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C60 System - User Manual

1. 7 10 20 30 40 0 01 0 1 1 10 100 Frequency Radians Sec 150 T 100 ASB 0 50 100 150 0 01 S plane pictures by courtesy of James Grant TDS NN 0 1 1 10 100 Frequency Radians Sec Above is a range of low pass Butterworth filter responses drawn above the S plane These are all pole devices with filter orders from 4 to 9 The Butterworth design is maximally flat in the frequency domain However their response to a step function will produce an overshoot The poles are evenly spread on a semicircle whose origin is the axis crossing of the S plane The 3D plots are vertically sliced along the j imaginary axis to reveal amplitude response C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 79 of 121 Appendix B Reactance and Impedance in simple electrical circuits The Reactance of physical object is a description of how it resists the flow of current when driven with a sinusoidal voltage As the frequency varies the magnitude of the Reactance varies For electronic components there are three types of Reactance These are referred to aS X_ Xc and Xr which are respectively the reactance of pure inductive cap
2. He get HI Ay ah pie i ii ji Ht ik if 54 e ie i 3 l Ubi Mean Yt PT age ai Wie a ey ITEN i va i ney an i Ahl lo NE Bolle Dy LEF al il W Fi i a AA I Trara td NA I j i fi Ly Pa hy res A 7 889 105 7 890 105 Frequency Hz 0 Frequency Hz C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 50 of 121 pP h a se d etecti O n Two transducer system 06 15 44 06 15 50 06 15 53 06 15 56 06 15 59 06 16 02 06 16 05 06 16 11 06 16 15 06 16 21 The next graph shows the amplitude and phase response of a two transducer system One transducer is used as a transmitter the other as the receiver They are connected together by a resonant metal bar amp The combined electro mechanical system displays low Q amplitude resonances and phase loops all of which can be modified by external mechanical masses and damping mechanisms The phase is plotted using a 180 display range The amplitude response has no overall slope but has many resonance peaks and notches This can result in the phase detection electronics being presented with a greatly attenuated test sine wave to which many amplified harmonic products are added Under these poor conditions the 180 display range gives the best phase plot right
3. i 10 B 4 F 6 10 6 10 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments There are some interesting impedance resonances in this electro acoustic device Using the mouse left click on the graph and then draw out a rectangle shown as a negative image When the left click is removed the graph will Zoom into the rectangle 455KHz ceramic resonator 10 103 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 102 4 10 5 105 6 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments The zooming can be repeated almost endlessly eventually revealing the noise floor assorted errors interference and the quantization steps of the system C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 34 of 121 455KHz ceramic resonator 16 52 37 16 55 11 16 35 23 16 36 54 16 39 42 16 41 47 16 44 15 16 46 21 16 47 46 16 50 26 3 210 3 010 Test Settings Graph view Options Add Text Phase d Impedance d Mark Data Points Cut Copy 2 810 2 610 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 247108 Zoom Exbenks Undo Zoom Export Properties 4 710 10 4 715 10 4 720 10 4 725108 4 730 10 4 735 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Right click on the graph and a menu box will appear This provides a fast route to the graphing controls Undo Zoom will now step back through the different areas of the graph you have zoomed into Redo Zoom
4. 150 1004 Phase Degrees O 100 150 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments When the two components are wired in parallel red the impedance has a peak response at resonance When the two components are wires in series blue the impedance has a minimum response at resonance The phase plots indicate the transition through resonance The resonant frequency happens at the intersection of the L and C impedance plots That is when z Zc resonance will occur These plots look like amplitude response graphs They have the same general characteristics such as 20dB decade slopes but they are representations of what is happening in the impedance domain C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Battery impedance Page 68 of 121 There are many types of battery Some have relatively flat output voltage discharge curves others have large variations Some are rechargeable others not Some self discharge with enthusiasm others have a good shelf life They all suffer from similar problems Their output voltage drops with discharge Also their internal impedance increases with discharge and with the number of times they have been recharged To date there does not seem to be a reliable method of measuring the energy stored in a battery or the available time left before the electrical demand collapses the power supply Electronic
5. requency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments When the phase is unwrapped to indicate a 180 range the presence of distortion products makes itself known below The sign detector which does the unwrapping becomes confused and gives spurious results This is the same phase plot as the one above Two transducer system Phase detectors have problems resolving the transitions from 0 and 180 On the graph the 180 transition is at the top and bottom of the picture which makes it highly visible The 0 AAA MT IMM MI IH LETT transition gt n the middle and SO IS less obvious The q WY UU MT U 20KHz Elliptic low pass filter below demonstrates the phase unwrapping in action In the region from 18KHz to 40KHz there are several 180 phase transitions At this part of the graph the phase is moving very rapidly and so the transitions through 0 phase do not show any obvious aberrations Slowly passing through 0 phase will usually produce a kink in the plot Elliptic filter modules At about 2 3MHz the signal level is very small 80dB and the phase and sign detectors produce big errors The signal to noise ratio is terrible and the bandwidth requirements of the phase detector circuit are enormous The phase plot under these conditions looks dubious Amplitude Gain dB Phase Degrees 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 106 Freque
6. C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 89 of 121 newampf newampf graphTitleText lt CR gt graphTitleText Optional parameter to specify the title text of the graph This command creates a new amplitude vs frequency document The title of the graph can optionally be specified in the command Example newampf Amplitude sleep 100 prompt A new amplitude document close newimpf newampf graphTitleText lt CR gt graphTitleText Optional parameter to specify the title text of the graph This command creates a new impedance vs frequency document The title of the graph can optionally be specified in the command Example newimpf Impedance sleep 100 prompt A new impedance document close P period period testPeriod lt CR gt testPeriod Parameter to specify the test period time in mS Command to set the test period time which is the time between a change in the oscillator s frequency and when the amplitude impedance and phase measurements are made phase phase phaseOption lt CR gt phaseOption Parameter to specify phase data collection on 1 or off 0 Command to enable or disable the acquisition of phase data Example phase 1 points points numPoints lt CR gt numPoints Parameter to specify the number of test points Command to set the number of test points to use when not specified in the XREF amptest or XREF imptest comman
7. I Agree B CypherGraph Setup License Agreement Please review the license terme before installing CypherGraph Press Page Down to see the rest of the agreement SOFTWARE and the accomparying documentation tagether with all copies in electronic or other form including any copies on backup tapes or other media This license will terminate automatically if you Fail to comply with the limitations described above 5 MISCELLANEOUS This Agreement represents the complete agreement concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them It may be amended only by a writing executed by both parties If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable F IF pou accept the terms of the agreement click Agree to continue You must accept the agreement to install CypherGraph Hullsott retell Syster e 10 lt Back Cancel 6 If you already have CypherGraph installed on your PC then you are prompted to uninstall the existing version recommended 7 If this is a fresh installation the Choose Install Location box will appear The usual location for the software is C Program Files CypherGraph Click Install BB CypherGraph Setup Choose Install Location Choose the folder in which to install CypherGraph Set
8. anicel J pg ra d e ai When the upgrade has been completed click the Finish key The firmware has been modified and has been installed inside the C60 Now install the CypherGraph software This is a PC program Click Next gt gt and then OK Updates Select the update operation required Click Next to continue Check the internet for updates Software install f Install an update Instrument Firmware update T Click OF to shutdown Cypheraraph and run the installer f f CyoherGraph Software update Select the most recent file date and click Open This takes you to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard Click Next gt For details of software installation see Appendix D Open Upgrade File f le i CypherGraph Setup ian edon Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup TOCGVOR91B217 Wizard This vazard will quide you through the installation of CypherGraph It is recommended that you chose all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant system files without having bo reboot your computer Chick Next bo continue My Computer Install File pame My Network Files of type Executable files exe Places r Open as pead aonlky CypherGraph C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 12 of 121 Using the CypherGraph Software When the application is launched a blank start up page is prod
9. lt gt the a Pani user will have to manually enter a file name WMK 3 Pen 8 containing valid characters Peng d Pn Pen 4 Pen g l Pen5 E Pen 10 Pen 5 Pen 10 Cancel OF Graph View Options selections can be obtained from this menu This dialog box can also be accessed by right clicking on the graph The plots can be Locked Unlocked Erased and Displayed or hidden either 1 individually or as a complete block Graph View Options ypher Plots 455KHz ceramic re EW W Display Lock Erase All pens Lack Erase Lack Lock Erase Lock Erase Unlock Lock Erase x Display x When a graph contains many plots it Disple becomes difficult to identify each one By clicking the Display box a plot can be made to identify itself x Display x Display x Display Lock Erase Erase Unlocked Lack Erase eee x For a detailed explanation of the graph view Display options available see The Graph View Options section Lock Erase Lack Erase Display Lack Erase x Display D OF wH M mm SF to Pe x Display E E ngg g O a a a a ee a x Display C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 22 of 121 Test Window Help Start FS Stop Fe Repeat CErI F5 Ruin Script Re Run Last Script Shift F5 Check Mask Shift 2trl F5 Settings FY Device F Start Stop and Repeat are commands that c
10. Amplitude Loss Amplitude Gain dB Amplitude Gain dB Page 41 of 121 Amplitude response 10kHz elliptic filter Pen4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 17 42 40 Pen Amplitude response 10kHz elliptic filter Pen4 17 42 40 Pen Pen3 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 A 15M 25M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instrumen ts Amplitude response 10kHz elliptic filter 17 42 40 Pen4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 2 5M 2 0M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 42 of 121 Return the view to a logarithmic frequency axis On the Settings dialogue box click the Use X Axis extents box PEATA This allows the user to zoom into an area of interest and to retest it When this is happening Frequency A amp B are Oscillator Engineering J out Sweep from i C Ato w B to A C Alemate Options The first two notches of the filter are quite interesting Click and drag a box around them However when the graph zooms in they don t seem that good They don t have enough data sample points to reveal the response of the filter Remember lots of dots make good graphs but you are only allowed 1024 dots per plot Also lots of dots takes lots of time The red pen was selected by clicking on it and a new t
11. By mixing HP and LP outputs a range of notch responses is generated This filter has a continuously variable tuning range from 19KHZ to1 5MHz Voltage controlled filter LP 19KHz 1 5MHz Voltage controlled filter HP 19KHz 1 5MHz 10 10 20 do O A O Amplitude Gain dB Amplitude Gain dB SL 60 e 70 70 80 80 102 103 104 105 106 102 103 104 105 106 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments Voltage controlled filter BP 19KHz 1 5MHz Voltage controlled filter notch 19KHz 1 5MHz 0 10 NOG 10 AA O h 0 N 20 20 m 30 m xo TD 30 5 5 o 40 E E 40 Q Q lt 50 lt 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 102 103 104 10 106 102 10 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Ceramic resonators Ceramic resonators are used in electronic circuits to generate tuned oscillators They are not as accurate or stable as quartz crystal oscillators but they are small and inexpensive Their resonance modes are determined by surface acoustic time delays A
12. C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 88 of 121 linear linear pointInterval lt CR gt pointInterval Parameter to specify logarithmic or linear frequency point intervals Command to specify the frequency test points interval spacing A parameter value of 1 specifies linear frequency intervals and a value of 0 specifies logarithmic frequency intervals Example linear 0 aMpCest legend Logarithmic test points wait linear 1 amptest legend Linear test points wait title Linear logarithmic test prompt Linear logarithmic function test complete loadgraph loadgraph graphFileName lt CR gt graphFileName Parameter specifying the file name of a graph to open This command loads an existing graph residing in the Plots folder of the hard disk The file name must be specified including the file extension Windows file name restrictions apply This allows the user to configure the view of a graph prior to running a script including a mask and then load the graph during script processing loadgraph CypherScriptAmp gad atten 0 linear 0 startfreg 1000 endfreq 3000 amptest legend Test 1 wait M message message messageText lt CR gt messageText The text string This can be a maximum of 62 characters Command to bring up an information dialog box containing the message text This command does not halt script processing Example message Done
13. CypherGraph is already opened and the status bar reports that the instrument is disconnected bottom left hand corner of the application window then click the USB icon on the horizontal tool bar This will open the Select Instrument dialog box Choose the device to connect to from the drop down list box If there are no instruments listed make sure that the instrument is connected and click the Refresh button Click OK to connect to the device If CypherGraph does not display any devices in the drop down list when the refresh button is pressed and the C60 is connected then follow the instructions in the Device driver update section to ensure that the device driver has been properly installed C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 96 of 121 Installation on Windows 98 CypherGraph Software 1 Quit all open applications 2 If your computer has auto run enabled then the software will automatically install Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive and the installation will begin Skip the next instruction 3 If your computer has auto run disabled then insert the CD into the drive and wait for the operating system to read the disk Hold the Windows key down and press the R key to open the Run dialog Type the drive letter of the CypherGraph software CD followed by setup Click the OK button Run Ei ES Type the name of a program folder d
14. then choose which one to use The Please make sure that an instrument is plugged instrument s serial number is displayed If In Select the serial number of the instrument you th inst t pl dinto th wish to use from the drop down list box below If ere IS only one Instrument plugged in to the i the instrument is not in the list then click the PC then press F6 to connect Refresh button Click OK to continue CE0 0504 x01 0g For more information about Cypher instrument s products and support click the button below More Info Refresh z Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 25 of 121 Window Hos Help Cascade Fil Tile Horizontal Cbrl F9 Tile Vertical Fo Arrange Icons Shifk F9 Next document ShiFE F 1 Previous document ShiFE F2 Close 4ll Chrlt Flz2 1 CO Projects Cypher Plots Samples 10KHz Elliptic 8987 points gad 2 Projects Cypher Plots Samples 19KHz2 pilot tone Filter gad SC Projects CypherlPlots Samples 20KH2 Elliptic low pass Filter gad 4 Ci Projects CypherlPlots Samplesi200M of USS cable terminated with 100R gad SC Projects CypherlPlots Samples active Crossover gad 6 CProjects CypherlPlots SamplesiRal 79PE cable impedance 2 g2d 7 Ci Projects Cypher Plots Samples impedance limits amp accuracy ged 6 Projects Cypher Plots Samples Inductors and capacitors gzd 9 Projects Cypher Plots Samples Microphone
15. used to draw the individual plots The 5 ems iew Hep Exported from CypherGraph w 91 217 file can be opened and edited with Exported data Frequency vs Impedance in ohms and phase in aye ee Acquired by Cyphercraph v0 90 200 C60 0504 x0L08 V0 4 84 20 07 2005 Microsoft s Notepad and can also be arapi title a gt kHe ceramic resonator Pen legen TTE used by other graph plotting programs points 995 wee 3134503 136 475900 20 390630 4448 136 475900 20 390630 136 475900 20 390630 9 1356 032200 20 346680 136 475900 20 302730 230 136 475900 20 214840 136 475900 20 214840 136 921100 20 136 921100 20 2 137 367800 20 2 258 137 815900 20 137 815900 20 137 815900 2 0 083010 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 15 of 121 CypherGraph also produces image files These formats are JPEGs bit maps and meta files These are useful if you have to include the graphs in other documents Generally the meta files give the best image quality First select the image file format If you want good quality JPEG graphs then choose a high resolution Next change the aspect ratio as desired and then Save the file renaming it if needed Export Graph Text Image Select the file type for export Export Graph Text Image Select the file type for export JPEG image file jpg windows meta file vmt
16. 121 Legal Disclaimer Warnings and Restrictions The C60 has a low impedance output and a very sensitive input Passive electronic circuits inside the unit provide a level of protection to these ports even when the unit is powered down Do not exceed the voltage and current restrictions applied to the input and output connectors as specified in this manual These are not operating conditions they are dangerous limits Applying excessive voltages and currents will cause dangerous power dissipation inside the C60 which can result in unexpected operational behaviour and or permanent damage WARNING Do not connect high voltages to any connector or other part of the C60 These voltages will damage the C60 and other equipment to which it is electrically connected such as the computer Also these high voltages are dangerous and represent a risk to health Customers are responsible for their testing scenarios and interpretations of test results Persons using the product must have a scientific or engineering training be familiar with the use of personal computers and must observe good laboratory test methods and standards Cypher Instruments assumes no liability for customers test results and interpretations The customer assumes all responsibility and liability for the proper use of the equipment and software Cypher Instruments assumes no responsibility software performance or infringement of patents or services The customer indemnifies Cypher I
17. 5K When zoomed in there is a classic impedance curve a series resonance followed by a parallel resonance at 40KHz But there is not just one there are also many others C projects Cypher Plots Ultrasonic2005 gzd C projects Cypher Plots Ultrasonic2005 gzd Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen7 14 31 22 14 33 48 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 14 31 22 14 33 48 hm Ohms Modulus of Impedance Ohms Modulus of Impedance 10 102 103 104 105 106 2 104 4 104 6 104 8 104 105 2 105 4 105 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments There is a major resonance at about 270KHz Zooming in on this we can see that there seems to be another small resonance in between the minimum and maximum impedance However there are not enough sample points in the plot to clearly reveal the response of the device The transducer was retested using the Use X axis extents facility The plot now has many points enough to show the smaller resonance in finer detail C projects Cypher Plots Ultrasonic2005 gzd C projects Cypher Plots Ultrasonic2005 gzd Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 14 31 22 14 33 48 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 14 31 22 14 33 48 14 36 42 Ohms Ohms Modulus of Impedance Modulus of Impedance 2 0 105 2 5 105 3 0 105 3 5 105 2 0 105 2 5 105 3 0 105 3 5 10
18. 79 ADDCTIGIX C iriiria TATT TA 81 Toe seiping angudd etna A ANNS 81 SPE COMIN NS ses rs ccc wea a ts cane vce A A a A ace es 82 PD DCI D carrie E sa sue eat ped suse teueetets aeaeae tae eeceen a crgie siteuecessaterenseeieenseit 95 Metalno Cypers aPN aeea a ncarl east aaneaGotees ada euk ee nasa te sean iaghneamunmunteneaes 95 Installation OM WiNdOWS Osram sesame cen ariewsneranenaaay nic cag O aaee tenure etenaneetenivinuaseromeene tats 96 InstallauOn OF WINGOWS ME a a tonsa saceasesanacetecsautawenasaeaeaieseresaesenates 101 Installation On Windows 2000 sug cetecetere crises jos ind cotae rete eta lee cst yide reeled ees Pen eie ete a e 106 Installation on WINGOWS XP ierse deaannatdnsaeibieesdueariaitedds stania A 113 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 3 of 121 Preface written by Tim Orr I have been designing electronic filters for about 35 years These have been active and passive devices Since the arrival of personal computers and design software it has been possible to design and simulate a wide variety of filters Of course in the real world you cannot purchase the precise component values that this software generates Also real components are far from perfect Capacitors and inductors have parasitic elements and natural resonances op amps have bandwidth slew rate and phase shift problems and printed circuit board tracks seem to do their very best to defeat your desig
19. Apply button is pressed or when Sweep X axis extents values are applied or when Zoom Extents is asserted The Point counter shows the number of points in a test and is also used as a progress counter during a test Change the number of test points using the slider in the Settings dialogue box and see them change in the Status bar Next the oscillator idle frequency is shown In this example it was set to 1000Hz Other displays include Off amp Start These are all controlled in the Settings dialogue box The extra time period per test is displayed in milliseconds The sweep can be A to B B to A or Alternate The oscillator attenuation is shown in CBs When a test point on a graph is selected point amp left click the X amp Y coordinates are displayed The X axis is frequency The Y axis can be gain loss in dBs phase in degrees and impedance admittance in Ohms or Instrument Frequency A Point Counter ime period weep Y axis dB Phase conned mili Second direction Ohms Siemens Connected 3 1000000 Hz 4000000 Hz 101 pts On Orns Start Ato B OdB X 3031433 Hz Y 88 41915 dB Pen number Frequency B Phase data Oscillator idle Oscillator X axis acquisition frequency attenuatio Frequency When an instrument is disconnected the status bar can still be used to provide the XY coordinates of data points in a graph and to display the currently selected pen Instrument Y axis dB Phase Disconnected Ohms Siemens Disc
20. Help Hee e HUSH Computer Se Disk drives a Display adapters 5 DYDICD ROM drives 4 Floppy disk controllers IDE ATAJATAPI controllers Sa IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers gt keyboards Mice and other pointing devices a Monitors Eg Network adapters Gh Other devices C60 Impedance t rygli F Ports COM amp LPT Update Driver 3 Processors Disable 2 BAM Disk Uninstall ii Famdisk Q5oft SCSI and RAID controll Sound video and game Properties System devices Universal Serial Bus controllers Scan for hardware changes Launches the Hardware Upe C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 119 of 121 4 The Wizard dialog will appear Check the radio dial labelled No not this time Click Next gt to continue Hardware Update Wizard Welcome to the Hardware Update Wizard Windows will search for curent and updated software by looking on pour computer on the hardware installation CD or on the Windows Update Web site with pour permission Read our privacy policy Can Windows connect to Windows Update to search for software ves this time only Yes now and every time connect a device Click Next to continue 5 Select the Install from a list or specific location Advanced option Click Next gt to continue Hardware Update Wizard This wizard helps y
21. Maximum Limits Applied to Output BNC Absolute maximum current applied to output 0 2Arms Absolute maximum voltage applied to output 9VDC or 22VppAC Input channel Input impedance 1M ohm in parallel with 14 5pF AC coupled input 0 15Hz high pass coupled Maximum signal input 3 5Vpp maximum before compression 5dB on graph Minimum input signal 100uVpp 86dB with Rsource 50R Noise floor 86dB at 1MHz input S C 73dB at 1MHz input O C BNC input connector Absolute maximum voltage applied to input 50VDC or 50VppAC destructive limits C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 6 of 121 Other hardware features USB connection for data and power USB 2 0 full speed 12Mbps Mode led indicating Power and USB activity Current consumption 100mA to 220mA depending on activity Power consumption 0 5Watt to 1 1Watt depending on activity Enclosure Ingress Protection rating IP30 Size 148mm x 132mm x 43mm box size including feet and BNC connectors Weight 420 grams box weight not including the USB cable Other details Operating system requirements Microsoft Windows 98SE ME 2000 XP pro with internet explorer 4 or higher Minimum PC requirements Pentium IT 333MHz 64Mbytes of RAM 50Mbytes of free hard disk space mouse keyboard USB graphics card and monitor capable of 1024x768 resolution Advanced graphing program used to display test resul
22. Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Help User Manual Fi Cypher Instruments On Line Shift Ctri Fi About Instrument Ctrl D Ctrl F 1 About CypherGraph Page 27 of 121 The User Manual is viewable as a pdf document with an active document map The Cypher Instruments On Line button menu item connects to the web site About Instrument lists the device properties of the connected unit Other units will have different operating ranges and functionality The About CypherGraph menu item details the PC application and the embedded code version numbers and the hardware serial number The System Info button displays the system information summary of the host computer The Update Info button connects to the web site to check for the latest versions of the PC application and the instrument firmware For more information see the section Software and Firmware Web Updates C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 About Instrument Cyoner Instruments Model Humber Ceo Hardware Version 2 Firmware Version YO 968 2052 Serial Humber cE0 0504 01094 Frequency range 10Hz to 4hMHz Amplitude range 506 to 6 dB Phase range 180 Degrees Impedance range 0 01 Ohms to 450K Ohms Sit outputs Console 0 capability About CypherGraph LypnerGraph WO 15 Impedance Amplitude and Phase Analyser graphing application Instrument VWO 91 1637 Hardware W SH CBO 0504 40708 C
23. Registry Keys Huleot neral Systeri ei 4 Back Hert Eancel 9 Once the installer has finished copying the files you can choose to start the CypherGraph application by clicking finish If you do not wish to run the application then uncheck the Run CypherGraph check box and click finish HA CypherGraph Setup ig x Completing the CypherGraph Setup Wizard E CypherGraph has been installed on your computer Click Finish to close this wizard Install CypherGraph 4 Back Cancel 10 The C60 can now be connected to the PC via the USB lead After a short period the Windows will re build the device driver data base and then automatically install the device driver 11 Remove the CD Keep the CD is a safe place for future use by you or your colleagues C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 99 of 121 Device driver update If the C60 was plugged in before the CypherGraph software was installed then Windows may not have located the device driver for the instrument Follow the instructions below to perform a re install of the device driver after CypherGraph software has been installed 1 Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive If the CypherGraph installer opens then click Cancel and then Yes to quit 2 Plug in the C60 3 Open the Device Manager by right clicking on the my computer icon then left clicking properties Then
24. Select the resolution 1600 1600 Aspect ratio 2 Cancel Export Graph Savam Export Test Image Select the file type for export JPEG image file pa Select the resolution 1600 1600 Aspect ratio 2 Desktop My Documents by Computer File pame Save as type JPEG files ipa There are many properties associated with file formats and file sizes The following pictures are all the same graph The graph on the right is a screen capture which was saved as a JPEG file This is not an Export Image feature of CypherGraph The file size is 178k and is dependant on the screen image resolution of the PC Impedance Ohme When Export Image is applied to the same graph with a 1600 X 1200 resolution the files sizes are JPG 398k BMP 7 501k massive WMF 130k Part MAN C60 1 2 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 16 of 121 fees ceramic resonate WEB SETI KEES eee EN Ee t Kea EHE e EE opan Enis hfe AS la rile ne ty A A e i i P tif A a Na 3 t pi voy uoi hd E AS j ETA gt fa pHi E T TY PAG i ao J me it rh gi 4 r l i i nan fick tt ONE Gg at 1 PATA g v ft if T 4 E it j i MAS tty tl 1144 1 4 4 i ut t l Prod Paa ean necrunents 455KHz ceramic resonator The top picture is
25. bar A dialogue box will appear with a choice of two modes of operation Amplitude response or Impedance measurement Select Amplitude Vs Frequency and click OK A blank graph sheet will appear with a maximum range of amplitude phase and frequency values All plots are drawn inside this sheet Tests can be performed inside the area of the sheet by limiting the frequency limits zooming and by turning off the phase portion of the display Right click on the graph area and a context sensitive menu will appear Select Test Settings to get the Settings dialogue box Set the A B frequency range and click the Apply button or press return In this test a frequency range of 1kHz to 4MHz was selected Do not check the Use X axis extents box as this over rides the Frequency boxes t greys them out The sweep direction is B to A Page 39 of 121 Test Type Output Input f Amplitude Vs Frequency Output Input f Impedance Ws Frequency Select test Type Test Settings i Graph view Options Add Text Set the number of test points using the slider This is Phase i active even during a test Amplitude d Set the Idle Output Frequency The choices are Off Cut z i User Defined in Hz and the Test Start frequency Copy Geass careers Paste Frequency A Hz An additional wait period can be introduced by setting Zoom Extents pim
26. cable on its own It has high frequency losses that cause the notch depth to diminish with frequency The first notch is at 828KHz This is when the time delay is half a wavelength A sine wave of 828KHz has a wave length of about 1 2uS so half a wavelength is 600nS That means that the signal took 600nS to travel the 100m cable length Therefore the velocity down the cable is given by V D T which is V 100m 600nS This is 166km S which is slower than the velocity of light at 300km S For a cosine comb response further notches occur at 3F 5F etc Both phase responses are shown on one graph by using a cut and paste process The middle plot red shows a triangle response This is the phase response of a constant time delay When this response is unwrapped to show 180 lower plot the response is a ramp waveform Phase errors are now more visible at the zero crossing and at the extremes Note the data was acquired with the Linear mode selected so the points are linearly spaced Coaxial cable 100m long Coaxial Cable only Amplitude Gain dB 100 Phase Degrees 120 140 160 180 Phase Degrees 0 5M 1 0M 1 5M 2 0M 2 5M 3 0M 3 5M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 72 of 121 Digital au
27. gas gauges so called because they emulate the gasoline tank in a car try to measure the charge in the battery as if it were a liquid Coulombs the liquid are counted in and they are counted out In this way a gas gauge is constructed However internal battery self discharge a leak defeats the measurement system The battery is overfilled on charge which usually gives a 50 error on start up Also as the battery capacity reduces with recharge cycles it becomes more difficult to predict how much charge is left at any point in time Even if the gas gauge actually worked it does not measure output impedance The gas gauge could say there is 40 capacity left in the batteries However the output impedance might have increased by a factor of 10 If a high current demand happens such as the charging up of a photo flash circuit then the battery voltage will suddenly dip causing a micro controller reset It happens all the time You go to take a digital photo you press the shutter switch and the camera turns itself off Wonderful A pair of Nickel Metal Hydride rechargeable AA cells was tested for impedance They were connected to the C60 via a 1000uF low Z capacitor This stops any DC current from entering the C60 and overheating it The lower black plot is the impedance of the Capacitor on its own It claims to have an ESR of 70mR at 100KHz The plot indicates 90mR but also includes the screw terminal adaptor the C60 outp
28. graph display range Undo and Redo which step through the zoom history gt a From left to right these are Start test which initiates the test procedure and graphing program referred to as a plot Stop test which halts this process and Repeat test which puts the unit into a repeat test mode Note we define a graph as being a collection of plots There can be a maximum of ten plots per graph each plot having its own pen colour and pen number Graphs are stored as data files with the following file extensions GAD for amplitude graphs and GZD for impedance graphs Ba ce From left to right these are Test settings which causes the Settings dialog box to appear and Connect device which selects the USB instrument and displays the unit serial number These only function when a C60 is connected k a From left to right these are Previous document and Next document which allow the user to scroll through the open graph documents P The Help tool provides on screen access to this manual C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 29 of 121 The vertical tool bar The vertical tool bar provides quick access to the features available on the Pen tab of the Graph View Options dialog box This tool bar provides quick access for pen colour lock and view features Pen selection 1 to 10 is also available through the number keys 1 to 9 and 0 for 10 Lock pen locks the curr
29. graph font to a font used in a document Three sizes are available These sizes impact on the available area in which to plot the graph Tahoma C Large C Medium f Small Legend Location f Hidden C Inside Axis The large font is useful for the wmf file formas The font appears to be very large on the screen but is suitably large in a document The wmf process for text in resizable graphs is not wysiwyg f Bottom C Lett The graph Legend Location can also be controlled by the user These give the user even more choices over the visual look of the graph The examples below use the Top option C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 37 of 121 Below are colour monochrome and monochrome plus symbol views of the same graph lowpass10k lowpass10k N a lowpass10k Test Test Amplitude dB 2 A a Amplitude dB A E 70 T T 10000 100000 Freque Produced by Cypl Amplitude dB 10000 100000 60 Freque Produced by Cyph 10000 100000 1000000 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments The Mask tab enables lines to be drawn on a graph These lines can be used as boundary markers to test device performance A set of upper and lower boundary lines forms a test mask throu
30. impedance 3 tone settings gzd More Windows The window menu provides control over the graph document windows Alt W followed by a number 1 to 9 provides quick selection of the first 9 document windows Further documents may be selected through the More Windows dialog Next document and Previous document cycle through the document list When there are multiple graphs open Cascade produces a cascaded display of graphs Only the top graph can be seen but the others are placed in focus by clicking on the blue bar at the top of their box fem fet pris ppi Bag teh bea ete ale ees Ft CiisnTesnk aired banag Testy bacas ata ll pp has UP kare AT Seared gad hg bo es and Selle ete Lea umeni peer i eT or p hrl gcd L ecurmenh od Sethi ego lee Cecuenb Li yphe tac Creer gad fc I CAfecurenic and Setting leetey Docu Cypr P ninl EB caba brpadarza prid Lee cable impedance Coan aral be D Li A L a gi O E Tile Horizontal and Tile Vertical enable all graphs to be made visible Diment l Dis TASES bb o yhe Ja gyi Lp IHRE e ake eA aa i E Wier arene aad Seringal Ta Ay Secure er cep b Clipric Ai 10EHz Elliptik T E 7 H x B eal p C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 26 of 121 As more and more graphs are displayed their size is reduced There is no limit to the number of graphs open The limitation is one of scr
31. impedance lift The slight droop at 20Hz 0 01 Ohms is caused by measurement errors in the C60 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 56 of 121 The measured low frequency impedance boundary range below is 457k to 0 01R This is a continuous dynamic range of 45 700 000 to 1 153dBs Impedance limits amp accuracy open circuit 100K 10K 1KO 100R 10R 1RO 220K 330K short circuit 10 O wo 102 Modulus of Impedance Ohms O 101 102 103 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Impedance accuracy Page 57 of 121 When an impedance test is performed on a single reactive component the theoretical slope should be a straight line with a slope of 6dB octave In the C60 the electronics that measures impedance has a small cyclic deviation from a straight line performance This results in an undulating error when measuring impedance A 220uH inductor was tested with 9 signal levels from OdB to 20dB The resulting graph right shows a slight variation in the plot width Ideally this graph should be 9 plots all having exactly the same data points However the variable signal level reveals the errors in the detection system The detector operates continuously over a 7 decade range and so some comp
32. on the first graph and then select a pen number by clicking on one of the ten pen colours This is the pen plot that will be copied Press Ctrl C to Copy it Now click on the second graph Select a pen number that has not been used Press Ctrl V to Paste the plot into second graph This is a very powerful method of editing and transferring plots Cut Ctrl X can also be used as a direct method of deleting a plot in a graph Preferences enables the user to customize some of the features of the application Select the Pen Colours tab and then double click on a colour box This launches the Color dialog box which is used to define the pen colour from a Basic selection or a Custom Colour range Preferences Basic colors 1E o 0 oe ee Default Pen Colours Click on the colour box to change the default colour a BER EERE ee Define Custom Colors gt Default C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 18 of 121 Use the preferences box to set up the default Preferences view of the graph The Amplitude Response tab sets the Frequency axis to be Logarithmic or Linear sets the Amplitude Scale range and controls e Logarithmic O Linear the settings of the Phase graph Frequency asis scale Gain Loss display limits f Auto Scale f Manual Phase graph C Off f 0 160 Degrees f D 360 Degrees Default The Impedance Admittance Response tab Tee nee sets the F
33. response quite apart from the definition of reactance for an inductor X 2zfL which assumes that the value of the inductor is invariant with respect to frequency For example soft iron works well at low frequencies However ferrites are produced for selected high frequency operation Five inductors with 10uH marking Modulus of Impedance Ohms Phase Degrees on 10 102 10 104 10 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments The phase shift is 90 when the impedance is dominated by the inductive reactance When the winding resistance becomes significant the phase shift tends to zero Eventually all inductors will self resonate or resonate with external parasitic capacitance Five inductors 1uH 10uH 100UH 1mH and 10mH were tested below Their impedance plots show low frequency shelving caused the winding resistance This is an important consideration if they are to be used as passive C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 66 of 121 power filters The power dissipated by the resistance defines the maximum safe current allowed through the part Their inductance may also vary with DC bias current Inductors 10uH 100uH 100uH 1uH 10000uH 106 105 104 103 102 101 10 10 1 10 2 150 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 100 Phase Degrees O 10
34. sansa eae a esa Eee Sa esate a ea ee nese ena eaes 9 Using the CypherGraph SOMWAlE areira AE elvnedaaaabacdbemnasanuinesann 12 STAUB alr earran r A A cami cove suteouatas cance ten fuseeeeueanenat 13 0 6 De f S arr rr ar nn rr rn RE PT Ce N ee ge eee ne Ee 28 Status Dells sone apnea wan tenn gaa eter aie iaterRtia A Da Sa baa cha 30 ACV ING a grapes a a uiaaciecmttqa tea tiade te uu cate a a a aealateacaaan Caan een aaaeaensores 31 Measuring AMpitude RESO NSC iciaivnckauc nis ci crnnsaaetebaetecstansiadteensieaSetenraaneatsataadnsdes nduanganteaeesneisenesananeaneasens 39 ODtaIAING OD EIMUNMEFESUIES acc acp2nccssonninantesauentasivarepacitansetuveneene scianhasnecanine E mee erineaeettes 43 Measuring Impedance RESPONSES eniinn ni eA A aA E N 45 oVSteni LIMIRAUONS soiiaecs teeth a a a a Pearle ae ee i a O ee a oe 49 IENRIS EE EPEN E E A E EE A AEN T AE A A E E E SEE T 49 Phase detection sarasi oera a a cea ees Sen ctaeei ie eased tcen leno ameehi de cate 50 Phase acera V srateiesite tui ticenlanceaainley Gist ca iueiiary nrc Gaia A tat ces at else Saat cece lS cal i ie 52 BYNAME MAGS ened ty dancin a a nee tm luainta inden a coe panic ane etamedacacamenet A 53 TimesmeaniNg rrarena nate at baie cone a O emis a eae cand te eea eee ene eas 54 Impedance DOUNGSKES ira lactss sshecinesiantedoeta tus ecseoatus a Ni 55 Impedance AC CULACY eae dss haut ves negos canes ox acca gaane cea vaaawa sen ceantanieg eee cannes ssuaatetecvaa aeteanees eeumeeinee 57 ADD
35. steps forward once you have done an Undo Zoom C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 35 of 121 The Graph View Options The Graph view options dialogue box allows the user Graph View Options ypher Plots 455KHz ceramic re EW to exercise control over the 10 pen plots that make up a graph Right click on a graph to invoke the Graph View Options box The Pen tab allows pen colours to be set Double click on the coloured box to activate a colour palette and then select a pen colour Each graph can have a different set of pen colours which can be set before performing a test and can be changed afterwards Each Pen plot can be displayed or hidden which is useful when there are many pen plots on a graph Pens plots can be locked so that they cannot be over written In this way a set of locked plots can be displayed as a reference Pen plots can also be erased iw Display f Lock Erase All pens W Display Lock Erase Lock W Display Lock Erase Iw Display Lack Erase Unlock Iw Display Lock Erase Display Lock Erase Erase Unlocked W Display Lock Erase Pans Iw Display Lock Erase 2 3 4 5 B H E s Display Lock Erase Display Display Lock Erase m The Display tab sets the Amplitude View left to be Gain or Loss represented in dBs The Gain display range is from 10dB to 90dB and the Loss range is from 10dB to 90dB These two views are inv
36. string It halts script processing until the user clicks the Yes or No buttons If the user clicks the No button further script processing is aborted If the user clicks the Yes button script processing is resumed Example Prompt to quit the application prompnottabort Do you wish to exit CypherGraph If the user clicks No then the script is aborted and the guit command is not processed nit eof C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 91 of 121 Q quit quit lt CR gt This command quits the CypherGraph program No parameters are required The user will be prompted to save any un saved documents This is useful if CypherGraph is to be used as a part of an automated test procedure where the application is launched performs some tests exports the data and then quits allowing further processing of the data to be performed Example quit C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 92 of 121 S savegraph savegraph graphFileName lt CR gt graphFileName Optional text string of the file name to use when saving the graph This command saves the graph with the file name specified If no file name is specified in the command the user is prompted to enter one If the user does not enter a file name the file is not saved File paths are not allowed only the file name Windows file nam
37. test a particular device The instrument can also control an external multiplexer to switch between different parts or channels of a device that require testing The test script language known as CypherScript allows full control of the instrument as well as the ability to save the graphs and export the data in any of the supported formats A test script can be passed to CypherGraph via the command line or re run the test script in non volatile memory with rerun allowing test automation of the instrument and the CypherGraph software For example below is a small example of a test script A or hash character at the start of a line defines a comment For reading ease the comment are in green the commands in blue and the data is in black text Load a new amplitude document and name it My Graph newampf My Graph Set the number of points points 500 Start the test from 1K to 100KHz amptest 1000 100000 Label the line legend My Device Wait for the test to complete wait Set the export format not to append time date and serial number and use a precision of 3 decimal places exportformat 1 0 0 0 3 Export the data in plain ASCII text exporttxt PenlTextFileName Save the graph to the hard disk in the plot files folder with time date and serial no exportformat 0 savegraph My Graph print the graph 0 portrait 1 landscape printgraph 0 close the graph close End of file If the hash characte
38. the CypherGraph installer opens then click Cancel and then Yes to quit 2 Plug in the C60 3 Open the Device Manager by right clicking on the my computer icon then left clicking properties Then select the device manager tab in the System Propertied dialog box If windows has failed to find a device driver for the instrument then this will be represented by an exclamation mark in a yellow in the device manager iok ka e Cl Device Manager Action view cl Computer eo Disk drives Ese Display adapters 7 5 DYDCD ROM drives A Flopp disk controllers 4 Floppy disk drives SS IDE ATAIATAPI controllers ee Keyboards iy Mice and other pointing devices m Monitors HF Network adapters a Other devices Device on USB 2 0 Hub H y Ports COM amp LPT ef Sound video and game controllers W System devices H Universal Serial Bus controllers Universal Serial Bus controllers E E E El E E El C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 112 of 121 4 Click on the C60 Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser icon and press the delete key 5 Disconnect and reconnect the C60 Windows will now install the driver from the CD The screen shot below shows the device driver has been properly installed Jas Device Manager Action view 5 tee l computer Fly Cypher Instruments fot sf C0 Impedance Amplitude Phas
39. the phase is 900 As a rule of thumb if the phase is 900 then the input signal has disappeared Right click on the graph A menu will appear Select Phase then Off The phase portion of the graph will vanish which doubles the display size of the amplitude gain plot Test Settings HH Graph wiew Options Add Text Phase 360 i Amplitude Pda Mark Daka Poinks ut Copy zoom Extents Export Properties Amplitude Gain dB Phase Degrees Page 40 of 121 Amplitude response 10kHz elliptic filter Pen5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Pen 4 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Amplitude response 10kHz elliptic filter Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 10 17 42 40 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 108 104 105 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Again right click on the graph and select Graph View Options Display tab The Amplitude view can be shown as Gain or Loss Click the Loss dial C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Graph View Options Document 42 Pen Display Axes Style Mask Amplitude view Logs in dB f Gain in dB Phase graph f 0 180 Degrees f O 360 Degrees Miscellaneous iw Mark Data Points M Show best information Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Now the graph shows Loss and
40. tone control is adjusted The impedance amp phase 150 plots reveal the horrors of driving reactive power 100 loads The phase shift is between 50 which is g n moderately dramatic Imagine if it were 90 This would mean that for certain frequencies the current phase would be orthogonal to the voltage phase Put amp 50 another way the power amplifier driving this load 100 would have to deliver peak current when its output He voltage was zero volts J have trouble imagining this Also this peak current is extracted at the amplifier s 101 102 aa 104 distortion cross over point Produced by Cypher Instruments Some more impedance plots are shown below Two head phones were tested revealing the usual low frequency peak Also a microphone with a three position passive tone switch used to select different audio responses Both are electro acoustic transducers and their roles can be reversed A microphone can be used as a speaker and visa versa This is common practice in ultrasonic pulse echo systems Remember that when testing acoustic devices noise in the test room is turned into electrical energy This is an interfering signal just as much as magnetic and electric interference is to electrical circuits The C60 does not know what it is doing It treats all signals as the truth The two graphs were tiled and screen captured so their shape is not the usual square aspect ratio 5 x C projects Cypher Plots
41. with the facility to configure E Fene an instrument to perform a set of tests for a My Network Files oftype CypherGraph script Hles ogs Cancel particular application The user then need T Open as read only only to connect the device to the PC and Re run the last test script In combination with the C60 s digital control outputs this makes the instrument particularly suited to production test and quality control applications For details of the scripting language see Appendix C Re Run Last Script repeats the last Script run by the instrument Check mask compares the plot against the graphical masks First select a pen from the pen bar Then select Test Check mask The selected plot will then be tested to see if it is inside the mask and a dialog box will declare the test result C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Settings control the C60 electronics The Oscillator tab of the Settings dialog box controls the sine wave test generator The oscillator sweep range is from Frequency A to Frequency B or B to A or Alternate This last setting is very useful for the Repeat mode Frequencies are entered numerically and scientific notation 1k523 or 0 774M can also be used Click the Apply button to enter the data The sweep range can also be controlled graphically by checking the X Axis extents box This uses a Drag amp Zoom function to define the Sweep range If s
42. 0 150 101 102 103 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments At high frequency resonance occurs Any stray capacitance forms a parallel LC resonator which causes an impedance peak It also causes a phase reversal This is called the self resonant frequency of an inductor Past this frequency it has the characteristics of a capacitor At this frequency it behaves like a parallel resonator Even below this frequency it doesnt behave much like a pure inductor In this example the inductors are inductive over a three to four decade range If you want to use an inductor in a tuned circuit be certain that the self resonant frequency SFR of the inductor is much higher than that of the circuit C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 67 of 121 In the previous text pure inductors and capacitors turned out to be less than perfect Their parasitic components produced self resonance Below are examples of intentionally tuned circuits which are constructed from discrete inductors and capacitors In the example a 10nF capacitor and a 10uH inductor are used to construct resonant circuits The downward sloping line green is the impedance plot of the 10nF capacitor The rising slope brown is that of the 10uH inductor Inductors and capacitors 10nF 10uH Parallel Series 10 102 101 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 100
43. 102 _ O m O Modulus of Impedance Ohms 10 4 O nN Ol O a O ul O I ul O Phase Degrees oO O O 10 102 103 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments The 1uF and 100nF capacitors show resonances at 1MHz and 2 7MHz This is a mixture of self resonance and the parasitic inductance in the test setup The complex impedance graph reveals the capacitive resistive and inductive portions of the DUT response A capacitor has a 90 V I phase shift An inductor has a 90 V I phase shift The plots show that ceramic and plastic film capacitors with wire leads and other forms of stray inductance will form series impedance resonators At frequencies past this resonance they look inductive which is displayed by the phase jump They have a rising impedance plot and a current phase reversal To avoid resonances with capacitors use surface mount parts no leads use short thick tracks and use a ground plane the parasitic inductance is proportional to the loop area of the conduction return path A ground plane will reduce stray inductance but will increase stray capacitance which is another problem Also to reduce stray capacitance make tracks as small as possible break up or cut out parts of the ground plane under these tracks or use a ceramic board or a board with low dielectric value Ordinary fibre glass FR4 h
44. 3 shows the relationship between the parameter number and the logical state of the output terminals The pinCode is a decimal number in the range 0 to 63 that is interpreted as a six bit binary number D5 msb to DO lsb This can be calculated from the series pinCode Number D5 32 D4 16 D3 8 D2 4 D1 2 DO where the D references can be a 1 or 0 The table in Figure 3 shows the relation ship between the parameter number and the logical state of the output terminals Figure 3 Pin code number to output table sleep sleep timeIn_mS lt CR gt This command causes script processing to halt for the specified time period in milliseconds During portions of script processing the user may wish script processing to pause to let analogue signals settle An example of this would be when changing a the pin code which controls a de multiplexer driving channel selection relays Because the relays will mechanically bounce and a DC offset may have been introduced into the device under test a small pause is required before test can continue Example Sleep 100 startfreq startfreq startingFrequency lt CR gt startingFrequency Parameter to specify the starting frequency in Hz Command to set the test start frequency to use when not specified in the test command Example startfreg 1000 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 94 of 121 sweepmode
45. 455KHz resonator was tested right It exhibits many resonance modes including a major dip and peak at about 455KHz The device has the general impedance slope of a capacitor and produces a 90 phase shift for most of the frequency range However at resonant frequencies the phase shift moves towards 90 The resonance at 455KHz shows a classic phase loop The resonator was retested from 420KHz to 480KHz The phase loop is revealed in much greater detail showing a 90 range Note also that the impedance changes from 5 ohms to 20 000 ohms C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual Modulus of Impedance Ohms Phase Degrees Modulus of Impedance Ohms Phase Degrees 104 50 100 150 Page 60 of 121 455KHz resonator complex impedance 4 105 6 105 8 105 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 2 106 4 106 455KHz resonator complex impedance 4 0 105 4 2 105 November 2006 4 4 105 4 6 105 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 4 8 10 5 0 10 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 61 of 121 Ultrasonic transducers A 40KHz ultra sonic air transducer has a very interesting impedance response The device is constructed from a circular diaphragm that is riddled with dramatic resonance modes The transducer was tested from 20KHz to 500KHz Over this range the impedance varies from 200 ohms to
46. 5 requeni z requenc z Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments Again the Use X axis extents facility is used to further zoom in and retest the response of the transducer C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 62 of 121 Now the response is starting to look rather crunchy and ragged This plot is now showing the noise floor and quantization gremlins of the test system Further zooming in will reveal more about the electronics of the C60 than the response of the transducer C projects Cypher Plots Ultrasonic2005 gzd 14 39 03 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 14 36 42 2 102 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 2 64 10 2 66 10 2 68 10 2 70 10 2 72 105 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 63 of 121 Acoustic tra nsducers Studio monitor with tone control A more common acoustic transducer is the humble 410 loud speaker Probably there are more of these on 5 this planet than there are people The nearest one to g 240 hand with a cable attached is my 8 ohm studio lt monitor with 2 speakers a cross over and a passive treble control 5 87100 5 6 100 The impedance varies from 4 5 ohms to 35 ohms 4400 Also the high end impedance varies as the passive
47. Aa r Frequency B Hz ar the Test period slider cocci oe The test can now proceed Click on the Start Test tool a j i pea een green arrow A sine wave sweep of the DUT produces Propers kat 1 Amplitude and Phase readings that are displayed on the Sumber o test E7 graph In this example the data points are Marked but these can be turned on and off during a test Also Zoom and Undo Zoom are active during tests L as C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Idle Output Frequency f Off f User Defined in Hz f Test Start i 10 m Test period m gt Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd The Amplitude response graph reveals the rapid roll off slope of an eighth order low pass elliptic filter This filter has four notches in the stop band three of which are visible The amplitude response starts at 7dB and falls into notches going down to 84caB The phase response is dramatic An eighth order low pass filter has lots of phase shift caused by the 8 poles Also each time the response passes through a notch the phase response does an abrupt 1800 reversal This happens at zero amplitude which makes measurement rather difficult However the graph shows the phase response even at a notch with display wrap around at 1800 When the Signal level is very small the phase detector is not being driven by a sine wave but by noise In this circumstance the detector mechanism decides that
48. CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 10 of 121 Web Update x Updates Downloading the selected updates Please ne Select the update operation required Click Next to continue Getting Software upgrade ES F Check the internet for updates i Install an update w Download firmware version 0 91 L Devils ve ca I Instrument Firmware update I Download software version 0 91 jf CyoherGraph Software update Web U paate When the download is finished you are asked to install the new firmware code into the internal processor of the C60 Click Next gt gt Firmware Upgrade Firmware Upgrade Select the serial number of the instrument that you wish to upgrade and click Next to continue Select the version of firmware you wish to install on your Cypher Instruments C 60 hardware and click Next to continue Ic Documents and Settings esth hMy Doc S C60 0504 x01 jg Yeron Y0 91 Build 1637 Yeron Y0 91 Build 1637 Hotes Release candidate B for beta testing Upgrade Notes Release candidate B for beta testing Upgrade i rmware Upgrade lt lt Back Next gt gt Cancel i rmware Upgrade Next gt gt Cancel Choose the serial number of the instrument that you want to upgrade Usually there will only be one unit connected A WARNING states that the upgrade process will not take kindly to being unplugged during this installati
49. Graph has been installed on your computer Click Finish bo clase this wizard Install CypherGraph 10 There is no other action needed other than to remove the CD Keep the CD is a safe place for future use by you or your colleagues C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 116 of 121 11 The C60 can now be connected to the PC via the USB lead After a short period the Found New Hardware Wizard dialog will appear Check the radio dial labelled No not this time Click the Next gt button Found New Hardware Wizard Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard Windows will search for curent and updated software by looking on pour computer on the hardware installation CD or on the Windows Update Web site with pour permission Read our privacy policy Can Windows connect to Windows Update to search for software Yes this time only Yes now and every time connect a device Click Next to continue 12 Check the radio dial labelled Install the software automatically Recommended and click Next gt Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install software for CEO Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser If pour hardware came with an installation CD lt o floppy disk insert it now What do you want the wizard to do Install from a list or specific location Advanced Click Next to continue C60 am
50. ICTIONS NOTES cincinnati cies stra ues tcc cectepa atte he trait Glas ead Grace cana Sal sac hata ad 4 cial l Scalia di 58 FOr FES DOLISCS caa2 cu cusgtunanen Wane cane ia lencninee AA eh secacaau nen E A 58 Ceramic FESOMALOlS sian varie aril E A a eecaan ne eens 60 UJIEFASONIC transducers nedoras a E iext neues haceeeeeaeo ee 61 ACOUSTIC TirAMSGUICCKS nsss R a E TRE 63 Simple reactive components LC R arinina N 64 Battery IMPE GING eso cosanseeracaatamecncecucaabec Ones metaceeutaes E NAE 68 Characteristic impedance Ca DISS sai teed vaies ceinsae caer A rh cea cavapiovece ica aca aceeee aaa aa iee 69 Measuningsadelay imes Gales sca secrscehende cen TE a Sans ecy eS iat acl G etna cin tia seh ae 71 Digita audio CEVIGES ssi jacecsieucedustawetuiiwmese ava imatsnsastesigiwiiaegnanads A 72 Transformer Transmissores a a a a neadukunasevenmanaiarstaones 73 Transformer Reflected Impedance cccceccecceceecscenecesersnccnseeseeneeacnsecsecnscnesesascasonsaeseeaneanenseesensas 74 110 2 2 01 Gy Acar a a a a Cerne err heer re ne ae 75 Amplitude responses and phase shifts in simple electrical circuits cccccceceeeseeeeeeeaeeaeeeeeesaeeaeaeeaeeaeees 75 PID UG I sce ete cea clos acate aca ees eee sens ten ens nea anna tavealiaaas chee aa bab sae careieeanin seas nvediresenadetaanncatseatocateenenats 79 Reactance and Impedance in simple electrical circuits cccceceeceeceeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeaeeeeseeaeeaeaeeseseeasaeeaesaeees
51. The bottom graph is the phase response of the high pass filter and the low pass filter C projects Cypher Plots LPHP_one_pole gad Pen 1 Pen 2 12 28 09 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 12 26 48 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 10 15 20 Amplitude Gain dB 25 30 35 40 150 100 50 Phase Degrees 50 100 150 102 103 104 10 gt 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments On the next page are the calculated responses of first and second order high and low pass filters Butterworth designs were used for this simulation The Butterworth filter is called maximally flat because it has no overshoot in the Amplitude frequency response Other filter designs trade pass band flatness for stop band attenuation These show up in the phase response group delay and step response For best wave shape preservation use a Bessel filter This has a flat group delay but poor roll off response The Butterworth filter has a better initial roll off slope at the expense of over shoot to a step drive The poles of a high order Butterworth filter are all at the same frequency only the Q factors are different For faster roll off slopes Chebyshev filters trade pass band ripple wild phase responses and time domain ringing for rapid initial roll off slopes Even faster roll offs can be obtained with Cauer or Elliptic filters These use sto
52. Two head phones ged 6 x Two head phones 06 02 120 D6 02155 06 00 14 60 Oe Pen 5 09 49 10 09 49 33 LSU 1 09 5101 09 31 19 Pen b Pen 00 11 32 Fen 3 Pen 10 03 51 50 We Pd 1 La 2332U3 Pen 10 8710 N Ny a 10 i w ae r alg t ae fo ff F A Pai 4 1p Modulus of Impedance Chins Modulus of Impedance Chars hy 10 10 10 Frequency Hz C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 64 of 121 Simple reactive components L C R Capacitors and inductors have a reactance that varies with frequency They also suffer from parasitic effects that degrade their theoretical performance Inductance and capacitance store magnetic and electric energy respectively When these two combine they form resonant circuits The following tests were performed on capacitors and inductors with axial leads These leads add parasitic inductance and resistance to the part being tested Eight different capacitors were examined The yellow trace is a 100pF ceramic capacitor The subsequent values are inF brown 10nF black 100nF red 1uF orange all plastic film Then a 10uF blue tantalum bead Next a 100uF mauve regular electrolytic can type Last a 470uF capacitor grey a low impedance electrolytic can device Capacitors 10nF inF 100nF 1uF 100pF 10uF 100uF 470uF
53. acitive and resistive devices Reactance is expressed in the units of resistance the Ohm Inductors have the property of storing magnetic energy by way of moving electrons current Capacitors store electric energy in the form of a static collection of electrons charge Resistors store absolutely nothing They waste electrical energy by turning it into heat Definition of the Reactance of pure inductance capacitance and resistance X 2afL where f is the frequency in Hz and L is inductance in Henrys Xo 1 2a fC where C is the capacitance in Farads Xp R where R is resistance in Ohms The inductor has a Reactance that is proportional to frequency Double the frequency and the Reactance will double in magnitude Graphically this is slope that rises in magnitude by 6dBs for every octave increase in frequency see plot below The capacitor has a Reactance that is inversely proportional to frequency Graphically this is slope that falls in magnitude by 6dBs for every octave increase in frequency The resistor is not frequency dependant Its Reactance has a constant value The Reactance of two inductors and two capacitors plotted as a function of frequency 0 01 0 02 100 L 0 01 C 1 Inductors alo 20loglo L blo 20log w L 10 elo 20108 dlo 20108 L C 10 J C 100 Capacitors Reactance response 1 O Frequency C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher I
54. amplitude response of some systems The sum of the distortion is about 62dBs below the sine wave level However the C60 has a 90dB dynamic range and can detect and plot low level distortion signals LCR 220uH 100nF 50R Distortion products can also change amplitude response graphs A passive series LCR filter is tested in both its low pass and high pass configurations The two responses right should be mirror images of each other The high pass response has a low level shelf at about minus _ 62dBs This shelf is the sum of all the harmonic components and distortion products that are not attenuated by the high pass filter but which are generally removed by the low pass filter configuration 200 Pen 1 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 16 00 08 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Amplitude Ga aN Oo Another manifestation of the sine wave distortion is shown in this low pass filter right When the response is plotted with very fine resolution there are some spikes in the stop band These are low level low frequency spurs that are produced by the sine wave generator For example at 800KHz there is a 400HZ spur ata level of 72dB This is inside the pass band of the low pass filter and appears as a reading 4dBs above the 81dB noise floor Zooming in reveals the fine detail 50Hz bandwidth of these low level spurs below left and right Hunting for non harmonic tones
55. ancel 6 If you already have CypherGraph installed on your PC then you are prompted to uninstall the existing version recommended 7 If this is a fresh installation the Choose Install Location box will appear The usual location for the software is C Program Files CypherGraph Click Install BB CypherGraph Setup Choose Install Location Choose the folder in which to install CypherGraph Setup will install CypherGraph in the following folder To install in a different folder click Browse and select another folder Click Install to start the installation Destination Folder Space required 1 8MB Space available 2 446 Hullsott Install System v2 10 Back Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 103 of 121 8 The installer will now copy all the required files to your PC If a dialog asks you to reset your PC now click No and continue with the install B CypherGraph Setup H f x i Installing Please wait while CypherGraph is being installed Creating Registry Keys Hullsott Inetall System v2 10 Back Hests Eancel 9 Once the installer has finished copying the files you can choose to start the CypherGraph application by clicking finish If you do not wish to run the application then uncheck the Run CypherGraph check box and click finish Pe CypherGraph Setup ae iiki Completing the CypherGr
56. ansformer was examined With the outputs open circuited the transformer shows a very peaky self resonance With a 1KO resistor across the X2 output the load is 1K0 4 250R With a 1KO resistor across the X4 output the load is 1K0 16 62 5R If the transformer had a X10 output the load would be 1K0 100 10R Transformer Reflected Impedance No lead 1 2 1kO 250R 1 2 1kO 62 5R 1 4 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 102 103 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 75 of 121 Appendix A Amplitude responses and phase shifts in simple electrical circuits There is not total agreement on the definition of phase shift in books filter programs and web sites Many sources get the phase sign filter equations and graphical response wrong This appendix should help resolve the confusion A first order RC low pass filter has a steady state phase lag when driven by a sine wave This phase lag is represented by a negative phase value At low frequencies the input and output signals are almost in phase approaching 90 at high frequencies The amplitude and phase equations for a first order RC low pass filter are shown below With component values of Ri 1 and C1 1 the filter has break frequency 3dB point of 1 radian per second First order low pass response The amplitude response Vout V
57. aph Ih ig recommended that you cloze all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant sister files without having to reboot your computer Click Next to continue MEIE CypherGraph C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 102 of 121 5 The License Agreement box follows Read it and if it is satisfactory click I Agree B CypherGraph Setup License Agreement Please review the license terme before installing CypherGraph Press Page Down to see the rest of the agreement SOFTWARE and the accomparying documentation tagether with all copies in electronic or other form including any copies on backup tapes or other media This license will terminate automatically if you Fail to comply with the limitations described above 5 MISCELLANEOUS This Agreement represents the complete agreement concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them It may be amended only by a writing executed by both parties If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable F IF pou accept the terms of the agreement click Agree to continue You must accept the agreement to install CypherGraph Hullsott retell Syster e 10 lt Back C
58. aph Setup Wizard aa CypherGraph has been installed on your computer Click Finish to close this wizard Install CypherGraph 4 Back Cancel 10 The C60 can now be connected to the PC via the USB lead After a short period the Windows will re build the device driver data base and then automatically install the device driver 11 Remove the CD Keep the CD is a safe place for future use by you or your colleagues C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 104 of 121 Device driver update If the C60 was plugged in before the CypherGraph software was installed then Windows may not have located the device driver for the instrument Follow the instructions below to perform a manual install of the device driver after CypherGraph software has been installed 1 Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive If the CypherGraph installer opens then click Cancel and then Yes to quit 2 Plug in the C60 3 Open the Device Manager by right clicking on the my computer icon then left clicking properties Then select the device manager tab in the System Propertied dialog box If windows has failed to find a device driver for the instrument then this will be represented by a yellow question mark in the device manager System Properties General Device Manager Hardware Profiles Performance f Yiew devices by type C View devices by conn
59. aph item Click the Update Info key and then click the Next gt gt key to check for available updates About CypherGraph x Updates CypherG raph Select the update operation required Click Next to continue w0 83 197 i Impedance Amplitude and Phase Analyser f Check the internet for updates graphing application i Install an update Instrument Instrument Firmware update Y0 91 1637 Hardware W CypherGraph Software update SN C60 0504 0708 Cypher Instruments Ltd 2003 2005 All rights reserved About CypherGraph i System Info OK Next gt gt Select the Check the internet for updates dial This only works if the PC has internet access If the software and the firmware are up to date then you will be prompted to leave Otherwise select the firmware and software that you want to download It is usual that both the software and the firmware updates will be available CypherGraph will only check for firmware updates when the instrument is connected Web Update Web Update The Software and firmware You are using is Select the updates to download and install up to date fw Download firmware version 0 91 ff Download software version 0 91 Web U pdate Web U paate Click the Next gt gt key Data will now be downloaded from the web and a blue progress bar will entertain you In this example both the software and the firmware are downloaded from the web C60 amp
60. ar on the graph as dotted lines The Next and Previous buttons allow the user to change data points The two masks are treated the same as any other plot line An offset button allows masks to be shifted up and down 10KHz Elliptic low pass filter QA test CypherGraph V0 95 230 C60 0504 0109 V0 95 1972 04 01 2006 Sample 1 Sample 2 Upper mask Lower mask 10 20 30 A Ol O Amplitude Gain dB 60 70 80 90 10 102 10 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Note When a mask is enabled the logarithmic linear axis view options are frozen in their current state This removes ambiguities that may result from subsequent changes to the axis view settings C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Measuring Amplitude Response To create a new graph connect the C60 to the PC using the USB lead Connect the Device Under Test DUT from the output BNC into the input BNC In the following examples a passive low pass Elliptic filter is used This filter has a fast roll off slope and some very interesting notches in its response The following illustration will apply equally to any filter that is used If there is no device connected press F6 The connection status can be seen on the Status bar Select new file from the menu bar or press the new file icon from the tool
61. ardware Wizard Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard The wizard has finished installing the software for O CBO Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser Click Finish to close the wizard 9 The screen shot below shows the device driver has been properly installed Device Manager File 4ction view Help amp E HUSH 4 Computer Ely Cypher Instruments C60 Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser See Disk drives a Display adapters Fi DYDICD ROM drives Floppy disk controllers E IDE ATASATAPI controllers Ei saa IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers H5 Keyboards H Mice and other pointing devices a Monitors Network adapters lf Ports COM amp LPT ae Processors RAM Disk fi Ramdisk QSoft J Hg SCSI and RAID controllers E Sound videa and game controllers Hs Storage volumes aj z System devices C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual Universal Serial Bus controllers End of document November 2006 Page 121 of 121 Part MAN C60 1 2
62. art Test tool green arrow A be sine wave sweep of the DUT produces Impedance and Phase readings that are displayed on the graph In this example the data points are Marked E but these can be turned on and off during a test Also Zoom and Undo Zoom are active during tests C Off C User Defined in Hz TestStat foo Test period m5 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd The Impedance response graph reveals the slow roll off slope of capacitor in series with a resistor The impedance of a capacitor will fall by half for every doubling of the drive frequency until it equals the resistor value On a log log graph this is a straight line with a slope of 6dBZ octave or 20dBZ decade That is one decade cycle of Impedance for every decade cycle of Frequency on the graph The Z plot goes flat at about 10 ohms The plot then has a relatively constant slope which is typical for a simple reactive device Also testing down to 10Hz takes a long time The phase plot shows the phase shift of the current flowing through the DUT relative to the voltage across the DUT When the capacitor behaves like a capacitor the phase shift is 90 The graph displays the magnitude of the impedance and the phase shift as a function of frequency The graph represents the complex impedance of the DUT Right click on the graph A menu will appear Select Phase then Off The phase porti
63. as a value of 4 that is it is 4 times better than a vacuum at making capacitors FR1 dielectric has a value of 1 To reduce both L and C parasitics make everything as small as possible The 10uF tantalum capacitor has a characteristic flat response For much of the response its impedance curve is better than the 100uF electrolytic capacitor The ow impedance 470uF capacitor has as its name suggests the lowest impedance response making it ideal for the bulk of a power supply reservoir At high frequencies the stray inductance causes a rising impedance plot C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 65 of 121 Capacitors have other parameters to consider They have temperature coefficients The Y5V ceramic dielectric has an enormous coefficient where as COG and NPO are really quite stable Some capacitors change value with applied DC voltage They also have a parameter called ESR Equivalent Series Resistance which may cause overheating and explosive rupture when used to filter or couple power see the 100uF electrolytic Five inductors with the same value 10uH printed on them were tested by the C60 The results show that they all have the same basic response at high frequencies but not at low frequencies The low end impedance varies by about 50 1 This is a caused by different winding resistances used in the construction of the inductors Magnetic materials also have their own frequency
64. ay there is an interesting section in a plot then zoom into it and the next test will use these zoom limits to perform the sweep The number of test points is set by a slider With 1024 test points the graph has maximum resolution but takes a long time to generate a plot The minimum number is 24 points which allows the user perform a quick test The Idle Output Frequency can be set to be Off no output signal or On at a frequency set by the User or the Test Start value Choose Test Start for Repeat mode Extra time delays can be added to each test point using Test period slider This allows systems under test to stabilize Most parameters are applied at the end of a test although the Number of test points slider is active all of the time The Engineering tab provides control of the sine wave output attenuator The output range is OdB to 20 0dB selectable in 2 5dB steps Best results are obtained by using a maximum level test signal The C60 has its own dynamic range issues and the use of low signal levels will degrade performance In the Amplitude response mode the C60 is designed to test systems with very little gain and lots of attenuation If the device under test DUT has a significant gain X dBs for example then use a low impedance attenuator of X dBs at the input of the test device The Monitor bar displays the input signal Amplitude or the output DUT Impedance when the Monitor box is checked This is used to moni
65. by a writing executed by both parties IF any provision of this Agreement is held to be unentorceable for any reason such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable IF you accept the terns of the agreement click Agree to continue You must accept the agreement to install Cypheraraph Huleot retell Syster v2 lt Back Cancel 6 If you already have CypherGraph installed on your PC then you are prompted to uninstall the existing version recommended 7 If this is a fresh installation the Choose Install Location box will appear The usual location for the software is C Program Files CypherGraph Click Install B CypherGraph Setup Mi x Choose Install Location Choose the folder in which to install CypherGraph Setup will install CypherGraph in the following folder To install in a different folder click Browse and select another folder Click Install to start the installation Destination Folder Browse Space required 20 41 Space available 5 6G6 Huleot retell Syster ei Back Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 98 of 121 8 The installer will now copy all the required files to your PC If a dialog asks you to reset your PC now click No and continue with the install B CypherGraph Setup Installing Please wait while CypherGraph ts being installed Creating
66. caused by the inadvertent comb filtering Phase Degrees 0 0001M 0 0002M 0 0003M 0 0004M 0 0005M 0 0006M 0 0007M 0 0008M 0 0009M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments The phase response is the classic saw tooth shape At OHz the input and output are in phase with each other and so the phase shift is zero As the frequency increases the phase swings linearly towards 90 and then flips around by 180 at the zero and continues to ramp downwards The phase detector and the sign detector are operating in near ideal conditions The signals are low frequency 20KHz max and large 2Vpp Compare this with a 2MHz sine wave at 60dB The frequency is 100 times faster and the signal is 1 1000 of the level C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 73 of 121 Transformer Transmission Isolation transformers are often used to couple signals from one part of a circuit to another There is no conducting electrical connection from one side to the other which is useful when galvanic isolation is needed to provide an electrical safety barrier Barrier voltages of several thousand volts are easily obtained with slit bobbins or tape layers Transformers can be used to provide balanced inputs or outputs which are sometimes referred to as floating or differential connections These transformers pass differential signals but b
67. cquired can be exported to a text file where it can be further processed by another application Example exportformat 1 00 0 3 exporttxt PenlTextFileName exportformat 1110 3 exporttxt Pen2TextFileName exportformat 1211 3 exporttxt Pen3TextFileName exportformat 1 3 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen4TextFileName exportformat 1 4 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen5STextFileName exportformat 15 0 0 3 exporttxt PenoTextFileName exportformat 1 6 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen TextFileName exportformat 17 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen8TextFileName exportformat 1 8 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen9TextFileName exportformat 19 0 0 3 exporttxt Penl0OTextFileName message Done exportwmf exportwmf wmfFileName lt CR gt wmfFileName Optional file name of the Windows meta file without the file extension wmf This command exports a Windows meta file image of the graph to the export folder using the file name specified If the file name is omitted then the user is prompted to enter one If no file name is entered then the file is not saved File paths are not allowed only the file name Windows file name character restrictions apply Example exportformat 1 exportwmf WmfFileName message Done C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 87 of 121 I idlefreq idlefreq idleFrequency lt CR gt idleFrequency Parameter to specify the oscillator output frequency in Hz Command to set the oscillator idle output frequency If
68. ctance no parallel resistance and the electronics had no noise floor Well it s got all of these The parasitic resistance and noise floors limit the low frequency minimum and maximum impedance measurements At high frequencies parasitic inductance increases the apparent impedance and conversely parasitic capacitance decreases the apparent impedance Also the parasitic L and C components form resonant circuits with the test DUT s C and L components The C60 is small enough to be placed physically close to the DUT In fact it is important that tests are performed as close as possible to the C60 The output BNC connector has an resistance of approximately 5 millionms when brand new so take good care of it If test leads are used then they will add to the measured impedance As a rule of thumb one inch of straight wire in air has an inductance of about 20nH Cables with two conductors have capacitance between them of the order of 100pF per meter The value depends on the cable construction Cables also have series resistance Connectors and test fixtures have parasitic capacitance and inductance Great care must be taken when measuring impedance otherwise you can end up with misleading plots Some impedance analysers use a four terminal method of driving the DUT The DUT is driven by two voltages V High and V Low Then two terminals are used to measure the voltage difference across the DUT C High and C Low The C refers to the Cur
69. d Lower display limits can also be set by clicking the Manual dial The values are then entered numerically Series RC 150nF 10R Graph View Optio ns Doc ume nt 44 j 07 27 23 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Pen Display Aves Style Mask Frequency axis scale Frequency axis display limite Lower 10 Set fe L thmi SRNA Upper 4000000 Set C Linear Max Range Admittance asiz scale f Logarithmic f Linear Modulus of Impedance Ohms Admittance scale limits 101 102 108 104 105 108 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 49 of 121 System Limitations As with any measurement system the C60 has its limits It is important that the operator is aware of these limits to aid accurate interpretation of the results Because the C60 measures three parameters there are limitations associated with these In many cases they can be reduced or eliminated by making changes to the test settings Others are simply inherent limitations of which the user should be aware Harmonics The sine wave generator contains harmonic non harmonic forms of distortion The resultant waveform is not a pure sine wave The non harmonic components are sometimes referred to as noise because of their apparently random nature These components can cause spurious peaks in the
70. d S N ratio the best resolution of the phase detector is 0 044 This fine detail sometimes can be seen on the phase tails of first order filters This is useful for revealing phase movements but the absolute phase accuracy is much worse Amplitude Gain dB Amplitude Gain dB Phase Degrees Phase Degrees Amplitude amp phase responses using OdB to 20dB from the internal attenuator 2 CypherGraph V0 77 150 C60 0504 X0107 V0 77 1045 06 09 2005 15 55 43 15 55 58 15 57 54 15 58 24 15 58 53 15 59 22 15 59 48 16 00 15 16 00 44 Pen10 k N O ay D oO 108 104 105 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments OdB to 80dB Amplitude amp Phase using external attenuator 0dB 10dB 20dB 16 50 01 40dB 50dB 60dB 70dB 80dB 80dB 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 53 of 121 Dynamic range The C60 generates a maximum signal level of 2Vpp This is the OdB reference level on the Amplitude graph For example a 200mVpp signal presented to the input of the C60 would produce a 20dB plot Signals larger than 2Vpp can be presented to the C60 The input protection circuit causes signal compression graph below The green plot is the output
71. d code version number and the hardware serial number of the C60 used at the time of creation If an old file is Verion CypherGraph VU 97 218 reused with different hardware and software Instrument CEO O5040109 V0 4 947 the File Properties do not reflect these changes Date 20072005 Print enables graphs to be printed directly e EE from the application The best print quality is obtained by this method Colour Monochrome or graph markers can be selected in the Graph View Options dialog as shown in The Graph View Status Options section The Setup button takes you to the dialog box for the installed printer so that Papa the paper size and orientation can be chosen Ad 210 x 297 mm Printer Mame hp deskjet 9300 SEES Export can generate data files for use in Seiler other programs From the Text tab select the Portrait Landscape individual pen plot that is to be exported Next press Save and enter the file name Note only Cancel Setup one plot at a time is exported not the whole graph Export Graph Save ine Export l 5 e Fa A Select pen IG 1 My Recent Documents Desktop My Documents Export options Precision of output f Tab delimited Comma delimited 0 000000 M Unix text file format My Computer i Include test information header text ia ane Ca ey My Network Save as type Text files txt 7 Places Cancel The Text file contains the data that is AA ATE
72. d no abort when set to 0 When data has been acquired into a graph with limit masks drawn CypherGraph can compare the data against the masks to produce a PASS or FAIL result The check mask command allows this to be automated The pen index pass notification fail notification and abort script processing parameters define the actions of the command Example Check the data pen 3 index 2 against the mask Do not inform on pass inform on fail abort test script on fail checkmask 2 011 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 85 of 121 endfreq endfreq endFrequency lt CR gt endFrequency Parameter to specify the end frequency B in Hz Example endfreq 4000000 startfreg 10 exportbmp exportbmp bmpFileName lt CR gt bmpFileName Optional file name of the bitmap file without the file extension bmp This command exports a bitmap image of the graph to the export folder using the file name specified If the file name is omitted then the user is prompted to enter one If no file name is entered then the file is not saved File paths are not allowed only the file name Windows file name character restrictions apply exportjpg exportjpg jpgFileName lt CR gt jpgFileName Optional file name of the JPEG file without the file extension jpg This command exports a JPEG image of the graph to the export folder using the file name specified If the
73. dio devices A digital audio device was driven by the C60 The signal was converted by an ADC into a 24 bit digital data stream and then reconverted back into an analogue signal with a DAC This loop back test reveals some of the perils of high quality digital audio systems Both conversion processes send the data through long transversal digital filters that shape the signal and noise spectrums and also recovery the analogue signal This filtering takes time to process the signals in this case 3 1 milliseconds The input signal was resistively mixed with the non inverted delayed signal If the two signals have the same amplitude then a cosine comb response is produced At 161Hz on Digital Audio latency 21 3380 2 3 1065mS the graph the first notch appears E a A A frequency of 161Hz has a period of 6 2mS However a delay of half of 6 2mS will produce a delayed sine wave output that is in anti phase with the input signal When these two signals are added together they cancel each other out producing a notch in the frequency response So the delay time of the unit is 6 2 2 3 1mSec Amplitude Gain dB The notches repeat every 322Hz There are 62 of them going all the way up 20KHz This is a nightmare for the audio industry Imagine sending a signal off to a digital effects unit and then mixing it back in with the source signal Often the resultant mix will have a drain pipe quality to it
74. ds C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 90 of 121 printgraph printgraph paperOrientation lt CR gt paperOrientation Parameter specifies the orientation in which to print the graph The command prints the graph The paper orientation parameter specifies portrait when 0 and landscape when 1 Example Pprintgraph 0 prompt prompt promptText lt CR gt promptText Text string to appear in the prompt dialog box This command launches a dialog box containing the text string It halts script processing until the user clicks to OK button This command is designed to halt script processing until the operator has acknowledged and responded to the prompt text Example newimpf Impedance prompt A new impedance document close promptabort promptabort promptText lt CR gt This command launches a dialog box containing the text string It halts script processing until the user clicks the Yes or No buttons If the user clicks the Yes button further script processing is aborted If the user clicks the No button script processing is resumed Example Prompt to quit the application promptabort Do you wish to continue using CypherGraph If the user clicks Yes then the script is aborted and the quit command is not processed guit eof prompnottabort promptnotabort promptText lt CR gt This command launches a dialog box containing the text
75. e Page 19 of 121 Preferences Plot files CAD ocuments and Settings est My Documents CypherPlots By E sport files CAD ocuments and Settings Test My Documents lypherse sport Bi Script files CAD ocuments and Settings est My Documents Cyphers cript g Update files CAD ocuments and Sethngs Test My Documents Cypher pdates Bi Default C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 20 of 121 View Hie Test Window Help w Toolbar CErl T w Pen Bar Ctrl g w Status Bar Ctrl B zoom Extents Crh Mark Data Points Ctrl M Add Text F4 Graph view Options F3 The View menu controls the general view of the application and the graph Toolbar Pen Bar Status Bar turn on and off these Bar displays This in turn affects the screen area that is available for graphs Zoom Extents maximizes the horizontal and vertical range of the graph that is currently in focus This includes the phase graph if it was active Mark Data Points inserts solid markers on the graph toggle action These markers indicate the location of test data points Some flat plots can be obscured by the graph axis marks Other plots have such dramatic transitions that they are not visible on a maximized graph see 1MHz crystal gzd Only when the Mark Data Points function is active are some plots are visible Also this function is useful for revealing under sampling problems In the follow
76. e 77 of 121 40 0 01 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 100 150 100 50 100 150 ie 10 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 1st amp 2nd Order Highpass 100 er 40 0 01 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 100 150 100 50 Ty Ne 100 150 0 01 November 2006 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 100 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Another simulation shows a fourth order Butterworth low pass and high pass filter The filter slopes are 24dB octave or 80dB decade The phase excursions are 360 in magnitude When the two steady state phase responses are plotted on the same graph they are coincident Actually they are always 360 apart but this type of graph wraps the phase data and so they appear to be coincident dB Phase 10 Page 78 of 121 4th Order Lowpass and Highpass
77. e Amplitude or an Impedance response Open takes you to the Plots folder where Pem files graphs are stored Double clicking on a Lookin EPs e a file will open it There is a choice of plot file O ayad extensions gad which is the amplitude response DB ioke eliptic low pass fiter i A Hz Elli format and gzd which is used for impedance b uren alpen responses 2 Eliss ceramic resonator S00KHz ceramic resonator Ba Desktop BAL CR low pass filter Close finishes work on the current file Ba rscrophone with tone control Scope probes Single Pole Filters BY studiophile Biv Transducers My Documents Save stores the current file in the Plots folder Hint don t use either slash in the graph title i and CypherGraph will suggest this as the file mcomoute name st File name f My Network Files of types AI plot files Save As stores the current file with the option Places Open as pead onky of choosing a new file name Save All stores all files that are open in the application C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 14 of 121 Properties shows the properties of the graph File Properties that is currently in focus This information includes the file path size and date of initial FileName 455KH2 ceramic resonator ged creation Also shown is the version number of pak pecs Pochet eine the PC software the embedde
78. e Analyser a Disk drives 3 Display adapters Hii DYD CD ROM drives H Floppy disk controllers H E Floppy disk drives Fy IDE ATAVATAPT controllers El ee Keyboards H Mice and other pointing devices n Monitors Fa Network adapters I vf Ports COM amp LPT efli Sound video and game controllers i System devices Universal Serial Bus controllers Universal Serial Bus controllers C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 113 of 121 Installation on Windows XP CypherGraph Software 1 Quit all open applications 2 If your computer has auto run enabled then the software will automatically install Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive and the installation will begin Skip the next instruction 3 If your computer has auto run disabled then insert the CD into the drive and wait for the operating system to read the disk Hold the Windows key down and press the R key to open the Run dialog Type the drive letter of the CypherGraph software CD followed by setup Click the OK button Sy Type the name of a program Folder document or Internet resource and Windows will open it For you Open F setup we 4 The dialog box Welcome to the CyperGraph Setup Wizard will appear Click the Next gt button To CypherGraph Setup Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard m This wizard will guide you through the installation o
79. e Zcis the characteristic impedance of the cable and L amp Care the lumped inductance and capacitance per unit length of the cable As we don t have values for either of these the formula is only useful to cable designers who have control over the physics of the design There are two methods of finding out the characteristic impedance of a cable One it is written on the cable drum and sometimes on the cable Two if that is too easy for you then you can measure it Method Take the cable and strip the insulation at both ends Connect one end of the cable two wires to the C60 Measure the impedance with the far end of the cable open circuit and then repeat with a short circuit A reel of less than 100 meters of RG179PE was tested below The open circuit Z blue is large at low frequencies the short circuit Z mauve is equal to the DC resistance of the cable loop Zc Zopen x Zshort Using the graph below at high frequency take a value for the open and shorted impedance multiply and Square root to obtain a value for the characteristic impedance At three increasing frequencies values of 75 4R 74 2R and 73 9R were calculated The RG179PE is specified at 75R 3R The characteristic impedance can be obtained without mathematics it is the value at the intersection of these two plots The cable impedance at high frequencies is defined as RG179PE cable impedance RG179 o c 100m RG179 s c 100m Modulus of Impeda
80. e character restrictions apply The file extension should be omitted since this will be added automatically based on the type of graph being saved Example Save the graph savegraph My Graph setpen setpen penIndex lt CR gt penIndex The zero based index of the pen to use 0 9 Command to select a new pen The command requires a number from 0 to 9 specifying the pen number 1 to 10 Example newampf Amplitude tests points 424 lazy way of setting the start and end frequency saves typing the same numbers at the end of each amptest or imptest command Also means groups of test can be changed easily startfreg 1000 endfreq 1000000 atten 0 setpin 8 sleep 100 aMnplest legend Black wait setpin 9 sleep 100 amptest legend Brown wait setpin 10 sleep 100 amptest legend Red wait setpin 11 sleep 100 amptest legend Orange wait Skip yellow pen setpen 5 setpin 12 sleep 100 amprest legend Green wait C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 93 of 121 setpin setpin pinCode lt CR gt pinCode Parameter to specify the code presented to the output control pins The instrument has a six bit digital output facility which can be used to control an external hardware multiplexer This enables the user to select different hardware configurations prior to performing a test The setpin command controls this digital code The table in Figure
81. ection IE Computer fy COROM E H E Disk drives f am Display adapters H Floppy disk controllers H Hard disk controllers H E Keyboard Monitors aS Mouse H HF Network adapters Et y Other devices ot Device on USB 2 0 Hub a Ports COM amp LPT Sound video and game controllers I Sustem devices anera Serial Bus controllers Properties Refresh Remove Frnt ee ee eee ee ee ee Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 105 of 121 4 Click on the Device icon and press the delete key Click Yes to confirm removal of the device 5 Disconnect and reconnect the C60 Windows will now install the driver from the CD The screen shot below shows the device driver has been properly installed System Properties General Device Manager Hardware Profiles Performance View devices by type View devices by connection Ao CeOLsb been se CBO Impedance Armplitude Phase Analyser a 22 CDROM FF Disk drives m Display adapters AS Floppy disk controllers H Hard disk controllers H 8 Keyboard Monitors H a Mouse H A Network adapters al Ports COM amp LPT E sound video and game controllers H 4 Storage device ni eel devices ee oo anal i na Properties Refresh Remove Pririt Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher In
82. een resolution Eventually the graph and text is so diminished that it serves no purpose having it on the screen Even with many graphs open the one that is in focus can be used to perform tests CypherGraph Bile Edit View Test Window Help Cae amp the he A Feo we OB us F C Wocuments and Settings Tes O x C Documents and Settings Tes Cie x C Wocuments and Settings Tes o x C Wocuments and Settings Tes O x ae S00KHz ceramic resonator 10KHz Elliptic low pass filter eens a 5 ES 75 e a SESIA IB i Caged 6 101 10 10 10 10 108 210 4 106 18 10 2 20 7 Frequency He Frequency Hz 8 Produced by Cypher Instruments Preduced by Cypher Instruments 10 C Wocuments and SettingsiTes OO X C Documents and SettingsiTes O X 455KHz ceramic resonator IMHz crystal 2710 4 16 EMF 2 10 4 10 9 994 969 BST MO 10 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments C Documents and Settings Tes 4 x C Documents and Settings Tes 4 Oo x 350KHz transducer WMK Samples oo a 1 G o i g z a 3 10 4 10 5 106 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Inetrunmerts Arrange Icons is used to organize graphs icons that have been minimized Close All removes all graphs from the screen If they need saving then a prompt dialog box will appear C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006
83. ention of small objects bigger than 2 5mm from entering and no protection against the ingress of liquids C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 5 of 121 Product Description The C60 investigates the opaque world of analogue networks The unit operates in two test modes It can measure the frequency response of a two port system producing a gain loss amp phase graph It can also measure the reactive response of a two terminal network producing an impedance admittance amp phase graph Electronic electrical electro acoustic and other networks can be tested with swept sine waves and the results displayed on a PC The C60 is USB powered it needs no batteries or external power supplies The unit has a USB B connector at the rear an input and output BNC connector and a USB Link activity LED All the functionality of the device is controlled by the PC Input AA Oha 1M Ohm E N Cypher Instruments PEN Impedance Am plitude Phage Analyser DDS Sine wave generator output Frequency range of sine wave generator 10Hz to 4MHz DDS sine wave generator Sine wave quality 62dB SNAD nominal Output voltage 2Vpp maximum Output attenuator OdB to 20 0dB in 2 5dB steps DC offset at output 0 9mV typical Output impedance 50 Ohms plus parasitic reactance of 23nH and 33pF Impedance mode Frequency accuracy at 1MHz it is 100ppm BNC output connector xxx xx Deastructive Absolute
84. ently selected pen so that it cannot be over written ih Unlock All Pens that are locked on the graph in focus a Display hide the currently selected pen This is very useful for identifying a single plot in a busy graph particularly when monochrome is selected Select a pen number and the press the eye button to hide show the plot Display all pens on the graph in focus Pens can be hidden by the Graph View Options selection This retrieves them When a graph is open left click on a pen box to Select the Pen number The selected pen has then been chosen for the next pen function such as a plot or a copy amp paste operation Right click on a box to enter the colour definitions box This controls the plot line colour of the graph document in focus Basic colors Custom colors Dna ae EEEE FF Define Custom Colors gt gt EEREE EEDE C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 30 of 121 Status bar At the bottom of the application is the Status bar This bar displays data about the graph in focus and the current test The Status bar displays Connected when connected Testing when testing and Disconnected when disconnected In this mode it also reveals the test progress The current pen number is shown Click the pen bar boxes and this number will change The two frequencies A amp B are displayed These are changed when the Settings
85. er and in any of the following optional search locations that you specify To start the search click Next IF you are searching on a floppy disk or CD ROM drive insert the floppy disk or CO before clicking Next Optional search locations T Floppy disk drives IY CD ROM drives Specify a locator er D Microsoft Windows Update Back Cancel 13 The Found New Hardware Wizard should now find the driver on the CypherGraph Software CD Click Next gt to install the driver Found New Hardware Wizard Driver Files Search Results a The wizard has finished searching for diver files for pour hardware device SJ The wizard found a driver for the following device 7 Device on USB 2 0 Hub Windows found a driver tor this device To install the driver Windows found click Next a_i i a e cb0usb inf 14 Click Finish to complete the driver installation 15 Remove the CD Keep the CD is a safe place for future use by you or your colleagues C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 111 of 121 Device driver update If the C60 was plugged in before the CypherGraph software was installed then Windows may not have located the device driver for the instrument Follow the instructions below to perform a manual install of the device driver after CypherGraph software has been installed 1 Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive If
86. er with 1 2 and 1 4 ratios Output attenuation 10dB 1 4 1 2 CMRR Ze ee 20 TI 30 40 Amplitude Gain dB 50 60 70 80 10 102 10 104 10 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 74 of 121 Transformer Reflected Impedance A transformer can be used to provide a voltage gain The transformer in the test below has two winding ratios of 1 2 and 1 4 If it is driven with a 1Vpp signal then 2Vpp and 4Vpp can be obtained at the output It is a passive voltage amplifier with no power gain The input side of the transformer sees the load on the output through the transformer windings If the output voltage across the load has doubled then the output current into the load will double The load impedance seen at the input has increased with the square of the turns ratio The word load can be misleading If the load was resistive then increasing the load is to reduce the resistance So if you drive a resistor through a transformer with a voltage gain N the resistance seen at the driving side is reduced by N The voltage gain N is also the turns ration For N 2 the load quadruples For N 4 the load increases by a factor of sixteen This is also true for reactive loads such as capacitors and inductors The input impedance of the tr
87. erted images of each other Also Impedance view right box selects either Impedance in Ohms or Admittance in Siemens Graph View Options uments Cypher Plots Active Cro fx Graph View Options Document 12 Amplitude view Impedance view f Loss in dB f Impedance in Ohms f Gain in dB f Admittance in Siemens Phase graph Phase graph i Off f 0 180 Degrees C O 360 Degrees c Off f D 360 Degrees Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Mark Data Points Show test information Mark Data Points Show test information The Phase graph controls the phase display range When active the phase graph can display a 0 to 180 range or a 180 range The phase electronics uses a sign detector to un wrap the phase graph and to double the display range This works well on big clean signals and not so well on very small signals with poor S N ratios If the input signal has a poor S N ratio or has interference then the results will be degraded The Mark Data Points check box toggles the data points on and off The Show test information box reveals the software version number and the graph date C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 36 of 121 The Axes tab sets the frequency axis to be either logarithmic or linear Most frequency responses are best displayed as dBs versus log frequency In this way many filter and impedance responses have straight line slopes However ti
88. est performed click on the green Tool Bar arrow The new test uses the X axis extents of the zoom window but the same number of test points as before The notches are tested with much finer frequency resolution Note that although the black plot suffers from poor resolution due to under sampling its data points fall on the much finer plot of the red pen This means that all the data points are correct irrespective of resolution Plots are limited to 1024 data points each It is possible to make a plot with 10240 data points Break up the frequency axis into 10 sections Use a different pen for each section and set all the pen colours to be the same Note 10 240 test points will take a while Don t forget to save your graph or it will be lost forever C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 43 of 121 Obtaining optimum results The input of the C60 is sensitive It has a 1M ohm input impedance at low frequencies and a small signal bandwidth of more than 10 MHz A 2V peak to peak sine wave presented to the input is equivalent to OdB on the graph Other signal level relationships are show below 2Vpp OdB 200mVpp 20dB 20mVpp 40dB 2mVpp 60dB 200uVpp 80dB 100uVpp 86dB A 100uVpp sine wave is a very small signal This is the smallest signal that the C60 can measure from a low impedance source before the noise floor bec
89. f CypherGraph It is recommended that you close all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant system Files without having to reboot your computer Click Next bo continue Install CypherGraph i Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 114 of 121 1 5 The License Agreement box follows Read it and if it is satisfactory click I Agree io CypherGraph Setup License Agreement Please review the license terms before installing CypherGraph Press Page Down to see the rest of the agreement SOFTWARE and the accompanying documentation together with all copies in electronic or other Form including any copies on backup tapes or other media This license will terminate automatically if you Fail to comply with the limitations described above 8 MISCELLANEOUS This Agreement represents the complete agreement concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them It may be amended only by a writing executed by both parties IF any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable IF you accept the terms of the agreement click I Agree to continue You must accept the agreement to install CypherGraph 6 If you already have CypherGraph insta
90. file name is omitted then the user is prompted to enter one If no file name is entered then the file is not saved File paths are not allowed only the file name Windows file name character restrictions apply Example exportformat 1 exportbmp BmpFileName message Done eof exporttxt exporttxt txtFileName lt CR gt txtFileName Optional file name of the text file without the file extension txt This command exports one pen s data as ASCII text to the export folder using the file name specified If the file name is omitted then the user is prompted to enter one If no file name is entered then the file is not saved File paths are not allowed only the file name Windows file name character restrictions apply The pen to export should be specified by the exportformat command Example exportformat 1 0 00 3 exporttxt PenlTextFileName exportformat 1110 3 exporttxt Pen2TextFileName exportformat 1 2 1 1 3 exporttxt Pen3TextFileName exportformat 1 3 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen4TextFileName exportformat 1 4 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen5STextFileName exportformat 15 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen6 TextFileName exportformat 160 0 3 exporttxt Pen 7TextFileName exportformat 170 0 3 exporttxt Pen8TextFileName exportformat 1 8 0 0 3 exporttxt Pen9TextFileName C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 86 of 121 exportformat 1 9 0 0 3 exporttxt Penl0TextFileName message Done exportfor
91. frequency range the incremental change is only 1 1 This is much Slower with much smaller changes in the data values A high pass filter was tested from HP filter phase errors due to speed 100Hz to 1MHz using insufficient frequency points The phase loop shows signs of time smearing The test frequency changes too rapidly so that the phase signal has not enough time to settle When the test is redone using the maximum number of points the graph is a consistent smooth curve For best results use at least 250 data points and set the oscillator idle frequency to Test Start Fewer data points with a long Test period could be used to allow the signals to settle but more data points has the same effect and better resolution Phase Degrees If the Repeat mode is being used then use the Alternate A B frequency selection This avoids a large frequency step during the fly back which can introduce big transients into the system 108 104 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 55 of 121 Impedance boundaries Just like the amplitude measurements the impedance range is limited by physical constraints The output BNC and associated electronics has some unwanted properties The ideal scenario would be that the output section of the C60 had no parasitic series resistance capacitance and indu
92. gh which the response of the DUT has to travel Pass or fail can be visually determined by the user or a Check mask test can be applied These masks Graph masks Show mask lines can be applied to amplitude responses and impedance responses The upper and lower masks consume two of the ten available pens These masks have been assigned to pens 9 and 10 Select the Mask tab and click on the Show mask lines box A small dialog box reminds the operator that any existing plots that used pens 9 and 10 will be erased For a new graph this warning has no meaning For an existing graph you could end up erasing plots Graph View Options n 4MHz to 10Hz amplitude test Eg Pen Display Anes Stile Mask Erase pen 9 10 Data Graph masks Enable pen 9 and 10 masks Fen 9 Upper Mask Data Entry Point Index 1 Step Frequency point 1 oon Mest Amplitude in dB B71 Previous Offset Cancel Pen 10 Lower Mask Data Entry Point Index 1 Step Frequency point 1 oo Hent Amplitude in dB 6 97 Previous Offset C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 38 of 121 In this example an elliptic low pass filter response will have a mask drawn around it Data points are entered manually into the Frequency and Amplitude boxes for both the upper and lower Masks A mask is constructed from 2 to 24 points As the data points are entered they appe
93. gure 2 Attenuation Code Oscillator output attenuation in dB Figure 2 Oscillator output attenuation codes C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 84 of 121 Example Load a new amplitude document and name it My Graph newampf My Graph atten 0 linear 0 Sweepmode 0 imptest 1000 3000 legend OdB wait atten 1 imptest legend 2 5dB wait C close close lt CR gt A command to close an open document It isn t necessary to pass any parameters with the command It is recommended that only one document is open at any one time This will avoid confusion over which is the active document in CypherGraph s Multi Document user interface Therefore when the data has been acquired and saved or exported to the hard disk then the document should be closed before a new one is opened Example newampf Amplitude prompt A new amplitude document close newimpf Impedance prompt A new impedance document close checkmask checkmask penIndex passNotification failNotification abortScriptOption lt CR gt penIndex The index of the pen 0 to 9 to compare against the mask passNotification Launch a dialog box to notify of pass when set to 1 No notification when set to 0 failNotification Launch a dialog box to notify of failure when set to 1 No notification when set to 0 abortScriptOption Option to abort script processing when set to 1 on failure 2 for pass an
94. haracters in length Script files can be a maximum of 25K bytes 25600 characters Windows file name character restrictions do not allow the following characters lt gt and If any of these characters appear in a file name they will be removed If a file name or title is omitted the user will be prompted to enter one C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 82 of 121 Script commands There are a total of 35 commands used to control the instrument which are outlined Figure 1 Each command has none one or more parameters and a return character to signify the end of the command Command Description ose heckmask endfreg exportwmf idlefrec imptest newampf newimpf period phase points intgraph prompt quit Quits the CypherGraph application Saves the graph Saves the graph S setpen Halts script processing until the test has completed linear sleep Figure 1 Table of test script commands The alphabetical list of commands below includes a description of each one with an example All commands must be in lower case letters C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 83 of 121 A abort abort lt CR gt This command aborts further processing of a script Example Save the graph savegraph X303 export a wmf exportwmf X303 print the graph 0 portrait 1 landscape pr
95. hat track each other with a 2 5dB separation Above 1MHz the plots are compressed into the system noise floor The phase plots track each other over a wide range At 1MHz the returned Signal levels vary from 62dB to 82dB These are very small signals and so the phase detector plots start to spread out The signal levels at this frequency are 2mVpp to 200uVpp These are not very useable signal levels There is some phase information contained in the Signal but it is dominated by noise At the low frequency end where the signal amplitudes are large the phase deviates over a 3 6 range The phase detectors are calibrated at maximum signal level If the signal is then subsequently attenuated then the calibration is not valid The next test drives the output into the input via an external low impedance attenuator This will reveal the phase deviation with respect to frequency for 9 signal levels Up until 1MHz the phase deviation is below 3 0 for signals as small as 60dB At 70dB the error is 5 3 and at 80dB it meanders around from 25 to 10 At 80dB the signal level is 200uVpp which is just about the limit of the phase detector At this level the phase results are very inaccurate The amplitude detector has a larger dynamic range than the phase detector so when the two are plotted on a graph the phase response comes a poor second Another aspect of the phase plot is resolution When the input signal has a goo
96. in is referred to as A l A where wis the test frequency a q 1 o RC lowpass filter This can be expressed in dBs of loss l Ag 20 log tee V1 o The phase shift measured from Vin to Vout is referred to as dB g tan where tan indicates the arctan function A first order RC high pass filter has a steady state phase lead when driven by a sine wave This phase lead is represented by a positive phase value This lead is actually an extra long lag Time travel has not happened At high frequencies the input and output signals are almost in phase approaching 90 at low frequencies The amplitude and phase equations for a first order RC high pass filter are shown below The filter has break frequency 3dB point of 1 radian per second 1 R1C1 First order high pass response The amplitude response Vout Vin is referred to as A C1 Vin w A where gis the test frequency Vl1 Ri This can be expressed in dBs of loss RC highpass filter dB O A jp 20 log oa VI o The phase shift measured from Vin to Vout is referred to as 1 l 1 g tan where tan indicates the arctan function C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 76 of 121 The top section of the graph is the measured amplitude response of a single pole first order high pass filter red and a single pole low pass filter blue
97. ing two graphs the black and mauve plots are impedance plots of the same ceramic resonator Marking the data points reveals that the black plot is heavily under sampled It misses most of the response curves Even the mauve plot needs more sample points 455KHz ceramic resonator 6 102 4 102 2 102 102 8 101 6 101 4 101 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 2 101 3 46 10 3 48 10 3 50 10 6 3 52 10 6 3 54 10 6 3 56 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 455KHz ceramic resonator 6 102 4 102 2 102 102 8 10 6 101 fr 4 101 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 2 10 3 46710 6 3 48710 6 3 50 10 3 52710 6 3 54 10 3 56 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 21 of 121 Add Text allows the user to annotate a Add text C Projects Cypher_Old_1 Plots WMK Samples Eg graph The graph title can be edited as can each of the 10 plot legends Pens that are not tiled by the user are time stamped Samples hh mm ss The font amp size can be selected Title from the Graph View Options dialog box Pen Legend E Pen E PenG When a graph is saved the program will wma o a suggest that the graph title is used for the E Pen oe file name This is a self documenting process AWhE 2 AWME 5 However if any of the following characters are used in the title
98. intgraph 0 for now leave the file open for examination abort close the graph because the abort command is executed before the close script processing is stopped before the document is closed close amptest amptest startFrequency endFrequency numTestPoints lt CR gt startFrequency Optional parameter to specify the starting frequency A in Hz endFrequency Optional parameter to specify the ending frequency B in Hz numTestPoints Optional parameter to specify the number of test points to use This is a command to start an amplitude test Three optional parameters can be passed to the command these are start frequency A end frequency B and number of points The test is then started If the command is passed without additional parameters the settings are as previously set or default if not specified by another command Before this command is executed a document should be opened with newampf newimpf or loadgraph command It should also be followed by the wait command to halt further script processing until the test has finished Example Load a new amplitude document and name it My Graph newampf My Graph Set the number of points points 500 Start the test from 1K to 100KHz amptest 1000 100000 wait atten atten attenuationCode lt CR gt attenuationCode Parameter to specify the output attenuation in 2 5dB steps This command specifies the oscillator output attenuation according to the table in Fi
99. istance of 1Mohm and an input capacitance of about 100pF Past 1 59kHz the probe Impedance is dominated by the capacitor At 1MHz the 1Mohm scope probe has an Impedance of 1591 ohms and at 10MHz it is 159 ohms Often a circuit will change its operation when a scope probe is connected Why could that be A FET scope probe with a 1pF 1MR input capacitance will reduce this problem The down side is that a FET probe can cost as much as the scope Another scope probe Impedance phenomena is the earth clip This forms a nice loop inductor which can resonate with the probe capacitance This self resonance limits the bandwidth of the probe This effect can be seen by probing a high speed logic signal and then curling the earth lead around the probe body The signal seen on the scope has resonant edges that can be changed by modifying the earth clip geometry The inductance can be minimized by using a probe with a tip and pointed earth ring For this to work the part of the circuit being probed needs a local earth pad This is almost impossible to arrange Most circuits are constructed from very small surface mount components A 0 4mm IC pin pitch is not uncommon The problem with probing these boards is one of physical size quite apart from the probe impedance Scope probes have not reduced much in size in the last 40 years and now are often as big as the board being tested Scope probe impedance A selection of scope probes and other aa Axt AiO a e o a AM
100. lled on your PC then you are prompted to uninstall the existing version recommended 7 If this is a fresh installation the Choose Install Location box will appear The usual location for the software is C Program Files CypherGraph Click Install io CypherGraph Setup Choose Install Location Choose the Folder in which to install CypherGraph Setup will install CypherGraph in the Following Folder To install in a different Folder click Browse and select another Folder Click Install to start the installation Destination Folder Browse Space required 16 6MB Space available 55 066 cy i 1 Estan a SCE Wet l Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 115 of 121 8 The installer will now copy all the required files to your PC If a dialog asks you to reset your PC now click No and continue with the install To CypherGraph Setup Installing Please wait while CypherGraph is being installed Registering C Program Files CypherGraph ScriptProc ocx Show details Mullsoft Install System v2 10 lt Back Next gt Cancel 9 Once the installer has finished copying the files you can choose to start the CypherGraph application by clicking finish If you do not wish to run the application then uncheck the Run CypherGraph check box and click finish To CypherGraph Setup Completing the CypherGraph Setup Wizard i Cypher
101. lock common mode signals which tend to be interfering signals To be well balanced a transformer would need to be symmetrically constructed which is physically difficult Signals are magnetically coupled from the input windings to the output windings If the input output winding ratio is less than unity then the transformer will provide a voltage gain The transformer seems to be an engineering miracle but does it have any drawbacks The amplitude response of a transformer with a 1 2 and 1 4 ratio was tested below The transformer has a band pass response It has a high pass section a flat pass band that extends for about two decades and then a sharp cut off This is a typical transformer response It is very difficult to make a transformer with a wide frequency response and a flat pass band This part was designed to operate from 40KHz to 120KHz which is the relatively flat part of the response The plots show the amplitude gains of 6dB and 12dBs less a 10dB output attenuation from the C60 The common mode rejection ratio CMRR was also tested red plot All the input terminals were connected together and driven by the C60 s output The signal at the output shows a dramatic rise in amplitude which suggests that this transformer has a poor CMRR at high frequencies There is no copper screen between the windings in this transformer design If there had been an earthed screen then the CMRR would have been greatly improved Transform
102. m Cypher Instruments C60 System User Manual Measure frequency responses from 10Hz to 4MHz Frequency axis displayed logarithmically or linearly Measure amplitude responses Gain or loss displayed in dBs Measure phase responses Phase display ranges of 0 to 180 or 180 Measure complex impedance responses Display impedance in Ohms or admittance in Siemens Calculate time delays Produce professional graphs with 10 plots per graph Interactive powerful graphing program Save graphs as data files and jpg bmp and meta files Copy and paste plots from one graph to another Easy to use PC interface Reliable performance Small light weight portable USB powered device Affordable OO O OD O 0O 0 0 O0 0O OC 0D 0 0 0 QO www cypherinstruments co uk Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 2 of 121 Contents Copyright Cypher Instruments Ltd 2005 2006 All rights reserved COMINGS orea a can vers waiumenmsie whats ranae vctssalete os oxebeaucsitensined ancusuncimesnecenes seteoumenseaeseeuns 2 Legal Disclaimer Warnings ANd Restrictions cccccscecsscerseeceeeeceseeseneesenenecceseccusesereusararsurarsuearseeeeseeuenessess 4 PROGUCE DS SETIONO N oa e sian weuaitescuetays nocd ss uw eatasaccuser E AE NN 5 INstaling tne SOWIE a a t elid eS areal ata cau ana 7 ThistaliG tne SOrwake TOMI TNE CD jasc stseaceca tall aaGa a aetna lata A belt 7 Software and Firmware Web Updates cccccccecceceeceee scene eee eee eens eens eee eea ese ee
103. mat exportformat filePreference penNumberIndex phaseType dataType decimalPrecision lt CR gt filePreference Parameter to control the addition of date time and instrument serial number to the file name When set to 0 no text will be appended and will overwrite a previous file without prompting When set to 1 the date time and instrument serial number are appended This parameter alters all export file name preferences and the savegraph command too penNumberIndex Parameter to specify the zero based pen index 0 9 for pens 1 to 10 to export in ASCII text format phaseType Parameter to specify the phase export ASCII data 0 for 360 degrees and 1 for 180 degrees dataType Parameter to specify the amplitude impedance export ASCII data O for gain impedance and 1 for loss admittance decimalPrecision Parameter to specify the decimal precision of the ASCII text data 0 to 9 representing the number of decimal places required This command specifies the output file naming format for all files exported via a script command It also specifies the pen number phase data amplitude impedance data types and the decimal precision of the data for text exported via a script command The file preference parameter gives the user the ability to either generate an individual file name for each export or to overwrite an existing file This is useful if the CypherGraph application is used to acquire data for automated testing The data a
104. me delay networks such as comb filters have peaks and notches which are linearly spaced and so a linear axis works well for this type of system The Upper and Lower viewing frequencies can also be set Also the amplitude display range can also be set left box or the Impedance range right box Graph View Options n 4MHz to 10Hz amplitude test fx Graph View Options ypher Plots 455KHz ceramic re Ed Frequency axis display limits Lower 9 Set Frequency axis scale Frequency anis sc Axes view options axis display limits Lower 10 Set f Logarithmic f Linear Impedance axis scale f Logarithmic Linear Upper 4000000 Set Max Range Set to current zoom extents Impedance manual scale limits Lower joo Set Upper 1000000 Set f Logarithmic f Linear Amplitude scale limits f Auto scale Upper 4oooo00 Set Max Range Amplitude manual scale limits Lower op St Upper 6 Set Impedance scale limits P Manual Auto Manual Max Range Max Range Set to current zoom extents The Style tab controls the appearance of the graph The graph can be plotted in colour monochrome and monochrome with symbol markers Some technical magazines still publish in black and white Colour Monochrome S Monochrome plus S Lolo Symbol f Monochrome The font used inside the graph can be selected from oe the PC font folder This allows the user to match the
105. mplitude Phase Analyser Fy COROM H E Disk drives m Display adapters AS Floppy disk controllers H 4 Hard disk controllers Fe Keyboard se Monitors E oy Mouse fH Network adapters g Ports COM amp LFT OA Sound video and game controllers Ml System devices H Univerzal Seral Bus controllers Properties Refresh Remove Print mH rea C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 101 of 121 Installation on Windows ME CypherGraph Software 1 Quit all open applications 2 If your computer has auto run enabled then the software will automatically install Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive and the installation will begin Skip the next instruction 3 If your computer has auto run disabled then insert the CD into the drive and wait for the operating system to read the disk Hold the Windows key down and press the R key to open the Run dialog Type the drive letter of the CypherGraph software CD followed by setup Click the OK button Type the name of a program folder document or Internet resource and Windows will open it for you Oper ES etup Cancel Browse 4 The dialog box Welcome to the CyperGraph Setup Wizard will appear Click the Next gt button B CypherGraph Setup Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard This wizard will guide you through the installation of CypherGr
106. n 2 Pen 3 15 15 52 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Elliptic low pass filter module 0 17 24 26 Pen 2 17 28 55 17 31 53 Pen 5 Pen6 17 27 34 17 33 27 Pen 9 Pen 10 Ohms 3 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 3 ia S is Modulus of Impedance Amplitude Gain dB 105 Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 2 105 3 105 80 Hz requency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments requency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 13 of 121 Menu Bar The row of text is called the menu bar the function of which is described next CypherGraph E E Ed File Edit View Test Window Help File wis Edit View Test Window Help New Ctrl h Open Chrl 0 Close Ctrl F4 Save Ctrl 5 Save S Ctrl 4 Save Al Cerl L Properties Ctrl I Prink Ctrl F Export Ctrl E CiProjects CypherlPlots active Crossover gad CiyProjects CypherlPlots 455KH2 resonator complex impedance gzd CrProjects Cypher Plots Digital Audio Transversal Filter gad Exit The File handling drop down menu allows the user to open existing files graphs investigate file properties create new files save print and export them Note that the commands in this menu can also be initiated by control characters For example Ctrl N New File New starts a new file which can b
107. n 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Amplitude Gain dB The amplitude dynamic range of the C60 extends from 5dB to 87dB although great care has to be taken to obtain this in an actual test scenario A signal level of 87dB on this scale is 89uVpp which is ip sae T iA ie jee very small bee Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 54 of 121 Time smearing If tests are performed too rapidly then the test signals may not be fully stable when they are converted into data This results in time smeared plots The phase detector has a time constant that is much longer than that of the amplitude detector and so phase is more sensitive to smearing When performing a test look at the graph and adjust the controls so that the phase plot is free of this effect Test speed is defined as the ratio change in frequency per data point For example testing from 10Hz to 1MHz 100 000 to 1 with 25 test points gives a 58 4 change per step 25 root of 10 1 584 This is a very large incremental change and is considered to be fast Changing the test frequency by one point could cause a large phase or amplitude change in the DUT These signals would take some time to reach new stable values If they are read when they are still moving then time smearing will happen However if 1024 test points are used over the same
108. n the Found New Hardware Wizard Click Next gt On the next dialog box select Search for a suitable driver for my device recommended which will complete the installation o Windows XP will open the Found New Hardware Wizard Check the radio dial labeled No not this time and then click Next gt On the next dialog box check the radio dial labeled Install the software automatically Recommended and click Next On the third dialog box click Finish to complete the driver installation o Check the web site for the latest versions of the PC application and embedded code See the section Software and Firmware Web Updates for details C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 8 of 121 Uninstalling the software o Navigate to the Control panel Go to Add or remove programs Left click on CypherGraph Right click on Remove See Appendix D for further software and device driver installation details C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 9 of 121 Software and Firmware Web Updates Periodically the PC software or Firmware of the instrument may be updated to add new features or fix bugs The Update Info button on the About CypherGraph dialog provides the method of downloading and installing software and firmware updates From the Help menu select the About CypherGr
109. nF 10R 102 07 27 23 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Modulus of Admittance Siemens 103 104 105 106 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Series RC 150nF 10R 102 07 27 23 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Frequency axis scale fe Logarithmic f Linear Admittance axis scale f Logarithmic Frequency asis display limite Lower ia Set Upper 4000000 Set Max Range Admittance manual scale limits Lower 0 000001 Set Linear Upper 100 Set Mas Range Admittance scale limits Manual Auto Modulus of Admittance Siemens 1 0M 1 5M 2 0M 2 5M 3 0M 3 5M 4 0M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Now the graph is plotted on a linear frequency axis from 10Hz to 4MHz All of the straight line slopes have been lost Physical phenomena are usually best displayed on a log log graph C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 48 of 121 Next go back to Impedance on a Logarithmic frequency axis Click the Auto Scale dial The graph is then auto scaled vertically between the maximum and minimum impedance values below right There are no redundant vertical log decade cycles This also operates in real time when a test is being performed The Upper an
110. nce Ohms 0 5M 1 0M 1 5M 2 0M 2 5M 3 0M 3 5M 4 0M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Note that the graph uses a linear Frequency axis The cable is about 100 meters long and time domain effects can be seen the wave length in the cable The RG179PE is a small diameter general purpose screened coaxial cable The screen and the inner conductor form the characteristic impedance C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 70 of 121 The next cable to be tested has been designed to connect USB 1 devices together USB 1 uses data rates of 12 Mbits per second It is important that the data wires in this cable bundle have a well specified characteristic impedance Electronic transmitters differentially drive the cable with a known drive resistance and the receivers also have a known termination resistance In this way data waveform shapes are well preserved leading to minimal data errors The USB cable bundle has two data wires that are twisted together a pair of power wires that are not twisted and an overall screen The cable was designed to send and receive data to power peripheral devices and to be flexible by virtue of using multi strand conductors unlike most Ethernet plumbing The graph shows the impedance plots of the data pair for a 200m reel of cable black and brown and a 4m length red and orange The screen and power wires were left floating for
111. ncy Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 51 of 121 Another filter plot shows what happens to the 8KHz LC filter module circa 1980 phase detector when the signal level is very small An 8KHz low pass filter module which was built 25 years ago still shows a good amplitude roll off right The phase detector does a couple of complete rotations before the signal is completely lost The phase just seems to explode into a fuzzy plot Several plots are E shown on the graph ke Yn D QO D S 7 102 103 104 105 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Phase accuracy Page 52 of 121 The phase accuracy is difficult to specify It varies with test frequency test level signal attenuation in the DUT interference and the frequency response of the DUT Also the sign detector that unwraps the phase can find it difficult to perform well under all circumstances The following two graphs exercise the phase detection system to reveal the operational accuracy In the first test the C60 drives an LC low pass filter at 9 different signal levels This will reveal any phase deviations that are associated with the variable test levels emanating from the C60 The amplitude graph shows 9 plots t
112. not Gain The graph has just been inverted It used to be the fashion to display frequency responses this way up in Germany and Japan For all we know it still is Use Graph View Options to return to a Gain display and then select the Axes tab Select the Linear Frequency axis scale Graph View Options Document 42 Pen Display HE Style Mask Frequency asis display limits Lower 10 Set 4000000 set Frequency asi scale f Logarithmic pner Mas Range Amplitude manual scale limits Lower A0 Set 30 Set Max Range Amplitude scale limits f Auto scale nace f Manual Now the graph is plotted on a linear frequency axis from 10Hz to 4MHz The 400KHz response only occupies 10 of the graph paper If the response had been a 4KHz plot then it would have only used 0 1 of the linear graph range This is 1 5 pixels on a PC display The graph would still exist but on a linear axis it would not be visible Point the cursor on the graph and drag a box around the area of interest The graph will be redrawn to reveal the selected area Generally Gain versus Logarithmic frequency is the best way to display test results Many natural systems have responses that are proportional to frequency which result in straight line plots on a log log graph However time delay responses such as comb filters are best displayed on a linear frequency axis C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 dB
113. ns Even if you can over come all these hurdles a design still has to be built and tested This is also a problem because there isn t much equipment out there that will test filters and networks at a price that the average engineer can justify spending Recently the frequency response analyser that I purchased 15 years ago became unusable because its consumables have been discontinued I needed to obtain a new piece of test equipment just to satisfy my own needs I had designed many frequency response analysers over the last 30 years and so we set out to produce another unit based on what was the best current technology The plan was to make a USB peripheral device that would employ all the power of the PC to produce store and print graphs After 2 years of design work mission creep the C60 was produced One result of deviation from the original design brief was that the unit not only measures Amplitude and Phase frequency responses but it also measures Impedance responses This reveals the often bizarre behaviour of electronic and electro acoustic devices I wish that I had owned one of these machines 10 years ago when we were designing ceramic PZT transducers Many mysteries would have been easily observed rather than just guessed Any way that s life Adam Fullerton Rene Fullerton Tim Orr Software amp Firmware Logistics Electronics C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 4 of
114. nstruments Ltd Page 80 of 121 Reactance is used to describe pure inductance and capacitance A mixture of LCR components is said to have a Complex Impedance Real components contain all three types of Reactance in the form of stray Capacitance stray inductance and series parallel resistance all of which compromises their functionality In fact many components can self resonate inductors and capacitors being common examples Manufacturers often provide a SRF value self resonant frequency for inductors At this frequency the inductor and its stray capacitance form an LCR resonator Above this frequency the device behaves more like a capacitor Conversely the leads on a capacitor are inductive These form series LCR resonators that makes the device behave as an inductor past the resonance frequency Impedance plots from component manufacturers are often to use to illustrate this behaviour Wires and printed circuit board tracks introduce stray inductance and capacitance to electronic networks One inch of wire can have an inductance of about 20nH ru e of thumb This has a Reactance of 1 25 ohms at 10MHz If a peak to peak sinusoidal current of 2Amps is flowing through this wire then there is a 2 5Vpp voltage drop across the one inch of wire This voltage is produced by the Reactance of the wire My personal record was 22Vpp sustained across a lead from a BNC connector to ground in a prototype RF power amplifier A 1X scope probe has an input res
115. nstruments from all claims arising from the use of the product Reproduction of the C60 user manual and any other information from Cypher Instruments Ltd is freely permitted only if the reproduction is done without any alterations and is accompanied by all associated notices legal disclaimers warnings warranties and restrictions Cypher Instruments Ltd is not liable or responsible for any such modified documentation Resale of Cypher Instruments products and services with statements different from the those stated by Cypher Instruments for that product or service voids all warranties for the associated product or service As such Cypher Instruments is not liable for any such statements Cypher Instruments reserve the right to make corrections enhancements and other changes to its products and services at any time also to discontinue any product and service without notice Customers should obtain the latest information software and embedded code from the web site Cypher Instruments does not warrant the completeness or the accuracy of the text information graphics graphs equations diagrams or other material contained within the product manual The product is designed to operate in a laboratory at normal room temperatures Operation at extreme temperatures may result in unexpected behaviour The unit has no harsh environmental ratings and will be damaged by the ingress of moisture and or corrosive chemicals It has an IP30 rating prev
116. nuator C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 44 of 121 20dB Attenuator en 40dB Attenuator R1 200R R2 27R R1 200R R2 47R The circuit shows a 20dB and a 40dB resistive attenuator Use 1 wire ended metal film resistors as these are relatively non reactive The attenuation is about 1 accurate and the output impedance is approximately 50 ohms Solder the components into a metal BNC adaptor box Connect both BNC grounds together with thick tinned copper wire A signal level from OdB to 60dB can be generated by introducing of one of these attenuator boxes into the signal path and by controlling the C60 s attenuator To C60 output BNC C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 45 of 121 Measuring Impedance Response To create a new graph connect the C60 to the PC using the USB lead Connect the Device Under Test DUT to the output BNC The input BNC is not used for impedance tests In the first example a 150nF capacitor in series with 10R is used as the DUT If there is no device connected press F6 The connection E status can be seen on the Status bar 7 Amplitude Ws Frequency Test Type Output Input Select new file from the task bar or press the new file icon from the tool bar A dialogue box will appear with a choice of two modes of operation Amplitude response or Impedance measurement Select Impedance V
117. ocument or Interet resource and Windows will open it for you Oper ESS etup Cancel Browse 4 The dialog box Welcome to the CyperGraph Setup Wizard will appear Click the Next gt button E CypherGraph Setup Pile x Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard This wizard will guide you through the installation of CypherGraph Ik is recommended that you close all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant sister files without having to reboot your computer Click Next to continue Install CypherGraph f Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 97 of 121 5 The License Agreement box follows Read it and if it is satisfactory click I Agree B CypherGraph Setup Mm x License Agreement Please review the license terme before installing CypherGraph Press Page Down to see the rest of the agreement SOFTWARE and the accompanying documentation together with all copies in electronic or other form including any copies on backup tapes or other media This license will terminate automatically if you fail to comply with the limitations described above 8 MISCELLANEOUS This Agreement represents the complete agreement concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them It may be amended only
118. of the C60 fed into a 10kHz high pass filter This was then given 20dB of gain by an external amplifier and then fed back into C60 producing the input plot red The difference between the two plots C60 Response Drive is the input compression of the C60 When the input level is 5 0dB the compression is about 0 5dB For larger signals the compression is correspondingly larger Input compression and overload The input level limit for signal compression of less than 0 5dB is 5 0dB which is a level of 3 5Vpp Input compression error Amplitude Gain dB 103 2 103 4 10 6 103 8 103 104 2 104 4 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Open circuit amp short circuit noise floors October 2005 The input noise floor of the C60 determines the lower level for operation A frequency response test with the input of the C60 open circuited and then shorted reveals both of these levels The black plot is the open circuit 1Mohm response It is a true frequency response because the unit has various internal cross talk paths that were painfully flattened out Reducing the input impedance from 1Mohm rapidly reduces the noise floor value The minimum noise floor is obtained from a very low impedance input source in this case a short circuit brown Also shown are noise floors for 10K orange and 1KO red input source resistance open short 1KO 10K Pen 5 Pe
119. omes dominant Any unwanted signals that enter the input will be misinterpreted by the unit For example mains hum power supply switcher noise radio interference magnetic fields electrical and acoustic noise will all be faithfully interpreted as amplitude phase and impedance readings and plotted as such The C60 is not capable of recognizing good signals from bad ones The user has to be careful to perform tests in a quiet environment Some PCs have electrically noisy power supplies If the C60 is powered from such a PC and it is used to test another switcher powered unit then large switching currents can flow through the system This can introduce interfering spikes into the test signal which produce spurious results Best results are obtained by using an electrically floating battery powered laptop PC Even connecting a digital scope to the test scenario can inject digital interference into the readings Also using USB hubs can introduce extra power supply noise into the test system Other units connected to the hub will add their own noise currents into the ground wiring For best results use a single USB connection from the C60 to the PC that is controlling it Unscreened DUTs can pick up electric magnetic and electro magnetic interference To avoid this the C60 and the DUT should be placed inside a metal box Connect the box to the C60 ground and this will provide a quiet environment to perform tests Aluminium will sto
120. on 7 procedure The C60 has the capability to upgrade the as CE Ree STE UTE firmware which is stored in FLASH memory The continue original shipped firmware remains write protected but the remainder of the FLASH memory can be re written by the host computer Upon reset the original shipped firmware is run This firmware determines if Version WO2 Build 1405 a newer version of code is present by using a CRC check If the newer version of firmware is found to be correct execution transfers to this code This method Version V0 91 Build 1637 prevents an unrecoverable system crash that can Notes Release candidate B for beta occur if a new program download is interrupted or vem ERE EEA corrupted Click the Next gt gt key and hope that there Firmware Upgrade To be upgraded to F C r wW a re isn t a power cut i U pgrade lt lt Back Next gt gt Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 11 of 121 2 Firmware Upgrade x Firmware Upgrade WARNING Do not unplug the instrument The firmware of the instrument has been during FLASH programming Click Next to Upgraded successfully and the system has continue h been restarted Click Finish to retum to Cypheraraph Yersion Y0 S2 Build 1405 To be upgraded to Version Y0 91 Build 1637 Notes Release candidate B for beta testing Upgrade Firmware Firmware J Pg ra d e lt Back Next gt
121. on of the graph will vanish which doubles the display size of the Impedance plot Again right click on the graph and select Graph View Options Display tab The Impedance view can be displayed as Admittance which is measured in Siemens Click the Admittance dial C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Page 46 of 121 Series RC 150nF 10R Ohms Modulus of Impedance Phase Degrees oO 408 07 27 23 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen z Produced by Cypher Instruments 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen Test Settings Graph view Options Add Text ey Impedance Mark Data Points Cut Copy zoom Exbkenks Export Properties Impedance view f Impedance in Ohms O Admittance in Siemens Phase graph C Off Miscellaneous Mark Data Points Graph View Options Document 17 i 4 requency Hz _d by Cypher Instruments fe O 360 Degrees M Show test information Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 47 of 121 Now the graph shows Admittance and not Impedance The graph has just been inverted and the vertical units changed Conversion of Impedance to Admittance 1 mOhm 1 KMho 1 KS 1 Ohm 1 Mho 1S 1 KOhm 1 mMho 1 mS 1 MOhm 1 uMho 1 uS Use Graph View Options to select the Axes tab then select the Linear Frequency axis scale Graph View Options Document 44 Series RC 150
122. onnected 1 a d467 6H2 Y 1031 372 Ohms Pen number X axis Frequency C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 31 of 121 Viewing a graph To view an existing graph select File Open from the menu bar or press the Open file icon from the tool bar A dialogue box will appear Navigate to the Plots Samples folder that contains the example plot files Remember that there are two types of file gad amplitude graph and gzd impedance graph which are identified graphically as an A or Z icon Open Plot file Look in Plots te E My Recent Documents Desktop My Documenta My Computer File name My Network Files of type jal plot files Places Open as read only For illustration purposes select the file shown below This file contains the amplitude and phase response data values for a low pass filter which is then displayed as a graph Low nse preamp 3 HE amp ORs TMAz LP Shr HEH Load up three other files including the 455KHz resonator response These are displayed as a multi document cascade In the Open Plot file dialog the Ctrl key can be held down to select multiple files C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 32 of 121 CypherGraph x Bile Edt wem Test Window Helo Cee amp the hevAEeo ees use FP C Documents and Seltings lesi My Documents ypherGam
123. ontinue Found New Hardware Wizard Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install a device driver for a hardware device To continue click Next Cancel 11 Select the Search for a suitable driver for my device recommended option and click Next gt to continue Found New Hardware Wizard Install Hardware Device Drivers Phas A device driver is a software program that enables a hardware device to work with SS an operating system This wizard will complete the installation for this device 7 Device on USB 2 0 Hub A device diver is a software program that makes a hardware device work Windows needs driver files for your new device To locate driver files and complete the installation click Mert What do you want the wizard to do Search for a suitable driver for my device recommended Display a list of the known drivers for this device so that can choose a specific driver Back Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 110 of 121 12 Check the CD ROM drives box and click Next gt to continue Found New Hardware Wizard E Locate Driver Files Where do you want Windows to search for driver files Search for driver files for the following hardware device op Device on USE 2 0 Hub The wizard searches for suitable drivers in its driver database on your comput
124. ontrol the hardware These commands are gt m in also available from the horizontal tool bar Start causes the C60 to perform a frequency sweep test the results of which are used to generate a pen plot At the end of a sweep the pen number is incremented Stop terminates any test that is currently in progress The system does not have a pause feature Repeat puts the unit into a repeat sweep mode In this mode tests which have been started continue endlessly until they are stopped Plots on the graph are over written when the pen counter revisits them However pens can be locked to avoid this see Graph View Options Run Script enables the user to control the METT C60 from a script file Instead of typing and T Look irr E Senpt pointing and clicking with the mouse to 4 E 1oKH2LPFiterQC cgs perform a test the user can run a previously LI Berrottusetsoorttent cos written list of commands This allows the user MRecent EAmpltudeexportwmF cos to create tests that can be opened and run 2 BB imodanceExportText cos enabling repetitive usage The script language BB impdancet xportwmF cgs Desktop BB tripdanc ePrint cgs t Documents E amplituderrint gs is detailed in Appendix C of this document A non document text editor is used to edit the My Documents scripts and error checking traps gross mistakes The script file is sent to the C60 3 where it resides in non volatile memory This dinag provides the user
125. ooaxthicle a apo lui connectors was tested right The Sttttpreseesseees highest impedance probe was a X100 device green The worst probe was the B x 1 orange which was 584 Ohms at 4MHz This graph shows how o much loading a scope probe will present to a circuit even at relatively low frequencies Two coaxial BNC to BNC leads were also tested blue amp mauve They presented the biggest loading Ohms oO The BNC to 4mm adaptor grey was a surprise It has an impedance of 34K at 1MHz which is equivalent to a 4 5pF capacitor Even this small Capacitance shows up on the graph Modulus of Impedance 103 108 104 105 106 requency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 81 of 121 Appendix C The scripting language Test scripts are ASCII text files that contain instructions to control the instrument to perform a test or set of tests This enables the user to run a collection of tests and leave the program to it rather than having to control the program manually This is most useful if you wish to perform production testing or quality control tests on a large quantity of devices The test script can be written using any non document text editor such as notepad exe and are downloaded to the instrument where it resides in non volatile memory This allows an instrument to be configured to
126. ou install software for CEO Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser Cr If pour hardware came with an installation CD lt 3 or floppy disk insert it now What do you want the wizard to do Install the software automatically Recommended Click Next to continue C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 120 of 121 6 Check the Search removable medial floppy CD ROM box Click Next gt to continue Hardware Update Wizard Please choose your search and installation options Pua tas J Search for the best driver in these locations Use the check boxes below to limit or expand the default search which includes local paths and removable media The best driver found will be installed Search removable media floppy CD AOM include this location in the search Don t search will choose the driver to install Choose thie option to select the device driwer from a list Windows does not guarantee that the driver you choose will be the best match for your hardware 7 Windows will now copy the driver files from the CD ROM to the hard disk Hardware Update Wizard Please wait while the wizard installs the software iY C60 Impedance 4mplitude Phase Analyser C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd 8 Click Finish to complete the driver installation Found New H
127. p CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd 13 Click Finish to complete the driver installation Found New Hardware Wizard Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard The wizard has finished installing the software for LY CBO Impedance 4mplitude Phase Analyser Click Finish to close the wizard Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Page 117 of 121 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 118 of 121 Device driver update If the C60 was plugged in before the CypherGraph software was installed then Windows may not have located the device driver for the instrument Follow the instructions below to perform a manual install of the device driver after CypherGraph software has been installed 1 Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive If the CypherGraph installer opens then click Cancel and then Yes to quit 2 Plug in the C60 3 Open the Device Manager by right clicking on the my computer icon then left clicking properties Then select the hardware tab in the System Propertied dialog box and click the Device Manager button If windows has failed to find a device driver for the instrument then this will be represented by a yellow question mark in the device manager next to the C60 Impedance Amplitude Phase Analyser device Right click on the icon and left click Update Driver Device Manager File Action View
128. p band zeros that cause the output signal to disappear into notches that are situated along the frequency axis A signal passing through a zero suffers an instantaneous 180 phase shift However the signal has zero amplitude and so that makes it an event that is difficult to observe C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd dB Phase dB Phase C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Drie 40 0 01 100 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 150 100 50 150 0 01 0 1 1 10 100 Frequency Radians Sec 1st amp 2nd Order Lowpass 10 TOT FITTI ij TOT FP PTT j TEP PPT j gt FITEN EN 40 0 01 0 1 1 10 Frequency Radians Sec 100 100 i 100 J 150 a 0 01 0 1 1 10 100 Frequency Radians Sec dB Phase dB Phase 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Pag
129. p mobile phone radio emissions from interfering with the tests but it will not stop magnetic fields emanating from electromagnetic devices Steel not Stainless will attenuate magnetic fields Sometimes just a good ground plane under the C60 is sufficient A sheet of copper or aluminium connected to local mains earth via a big flat conductor or the ground of the C60 will provide a target for electric fields to collapse into and yet allow easy access for the operator Avoid big wire loops connected to the DUT They look like inductors in the impedance test mode and act as radio antennas which both transmit and receive Noise and vibration can introduce error signals into a C60 test Everything seems to be micro phonic Ceramic capacitors are actually used as acoustic transducers although they polarize them during manufacture to increase their sensitivity Coaxial cables are micro phonic They make noise when they are flexed due to the tribo electric phenomena They are used as a linear microphone to monitor road traffic usage The C60 has an output attenuator with a 20dB range available in 2 5dB steps The output voltage can be varied from 2Vpp to 200mVpp although best results are obtained when the C60 is running at maximum voltage This might not be suitable for many amplitude test scenarios For example a microphone amplifier input may overload unless the input is very small The solution to this problem is to use an external low impedance atte
130. ples Low moise preamp 50 S00HP amp 0OKHs 1MHe UP pad C Wecuments and Settings Testy Documents CyphersamplestActive Crossover gad L Wecuments and Setlings lest dy Documents Lypherisamples 1 URHE ciliptic BYE painis gad C Documents and Settings Testy Documents Cypher Samples 455K 2 ceramic resonator pred 455KHz ceramic resonator H o EEDEF FEDE 07e Modulus of Impedance Ohms 4 10F BLOF e ig 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments m 1000Hz joe Select Window Tile Horizontal from the menu bar The four graphs will appear in a two by two matrix Click on any of the graphs to change the graph document in focus CypherGraph E x Ble Edt wew Test Window Hep Dae the hee gt gt OG se Pl Active Crossover AMO LOS AIMBOLOS AdMBOLOS AOMBT LOS AD MBI LEAS All HED LCG AD MBO LETOO EEERE EHDE 097 Phate Degress Amolitude Gain dB 2 1 4 1 6 109 1080 2 10 4 10 1 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Produced by Cypher Instruments CDocuments and Settings Testy Documents CypherSamples I0KHz Elliptic E3 0 i L 3 Corrected Mi 00Hz 4000000 Hz 100 pis ms 1000 He Allemate EE E Y C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 33 of 121 C Documents and Settings estWy Documents CypherP lots 455KHz ceramic resonator gzd 455KHz ceramic resonator
131. plications Measuring the frequency response amplitude and phase of systems Impedance measurement of two terminal networks including phase Design and production testing of electro acoustic transducers Bio chemical impedance measurements Filter design and testing Battery impedance testing Cross talk and CMRR measurements C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 7 of 121 Installing the Software If the software has previously been installed from the web site there is no requirement to install the software from the CD Check the web site for the latest versions of the PC application and embedded code See the section Software and Firmware Web Updates for details Installing the Software from the CD Warning do not connect the C60 hardware to the PC with the USB cable before the software has been installed Minimum requirements o Operating system requirements Microsoft Windows 98 98SE ME 2000 XP professional with internet explorer 4 or higher o Minimum PC requirements Pentium 2 333MHz 64Mbytes of RAM 50Mbytes of free hard disk space mouse keyboard USB graphics card and monitor capable of 1024x768 resolution or better Installing the software o Quit all open applications o If your computer has auto run enabled then the software will automatically install Insert the CD into the drive and the installation will begin Skip the next instruction o If your com
132. puter has auto run disabled then insert the CD into the drive and wait for the operating system to read the disk Hold the Windows key down and press the R key to open the run dialog box Type in the following setup enter where indicates the CD drive reference letter o The dialog box Welcome to the CyperGraph Setup Wizard will appear Click the Next gt button o The License Agreement box follows Read it and if it is satisfactory click I Agree o If you already have CypherGraph installed on your PC then you are prompted to uninstall the existing version recommended o If this is a fresh installation the Choose Install Location box will appear The usual location for the software is C Program Files CypherGraph Click Install o The Installing box will briefly appear followed by the Completing the CypherGraph Setup Wizard box Click the Finish button o The CyperGraph application will now open There is no other action needed other than to remove the CD o Keep the CD in a Safe place for future use by you or your colleagues o The C60 can now be connected to the PC via the USB lead This will be the first time that the C60 a USB device has been registered with the computer What happens next will depend on which version of Windows is running o Windows 98 and ME will automatically install the device driver without action on your part o Windows 2000 will ope
133. r is omitted the first word will be parsed as a command and it is likely that an error will occur as most will either be invalid commands or pass invalid data The first command newampf will open a new amplitude verses frequency graph and title it My Graph The second command points sets the number of test points to 500 The third command is amptest this command starts the test from 1K to 100KHz The next command is legend this command sets the pen legend text to My Device The command wait halts script processing until the test has completed Otherwise the test script will execute the command before the test has finished The exportformat command defines the text format with which to output the data and the exporttxt command writes the file to the hard disk in the export folder The next command is savegraph this command saves and closes the graph The text following the command is the name given to the file when it is saved The name given to the saved file also contains the date and time of the save this is because the exportformat 0 command specifies this behaviour The printgraph command then prints the graph to the default printer in portrait orientation Finally the close command closes the document Scripts commands are executed one after another in the order they appear in the text file There are no facilities to loop or jump Strings and file names can be of a maximum of 62 c
134. rent terminals that you would get on a four terminal current sensing resistor By using this method the parasitic components of the analyzer can be largely removed from the test by making the measurements at the DUT terminals This is at the expense of having four cables connected to the DUT and extra reactive components in the system The C60 has a stray inductance of 23nH and a stray capacitance of 33pF These reactive components will resonate with any counterparts that they are connected to Also they form part of the maximum and minimum impedance measurement boundaries The C60 impedance performance was tested below With an open circuit the C60 reaches a maximum reading of 450K This is the upper boundary of the unit set by internal noise floors of the electronics The upper boundary is a compressing limit A 330K resistor reads 271K an error of about 18 A 220K resistor reads 196K an error of about 11 Lower resistor values have virtually no significant error The upper boundary was measured using the maximum output signal level If the signal level is reduced by 20dBs then the point at which the noise floor equals the signal is also reduced by the same amount Lowering the Signal level lowers the maximum impedance readings The lower impedance boundary is limited by the C60 s output resistance and inductance This is nominally a 10 milli Ohm resistive boundary at low frequencies The output inductance causes the high frequency
135. requencies Low pass 4th order High pass 4th order 20 30 40 Amplitude Gain dB Amplitude Gain dB 50 60 70 80 10 104 105 106 102 103 104 10 108 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Low pass 8th order The 4th order low pass filter has a pass band gain of 7dB and a noise floor at 71dB giving it a dynamic range of at least 78dB The high pass filters have a low frequency shelf at about 60 62dB This is caused by the quantization noise of the digital sine wave generator The 8th order low pass filter shows a much more dramatic roll off slope than the previous graphs The noise floor is shown at about 76 78dB Some of the high frequency spikes in the stop band are low frequency spurs from the sine wave generator that are passed by the filter They reveal the performance of the sine wave and not the filter Amplitude Gain dB The graphs on this page were exported as meta files with a portrait aspect ratio to match that of the paper 103 104 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 59 of 121 A voltage controlled state variable filter with a 100 to 1 control range was tested below This filter has simultaneous low pass high pass and band pass outputs
136. requency axis to be Logarithmic or Linear sets the Impedance Admittance Scale range and controls the settings of the Phase graph Frequency axis scale f Logarithmic f Linear Impedance Admittance display limita f Auto Scale f Manual Phaze graph f 0 360 Degrees Default Preferences The General tab has a selection of user preferences The pen selections are worth considering These can be set to overwrite a Pen Colours Amplitude Impedance 7 Admittance General File paths plot which could result in loosing valuable work To avoid this pens can be locked after a plot has been performed Control of the minor graticule shade is provided here Prompts Notify on device disconnection w Lock pen after plot Prompt for device connection i Display splash screen iw Open settings dialog on device connection Prompt before overwriting a used pen Global Graticule Shade Light ooo Default Graph Fort Tahoma Default C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd The files associated with CypherGraph are stored in four folders Plots GAD amp GZD files are the Amplitude and Impedance graphs Export data BMP JPG and WMF files are stored in this folder Script is a programming language that drives the hardware This is useful for automated applications Updates for the PC application and the embedded code are held her
137. romises are bound to be expected When we zoom into a small area of the graph the errors become more visible The impedance plot shows the cyclic nature of the deviation At 60kHz the deviation is almost zero At about 120kHz the deviation reaches a maximum with a 4 5 error This phenomenon can be seen on inductor capacitor and tuned circuit networks With only one plot it manifests itself as a slight undulation along the slope When the network is tested at a variety of drive levels the deviation is more visible C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual Modulus of Impedance Ohms OdB to 20cB from the internal attenuator driving 220UH 16 32 02 16 32 31 105 16 33 36 16 40 24 Pend 16 41 15 16 42 11 16 42 55 16 43 36 16 44 18 104 4 oO wo Modulus of Impedance Ohms 3 10 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 105 106 OdB to 20dB from the internal attenuator driving 220UH 16 32 02 16 32 31 4 102 2 102 O N 16 33 36 16 40 24 Pen5 16 41 15 16 42 11 16 42 55 16 43 36 16 44 18 8 10 6 10 4 10 2 104 November 2006 4 104 6 104 8 104 105 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 2 105 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 58 of 121 Applications Notes Filter responses Some continuous time filters were tested below These filters have digitally selectable cut off f
138. s Frequency and click OK Output Input Select test Type A blank graph sheet will appear with a maximum range of impedance phase and frequency values All plots are drawn inside this sheet Tests can be performed inside the area of the sheet by limiting the frequency limits zooming and by turning off the phase portion of the display Series RC 150nF 10R Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 oO a Oo rs oO w Right click on the graph area and a context sensitive menu will appear Select Test Settings to get the Settings dialogue box Set the A B frequency range and click the Apply button or press return In this test oO Modulus of Impedance Ohms Oo o oO oO nm a frequency range of 10Hz to 4000kHz was selected HH Do not check the Use X axis extents box as this Test Settings overrides the Frequency boxes t greys them out Set j Graph view Options the number of test points using the slider E AddText a Phase Po co Impedance e aodo Mark Data T Settings Ed wd Cut igb Copy Oscillator Engineering reste ARR ee Zoom Extq fio g Mace Unde Foor Frequency B Hz fe Elo 4000000 Alternate i Export m Options Properties Use Axis extents MW Acquire Phase m Number of test points The test can now proceed Click on the St
139. select the device manager tab in the System Propertied dialog box If windows has failed to find a device driver for the instrument then this will be represented by yellow question mark in the device manager System Properties El Ei General Device Manager Hardware Profiles Performance f View devices by type C View devices by connection Lo Computer H CDROM H E Disk drives ce Em Display adapters aS Floppy disk controllers Fy Hard disk controllers fe Keyboard fl Monitors Et y Mouse H E Network adapters a g Other devices ee Device on USB 2 0 Hub Ports COM amp LPT Sound video and game controllers Ml System devices Universal Serial Bus controllers ii ua eens ee Properties Refresh Remove Frint C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 100 of 121 4 Click on the Device icon and press the delete key Click Yes to confirm removal of the device 5 Disconnect and reconnect the C60 Windows will now install the driver automatically This may take a short time as Windows re builds its device driver data base and copies the driver files 6 The screen shot below shows the device driver has been properly installed System Properties Ei ES General Device Manager Hardware Profiles Performance amp Yiew devices by type View devices by connection Computer Ely CBOUsb l gt CBO Impedance 4
140. struments Ltd Page 106 of 121 Installation on Windows 2000 CypherGraph Software 1 Quit all open applications 2 If your computer has auto run enabled then the software will automatically install Insert the CypherGraph Software CD into the CD ROM drive and the installation will begin Skip the next instruction 3 If your computer has auto run disabled then insert the CD into the drive and wait for the operating system to read the disk Hold the Windows key down and press the R key to open the Run dialog Type the drive letter of the CypherGraph software CD followed by setup Click the OK button Type the name of a program folder document or Internet resource and Windows will open it for you Oper E etup Cancel Browse 4 The dialog box Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard will appear Click the Next gt button B CypherGraph Setup Welcome to the CypherGraph Setup Wizard This wizard will guide you through the installation of CypherGraph Ik ig recommended that you close all other applications before starting Setup This will make it possible to update relevant sister files without having to reboot your computer Click Next to continue Install CypherGraph i Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 107 of 121 5 The License Agreement box follows Read it and if it is satisfactory click
141. the Export Image JPEG output with an aspect ratio of 1600 X 1200 16 52 37 16 55 11 16 35 23 16 36 54 16 39 42 16 4147 16 44 15 16 46 21 16 47 48 16 50 28 The Export Image BMP output file is so massive 7 7Mbyte which is bigger than the size of this manual that it was not included in this document o H The WMF metal file large middle and small lower is the smallest of these outputs It produces a good graphical image and has good resizing stretching colouring and transparency controls i 455KHz ceramic resonator gt gt I l i 16 52 37 16 55 11 16 35 23 16 36 54 16 39 42 16 41 47 16 44 15 16 46 21 16 47 48 L 1 ft 102 hf 2 a va rT i j a 3 3 06 3 4 10 3 5108 3 6 10 3 7108 3 6108 11 id Frequency Hz mm Ji l i Produced by Cypher Instruments r i j Frequency H Produced by Cypher Instruments Exit closes the application C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 17 of 121 Edit Sale View Test Window Unde zoom Chrl 2 Cut Chrl Copy Chrl Preferences Fz Undo zoom steps backwards through the graph Zoom history There are some aberrations in this process but it does get there Redo zoom steps forwards through the graph Zoom history Cut Copy Paste allows the user to Cut or Copy a plot from one file and to Paste it into another These files must have the same file extensions Open two files Click
142. the function is passed a zero then the oscillator output is switched off when not testing and a value of 1 should be passed for start frequency Example idlefreg 0 prompt Check that there is no output sine wave sweepmode 0 startfreg 1000 idlefreg 1 prompt Check that the output frequency is 1KHz idlefreq 2000 prompt Check that the output frequency is 2KHz imptest imptest startFrequency endFrequency numPoints lt CR gt startFrequency Optional parameter to specify the starting frequency A in Hz endFrequency Optional parameter to specify the ending frequency B in Hz numTestPoints Optional parameter to specify the number of test points to use This is a command to start an impedance test Three optional parameters can be passed to the command these are start frequency A end frequency B and number of points The test is then Started If the command is passed without additional parameters the settings are as previously set or default if not specified by another command Before this command is executed a document should be opened with newimpf amptest or loadgraph commands Example loadgraph CypherScriptimp gzd atten 0 linear 0 startfreg 1000 endfreq 3000 imptest legend OdB wait L legend legend penLegendText lt CR gt penLegendText Parameter that specifies the current pen legend text A command to legend a pen Example newampf My Graph imptest 1000 3000 legend Pen Legend Text wait
143. this test The USB standard says that the cable length shall not exceed 5m because of transmitter and wavelength limitations USB cable impedance Open Shorted Open small Shorted small 10 104 103 102 Modulus of Impedance Ohms 10 0 5M 1 0M 1 5M 2 0M 2 5M 3 0M 3 5M 4 0M Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments Again a linear frequency axis reveals the regular time domain variations in the 200m cable It looks like all four plots are aiming for the same final value At any frequency take a value for the open and shorted impedance multiply and square root to obtain a value for the characteristic impedance This gives values of 102R to 97 2R for the 200m length and 95R for the 4m length The USB specification for cable impedance is 9OR 15 C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 71 of 121 Measuring delay times Cables The signal propagation delay time of a 100m drum of coaxial cable was tested below One end of the cable was driven via an external amplifier The far end of the cable was resistively terminated by 75R The output of the C60 and the far end of the cable were resistively mixed together and fed into the input of the C60 The resultant linear frequency response shows a cosine comb filter response black This is caused by the differential time delay of the two signal paths The red plot shows the
144. title wait Ssweepmode sweepDirection lt CR gt SsweepDirection Parameter to specify the sweep direction This command controls the direction of sweep Set the parameter to 0 to sweep from the start frequency A to the end frequency B Set the parameter to 1 to reverse the direction B to A Finally a value of 2 will alternate between forward A to B and reverse B to A Sweepmode 2 T title graphTitleText lt CR gt graphTitleText Text string of the required title Command to set the graph title If the title text is omitted then the user is prompted to enter one If the user fails to enter a title it is unchanged W wait lt CR gt Command to halt command processing until the current test has completed This command should always follow the amptest or imptest commands C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 95 of 121 Appendix D Installing CypherGraph The CypherGraph software requires Windows 98SE with Internet Explorer 4 or higher ME 2000 or XP The basic installation procedure is the same for all operating systems however the installation of the device driver for the C60 varies slightly The device driver is included on the CypherGraph software CD and it is advised that the CD is in the CD ROM drive when the C60 is plugged in for the first time When the CypherGraph application is opened it will connect to the first instrument that it finds If
145. tor the Amplitude or Impedance before a test It is not active during a test The test frequency can be set manually The Diagnose key generates a self test graph It displays the previous calibration curve the attenuator steps and the amplitude slope This graph is useful for remote fault diagnosis Calibrate Amplitude tests the amplitude flatness of the C60 and applies a correction curve to plots This process takes a long time The user should recalibrate regularly Phase calibrates the internal phase trim electronics This process is performed automatically by the instrument When the phase calibration is performed a graph is produced allowing fault diagnosis to be conducted remotely C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Page 23 of 121 af Settings Oscillator Engineering Frequency Range Sweep from Frequency 4 Hz 1 O00 Frequency B Hz 200000 Options Use Asis extents Acquire Phase C AtoB C Btod fe Alternate Number of test points 100 Idle Output Frequency i Ott f User Defined in Hz f Test Start Test period m5 Output Attenuation Monitor dB Monitor on Amplitude Trouble Shoot C Impedance Diagnose Calibration Calibrated Amplitude Frequency 1000 Phase Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 24 of 121 Device opens the Select Instrument dialog box If there is more than one unit connected select Instrument
146. ts Maximum number of test points 1000 per plot 2 parameters per plot Multiple plots 10 plots per graph User text fields Logarithmic and linear frequency sweep and stationary frequency Logarithmic and linear frequency axis User controllable test settling time User selectable range of frequency points Logarithmic dB Gain Loss amplitude display Amplitude display range 5dB to 86dB_ 0 025dB best resolution Amplitude detector straight line deviation 0 35dB Phase accuracy see graphs Phase accuracy Phase range 180 and 0 to 180 Z The modulus of the impedance of the test device DUT Impedance accuracy from 0 5 to 4 5 deviation from actual value see graphs Impedance displayed in Ohms or Admittance in Siemens on a linear logarithmic axis Impedance display range of 0 01 Ohms to 1M Ohm 450K Ohm maximum reading Auto ranging or fixed Impedance and Gain axes Save Recall as GAD and GZD files Save graphs as JPEG images BMP images Meta files and data files Use graphs in documents and emails Graphing Controls START STOP REPEAT ZOOM UNDO ZOOM FULL SCREEN USER TEXT FIELDS FREQUENCY LIMITS SWEEP BACKWARDS ALTERNATE SWEEP SWEEP TO ZOOM EXTENTS PEN COLOURS PEN LOCK GRAPH SELECTION COLOUR BLACK BLACK PLUS MARKERS COPY CUT PASTE MASKS SCRIPT CONTROL Calibration option to remove internal amplitude deviations and phase trims Multiple document operation Scripting control of the unit Ap
147. uced If the device is not connected then tests cannot be performed but existing graphs can be viewed With the C60 connected new graphs can be produced and existing graphs can be viewed The blank start up page is shown below The Settings dialog box will appear if a unit is attached CypherGraph le Edit wiew Test Window Help eh e S t ael KRae NS e ol Gl elo 2 a Settings x mn Oscillator Engineering Frequency Range Sweep from Frequency 4 Hz STASI I are 1000 Frequency B Hz C EtoA 20000 f Alternate Options Use Avie extents Acquire Phase Number of test points 250 Idle Output Frequency E a fh 5 1 S k Ea ei Ei E iy C Off User Defined in Hz f Test Start fi Test period m5 O mS Connected foe 1000 Hz 20000 Hz 250 pts Off mS Start Alternate at dB x Y a The three boxes on the top right hand side are Minimize which places the application on the task bar Maximize Restore down which controls the screen size of the application and Close which turns off the program The following text describes the menus and tools in tedious detail however for instant gratification jump to the section titled Viewing a graph where as it suggests you can view the example graphs that are supplied with this product Ultrasonic transducer Pen 1 Pen 2 Pen 3 15 15 52 Pen 6 Pen 7 Pen 8 Pen 9 Pen 10 Ultrasonic transducer Pen 1 Pe
148. up will install CypherGraph in the following folder To install in a different folder click Browse and select another folder Click Install to start the installation Destination Folder Space required 1 8MB Space available 2 446 Hullsott Install System v2 10 Back Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 108 of 121 8 The installer will now copy all the required files to your PC If a dialog asks you to reset your PC now click No and continue with the install Pe CypherGraph Setup e olx Installing Please wait while CypherGraph ie being installed Creating Registry Keys EE Hullsott Inatall System sa 10 4 Back Hests Eancel 9 Once the installer has finished copying the files you can choose to start the CypherGraph application by clicking finish If you do not wish to run the application then uncheck the Run CypherGraph check box and click finish Pe CypherGraph Setup fe 10 x Completing the CypherGraph Setup Wizard CypherGraph has been installed on your computer Click Finish to close this wizard Install CypherGraph 4 Back Cancel C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 109 of 121 10 The C60 can now be connected to the PC via the USB lead After a short period the Windows will open the found new device wizard Click Next gt to c
149. ut inductance and the wire leads of the capacitor This plot shows the errors caused by the capacitor coupling The impedance increases at low frequencies because of the Capacitor and increases at high frequencies because of the stray inductance of the test fixture The middle plot red is a freshly recharged pair of batteries At 10KHz the internal impedance is 0 4R A 1 Amp current surge will cause the voltage to dip by 400mV The top plot blue is a pair of the Modulus of Impedance Ohms 10 100uF 71imR Pen 6 Battery Impedance two Ni MH AA cells Pen 2 Used battery Charged battery Pen 8 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 9 Pen 10 108 104 Frequency Hz Produced by Cypher Instruments 10 106 same type of batteries that had powered a digital camera for 50 shots The internal impedance at 10KHz is 3 5R A 1 Amp current surge will cause the voltage to dip by 3 5V Testing the battery impedance is another tool that can be used to monitor battery quality C60 amp CypherGraph User Manual November 2006 Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 69 of 121 Characteristic impedance Cables Put two or more insulated conductors together in a long cable and a characteristic impedance is formed between them This is because they virtually occupy the same physical space and so have mutual Capacitance and inductance This impedance is defined by Zc L C wher
150. ypher Instruments Ltd 2003 2005 All rights reserved Systenn Info OK Part MAN C60 1 2 Cypher Instruments Ltd Page 28 of 121 Tool Bars CypherGraph has two tool bars for quick access to regularly used functions The function of these is described below The horizontal tool bar Dark Ge ss BE Reva e e OG ulana The horizontal tool bar contains several familiar and new tools Some of these tools can be accessed by right clicking on the graph document and then selecting them from the drop down menu Dae 4 amp From left to right these are New test which prompts the user to choose an amplitude or impedance test Open an existing file again with a user choice of amplitude or impedance Save a graph Export a plot as a text file or a graph in an image format and Print the current graph on the installed printer b FS From left to right these are Cut Copy and Paste These allow the user to Cut or Copy a plot from one file and to Paste it into another These files must have the same file extensions Open two files Click on the first graph and then select a pen number This is the pen plot that will be copied Press Ctrl C to copy it Now click on the second graph Select a pen number that has not been used Press Ctrl V to paste the plot into second graph aA gt From left to right these are Graph view options Add text to the current graph Mark Data Points on the selected graph Zoom extents which maximizes the

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