysis Client Owner shp bmp Descriptive Feedback 1 9 Text Districts Adur WSCC DC Baker yes yes no Associates Arun WSCC DC Hankinson yes yes no Duckett Brighton amp Hove UA yes yes no Horsham WSCC DC yes yes no Mid Sussex landscape character WSCC DC yes yes yes Report Mid Sussex sensitivity analysis Hankinson Duckett yes yes yes no Lewes DC yes no no Specific places Areas East Grinstead Barton Wilmore yes yes no Bolnore Rob Macphail yes no no Potential Meadows HW AONB yes yes no West Weald Landscape SxwT yes yes yes Yes Sussex Wood Pasture amp Historic Sussex Biological yes yes yes no Parkland Records Coastal Plain WSCC Hankinson yes no no Duckett Landuse Consultants Chichester WSCC DC Hankinson yes no no Duckett Greylingwell Hospital EH yes no Report West Sussex Farmsteads EH HW AONB yes no Report SERF KCC yes yes yes in draft Awaiting still publication South Downs Public Inquiry EH yes yes yes Yes EH Topic paper 3 Parkscapes in the High Weald High Weald AONB yes yes yes yes Weald Forest Ridge Historic ESCC High weald yes yes No Map for yes Environment Awareness Project AONB EH PD Sussex River Valleys Project Sussex Wildlife Trust yes yes yes in yes in progress progress SE Wood pasture and historic Natural England yes yes In progress parkland provisional inventory received a copy of t
21. paonpaday ouno xessns 5 SMOPE s EA YJE SH soiddoo SID S Md M NSY usaiByuow wos pessy 6 pessy pessy dys JEINJENIWas jusioUY feque do s p jeisuebey XX sadeogpjar 4 ewou weeH S 7 3 7 suessy Eg finjeuiwes puanuy AsIp sul xs xessnsa dus uoiBai ue punoq C Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide xessns SAdALENS 1dVedOdd AO ALIAILOANNODO 8 ALINNILNOO lt Figure 3 Taken from the Report on the West Weald Landscape Howorth R 2006 The State of the West Weald s Natural Environment West Weald Landscape Partnership and Sussex Wildlife Trust Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 2 2 Extent of Specific Landscapes in Sussex Instead of looking at one particular area of Sussex and analysing its historic character in depth it is possible to look at themed elements of the HLC as in the case of establishing the extent of historic parkland in Sussex This analysis was undertaken for the Sussex Wildlife Trust in order to establish the extent of historic parkland across the county of Sussex as part of the work needed to establish the amount and survival of the nationally
22. processes which have shaped that landscape It also gives broad estimates of period for those attributes and thus it is possible to assess the time depth and antiquity of the present landscape for example those areas which have undergone little change since the medieval period compared with those that have undergone considerable landscape change in the modern period The Sussex Wildlife Trust have used the element of Time depth in their landscape based research work looking at the West Weald Landscape in West Sussex and south west Surrey Here the HLC was queried to look at the time depth of the present landscape character i e the antiquity of the landscape seen today and its implications for nature conservation This information was used in the report on the State of the West Weald s Natural Environment 2006 An initial analysis was undertaken of the Sussex and Surrey HLCs looking at the extent form and processes which have shaped the historic landscape of the West Weald An important part of understanding required by the Trust was the degree of connectivity or fragmentation of semi natural habitats in the West Weald Landscape Some of the richest wildlife habitats are those which have a long history of land use continuity such as ancient woodlands historic boundaries heaths commons and greens These are habitats which have their origins in the Early Medieval and Medieval periods Thus the Sussex and Surrey HLCs were queried to pro
23. such as railway stations motorway service stations and wide verges or shaws to drove roads OS Mastermap The Ordnance Survey base map frozen at 2001 which was used as the base map for the HLC Polygon Individual unit of the HLC Comprises amalgamated OS Master map polygons Prairie Fields a term used in earlier HLCs which referred to field systems which had lost many of their internal boundaries through hedgerow removal in the 20th century Now the process is called modern field amalgamation as boundary removal often began in the early modern period 19th century and the word prairie can be controversial Theme A mapped layer analysed from the full HLC based on any number of selected attributes in the data table Time depth The visible or known antiquity of present landscape For any given area of the landscape there may be multiple landuses over time for the same piece of land which is defined in HLC as a polygon It is this multiple use through time which contributes to the Time depth for any given part f the historic landscape Evidence for this time depth can be visible within the landscape as heritage features form and structure it can be physically buried below ground level or it can be identified through maps records and archives For full descriptions of Attributes and periods see Sussex Historic Landscape Characteristation Vol V Appendix II 49 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume
24. will be prepared for the public on how to use the HER which will include the HLC Figure 16 shows the Weald Forest Ridge Landscape which lies between Crawley to the west and Tunbridge Wells to the east and its broad type historic landscape character The wooded nature of the landscape is readily apparent together with the large extents of Ashdown Forest Historically much of the western end of the project area was also unenclosed medieval Forest used for the chase At the eastern end are wooded remnants of the Forest of South Frith the hunting grounds belonging to the Lowy of Tonbridge LES P Historic Environment Awareness Project Data derived from Sussex Kent and Surrey Historic Landscape Characterisation showing broad HLC types Legend lo Historic Landscape Characterisation x P A gt Historic r a 1 y oe E ve Awareness Project Map 4 Historic Landscape Characterisation Figure 16 The Sussex HLC for the Weald Forest Ridge Landscapes Partnership Area by HLC Broad Type Extract from the EH Project Design for the Historic Environment Awareness Project 2009 2012 An example of a LIDAR image with the same area covered by the Kent and Sussex HLC is shown in Figure 17 14 Weald Forest Ridge Historic Environment Awareness Project Design 2009 http www highweald org home weald frest ridge htm http www eastsussex gov uk environment archaeology histo
25. with both the Sussex HLC and the Kent HLC See Figure 4 The new theme of High Weald HLC was then further queried for historic parklands both in the present landscape and in the HLC previous layers HLC Prev to produce a map of the historic extent of parks See section 3 4 in this volume Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Il Interpretation Section 4 2 2 Vol V Appendices p 40 This was also themed by period to see which designed landscape first appeared when By looking at the HLC previous layers it was possible to identify areas of former medieval deer parks See Figure 5 These are areas which can then targeted for conservation management through Higher Level Stewardship combined with more detailed on the ground field survey to establish what if any of the medieval features still might survive in the landscape for example the park pale or veteran pollard trees 3 Sussex Biodiversity Records Centre 2008 Wood Pasture and Pasture Parkland Analysis Extracts from the Sussex The Provisional Inventory of the South East Wood Pasture and Historic Parkland Inventory is an on going project from January 2010 Contact the SE Woodlands Officer Lewes Office of Natural England Bannister N R 2010a South East Provisional Inventory of Wood Pasture and Historic Parkland Stage 1 Extracting data from county HLCs Unpublished Report to Natural England 6 Due for completion in December 2010 7 High Weald AONB 2009 Parksc
26. without the need for digitizing of polygon boundaries Thus the HLC polygons directly relate to features on the ground and to other datasets also based on OS Master Map However using Master Map does have its own drawbacks Some OS Master Map polygons are not closed i e they bleed or run into other polygons some are inaccurately drawn and some features have duplicate polygons overlying one another So a certain amount of editing and tidying up has to be done Stripping out linear features buildings and other non relevant features was an option For the Sussex HLC Pilot Method See Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol V Appendix III mapping the main OS Master Map was used and tidied up where possible This was found to be very time consuming when undertaking the whole map for Sussex so further editing and tidying up will be needed in the Sussex HLC layer where HLC polygons run into linear features Where a current OS polygon has undergone clear periods of landscape change in the past it is edited to reflect those changes A good example is Bewl Reservoir near Ticehurst East Sussex which in the present HLC layer it is all water and polygonised as such but its past landscape change records areas of woodland orchards and enclosures Here OS Master map polygons were divided following historic boundaries in order to reflect the historic landscape change that has taken place 28 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation
27. 2 Net Figure 14 Sussex HLC Fields by sub type and two Farmstead character types Driftway Farms and Loose Courtyard 4 See text for explanation District Boundary Driftway Farms Assart Fields Parish Boundary Loose courtyard Informal Fields Formal Fields Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 1 461504 amp x e Figure 15 National Character Areas and Farmstead Characterisation Driftway Farms District Boundary 120 Wealden Greensand 124 Pevensey Levels Parish Boundary 121 Low Weald 125 South Downs Driftway Farms 122 High Weald 126 Coastal Plain Loose Courtyard Farms 123 Romney Marsh 21 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 2 8 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation and Landscape Projects The English Heritage and Heritage Lottery funded Historic Environment Awareness Project HEA Project of The Weald Forest Ridge Landscape Partnership 2009 2012 is looking at the historical development of this part of the Sussex landscape and in particular woodland archaeology of woodland landscapes LiDAR Light and Distance Aerial Reconnaissance surveys have also been commissioned as part of this project As part of the HEA project the Sussex is being used as one of the heritage tools as part of the HER Guidance documents
28. 6 Sussex HLC and the Sussex EUS The Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation can also be used in conjunction with the Sussex Extensive Urban Survey EUS Overall each data set has different uses which reflect their scale and detail with the EUS being far more site specific However HLC is useful for looking at settlement at a strategic level and also in the rural context as well as the extent of the development of urbanization across Sussex The HLC Historic core sub type is useful to compare with EUS An example of the differences between the Sussex HLC and the EUS can be seen in the sequence of maps for Rotherfield a small market town in East Sussex The EUS has its own Historic Character Types based on building forms and land use but some of which do overlap with HLC Broad types such as parks recreation etc Jet Sussex EUS eid pen WA ROTHERFIELD MAP 12 Historic Urban Character Areas HUCAs KEY me square 01 2 Church 2 South Street Bl 4 Church Street Bl Cour vesc T MMC EPEY i Se FTW EUS research and mapping Dasa SCALE 1 2 500 Figure 11 Extract from the Rotherfield EUS See Harris R B 2008 Rotherfield Historic Character Assessment Report The map above shows the Historic Urban Character Areas for Rotherfield based on their Historic Character Types Figure 12 shows the same area for the Sus
29. 7 Esx aerial photo dbf Wsx ait photos dbf Wsx_epocht dbf Wsx_epoch2 dbt _ Wsx epoch3 dbf Wsx_epoch4 dbt M Esx epochi dbf Esx_epoch2 dbf Esx epoch3 dbf Esx epoch4 dbf O Arcview GIs 3 3 5 W User Guide doc Figure 21 An area of enclosures on the edge of Ashdown Forest as shown on the OS 1 Edition 25 Map From the OS Epoch 1 map above Figure 21 discrete HLC areas can already be seen such as the areas of unenclosed unimproved heaths of Ashdown Forest the gill woods running through the middle of a group of assart fields and the settlement in the northern part of the fields This map was then checked against the 2001 aerial photographs see the Figure 21 below over which the OS Master Map polygons have been laid The aerial photographs enable a view of the extent of the woodland coverage especially woodland encroachment into open areas such as the heathland Figure 22 23 below 29 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide File Edit View Theme Graphics Window 8 4 Scale 115301 BS ER Maresfield s hp _ E sussex iftshp _ 25k tq dbt _ Kent epoch 1 catalog dbf _ Esussex_parish shp _ Esussex_districts shp Esussex shp _ Wsussex districts shp _ Wsussex parish shp _ All parishes in kent and medway_regionshp Esx aerial photo dbf _
30. Council amp West Sussex County Council p23 30 17 Ibid p118 24 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SUSSEX HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION 3 1 What is the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation The method for the Sussex HLC has evolved from those of Hampshire Kent and Surrey with particular reference to the classification of HLC types and sub types However the method of capturing HLC attribute data draws particularly on those developed for Cheshire and Buckinghamshire See Introduction to Volume I With the earlier HLCs such as Hampshire and Kent the characterisation process used pre defined types whereby the key historic land use attributes attribute data were integral in the description of the type For those HLCs which followed the methods evolved with the more sophisticated GIS technical data capture This enabled the HLC polygons to be defined by a selection of the key historic attributes Analysis of the attributes enabled different HLC types to be defined The Sussex HLC incorporated both these methods or approaches of classifying the historic landscape See also Sussex Historic Landscape Characteristion Volume V Appendix Section 2 2 2 Thus in the Sussex HLC each polygon is defined according to a selection of HLC attributes from the full range of attributes each of which is defined and entered into the data base for example a
31. RODUCTION This User Guide is meant as an introduction to the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation HLC and how to begin to use it For more detail on the background to Historic Landscape Characterisation the method for Sussex and some initial results readers are asked to refer to the relevant Sussex HLC Report volumes including the Vol V Appendices together with the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Atlas of Maps The Sussex HLC is one of several heritage tools which combine to form the East and West Sussex Historic Environment Records HERs See Figure 2 p5 In Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Interpretation The technique of HLC is to identify areas or units of land which become the HLC polygons based on their key historic landscape attributes These units are assigned character types together with their key identifying attributes selected from a linked database and the information stored and displayed in a GIS system HLC types are generic and can occur anywhere within the county however it is the combination of types frequency form and association with each other that identifies the general historic character of any given area and enables the development of Historic Landscape Character Areas See Section 4 3 in Volume 11 Interpretation The Sussex HLC was created using the GIS programme ArcView 3 2a and Microsoft Access 1997 Within East and West Sussex County Council this programme has
32. SUSSEX HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION VOLUME I USER GUIDE Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION West Sussex County Council East Sussex County Council Brighton amp Hove Unitary Authority English Heritage AUGUST 2010 by Dr Nicola R Bannister AIFA Landscape History amp Conservation west aR ees Tt CONCI Ww Brighton amp Hove ENGLISH HERITAGE Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide CONTACTS East Sussex County Council Historic Environment Record Archaeology Section Environmental Advice Team Transport amp Environment East Sussex County Council County Hall St Annes Crescent Lewes BN7 1UE TEL 01273 481608 West Sussex County Council Historic Environment Record Archaeology Section Planning Services The Grange Tower Street Chichester PO19 1RH TEL 01243 642105 English Heritage Characterisation Team Head of Team Graham Fairclough Waterhouse Square 138 142 Holborn London EC1N 2ST TEL 020 7973 3000 Front Cover The 105 medieval deer park at Lurgashall Chichester West Sussex as seen on the OS historic maps and as characterised in the HLC The Ordnance Survey map data included within this report is provided by West Sussex County Council under licence from the Ordnance Survey Licence No 100018485 The geological map data included within this report is rep
33. Sussex 11 16 Figure 25 The first level of the Access database showing the unique identification number the HLC type and sub type 31 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Bile Edit Yiew Insert Tools Window Help D d E amp gt 35783 General Sinuous Dom External Sinuous Dom Internal Sinuous Parcel Large Sec External Sec Internal n a Bdy Change 0 Gain Ext Boundary Int Boundary Character Features iother fields hedges 1 Water course x Names Source s BdyChng Pr Main Period Medieval AD 1066 1499 BdyList gt g Interpretation Ghyll gill OS Epochs 1 5 Confidence Certain Notes Spring Garden Wood hlc prev FeatList za Source ChangePeriod Sub hie interpretation Clear This Form Record 14 To gt t ese of 1 Filtered HLC West Sussex Figure 26 The second level of the Access database showing the different groups of attributes This is for the Woodland HLC type For each HLC Broad type the second level of the Access data base varied slightly depending on which HLC attributes were being used Woodland Fieldscapes and Designed landscape were the most detailed whilst Communications and Military were not so detailed due to t
34. Wsx air photos dbf _ Wsx epocht dbf _ Wsx epoch2 dbf _ Wsx epoch3 dbf _ Wsx epoch4 dbf _ Esx epoch2 dbf _ Esx_epoch3 dbt _ Esx_epoch4 dbt user cuiderdoc Mit EEUU Figure 22 The modern aerial photographs overlain by a transparent outline of the OS Master Map The extent of the gill woodland is highlighted on the OS Master Map unionized and then cut and transferred to the Sussex HLC layer using the sequence of coloured short cut command buttons on the top line of the menu bar within the project window 2 ArcView GiS 33 File Edit View Theme Graphics Window Help GACEN 72 Sussex Project j A Maresfield shp _ ELsussex_iftshp _ 25k tq dbf Kent epoch 1 catalog dbf Esussex parish shp Esussex districts shp Esussex shp Wisussex distriets shp Wsussex parishshp All parishes in kent and medway_regionshp _ Esx aerial photo dbf _ Wisx air photos dbf _ Wsx epocht dbf _ Wsx epoch2 dbf _ Wsx epoch3 dbf _ Wsx epoch dbf _ Esx epoch4 dbf _ Esx epoch2 dbf _ Esx epoch3 dbf _ Esx epochd dbf Creates a point on the display window Analyses user Guide doc Mier 35 xiv DE 11 15 Figure 23 The OS Master Map polygons highlighted before extracting and unionising with the HLC layer 30 Sussex Historic Landscape C
35. ___ Regenerated Woodland Historic dispersed Settlement _ Expansion other Wooded over common Informal Fields REL Assart fields a Edit View Theme Graphics Window 54587008 e Scale 1 5301 85955908 v m tj Sle AGIA eJ zy ie eh T lox _ Magaonb shp 4 A Fhic sx assaris shp Aggregate Assat Cohesive Assart Fhic sx fieldscapes shp Assarts Formal Enclosure planne d private Informal Fieldscapes Fhic sussex shp Ancient Seminatural Broad Character Woodland sub Category Ancient Semi natural Replanted Ancient Semi Natural Plantations Regenerated Other Woodland Backup data Enter Details Record 14 1 b of 1 Filtered Fhic sx alhwoodland s hp Ancient Seminatural Replanted Ancient Sem Natural Plantations Regenerated Other Woodland Fhlo sx settlementshp Historic Core Historic dispersed Expansion other Expansion suburbs Non historic isolated M Fhle sx unenclos ed shp Common Downland Green Heath Marsh Fresh Wooded over common Fhle sx ancientwoods shp 1 Joa for
36. acterisation Volume User Guide 2 4 Characterisation of Specific Topography Sussex has a very varied topography the result of its complex geology and past geomorphological and anthropological processes This variation gives rise to a wide range of habitats important for biodiversity and wildlife The wetlands of Sussex are in particular nationally rare and support a diverse flora and fauna such as in the ditches and dykes on Romney Marsh and the Pevensey Levels or the innings at Amberley Brooks on the River Arun An on going project which again has used HLC is the work of the Sussex Wildlife Trust on river valley habitats in Sussex In order to target resources for the recreation of semi natural wetland habitats an understanding of how the present river valley landscapes have developed is required It was decided that the Sussex HLC was a suitable first stage in bringing this information together So far two river systems have been looked at the River Brede in East Sussex and the River Arun with the Western Rother in West So using the river catchment boundaries new HLC themes were made from the Sussex HLC for each river catchment area This new theme was then queried in ArcView and only the wetland water and coastal sub types and interpretation of character polygons were selected ROMNEY MARSH Esussex_parish shp Hic valley types shp 1 Formal Enclosure planned private gt Informal Fieldscap
37. and sub types Extract from Sussex Wildlife Trust Report Bannister 20106 13 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Another HLC attribute in the data is that for the types of boundaries enclosing the fields All those fields bounded by ditches were also selected and added to the themed layer to produce a composite map of sub types in Figure 8 From the HLC it is now possible to establish all those fields and remnant marshes lying within the river valley which are bounded by ditches This map could then be overlain with other data sets such as records of key indicator wetland species recorded in the valley The distribution pattern in relation to HLC sub types and interpretation of character types could then be used to target field walking in order to record new potential sites In order to understand how the Brede river valley has broadly altered through time the HLC previous hic prev layers were also queried for each period and the previous sub type identified Figure 9 is a composite map for all the HLC previous layers and highlights the areas of former salt marsh mud flats and cliffs and beaches which were probably present in the early medieval period This is an area which has undergone significant landscape change through incursions of water and land reclamation The HLC previous layers can also be used as a starting point for undertaking more detailed field work in identifying sites of archaeolo
38. apes in the High Weald Extracts from the Kent and Sussex HLC See High Weald AONB web site Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide OF 0 dys ainjsed poom use quoemy xs SS puepjre 41081 15 0 LOBL ald dys paubisap queomy 1y je erpeurjsod yed jeasipaurjsog uapieh pede 5spuej Hie 4 5 5 5 dysquoe ew dys uoifer Ajuno Aans dys yuay 495 9 5515 dus xessns3 2 sedAi qns s deospu 7 plea An example of a map from the High Weald Historic Parkland Analysis showing not Figure 4 only the Sussex HLC by interpretation of character but also those from the Kent HLC Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide or 0 laney 5 apuy x Bursseooj4 spuog 13440 paeuo4p 05 9H0jS Iu UoN Pueped jewo ES sadeospjaly ewou ES pesiedsip 212015 H jewo BENE aad psuuejd sunsojoug Jeujo uoisuedx3 suessy erqeu itueg juerouy dus ad peuBissp sd 2 4 H 7 suoneyue d pien D
39. avid Green Buckinghamshire Sam Turner Devon Andrew Wigley Shropshire Adjacent County HLCs Kent County Council John Williams retired Lis Dyson Paul Cuming Surrey County Council David Bird retired Jo Flackman Emily Brants Hampshire County Council David Hopkins Archives Staff at the East Sussex Record Office at Lewes West Sussex Record Office at Chichester Private researcher Diane Chatwin Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide INTRODUCTION TO THE SUSSEX HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION HOW TO USE THE REPORTS The Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation comprises a GIS data set together with a set of supporting reports and technical guides Each report essentially can stand alone but it is recommended that anyone wishing to use HLC in depth should read them all in sequence The reports in order of sequence are as follows Volume l Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation User Guide Volume Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Interpretation Volume Ill Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Atlas of Maps Volume IV Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Gazetteer of Typology Volume V Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Appendices The core of the HLC is the Interpretation Atlas of Maps and Gazetteer of Typology These describe and explain the results of the characterisation process for Sussex For those wishing to u
40. bable possible speculative 21 Sources gt 1 OS Mastermap Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes OS 279 grd Epoch Yeakell other 22 Notes Free text field Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 23 Previous HLC Broad Type Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes character Interpretation of character type Date Confidence 24 Previous HLC Broad Type Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes character Interpretation of character type Date Confidence 25 Previous HLC Broad Type Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Character Interpretation of character type Date Confidence 46 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide TABLE 2 continued Attributes Options 5 5 S 3 9259 5 3 8 5 S oo o A S E o 3 3 2 lt E 2 amp 3 2 5 8 o o D 25 Repeated HLC Broad Type Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes however many Interpretation of number of times that character type a landscape change Date has occurred in the Confidence key sources 47 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Table 3 List
41. cter Features gt extraction pits s Main Period Late 20th century AD 1845 Present Notes edge of Ashdown Forest around Fairwarp hlc prev Source ChangePeriod Confidence oS Epochs 4 _ gt 20th century AD 1914 AD 1945 Broad hic Sub hic Interpretation H OS Epochs 3 Early Modern AD 1800 AD 1913 Certain Broad hic Sub hic Interpretation L Record 14 Clear This Form Record 14 4 1 gt of 1 Filtered Figure 31 Enlarged version of the Access database window illustrating under the hlc prev two previous layers 3 5 Viewing HLC Types Sub types and Interpretation of Character The most simple and often used themed views of the HLC data are the HLC broad types sub types and interpretation of character fields All the previous screen clips show the HLC by its broad types of Fieldscapes Woodland etc However by changing the legend it is possible to view by sub types etc and to create new legends with different colours The Sussex Atlas of maps for the whole of the county does show examples of these for each of the HLC Broad types The iconic map for the Sussex HLC is built up from a mixture of layers of broad types sub types and interpretation of character keys according to which appeared most useful in portraying the historic character of Sussex at the county scale See Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Ill
42. cterisation Volume User Guide Manuals for help For an example of selection and querying of the present HLC data such as by parishes see Section 4 4 in Volume Il Interpretation and Maps 54 102 in the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol III Atlas of Maps 3 9 Conclusions This User Guide has presented a few approaches of what can be achieved by extracting and presenting data from the Sussex HLC However there are numerous other ways that HLC can be used to inform a range of planning assessments and strategies It provides the broad contextual basis for the historic environment at a wide range of levels from the former Regional Spatial Strategies to Local Development Frameworks HLC can contribute to and work alongside Landscape Character Assessments and Landscape Strategies providing the time depth and historic context for the present landscape It can also contribute to understanding and identifying areas of special landscape value which act as buffers to the AONBs In this context HLC has shown that the Low Weald instead of retaining few historic landscapes is actually a landscape which retains large tracts of its early medieval origins in the form of settlement field patterns and woods linked by routeways with their origins in much earlier times English Heritage drew on the Sussex HLC when preparing their evidence based case for the review of the proposed South Downs National Park boundaries in 2007 it was used as the bac
43. d in the light of new research 5 For most applications the HLC should be used in conjunction with other data sets and maps in order to build up a history of the Sussex landscape or the particular area under investigation 6 The Sussex HLC should not be regarded just as one or two maps but instead as an infinite variety of different layers interpretations dependent on how it is queried or questioned 7 There are some small white areas in the full HLC map which are generally linear areas such as roads and railways from the OS Mastermap which were not captured as part of the HLC Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 1 1 Who are the users of HLC The Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation is one of a number of heritage tools which combine to form the Historic Environment Record All those who used the former Sites and Monuments Record which now is a key element of the HER will also be able to use the Sussex HLC When a request for information from the HER is made to the county council for any particular area a map of the HLC is also supplied usually at the sub type typology level Thus users can be local government officers such as planners ecologists and landscape designers as well as local councillors In the private sector environmental consultants professional archaeologists and historians ecologists etc can also make use of the HLC to set sites or areas they are working in with
44. ditional historic landscape survey the Sussex HLC together with results from a LiDAR survey will provide information on the effectiveness of the approaches The time depth element of HLC identifies areas which had formerly been heathland but recently enclosed to fields and woodland HLC can also be used at an ecologically strategic level to guide the resourcing of agri environment work for example identifying fieldscape types that would most benefit from field boundary work in areas where they have been eroded by intensive modern land management This approach to targeting can be developed for identifying areas for arable reversion for example on the South Downs and in areas of former heaths and commons in the Greensand Hills in West Sussex HLC provides information on the nature and chararacter of woodland across Sussex and can be used to model where woodland restoration and new planting could take place Management guidelines that ensure that historic legibility of key patterns in the woodland open land relationship is maintained could be drawn up At present the main use of HLC in Environmental Stewardship is providing the back drop to the HER but it could be used in a more in depth way combined with rapid site visit and archive research to enhance the FEP with regard to heritage features in the landscape A process of enhancement of the heritage element of FEPs has been piloted in Kent whereby the HLC is used as the starting point for identif
45. duce themed layers which showed the distribution of these sub types 1 Howorth R 2006 The State of the West Weald s Natural Environment West Weald Landscape Partnership and Sussex Wildlife Trust Bannister N R 2006 West Weald Landscape Project Sussex and Surrey Historic Landscape Project Analysis Unpublished Report for Sussex Wildlife Trust Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide The West Weald historic landscape is dominated by pre 1800 sub types such as commons and heaths and interpretation of character types including Plantations in Ancient Woods PAWS and wooded over commons Figure 1 This means that this Wealden landscape has undergone much less land use change over the centuries than for example with the South Downs or the Coastal Plains of Sussex There is greater continuity of land use processes leading to greater stability within ecological habitats enabling a much greater species diversity to flourish including species requiring very specialist niche habitat requirements From the HLC layer of pre 1800 sub types an indication of the interconnectivity of landscapes with their origins in the medieval period can be extracted Figure 3 This theme thus gives an indication of the continuity of the historic landscape and the degree of island effect between different habitats Habitat corridors are important for species such as Bats which use inter connecting wooded hedges open commons
46. e Characterisation Volume User Guide Framework SERF Historic Landscapes Theme Paper and is recommended as a starting point for initiating research and feeding into the other SERF Themes 4 References Bannister N R 2006 West Weald Landscape Project Sussex and Surrey Historic Landscape Project Analysis Unpublished Report for Sussex Wildlife Trust Bannister N R 2008a Wood Pasture and Pasture Parkland Analysis Extracts from the Sussex HLC Unpublished Report for Sussex Biodiversity Records Centre Bannister N R 2008b Historic Environment Assessments of Paddlesworth Farm Ringshill Farm and Birling Place Estate Medway Valley For Kent Wildlife Trust on behalf of Valley of Visions Landscape Partnership and Kent County Council Bannister N R 2009a Parkscapes in the High Weald Extracts from the Kent and Sussex HLC High Weald AONB See High Weald AONB web site Bannister N R 2009b Historic Environment Assessments of Kent County Council Country Parks For Heritage Section Kent County Council Bannister N R 2010a South East Provisional Inventory of Wood Pasture and Historic Parkland Stage 1 Extracting data from county HLCs Unpublished Report for Natural England The Provisional Inventory of the South East Wood Pasture and Historic Parkland Inventory is an on going project from January 2010 Contact the SE Woodlands Officer Lewes Office of Natural England Bannister N R 2010b Sussex River Valley
47. eld Period EZ WMsussex shp Brighton amp hove shp Prehistoric 500 000 Prehistoric 500 000 E Reotifyfrant_easth oathly tit omen 43 AD dl Roman 43 AD 4 Medieval AD 4 Early Medieval AD 4 Medieval AD 1065 1 Medieval AD 1055 1 Early Post Medieval Earl Post Medieval Kent Surrey_county_region s Magaonb shp Late Post Medieval 4 Late Post Medieval Early Modem AD 186 Early Modem AD 18 Early 20th century AE Early 20th century A Late 20th centu AL Late 20th centur AL F hlo sx ass arts shp Aggregate Assart Cohesive Ass art Not applicable Not applicable Fhic sx fields capes shp 1 1 Ass arts H 4 Formal Enclosure planne Informal Fieldscapes x al Y Fhic sussex shp Prehistoric 500 000 BC Roman AD 43 AD 409 Early Medieval AD 410 Statistics Undo Medieval AD 1066 1499 Early Post Medieval AD 1500 1599 Unknown Unknown Color Schemes Bountiful Harvest D Late Post Medieval AD 1600 AD 1799 Early Modern AD 1800 AD 1913 Early 20th century AD 1914 AD 1945 Late 20th century AD 1845 Present I Not applicable Unknown _ Fhle sx aliwoodland shp Ancient Seminatural Replanted Ancient Semb Natural 2 ArcView GIS 3 3 asa 3 s i user Guide doc micr QL HLC West Sussex
48. es Coastal wetlands Fresh Water Marsh Salt marsh Saltens Esussex shp PEVENSEY LEVELS 8 Miles Figure 7 Brede River Valley showing the HLC sub types Extract from SxWT Report In the map above Figure 7 of the Brede river valley the extent of the River Brede Floodplain and its alluvial areas is shown It also shows the areas of the flood plain which extend out to the coast by Rye Harbour and Winchelsea Bannister N R 2010b Sussex River Valleys Brede River Valley HLC Analysis Unpublished Report for the Sussex Wildlife Trust Bannister N R 2010c Sussex River Valleys Arun and Western Rother River Valleys HLC Analysis Unpublished Report for the Sussex Wildlife Trust 12 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 8 dusxessns3 SUIBYES ysuew yes BEN usen yes BN A usos 44 SPue jam jeyseog sedeospjerj jew s0juy Syeaudspauue jd sunsojoug jeu 104 dus sad ayer ysiew yes D sunso ous jesw asaid 5 5 uoyewe jewe ua pon snsojoua jna sBuluul syoog dys ss dususued xessns3 A3NINOS a S I3 A31 A3SN3A 3d The combined map showing ditched fields by their sub type categories for the Brede Figure 8 river valley together with other wetl
49. feed into strategic planning and also be used to assess particular development proposals HLC can also be used at the landscape scale to predict the archaeological potential of both above and below ground together with survival of features This can aid both at strategic and development control levels which can then assist in the better design of the appraisal process and subsequent mitigation works The strengths of HLC have been demonstrated when using it as part of drawing up guidance on landscape management as part of Environmental Stewardship in particular High Level Entries The HLC provides the historic landscape context for the Farm Environment Plan However if those using the data set are not converse with or do not fully appreciate the implications of historic events processes and features subtleties in the historic character can be missed For example recognizing former open field and furlong boundaries in planned field systems where they are now either hedges or just grassy balks A historic landscape survey of Ashdown Forest has been undertaken as part of a Higher Level Stewardship application by the Ashdown Conservators to the Countryside Stewardship Scheme HER data and traditional map regression use of aerial photographs etc were used to identify and map historic features in selected areas of the Forest A comparison between the results 40 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide of the tra
50. gical potential preserved in the alluvial silts The Sussex Wildlife Trust are now working on the next stage in this project to produce another GIS layer showing details taken from the Tithe Maps such as land use and field names which indicate wetland habitats and land use such as brook salts Alder Shaw marsh etc In addition the HLC for the remaining river valleys in Sussex will also be analysed in a similar way The Brede Valley showing the broad wide floodplain High Weald AONB 14 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume 1 User Guide dus xessns3 dys ysued xessns3 ysiew 125 B ues SS usieyy IS Jae M 95914 5 ejseo SS dus spuepeM z aard Ag ysiew 105 SS soy 9 5 du s spuepeM aard Ag seunp 9 5 ysiew yes E ysiew 105 SS spjpny yes ysiew seuoeag 9 5331 dys spuepam Ag seunp 8 ysiew yes E 105 sieppny yes ysiey sayoeeg 9 5 31 dys spueyam o1d g seunp ysiew yes 8 Hes syepypny yes ysiew sayoeag SIHI dys spuepam gaard Ag seunp 9 jfuys 8 ysieur yes 8 105 sieppny E yes ysiew seqoeeg SUID dys spuepam J Avid Ag 8 HSMvIA ASNINOY A S I3A31A3SN3A3d The Brede Valley showing those areas where the past land use is known Extract Figure 9 Bannister 20106
51. haracterisation Volume User Guide BEE eJ zx e 09 Esuss ex_districts Esussex shp Wsussex districts shp Wisussex parish shp All parishes in kent and medway region shp Esx aerial photo dbf Wsx air photos dbf Wsx epocht dbf Wsx epoch2 dbf Wsx epoch3 dbf Wisx_epoch4 dbt Esx_epoch1 dbf Esx epoch2 dbf Esx epoch3 dbf Esx_epoch4 dbt Os60000 dbt Os 10000 dbf Wsussexshp Brighton amp hove shp Rectifyfrant_easthoathly tit _ KEE DUES gom WE Figure 24 The highlighted polygon inserted into the HLC layer The blue diamond command button then switched the ArcView Programme to the Access data base with the unique identifier number automatically entering the menu field See Figure 24 below File Edit view Insert Tools Window Help EL RE BB a 7 IEEE New Object AutoForm ag Queries E Forms Broad Character MEMET BdyChng General sub Category Ancient Semi natural BdyList dB hlc hlc prev hictemp Backup data Enter Details IntBFeat Boundary BroadChar Char2 CharFeat CharList ExtBChar FeatList Record 14 4 1 b of 1 Filtered EJ EJ EJ Ed EJ EJ EE EE EH EJ E EJ EJ EJ EJ Hl Form View AR mTeULe ais 3 3 HLC West
52. he fewer HLC attributes used to describe them Figure 26 above For the full details and descriptions of the data base contents and attributes see Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol V Appendix II For a summary of the list of historic attributes see Table 2 at the end of this report The HLC data can be viewed in several ways in the ArcView project either as a map with the keys or as an individual table for each HLC polygon The latter comes into view when a polygon is highlighted by the Select feature button and the Identify button is clicked A table of data for the whole HLC is viewed by clicking on the Open Theme Table button This enables the data to be viewed on a field by field basis in different orders of sequence The following sequence of Figures 27 29 illustrates the different ways of viewing the Attribute data 82 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 191604891 20795 987 ila ate Os 298 299 aeos xassnc 353M a uo esn a BE bie SEW EDA A B E E SID 7 duys pugjpoome xs oju4 pueipoo nn BENI 133E NN pasojouaunsparoidwiuy 5 NEN uonesi0sg puejysie p Aep nsnpu BENI sinynogioH 3 8 ssdeospuepeubiseq 121207 NI 5 0 4 J
53. he report Shp lost from old laptop check back ups at Chichester Included part of Surrey HLC Included part of the Kent HLC 2 _ 48 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide GLOSSARY Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation User Terminology Access The data program which stores the HLC attribute data in the GIS programme Attributes The key features which define any given HLC polygon and listed in the data table Access which sits behind any given polygon Sometimes referred to as historic attributes Coarse grained fine grained refers to the detail of data capture as reflected in the density of HLC polygons Data Table The means of storing in GIS the attributes for any given HLC polygon HLC Historic Landscape Characterisation HLC Type the different levels of characterisation Broad Type Lowest or most simplified level of Sussex HLC characterisation e g Fieldscape Sub type Middle level of Sussex HLC characterisation e g Formal Enclosure Interpretation of character Highest or most detailed level of the Sussex HLC characterisation e g Planned enclosure HLC prev The previous historic landscape character of an HLC polygon where known holes These are gaps in the HLC coverage HLC only captures areas Linear features such as railways roads rivers paths are not digitised except where there they are associated with other features
54. hy the pattern and layout of field and the historical development of the local agrarian economy For example in the South East large multi courtyard type farmsteads are typical of the South Downs they are relatively late and are a feature of estate or high farming systems introduced in the 19 century by the larger more wealthy landowners In contrast small dispersed farmsteads with their buildings strung along a former droveway Driftway Farms are frequently found in the Low and High Weald and probably have their origins in the Medieval period or possibly earlier To date this project has looked at farmsteads in the High Weald AONB and is now being extended to the Kent Downs AONB followed by the rest of Kent The Sussex HLC can inform and provide the historic landscape context for the farmsteads characterisation 12 Lake J amp Edwards B 2006 Farmsteads and landscape Towards an Integrated View Landscapes Vol 7 No 1 p1 36 Lake J 2009 Assessing Farmstead Character and Significance Preliminary National Guidance April 2009 English Heritage 1 English Heritage 2006 Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Character Statement South East Region English Heritage amp Countryside Agency http www english heritage org uk professional research landscapes and areas characterisation farmsteads 19 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 1 461504 d o Q o x v
55. in their historic landscape context Researchers in a range of multi disciplines would also be able to use the HLC in combination with other data sets such as geographers historians as well as landscape archaeologists Members of the public would also be able to make use of the HLC as part of an HER request for example as part of village and parish projects Students at all levels can also use HLC as part of their research or as an educational tool in understanding how our landscape has developed and evolved 2 WHAT CAN HLC BE USED FOR AND WAYS OF LOOKING AT IT The complexity of the data and its storage on GIS means that there is a multitude of ways of looking at and using the Sussex HLC The key element is to ask the right questions of the data and to have a reasonable knowledge and understanding of GIS For very simply enquiries the relevant HER officer will be able to help in its interpretation However any maps should be read in conjunction with the various volumes of the Sussex HLC Report This User Guide presents a range of examples where the HLC has been used to answer some questions about either specific areas of the Sussex landscape or specific themes It then describes a few of the technical methods for looking at the data in ArcView 3 2 a 2 1 Timedepth in the Present Landscape The Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation looks at the present landscape and describes it using specific historic attributes based on the historic
56. k drop for further research into evidence for the links between the South Downs and the Western Low Weald As already stated Historic Landscape Characterisation is a landscape scale data set which has a county coverage and as such should be used at the landscape level However it can provide the historic landscape context for specific and larger scale development at the initial assessment stage HLC can provide the historic dimension to Environmental Impact Assessments by identifying the main historic processes which have shaped the landscape in question and guide future work on the heritage assessment As it is a landscape wide data set HLC can guide and mitigate minerals and waste disposal proposals It can also be used to inform Conservation Area Appraisals which could be expanded to provide the historic settlement context in particular to the survival of historic field patterns such as burgage plots However the Sussex Extensive Urban Survey has looked at much of this in depth for the towns of Sussex HLC can also provide the visual context for why historic settlements occur where they do and how they have shaped the surrounding landscape It can also contribute to Parish Plans and Village Design Statements However those using HLC should take guidance on how to interpret what is presented and also how to ask the most appropriate questions of the data set HLC can also be used in sensitivity and capacity modelling the results of which can
57. l character Thus there is increasing pressure to locate the counties housing needs in this area to the detriment of its historic landscape character The HLC has shown that the Low Weald whilst not meeting the criteria for outstanding landscapes as those of an ANOB or NP is still a unique historic landscape with field systems routeways and settlements dating from the early medieval period preserved in the present landscape for example in the western Low Weald See Section 2 1 amp 2 3 above where medieval commons and greens are intimately preserved between medieval deer parks and scattered settlements and with some areas of intact medieval manorial and recreational landscapes for example the complex of deer parks which lie fossilized within the landscape around Ringmer near Lewes The Low Weald is also historically linked with both the South Downs and the High Weald in particular dating from the Anglo Saxon period through integrated use of different landscape resources it is an area over which people travelled as well as settled Future Development should include efforts to ensure that new development is carefully located and designed to minimize negative impact on historic character of the Low Weald The first step to achieving this is through understanding Landscape Character The Mid Sussex District Landscape Character Assessment has taken on board the Historic Landscape Characterisation 15 Mid Sussex District Council 2005 A Landsca
58. l Deer Park e HLC Sub types f Boundary of Lurgashall Park HLC Prev 8 Lesley amp Short 1999 An historical Atlas of Sussex 39 10 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide KEY to Figure 6e hic sx fieldscapes shp I Assarts Formal Enclosure planned private informal Fieldscapes hic sx allwoodland shp Ancient Semi natural Replanted Ancient Semi H atural Plantations Regenerated other Woodland hic sx settlement shp EN Historic Core Historic dispersed Expansion other Expansion suburbs Non historic isolated hic sx unenclosed shp Common Downland Green Heath Marsh Fresh Wooded over common _ Wsussex_parish shp hic sx designed shp Arboretum Cemetery Large landscaped garden Medieval D eer P ark Post medieval designed park Post medieval gentrification Urban park hic sx assarts shp Aggregate Assart Cohesive Assart The HLC Broad type is the least detailed level of characterisation typology By looking at the sub types and interpretation of character typology descriptions it is possible to fine tune maps in order to clarify and define areas of interest See Sussex Historic Landscape Chaarcterisation Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology for full details It is interesting to note that the field pattern within Lurgashall Park is characteristic of assarts
59. lated assarts typically medieval may have been created in the post medieval period such as on the Western South Downs However this form of assarting or modern woodland clearance is the exception rather than the rule Interpretation of Character adds another level of more detailed characterisation See the Sussex HLC Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology Interpretation of Character and Sub types in Sussex equate to 18 Oxford Archaeology Unit amp Scott Wilson Resource Consultants 1999 Hampshire Historic Landscape Assessment Hampshire County Council and English Heritage 2volumes 19 Croft A Munby J amp Ridley M 2001 Kent Historic Landscape Characterisation Kent County Council and English Heritage 3 volumes 20 Bannister amp Wills P M 2001 Surrey Historic Landscape Characterisation Surrey County Council English Heritage and Countryside Commission 2 volumes 21 Edwards R 2007 The Cheshire Historic Landscape Characterisation Cheshire County Council and English Heritage 4 Volumes 22 Buckinghamshire County Council 2006 Buckinghamshire and Milton Keynes Historic Landscape Characterisation Introduction and 10 Appendices 25 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide the sub type category of Kent and Surrey HLCs It is also possible to analyse the Sussex HLC data by key HLC attributes such as the type and form of boundaries to arrive at HLC sub types in particular for fieldscapes
60. n going project developed by English Heritage in conjunction with Hampshire County Council and the High Weald AONB which has looked at the characterisation of farmsteads across the western Weald in order to provide strategic guidance on future change and development A trend particularly prevalent in the South East with the decline in the number of working farms and the demand from urban people for a place in the country is the conversion of working farms to residential dwellings often to the detriment of the local character of the farmstead and the preservation of its historic buildings However where conversion has been undertaken sympathetically the re use of the historic buildings has ensured the preservation historic farmstead structures and character that in other places have been swept away by agricultural modernization The overall aim of the Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Characterisation Project is to produce a web based Preliminary Regional Character Statement for each of the eight government regions outside London in order to support the national policy statement Living buildings in a living landscape finding a future for traditional farm buildings The Regional Character Statement for Farmsteads in the South East has been published on English Heritage s Characterisation web The Project is finding that there are different forms or layout of farmsteads which appear to have a strong correlation with the local topograp
61. nt Historic Core 7 77 Small Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Regular Small Wisx air photos dbf Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Semi regular mixed Small Polygon Horticulture Nursery s with Greenhouse s Regular Polygon Woodland Regenerated Irregular Wax Settlement Expansion other Regular Polygon jFieldscapes Informal Fieldscapes Semi regular mixed Wsx_epoch3 dbf Polygon Fieldscapes Formal Enclosure planned priv Regular Polygon Settlement Expansion other Regular bie Fieldsranes Formal Fnelosure fnlanned nris Renular Kent epoch 4 catalo g dbf Esussex shp Wisussex_districts shp Esx_aerial_photo dbf Wsx epochi dbf Wsx_epoch4 dbf Esx_epoch1 dbf Esx_epoch2 dbf Esx_epoch3 dbf Esx_epoch4 dbt B ArcView GIS 3 3 W User HLC West Sussex Figure 29 How the HLC data appears in the table of Attributes in ArcView The highlighted line is the polygon just captured It is also possible to view the HLC attribute data within the ArcView Project by highlighting the Table button Figure 29 above 34 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 3 4 Historic Landscape Characterisation of past land use in the landscape Historic Landscape Characterisation describes how the present day landscape appears based on key historic attributes and for many early
62. oved Unenclos ed Water Woodland Ehlc sx alluandland shn W User Guide doc Micr HLC West Sussex Figure 28 How the data appears for each polygon when the identify button is highlighted gt ArcView GIS 3 3 File Edit Table Field Window Help Se BOS Gu ARE c EXC 80077 w 48437 Marestield shp 2 Attributes of Fhic sussex shp E_sussex_iftshp 26k tq dbf Polygon 16 Settlement i Regular Settlement Expansion suburbs emi regular mixed Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Regular al Esussex parish shp Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Irregular Medium Polygon Settlement Expansion other Irregular Small EEEREN enn Polygon 21 Settlement Historic Core Semitegular mixed Small Polygon Fieldscapes Formal Enclosure planned priy Regular x Medium Polygon Fieldscapes i informal Fieldscapes Regular __ Mixed Polygon Fieldscapes Formal Enclosure planned pris Regular Medium Polygon Settlement Historic Core Irregular Small Polygon Settlement Historic dispersed Semiregular mixed Small Polygon Fieldscapes Formal Enclosure planned pris Regular Small Wis ussex_parish shp Polygon _ u Medium Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Regular Small All parishes in kent and medway_region shp Settlement Historic Core Irregular Small Polygon Settlement Expansion suburbs Regular Small Polygon 4 Settleme
63. pe Character Assessment for Mid Sussex Mid Sussex District Council amp West Sussex County Council 23 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide A detailed analysis of the Sussex HLC was undertaken for Mid Sussex and this provided the background for the section on the historic landscape Crawley Eastern Low Weald twit ni Starp Footstop Figure 18a Mid Sussex HLC Figure 18b Mid Sussex LCAs 210 Conclusions As these examples of analyses which have already been undertaken for specific projects have shown the variety of themes maps and interpretations that can be extracted from the Sussex HLC is very great The degree and depth of complexity of the Sussex HLC is more than can be demonstrated in this User Guide and there is considerable potential for future analyses for example looking at Sensitivity Analysis impact of future land use change synthesis and analysis of HLC attribute data are just a few Copies and back ups of the analyses presented here are held on the respective county HERs for East and West Sussex Those undertaken for the Sussex Wildlife Trust and for the High Weald AONB are held by the respective organisations For a list of the analyses undertaken during the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation See Table 3 at the end of this report 16 Mid Sussex District Council 2005 A Landscape Character Assessment for Mid Sussex Mid Sussex District
64. periods of land use change as identified by key map sources Figure 30 below File Edit View Theme Graphics Window Help Eo ele AH BASRA CZs EE ESE x Z Ts S T _ Os50000 dbf _ Os10000 dbf user HLC West Sussex DE 11 20 Figure 30 A highlighted polygon with several periods of landscape change as identified from the key sources Figure 31 is an extract from the Access data base window showing the polygon with its previous land use and thus historic characterisation HLC prev layers at the bottom The previous HLC layers record previous Broad Type Sub type and Interpretation of Character together with period of change sources used and degree of confidence of the interpretation There can be potentially up to seven previous layers depending on the number of periods of land use change and the evidence base So 35 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide for this area of wooded common two layers are entered showing when the heath gradually became covered in trees These layers are queried in Access or in ArcView using a Select Query link SQL command See Technical Manuals for details Future historic landscape research landscape survey documentary and archaeological can be used to build on the detail in these layers Dom External Sinuous Chara
65. pproximate time in which the character of any given polygon originated whether that is of the present day such as motorway junctions or prehistory such as hillforts See Map 28 in Vol 11 Atlas of Maps 38 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide It is then possible to query each period create a new theme by period and then analyse by other attributes such as sub types and interpretation of character This enables a more detailed presentation and understanding of the key processes shaping the present day historic character and from which period Maps 29 36 in Vol Atlas of Maps The maps in the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Ill Atlas of Maps have been produced following the methods described above to produce an initial analysis of the Sussex HLC data As noted there are innumerable ways of looking at the HLC data However it is important to be clear about the questions being asked of it and what HLC attributes to use It is also important to be systematic in the approach to querying the data labeling and dating each new theme in the properties menu in the ArcView project window Edit View Theme Graphics Window Help 18 Y A ME a e E 8 SRC ES ERIS Seale 11581 Theme Fhic sussex shp xi Load Legend Type Unique Value 2 Save _ Os50000 dbf Default Values Fi
66. rare UK Habitat Action Plan HAP targeted habitat of wood pasture By querying the Sussex HLC for all those polygons which comprised the Designed Landscape Broad Type and producing a separate themed layer it was possible to map the extent of historic parkland present in the landscape across Sussex Natural England is taking this approach further with the creation of a South East Region Provisional Inventory of Wood Pasture and Historic Parkland The starting point for the Inventory has been each of the South Eastern countys HLC data Those HLC types sub types etc which fit or include elements of the UK HAP definition of wood pasture and historic parkland have been extracted from each HLC and allocated a score or value of potential for containing surviving elements of wood pasture of 1 3 with 3 being of the greatest potential The individual layers were merged or unionised to create one layer which will then form the basis for the next stage of checking against historic map sources historic and ecological data before being used to target management resources to those wood pasture sites not currently in HLS or other schemes An example of a more complex type of analysis was undertaken to establish the extent of historic parkland in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty In this example the HLC for the High Weald AONB in Sussex and Kent was extracted by cookie cutting using the intersection of the High Weald AONB boundary polygon
67. ricenvironment htm 22 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Figure 17 Extract from the LIDAR with HLC for Coker Down near Frant in East Sussex Sussex HLC Project 19519 Y Extract from the LIDAR Extract from the Kent and Sussex HLCs KEY to the HLC County Boundary between Kent amp East Sussex 1 1 3 Prairie Fields Kent 1 10 Medium regular fields straight boundaries Pond hammer Aggregate Assarts Cohesive Assarts Historic dispersed large farms Expansion other small farm Ancient Semi natural Woodland PAWS Plantations Other Woodland regenerated Informal Enclosure Other woodland shaw 2 9 Landscape Assessments amp Landscape Designations A large proportion of Sussex is covered by national designations for the conservation of landscapes e g the High Weald and Chichester Harbour AONB and the recently created South Downs National Park These high level landscape designations have a knock on effect over the rest of Sussex especially in the Low Weald which is sandwiched between the High Weald AONB and South Downs National Park The planning restrictions operating within the designated areas place increasing pressure on the Low Weald landscape as this is an area where proposed development is preferred This development is often constructed to national standards in design with little regard for loca
68. risation Vol Appendix Attributes Options 7 5 g E S g 9 8 285 8 F 33 g o 2 338 3 g 5 5 3 3 ES 5 3 5 9258 3 5 1 UID Sequential Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes number 2 HLC Broad Type as column Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes headings 3 HLC Sub see text category Morphology Regular Semi Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 General Pattern regular 1 Irregular Sinuous no pattern 5 Parcel Size Small medium Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes 1 large very large mixed 6 Boundary Type Hedge Wooded Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes gt 1 hedge fence ditch balk 7 Dominant Straight Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes External Boundary sinuous curved 1 S curve erratic 9 Secondary Ditto Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No No External Boundary 1 10 Dominant Ditto Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No Internal Boundary 1 11 Secondary Ditto Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No Internal Boundary 1 44 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide TABLE 2 continued Attributes Options E 5 p 4 5 F z 50 7 gt 8 s 8 amp 5 3 8 5 E o 3 3 a lt 8 8
69. roduced from data supplied by East and West Sussex County Councils Copyright All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of West Sussex County Council East Sussex County Council amp English Heritage 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide CONTENTS Acknowledgements How to use the Reports INTRODUCTION Who are the Users of HLC WHAT CAN HLC BE USED FOR AND WAYS OF LOOKING AT HLC Timedepth in Present Landscape Extent of specific Landscapes in Sussex Lost Features in the Landscape Characterisation of Specific Topography An example of time depth from past land use change Sussex HLC and Sussex Extensive Urban Survey Sussex HLC and Farmstead Characterisation Sussex HLC and Landscape Projects Landscape Assessments and Landscape Designations Conclusions TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF HLC What is Sussex HLC Sussex HLC and OS Master Map Capturing and present the data HLC of past land use in the landscape Viewing the HLC types sub types and interpretation of character Viewing the HLC by themes based on its main Broad types and Sub types Viewing que
70. rying by other HLC attributes Viewing the HLC by selected areas CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Table 2 Summary of Attributes Table 3 Summary of Analyses GLOSSARY 01 02 07 10 12 16 17 19 22 23 24 25 28 29 35 36 38 39 40 42 44 47 49 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Author would like to thank Bob Connell Senior Planner at West Sussex County Council who was instrumental in getting the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation up and running and for his continued support since his retirement in 2007 The author would also like to thank Graham Fairclough and Peter Herring at English Heritage for their continued support throughout the project Many people advised and helped with the characterisation and are listed below West Sussex County Council Ed Dickinson Bob Connell Mark Taylor Rachel Salter Dan Baker Mike Hicks John Mills Aleks Polanski Peter Ross East Sussex County Council Casper Johnson Greg Chuter Andrew Woodcock English Heritage Graham Fairclough Peter Herring Jeremy Lake Brighton and Hove Unitary Authority Geoff Bennett High Weald AONB Sally Marsh Ruth Childs Sussex Extensive Urban Survey Roland Harris Natural England Patrick McKernan Other former HLC Project Officers Vicky Basford Isle of Wight Melissa Conway West Berkshire Rob Edwards Cheshire D
71. s Brede River Valley HLC Analysis Unpublished Report for the Sussex Wildlife Trust Bannister N R 2010c Sussex River Valleys Arun and Western Rother River Valleys HLC Analysis Unpublished Report for the Sussex Wildlife Trust Bannister N R amp Wills P M 2001 Surrey Historic Landscape Characterisation Surrey County Council English Heritage and Countryside Commission 2 volumes Buckinghamshire County Council 2006 Buckinghamshire and Milton Keynes Historic Landscape Characterisation Introduction and 10 Appendices Buckinghamshire County Council and English Heritage Croft A Munby J amp Ridley M 2001 Kent Historic Landscape Characterisation Kent County Council and English Heritage 3 volumes Edwards R 2007 The Cheshire Historic Landscape Characterisation Cheshire County Council and English Heritage 4 Volumes English Heritage 2006 Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Character Statement South East Region English Heritage amp Countryside Agency Edwards R 2007 The Cheshire Historic Landscape Characterisation Cheshire County Council and English Heritage 4 vols Harris R B 2004 2010 Sussex Extensive Urban Survey Reports for 41 Towns in Sussex English Heritage East and West Sussex County Councils Harris R B 2008 Rotherfield Historic Character Assessment Report Sussex Extensive Urban Survey 25 http www kent gov uk leisure_and_culture heritage south east research framework aspx 42
72. s and other landscape scale approaches to show how dynamic landscape is how it has changed and those processes of change There is a need to inform planning process of the historic perspective of landscape its context and how it has evolved through what processes The Sussex HLC is a powerful tool for providing the starting point for research into the historic landscape of the historic county The initial analyses have shown patterns and trends in the sub types and attributes Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol II Interpretation which providing the right questions are asked in the full understanding of the HLC data new lines of enquiry using more detailed field observation and archive research can be followed It can also be used at all levels of research from that of the interested local historian researching their local patch to academics pushing at the frontiers of understanding the historic environment Historic Landscape Characterisation was one of the research tools discussed in the South East Archaeology Research 24 Bannister 20086 Historic Environment Assessments of Paddlesworth Farm Ringshill Farm and Birling Place Estate in Medway Valley For Kent Wildlife Trust on behalf of Valley of Visions Landscape Partnership and Kent County Council Bannister N R 2009b Historic Environment Assessments of Kent County Council Country Parks For Heritage Section Kent County Council 41 Sussex Historic Landscap
73. se HLC for their own researches or to support searches from the HER the User Guide is the key document to refer to The Appendices set the background for the method and for the characterisation process together with other supporting information on landscape characterisation in Sussex and the background to the archaeological resource How to use the reports If you want to know about the HLC for a particular area for example as part of an HER query then the Vol User Guide together with the Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology are the two documents to refer to If it is an understanding of historic characterisation across Sussex then it is the Vol Il Interpretation together with the Vol Ill Atlas of Maps amp Vol IV Gazetteer of Typology are those that cover the two counties If it is to undertake an analysis of the Sussex HLC as part of another project then the Vol User Guide together with the Vol V Appendices are probably the key documents to use For further information on the English Heritage Characterisation programme go to http Awww english heritage org uk professional research landscapes and areas characterisation historic landscape character The digital version the Sussex HLC reports together with Sussex HLC shp files are found in the cd s in the back of Vol The Appendices Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide USER GUIDE TO THE SUSSEX HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION 1 INT
74. sex HLC by sub type in the present landscape Map 13 Shows the Historic Environment Value Score HEV for the EUS with area 5 the highest corresponding with the historic core area of the HLC Figure 12 HLC does not put values on its typology 1 Harris B 2004 2010 Sussex Extensive Urban Survey Reports for 41 Towns in Sussex English Heritage East and West Sussex County Councils Ibid p24 25 lt 17 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide Figure 12 Rotherfield HLC by sub type Sussex HLC Project 1 6201 KEY Informal Fields ERN Historic Core Market Town Formal Enclosure Expansion Other ribbon development Recreation Expansion Other planned estate Woodland Expansion other infill Water Non historic dispersed small farm BEN Designed cemetery Figure 13 Rotherfield EUS showing Historic Urban Character Types HUCAs based on EUS Historic Character Types See Harris R B 2008 Rotherfield Historic Character Assessment Report Sussex EUS T ET ROTHERFIELD MAP 13 Historic Environment Value HEV Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 2 7 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation amp Farmstead Characterisation The dispersed nature of settlement namely of individual farms and small hamlets across the Weald has been the subject of an o
75. sussex shp arcview cis 3 3 HLC West Sussex JLM 11 25 The two screen extracts show area of Ashdown Forest by HLC sub type with the lower image showing the Sub Type of the polygon highlighted yellow 87 Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Volume User Guide 3 6 Viewing the HLC by themes based on its main Broad type and Sub type Instead of showing the whole HLC at once for all types it is possible to produce themes based on the individual HLC Broad types and Sub types These form the basis of the main analyses in section 4 1 of the Volume II The Interpretation and the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Atlas of Maps Firstly the HLC is switched on in the ArcView project window and then using the Query Button the relevant HLC type is selected and a new set of data created as a copy from the original which can then be saved as a shp file and shown as a new theme in the project window By querying the legend the sub types and interpretation of character can be switched on Examples in the Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol Atlas of Maps include the breakdown of field types into Assart Informal and Planned Fields In turn these can be then queried in the same way and split to view by Interpretation of Character for each sub type where this has been recorded Maps 3 9 in Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol III Atlas of Maps 3 7 Vie
76. wing querying by other HLC attributes It is also to possible to query the data by the other attributes listed in the data set for example by the pattern of the enclosures the types and sub types Pattern in the ArcView Attribute Table and Map 8 in Vol 1 Atlas of Maps for example whether they are regular semi regular irregular or no pattern See Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol V Appendix for a full list of the attributes and their definitions amp File Edit View Theme Graphics Window Qa 5 Ens jue 8 1 BAIR suze GE v Tate r rerr Seale 11530 e A Theme fhiesusexsp _________ Load Legend Type UniqueVaue z Save _ Os10000 dbf _ Wsussex shp EE Values Field Paten 7 _ Os50000 dbf _ Brighton amp hove shp _ Reotifyfrant_easth oathly tit Irregular Irregular _ Kents T No pattern No pattern Regular Regular gl i Semitegular mixed Semitegular mixed j E Sinuous Sinuous 8 el Fl Color Schemes Bountiful Harvest J Statistics il User Guide doc HLC West Sussex Figure 33 A view of the Ashdown Enclosure showing those polygons with a pattern attribute attached A frequently used HLC attribute is the period of origin of each of the polygons for the present historic landscape This is the a
77. ying in more detail historic events and processes which can then aid in identifying heritage features surviving in the landscape A possible way of using HLC is to look at the historic character of the whole farm holding and assess the historic character in terms of rarity significance typicality etc together with any data from the HER This information could then form part of the Farm Environment Plan as part of Higher Level Stewardship HLC can also be used in the same way by the Forestry Commission FC as part of the identification of heritage assets as part of their England Woodland Grant Scheme How far FC use this information is currently not known but probably very little at present unless it forms part of the HER supplied to woodland owners HLC can provide the landscape context for specific woods and possibly also help to predict the type and range of heritage features likely to survive in any particular wood HLC may also be used to consider whether the proposed planting fits in with the grain of the historic landscape whether it obscures legibility of assart type woodland for example The HLC by providing the historic landscape context for any given area of wood can be used to improve design of the new planting including boundary treatments whether straight or sinuous depending on the historic character or balance of broadleaf and conifer A further key use for HLC is in strategic planning in association with Landscape Character Area

Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation: Volume I

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