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CCNP®: Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide

1. Frame Relay Cloud 2 FTP works from all other hosts on the same segment with Host A 10 Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Methodology There are three methods for establishing the boundary of dysfunctionality outside in trou bleshooting inside out troubleshooting and divide by half troubleshooting Each of these tech niques has its own advantages and disadvantages based on the situation The methods are explained in the following sections Outside In Troubleshooting Thefirst method outside in troubleshooting consists of starting the troubleshooting process at the opposite end of the connection In this case you would start at Campus B VLAN 3 and work back toward the user s system see Figure 1 6 The corresponding test would be for the user to try to FTP to another host on the same VLAN as Host Z indicated by the X 2 on the diagram If the result of that test is negative then you need to come back one step By coming back one step you would try to FTP to a host on a different VLAN indicated by the X 3 on the diagram If that test failed the only thing left to try would beto FTP to another host on the user s segment In the example assume that the user can FTP to other hosts that are directly con nected to the same Ethernet segment In general outside in trou
2. 35 36 37 38 39 Assessment Test xxxv Which ISDN protocol is used for Layer 2 connection setup A CHAP B PPP C q 921 D q 931 Which channel does PPP use when negotiating the connection A A channel B B channel C D channel D Both B and D channels Which of the following are characteristic of extended IP access lists Choose all that apply A Can be used to limit debug output B Can be used to filter Layer 2 frames C Can be applied to ports on a switch D Filter on the TCP or UDP port W hat does a result of P mean in the output of a ping command A Destination Unreachable Source Q uench Protocol Unreachable gow Network Unreachable E Unable to Fragment Which of the following command outputs would most likely indicate a problem at the Data Link layer A Serial 2 3 is up line protocol is down B Serial 2 3 is up line protocol is up C Serial 2 3 is down line protocol is down D Serial 2 3 is down line protocol is up Which of the following are guidelines for creating network documentation Choose all that apply A Determine the scope B Document everything C Put as much information as possible on network documents D Keep documents accessible xxxvi Assessment Test 40 41 42 43 44 45 W hat command is used for displaying information about Cisco routers that are connected to a switch A show connections B show vtp neighbor C show i
3. A Thenetstat command gives you thelP addresses and TCP port numbers of the current con nections to an end system for both Windows and UN IX based systems For further informa tion refer to Chapter 3 C Simple Network M anagement Protocol SN M P is used to collect statistical environmental data from network devices For additional information on SN M P refer to Chapter 4 xlii 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Answers to Assessment Test A C F G H Thenetwork configuration table holds fundamental information about the con figuration of the network Some of the standard items included in this table are device name flash statistics DRAM OS CATOS interface number MAC address speed duplex VLANs trunking IP address subnet subnet mask and routing protocol For details about the network configuration table refer to Chapter 2 A Interface resets are usually indicative of a physical issue in the network Therefore the bottom up approach is the most appropriate For details refer to Chapter 3 B Theifconfig acommand will show information regarding Unix interface configuration Refer to Chapter 3 for details B Both EIGRP and IGRP are proprietary routing protocols but EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol and not a distance vector routing protocol like IGRP Refer to Chapter 6 for more information A C Using both ping and traceroute in conjun
4. CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide Arthur Pfund Todd Lammle SYBEX CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide Arthur Pfund Todd Lammle y Associate Publisher N eil Edde Acquisitions Editor M aureen Adams Developmental Editor Heather O Connor Production Editor Liz Burke Technical Editor Scott M orris Copyeditor Carol Henry Compositor Craig Woods H appenstance T ype O R ama Graphic Illustrator J eff Wilson H appenstance T ype O R ama CD Coordinator Dan M ummert CD Technician Kevin Ly Proofreaders Laurie O Connell N ancy Riddiough Emily Hsuan Indexer Ted Laux Book Designer Bill Gibson Cover design Archer Design Cover photographer Andrew Ward Life File Copyright 2004 SY BEX Inc 1151 M arina Village Parkway Alameda CA 94501 World rights reserved N o part of this publication may bestored in a retrieval system transmitted or reproduced in any way including but not limited to photocopy photograph magnetic or other record without the prior agreement and written per mission of the publisher Library of Congress Card N umber 2003109124 ISBN 0 7821 4295 8 SY BEX and the SY BEX logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SY BEX Inc in the United States and or other countries Screen reproductions produced with FullShot 99 FullShot 99 1991 1999 Inbit Incorporate
5. 280 Chapter 9 Table of Contents Common ISDN Problems M isconfigured R outers Physical Layer Connections M isconfigured Phone Switches Troubleshooting Layer 2 Troubleshooting Layer 3 Switch Types ISDN Troubleshooting Commands ping clear interface brin show interface brin show interface brin 1 2 show controller bri show isdn status show dialer show ppp multilink Debugging ISDN debug bri debug isdn q921 debug dialer debug isdn q931 debug ppp negotiation debug ppp packet Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Troubleshooting Switched Ethernet Switches Bridges and H ubs Catalyst Troubleshooting Tools Catalyst Command Line Interfaces Hybrid M ode Catalyst CLI RMON Indicator Lights Controlling Recurring Paths with Spanning Tree Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Problems Virtual LANs Inter Switch Link ISL 802 10 Trunking VLAN Trunking Protocol VTP xv 281 281 286 289 289 292 293 294 295 295 296 297 298 298 300 300 301 301 302 304 304 305 308 309 310 310 312 313 317 319 320 322 322 322 346 346 346 347 349 349 352 352 xvi Table of Contents Chapter Glossary Index 10 Cabling Issues Cable Problems Crossover Cables Troubleshooting Switched Connections The Switched Port Analyzer TheM ultilayer Switch Feature Card and Catalyst R outing VLANs across Routers and Switches VLAN Design Issues a
6. copy protected or encrypted However in all cases reselling or redistributing these files without authoriza tion is expressly forbidden except as specifically pro vided for by the O wner s therein To my parents for helping me become the person I am today Acknowledgments First would like to thank my wife M ichele for her support during this effort would also like to thank the rest of my family for their moral support especially my parents and grandpar ents for their words of encouragement and motivation In addition thanks to the wonderful group of people at Sybex that helped meget through the process Especially thanks to Liz Burke and Heather O Conner for their assistance As always they were a great team to work with Contents at a Glance Introduction Assessment Test Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Methodology Chapter 2 Network Documentation Chapter 3 End System Documentation and Troubleshooting Chapter 4 Protocol Attributes Chapter 5 Cisco Diagnostic Commands and TCP IP Connectivity Troubleshooting Chapter 6 TCP IP Routing Protocol Troubleshooting Chapter 7 Troubleshooting Serial Line and Frame Relay Connectivity Chapter 8 Troubleshooting ISDN Chapter 9 Troubleshooting Switched Ethernet Chapter 10 Applying Cisco s Diagnostic Tools Glossary Index xvii XXIX 25 53 91 129 193 243 279 319 375 431 489 Table of Contents Introduction Assessment Test Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Methodology
7. Assessment Test 16 17 18 19 20 21 W hat Unix command shows the IP address and subnet mask of the interface A ipconfig B ifconfig C cat etc resolv conf D netstat Which of the following routing protocols is a distance vector protocol and a Cisco proprietary routing protocol A EIGRP B IGRP C RIP D BG Which commands should be used in conjunction for thorough problem isolation Choosetwo A ping B show ip interface C traceroute D arp What command s can be issued on a Windows XP system to provide interface IP information A show ip interface B ipconfig all C winipcfg D ipcfg Which protocols are used for dynamic IP address assignment Choose two A AutolP B AutoARP IP C BootP D DHCP Choose the troubleshooting tool that is used to test for reachability and connectivity A Traceroute B Debug C show interface D Ping 22 23 24 25 26 21 Assessment Test xxxii How many levels of ping and traceroute are there on Cisco routers A One B Two C Three D Four From the following list choose the troubleshooting tool that is used for testing the path from a source host to a destination host A Traceroute B Debug C show interface D Ping When is a default gateway used on the router A When a packet leaves the router B When no route exists in the route table C When a static route has been set D Only when the r
8. CCNA the next step in the Communications and Services track is the CCIP TheCCIP is a professional level certification The CCIP certification gives you the skills necessary to understand and tackle the com plex internetworking world of the service provider Y ou will acquire the knowledge neces sary to prepare you for moving forward toward the coveted CCIE Communications and Services certification Introduction xxi What Are the CCIP Certification Skills Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCIP certification In addition to what s required for the CCNA you will need to have the following skills Performing complex planning operations installations implementations and trouble shooting of internetworks Understanding and managing complex communications networks last mile edge or core How Do You Become a CCIP After becoming a CCNA you must take two core exams and an elective The core exams are Exam 642 801 Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks BSCI A while back Cisco retired the R outing 640 603 exam and now uses this exam 642 801 to build on the fun damentals of the CCNA exam BSCI focuses on large multiprotocol internetworks and how to manage them Exam 642 641 Quality of Services QoS This exam tests your knowledge of Quality of Ser vice for internetworks Exam 640 910 Implementing Cisco MPLS MPLS This exam tests your knowledge of mul tiprotocol label switching and its implementati
9. IETF and Cisco Refer to Chapter 7 for more information C HDLC isan enhancement over SDLC and PPP is a protocol not an encapsulation X 25 is not configured by default Refer to Chapter 7 for more information 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Answers to Assessment Test xliii C Loopback tests can test for link integrity without any additional protocols such as PPP IP or others Refer to Chapter 7 for more details C The q 931 and q 921 protocols use the D channel for information signaling Refer to Chapter 8 for more information D CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol and PPP Point to Point Proto col are not specific to ISDN and q 921 is used for Layer 2 setup Refer to Chapter 8 for more information B Thedebug isdn q931 command displays all steps of the connection sequence Refer to Chapter 8 for more information C Theq 921 protocol is used for Layer 2 connection setup CHAP Challenge H andshake Authentication Protocol and PPP Point to Point protocol are not specific to ISDN and q 931 is used for Layer 3 setup Refer to Chapter 8 for more information B Sincedata payload is going to befrom point to point the PPP Point to Point protocol link must be set up between the local and remote TE Terminal Equipment on the B channel R efer to Chapter 8 for more information A D Extended access lists can be used to limit debug outpu
10. In many instances it will be clear when the problem is resolved however in those cases where the problem is subtler a more structured observation technique must be used This technique involves many of the same tools used in the fact gathering portion of the process such as talking to users employing network management tools and checking router and switch output 7 Repeat the process if the action plan doesn t fix the problem Revise your action plan to address the next most likely source of the trouble Be sure to undo the changes that were attempted in the previous attempt Then repeat the process starting with step 4 If there are no more potential causes for which to create an action plan start with step 2 and repeat the process The best way to understand how Cisco s model works and how you should useit is by look ing at an example For this example assume you arein charge of operational support of the net work pictured in Figure 1 3 There are two campus networks connected via a Frame Relay cloud Within each network VLAN s areconnected to a Catalyst 6500 switch and then to a core router that has a connection to the Frame Relay cloud in one way or another The fun begins when you get a call from a user who can t get to Host Z Based on this information let s apply Cisco s troubleshooting model to solve the user s difficulty and fix the problem in the network Step 1 Define the Problem As you can see the user
11. SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control E X 25 F BGP Border Gateway Protocol Choose all the Layer 2 protocols from the following list A TCP B Ethernet C UDP D IP E Token Ring F FDDI G EIGRP Choose two attributes that a connection oriented protocol possesses A Flow control B Error control C Broadcast control D Collision detection 11 12 13 14 15 Assessment Test Which of the following are parts of a network baseline Choose all that apply A End system network configuration table B Network overview document C Network summary document D Network topology diagram xxxi What Windows 2000 command shows all the IP addresses and TCP port numbers of the current connections to an end system A netstat B ipconfig C ifconfig D route W hat is SN M P used for A Creating network maps B Traffic analysis C Statistical environmental data collection D All of the above A network configuration table usually contains what kind of information A IP addresses CRCs Interface name SNMP configuration show running config Interface type Interface speed VLANS z m m m Y ou are seeing incrementing interface resets on an interface W hat is the most appropriate trou bleshooting method to use for this situation A Bottom up troubleshooting B Top down troubleshooting C Divide and conquer troubleshooting D W ait and see troubleshooting xxxii
12. Token Ring lEEE 802 5 Token Frame Format Point to Point Protocol PPP Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC Frame Structure Frame Relay Frame Structure Integrated Services Digital N etwork ISDN Frame Structure Layers 3 and 4 IP Routed Protocols Internet Protocol IP Internet Control M essage Protocol ICM P Transmission Control Protocol T CP User Datagram Protocol UDP Summary Exam Essentials Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Cisco Diagnostic Commands and TCP IP Connectivity Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Commands show Commands debug Commands 129 130 130 153 Chapter 6 Table of Contents logging Commands Executing a Router Core Dump ping Commands traceroute Command LAN Connectivity Problems Obtaining an IP Address ARP Sample TCP Connection IP Access Lists Standard Access Lists Extended Access Lists N amed Access Lists Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions TCP IP Routing Protocol Troubleshooting Default Gateways Static and Dynamic Routing Troubleshooting RIP RIP 1 and RIP 2 show Commands debug Commands Typical RIP Problems Troubleshooting IGRP IGRP Features and O peration show Commands debug Commands Typical IGRP Problems Troubleshooting EIGRP Neighbor Formation show Commands debug Commands Typical EIGRP Problems Troubleshooting O SPF Neighbor and Adjacency Formation OSPF Area Typ
13. are affected The most important of these is the bottom line network failures cost money A good example is a call center network The company relies on the network to be available for its employees so that they can take phone orders answer inquiries or perform other business transactions that generate income A failure in this environment needs to be diag nosed and repaired in a timely manner The longer the network is down the more money the company loses To minimize monetary and productivity losses network failures must be resolved quickly Troubleshooting is an integral part of getting this done Intimate knowledge of a network also facilitates rapid resolution Armed with a few troubleshooting skills and intimate knowledge of the network you can solve most problems rather quickly thus saving money Hold on a minute What if you re new on the job and you don t yet have an intimate knowl edge of the network Y ou can probably get up to speed quickly enough right Although that may have been the case in the past getting up to speed becomes an overwhelming challenge in today s complex networks T hese networks consist of many facets of routing dial up switch ing video WAN ISDN FrameRelay ATM and others LAN and VLAN technologies R efer to Figure 1 1 to get an idea of how these technologies intertwine N otice that ATM Frame Relay Token Ring Ethernet and FDDI all are present Each technology has its own properties and comman
14. of a testing center near you call Sylvan at 800 755 3926 or VUE at 877 404 3926 Outside of the United States and Canada contact your local Sylvan Prometric Registration Center To register for a Cisco Certified N etwork Professional exam 1 Determinethe number of the exam you want to take The CIT exam number is 642 831 2 Register with thenearest Sylvan Prometric or VUE testing center At this point you will be asked to pay in advance for the exam At the time of this writing the exams are 125 each and must be taken within one year of payment Y ou can schedule exams up to six weeks in advance or as soon as one working day prior to the day you wish to take it If something comes up and you need to cancel or reschedule your exam appointment contact the testing center at least 24 hours in advance Same day registration isn t available for the Cisco tests 3 When you schedule the exam you ll get instructions regarding all appointment and cancellation procedures the D requirements and information about the testing center location Tips for Taking Your CCNP CIT Exam TheCCNP CIT test contains about 65 questions to be completed in about 90 minutes H ow ever understand that your test may vary somewhat from this estimate M any questions on the exam have answer choices that at first glance look identical espe cially the syntax questions Remember to read through the choices carefully because close doesn t cut it If
15. of two years on the job experience beforetaking theC CIE lab After jumping those hurdles you then have to pass the written CCIE Exam Qualifications before taking the actual lab There are four CCIE certifications and you must pass a written section and a lob portion for each certification As can be seen from below most of the CCIE certifications require only a sin gle test but one requires multiple CCIE Communications and Services Exams 350 020 350 021 350 022 350 023 The four CCIE Communications and Services written exams cover IP and IP routing optical DSL dial cable wireless WAN switching content networking and voice CCIE Routing and Switching Exam 350 001 TheCCIE Routing and Switching exam cov ers IP and IP routing non IP desktop protocols such as IPX and bridge and switch related technologies xxiv Introduction gt Sybex can help you pass the CCIE Routing and Switching exam with the CCIE TE Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert Study Guide Second Edition ISBN 0 7821 4207 9 CCIE Security Exam 350 018 The CCIE Security exam covers IP and IP routing as well as specific security components CCIE Voice Exam 351 030 The CCIE Voice exam covers those technologies and applica tions that make up a Cisco Enterprise VoIP solution Where Do You Take the Exam Y ou can take the exams at any of the Sylvan Prometric or Virtual University Enterprises VUE testing centers around the world For the location
16. utilities LAN and WAN problems are explored and the chapter ends with a dis cussion of access lists Chapter 6 is dedicated to covering IP routing protocols specifically RIP IGRP EIGRP OSPF and BGP The benefits and drawbacks of each are included as well as the commands used to verify correct functionality W e also discuss the issues of redistributing these protocols Chapter 7 examines serial and Frame Relay connectivity Y ou ll study the function of the show and debug O S commands needed to successfully troubleshoot problems in serial and Frame Relay environments as well as some common problem areas Chapter 8 discusses ISDN and related protocols specifically looking at what is necessary to set up an ISDN dial solution In addition timeis spent looking at the debug output from the call setup to show how an ISDN call is established Chapter 9 details the functioning of Catalyst series switches This chapter includes infor mation on the architecture of the switch as well as the command syntax used to configure the switch It also discusses the use of VLAN s and trunking switch ports together Chapter 10 isa summary chapter that takesthe information from the previous chapters and applies it to real world examples These examples demonstrate combining the trouble shooting methodology with the technical skills learned in this book The Glossary is a handy resource for Cisco vocabulary and is an excellent tool for und
17. you put commands in the wrong order or forget one measly character your answer will be wrong So to practice do the hands on exercises at the end of the chapters over and over again until the solutions feel natural to you Unlike M icrosoft or N ovell tests the exam has answer choices that are highly similar in syn tax although some syntax is dead wrong it is usually just subtly wrong Some other syntax choices may be right but they re shown in the wrong order Cisco does split hairs and it is not at all averse to giving you classic trick questions H ere s an example access list 101 deny ip any eq 23 denies Telnet access to all systems Introduction XXV Thisstatement looks correct to most people becausethey refer to the port number 23 and think Y es that s the port used for T elnet The catch is that you can t filter IP on port numbers only TCP and UDP can befiltered in this way Another indicator that this command is wrong is the use of an extended access list number but with any or no destination address for the destination Cisco does have some simulation questions on the CIT exam Make sure you ve TE got hands on skills to take this test Practice with the hands on labs in this book and for further practice with routers and switches check out the CCNP Virtual Lab from Sybex Also never forget that the right answer is the Cisco answer In many cases P more than one appropriate answer is presented but the co
18. CI focuses on large multiprotocol internetworks and how to manage them The BSCI exam is also a required exam for the CCIP and CCDP certifications which will be discussed later in this introduction Exam 642 811 Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks BCMSN The Building Cisco M ultilayer Switched N etworks exam tests your knowledge of the 1900 and 5000 series of Catalyst switches Y ou ll also be challenged on your knowledge of switching technology implementation and operation planning and design Exam 642 821 Building Cisco Remote Access Networks BCRAN The Building Cisco R emote A ccess N etworks BCRAN exam tests your knowledge of installing configuring mon itoring and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and dial up access products Y ou must understand PPP ISDN Frame Relay and authentication xx Introduction Exam 642 831 Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Support CIT TheCisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Support CIT exam tests you on troubleshooting information Y ou must be able to document a network troubleshoot Ethernet LAN S and IP networks as well as ISDN PPP and Frame Relay networks This book covers all the topics you ll need to pass the CIT exam An Alternate Plan If you hate tests you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam and the CIT exam and then takejust onemorelong exam called the Foundation R S exam 640 841 Doing this also gives you your CCN P but beware it s a really long tes
19. Implement Detected Problem Action Plan J _ Gather Observe Results Determine Possible Causes Document Changes Create Previous Action Plan Steps The Problem Solving Model 5 2 Gather detailed information These facts about the problem can be obtained from a num ber of sources including key users network management systems output from router and switch diagnostic commands and protocol analyzer traces 3 Consider possible scenarios Brainstorm and come up with several possible or probable causes of the failure Also when developing this list eliminate items that are definitely not the cause of the problem 4 Create an action plan Begin with the most likely source of the trouble and devisea plan to correct this issue changing only one variable at a time If you change multiple items simulta neously it is possible that the problem will be resolved without your identifying the root cause This then leaves the potential for the problem to repeat itself in the future 5 Implement the action plan As you implement each step of the action plan carefully check to see if the problem has been resolved FIGURE 1 3 Example campus network r Campus A Frame Relay Cloud Campus B ZE fr um Qe lt O 6 Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Methodology 6 Observe the results of implementing the action plan
20. Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide you ll of course read the review questions at the end of each chapter and study the practice exams included in the book and on the CD But wait there s more Test yourself with the flashcards included on the CD If you can get through these difficult questions and understand the answers you ll know you ll be ready for the CCNP CIT exam The flashcards include 150 questions specifically written to hit you hard and makesure you are ready for the exam Between the review questions practice exam and flashcards you ll be more than prepared for the exam xxviii Introduction CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide in PDF Sybex offers this Cisco Certification book on the accompanying CD so that you can read the book on your PC or laptop The eBook isin Adobe Acrobat format and Acrobat Reader is included on the CD as well This is extremely helpful to readers who travel and don t want to carry a book as well as to readers who find it more comfortable reading from their computer How to Contact the Authors Y ou can reach Art Pfund by e mailing him at art pfund comcast net Assessment Test 1 Which are reasons for using a troubleshooting method Choose all that apply A Problem isolation and resolution will occur more quickly B No documentation needs to be done when following a method C Dueto complex topologies and technologies a systematic method is the most efficient way to re
21. Professional CCN P certification has opened many opportunities for the individual wishing to become Cisco certified but who is lacking the training the exper tise or the bucks to pass the notorious and often failed two day Cisco torture lab The new Cisco certifications will truly provide exciting new opportunities for the CN E and M CSE who don t see an obvious way to advance So you re thinking Great what do do after pass the CCNA exam Well if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching the most popular certification understand that there s more than one path to the CCIE certification One way is to continue studying and become a Cisco Certified N etwork Professional CCN P That means taking four more tests in addition to obtaining the CCNA certification ie We ll discuss requirements for the CCIE exams later on in this introduction TE Remember that you don t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE P lab but to accomplish that it s extremely helpful if you already have these certifications Introduction xix TheCCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively tackle the inter networking issues of today and beyond not limited to the Cisco world Y ou will undergo metamorphosis vastly increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these certifications What Are the CCNP Certification Skills Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP cer
22. The Complexity of Internetworks The Problem Solving M odel Step 1 Define the Problem Step 2 Gather Facts Step 3 Consider Possibilities Steps 4 and 5 Create and Implement the Action Plan Step 6 O bserve Results Step 7 Iterate as N eeded Document the Changes Summary Exam Essentials Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Chapter 2 Network Documentation The N etwork Baseline Network Configuration Table R outer N etwork Configuration Table Switch N etwork Configuration Table Network Topology Diagrams Components of a N etwork Topology Diagram Creating a N etwork Topology Diagram Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Chapter 3 End System Documentation and Troubleshooting End System N etwork Configuration Table Creating an End System N etwork Configuration Table xvii Xxix xii Table of Contents Chapter Chapter 4 5 End System N etwork Topology Diagram Creating an End System N etwork Topology Diagram Troubleshooting End System Problems Troubleshooting by Layer End System Troubleshooting Commands Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Protocol Attributes The O SI Reference M odel Global Protocol Classifications Connection O riented Protocols Connectionless Protocols Layer 2 Data Link Layer Protocols and Applications Ethernet IEEE 802 3
23. bleshooting is a good method to use when there are many hosts that cannot connect to a server or subset of servers FIGURE 1 6 Starting from the outside and working in Campus A FTP is OK locally 4 Ii I mu LJ FDDI Host D Ring O CON Frame Relay Cloud Campus B 1 No FTP between Host A and Host Z 2 No FTP between Host A and any host on VLAN 3 I ju o La x 3 No FTP between Host A and any host on Campus B 4 FTP works on local network The Problem Solving Model 11 Inside Out Troubleshooting The second method of fixing the boundary of dysfuncionality is to start near the user and work your way toward the destination Host Z in this case This is referred to as the inside out troubleshooting method Figure 1 7 contains a diagram that describes this testing method Y ou see that the user can FTP to hosts within the same network but can t FTP to any host on the Campus B network The steps are marked by the Xs with the step number in parentheses Using the second method saved you one step three instead of four Statistically however you isolate the boundary with
24. ches in a large internetwork Each chapter begins with a list of the topics covered related to the CCN P CIT test so make sure to read the list before working through the chapter Chapter 1 discusses the complexity of today s internetworks and introduces you to the Cisco Troubleshooting M ethodology Y ou ll study how to apply this methodology to net work problems xxvi Introduction Chapter 2 focuses on what goesinto a network baseline as well ashow to create one It also detailstwo of the baseline s components the network configuration table and the network topology diagram Chapter 3 continuesthe discussion on documentation by explaining the end system version of a network configuration table and network topology diagram T his chapter also takes you through the steps required to create these documents In the second half of the chapter various troubleshooting approaches are discussed and some end system troubleshooting commands are reviewed Chapter 4 reviews the O SI reference model and then discusses connection oriented and connectionless protocols Following this thelP ICM P TCP and UDP protocols are exam ined and Layer 2 protocols are covered Chapter 5 focuses on the skills and knowledge needed to use Cisco s built in diagnostic tools in a TCP IP environment These tools include show debug and logging commands as well as a router coredump This chapter also examines appropriate use of the ping and traceroute
25. ction greatly aids problem isolation Refer to Chapter 5 for more information B Theipconfig all command can be used on a Windows XP machine show ip interface is for useon a router winipcfc is used on Windows 9x and M E and ipcfc is incor rect syntax Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on these commands C D BootP and DHCP Dynamic H ost Configuration Protocol are used for IP address assign ment The other two answers AutolP and AutoARP IP don t exist Refer to Chapter 5 for more information D PingusesICM P Internet Control M essage Protocol to test for connectivity of remote hosts Refer to Chapter 5 for more details B Thereare two levels user and privileged Refer to Chapter 5 for more details A Traceroute tests the route or path from a source to a destination Refer to Chapter 5 for more information B Theterm default indicates that no other route has been specified So instead of dropping the packet the router forwards it out the default gateway R efer to Chapter 6 for more information B Routes from the incoming protocol must be assigned new metrics so they can be redistrib uted Refer to Chapter 6 for more information B Cisco LM I is on by default Refer to Chapter 7 for more information B C D Valid LM I types are Cisco ITU T and ANSI LM I stands for Local M anagement Interface Refer to Chapter 7 for more information A C Thereare only two valid encapsulation types for FrameR elay
26. d All rights reserved FullShot is a trademark of Inbit Incorporated TheCD interfacewas created using M acromedia Director COPY RIGHT 1994 1997 1999 M acromedialnc For more information on M acromedia and M acromedia Director visit http www macromedia com This study guide and or material is not sponsored by endorsed by or affiliated with Cisco Systems Inc Cisco Cisco Systems O CCDA CCNA CCDP CCSP CCIP BSCI CCNP CCIE CCSI the Cisco Systems logo and theCCIE logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco Systems Inc in the United States and certain other countries All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners TRADEMARKS SY BEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book and the content is based upon final release software whenever possible Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre release versions supplied by software manufacturer s The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance merchantability fitness for any particular purpose or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from t
27. d the most likely causeof the new server not respondingto a ping from the subnet is that the ARP tablein the router still has an entry for the server associated with the old server s MAC address Refer to Chapter 5 for more information A B D In addition to show tech support output the support contract number and soft ware version information you need to have network topology information and a problem description Refer to Chapter 10 for more information C TheMultilayer Switching Feature Card M SFC provides routing capabilities for the 6500 Refer to Chapter 9 for more information B A pingisthesimplest and best way to test network connectivity between two devices Although a traceroute command will work thisis notits primary function R efer to Chapter 5 for additional information A C This output tells you that the interface is not in loopback and the bandwidth metric is only 10M bps Refer to Chapter 10 for more information B 0x2101 isthe correct configuration register setting for a router to enter boot mode Refer to Chapter 10 for more details about configuration register settings B C Thering speed is indicated by the Ring speed 16 Mbps output and the clearing of the counters is indicated by theLast clearing of show interface counters never output The encapsulation is SNAP as indicated by the Encapsulation SNAP output Refer to Chapter 10 for more information C Thecarrier transitions could be caused by the ring
28. ds to allow for troubleshooting Various protocols are used for each of these tech nologies In addition different applications require specific network resources At least the The Complexity of Internetworks 3 seven layer O SI model which you will review in Chapter 4 is used to maintain a common tem plate when designing new technologies and protocols It would take you a long time to master all of the technologies implemented in the network and to be able to solve network problems based on your knowledge of the network alone All of these factors contribute to today s com plex network environments There must be an easier more logical way to efficiently and successfully troubleshoot with out having to become intimately familiar with every network environment Well you ll be happy to know that thereis an easier option following a troubleshooting model and it is dis cussed in detail in this chapter By following a troubleshooting model the need for intimate knowledge of the network is reduced A troubleshooting model should be adopted to help resolve network malfunctions and reduce downtime Let s move on to discuss Cisco s model in detail FIGURE 1 1 Today s complex enterprise network Campus A LS1010 Frame Relay Campus B Campus C 4 Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Methodology The Problem Solving Model Imagine trying to solve a network failure by using a diff
29. e not yet a CCNP however you must take the CCDA CCNA BSCI Switching Remote Access and CID exams CCDP certification skills include Designing complex routed LAN routed WAN and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks Technical knowledge beyond the base level of CCDA CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following Network layer addressing in a hierarchical environment Traffic management with access lists Hierarchical network design VLAN use and propagation Performance considerations required hardware and software switching engines memory cost and minimization Cisco s Security Certifications Quitea few Cisco security certifications are available All of the Cisco security certifications also requirea valid CCNA Cisco Certified Security Professional CCSP Y ou have to pass five exams to get your CCSP The pivotal exam is the SECUR Here are the exams you must pass to call the CCSP yours Exam 642 501 Securing Cisco IOS Networks SECUR This exam tests your understanding of such concepts as basic router security AAA security for Cisco routers and networks Cisco 10S Firewall configuration and authentication building basic and advanced IPSec VPN s and managing Cisco enterprise VPN routers Sybex can help you pass the SECUR exam with the CCSP Securing Cisco IOS Networks Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4231 1 Exam 642 521 Cisco Secure PIX Firewall Advanced CSPFA This exam challenges your know
30. edagogically sound We re confident that this book will exceed the demanding standards of the certification marketplace and help you the Cisco certification candidate succeed in your endeavors Asalways your feedback isimportant to us Please send comments questions or suggestions to support sybex com At Sybex we re continually striving to meet the needs of individuals preparing for IT certification exams Good luck in pursuit of your CCNP certification PIA N eil Edde Associate Publisher Certification Sybex Inc Software License Agreement Terms and Conditions The media and or any online materials accompanying this book that are available now or in the future contain programs and or text files the Software to be used in connection with the book SY BEX hereby grantsto you a license to use the Software subject to the terms that fol low Y our purchase acceptance or use of the Software will constitute your acceptance of such terms The Software compilation is the property of SY BEX unless otherwise indicated and is protected by copyright to SY BEX or other copyright owner s as indicated in the media files the O wner s Y ou are hereby granted a single user licenseto use the Softwarefor your personal noncommercial use only Y ou may not reproduce sell distribute publish circulate or commercially exploit the Software or any portion thereof without the written consent of SY BEX and the specific copyrig
31. er standing some of the more obscure terms used in this book Each chapter ends with review questions that are specifically designed to help you retain the knowledge presented To really nail down your skills read each question carefully How to Use This Book This book can provide a solid foundation for the serious effort of preparing for the CCN P CIT exam To best benefit from this book use the following study method 1 TaketheAssessment Test immediately following this Introduction The answers are at the end of the test Carefully read over the explanations for any question you get wrong and note which chapters the material comes from This information will help you plan your study strategy Introduction xxvii 2 Study each chapter carefully making sure that you fully understand the information and the test topics listed at the beginning of each chapter Pay extra close attention to any chap ter where you missed questions in the Assessment T est 3 Notethe questions that confuse you and study those sections of the book again 4 Before taking the exam try your hand at the two bonus exams included on the CD that comes with this book The questions in these exams appear only on theCD This will give you a complete overview of what you can expect to see on the real thing 5 Remember to use the products on the CD included with this book T he electronic flashcards and the EdgeT est exam preparation software haveall been specif
32. erent approach every time With today s complex networks the possible scenarios would be innumerable Because so many different things can go wrong within a network it would be possible to start from many different points Not only is this an ineffective method of troubleshooting but it is also time consuming and time is very valuable in a network down situation Cisco has designed an effective troubleshooting model that contains seven steps A trouble shooting model isa list of troubleshooting steps or processes that can be followed to provide an efficient manner of resolving network problems The headings in this section contain informa tion specific to each step of the troubleshooting model Steps 4 and 5 are combined into one section of the chapter creating and implementing the action plan After the seven steps are completed and the problem is resolved a few more actions follow such as completing docu mentation of the problem solving events To beeffective when troubleshooting and to achievefaster resolution times follow the model outlined in Figure 1 2 This flow chart shows the seven steps The process begins when a network failure is reported to you Following are brief descrip tions of the steps to take 1 Define the problem At this point in the process it is important to make a determination of the issue identifying sets of symptoms and potential causes FIGURE 1 2 Cisco s troubleshooting model I I ewe Define
33. erver was given thelP address of theold server and it has been verified that the new server is configured correctly W hat could be the cause of the problem A Access list needs to be updated B Routing table on the router needs to be cleared to flush out the old entry C ARP table on the router needs to be cleared to flush out the old entry D A static route must be added to the router Which of the following are information items that will be requested when you open aT AC case Choose all that apply A Output from a show tech support B Support contract number C M ailing address D Software versions Which 6500 card provides Layer 3 capabilities to the 6500 switch A RSM B RFSC C MSFC D PFC Which command would you use to verify network connectivity to an end system A arp B tracert C traceroute D ping W hat do the following lines of router output indicate Choose all that apply Router_C show int ethernet 0 1 Ethernet0 1 is up line protocol is up Hardware is Lance address is 0000 0c47 abea bia 0000 0c47 abea Internet address is 172 16 60 1 24 MTU 1500 bytes BW 10000 Kbit DLY 1000 usec rely 255 255 load 46 255 Encapsulation ARPA loopback not set keepalive set 10 sec ARP type ARPA ARP Timeout 04 00 00 A The interface is up and appears to be functioning properly B This interface is in loopback C The encapsulation type for this interface is ARPA D The bandwidth metric for this i
34. es show Commands debug Commands Typical O SPF Problems xiii 160 162 164 168 172 172 175 177 178 178 180 182 183 184 185 186 187 191 193 194 197 198 199 199 199 200 200 200 201 201 202 202 203 207 207 208 209 210 211 213 214 216 Xiv Table of Contents Chapter Chapter 7 8 Troubleshooting BGP N eighbor Relationship eBGP vs iBGP show Commands debug Commands Typical BGP Problems Redistribution of Routing Protocols Dealing with Routing M etrics Distribute Lists Route M aps TCP IP Symptoms and Problems Summary Sheet TCP IP Symptoms and Action Plans Summary Sheet Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Troubleshooting Serial Line and Frame Relay Connectivity Troubleshooting Serial Lines HDLC Encapsulation show interface serial Command show controllers Command show buffers Command debug serial interface Command CSU DSU Loopback T ests Serial Line Summary Troubleshooting Frame R elay Frame Relay show Commands Frame Relay debug Commands Frame Relay Summary Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Troubleshooting ISDN ISDN Fundamentals 217 217 217 218 219 220 221 221 224 226 228 229 231 231 232 235 236 241 243 244 245 246 250 252 253 255 257 260 261 265 266 268 269 270 271 272 276 279
35. fewer steps by using the first method The important thing is that the boundary be established FIGURE 1 7 Starting from the inside and working out Campus A FTP is OK locally 1 FDDI Ring O TTT Frame Relay Cloud Campus B 1 FTP local OK 2 No FTP between Host A and and host on Campus B 3 No FTP between Host A and Host Z
36. ge of Sybex s CCSP Secure PIX and Secure VPN Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4287 7 for help with this exam Cisco Firewall Specialist Cisco Security certifications focus on the growing need for knowledgeable network profession als who can implement complete security solutions Cisco Firewall Specialists focus on securing network access using Cisco 10 S Software and Cisco PIX Firewall technologies Thetwo exams you must pass to achieve the Cisco Firewall Specialist certification are Secur ing Cisco IO S Networks SECUR and Cisco Secure PIX Firewall Advanced CSPFA Cisco IDS Specialist Cisco IDS Specialists can both operate and monitor Cisco 10 S Software and IDS technologies to detect and respond to intrusion activities Thetwo exams you must pass to achieve the Cisco IDS Specialist certification are Securing Cisco 10 S Networks SECUR and Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System CSID S Cisco VPN Specialist Cisco VPN Specialists can configure VPN s across shared public networks using Cisco 10 S Soft ware and Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrator technologies Theexams you must pass to achievethe Cisco VPN Specialist certification are Securing Cisco 10S Networks SECUR and Cisco Secure Virtual N etworks CSVPN Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert CCIE Cool You ve become a CCNP and now your sights are fixed on getting your Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert CCIE certification W hat do you do next Cisco recommendsa minimum
37. hat you gain as much information as possible to actually define the problem whilein the problem definition phase of the troubleshooting model Without a proper and spe cific definition of the problem it will be much harder to isolate and resolve Information that is useful for defining a problem is listed in Table 1 1 TABLE 1 1 Useful Information for Defining a Problem Information Example Symptoms Can t Telnet FTP or get to the WWW Reproducibility Is this a one time occurrence or does it always happen Timeline When did it start How long did it last How often does it occur Has the current configuration ever worked properly Scope What are you able to access successfully via Telnet or FTP Which WWW sites can you reach if any Who else does this affect Baseline Info Were any recent changes made to the network configurations All of this information can be used to guide you to the actual problem and to create the prob lem statement Use your network topology diagram and check each item in Table 1 1 Identify Symptoms First you need to define what is working and what isn t Y ou can do this by identifying the symptom and defining the scope Figure 1 4 is a picture of your network Although the large X on the Frame Relay cloud represents that there is an FTP connectivity issue it does not indicate the location of thefailure Right now all you know isthat a single user could not FTP to Host Z 8 Chapter 1 Troublesho
38. his book M anufactured in the United States of America 10987654321 A 4 U SYBEX To Our Valued Readers Thank you for looking to Sybex for your CCNP certification exam prep needs We at Sybex are proud of the reputation we ve established for providing certification candidates with the practical knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT marketplace Sybex is proud to have helped thousands of Cisco certification candidates prepare for their exams over the years and we are excited about the opportunity to continue to provide com puter and networking professionals with the skills they ll need to succeed in the highly com petitive IT industry We at Sybex are proud of the reputation we ve established for providing certification candi dates with the practical knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT marketplace It has always been Sybex s mission to teach individuals how to utilize technol ogies in the real world not to simply feed them answers to test questions J ust as Cisco is com mitted to establishing measurable standards for certifying those professionals who work in the cutting edge field of internetworking Sybex is committed to providing those professionals with the means of acquiring the skills and knowledge they need to meet those standards The author and editors have worked hard to ensure that the Study Guide you hold in your hand is comprehensive in depth and p
39. ht owner s of any component software included on this media In the event that the Software or components include specific license requirements or end user agreements statements of condition disclaimers limitations or war ranties End User License those End User Licenses supersede theterms and conditions herein as to that par ticular Software component Y our purchase accep tance or use of the Software will constitute your acceptance of such End User Licenses By purchase use or acceptance of the Software you fur ther agree to comply with all export laws and regula tions of the United States as such laws and regulations may exist from time to time Reusable Code in This Book The author s created reusable code in this publication expressly for reuse by readers Sybex grants readers lim ited permission to reuse the code found in this publica tion its accompanying CD ROM or available for download from our website so long as the author s are attributed in any application containing the reusable code and the code itself is never distributed posted online by electronic transmission sold or commercially exploited as a stand alone product Software Support Components of the supplemental Software and any offers associated with them may be supported by the specific O wner s of that material but they are not sup ported by SY BEX Information regarding any available support may be obtained from the O wner s using the inf
40. ically picked to help you study for and pass your exam Study on the road with the CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshoot ing Study Guide eBook in PDF format and test yourself with the electronic flashcards 4 The electronic flashcards can be used on your Windows computer Pocket PC P or Palm device 6 Makesure you review the Key Terms list at the end of each chapter Appendix A includes all the commands used in the book along with an explanation for each command To learn all the material covered in this book you ll have to apply yourself regularly and with discipline Try to set aside the same time every day to study and select a comfortable and quiet placeto do so If you work hard you ll be surprised at how quickly you learn this material All the best What s On the CD Weworked hard to provide some really valuable tools to help you with your certification pro cess All of these tools should be loaded on your workstation when studying for the test The Sybex Test Engine for Cisco CIT Test Preparation N ew from Sybex this test preparation software prepares you to successfully pass the CIT exam In the test engine you ll find all the questions from the book plus the two additional Bonus Exams that appear exclusively on the CD Y ou can take the Assessment T est test yourself by chapter or take the two Bonus Exams that appear on theCD Electronic Flashcards for PC Pocket PC and Palm Devices After you read the CCNP Cisco
41. ledge of the fundamentals of Cisco PIX Firewalls as well as translations and connections object grouping advanced protocol handling and authentication authorization and account ing among other topics Y ou can tacklethe CSPFA exam with the help of Sybex s CCSP Secure PIX and Secure VPN Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4287 7 Exam 642 511 Cisco Secure Virtual Private Networks CSVPN TheCSVPN exam covers the basics of Cisco VPN s configuring various Cisco VPN s for remote access hardware client backup server and load balancing plus IPSec over UDP and IPSec over TCP Again using the Sybex CCSP Secure PIX and Secure VPN Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4287 7 you ll approach the CSVPN exam with confidence Exam 642 531 Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System CSIDS The CSIDS exam will challenge your knowledge of intrusion detection technologies and solutions and test your abil ities to install and configure ISD components Y ou ll also be tested on managing large scale Introduction xxiii deployments of Cisco IDS sensors using Cisco DS management software Prepare for the CSIDS exam using Sybex s CCSP Secure Intrusion Detection and SAFE Implementation Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4288 5 Exam 9E0 131 Cisco SAFE Implementation CSI This exam tests such topics as security and architecture fundamentals SAFE N etwork design for small and medium corporate and campus situations and SAFE remote user network implementation Y ou can take advanta
42. n there is with some thing that fails during first time use O bviously if it worked yesterday you can look at what changed overnight as well as looking for something that is broken If the user has never used this The Problem Solving Model 9 feature before there may be an existing access list or other security device that has only now been activated by the user s initial use of this application Determine the Scope of a Problem Next you need to find out whether anyone else is unable to FTP to Host Z If others can FTP to Host Z for the sake of this example assume that they can you can be pretty sure that the problem is specific to the user either on their station or on the destination host This step deter mines the scope of the problem and helps to differentiate between a user specific problem and a more widely spread problem Figure 1 5 shows that other hosts can FTP to Host Z without any problems N ow that you have the problem narrowed down to a single user you need to define the boundary of dysfunctionality The boundary of dysfunctionality is the limit or scope of the net work problem For example a distinction can be made between where nodes are functioning properly and where they are not To define this boundary in our example you need to know whether the user can successfully FTP anywhere FIGURE 1 5 Other hosts can FTP to Host Z Campus A pa 1 No FTP between Host A and Host Z
43. nd Troubleshooting H ybrid N ative Command Conversion Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Key Terms Review Questions Answers to Review Questions Applying Cisco s Diagnostic Tools Identifying and Resolving Generic Router Problems Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Troubleshooting Ethernet Problems Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Troubleshooting Token Ring Problems Scenario 1 Opening a Case with the Technical Assistance Center Summary Exam Essentials Commands Used in This Chapter Review Questions 353 354 355 356 357 357 359 361 363 364 365 366 368 369 373 375 376 376 389 400 406 406 410 416 416 421 421 422 423 424 431 489 Introduction This book is intended to help you continueon your exciting new path toward obtaining your CCN P certification Before reading this book it is important to haveat least read the Sybex CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide Fourth Edition You can take the CCNP tests in any order but you should have passed the CCNA exam before pursuing your CCNP M any questions in the Cisco Internet Troubleshooting Support CIT exam are built on the CCNA material H ow ever we have done everything possibleto make surethat you can pass the CIT exam by reading this book and practicing with Cisco routers Cisco Systems s Place in Networking Cisco Systems has become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for the Internet Its net working solutio
44. nd divide by half For further explanation of methods of problem isolation refer to Chapter 1 A C E In addition to observation of results iteration and problem definition Cisco s trou bleshooting method contains other steps not included in this question Though not an official step in the process documenting changes after they are complete is an important part of the overall process For further explanation of Cisco s troubleshooting method refer to Chapter 1 B D IPisaconnectionless protocol and a Layer 3 protocol For further information about IP refer to Chapter 4 C Connectionless protocols do not use any type of control Sequenced PD Us area type of con trol Physical connectivity does not determine the protocol properties For further information about connectionless protocols refer to Chapter 4 B C F IP EIGRP and BGP are Layer 3 PPP SDLC and X 25 all operate at Layer 2 Refer to Chapter 4 for further information B E F Ethernet token Ring and FDDI are all Layer 2 technologies For further information refer to Chapter 4 A B Flow control and error control allow for complete connection and data transfer control For further information about connection oriented protocols refer to Chapter 4 A D Thenetwork baesline consists of network configuration tables the network topology diagram end system network configuration tables and end system topology diagrams For addi tional information refer to Chapter 2
45. ns can easily connect users who work from diverse devices on disparate net works Cisco products make it simple for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences in time place or platform Cisco Systems s big picture is that it provides end to end networking solutions that custom ers can useto build an efficient unified information infrastructure of their own or to connect to someone else s This is an important piece in the Internet networking industry puzzle because a common architecture that delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional imperative Because Cisco Systems offers such a broad range of networking and Internet services and capabilities users needing regular access to their local network or the Internet can do so unhindered making Cisco s wares indispensable Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that are used to form infor mation networks using the Cisco Internetworking O perating System IO S software T his soft ware provides network services paving the way for networked technical support and professional services to maintain and optimize all network operations Along with the Cisco 10 S one of the services Cisco created to help support the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert CCIE program which was designed specifically to equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco netwo
46. nterface is 100M bps Assessment Test xxxix 57 Which configuration register setting will cause the router to boot the IO S image from the boot ROM A 0x2000 B 0x2101 C 0x1002 D 0x2102 58 What do the following lines of router output indicate Choose all that apply Router_A show interface to0 some output deleted MTU 4464 bytes BW 16000 Kbit DLY 630 usec rely 255 255 load 1 255 Encapsulation SNAP loopback not set keepalive set 10 sec ARP type SNAP ARP Timeout 04 00 00 Ring speed 16 Mbps output removed Last clearing of show interface counters never The ring speed is 4M bps The ring speed is 16M bps o gt The interface counters have never been cleared D Encapsulation is SN M P 59 Look at the following outputs from two different interfaces connected to each other W hy aren t the interfaces functioning properly Router_A show interface to0 TokenRingO is up line protocol is down Hardware is TMS380 address is 0007 787c e14b bia 0007 787c e14b Internet address is 172 16 30 1 subnet mask is 255 255 255 0 MTU 4464 bytes BW 16000 Kbit DLY 630 usec rely 255 255 load 1 255 Encapsulation SNAP loopback not set keepalive set 10 sec ARP type SNAP ARP Timeout 04 00 00 Ring speed 16 Mbps Single ring node Source Route Transparent Bridge capable Ethernet Transit OUI 0x000000 Last input never output never output hang never Last clearing of show interface counters never Queueing stra
47. on The Sybex CCIP MPLS Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4096 3 covers all the exam objectives Exam 642 661 Border Gateway Protocol BGP This exam tests your knowledge of Border Gateway Protocol BGP When you complete this exam you should be able to manage a large BGP network Cisco s Network Design and Installation Certifications In addition to the N etwork Installation and Support track and the Communications and Ser vices track Cisco has created another certification track for network designers The two certi fications within this track arethe Cisco Certified Design Associate CC DA and Cisco Certified Design Professional CCDP If you re reaching for the CCIE stars we highly recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the CCIE R S Qualification exam These two certifications will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN routed WAN and switched LAN Cisco Certified Design Associate CCDA To become a CCDA you must pass the DESGN Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions test 640 861 To pass this test you must understand how to do the following Design simple routed LAN routed WAN and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks Usenetwork layer addressing Filter with access lists Useand propagate VLAN Size networks xxii Introduction Cisco Certified Design Professional CCDP If you re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP you can simply takethe ARCH 642 871 test If you r
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50. oting Methodology FIGURE 1 4 Host A cannot FTP to Host Z Campus A Host A Host B O 1 No FTP between g ELE Host A and Host Z Host C EDDI Host D VLAN1 Bing n Coo Frame Relay Cloud DI I jm 9 Ds gt lt Reproduce the Problem Before spending time and effort trying to solve this problem verify that it is still a problem Troubleshooting is a waste of time and resources if the problem can t be reproduced It s just like a dog chasing its tail If the issue is intermittent further steps should be taken to capture as much information as possible about the event the next time it does occur This will help narrow down the scope of items you will look at Understand the Timeline In addition to verifying whether the problem is reproducible it is important to investigate the frequency of the problem For instance maybe it happens only once or twice a day By estab lishing a timeframe you can morereadily identify any possible causes In addition you need to know whether this is the first time the user has attempted this function There is a different set of variables involved with an item that worked yesterday but not today tha
51. outer isin boot mode Why is a default metric setting necessary for route redistribution A It isn t necessary B Theroutes being injected must be assigned metrics that the parent protocol understands C A default metric setting provides better metrics when performing route redistribution D A default metric setting converts the parent protocol s metric to match the protocol being redistributed Which LM Local M anagement Interface type is on by default on a Cisco router A LMI B Cisco c ANSI D ITU T E IETF What are the valid LM types Choose all that apply A LMI Cisco ITU T ANSI Dow xxxiv Assessment Test 28 29 30 31 32 33 W hat are the valid Frame R elay encapsulation types Choose all that apply A IETF B ITU T C Cisco D ANSI Which kind of encapsulation is used by default on Cisco serial interfaces A SDLC B PPP C HDLC D X 25 W hat type of tests are useful in testing for end to end serial link integrity A Ping B Traceroute C Loopback D Loopup Which channel is used by q 931 and q 921 for communication A A channel B B channel C D channel D Both B and D channels Which ISDN protocol is used for Layer 3 connection setup A CHAP B PPP C q 921 D q 931 Which command should be used to display the connection setup for Layer 3 A show interface bri n B debug isdn q931 C debug interface bri D debug isdn q92 34
52. ovide Layer 2 VLAN switching C Provide Layer 2 VLAN translation D Provide Layer 3 VLAN routing Which of the following VLAN encapsulation types do Cisco routers support Choose all that apply A Inter Switch Link ISL B IEEE Ethernet 802 3 C IEEE 802 1Q D IEEE 802 1Z When using a router which of the following scenarios will not work A VLAN 10 uses ISL while VLAN 20 uses 802 10 B Theswitch is configured to use ISL and the router uses 802 1q C VLAN 10 uses 802 1q then tries to communicate with a remote host not ona VLAN D Both VLAN 10 and VLAN 20 use 802 10 What switch command shows VTP state information on the switch A show vtp state B show vtp C show vtp domain D show vtp status W hat does the term blocking mean with regard to a Catalyst port A An access list has been applied to the port B Packets are not allowed out of the port C Spanning tree has blocked the port to prevent a loop D The port has been shut down What router command will show the IP listing of the helper addresses applied on an interface A show interface B show ip interface C show interface helper D show helper brief xxxviii Assessment Test 52 53 54 55 56 After a forklift upgrade has been performed on a server in which theold hardware was removed and a new server put in its place you find that the new server cannot be pinged from the directly connected subnet T he new s
53. p route D show cdp neighbor What command on a Windows NT end system is used to add routes to that end system A route add B ip add route C ip route add D add route W hat are some of the benefits of a named access list over a numbered access list Choose all that apply A A named access list can be applied to all interface types B Individual lines can be removed from a named access list C Named access lists are easier for the router to work with D Named access lists are easier for the network administrator to work with Which of these commands will verify whether an https web server 10 7 7 7 was reachable through the network A debug https traffic B telnet 10 7 7 7 C telnet 10 7 7 7 80 D telnet 10 7 7 7 443 Y ou are troubleshooting a serial connection problem After making a couple of changes you find that the problem is still occurring W hat should your next step be A Continue making changes B Back out the changes you ve made up to this point and begin gathering facts again C Reload the router D Executea shut no shut on the interface H ow often should the network configuration table be updated A Thereis no such document Oncea week Oncea month Oncea year moo py Anytime there is a change in the network 46 47 48 49 50 51 Assessment Test XXX What are the three major roles of a router when configured with VLANs A Define the collision domain B Pr
54. rface resets 0 output buffer failures 0 output buffers swapped out 5 transitions Duplicate IP addresses Lobe wire fault Ring speed mismatch Five carrier transitions Which of the following factors may contribute to excessive collisions on an Ethernet interface Choose all that apply A Ethernet interface B Transceiver C D Encapsulation Cable Answers to Assessment Test xli Answers to Assessment Test 1 10 11 12 13 C Quick resolution of problems is not guaranteed by using a model and documentation should always be performed For further explanation of the reasons for using a troubleshooting method refer to Chapter 1 A B A baseline contains information taken from a normally functioning network so gather ing baseline information isnot part of troubleshooting Thebenefits of gathering additional facts for troubleshooting are that you identify possible causes of trouble and that you have informa tion to contribute to the problem definition For further explanation of gathering facts for trou bleshooting refer to Chapter 1 B D Making multiple changes creates more difficulty when you have to back out of changes and multiple changes do not allow for good observation results Changes should not create any adverse network impact For further explanation of creating an action plan refer to Chapter 1 B Thethree methods for isolating the source of a network problem are outside in inside out a
55. rks T he business plan is simple If you want to sell more Cisco equipment and have more Cisco networks installed ensure that the networks you installed run properly However having an extraordinary product lineisn t all it takes to guarantee the huge success that Cisco enjoys lots of companies with great products are now defunct If you have compli cated products designed to solve complicated problems you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of installing managing and troubleshooting those products That part isn t easy So Cisco began the CCIE program to equip peopleto support these complicated networks This program known colloquially as the Doctorate of N etworking has also been very success ful primarily dueto its extreme difficulty Cisco continually monitors the program making the changes needed to make sure that the program remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today s internetworking business environments Building on the highly successful CCIE program Cisco Career Certifications permit you to become certified at various levels of technical proficiency spanning the disciplines of network design and support So whether you re beginning a career changing careers securing your present position or seeking to refine and promote your position this is the book for you xviii Introduction Cisco s Certifications Cisco has created several certification tracks that will help you become a CCIE a
56. rrect answer is the one that Cisco recommends H ere are some general tips for exam success Arrive early at the exam center so you can relax and review your study materials Read the questions carefully Don t just jump to conclusions M ake sure that you re clear about exactly what each question asks Don t leave any questions unanswered They count against your score When answering multiple choice questions that you re not sure about use the process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect answers first Doing this greatly improves your odds if you need to make an educated guess Asof this writing the written exams still allow you to skip ahead and then return to pre vious questions H owever it is always best to check the Cisco website before taking any exam to get the most up to date information After you complete an exam you ll get immediate onlinenotification of your pass or fail sta tus a printed Examination Score Report that indicates your pass or fail status and your exam results by section The test administrator will give you the printed score report T est scores are automatically forwarded to Cisco within five working days after you take the test so you don t need to send your score to them What Does This Book Cover This book covers everything you need to pass the CCN P CIT exam It teaches you how to doc ument your network and how to troubleshoot and maintain Cisco routers and swit
57. s problem is vague you need more information if you are to solve the problem any time soon This is where problem definition comes in Problem definition is the step in thetroubleshooting model when details are used to define what the most likely cause of a prob lem is Now while you still have the user on the line the first step is to ask him what he means when he says he can t get to H ost Z The user then defines the situation by telling you that he can t FTP to Host Z Ask the user if he experiences any other difficulties or if this is the only one Verify where the user is currently located After these preliminary questions you ll have a basic idea of what is and isn t working Unfortunately you can t simply assume that the FT P isbroken because there are many other pieces of the network that can contribute to this problem It is also important to realize that you may want or need to gather facts before you actually form your problem statement By gathering facts to help define the issue the diagnosis of the problem or problems will be more accurate and will help you solve the trouble more quickly in the end Problem definition and fact gathering should be used in tandem for a quick and accu rate resolution Onceyou have enough information to definethe problem you should create a problem state ment that is specific concise and an accurate description of what needs to be solved In this case you might have a statement that says U
58. s well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels Beforethesenew certifications existed you took only one test and were then faced with the lab which made it difficult to succeed With the new certifications that add a better approach to preparing for that almighty lab Cisco has opened doors that few wereallowed through before So what are these new certifications and how do they help you get your CCIE Cisco Certified Network Associate CCNA TheCCNA certification is the first certification in the new line of Cisco certifications and isa precursor to all current Cisco certifications W ith the new certification programs Cisco has cre ated a type of stepping stone approach to CCIE certification Now you can become a Cisco Certified N etwork Associate for the meager cost of the Sybex CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide Fourth Edition plus 125 for the test And you don t have to stop there you can choose to continue with your studies and select a specific track to follow The Installation and Support track will help you preparefor the CCIE Routing and Switching certification the Communications and Services track will help you pre parefor the CCIE Communication and Services certification Itisimportant to note that you do not have to attempt any of thesetracks to reach theC CIE but choosing a track is recommended for the best success Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP TheCisco Certified N etwork
59. ser A from Campus A cannot FTP to Host Z on Campus B With a good statement of the problem it is easier to focus on the problem itself and not try to troubleshoot issues that do not fall within the problem definition Step back for a moment before you actually form your final problem statement Y ou need to gather more information before you can form an accurate problem statement It s time to move on to the fact gathering step Keep in mind however that after you accumulate all the infor mation you haveto come back and create your problem statement The Problem Solving Model 7 Step 2 Gather Facts At this point the problem is still pretty vague and needs more definition This is where the fact gathering step of the troubleshooting model is employed Fact gathering is the process of using diagnostic tools to collect information specific to the network and network devices that are involved in a problem Additional information should include data that excludes other possi bilities and helps pinpoint the actual problem An example of fact gathering in the case we re discussing is to verify whether you can ping Traceroute or Telnet to H ost Z thus reducing the number of possible causes Depending on the user and situation you may or may not be able to get more detailed infor mation It is up to you as a network engineer or administrator to solve the problem which means that you may have to get the information yourself It is important t
60. solve network problems D All of the above 2 What are the benefits of gathering additional facts for troubleshooting Choose all that apply A Possible causes of problems may be identified B A specific problem definition may be created C Information is provided for a baseline D All of the above 3 Which of the following are key components of creating an action plan Choose all that apply A Multiple changes as long as they are documented B Changes that do not compromise security C Changes that have only brief network impact D Back out plans 4 How many methods of problem isolation exist A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6 5 Which of the following steps are part of the Cisco troubleshooting methodology Choose all that apply A Observation of results Observation of changes Iteration Documentation Problem definition Problem resolution On m g pg Troubleshooting XXX 10 Assessment Test Which protocol attributes are associated with the Internet Protocol IP Chooseall that apply A Connection oriented B Connectionless C Layer 2 D Layer 3 Select the potential attributes of a connectionless protocol A Broadcast control B Sequenced PDUs C Broadcast transmissions D Wireless connectivity Choose all protocols that operate only at Layer 3 from the following list A PPP Point to Point Protocol B IP Internet Protocol C EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol D
61. speed mismatch Refer to Chapter 10 for more information A B C Collisions can be caused by any piece of hardware involved in an Ethernet connection Refer to Chapter 10 for more information about collisions Troubleshooting Methodology EXAM TOPICS COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER INCLUDE Y Know troubleshooting methodologies Troubleshooting is a skill that takes time and experience to fully develop To besuccessful when diagnosing and repairing network failures a good set of troubleshooting tools and skills is essential While there s no specific exam objective that maps to this chapter theinformation presented here is nevertheless important to the exam This chapter emphasizes the importance of follow ing a specific set of troubleshooting steps when you try to diagnose and solve network problems An effective troubleshooting methodology is needed because of the complexity of today s net work environments As a Cisco Certified N etwork Professional you need to understand and know how to apply an efficient and systematic troubleshooting methodology Otherwise you would be required to have a very intimate understanding of the network you are troubleshoot ing It is imperative that you learn troubleshooting skills and understand the information avail able to you while solving network problems The Complexity of Internetworks When a network failure occurs timeis of the essence When a production network goes down several things
62. t 443 is functioning cor rectly Refer to Chapter 3 for more information B If the original set of changes does not correct the problem then these should be backed out and the troubleshooting procedure repeated Refer to Chapter 1 for more information xliv 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Answers to Assessment Test E All network documentation should be updated whenever there is a change in the network Refer to Chapter 2 for more information B C D Inaddition to switching and translation at Layer 2 and routing at Layer 3 a router con figured with VLAN s provides other rolesin a switched network The collision domain is defined by the switch port not the router Refer to Chapter 9 for more information on this subject A C Cisco routers support both ISL and 802 1Q Refer to Chapter 9 for more information B Therouter and switch must use the same encapsulation across the connection Other inter faces do not matter Refer to Chapter 9 for more information C Thecorrect syntax for the switch command to show VTP stateisshow vtp domain Refer to Chapter 9 for more information C Blocking is a step or state in the Spanning T ree Protocol that prevents loops Refer to Chapter 9 for more information B Theshow ip interface command providesa list of helper addresses on an interface R efer to Chapter 5 for more information C Oftheanswer options liste
63. t and can filter based on UDP or TCP port numbers R efer to Chapter 5 for details C TheP output from the ping command indicates that the protocol was unreachable R efer to Chapter 5 for more information about ping A If theinterfaceis up but the line protocol is down there is most likely a problem at Layer 2 the Data Link layer Refer to Chapter 5 for more detail A D Thefivekeysto good network documentation areas follows Determinethe scope know your objective be consistent keep documents accessible and maintain the documentation Refer to Chapter 2 for more information about documentation D Theshow cdp neighbor command provides information regarding any Cisco device including routers connected to a switch Refer to Chapter 10 for more information A route add is the correct syntax for the command to add routes to a Windows NT end system Refer to Chapter 3 for more information B D Named access lists allow for the removal of individual lines whereas numbered access lists are removed entirely when the no command is issued In addition because their names can be descriptive named access lists are easier for network administrators to work with For the router named access lists are no harder or easier to work with router Refer to Chapter 5 for more information D This command will telnet to the server on port 443 If a connection is made though no meaningful data will be sent then the path through the network on por
64. t that fuses all the material listed previously in this introduction into one exam Good luck That said by taking this exam you get three tests for the price of two which saves you 125 if you pass Some people think it s easier to take the Foundation R S exam because you can leverage your higher scoring areas against the areas in which you don t do as well Thereis also an option to obtain your CCNP This is to do three tests the Composite Exam 642 891 which fuses the BSCI and BCM SN exams plus the BCRAN and CIT exams gt Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without notice TE Always check the Cisco website for the most up to date information www cisco com Sybex has a solution for each one of the CCN P exams Each study guide listed in the follow ing table covers all the exam objectives for their respective exams Exam Name Exam Sybex Products Building Scalable Cisco 642 801 CCNP Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks Internetworks Study Guide ISBN 0 7821 4293 1 Switching 642 811 CCNP Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks Study Guide 0 7821 4294 X Remote A ccess 642 821 CCNP Building Cisco Remote Access Networks Study Guide 0 7821 4296 6 Support 642 831 CCNP Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide 0 7821 4295 8 Also available CCNP Study Guide Kit 3rd Ed 0 7821 4297 4 covers all four exams Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional CCIP After passing the
65. tegy fifo Output queue 0 40 0 drops input queue 0 75 0 drops 5 minute input rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 0 packets input 0 bytes 0 no buffer xl 60 Assessment Test Received 0 broadcasts 0 runts 0 giants O input errors O CRC O frame O overrun 0 ignored 0 abort 0 packets output 0 bytes 0 underruns 0 output errors 0 collisions 0 interface resets 0 output buffer failures 0 output buffers swapped out 5 transitions Router_B show interface tol TokenRingO is up line protocol is down Dog Hardware is TMS380 address is 0007 787c e14b bia 0007 787c e14b Internet address is 172 16 30 2 subnet mask is 255 255 255 0 MTU 4464 bytes BW 4000 Kbit DLY 630 usec rely 255 255 load 1 255 Encapsulation SNAP loopback not set keepalive set 10 sec ARP type SNAP ARP Timeout 04 00 00 Ring speed 4 Mbps Single ring node Source Route Transparent Bridge capable Ethernet Transit OUI 0x000000 Last input never output never output hang never Last clearing of show interface counters never Queueing strategy fifo Output queue 0 40 0 drops input queue 0 75 0 drops 5 minute input rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 0 packets input 0 bytes 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts 0 runts 0 giants 0 input errors 0 CRC 0 frame 0 overrun 0 ignored 0 abort 0 packets output 0 bytes 0 underruns 0 output errors 0 collisions 0 inte
66. tification In addition to what s required for the CCNA you ll need to have the following skills Installing configuring operating and troubleshooting complex routed LAN routed WAN and switched LAN networks and Dial Access Services Understanding complex networking concepts such as IP IGRP Async Routing extended access lists IP RIP route redistribution route summarization OSPF VLSM BGP Serial IGRP Frame Relay ISDN ISL X 25 DDR PSTN PPP VLANs Ethernet ATM LAN emulation access lists 802 10 FDDI and transparent and translational bridging To meet theCisco Certified N etwork Professional requirements you must be ableto perform the following Install and or configurea network to increase bandwidth quicken network responsetimes and improve reliability and quality of service Maximize performance through campus LANs routed WANs and remote access Improve network security Create a global intranet Provide access security to campus switches and routers Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth end to end resiliency services Provide custom queuing and routed priority services How Do You Become a CCNP After becoming a CCNA the four exams you must take to get your CCNP are as follows Exam 642 801 Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks BSCI A while back Cisco retired the Routing 640 603 exam and now uses this exam 642 801 to build on the fundamentals of the CCNA exam BS

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CCNP®: Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide