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A User's Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model

1. 8350 9276 Number of elements in X and Y input 13 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km A A 4458 4795 The input LZ origin X and Y km l 5 0 20 Reference latitude and longitude degrees 0 0 False postion offset LEE Australia Pacific 9300 8000 Number of elements in X and Y input 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km 5000 3944 891 The input LZ origin X and Y km 15 0 135 Reference latitude and longitude degrees 0 0 False postion offset I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 81 Line 10 11 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 36 Control File Inputs CTGPROC INP Variable Type Description XORG real Reference X coordinate km of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 YORG real Reference Y coordinate km of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 IZONE integer UTM zone 1 60 or use negative value to indicate Lambert Conformal Projection DGRID real Horizontal grid spacing km NX integer Number of grid cells in the E W direction NY integer Number of grid cells in the N S direction AHEMI character 1 Hemisphere N northern S southern ATYPE character 1 Input data type C CTG G global INFILE character 70 Name of the compressed CTG output from CTGCOMP or global data file OUTFILE character 70 Name of the gridded LU output file CFLAG character 1 Continuation run flag N no Y
2. Us AAA AAA LL De TO go ah tote eee qud dessus o e dia AAA AAA E ree oe IicalmetinovoNAPPA WPD A 9 Appendix A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLEDBY CAS X ea onerar uno oo eee ano an ee eet se eee Nr A DOT a nO AAN ety O pra E ah ER IR A AA PA A RI NR ETE NO A AAA AA ES SEND RE Ec adhd julday incr I2utm yr4 2 Ad tae cls ois see i art MUN 0 s ol juldayincr Dutm yr4 M NOU ROME D ERREUR RIA en hee ee ae ae eo ae MOS ge GADO o ado ee aee julday indecr qcksrt3 r2interp esat yr4 EU P i toe Aas CO a hs el e at julday indecr r2interp yr4 Eon PL oo ort oat as pote Son NER O e ee ARA ORE EI NAME E Ncc dp teadhd comp rdnwdunpackdedat yr4 1 Rc A Nc et an RE ERE te MR oh A tds readhd comp unpcksdedat yr4 NOU MEME RAR DS A rete at cee julday DE Ale duel e Sa dl ON S me A et ce os ecu ik OE E Re o DIO i LLL A readcf setup readin julday readfn mapg21 Il2utm nn map gutm2ll yr4c gayr Ec RR adef MY readin RE NI E LLL Jeadhd setup tdhd delttrds rdhdu rdp rdhd4 indecr rdhdS_____ Ieadin readefread n deblnkallcapaltonusetvar E CR RR II A AS E SP a NI CENE METRUM M setup main comline datetm readcf openot readge setcom readhd microi diagi outhd outpc 1 rdwt wrfiles I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 10 Appendix A Subroutine Functi
3. 5 324 3 212 9 225 8 234 ASS 1 4 1 200 8 258 2 272 9 229 0 263 4 270 0 244 2 84 9 187 2 278 7 243 6 73 4 164 7 218 9 225 7 226 TI LS 12 14 Oi HH Pw WA io O N Ss wo tw 10 22 21 22 800 650 500 861 712 652 550 800 700 600 500 857 750 655 558 800 700 600 850 760 650 593 805 700 585 859 759 645 566 0 0 0 0 0 2017 0 3109 0 4337 0 1563 0 2486 0 3762 0 4490 0 2027 78 0 4615 0 3 0 1466 0 2497 0 3823 0 4856 988 0 3657 0 5674 384 0 2280 0 3638 0 4965 989 0 3075 0 4291 0 5692 435 0 2536 0 3625 0 4875 278 269 254 279 279 269 261 281 272 265 258 283 278 271 260 281 215 268 284 278 214 261 281 277 261 429985 281 273 266 2 275 9 250 1 254 1 18 3 215 7 210 3 2327 8 110 8 249 5 230 5 243 6 2 3 214 6 229 4 255 6 207 1 225 0 262 0 241 9 231 1 288 5 253 6 137 7 197 6 305 3 100 8 182 3 218 7 226 Td 13 14 14 12 17 10 23 22 Table 4 49 READS56 READG2 Output File Format Upn DAT FILE HEADER RECORD 1 Columns Format Variable Description 2 6 I5 IBYR Starting year of data in the file two digits 7 11 I5 IBDAY Starting Julian day of d
4. MMA FDDA used as observations W is used to weight actual observed data MM4 FDDA data are weighted by factor 1 0 W In the first case the terrain weighting factor is not used because the MM4 FDDA coarse grid winds are subject to the full adjustment for the fine scale terrain data by the diagnostic model whereas in the other two cases the MM4 FDDA winds are not adjusted for the effects of the fine scale terrain I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 21 23 Micrometeorological Model 2 3 1 Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters A number of significant advances have been made in recent years in our understanding and characterization of the structure of the planetary boundary layer PBL e g see Weil 1985 Briggs 1985 As noted by van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 and others the use of the appropriate boundary layer scaling parameters can improve the quality of dispersion predictions The principal parameters needed to describe the boundary layer structure are the surface heat flux Q surface momentum flux p u and the boundary layer height h Several additional parameters including the friction velocity u convective velocity scale w and the Monin Obukhov length L are derived from these As part of the Electric Power Research Institute EPRI Advanced Plume project Hanna et al 1986 have evaluated several models for the prediction of these boundary layer parameters from routinely available meteorological observ
5. Gf IPR4 gt 0 RTHETA Output the final wind speed and wind direction fields to the output file TEST PRT if IPR3 gt 0 OUTFIL Write the final U V fields in F7 2 format and W fields in E8 1 format to the output file TEST OUT if IPR8 gt 0 and IOUTD gt 0 Return to COMP Figure 3 4 Concluded INcalmetnov9NSECT3 wpd 3 14 4 USER INSTRUCTIONS 4 1 Meteorological Preprocessor Programs 4 1 1 READ62 Upper Air Preprocessor READ Z2 is a preprocessing program that extract and process upper air wind and temperature data from standard NCDC data formats into a form required by the CALMET meteorological model READ62 processes data in TD 6201 format or the NCDC CD ROM FSL rawinsonde data format Note that the user must specifically request the TD 6201 format when ordering upper air data from NCDC if this format is desired User options are specified in a control file In the control file the user selects the starting and ending dates of the data to be extracted the top pressure level the type of input data and the format of the output file Also selected are processing options determining how missing data are treated The programs will either flag or eliminate sounding levels with missing data If the user selects the option to flag rather than eliminate levels with missing data the data field of the missing variables are flagged with a series of nines If the option to eliminate levels with missing data is chosen only
6. IO25 TEST SLP output formatted Wind fields after slope flow effects Created only if IPR7 1 and IOUTD 1 Iicalmetinov99sect4 wpd 4 94 4 3 1 User Control File CALMET INP The selection and control of CALMET options are determined by user specified inputs contained in a file called the control file This file CALMET INP contains all the information necessary to define a model run e g starting date run length grid specifications technical options output options etc CALMET inp may be created edited directly using a conventional editor or it may be created edited indirectly by means of the PC based Windows compatible Graphical User Interface GUI developed for CALMET The CALMET GUI not only prepares the control file it also executes the model and facilitates file management functions and it contains an extensive help system that makes much of the information in this manual available to the user on line Although the model can be set up and run entirely within the GUI system the interface is designed to always create the ASCII CALMET INP file This allows runs to be set up on PC based systems and the control file transferred to a workstation or a mainframe computer for computationally intensive applications The ASCII CALMET INP file should be directly transportable to virtually any non PC system When CALMET is setup and run entirely on a non PC system or if the GUI is not used on a PC the control file CALMET INP may be
7. NOTE NZ values must be entered No defaults NINTR2 Se Uc Fr We v Bo Mr Br SS UV A XUI E EOS BP Critical Froude number CRITFN Default 1 0 CRITEN Empirical factor controlling the influence of kinematic effects 54 0 ALPHA Default 0 1 ALPHA Multiplicative scaling factor for extrapolation of surface observations to upper layers FEXTR2 NZ Default NZ 0 0 UOEEXIR2 05 5 De Oe 0455 Der Ong er 05 Oe Os On 7 Oe Diez e Ds Used only if IEXTRP 3 or 3 BARRIER INFO RMATION Number of barriers to interpolation of the wi nd fields NBAR Default 0 NBAR THE FOLLOWING 4 VARIABLES ARE INCLUDED ONLY IF NBAR gt 0 NOTE NBA for X coor of eac Y coordinate of of eac X coordinate of of eac Y coordinate of of eac I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd R values must be entered No defaults each variable Units km dinate of BEGINNING h barrier XBBAR NBAR XBBAR 0 BEGINNING h barrier YBBAR NBAR YBBAR 0 ENDING h barrier XEBAR NBAR XEBAR 0 ENDING h barrier YEBAR NBAR YEBAR 0 4 105 0 Default 5 E 6 DIVLIM 5 0E 06 50 99 sh 99 Table 4 4s Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 5 Continued DIAGNOSTIC MODULE DATA INPUT OPTIONS Surface temperature IDIOPT1 Default 0 IDIOPT1 2 0 0 Compute internally from hourly surface observations 1 Read preprocessed values f
8. Checks for 2 digit year and converts to 4 digit year if required B 8 ROUTINE NAME TYPE PURPOSE YR4C Subr Converts 2 digit year returned from system current date to 4 digit year I calmet nov99 appb wpd B 9 APPENDIX C Equations Used in Lambert Conformal Conversions I CALMET aug99 appe wpd The following equations are based on Pearson 1990 and can be used before running CALMET to convert meteorological station locations from latitude longitude to x y coordinates when using the two standard parallel Lambert conformal projection in CALMET The equations are incorporated within CALMET to adjust winds from true north south to map coordinates and to convert MM4 grid points to the Lambert conformal map for use in CALMET based on the values of RLATO RLONO XLATI and XLAT2 entered by the user To use CALMET and these equations with a Lambert conformal domain in the Southern hemisphere enter all latitudes standard parallels origin and stations as negative numbers Regardless of the hemisphere in which the domain is located the resulting x y coordinate system has y increasing from south to north and the CALMET origin coordinates must be specified at the southwest corner ofthe domain This holds true also 1f UTM coordinates are used in place of a Lambert conformal projection The order of the standard parallels XLAT1 and XLAT2 does not matter but it is conventional to have the latitude closest to the equator be XLATI The reference
9. Sample READ56 READ62 Output Data File 283 273 265 272 281 273 266 287 Z2TT 269 262 2719 281 273 270 256 286 279 272 251 280 278 280 27422 264 287 280 A213 263 281 284 LO e 261 259 5 242 3 262 1 9 247 3 2 2 29 3 208 1 9 223 34 3257 7 252 1 236 6 246 7 313 1 212 1 217 7 232 3 257 0 353 3 199 OZ ZAS 5 259 11 7f 9 228 8 240 0 288 3 244 6 237 3 185 3 233 2 314 3 49 1 159 0 206 0 224 2 226 10 11 23 10 LL 29 NOON 3 9 17 2l 21 Table 4 48 UPn DAT 850 0 1491 696 0 3113 550 0 4956 872 800 700 596 0 1281 0 1988 0 3073 0 4344 850 705 0 3 619 0 4 520 0 5 0 870 TIS 666 600 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 C NWUO WO O0 4 850 0 1514 742 0 2636 642 0 3802 9 866 0 1407 776 0 2315 700 0 3161 600 0 4398 500 0 5810 5 850 0 1574 731 0 2823 600 0 4416 500 0 5826 9 871 0 1350 800 0 2060 650 0 3761 576 0 4719 500 0 5809 4 145 281 CAPAS 260 42 135 280 273 266 285 2713 267 261 2719 280 270 265 284 279 LIA 284 279 279 268 260 285 42 19 269 259 283 283 273 265 258 4 257 1 260 3 248 1 6 1 0 1 207 6 224 0 50 2 25 1 229 2 241
10. output output Format formatted formatted formatted formatted formatted Description Control file containing user inputs Precipitation data in NCDC TD 3240 format List file line printer output file Precipitation data in TD 3240 format for station 1 for the time period selected by the user Precipitation data in TD 3240 format for station 2 for the time period selected by the user Up to 200 new precipitation data files are allowed by PXTRACT I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 25 Table 4 16 Sample PXTRACT Control File PXTRACT INP 2 17 412360 417943 417945 412797 415890 410174 411492 412679 412811 415048 415596 416104 416736 416792 418023 418252 419270 89 01 01 01 89 01 15 24 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 26 Table 4 17 PXTRACT Control File Inputs PXTRACT INP RECORD 1 Data selection code Columns Variable Type Description x ICODE integer Selection code l extract all stations within state or states requested 2 input a list of station codes of stations to extract 3 extract all stations in input file with data for time period of interest Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 27 RECORD 2 Columns Table 4 17 Continued PXTRACT Control File Inputs PXTRACT INP Number of state or station codes This record is included only if ICODE 1 or 2 Variable Type Description N integer If ICODE 1 Numbe
11. real real Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Description Control variable determining if gridded prognostic model field winds are used as input No IWFCOD 0 or 1 Yes use CSUMM winds as Step 1 field IWFCOD 0 Yes use CSUMM winds as initial guess field IWFCOD 1 Yes use winds from MM4 DAT file as Step 1 field IWFCOD 0 Yes use winds from MM4 DAT file as initial guess field IWFCOD 1 5 Yes use winds from MM4 DAT file as observations TWFCOD 0 or 1 13 Yes use winds from MM5 DAT file as Step 1 field WFCOD 0 14 Yes use winds from MM5 DAT file as initial guess field IWFCOD 1 152 Yes use winds from MMS DAT file as observations IWFCOD 0 or 1 BON HO Control variable for use of varying radius of influence If no stations with valid data are found within the specified radius of influence then the closest station with valid data will be used T use F do not use Maximum radius of influence over land in the surface layer km This parameter should reflect the limiting influence of terrain features on the interpolation at this level Maximum radius of influence over land in layers aloft km RMAX2 is generally larger than RMAXI because the effects of terrain decrease with height Maximum radius of influence overwater km RMAX3 is used for all layers overwater It must be large enough to ensure that all grid points over
12. real real array Description Grid point height m of CALMET layers format 12x f12 4 Line of text containing i indices Terrain weighting factors The following statements are used to read the WO array do 15 JJ NYFIN 1 1 15 READ 1099 113 WO i j k i 1 nxfin 113 FORMAT 6x 150 1x f3 2 Line of text containing 1 indices 4 189 4 3 11 CALMET Output Files 4 3 11 1 CALMET DAT The CALMET DAT file contains the meteorological data fields produced by the CALMET model It also contains certain geophysical fields such as terrain elevations surface roughness lengths and land use types which are used by both the CALMET meteorological model and the CALGRID and CALPUFF air quality models CALGRID requires three dimensional fields of temperature and vertical velocity which are not required by CALPUFF for certain simple simulations Therefore a switch is provided in the CALMET control file which allows the user to eliminate these variables from the CALMET DAT output file if the generated meteorological fields will be used to drive CALPUFF in a mode where they are not needed The larger version of CALMET DAT with the extra parameters can always also be used with CALPUFF The option to exclude the 3 D temperature and vertical velocity fields from the CALMET DAT file is provided to reduce the storage requirements of the output file and to a lesser extent to reduce the CPU requirements of the CALMET model run However under most c
13. 2 JINDEX integer J index Y direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain 3 XLATDOT real array N Latitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain positive for the Northern Hemisphere negative for Southern Hemisphere 4 XLONGDOT real array E Longitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain N B the MM4 MM5 convention is different than the CALMET convention MM4 MMS uses negative values for Western Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern Hemisphere CALMET internally converts the longitudes in the MM5 DAT file so the MM4 MM5 convention must be used in the MM5 DAT file 5 IELEVDOT integer array Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction subdomain m MSL ILAND integer array MMS landuse categories at cross points XLATCRS real array Same as XLATDOT but at cross point XLATCRS real array Same as XLATDOT but at cross point format 213 f7 3 f8 3 15 13 1x f7 3 f8 3 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 56 Table 4 27 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Variable Variable No 1 MYR 2 MMO 3 MDAY 4 MHR 5 IX 6 JX 7 PRES 8 RAIN 9 SC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer integer integer real real integer Data Record Description Year of MMS wind data Month of MM5 wind data Day of MM5 wind data Hour GMT of MMS wind data
14. 5 10 are expected The flux of heat into the soil or building materials Q is usually parameterized during the daytime in terms of the net radiation e g Oke 1978 Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 Q c Q 2 44 8 where the constant c is a function of the properties of the surface Oke 1982 suggests values for c of 0 05 0 25 for rural areas and 0 25 0 30 for urban areas The larger values for urban areas reflect the I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 23 greater thermal conductivity and heat capacity of building materials Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 use a value of 0 1 for a grass covered surface The anthropogenic heat flux Q is a function of the population density and per capita energy usage Oke 1978 summarizes annual and seasonally averaged Q values for several urban areas Although the Q term has been retained for generality it is usually small compared to the other terms The net radiation Q is the residual of incoming short wave plus long wave radiation and outgoing long wave radiation Q can be expressed Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 Lansberg 1981 as O i Os q E A 3 Qi E D sis 2 45 where Qu is the incoming short wave radiation W m consisting of a direct solar radiation term Q plus a diffuse radiation term Q 4 A is the albedo of the surface Qiwa is the incoming long wave atmospheric radiation W m and Qiwa is the long wave radiation W m emitted by the surface The method
15. 89 22 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 23 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 24 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 1 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 2 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 3 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 4 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 5 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 6 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 Zi 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 8 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 9 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 157 Variable No Y OQ t A U N Variable No 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 55 Free Formatted Precipitation Data File Format PRECIP DAT HEADER RECORDS Head Record 1 Variable Type Description IBYR integer Starting year of data in the file IBJUL integer Starting Julian day of
16. F DATA LEVEL tj LIMINATED DATA LEVEL tj LIMINATED DATA FILENAMES F WIND DIRECTION MISSING F F WIND SPEED MISSING F Input upper air file td6201 dat Output upper air file up dat Output list file read62 1st THE FOLLOWING SOUNDINGS HAVE BEEN PROCESSED YEAR MONTH DAY JULIAN DAY HOUR GMT NO LEVELS EXTRACTED 93 1 7 7 0 4 93 al 7 7 12 4 93 1 8 8 0 4 EOF ON INPUT LAST YR DAY READ 93 8 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 8 93 6201 ITF 500 6201 97 6201 917 95 9999 826 784 676 600 520 a 7 0 F F 01 0 1350 269 0 5510 264 01 0 1350 263 01 0 1350 269 b 32 0 E F 00005 0 2130 280 0 3327 2 34 0 4277 267 0 5393 261 0 1695 281 Table 4 5 Sample UP DAT files UP DAT Slash delimited format 93 8 F 93 1 7 0 0 160 2 0 210 8 93 1 712 0 160 0 9318 0 0 160 2 0 500 40 850 0 1650 266 0 160 72 850 0 1650 264 0 160 79 850 0 1650 266 0 160 2 0 2 5 800 0 1850 264 0 160 4 4 800 0 1850 264 0 160 2 4 800 0 1850 264 0 160 4 UP DAT Comma delimited format 99 292 F 95 2 5 0 2 125 3 307 8 323 6 316 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 18 26 23 500 0 NWORN 57 824 750 650 595 0 1720 0 2492 0 3644 0 4345 500 0 5685 280 pet Ts 271 261 259 9 O 7 309 0 315 8 323 6 3
17. For different regions the last five lines of this control file should be different For the sake of easy use the numbers to be used in different regions are listed below You need to choose one of the groups listed below to replace the last five effective lines North America 9223 8996 Number of elements in X and Y input 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km 4487 4515 The input LZ origin X and Y km 50 0 100 Reference latitude and longitude degrees False postion offset FREE das Eurasia Optimized Tor Eutope gt ccesslcsss coco 13000 13000 Number of elements in X and Y input 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km 3000 4999 The input LZ origin X and Y km 55 0 20 Reference latitude and longitude degrees 0 0 False postion offset a Eurasia Optimized for Asia 13000 12000 Number of elements in X and Y input 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km 8000 5499 The input LZ origin X and Y km 45 0 100 Reference latitude and longitude degrees False postion offset 6000 8000 Number of elements in X and Y input 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km 3000 4899 The input LZ origin X and Y km l 15 0 60 Reference latitude and longitude degrees 0 0 False postion offset Eo Africa
18. Get date and time from the system clock READCF Read the control file inputs WRFILES Write file names to list file OPENOT Open all other input and output files READGE Read the geophysical data file GEO DAT SETCOM Set miscellaneous common block parameters READHD Read the header records of the input meteorological data files and perform consistency checks with the control file inputs MICROI Perform setup computations for the boundary layer models DIAGI Perform setup computations for the diagnostic wind field module OUTHD Write the header records to the unformatted CALMET output file D OUTPCI Write the header records to the unformatted MESOPAC II output file RDWT Read sigma weighting factors if using MM4 FDDA prognostic data as Step 1 field observations otherwise fill with default factors Return to MAIN PROGRAM Figure 3 2 Flow diagram showing the subroutine function calling sequence in the subroutine SETUP Setup Phase I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 7 Enter COMP r Begin Loop Over Days MISSFC RDCLD INDECR GRDAY Convert the Julian date to a Gregorian date SOLAR Compute solar elevation angle at the surface meteorological stations for midpoint of each hour of the day m Begin Loop Over Hours RDS Read surface meteorological data at all stations for the current hour Replace missing surface data Read gridded cloud data for the current hour Gf IC
19. Hanna S R J C Weil and R J Paine 1986 Plume model development and evaluation Report Number D034 500 Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto CA Holtslag A A M and A P van Ulden 1982 Simple estimates of nighttime surface fluxes from routine weather data KNMI Scientific Report W R 82 4 11 pp Holtslag A A M and A P van Ulden 1983 A simple scheme for daytime estimates of the surface fluxes from routine weather data J Clim and Appl Meteor 22 517 529 Horst T W and J C Doran 1986 Nocturnal drainage flow on simple slopes Bound Layer Meteor 34 263 286 Hosker R P 1974 A comparison of estimation procedures for overwater plume dispersion Proceedings Symposium on Atmospheric Diffusion and Air Pollution American Meteorological Society Boston MA I calmet nov99 sect5 wpd 5 2 Kessler R C 1989 User s guide Systems Applications Inc version of the Colorado State University mesoscale model Version 2 0 Systems Applications Inc San Rafael CA 75 pp Kitaigorodskii S A 1973 The physics of air sea interaction Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem Landsberg H E 1981 The Urban Heat Island Academic Press New York NY Liu M K and M A Yocke 1980 Siting of wind turbine generators in complex terrain J Energy 4 10 16 Mahrt L 1982 Momentum balance of gravity flows J of Atmos Sci 39 2701 2711 Maul P R 1980 Atmospheric transport of sulf
20. UP3 DAT input UPDAT c pufmenu up3 dat END Subgroup c Overwater station files one per station Default Name Type File Name SEA1 DAT input SEADAT c pufmenu seal dat END SEA2 DAT input SEADAT c pufmenu sea2 dat END SEA3 DAT input SEADAT c pufmenu sea3 dat END Subgroup d Other file names Default Name Type File Name DIAG DAT input DIADAT diag dat PROG DAT input PRGDAT TEST PRT output TSTPRT A TEST OUT output TSTOUT x TEST KIN output TSTKIN TEST FRD output TSTFRD TEST SLP output TSTSLP NOTES 1 File path names can be up to 70 characters in length 2 Subgroups a and d must have ONE END surrounded by delimiters at the end of the group 3 Subgroups b and c must have an END surrounded by delimiters at the end of EACH LINE END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 98 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Run Title and Input Group 1 INPUT GROUP 1 General run control parameters Starting date Year IBYR No default IBYR 88 Month IBMO No default IBMO 7 Day IBDY No default IBDY 7 Hour IBHR No default IBHR 0 Base time zone IBTZ No default IBTZ 5 PST 08 MST 07 CST 06 EST 05 Length of run hours IRLG No default IRLG 24 Run type IRTYPE Default 1 IRTYPE 1 O Computes wind fields only 1 Computes wind fields and micrometeorologica
21. VISB DAT CALPOST Postprocessor Output List File CALPOST LST Predicted Wet Flux Fields WFLX DAT Hourly Background Extinction Coefficient optional VSRN DAT Daily Peak Summary File for Visibility Calculations V24 DAT CALPUFF Output List File CALPUFF LST Output List File PRTMET LST Gridded Hourly Wind Fields CALMET DAT PRTMET Control File PRTMET INP PRTMET Postprocessor Plot File s Optional USER NAME O Set Up Initial MM4 MM5 Guess Field Model Output Used as Initial Guess Field Compute Terrain Effects Minimize Divergence MM4 MM5 Model Output Used as Step 1 Field Step 1 Wind Field Perform c Objective Analysis MM4 MM5 Procedure Model Output Used as Observations Smooth Wind Field Optional Apply O Brien Procedure and Minimize Divergence Optional Step 2 Final Wind Field Figure 1 5 Flow diagram of the diagnostic wind model in CALMET Winds derived from MM4 MMS or CSUMM can be introduced as the initial guess field A or the Step 1 field B MM4 MMS wind data can also be treated as observations I calmet nov99 sect wpd 1 11 1 3 Major Model Algorithms and Options The CALMET meteorological model consists of a diagnostic wind field module and micro meteorological modules for overwater and overland boundary layers When using large domains the user has the option to adjust in
22. al 267 6 1 308 0 00 100 2 269 3 1 305 0 00 88 3 265 4 1 313 0 00 92 4 213 1 268 0 00 T3 5 269 9 1 304 0 00 88 SURFACE STATION DATA Year 1990 Month 1 Day 9 Julian day 9 STATION TEMPERATURE AIR DENSITY SHORT WAVE RADIATION REL HUMIDITY NUMBER Deg K kg m 3 W m 2 5 1 267 0 1311 1 14 96 2 267 6 Legis 0 00 92 3 265 9 1 310 0 00 96 4 2134 9 1 270 0 00 76 5 269 3 1 308 0 00 85 Met Variables for point x y 28 20 YEAR MONTH DAY HOUR LEVEL WIND SPEED WIND DIRECTION W VEL m s Deg m s 1990 1 9 5 L IW 241 4 0 00179 1990 1 9 6 1 2 01 241 7 0 00217 1990 al 9 7 1 2 01 241 2 0 00205 1990 1 9 8 1 1 96 241 4 0 00204 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 224 Hour PRECIP Hour cQ O00 PRECIP Hour OX tX PRECIP Hour 0000 PRECIP TEMP deg K 270 6 269 9 269 4 268 9 0 Oo Qo 5 6 T 8 CODE CODE CODE CODE Met Variables for point YEAR MONTH DAY 1990 1 9 1990 1 9 1990 1 9 1990 1 9 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd HOUR o 300 x y PGT HO DO 0 0 0 0 Table 4 71 Continued Sample PRTMET Output File PRTMET LST 28 U m s 145 2227 230 219 20 4 225 Dis C0 F3 Ii m 99395E 01 95424E 01 10713E 01 82334E 01 Precip mm hr 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 Table 4 72 Sample contour plot file DSAA 5 5 340 000 349 000 4710 00 4719 00 100 000 104 844 101 275 104 844 100 187 100 156 100 151 100
23. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 9 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 13 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 9 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 j 8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 2 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
24. 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 j 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 4 185 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Bal Gs PIE OO O DO O OOO o o w BO N Height m i y 2 j 23 00 00 22 00 00 24 00 00 20 00 00 9 00 00 8 00 00 E 00 00 6 00 00 5 00 00 4 00 00 3 00 00 2 00 00 T 00 00 0 00 00 9 00 00 8 00 00 a 00 00 6 00 00 3 00 00 4 00 00 3 00 00 2 00 00 1 00 00 d 2 Height m i T 2 00 00 00 00 j 00 00 j 20 00 00 j 19 00 00 8 00 00 j 3 00 00 j 16 00 00 j 15 00 00 4 00 00 3 00 00 2 00 00 T 00 00 0 00 00 3 00 00 8 00 00 7 00 00 j 6 00 00 j 5 00 00 j 4 00 00 j 3 00 00 2 00 00 j 1 00 00 i Ji 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 800 000 3 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3 4 3500 00 3 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3 4 Table 4 63 Concluded Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File WT DAT 4 186 Table 4 64 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format WT DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 1 Variable No Variable Type Descr
25. 2 3 4 5 6 linear spatial interpolation of the upper air temperature data from each sounding onto the desired vertical mesh linear time interpolation between consecutive soundings to yield appropriate temperatures at each z level for the given hour computation of the 1 r relative weights of each upper air station to the i j th grid column in question The distance is formulated in dimensionless units of grid cells with a maximum weight of 1 0 equivalent to an upper air station in the adjacent grid cell use of these l r weights to compute a spatially averaged temperature field in each column i j and at all vertical levels k This 3 D temperature field T is based solely on upper air data replacement of the surface level temperatures T with a spatially weighted average of surface station temperature observations for the current hour The dimensionless weighting factors are based on the distance r from the i j th grid cell to the various surface meteorological stations and can be defined to be 1 r or 1 1 through the IRAD input variable A maximum weight of 1 0 is allowed and recomputation of the temperatures above the surface and up to and including the layer containing the convective mixing height by assuming an adiabatic lapse rate y of 0 0098 C m between the surface and the convective layer height It should be noted that temperatures in the level containing the convective mixing lid are compu
26. 2 69 Hosker s result is based on the analysis of Kitaigorodskii 1973 showing z u and the logarithmic wind speed profile relating wind speed and u The overwater mixing height can be specified by the user in the mixing height field of the SEA DAT files see Section 4 2 5 or computed internally using the neutral barotropic scaling relationship Blackadar and Tennekes 1968 Cy 4 water f 2 70 where c is a constant 0 16 Ux is the friction velocity m s and f is the Coroilis parameter 10 s The values of c and f can be changed by the user from their default values see the variables CONSTW and FCORIOL in Input Group 6 If the overwater mising heights are specified in the SEA DAT files the gridded overwater mixing height field is calculated using a 1 1 weighting of all non missing mixing heights specified in the files 2 3 2 Three dimensional Temperature Field When the CALMET model is run with the CALGRID output flag set 1 e LCALGRD TRUE a module is called which simulates a three dimensional temperature field based on upper air and surface I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 31 temperature data and on an estimate of the local convective mixing depth previously determined using the energy balance method Additionally overwater temperatures optionally can be treated separately see Section 2 3 2 1 The principal steps involved in generating the temperature field include the following 1
27. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 as 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 E 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ve 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 4 2 3 MAKEGEO MAKEGEO generates a GEO DAT file that provides the geophysical data inputs required by the CALMET model These inputs include land use types elevation surface parameters surface roughness length albedo Bowen ratio soil heat flux parameter vegetation leaf area index and anthropogenic heat flux An extensive description of GEO DAT is provided in Section 4 3 2 MAKEGEO requires 3 input files a gridded elevation file e g produced by TERREL a gridded land use file e g generated by CTGPROC and a user input file MAKEGEO INP MAKEGEO reads gridded fractional land use calculates dominant land use categories as well as weighted surface parameters and remaps to new LULC categories if desired In MAKEGEO INP the user can define new LU categories by remapping the USGS LU categories For example the USGS land use category system has 7 types of urban or built
28. CALMET allows a more detailed breakdown of land use or a totally different classification scheme to be used by providing the option for user defined land use categories Currently up to 52 user specified land use categories are allowed An extended 52 class land use scheme based on the USGS Level I and Level II land use categories is shown in Table 4 46 The user can specify up to MXLU land use categories along with new values of the other geophysical parameters for each land use type The parameter MXLU is specified in the CALMET parameter file PARAMS MET CALMET contains an option in which temperatures over water bodies such as the ocean or large lakes are calculated by using data from only those observation stations SEA DAT files usually buoys located in it while only land stations SURF DAT file will be used to calculate temperatures over the rest of the grid The variables JWAT1 and JWAT2 in CALMET INP Input Group 6 specify the range of land use categories defining the water body for which this land water temperature scheme will be implemented A I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 132 range is specified to allow inclusion of multiple categories for example bay and ocean in the definition of the water body To disable the overwater option JWAT1 and JWAT2 are set to values greater than the highest land use category listed in the GEO DAT file The default values of JW ATI and JWAT2 are both 999 indicating the overwater interpolation s
29. Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 3 Output Options Description Default Value Disk output control variable If LSAVE T the T gridded wind fields are stored in an output disk file CALMET DAT Unformatted output file type variable If 1 IFORMO 1 a file suitable for input to CALPUFF or CALGRID is generated If IFORMO 2 a file suitable for input to MESOPUFF II is generated Used only if LSAVE T Printer output control variable If LPRINT T the F gridded wind fields are printed every IPRINF hours to the output list file CALMET LST Printing interval for the output wind fields Winds 1 are printed every IPRINF hours Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining which layers of U and NZ 0 V horizontal wind components are printed NZ values must be entered corresponding to layers 1 NZ 0 do not print layer 1 print layer Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining which layers of W NZ 0 vertical wind components are printed NZ values must be entered corresponding to cell face heights 2 to NZ 1 Note that W at the ground cell face height 1 is zero O do not print layer 1 print layer Used only if LPRINT T and LCALGRD T Control variable determining which layers of NZ 0 temperature fields are printed NZ values must be entered corresponding to cell face heights 2 to NZ 1 O do not print layer 1 print layer Used only if LPRINT T and LCALGRD T 4 116
30. Distance of concentric rings for polar grid km Read only if GRDTYP POLAR NX values Polar grid radials degrees Read only if GRDTYP POLAR NY values 4 2 2 Land Use Data Preprocessors CTGCOMP and CTGPROC This section explains how to obtain and process Composite Theme Grid CTG Land Use and Land Cover LULC data CTG files are sequential ASCII files which consist of five header records and then one grid cell per logical record The land use code is defined at the center point of each cell which are usually spaced 200 meters apart in both east west and north south directions The points are oriented to the UTM projection These files can be quite large 38 MB for one quadrant therefore the first step in processing the land use data is to compress the data file CTGCOMP and then to work CTGPROC with the much smaller compressed file 0 5 MB Other types of land use data are available but must be processed adequately before using in MAKEGEO for example ARM3 data can be processed using PRELNDI 4 2 2 1 Obtaining the Data Land Use and Land Cover Data are available from the USGS at the 1 250 000 scale with file names corresponding to the 1 250 000 scale map names In some regions land use data are also available at the 1 100 000 scale Land use and land cover types are divided into 37 categories The user must first identify the names of the quadrants encompassed by the domain These names are listed in a USGS map index as
31. Lindex X direction of grid cell J index Y direction of grid cell sea level pressure hPa total rainfall accumulated on the ground for the past hour cm snow cover indicator 0 or 1 where 1 snow cover was determined to be present for the MMS simulation format 412 213 f7 1 f5 2 12 4 57 Variable No 1 Un A N 10 11 12 138 Table 4 27 Concluded MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Variable PRES Z TEMPK WD WS W RH VAPMR CLDMR RAINMR ICEMR SNOWMR GRPMR Type integer integer integer integer real real integer real real real real real real NZP Data Records Description Pressure in millibars Elevation meters above m s l Temperature K Wind direction degrees Wind speed m s Vertical velocity m s Relative humidity Vapor mixing ratio g kg Cloud mixing ratio g kg Rain mixing ratio g kg Ice mixing ratio g kg Snow mixing ratio g kg Graupel mixing ratio g kg v Variable present in the record only if IOUTW 1 a Variable present in the record only if IOUTQ 1 E Variable present in the record only if IOUTC 1 possible only if IOUTQ 1 Variable present in the record only if IOUTI 1 possible only if IOUTQ IOUTC 1 E Variable present in the record only if IOUTG 1 possible only if IOUTQ IOUTC IOUTI 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4
32. The thickness of the slope flow layer is observed to be approximately 596 of the elevation drop from the crest AZ Horst and Doran 1986 h 0 05 AZ 2 14 The value of h in 2 14 is used to determine which CALMET layers are affected by the slope flow In the modified version of CALMET the slope winds are no longer restricted to the first layer but instead can affect upper layers of the flow depending on the depth of the slope flow itself In order to avoid unrealistically large slope flow speeds far away from the crest potentially a problem with coarse grid resolutions the local slope angle is bounded by the average slope angle to the crest i e sino minimum sina vca AZ x 2 15 Upslope flows have been less studied They depend more on the stratification of the surface layer and do not accelerate as rapidly as downslope flows For upslope flows large values of Cp k 1 are selected to take into account the resistance due to stratification Such values of Cp are observed in canopy covered areas Briggs 1981 For upslope flows 2 13 can be written as S Qrgxsina pe T Cp l9 Q g AZ p c T 2 16 where AZ is the elevation gain from the bottom of the valley and x in 2 16 is the distance from the valley floor I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 7 Blocking Effects The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are parameterized in terms of the local Froude number Allwine and Whi
33. Variable STABILITY USTAR MONIN MIXHT WSTAR PRECIP SENSHEAT CONVZI Input Group 3 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 3 Output Options Description Control variable determining if gridded fields of PGT stability classes are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of surface friction velocities are printed O do not print print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of Monin Obukhov lengths are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of mixing heights are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of convective velocity scales are printed O do not print print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of hourly precipitation rates are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of sensible heat fluxes are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T Control variable determining if gridded fields of convective mixing heights are printed O do not print 1 print Used only if LPRINT T
34. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 0 j 16 01 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01500 00 00 00 00 01 01 Or 0 j 15 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 0 j 14 02 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 0 j 13 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 01 01 01 02 07 01 01 01 0 j 12 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 0 je 11 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 0 j 10 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 0 j 9 302 02 02 02 702 202 03 gt 0380 08 0 3 03 03 03 20 20 7 02 02 01 20 j 8 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 03 03 03 03 02 01 0 7 501 01 01 0L 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 03 03 03 6 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 05 06 5 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 04 06 08 4 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 05 08 1 3 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 04 08 12 15 2 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 04 05 06 08 12 17 22 E 40 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 04 06 07 09 11 17 23 29 2 3 4 5 6 y 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Height m 400 000 i 2 3 4 5 6 ji 8 9 X10 ll 12 13 4 cbs E6 17 8 23 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 00 00
35. 000 non Antarctica or 51 840 000 bytes Antarctica in size I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 70 180 140 100 60 GTOPOSO tiles 20 80 100 140 180 90 bo W180N90 EO20N90 aae E060NgO oo E140N90 Dr 40 Ho w 180840 10 de w180810 W140810 E060810 80 90 E060560 E 80 180 Figure 4 5 120 60 60 Spatial coverage of each GTOPO30 tiles files After USGS 4 71 120 90 180 These DEM data are provided in 16 bit signed integers in a simple binary raster with no imbedded header or trailer bytes and no internal indexing The data are stored in Motorola byte order which stores the most significant byte first 1 e big endian The Motorola SUN HP and SGI platforms use big endian where as the Intel PC and DEC platforms use little endian Therefore the user must be careful regarding the intended platform for TERREL The code uses a logical flag LBIGENDIAN set in subroutine SETGLOB to define whether the intended platform is big endian or little endian LBIGENDIAN FALSE is for little endian and LBIGENDIAN TRUE is for big endian The flag enables the porting of TERREL across different machine platforms 3 User control file TERREL INP this input file specifies the filenames and type of databases being processed and the modeling domain related parameters A sample fil
36. 02compute internally from upper air 1 read preprocessed values from the file DIAG DAT Upper air station number used to compute the initial guess wind components for the diagnostic wind field module Either specify one station from 1 to nusta or specify 1 indicating the use of 1 r interpolation to generate a spatially variable initial guess field Bottom and top of layer through which the initial guess winds are computed Units meters Used only if IDIOPT3 0 Note Two values must be entered e g ZUPWND 1 0 2000 Control variable for surface wind components 02compute internally from surface data 1 read preprocessed values from the file DIAG DAT Control variable for upper air wind components 02compute internally from upper air data l read preprocessed values from the file DIAG DAT Control variable for lake breeze region option LLBREZE T region interpolation is performed LLBREZE F no region interpolation is performed Number of boxes defining region used only if LLBREZE T Ist x grid line to define box Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box 2nd x grid line to define box Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Ist y grid line to define box Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Input Group 5 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 125 Default Value 1 0 1000 Variable YG2 XBCST YBCST XECST YECST NLB METBXID I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Tabl
37. 1 ise Gage ae m age bw dune xb missing landuse value CFRACT coverage thres to define a cell as water of water categories values of water categories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of output categories list of output categories range of water categories 40 51 51 51 54 61 62 70 70 70 70 70 QA Option Y or N QA cell to write out create UAM terrain file UAM terrain file I J Y or N 4 86 76 05 21S 05 70 77 05 165 05 70 conversion factor to 81 05 219 05 80 meters 82 83 05 05 as Itn vb 15 15 0 0 05 05 le By 0 0 80 80 84 05 IS 05 80 85 05 IS 05 80 9T 05 IS 05 90 92 05 15 05 90 input categories z0 albedo bowen ratio soil heat flux anthropogenic flux leaf area index vegetation factors input redef 0 N 1 Y input output mapping Line Un A N 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Variable INFIL OUTFIL CTER TERFIL IFLIP HTFAC NX NY XORK YORK DELX IZONE NINCAT NCAT ZOLU ALBLU BOWLU SOILU QFLU I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type char 70 char 70 char 1 char 70 integer real integer integer real real real integer integer real array real array real array real array real array real array Table 4 39 MAKEGEO Control File Inputs Description Input gridded land use data file Output GEO
38. 239 j 1 26 31 34 37 40 42 42 42 42 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 F 8 9 Height m 50 0000 i al 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j 23 11 11 10 08 07 05 05 04 04 j 22 11 11 10 08 07 05 05 04 04 JS 21 10 11 09408407 405 05 04 03 j 20 09 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 03 j 19 07 08 07 06 05 04 03 03 02 18 06 06 05 05 04 03 03 02 02 j 17 04 05 04 04 03 03 02 02 01 j 16 06 06 06 06 05 05 04 03 02 j 15 08 09 08 08 08 07 06 05 04 j 14 09 11 11 10 10 10 08 07 05 j 33 Ul 4 13 413 013 413 413 11 08 06 j 12 4 12 13 4 13 13 14 14 12 10 08 jo 11 420 421 LLL 12 12 st 4100409 je 10 08 09 10 10 10 417 11 TO 10 je De 06 07 208 09 09 09 4 10 LI TT je 87 4055 06 206 07 507 08 105 1T X3 JS d x04 4 04 05 05 706 OF 08 2709 TT j 6 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 07 09 j 5 02 02 03 03 03 04 05 06 07 j 4 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 04 04 j 3 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 04 05 j 2 04 04 04 04 05 05 06 07 07 j 1 06 07 07 07 07 07 08 09 10 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 63 Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File WT DAT 18 000 80 000 10 11 41 42 41 42 38 40 32 34 26 28 20 21 14 15 Os 1719 24 25 29 30 35 5536 39 40 41 42 43 43 44 45 46 47 44 44 41 42 39739 SO MO ES 317 40 40 42 43 LO EL 105 X 03 03 03 0
39. 33 The selection of the interpolation method is controlled by the NFLAGP variable in Input Group 6 of the CALMET control file The default method in CALMET is the 1 d technique NFLAGP 2 based on the recommendations of Dean and Snydor 1977 Wei and McGuinness 1973 In the 1 d and 1 d methods the precipitation at grid point i j is given by Y ray K eme 2 71 o Sua K where R is the observed hourly precipitation rate mm hr at station k d is the distance from grid point i j to station k n is the exponent of the weighting function n 1 if NFLAGP 1 n 2 if NFLAGP 2 Only stations within the user specified radius of influence SIGMAP are included in the summation in Eqn 2 71 The default value of SIGMAP in CALMET is 100 km If no precipitation station with valid non missing data are within the radius of influence CALMET will use the precipitation rate at the nearest station with valid data for the grid point If the computed precipitation rate using Eqn 2 71 is less than a user specified minimum precipitation rate CUTP the precipitation rates at the grid point will be set to zero The default value of CUTP is 0 01 mm hr A minimum value for d of 0 01 km is used in CALMET to avoid computational problems associated with division by zero when the observation station is located at a grid point If there are no precipitation stations with valid data for a particular hour CALMET sets the precipitation rate to ze
40. 397 84 145 0464 04 38 17 35 340 83 248 0581 04 39 17 35 274 82 353 0539 04 35 18 36 222 85 897 0252 04 36 18 36 180 84 987 0323 04 37 18 36 130 84 078 0443 04 38 18 36 071 83 172 0609 04 39 18 36 004 82 266 0670 04 35 19 36 957 85 849 0217 02 36 19 36 914 84 929 0282 04 37 19 36 863 84 010 0365 04 38 19 36 804 83 093 0504 04 39 19 36 737 82 178 0639 04 35 20 37 693 85 801 0192 04 36 20 37 650 84 870 0244 02 37 20 37 599 83 941 0293 04 38 20 37 539 83 013 0373 04 39 20 37 470 82 087 0509 04 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 168 Table 4 59 Concluded Sample MM4 MMS5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM4 DAT 88071500 35 16 1015 2 0 00 0 9849 00272 30056 24507 10000 00136 30657 00000 9250 00831 25232 26510 8500 01571 19814 29009 7000 03218 10661 03011 5000 05943 04971 07013 4000 07655 17170 05011 3000 09747 32566 05012 9805 00313 29656 24507 9716 00394 28852 24508 9584 00517 27846 25509 9362 00724 26038 26510 9053 01021 23823 27010 8654 01414 21015 28509 8168 01914 17612 30008 7548 02586 14058 00007 6752 03518 09064 03512 5867 04668 02866 05012 4982 05971 05171 07013 4097 07475 15971 05011 3212 09262 28767 05011 2327 11485 46364 05517 1442 14523 66159 02514 88071500 36 16 1015 2 0 00 0 9796 00321 29456 25007 10000 00136 30656 00000 9250 00831 25231 26511 8500 01571 20015 30009 7000 03217 10261 01510 5000 05940 04775 06512 4000 07654 17173 05513 3000 09746 32567 05014 9752 00361 29052 2500
41. 4 26 Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM5 DAT CLON 1 1 4 TOS 0 17 125 89 125 26 CO XO J O1 S 2 P2 P2 C C 2 E OO Po JJ 00 HS 0 PHNOCDo RR Anno ooo KBD PAR HRD BA BB XO NO XO XO XO LO XO XO XO XO LO WO Canada LAT1 60 0 LAT2 49 16 49 74 260 125 700 270 125 410 280 125 130 440 125 720 460 125 430 470 125 150 630 125 740 640 125 450 650 125 170 810 125 760 830 125 470 840 125 190 45 3 11 0 00 0 00 41 2 77 0 00 0 00 37 2 40 0 00 0 00 35 2 23 0 00 0 00 33 1 99 0 00 0 00 29 1 64 0 00 0 00 27 1 34 0 00 0 00 25 1 06 0 00 0 00 22 0 79 0 00 0 00 19 0 58 0 00 0 00 25 0 62 0 00 0 00 35 0 59 0 00 0 00 4 50 200000000000 30 200000000000 0 o000000000000o0 525 5196 247 434 6547 237 343 8150 225 252 10142 217 166 12820 219 95030100 38 11 996 229 281 987 302 280 974 411 280 952 SIT 207959 922 863 277 887 1176 276 848 1541 273 804 1963 270 760 2405 267 716 2869 264 612 gt 3357 261 606 4142 255 517 5306 246 428 6647 236 338 8236 224 249 10208 217 165 12851 219 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd DWOWODUAWAHTUOBAINONF OWE S Oy BEBE 306 Oo nm Oo JO NR Uds PO C IPS 2 0 iS BO 00 WO OO Table 4 26 Concluded Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM5 DAT Oo09000 GS QUO GO O USOS Rete ONO NINO 4 51 OOGO OG O OGOOGO OOOO GOGO OGO O OOOO CO OOOOOoOcOooococoocococcooc co OOGO CO
42. 85 1001 697 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1006 777 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 264 261 92 998 988 0 4 630 210 000 50 10 275 928 62 998 988 0 2 600 320 000 999 0 270 950 82 1009 000 0 90 8 6 2 572 220 000 999 2 2725039 89 1002 036 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 270 928 69 1007 454 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 263 706 92 1000 004 0 4 116 210 000 50 10 275 928 59 999 665 0 1 500 200 000 999 0 269 850 85 1009 000 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 22 4 4 PXTRACT Precipitation Data Extract Program PXTRACT is a preprocessor program which extracts precipitation data for stations and time periods of interest from a fixed length formatted precipitation data file in NCDC TD 3240 format The TD 3240 data used by PXTRACT must be in fixed record length format as opposed to the variable record length format which is also available from NCDC The hourly precipitation data usually come in large blocks of data sorted by station For example a typical TD 3240 file for California may contain data from over 100 stations statewide in blocks of time of 30 years or more Modeling applications require the data sorted by time rather than station and usually involve limited spatial domains of tens of kilometers or less and time periods from less than one year up to five years PXTRACT allows data for a particular model run to be extracted from the larger data file and creates a set of station files that are used as input files by the second stage precipitation preprocessor PMERGE se
43. CTG land use data or the USGS Global Dataset format and computes the fractional land use for each grid cell in the user specified modeling domain PRLNDI is a land use preprocessor which reads the ARM3 data base of land use data and computes fractional land use for each grid cell in the user specified modeling domain MAKEGEO isthe final preprocessor which reads the fractional land use data user inputs which define land use category mapping and values relating each of the surface parameters to land use and optionally the gridded terrain file and produces a GEO DAT file ready for input to CALMET Note if the gridded terrain data file is not incorporated into MAKEGEO it must be hand edited into the GEO DAT file before running CALMET The complete process is illustrated in Figure 4 4 and further described in the following sections I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 67 TERRAIN LAND USE K TEN fe TEM JA UN fr ON f T fe N GTOPO30 E USGS Composite Theme Grid ARM3 Data Global Data Bae 2 EM 15 Eb te DEM Data CTG GIS DAT PRELND INP 900 m 30 sec OMG sec G0m 5 4 Se ab XS ho N P i o y V V CTGCOMP INP y d TEM CTGCOMP PRELNDI Canadian DMDF ARMS Data Dalta 900 m 30 sec 100 m x Repeat for each file A u ie E a as TERREL INP Compressed CTG Data File USGS Global
44. Computing the final Step 2 wind field by executing an objective analysis procedure combining observational data with the Step 1 wind field Computing the micrometeorological parameters at grid points over water with the overwater profile method boundary layer model Computing the micrometeorological parameters at grid points overland with the overland energy balance method boundary layer model INcalmetnov9NSECT3 wpd 3 5 If appropriate computing the gridded precipitation data field If appropriate computing the three dimensional temperature field Printing and or writing of gridded hourly wind fields to the output list file and the unformatted output file The final phase of the model execution deals with run termination functions The termination phase includes the closing of any active data files computing model run time and printing of summary or normal termination messages A flow diagram for the setup module is provided in Figure 3 2 The flow diagram contains the name of each subroutine or function called by the setup module along with a brief description of the routine s purpose Figure 3 3 is a flow diagram for the main computational routine subroutine COMP which contains the basic time loop and calls to the wind field module The main routine for the wind field module is subroutine DIAGNO A flow diagram for DIAGNO is shown in Figure 3 4 I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 6 Enter SETUP DATETM
45. Control file containing user inputs List file line printer output file Surface data in one of three NCDC formats for station 1 Surface data in one of three NCDC formats for station 2 Up to 150 new surface data files are allowed by SMERGE although this may be limited by the number of files an operating system will allow open at one time Multiple runs of SMERGE may be necessary I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 17 Table 4 11 Sample SMERGE Control File Inputs SMERGE INP a Single run no previous SMERGE output used as input 7 2 0 1 93 Url 07 00 93 UL 07 05 firstrun dat Base time zone output format 1 unformatted 2 formatted pack 0 no l yes input data 1 CD144 2 SAMSON 3 HUSWO Starting yr month day hour ending yr month day hour 8 I2 1x Output data file name a70 N Continuation run flag Y yes N no Previous SMERGE output file name a70 used as input 3 Number of formatted data files cd144 in1 Input file name a70 00001 7 Station ID station time zone cd144 in2 Input file name a70 00002 7 Station ID station time zone cd144 in3 Input file name a70 00003 7 Station ID station time zone b Continuation run Data added to previous SMERGE output data 7 2 0 1 93 01 07 00 93 01 07 05 Base time zone output format l unformatted 2 formatted pack 0 no l yes input data 1 CD144 2 SAMSON 3 HUSWO Starting yr month day hour ending yr month day hour
46. DAT file Flag to read input gridded terrain file Y yes N no Input gridded terrain data file used only if CTER y Location of first point in the gridded terrain data file 0 SW corner 1 NW corner The first point of TERREL output corresponds to the NW corner i e IFLIP 1 used only if CTER y Terrain elevation multiplier conversion factor to meters for TERREL output HTFACz 1 0 used only if CTER y Number of grid cells in the X direction Number of grid cells in the Y direction Reference X coordinate km of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 Reference Y coordinate km of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 Horizontal grid spacing km UTM zone Number of input land use categories if USGS LULC categories NINCAT 37 List of input categories Surface roughness m for each input land use category Surface albedo fraction for each input land use category Bowen ratio for each input land use category Soil heat flux parameter for each input land use category Anthropogenic heat flux W m for each input category 4 87 Table 4 39 MAKEGEO Control File Inputs Line Variable Type Description 19 LAILU real array Leaf area index value for each input land use category 20 VFLU real array UAM vegetation factor for each input category used only in UAM terrain file Not used in GEO DAT file 21 IMISS integer Land use category assigned for missing land use data whenever LU data is missing for a grid ce
47. Default 1 Default 1 Units Grid cells 30 deg No default 0 001 nits deg K m 200 nits meters Default 50 meters 3000 meters nits nits Default 50 nits meters 3000 nits meters Default 1 Default 500 Units km 4 108 Parameters CONSTB 1 41 CONSTE 0 15 CONSTN CONSTW 0 16 FCORIOL 1 0E 04 IAVEZI 1 MNMDAV 3 HAFANG 30 ILEVZI 1 DPTMIN 0 001 DZZI 200 ZIMIN 100 ZIMAX 3200 ZIMINW 100 ZIMAXW 3200 TRAD 1 TRADKM 100 Maximum Number of stations to include NUMTS in temperature Conduct spatial averaging of temp eratures IAVET will use mixin So make sure t Default tempera below the mixin water K m TG Default tempera above the mixin water K m TG Beginning JWAT Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP interpolation 0 no 1 yes g ht MNMDAV HAFANG hey are correct ture gradient g height over DEFB ture gradient g height over DEFA 1 and ending JWAT2 land use categories for temperature interpolation over water Make bigger than largest land use to disable PRECIP INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS END Method of inter 1 1 R 2 1 R Radius of Influ 0 0 gt use ha nearest stns precip when N Minimum Precip values lt CUTP I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd polation NFLAGP 2 3 E
48. Drainage Div American Society of Civil Engineers 103 221 229 Dyer A J and B B Hicks 1970 Flux gradient relationships in the constant flux layer Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 96 715 721 EPA 1993 Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling IWAQM Phase I report Interim recommendations for modeling long range transport and impacts on regional visibility U S EPA Research Triangle Park NC I calmet nov99 sect5 wpd 5 1 EPA 1995 Testing of meteorological and dispersion models for use in regional air quality modeling Report prepared for U S EPA by Sigma Research EARTH TECH Concord MA EPA 1998 Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling IWAQM Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport Impacts EPA Publication No EPA 454 R 98 019 Garratt J R 1977 Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents Mon Wea Rev 105 915 929 Godden D and F Lurmann 1983 Development of the PLMSTAR model and its application to ozone episode conditions in the South Coast Air Basin Environmental Research and Technology Inc Westlake Village CA Goodin W R G J McRae and J H Seinfeld 1980 An objective analysis technique for constructing three dimensional urban scale wind fields J Appl Meteorol 19 98 108 Hanna S R L L Schulman R J Paine J E Pleim and M Baer 1985 Development and evaluation of the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion Model JAPCA 35 1039 1047
49. J index Y direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain XLATDOT real array N Latitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain positive for the Northern Hemisphere negative for Southern Hemisphere XLONGDOT real array E Longitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain N B the MM4 MM5 convention is different than the CALMET convention MM4 MMS uses negative values for Western Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern Hemisphere CALMET internally converts the longitudes in the MM4 DAT file so the MM4 MMS convention must be used in the MM4 DAT file IELEVDOT integer array Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction subdomain m MSL ILUDOT integer array Land use description code of the grid point in the extraction subdomain format 213 f7 3 f8 3 15 13 DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Data Record Variable Type Description MYR integer Year of MMA MMS wind data MMO integer Month of MMA MMS wind data MDAY integer Day of MMA MMS wind data MHR integer Hour GMT of MMA MMS wind data IX integer I index X direction of grid cell JX integer J index Y direction of grid cell PRES real surface pressure mb RAIN real total rainfall for the past hour cm SC integer snow cover indicator 0 or 1 where 1 snow cover was determined to be present for the MM4 simulation format 412 213 f7 1 f5 2 12 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 63 Table 4 29 C
50. Obukhov length m Variable label 4VSTAR Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or YYJJJHH Convective velocity scale m s Variable label RMM Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or YYJJJHH Precipitation rate mm hr Not used by CALGRID 4 199 Record Variable No Type 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 char 8 Character 8 1 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Variable Name CLABTK NDATHR TEMPK CLABD NDATHR RHO CLABQ NDATHR QSW CLABRH NDATHR IRH CLABPC NDATHR IPCODE Table 4 66 Concluded Type char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer integer array char 8 integer integer array CALMET DAT file Data Records Description Variable label TEMPK Year Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH or Y YJJJHH Temperature deg K at each surface met station Variable label RHO Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or Y YJJJHH Air density kg m at each surface met station Variable label QSW Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or Y YJJJHH Short wave solar radiation W m at each surface met station Variable label 4RH Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or Y YJJJHH Relative humidity percent at each surface met station Variable label 4PCODE
51. READCF READFN READGE READHD READIN RDNWD RREPLAC RSQWTS RTHETA SETCOM SETUP SETVAR SIMILT SLOPE I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Reads the weighting factors used for station observations vs the MMA FDDA data used as observations or the Step 1 field Controls the reading of the control file Calls subroutine READIN for each input group Reads the file containing the path and filename of the model s input and output files Reads or calls other routines to read data from the geophysical data file GEO DAT Prints the data back to the output list file CALMET LST Controls the reading of the header records from the meteorological data files surface and upper air data Positions pointers at correct record for starting date and time Performs QA checks to ensure consistency of file data with control file inputs Reads one input group of a free formatted control file data base Reads N words from an unformatted data file Replaces the missing value of a REAL variable with the value from the closest station with valid data If all values are missing sets variable equal to the default value RDEFLT Computes inverse distance squared weights for all the surface and upper air locations at a specified grid cell Converts gridded 3 D arrays of U and V wi
52. Ty o 98 5025 20 120 225 DE 25 7725 925 25 2 25s 25 C25 L 97 1 25 25 25 250 250 2525 25 25 25 25 25 25 I 96125 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Tow 95 1025 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 I 94 1 29 25 2280 420 428 DO B25 4255 2200 205 4280 2255 425 I 93 125 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 E o OD ELLO ADO 495 ZO EOD E MDA DO X9 y Zo 125 EE 91125 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 EE 90 TEAS 20 255325 DE 2255 7256220 255 02 5 255 LOS Le 89 I 257 25 225 25 25v 35 25 25 Loy 25 225 250 25 Lo SB 4T 265v 229 125 725 425 725 25 729 4125 225v 195 28 25 Iv 87 1 25 25 25 25 25 251 25 25 257 25 25 25 25 Tu PET 280 2255 20 4205 25 2265 25 255 25 0255 025 255 725 IL c 85125 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 E 84 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Laet 831 25 25 25 25 25 25 325 125 529 1 25 25 25 323 I Number of land use hits low in 5254 Cells with fewer than Land Use Processing
53. USGS GTOPO30 data files Input file pathname for USGS GTOPO30 terrain data read only if NGTOPO30 gt 0 Threshold flag in of the average number of data hits per cell used for QA Reference X and Y coordinates origin km position of origin in relation to grid specified in GRDTYP UTM zone Number of grid cells in X and Y directions if GRDTYP CORNER or CENTER or number of rings NX and radials NY if GRDTYP POLAR SIZEK is the horizontal grid spacing km Hemisphere N northern S southern Lines Variable 20 RLAT RLONG one filename per line 21 XLATI XLAT2 22 DRANGE 23 DISK 24 ANG I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 33 TERREL Control File Inputs Type real real character 6 real array real array 4 77 Description Reference latitude and longitude degrees for Lambert Conformal Coordinate System RLONG is where 1 true north is the same as grid north 2 x 0 in the Lambert Conformal grid RLAT is where y 0 in the Lambert Conformal grid Longitude is positive in the western hemisphere and negative in the eastern hemisphere Two standard parallels of latitudes used for Lambert Conformal Projection Terrain extraction approach used for polar grid only options NORMAL Terrain data extracted from the region extending halfway to previous ring and halfway to next ring SCREEN Terrain data extracted from the region extending from the current ring out to the next ring distance
54. Y direction in the global data file Origin X coordinate km of the Lambert azimuthal system of the global data file Origin Y coordinate km of the Lambert azimuthal system of the global data file Reference latitude deg of the Lambert azimuthal coordinate system of the global data file positive for N Hemisphere negative for S Hemisphere Reference longitude deg of the Lambert azimuthal coordinate system of the global data file positive for W Hemisphere negative for E Hemisphere False Easting offset position km of the global data file False Northing offset position km of the global data file 4 83 CTGPROC Version 1 0 Model Domain Parameters CTGPROC LST Partial Listing Level 000112 ORIGIN x y in km 310 000 4820 000 UTM ZONE 19 GRID SPACING km 1 000 DOMAIN SIZE nx ny 99 99 HEMISPHERE N northern S southern N Input Data Type G Global C CTGCOMP C Input CTG data file lewiston cmp Output data file procl dat Header of Compressed CTG data file 575 884064 808 0 200 4 17 1 1 808 575 0 556 21 0 415 13 440000 720000 450000 720000 450000 440000 700000 440000 710000 259500 LEWISTON ME VT NH 1 250 000 QUAD LU PB CN HU EOF reached in CTG data file Total number of records read 73689 Total number of records used to update data Total number of missing LU categories 21 Number of CTG land use cell hits Multiply all values by 10 0 99 125 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
55. an excessively long accumulation period or data missing from the input files before after the first last valid record A sample output file is shown in Table 4 23 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 34 Unit File Name user input file name user input file name PMERGE INP PMERGE LST user input file name user input file name Type input output input output input input Table 4 20 PMERGE Input and Output Files Format unformatted unformatted or formatted formatted formatted formatted formatted Description Previous PMERGE data file to which stations are to be added Used only if CFLAG Y Output data file created by PMERGE this file is an input file to CALMET Control file containing user inputs List file line printer output file Precipitation data in TD 3240 format for station 1 Output file of PXTRACT Precipitation data in TD 3240 format for station 2 Output file of PXTRACT Up to 150 new precipitation data files are allowed by PMERGE although this may be limited by the number of files an operating system will allow open at one time Multiple runs of PMERGE may be necessary I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 35 Table 4 21 Sample PMERGE Control File PMERGE INP Sample 1 12 6 1 1 89 01 01 01 89 01 15 24 firstrun dat max accum period base time zone ioform l binary 2 formatted pack 0 no l yes Starting yr month day hour 01 24 end
56. are defined at half sigma levels see Figure 4 3 In CALMMS vertical velocities are interpolated to half sigma levels two point average and then from cross points to dot points where horizontal velocities are defined In CALMET along the vertical vertical velocities are defined on cell faces while the other variables are defined in the middle of the cells Owing to the sigma p coordinates Equation 4 1 all MM5 variables are scaled by the reference pressure P Pourtace Prop defined in MMS CALMMS divides all variables by P to output in Cartesian units e g m s K o P Prop P 4 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 41 IMAX IMAX JMAX 1 1 1 JMAX Figure 4 1 MMS horizontal grid Arakawa B grid showing the staggering of the dot and cross x grid points The smaller inner box is a representative mesh staggering for a 3 1 coarse grid distance to fine grid distance ratio from NCAR 1998 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 42 GRID CELL 4 e GRID POINT 3 nm a Z m d pa do gt X a d Q aw R DGRI KM 2 3 4 5 6 7 X GRID CELL INDEX XORIGKM YORIGKM Figure 4 2 CALMET non staggered horizontal grid system All variables are defined at the grid points located in the center of each grid cell The grid origin X Y is also shown from Scire et al 1998 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 43 1 Wy 0e 0 2 22 2 2 2222222 22 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 3 0
57. components are internally computed from the data in the surface and upper air data files or read directly from a separate file DIAG DAT The DIAG DAT file allows the user to bypass the internal CALMET computation involving the interpolation and spatial averaging of the meteorological inputs to the model by specifying these inputs directly This option has been retained in the operational version of the model although it was intended primarily as a testing tool The use of the DIAG DAT file requires that the time interpolation of the sounding data and routine averaging of upper layer winds through the depth of each vertical layer as well as conversion of the wind components from wind speed and direction to U and V components all be performed externally A sample DIAG DAT file containing two hours of data is shown in Table 4 56 A description of each variable in the file and its input format is contained in Table 4 57 The variables included in the DIAG DAT file depend on the option selected in the CALMET control file A value of one for the following control file parameters is used to flag input of the corresponding meteorological variable via the DIAG DAT file A value of zero indicates the meteorological variable is internally computed by the model from the data in the SURF DAT and UPn DAT files The default value for each control file parameter is set to compute the meteorological variables internally Control File Parameter Meteorological Va
58. coordinates input to CALMET should be identical to those used to derive the x y coordinates of observation sites All longitudes are entered as positive in the Western hemisphere and negative in the Eastern hemisphere with the exception ofthe MM4 DAT input file in which the opposite convention is used Lambert conformal projections are best in mid latitudes 30 60 latitude It is not recommended that a Lambert conformal projection be used in a domain near the equator lt 30 latitude or in polar regions gt 60 latitude Equations C 1 and C 2 give the x and y coordinate definitions for the Lambert conformal projection in kilometers x psinO C 1 y Por P cos0 C 2 where 0 is the polar angle one of the two coordinates used in describing the projection and is defined by Equation C 3 0 A 1 sing C 3 where is the longitude positive in the Western hemisphere negative in the Eastern hemisphere and is the reference longitude RLONO The sin g is known as the cone constant and relates longitude on Earth to its representation in the mapping system It is a measure of the rate of change in the polar angle as I CALMET aug99 appe wpd C 1 longitude changes q is the latitude where the cone is tangent to the sphere i e the standard latitude in a one standard parallel Lambert conformal projection and is an artifact of the mathematical derivation of the two standard parallel case In the two standard pa
59. corner of grid cell 1 1 XLATO 0 in Northern Hemisphere XLATO 0 in Southern Hemisphere Longitude degrees of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 N B XLONO 0 for Western Hemisphere XLONO 0 for Eastern Hemisphere UTM zone of the reference coordinates Used only if LLCONF F Cell face heights m Note Cell center height of layer i is ZFACE i 1 ZFACE 2 NZ 1 values must be entered Control variable for the use of a Lambert conformal projection to rotate winds from true north to map north enter T or F T yes rotate winds F no do not rotate winds Latitudes degrees of the two standard parallels for Lambert Conformal Projection Used if LLCONF T Positive in Northern Hemisphere negative in Southern Hemisphere Reference longitude used in Lambert conformal projection rotation of input winds Use only if LLCONF T RLONO gt 0 in Western Hemisphere RLONO 0 in Eastern Hemisphere Origin latitude used in Lambert conformal projection rotation of input winds Use only if IPROG 2 UTM coordinate if LLCONF F Lambert conformal coordinate if LLCONF T I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 115 Default Value 30 60 90 W 40 N Variable LSAVE IFORMO LPRINT IPRINF IUVOUT IWOUT ITOUT Type logical integer logical integer integer array integer array integer array Input Group 3 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 43
60. data files Upper air file names are UP1 DAT UP2 DAT UP of stns DAT WIND FIELD MODEL TESTING AND DEBUG OUTPUT FILES 021 Intermediate winds and misc output formatted input and internal variables TEST PRT LO22 Final wind fields output formatted TEST OUT 023 Winds after kinematic effects output formatted TEST KIN LO24 Winds after Froude number output formatted effects TEST FRD 025 Winds after slope flow output formatted effects TEST SLP 026 Gridded cloud field file input unformatted CLOUD DAT or output 080 Overwater meteorological data input formatted for station 1 SEA1 DAT 080 1 Same as 1080 except for overwater station 2 SEA2 DAT Repeated for each of NOWSTA overwater station i e Fortran units IO80 to IO80 NOWSTA 1 are used for overwater data files Overwater file names are SEA1 DAT SEA2 DAT SEA of stns DAT 1098 Scratch file for use in READCF to replace internal read to allow wider compatibility with compilers 000000 0 0 00 0000 OQ Q0 OQ QQOQ Q0 0000 QQ QQ OQ 0Q0Q0Q00Q0000Q000 000 0G 00000000000 QQQ0Q009 00 I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 3 SETUP Setup phase Initialization and program setup operations COMP Computational phase basic time loop with time dependent I O and all scientific modules FIN Termination phase program termination functions STOP Figure 3 1 Flow diagram showing the subroutine calling sequ
61. data in the file IBHR integer Starting hour 01 24 LST of data in the file IEYR integer Ending year of data in the file IEJUL integer Ending Julian day of data in the file IEHR integer Ending hour 01 24 LST of data in the file IBTZ integer Base time zone 05 EST 062CST 07 MST 08 PST NSTA integer Number of precipitation stations Head Record 2 Variable Type Description IDSTA integer array Station codes for each precipitation station Read as READ io12 IDSTA n n 1 NSTA 4 158 Table 4 55 Concluded Free Formatted Precipitation Data File Format PRECIP DAT Variable IYR IJUL IHR XPREC DATA RECORDS Repeated for each hour of data Type integer integer integer real array Description Year of data Julian day of data Hour 01 24 LST of data Precipitation rates mm hr for each precipitation station in the station order specified in Header Record 42 Each data record is read as READ io12 iyr ijul ihr X PREC n n 1 NSTA Missing value indicator is 9999 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 159 4 3 7 Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File DIAG DAT The CALMET control file contains variables which determine how the meteorological data required by the diagnostic wind field module are entered into the program The variables IDIOPT1 through IDIOPTS of Input Group 5 in the control file determine whether the hourly station observation and domain scale average surface temperature lapse rate and wind
62. deg K PC precipitation code XX RRR relative humidity XXX 96 Word 2 pPPPPCCWWW pPPPP station pressure pXXX X mb with p 0 or 1 only CC opaque sky cover XX tenths WWW wind direction XXX deg Word 3 HHHHSSSS HHHH ceiling height XXXX hundreds of feet SSSS wind speed XX XX m s For example the following variables I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 15 Temperature 273 5 deg K Precipitation code 12 Relative humidity 88 percent Station pressure 1012 4 mb Opaque sky cover 8 tenths Wind direction 160 degrees Ceiling height 120 hundreds of ft Wind speed 5 65 m s are stored as the following three integer words 273512088 1012408160 01200565 All of the packing and unpacking operations are performed internally by SMERGE and CALMET and are transparent to the user The header records of the data file contain information flagging the file to CALMET as a packed or unpacked file If the user selects the unpacked format eight full 4 byte words are used to store the data for each station The input files used by SMERGE consist of a control file SMERGE INP containing user inputs up to 150 surface data files one per surface station and an optional SMERGE data file formatted or unformatted created in a previous run of SMERGE The data from the formatted surface station files are combined with the data in the existing SMERGE data file A new SMERGE output file formatted or unformatt
63. depending of the size of the domain the number of sources selection of technical options and meteorological variables such as the mean wind speed Because each puff is treated independently any factor which influences the number and residence time of puffs on the computational grid and the model sampling time step will affect the run time of the model As an example of the range of runtimes an annual simulation of CALPUFF in ISC mode for 2 sources and 64 receptors required less than one minute on a 500 MHz PC A visibility application involving 218 sources and 425 receptors for an annual period required approximately 9 hours of runtime for CALMET and 95 hours for CALPUFF Program Execution CALMET Version 3 0 and above can be executed with the following DOS command line CALMET filename where it is assumed that the executable file is called CALMET EXE and the filename is the name of the file up to 70 characters in length containing all of the input information for the run The default input file name is CALMET INP The first input group in CALMET INP contains all of the other input and output 1 0 filenames used in the run Within this group the user can change the name of any of the input and output files from their default names and change the directory from which the files will be accessed by specifying the file s full pathname I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 19 2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 2 1 Grid System The CALMET model uses a g
64. disk file CALMET DAT Vertically average winds into MESOPAC II layers Output the meteorological fields to the output disk file PACOUT DAT Compute and print out gridded cloud data Gf ICLOUD 1 3 10 Enter DIAGNO XMIT Initialize u v arrays If using objective analysis only IWFCOD 1 go to A Set up initial guess field as one of the following 1 uniform or spatially varying initial guess field based on upper air stations 2 PROGRD Read and interpolate CSUMM prognostic model winds to CALMET grid system if IWFCOD 1 and IPROG 2 3 RDMM4 Read and interpolate MM4 FDDA prognostic model winds to CALMET grid system if IWFCOD 1 and IPROG 4 CGAMMAZ Compute temperature lapse rate using MM4 data 4 RDMM5 Read and interpolate MM5 prognostic model winds to CALMET grid system if IWFCOD 1 and IPROG 14 CGAMMAZ Compute temperature lapse rate using MMS data 5 WINDI Compute spatially varying initial guess field with observed data 6 use preprocessed values from the DIAG DAT file as the uniform initial guess field Begin Loop Over Layers WINDBC Set boundary conditions End Loop Over Layers XMIT nitialize the vertical velocities TOPOF2 Compute vertical velocities due to kinematic terrain effects 1f IKINE 1 MINIM Minimize divergence if IKINE 1 WINDPR Print gridded maps of U V W wind fields after kinematic effects to the output file TEST PRT if IPR5 1 OUTFIL Write gridded U V W w
65. for contour plots MIXH 2 mixh2 grd UVEL VVEL WVEL TEMP IPGT USTA MONL WSTAR MIXH 3 mixh3 grd MIXH PREC WDIR WSPE MIXH 4 mixh4 grd eyword for wind vector plots VECT 1 Number of average field plots 1 4 Beginning and ending hour of average MIXH mixhav4 grd Key word vertical slice filename Format a4 1x i3 1x al2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 221 Table 4 71 Sample PRTMET Output File PRTMET LST PRTMET INPUT OPTIONS Version 3 0 Level 000120 Beginning year 1990 Beginning month Beginning day Beginning Julian day Beginning hour 00 to 23 Total number of hours Print interval hours Has 010 lo PR Subset of grid will be displayed Only a single point was selected Tables will be generated for the point 28 20 Display X Y coordinates of surface sta Display X Y coordinates of upper air sta Display X Y coordinates of precip sta Display nearest surface station array Display surface roughness length Display land use categories Display terrain elevations Display leaf area index OHHH Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format here VOV here Control variables for printing of 3 D fields LEVEL U V TEMP H Hm p O 0 0 1 0v NE ooooooooo ooooooooor ooooooooo z Jg m Wind components U V converted to WS Display wind field in fixed format 0 Multiplicative factor for wind units 1 0000 If the factor is 1 0 then units will
66. grid XNZP Maximum number of layers in the prognostic wind model s grid CONTROL FILE READER definitions XSG Maximum number of input groups in control file XVAR Maximum number of variables in each input group XCOL Maximum length bytes of a control file input record FORTRAN I O unit numbers IO5 Control file CALMET INP input formatted IO6 List file CALMET LST output formatted 102 Preprocessed met data for input formatted diagnostic wind module DIAG DAT I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 2 Table 3 1 Continued Sample CALMET Parameter File 07 Gridded wind amp met fields output unformatted produced by CALMET CALMET DAT or PACOUT DAT 108 Geophysical data fields input formatted GEO DAT 010 Hourly surface observations input formatted or SURF DAT unformatted 012 Hourly precipitation data input formatted PRECIP DAT 019 Gridded weighting factors input formatted for surface station data vs MM4 data WT DAT 020 Gridded fields of prognostic input unformatted wind fields to use as input to the diagnostic model PROG DAT or MM4 DAT 1030 Upper air data observations input formatted for upper air station 1 UP1 DAT 1030 1 Same as 1030 except for upper air station 42 UP2 DAT Repeated for each of NUSTA upper air station i e Fortran units 1030 to IO30 NUSTA 1 are used for upper air
67. initial guess field or pseudo observations and combined with other data sources as part of the CALMET objective analysis procedure An interface program CALMM converts the MMS data into a form compatible with CALMET CSUMM a version of the Colorado State University Mesoscale Model is a primitive equation wind field model Kessler 1989 which simulates mesoscale airflow resulting from differential surface heating and terrain effects Various options for using CSUMM output with CALMET are provided The other two external models may use the output file from CALMET for their meteorological fields CALGRID is an Eulerian photochemical transport and dispersion model which includes modules for horizontal and vertical advection diffusion dry deposition and a detailed photochemical mechanism KSP is a multi layer multi species Lagrangian particle model that simulates transport dispersion and deposition using explicit kinematic simulation KS of the larger transportive and dispersive eddies in the atmosphere The components in Figure 1 1 that are included in the system are CALMET is a meteorological model which includes a diagnostic wind field generator containing objective analysis and parameterized treatments of slope flows kinematic terrain effects terrain blocking effects and a divergence minimization procedure and a micro meteorological model for overland and overwater boundary layers CALPUFF is a non steady state Lagra
68. is the physical vertical wind component m s in Cartesian coordinates and uv are the horizontal wind components m s 2 2 Wind Field Module 22 1 Step 1 Formulation The CALMET diagnostic wind field model uses a two step approach to the computation of the wind fields In Step 1 an initial guess wind field 1s adjusted for kinematic effects of terrain slope flows blocking effects three dimensional divergence minimization The initial guess wind field can be a three dimensional wind field or a constant domain mean wind used throughout the grid The domain mean wind components can be computed internally by vertically averaging and time interpolating upper air sounding data or simply specified by the user If the domain mean winds are computed the user specifies the vertical layer through which the winds are to be averaged and either which upper air station is to be used for determining the domain mean wind or that all stations should be included in a 1 1 interpolation to produce a spatially varying initial guess field CALMET has been modified to also allow two additional options for the intitial guess field Hourly surface observations can be extrapolated vertically using similarity theory van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 to determine the initial guess field Previously this was done at the Step 2 objective analysis stage but not in the computation of the initial guess field Without this extrapolation the initial guess field at layers abov
69. lake breeze routine between the smoothing and O Brien steps to simulate wind flow in the vicinity of a coastline Interpolation An inverse distance method is used to introduce observational data into the Step 1 wind field u v 1 n topo Vo R 2 2 k R n u v 2 18 Ag y E R 2 R 2 k where uj V are the observed wind components at station k u v are the Step 1 wind components at a particular grid point u v are the initial Step 2 wind components R is the distance from observational station k to the grid point and R is a user specified weighting parameter for the Step 1 wind field This interpolation scheme allows observational data to be heavily weighted in the vicinity of the observational station while the Step 1 wind field dominates the interpolated wind field in regions with no observational data The weighting procedure described by Eqn 2 18 is applied independently to each vertical layer Surface observations are used only for the lowest wind field layers appropriate for whatever option for vertical extrapolation of the observational data 1s selected see the variable IEXTRP in Input Group 5 of the control file The user specified parameter R determines the relative weighting given to the Step 1 wind field Different values of R are used in the surface layer R and layers aloft R R and R are also entered in Input Group 5 of the control file An observation is excluded from interpolatio
70. logical C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 0 Description Geophysical data input file Hourly surface meteorological file Gridded cloud file Precipitation data file MM4 MMS5 data file Gridded weighting obs vs MM4 data file CALMET output list file Output meteorological data file CALMET format Output meteorological data file MESOPAC MESOPUFF format Number of upper air stations Number of overwater stations Convert files names to lower case T yes F no Upper air data files repeated NUSTA times Overwater station files repeated NOWSTA times Preprocessed input met data Gridded prognostic wind data file CSUMM Test file containing debug variables Test file containing final winds fields Test file containing winds after kinematic effects Test file containing winds after Froude number effects Test file containing winds after slope flow effects 4 113 Default Value GEO DAT SURF DAT CLOUD DAT PRECIP DAT MM4 DAT WT DAT CALMET LST CALMET DAT PACOUT DAT UPn DAT SEAn DAT DIAG DAT PROG DAT TEST PRT TEST OUT TEST KIN TEST FRD TEST SLP Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 1 Variable Type Description Default Value IBYR integer Starting year of the run two digits IBMO integer Starting month of the run IBDY integer Starting day of the run IBHR integer Start
71. models Temporal and spatial variations in the meteorological fields selected are explicitly incorporated in the resulting distribution of puffs throughout a simulation period The primary output files from CALPUFF contain either hourly concentrations or hourly deposition fluxes evaluated at selected receptor locations CALPOST is used to process these files producing tabulations that summarize the results of the simulation identifying the highest and second highest 3 hour average concentrations at each receptor for example When performing visibility related modeling CALPOST uses concentrations from CALPUFF to compute extinction coefficients and related measures of visibility reporting these for selected averaging times and locations Most applications of the system are built around these three components To enhance their functionality a PC based GUI is provided for each major component The GUIs can be used to prepare the control file that configures a run execute the corresponding component model and conduct file management functions The GUIs also contain an extensive help system that makes much of the technical information contained in this manual available to the user on line The modeling system may also be setup and run without the aid of the GUIs The control file for each component is simply a text file that is readily edited and it contains extensive information about model options default values and units for each variable In
72. mxbox 5 mxwb 1 parameter mxsg 9 mxvar 60 mxcol 132 parameter mxnxp 40 mxnyp 40 mxnzp 30 parameter io5 15 io6 16 parameter io2 2 io7 7 io8 8 iol0 10 iol2 12 parameter iol9 19 i020 20 parameter io21 21 i022 22 io23 23 io24 24 io25 25 io26 26 parameter 1030 30 parameter 1080 80 parameter 1098 98 Compute derived parameters parameter mxwnd mxss mxows mxus parameter mxtmp mxss mxows parameter mxnzpl mxnz 1 parameter mxnzml mxnz 1 parameter mxxy mxnx mxny parameter mxbxwnd mxwnd mxbox parameter mxxyz mxnx mxny mxnz parameter mxadd mxlev mxnzp1 parameter mxwk3 mxwnd 2 mxnz 3 GENERAL GRID and MET definitions XNX Maximum number of X grid cells XNY Maximum number of Y grid cells XNZ Maximum number of layers XSS Maximum number of surface meteorological stations XUS Maximum number of upper air stations XPS Maximum number of precipitation stations XOWS Maximum number of overwater stations XBAR Maximum number of barriers allowed XBOX Maximum number of seabreeze regions allowed XWB Maximum number of water bodies that will be treated Separately in the temperature interpolation currently must be 1 XLEV Maximum number of vertical levels in upper air data input files XLU Maximum number of land use categories XNXP Maximum number of X grid cells in the prognostic wind model s grid XNYP Maximum number of Y grid cells in the prognostic wind model s
73. observations and MM4 FDDA pseudo observations are then used to modify the Step 1 fields using the objective analysis procedure If the objective analysis only option is selected in CALMET the computation of the Step 1 wind field is eliminated and the final winds are based on the objective analysis of the MM4 FDDA winds and the actual observational data Note that in this case both the observations and MM4 FDDA winds are given a high weight in the analysis procedure The potential drawback to this approach is that no distinction is made in the relative confidence we may have in the MM4 FDDA simulations and the observed wind data For example when winds are interpolated to the modeling grid nearby wind observations are treated in the same way as nearby MM4 FDDA winds even though local circulations embodied in the observed winds may be missed by the coarser resolution of the MM4 FDDA simulation The representativeness on a fine scale grid of the observed point value winds as compared with winds derived from the MM4 FDDA on a coarse grid is expected to depend on such factors as the height above the surface subgrid scale terrain variations and the ratio of the coarse grid to fine grid size For example a coarse grid of MM4 FDDA winds will not reflect potentially important local features of the surface flow field induced by terrain variations which can not be resolved by this coarse MM4 FDDA grid On the other hand the point value snapshot o
74. of Data and Computer Requirements Data Requirements The input data requirements of the CALMET model are summarized in Table 1 2 The modeling system flow diagrams Figures 1 1 through 1 4 provide an overview of the various input data sets required by the model as well as the preprocessing steps used to produce them CALMET is designed to require only routinely available surface and upper air meteorological observations although special data inputs can be accommodated For example twice daily sounding data e g at the standard sounding times of 00 and 12 GMT are needed as a minimum but if soundings at more frequent even arbitrarily spaced intervals are available they will be used by the model CALMET reads hourly surface observations of wind speed wind direction temperature cloud cover ceiling height surface pressure relative humidity and precipitation type codes optional used only if wet removal is to be modeled These parameters are available from National Weather Service surface stations The preprocessors are designed to use data in the National Climatic Data Center s NCDC standard data formats e g CD 144 format for the surface data However the data can also be input into the model by way of free formatted user prepared files This option is provided to eliminate the need for running the preprocessors to prepare the data files for short CALMET runs for which the input data can easily be input manually I calmet no
75. print 1 Print used only if LPRINT T Defaults NZ 0 1 UVOUT Thy O OL fU 0 po cO O pot Op IO peo Ong OFF Specify which levels of the W wind component to print NOTE W defined at TOP cell face 14 values IWOUT NZ NOTE NZ values must be entered 0 Do not print 1 Print used only if LPRINT T amp LCALGRD T Defaults NZ 0 INOUT 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 O0 Specify which levels of the 3 D temperature field to print ITOUT NZ NOTE NZ values must be entered 0 Do not print 1 Print used only if LPRINT T amp LCALGRD T Defaults NZ 0 QUA deo ie rr SOC ie ges ss On Muge rs Specify which meteorological fields to print used only if LPRINT T Defaults 0 all variables Variable Print 0 do not print 1 print STABILITY 1 PGT stability class USTAR 1 Friction velocity MONIN 1 Monin Obukhov length MIXHT T Mixing height WSTAR 1 Convective velocity scale PRECIP 1 Precipitation rate SENSHEAT 1 Sensible heat flux CONVZI 1 Convective mixing ht Testing and debug print options for micrometeorological module Print input meteorological data and internal variables LDB Default F LDB Fl F Do not print T print NOTE this option produces large amounts of output First time step for which debug data are printed NN1 Default 1 NNI 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 101 Table 4 42 Continued Sample
76. sample output file is shown in Table 4 71 A sample contour plot file and a sample vector plot file are shown in Table 4 72 and Table 4 73 respectively I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 207 Unit File Name 5 PRTMET INP 6 PRTMET LST 7 z 8 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 68 PRTMET Input and Output Files Type Format input formatted output formatted input formatted output formatted 4 208 Description Control file containing user inputs List file line printer output file Unformatted CALMET output file containing meteorological and geophysical data to be printed Name specified in PRTMET INP Plot file As many files as specified in PRTMET INP Names specified by the user in PRTMET INP Table 4 69 PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP RECORD 0 Unformatted CALMET output file Columns Variable Type Description x METFIL character 40 Unformatted CALMET output file containing the meteorological and geophysical data to be printed RECORD 1 Beginning date time run length and printing interval Columns Variable Type Description IYR integer Starting year of data to print four digit IMO integer Starting month E IDAY integer Starting day i IHR integer Starting hour 00 23 ITHR integer Total number of hours of data to read AR ICHR integer Time interval between printed fields ICHR 1 to print every hour ICHR 2 to print every second hour etc Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 se
77. sect4 wpd 4 11 Table 4 7 METSCAN Control File Inputs Namelist Format NAMELIST OPTS Variable Type Description Default Value ID integer Station ID 5 digits m IYR integer Year of data 2 digits IEXPMO integer Month of first record 1 IEXPDY integer Day of first record 1 IEXPHR integer Hour of first record 0 JWSMN integer Minimum non calm wind speed knots allowed calm 2 1 e WS 0 WD 0 is allowed JWSMX integer Maximum wind speed knots allowed 40 JTMIN integer Minimum temperature allowed deg F 0 JTMX integer Maximum temperature allowed deg F 100 JDELT integer Maximum hourly change in temperature allowed deg 15 F JTOLD integer Temperature deg F for the hour preceding the first hour of the data file used to evaluate the hourly temperature change for the first hour of the run IDELT integer Maximum hourly change in relative humidity allowed 20 90 JRHOLD integer Relative humidity 96 for the hour preceding the first hour 60 of the data file used to evaluate the hourly relative humidity change for the first hour of the run JCMX integer Maximum ceiling height allowed hundreds of feet 350 MINCC integer Maximum opaque sky cover tenths allowed for 3 unlimited ceiling conditions JRHMIN integer Minimum relative humidity percent allowed 10 IHROP 0 23 integer array Hours of operation for the station O not operating 24 operating JDAT integer Input data file format 1 2 CD144 ji 2 NCDC
78. standard latitudes and reference longitude to calculate a cone constant and the east west distance of the observations from the reference longitude These quantities are then used to adjust observed and prognostic winds to fit the Lambert Conformal mapping If LLCONF T the user also must define XORIGKM YORIGKM and all x y coordinates of observation stations coastlines and barriers to fit the chosen Lambert Conformal grid The default values of the standard latitudes and reference longitude are set to be consistent with the U S EPA s MM4 FDDA data base Ifa different set of parameters are required the user can set them in Input Group 2 The equations for the cone constant and the coordinate conversion are given in Appendix C The CALMET model operates in a terrain following vertical coordinate system rs gs h 2 1 where Z is the terrain following vertical coordinate m Z is the Cartesian vertical coordinate m and h is the terrain height m I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 1 GRID lr 4 3 gt fi A Z ag m O 2 a z O pa X 1a z Qo A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X GRID CELL INDEX XORIGKM YORIGKM Figure 2 1 Schematic illustration of the CALMET horizontal grid system fora 7 x 4 grid showing the grid origin XORIGKM YORIGKM and grid point location I calmet nov99 fig2_1 wpd 2 2 The vertical velocity W in the terrain following coordinate system is defined as oh oh W w u v 2 2 Ox oy where w
79. three lines containing file names in character format A description of each input variable is shown in Table 4 2 A sample input file is shown in Table 4 3 The output list file is shown in Table 4 4 The output data file UP DAT produced by READ62 is a formatted file containing the pressure elevation temperature wind speed and wind direction at each sounding level The first level of each sounding is assumed to represent surface level observations If the surface level is missing from the sounding it must be filled in before running CALMET READ62 allows the user to select either a slash delimiter format the original format or a comma delimiter format for the UP DAT file The comma delimited form of the UP DAT file facilitates the use by CALMET of non NCDC data sources such as SODAR data In CALMET a slash delimited file is read using Fortran format statements while the comma delimited file is read using Fortran free read statements READ62 can be bypassed and a comma delimited UP DAT file can be easily prepared from non NCDC data by following the format discussed in Section 4 3 3 Sample UP DAT files in both formats are shown in Table 4 5 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 2 Table 4 1 READ62 Input and Output Files Unit File Name Type Format Description 5 READ62 INP input formatted Control file containing user inputs 6 READ62 LST output formatted List file line printer output file 8 TD6201 DAT input formatted Upper air data in
80. up dat a70 Name of the output upper air file 5 LSTFIL read62 Ist a70 Name of the READ62 output list file READG2 constructs the file name from the first 70 characters in each record Leading blanks are stripped from the file name and characters within the 70 character field after the end of the file name defined by the first blank character after the file name are ignored Thus comments within the 70 character field are allowed Records 3 4 and 5 must be present in the control file However if they contain blank fields READ62 will assign the default file names I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 6 Table 4 3 Sample READ62 Control File READ62 INP 93 7 0 93 8 0 500 1 1 Beg YR DAY HR GMT End YR DAY HR Top pres INPUT 1 TD6201 2 CD ROM OUTPUT 1 2 P A AE h Eliminate level if HEIGHT TEMP WIND DIR WIND SPEED missing td6201 dat Input upper air file name up dat Output upper air file name read62 1st Output READ62 list file I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 7 Table 4 4 Sample READ62 Output List file READ62 VERSION 4 0 LEVEL 961113 STARTING DATE YEAR JULIAN DAY HOUR ENDING DATE 93 YEAR 93 7 JULIAN DAY 8 0 GMT HOUR 0 GMT PRESSURE LEVELS EXTRACTED SURFACE TO 500 MB INPUT FILE FORMAT 1 TD6201 2 NCDC CD ROM 1 OUTPUT FILE FORMAT 1 DELIMITED 2 COMMA DELIMITED 1 DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED DATA LEVEL ti LIMINATED F HEIGHT MISSING F F TEMPERATURE MISSING
81. user specified z0 land use table 2 input a gridded z0 field Land use type and associated surface roughness lengths m Two variables per line read as do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ ogeo ILU ZOLU D Surface roughness length m at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo ZO n j n 1 NX 4 138 Record NEXT line NEXT NLU lines NEXT NY lines Table 4 47 Continued GEO DAT File Format Variable Type Description IOPT3 integer Option flat for input of albedo 0 compute gridded albedo values from land use types using the default albedo land use table 1 compute gridded albedo values from land use types using a new user specified albedo land use table 2 input a gridded albedo field ILU integer Land use type and associated albedo Two variables per line d as ALBLU 1 pie NEN do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ iogeo ILU ALBLU I ALBEDO real array Albedo at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo ALBEDO n j n 1 NX Included only if IOPT3 1 Included only if IOPT3 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 139 Record NEXT line NEXT NLU lines NEXT NY lines Variable IOPT4 ILU BOWLU BOWEN Included only if IOPT4 1 Included only if IOPT4 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 47 Continued GEO DAT File Format Type integ
82. weight of a surface station wind by 50 and BIAS 0 5 reduces the weight of upper air data by 50 Values of zero for BIAS result in no change of weight from the normal inverse distance squared weighting CALMET provides two options for bypassing the Step 1 procedure The first 1s to specify that the final winds be based on objective analysis alone This option is controlled by the control file variable IWFCOD in Input Group 5 see Section 4 2 1 The second option is the input of an externally generated gridded Step 1 wind field Typically this would be the output of another model such as a prognostic wind field model The control file variable IPROG of Input Group 5 controls this option The externally generated Step 1 wind field need not use the same horizontal grid as that used in the CALMET simulation For example the computationally intensive prognostic wind field model can be executed on a relatively coarse grid to develop the vertical structure of a lake breeze circulation and provide information for areas of the grid with no observational data The prognostic model results are then combined with the available wind observations in the Step 2 objective analysis procedure to develop the final wind field The parameterization used in the internal computation of a Step 1 wind field i e simulation of kinematic effects of terrain slope flows blocking effects and divergence minimization are described in the following sections This d
83. weighting technique and radius of influence parameters If prognostic winds not used performs interpolation only Performs a linear interpolation of a variable to a specified height using arrays of height and parameter values Replaces the missing value of an INTEGER variable with the value from the closest station with valid data If all values are missing sets variable equal to the default value IDEFLT B 3 ROUTINE NAME JULDAY LLBREEZ MICROI MINIM MISSFC MIXDT MIXHT OPENFL OPENOT OUT OUTFIL OUTHD OUTHR OUTPC OUTPCI I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Computes the Julian day number from the Gregorian date month day Sets up the lake breeze region of influence Performs setup computations for the boundary layer model Initializes certain heat flux constants and mixing height variables Executes an iterative scheme to reduce three dimensional divergence to within a specified limit subject to a cap on the number of iterations Fills in missing values of certain surface met variables using data from the nearest station with non missing data Met variables checked in this routine are ceiling height ICEIL cloud cover ICC air temperature TEMPK relative humidity IRH and surface pressure PRES Computes the potential tempe
84. well as on the WWW home page of the USGS Select the 250K FTP via Graphics in the LULC section to view a map of the US and the names of the quadrants CTG LULC data are available by anonymous ftp from edcftp cr usgs gov or can be downloaded from the WWW site http edcftp cr usgs gov pub data LULC 4 2 2 2 CTGCOMP the CTG land use data compression program CTG LULC data files retrieved from the ftp web sites are ASCII files which are quite large and it is useful to compress the data CTGCOMP reads an uncompressed CTG file and produces a compressed CTG file Both files are in ASCII CTGCOMP requires an input file called CTGCOMP INP in which the user specifies the uncompressed CTG land use data file name and the compressed output file name A list file CTGCOMP LST is created which echoes the header records of the land use data file and provides summary information about the run CTGCOMP must be run for each CTG data file I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 78 4 2 2 3 CTGPROC the land use preprocessor CTGPROC reads a compressed USGS Land Use and Land Cover data in Composite Theme Grid CTG format or the USGS Global Dataset format The CTG data is available for the United States with a horizontal resolution of approximately 200 m The global dataset covers the worl with a resolution of approximately 900 m Each run of CTGPROC processes one file i e one quadrant of data processed per run and determines the fractional land use fo
85. with graupel Reisner MMS cumulus parameterization none Anthes Kuo Grell Arakawa Schubert Fritsch Chappel Kain Fritsch Betts Miller AD EO MMS planetary boundary layer PBL scheme 0 no PBL 1 bulk PBL 2 Blackadar PBL 3 Burk Thompson PBL 5 MRF PBL MMS atmospheric radiation scheme 0 none 1 simple cooling 2 cloud radiation Dudhia 3 CCM2 MMS soil model 0 none 1 multi layer 1 FDDA grid analysis nudging 0 no FDDA 1 FDDA observation nudging 0 no FDDA 4 177 Variable No ON Un A QU N I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Variable IBYRM IBMOM IBDYM IBHRM NHRSMM5 NXP NYP NZP Table 4 62 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 5 Type Description integer Beginning year of the data in the file integer Beginning month of the data in the file integer Beginning day of the data in the file integer Beginning hour GMT of the data in the file integer Length of period hours of the data in the file integer Number of grid cells in the X direction in the extraction subdomain integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction in the extraction subdomain integer Number of layers in the MM5 domain half sigma levels same as number of vertical levels in data records format 412 15 314 4 178 Variable No Variable 1 NXI 2 NYI 3 NX2 4 NY2 5 RXMIN 6 RXMAX 7 RYMIN 8 RYMAX Variable No Variab
86. 0 Input file pathname for formatted data files 6b IFSTN integer Station ID number 6b ISTZ integer Time zone of station 5 EST 6 CST 7 MST 8 PST I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 19 Table 4 12 Concluded SMERGE Control File Inputs SMERGE INP The next records are read only if using input data from a previous SMERGE surface data file CFLAG y Line Variable Type Description y INFORM integer Format of previous SMERGE surface data file 1 unformatted 2 formatted 7 NBSTN integer Number of station requested from previous SMERGE output data file 999 use all stations in file NEXT RECORDS Included only if CFLAG y and NBSTN 999 Record repeated NBSTN times Line Variable Type Description 7a IBSTN integer Station ID number for stations requested from previous SMERGE output data file I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 20 Table 4 13 Sample SMERGE Output List File SMERGE LST SMERGE OUTPUT SUMMARY VERSION 4 0 LEVEL 991223 Output file name surf dat Continuation Run Y Previous SMERGE output data file firstrun dat Station Time Zone SAMSON Surface Data ID Input Files 14764 5 portlnd cdr Period to Extract in time zone 5 1 8 90 1 00 to No Missing Values for WS WD ICEIL ICC TEMPK IRH 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ckck ck ck RARA Data Read from Existing Surface Data Input File Time Zone is File Format l unformatted 2 formatted 2 Packing Code 0 Period in time zone 5 1 8
87. 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 7 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 8 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 9 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 0 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 1 0 000 0 000 0 254 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 0 000 0 000 0 254 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 3 0 000 0 000 0 254 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 4 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 5 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 6 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 7 0 000 0 000 0 254 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 8 0 000 0 000 0 254 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 9 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 762 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 20 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 762 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 21 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000
88. 044 23044 7 1199 288 23044 0 1199 280 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 199 283 0 2512 72175 0 4182 266 199 269 489 280 0 2516 277 0 3662 269 0 5686 255 199 287 0 2145 281 0 3353 270 0 4488 264 199 7271 503 283 0 3094 273 0 3686 271 0 4985 259 199 286 0 2418 279 0 3425 273 0 5014 263 0 1199 277 0 2065 279 0 2595 279 0 3849 273 0 4745 266 89 4 F 89 1 9 240 9 268 7 247 89 1 9 0 Sf 297 5 215 6 210 0 228 89 1 6 20 0 131 7 242 1 2357 89 1 7 310 2 13 8 217 3 230 9 261 89 1 5 350 5 200 1 238 0 258 89 1 7 20 8 227 6 233 3 290 2 232 89 1 2 20 0 2079 281 0 3778 274 0 5053 263 3 148 0 228 3 314 89 1 0 30 0 1554 283 0 2596 281 0 4399 268 0 5079 264 4 130 1 187 9 222 7 227 12 500 0 48 3 878 0 1223 700 0 3067 2 600 0 4285 2 62 3 878 0 1226 2 832 0 1665 5 702 0 3050 4 600 0 4291 5 20 60 2 875 0 1242 750 0 2519 4 650 0 3664 25 550 0 4964 212 51 2 879 0 1227 800 0 2005 10 692 0 3186 10 642 0 3784 9 500 0 5706 30 49 2 880 0 1224 8 750 0 2548 11 650 0 3703 26 500 0 5740 312 55 3 882 0 1255 7 787 0 2199 10 735 0 2761 11 624 0 4088 y 550 0 5077 4 0 50 2 886 0 1225 6 750 0 2611 6 642 0 3877 6 550 0 5095 412 39 3 879 0 1274 4 817 0 1885 TL 700 0 3161 22 582 0 4638 22 510 0 5659
89. 10 NNNWE wc war 18 816 0 1795 715 0 2876 626 0 3939 550 0 4955 281 216 268 263 3 318 6 308 9 320 6 322 10 24 790 0 1870 263 9 165 4 500 0 5510 264 0 210 6 500 0 5510 264 0 210 8 DN Has 800 700 605 549 0 1962 0 3052 0 4206 0 4969 280 P275 2671 263 ol p22 Op 3 306 8 322 4 322 T3 28 DUNN 4 1 2 METSCAN Surface Data QA Program METSCAN is a meteorological preprocessing program which screens a data file containing hourly surface observations for missing duplicate or invalid data METSCAN operates on a data file in the NCDC 80 Column format CD 144 or the NCDC CD ROM SAMSON surface data format The program performs quality assurance checks on the wind speed wind direction temperature opaque cloud cover ceiling height and relative humidity fields The value of each variable is compared to an allowed range e g wind direction in tens of degrees must be within the range from 0 36 Consistency checks are performed between the cloud cover and ceiling height variables e g only an unlimited ceiling height is allowed under clear conditions In addition large hourly changes in temperature and relative humidity are flagged METSCAN flags records if any meteorological variable checked is outside its normal range A warning message is written indicating which variable is triggering the flag followed by the CD144 data record read fr
90. 10 0 5 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 30 1 0 0 30 0 5 0 70 0 5 4 135 Soil Heat Flux Parameter 25 15 15 AS 15 1 0 1 0 1 0 25 0 25 0 25 15 15 15 Anthropogenic Heat Flux W m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leaf Area Index 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 10 20 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Note Negative values indicate irrigated land use Values used for JWAT Input Group 6 or IWAT GEO DAT Input File I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 46 Extended CALMET Land Use Categories Based on the U S Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover Classification System 52 Category System Level I Urban or Built up Land 11 12 13 14 15 16 Agricultural Land 21 Unirrigated 22 23 24 Agricultural Land 21 Irrigated 22 23 24 Rangeland 31 Forest Land 41 Water 51 Wetland 61 Barren Land 71 72 73 74 75 76 TI Tundra 81 82 83 84 85 Perennial Snow or Ice 91 92 Level II Residential Commercial and Services Industrial Transportation Communications and Utilities Industrial and Commercial Complexes Mixed Urban or Built up Land Other Urban or Built up Land Cropland and Pasture Orchards Groves Vineyards Nurseries and Ornamental Horticultural Areas Confined Feeding Operations Other Agricultural Land Cropland and Pasture Orchards Groves Vineyards Nurser
91. 2 1 35 4 0 3 1 t 5 0 4 1 i 6 0 5 0 6 7 8 0 7 9 0 78 10 0 84 11 0 89 12 093 13 0 96 16 100 Ps Figure 4 3 Schematic representation of the vertical structure used in MM5 The example is for 15 vertical layers Dashed lines denote half sigma levels solid lines denote full sigma levels from NCAR 1998 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 44 CALMMS must be run on the platform where MMS was initially run or a system with compatible binary formats This constraint arises from the fact that MMS output is binary and therefore machine dependent Compilation options Fortran for CALMMS are also machine dependent e g on a Cray cf77 calmm5 f on a Dec Alpha f77 convert big endian calmm5 f The CALMMS output file MM5 DAT is itself machine independent currently only in ASCII format Note that a switch can be set in CALMMS INP to output the MMS prognostic winds in a MM4 DAT format Detailed information about the MMS run is included in the log file CALMMS LST Information needed for consistency in CALMET are included in the MM5 DAT header records as well In particular the type of map projection used in MMS is listed Note that CALMET does not handle polar stereographic projection and in that case CALMMS simply converts U V to wind speed and wind direction without further processing of the wind direction For Lambert conformal projection however CALMMS converts the MM5 U V to wind speed and wind direction with respect to true Nort
92. 203 171 281 656 288 990 dim 137 42 8075 71 3265 111 239 96 0823 22 349 189 143 181 916 249 689 271 627 278 849 0 z0 0 default z0 lu table 1 new z0 lu table 2 gridded z0 field 0 albedo 0 default albedo lu table l new albedo lu table 2 gridded albedo field 0 Bowen ratio 0 default Bowen lu table l new Bowen lu table 2 gridded Bowen field 0 soil heat flux param HCG 0 default HCG lu table l new HCG lu table 2 gridded field 0 anthropogenic heat flux QF 0 default QF lu table l new QF lu table 2 gridded field 0 leaf area index XLAI 0 default XLAI lu table 1 new XLAI lu table 2 gridded field I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 134 Land Use Type 10 54 55 60 61 62 70 80 90 Default CALMET Land Use Categories and Associated Geophysical Parameters Based on the U S Geological Survey Land Use Classification System Description Urban or Built up Land Agricultural Land Unirrigated Agricultural Land Irrigated Rangeland Forest Land Small Water Body Bays and Estuaries Large Water Body Wetland Forested Wetland Nonforested Wetland Barren Land Tundra Perennial Snow or Ice Negative values indicate irrigated land use I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Surface Roughness m 1 0 0 25 0 25 0 05 1 0 0 001 0 001 0 001 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 05 20 20 Table 4 45 14 Category System Albedo Bowen Ratio 0 18 1 5 0 15 1 0 0 15 0 5 0 25 1 0 0 10 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
93. 3 character 8 VER LEVEL CLAB1 CLAB2 CLAB3 CLAB4 CLAB5 CLAB6 character 8 CLAB7 CLAB8 CLAB9 CLAB 10 CLAB11 CLAB12 logical LCALGRD LLCONF I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 191 Header Record No 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N Variable No 1 uH A Uu A U N oo 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 char 80 Character 80 char 8 Character 8 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 65 CALMET DAT file Header Records Variable Type Description TITLE char 80 array Array with three 80 character lines of the user s title of the CALMET run VER char 8 CALMET model version number LEVEL char 8 CALMET model level number IBYR integer Starting year of CALMET run IBMO integer Starting month IBDY integer Starting day IBHR integer Starting hour time at end of hour IBTZ integer Base time zone e g 05 EST 06 CST 07 MST 08 PST IRLG integer Run length hours IRTYPE integer Run type 0 wind fields only 12wind and micrometeorological fields IRTYPE must be run type 1 to drive CALGRID or options in CALPUFF that use boundary layer parameters NX integer Number of grid cells in the X direction NY integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction NZ integer Number of vertical layers DGRID real Grid spacing m XORIGR real X coordinate m of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 YORIGR real Y coordinate m of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 IUTMZN integer UTM zone of coordinates 0 if using a Lambe
94. 3 03 03 02 02 02 02 02 01 00 00 01 01 02 02 03 03 04 04 06 05 08 07 TO TO EA 14 14 eA iy 12 10 10 07 08 05 06 06 07 08 LI SII 45 10 11 12 45 45 43 38 32 26 21 24 ae 33 38 41 43 44 46 47 44 42 39 36 JS 41 45 12 12 04 04 04 03 02 01 01 01 02 03 04 05 07 09 CIT LS EL 09 07 05 08 14 21 12 4 184 13 48 48 47 41 36 31 26 729 32 36 40 43 44 45 46 47 44 41 38 35 3 41 46 13 13 05 05 04 03 03 02 01 02 02 03 04 05 07 09 TT A2 PA 09 07 05 09 18 27 13 14 492 Oe 50 45 41 36 3d 233 36 39 42 44 45 46 46 47 44 41 38 35 36 42 48 14 14 05 05 05 04 03 02 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 09 10 zl 10 08 07 05 ST 2 32 14 15 DA ADA Sod 47 43 39 235 57 2299 41 43 45 45 45 46 46 43 41 38 35 oT 43 49 LS 15 06 06 05 04 03 02 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 09 09 08 07 14 26 38 15 Bs PoP SP SPP PP SP PPB B U Ww w WWW WwW ds da das HA omy MB UI OO OG Ww o 16 04 04 04 04 03 02 02 02 03 04 04 05 06 07 07 08 ZI lt 13 16 19 25 34 42 16 17 28 28 28 29 31 232 33 34
95. 3 and IWFCOD 0 or if IPROG 5 Figure 3 4 Continued INcalmetnov9NSECT3 wpd 3 12 OR RDMM5 INTER2 INTERP LLBREEZ WNDPR2 ADJUST WINDBC WNDPR2 SMOOTH DIVCEL WINDBC Read and interpolate the MMS prognostic model results to CALMET grid system if IPROG 13 and IWFCOD 0 or if IPROG 15 Perform objective analysis procedure if Step 1 winds were derived from the diagnostic module Perform objective analysis procedure if Step 1 winds were derived from gridded prognostic model results Lake breeze region calculations Print gridded maps of interpolated U V wind fields 1f IPRO 0 Adjust surface layer winds for terrain effects Recompute the boundary conditions Print gridded maps of the adjusted U V wind fields if IPR1 gt 0 Perform smoothing of the wind fields Compute the 3 D divergence fields and vertical velocities Recompute the boundary conditions Apply the O Brien procedure to adjust the vertical velocity field if IOBRz 1 WINDPR DIVPR MINIM WINDPR Figure 3 4 Continued I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd Print gridded maps of the U V W wind fields to the output file TEST PRT if IPR2 gt 0 Print the divergence fields to the output file TEST PRT if IPR2 gt 0 Minimize divergence if IOBR 1 Print gridded maps of the final U V W wind fields to the output file TEST PRT if IPR8 gt 0 3 13 DIVPR Print the final divergence fields to the output file TEST PRT
96. 34 229 36 36 36 36 36 35 38 41 44 46 49 51 53 17 17 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 05 06 12 18 24 31 36 42 47 17 18 16 16 17 eL 24 28 32 32 oe evs 32 232 oo 31 cl 30 36 41 47 52 EO 299 55 18 18 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 PAIS 23 633 42 48 49 29d 18 19 03 03 05 J12 18 24 30 231 30 29 29 28 SZT 27 26 25 33 41 50 58 60 58 56 19 19 00 00 01 01 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 01 a5 28 41 54 59 57 56 19 20 00 00 02 09 16 22 429 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 2 29 229 37 45 53 61 63 61 58 20 20 00 00 00 01 01 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 14 S2 39 591 56 56 55 20 21 00 00 02 09 215 524 28 129 30 Lou 232 939 34 35 35 36 43 50 56 63 65 62 60 21 21 00 00 00 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 14 24 33 43 48 50 52 21 22 00 00 02 08 14 20 26 129 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 49 55 60 65 66 64 61 22 22 00 00 00 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 06 eS 20 28 35 40 45 4
97. 4 3 Record type 4 repeated NZM times once per layer char 8 Character 8 CLABT NDATHR ZTEMP char 8 integer real array Variable label E LEVxxx where xxx indicates the layer number Year Julian day and hour in the form YY YYJJJHH or YYJJJHH Air temperature deg K at each grid point Record types 3 and 4 are included only if LCALGRD is TRUE I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 198 Record Variable No Type 5 5 10 10 10 char 8 Character 8 1 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Variable Name CLABSC NDATHR IPGT CLABUS NDATHR USTAR CLABZI NDATHR ZI CLABL NDATHR EL CLABWS NDATHR WSTAR CLABRMM NDATHR RMM Table 4 66 Continued CALMET DAT file Data Records Type char 8 integer integer array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array Description Variable label 4PGT Year Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH or YYJJJHH PGT stability class at each grid point Variable label YSTAR Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or YYJJJHH Surface friction velocity m s Variable label I Year Julian day and hour in the form Y Y Y YJJJHH or YYJJJHH Mixing height m Variable label EL Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or YYJJJHH Monin
98. 4 Default 0 IDIOPT4 0 0 Read WS WD from a surface data file SURF DAT 1 Read hourly preprocessed U V from a data file DIAG DAT Observed upper air wind components for wind field module IDIOPT5 Default 0 IDIOPT5 0 0 Read WS WD from an upper air data file UP1 DAT UP2 DAT etc 1 Read hourly preprocessed U V from a data file DIAG DAT LAKE BREEZE INFORMATION Use Lake Breeze Module LLBREZE Default F LLBREZE F Number of lake breeze regions NBOX NBOX 0 X Grid line 1 defining the region of interest XG1 0 X Grid line 2 defining the region of interest XG2 0 Y Grid line 1 defining the region of interest YGl 0 Y Grid line 2 defining the region of interest YG2 0 X Point defining the coastline Straight line XBCST KM Default none XBCST 0 Y Point defining the coastline Straight line YBCST KM Default none YBCST 0 X Point defining the coastline Straight line XECST KM Default none XECST 0 Y Point defining the coastline Straight line YECST KM Default none YECST 0 Number of stations in the region No default NLB 1 Surface stations upper air stations Station ID s in the region METBXID NLB Surface stations first then upper air stations METBXID 0 END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 107 INPUT GROUP Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP
99. 4 117 Default Value 0 Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 3 Output Options Variable Type Description Default Value LDB logical Control variable for printing of input F meteorological data and internal control parameters Useful for program testing and debugging If LDB T data will be printed for time steps NNI through NN2 to the output list file CALMET LST NNI integer First time step for which data controlled by LDB 0 switch are printed Used only if LDB T Note IF NN1 NN2 0 and LDB T only time independent data will be printed NN2 integer Last time step for which data controlled by LDB 0 switch are printed Used only if LDB T IOUTD integer Control variable for writing the computed wind 0 fields to the wind field test disk files 02do not write 1 write NZPRN2 integer Number of levels starting at the surface printed 1 to the wind field testing and debug files Units 41 45 IPRO integer Control variable for printing to the wind field test O files the interpolated wind components O do not print 1 print Testing and debugging print options Input Group 3 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 118 Variable IPRI IPR2 IPR3 IPRA IPRS IPR6 IPR7 IPR8 Testing and debugging print options I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer Table 4 43 C
100. 4 wpd Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Description Neutral mechanical mixing height constant Convective mixing height constant Stable mixing height constant Overwater mixing height constant Absolute value of Coriolis parameter 1 s Minimum potential temperature lapse rate in the stable layer above the current convective mixing height deg K m Depth of layer m above current convective mixing height in which lapse rate is computed Maximum overland mixing height m Minimum overland mixing height m Maximum overwater mixing height m Not used if observed overwater mixing heights are used Minimum overwater mixing height m Not used if observed overwater mixing heights are used Conduct spatial averaging of mixing heights O no 1 yes Maximum search distance in grid cells in the spatial averaging process The square box of cells averaged is 2 x MNMDAV in length Half angle of upwind looking cone for spatial averaging deg Layer of winds used in upwind averaging of mixing heights Must be between 1 and NZ 4 127 Default Value 1 41 0 15 2400 0 16 E 4 0 001 200 3000 50 3000 50 1 30 Variable IRAD IAVET TRADKM NUMTS TGDEFB TGDEFA JWATI JWAT2 NFLAGP SIGMAP CUTP Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 6 Mixing Height Temperature and Precipitation Parameters Type integer integer
101. 400 and 300 mb Al subterranean mandatory levels will have wind direction and wind speed of 0 TTT C 10 odd number negative temperature even number positive temperature Examples TTT 202 20 2 C TTT 203 20 3 C DD lt 56 C 10 DD 56 gt C 50 Examples DD 55 5 5 C DD 56 6 0 C I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 173 MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia T 1 1 LC CIAT 1 6 3 95030100 3 C OOOOcOocoooocoocoococccc 39 950 101 100 99 96 93 90 86 81 77 72 68 61 7 995 985 970 945 910 870 825 SES AS 675 625 550 450 350 250 150 050 PP C00 PRP KPIPRPP 11 Kd GPS BIB WDB GPS GPS uS aS WO XO XO XO XO XO XO XO XO XO XO LO 4 1 54 1 2 2 39 160 1 L7O 1 180 1 340 1 360 1 370 1 530 1 540 1 550 1 710 1 2190 1 740 1 30100 37 11 3 4 1 8 7 2 2 E 3 8 3 6 88 161 271 458 725 1040 1407 1831 2216 2743 3234 4023 282 281 280 280 278 2T y 27h55 271 268 265 262 256 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 1 2 2 3 14 Table 4 61 Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM5 DAT CLON 1 1 4 119 85 0 17 125 89 125 26 C2 XO J O1 S 2 P2 P2 C C 2 PP O 52 193 305 273 456 470 604 760 622 197 863 608 3 00 1I0OBWHNOU OH O1C61010101010101010101 C1 BS B GPS uS uS GPS HAD BAB BB XO NO XO XO XO LO LO XO LO XO LO W
102. 412811 10 416104 14 417945 2 411492 7 415048 RU 416736 15 418023 3 412360 8 415596 12 416792 16 418252 4 412679 9 415890 13 417943 17 419270 5 412797 Station Starting Ending No of Code Date Date Records 410174 1 89 19 89 3 411492 1 89 19 89 3 412360 1 89 19 89 3 412679 1 89 19 89 3 412797 1 89 27 89 5 412811 1 89 26 89 5 415048 1 89 19 89 5 415596 12 10 88 19 89 10 415890 f 1789 27 89 ij 416736 1 89 19 89 3 417943 1 89 26 89 9 417945 1 89 19 89 23 418023 1 89 19 89 3 418252 1 89 19 89 3 The following stations were not found in the precipitation data file for the requested time period 416104 416792 419270 RUNTIME CALL NO 2 DATE 04 04 94 TIME 13 36 42 16 DELTA TIME 68 49 SEC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 3 Table 4 19 Sample TD 3240 Format Precipitation Data File 415596 DAT HPD41559600HPCPHT19881200100011200000010 HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100010010100099999D HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100050011800099999D HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100050011900099999M HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100100011600099999M HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100190011300000010 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 32 4 1 5 PMERGE Precipitation Data Preprocessor PMERGE reads processes and reformats the precipitation data files created by the PXTRACT program and creates an unformatted data file for input into the CALMET meteorological model The output file e g PRECIP DAT contains the precipitation data sor
103. 58 Table 4 28 Sample MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM4 DAT THIS FILE CR EAT ED 17 17 33 04 21 92 88071500 744 35 16 0500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7400 8100 8650 9100 9450 9700 9850 9950 Oo00000000000000 35 16 34 34 34 34 34 395 355 335 393 274 e222 36 36 36 36 36 30 365 36 39 19 36 35 20 37 36 20 37 ST 200 Sis 39 20 SJ 39 20 37 36 1 37 39 T 39 3 35 1 36 1 37 38 39 1 39 1 36 1 37 38 39 1 35 Y 36 1 37 38 1 35 36 XO 0 XO tO 00000 00 00 NNN 1 120100 O 5 Ta 715 66 60 544 48 447 397 34 18 13 07 004 957 914 863 804 731 693 65 59 53 47 Continued 60 45 15 100 0 5 6 85 988 0272 02 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 85 098 0321 06 6 84 210 0386 04 9 83 323 0406 04 82 438 0319 04 8 85 943 0277 04 85 043 0343 04 84 145 0464 04 0 83 248 0581 04 82 353 0539 04 85 897 0252 04 0 84 987 0323 04 0 84 078 0443 04 1 83 172 0609 04 82 266 0670 04 85 849 0217 02 84 929 0282 04 84 010 0365 04 83 093 0504 04 82 178 0639 04 85 801 0192 04 0 84 870 0244 02 9 83 941 0293 04 9 83 013 0373 04 0 82 087 0509 04 4 59 Table 4 28 Concluded Sample MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM4 DAT 88071500 35 16 1015 2 0 00 0 9849 00272 30056 24507 10000 00136 30657 00000 9250 00831 25232 26510 8500 01571 19814 29009 7000 0321
104. 6 Mixing Height EMPIRICAL MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS Neutral mechanical equation CONSTB Convective mixing ht equation CONSTE Stable mixing ht equation CONSTN Overwater mixing ht equation CONSTW Absolute value of Coriolis parameter FCORIOL SPATIAL AVERAGING OF MIXING HEIGHTS Conduct spatial averaging IAVEZI O no 1 yes Max process Search radius in averaging MNMDAV Half angle of upwind looking cone for averaging HAFANG Layer of winds used in upwind averaging ILEVZI must be between 1 and NZ OTHER MIXING HEIGHT VARIABLES Minimum potential temperature lapse rate in the stable layer above the current convective mixing ht DPTMIN Depth of layer above current conv mixing height through which lapse rate is computed DZZI Minimum overland mixing height ZIMIN Maximum overland mixing height ZIMAX Minimum overwater mixing height ZIMINW Not used if observed overwater mixing hts are used Maximum overwater mixing height ZIMAXW Not used if observed overwater mixing hts are used TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS Interpolation type 1 1 R 2 1 R 2 Radius of influence for temperature interpolation TRADKM I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd U Default Default 1 Units l s Default Units Default Default Default Default Input Group 6 Temperature and Precipitation Default 1 41 Default 0 15 Default 0 16
105. 678 101 440 100 574 100 321 100 113 100 402 100 498 100 289 100 200 100 179 100 235 100 234 100 164 100 132 100 133 100 137 100 000 100 000 100 094 100 102 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 226 Table 4 73 Sample vector plot file x y arrow angle wd length ws 341 000 4719 000 symbol 175 151 88 2 512 343 000 4719 000 symbol 175 162 69 2 13 345 000 4719 000 symbol 175 166 83 2 07 347 000 4719 000 symbol 175 173 53 2 08 349 000 4719 000 symbol 175 173 407 2 26 341 000 4717 000 symbol 175 151 82 2423 343 000 4717 000 symbol 175 160 90 2 10 345 000 4717 000 symbol 175 164 80 2 01 347 000 4717 000 symbol 175 170 83 2 07 349 000 4717 000 symbol 175 169 59 2522 341 000 4715 000 symbol 175 151 44 2 14 343 000 4715 000 symbol 175 156 37 1595 345 000 4715 000 symbol 175 160 66 1 83 347 000 4715 000 symbol 175 166 37 15795 349 000 4715 000 symbol 175 162 93 2 06 341 000 4713 000 symbol 175 15030 2 00 343 000 4713 000 symbol 175 1521 1 91 345 000 4713 000 symbol 175 156 01 1 85 347 000 4713 000 symbol 175 163 65 1297 349 000 4713 000 symbol 175 164 07 2 04 341 000 4711 000 symbol 175 2151451 2 04 343 000 4711 000 symbol 175 149 66 2 03 345 000 4711 000 symbol 175 151 89 2 08 347 000 4711 000 symbol 175 159 34 2 14 349 000 4711 000 symbol 175 160 90 205 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 227 5 REFERENCES Allwine K J and C D Whiteman 1985 MELSAR A mesoscale air quality model for complex terrain Volume 1 Overvie
106. 7 9664 00442 28246 25007 9532 00565 27239 25509 9312 00772 25634 26511 9004 01068 23620 27010 8608 01461 20816 29509 8124 01960 17214 32009 7509 02630 13458 35509 6717 03559 08463 02011 5838 04706 02667 04011 4958 06006 05176 06513 4078 07508 16173 05513 3199 09290 28968 05012 2319 11505 46565 05018 1440 14530 66360 01515 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 169 Table 4 60 MM4 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 1 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 CTEXT char 36 Text date time stamp for file creation Header Record 2 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 IBYRM integer Beginning year of the data in the file 2 IBMOM integer Beginning month of the data in the file 3 IBDYM integer Beginning day of the data in the file 4 IBHRM integer Beginning hour GMT of the data in the file 5 NHRSMM4 integer Length of period hours of the data in the file 6 NXMM4 integer Number of columns in the MM4 MMS domain 7 NYMM4 integer Number of rows in the MM4 MMS domain 8 NZP integer Number of layers in the MM4 MMS domain 9 PTOPMM4 real Top pressure level mb of the data in the file format 412 414 f6 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 170 Table 4 60 Continued MM4 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 3 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 Il integer I index X direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain 2 Ji integer J index
107. 8 10661 03011 5000 05943 04971 07013 4000 07655 17170 05011 3000 09747 32566 05012 9805 00313 29656 24507 9716 00394 28852 24508 9584 00517 27846 25509 9362 00724 26038 26510 9053 01021 23823 27010 8654 01414 21015 28509 8168 01914 17612 30008 7548 02586 14058 00007 6752 03518 09064 03512 5867 04668 02866 05012 4982 05971 05171 07013 4097 07475 15971 05011 3212 09262 28767 05011 2327 11485 46364 05517 1442 14523 66159 02514 88071500 36 16 1015 2 0 00 0 9796 00321 29456 25007 10000 00136 30656 00000 9250 00831 25231 26511 8500 01571 20015 30009 7000 03217 10261 01510 5000 05940 04775 06512 4000 07654 17173 05513 3000 09746 32567 05014 9752 00361 29052 25007 9664 00442 28246 25007 9532 00565 27239 25509 9312 00772 25634 26511 9004 01068 23620 27010 8608 01461 20816 29509 8124 01960 17214 32009 7509 02630 13458 35509 6717 03559 08463 02011 5838 04706 02667 04011 4958 06006 05176 06513 4078 07508 16173 05513 3199 09290 28968 05012 2319 11505 46565 05018 1440 14530 66360 01515 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 60 Table 4 29 MMA Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 1 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 CTEXT char 36 Text date time stamp for file creation Header Record 2 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 IBYRM integer Beginning year of the data in the file 2 IBMOM integer Beginning month of the data in the file 3 IBDYM integer Beginning day of the data in the file 4
108. 8 I2 1x surf dat Output data file name a70 Y Continuation run flag Y yes N no firstrun dat Previous SMERGE output file name a70 used as input 1 Number of formatted data files cd144 in4 Input file name a70 00004 7 Station ID station time zone 2 999 Format of Previous data file 1 unformatted 2 formatted No stn to use from prev file I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 18 Table 4 12 SMERGE Control File Inputs SMERGE INP Line Variable Type Description 1 IOTZ integer Time zone of output data 5 EST 6 CST 7 MST 8 PST 1 IOFORM integer Output file format flag 1 unformatted 2 formatted 1 IOPACK integer Flag indicating if output data are to be packed 0 no 1zyes Used only if IOFORM 1 1 JDAT integer Formatted input data file format 1 CD144 2 NCDC SAMSON 3 NCDC HUSWO 2 IBYR integer Beginning year of data to process two digits 2 IBMO integer Beginning month 2 IBDAY integer Beginning day 2 IBHR integer Beginning hour 00 23 2 IEYR integer Ending year of data to process two digits 2 IEMO integer Ending month 2 IEDAY integer Ending day 2 IEHR integer Ending hour 00 23 3 OUTFIL character 70 Output data filename 4 CFLAG character 1 Continuation run flag Y yes N no 5 PREVFIL character 70 Previous SMERGE output data file used only if it is a continuation run 6 NFF integer Number of formatted input data files to be processed next 2 NFF lines 6a CFFILES character 7
109. 87 87 87 87 87 87 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 227 o JOS C1 CQ PL OD i000 120 OF NR O o 20 21 22 23 Table 4 52 sample Overwater Data File SEA1 DAT 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 290 9999 0 291 9999 0 291 999920 291 9999 0 291 9999 0 291 9999 0 291 9999 0 292 9999 0 292 9999 0 292 9999 0 292 9999 0 292 9999 0 292 9999 0 291 9999 0 291 9999 0 291 9999 0 29d 9999 0 290 9999 0 291 4 154 O1 00101 01 01 OO O0 0001010101 Oito 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 O 0 OO OO 0 OQ OG 0O 0 Oo 6 2 2 C O amp 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 Co Q CO Q C C CO Q Q 0 0 0 00 O 2 amp GOO 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 9999 9999 9999
110. 9 22 23 00 00 02 08 13 19 25 28 31 34 36 239 42 45 48 51 55 259 63 67 68 65 63 2 3 23 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 04 05 07 08 PAL Peleg 22 2 33 39 46 23 24 00 00 02 07 ga eT 22 26 29 32 36 39 44 48 S92 56 09 62 65 68 68 65 63 24 24 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 05 06 08 09 12 lt 15 aly 20 26 34 41 24 25 00 00 01 05 09 L3 AINT 20 lt 22 25 27 co 37 43 49 55 no 58 60 62 62 61 60 25 25 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 02 03 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 422 28 39 25 Table 4 64 Continued Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File WT DAT Height m 100 000 i D 2 3 4 5 6 sl 8 9 10 IL le 3 de 18 de 11 18 03 03 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 03 03 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 j 4 03 4 03 4202 02 02 01 OF 001 01 01 01 001 401 01 0C 401 01 00 j 20 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 j 19 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 0 j 18 01 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 0 j 17 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 00
111. 9 83788 0 YSST 140533 39123 0 34155 8 111872 13627 0 XUSTA 83788 0 202870 109496 YUSTA 13627 0 759770 206621 XPSTA 1275124 85159 0 68169 0 31072 0 30302 0 29275 0 21223 0 24366 0 23627 0 37286 0 6420 99 13434 0 18454 0 10412 0 42906 0 50169 0 YPSTA 85275 9 13606 0 112039 57271 0 20649 9 10817 9 140879 4165 04 60668 0 90779 8 83848 1 3410 16 138336 83736 8 44639 2 102363 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 223 TABLE FOR ONE POINT The point selected is 28 20 Table 4 71 Continued Sample PRTMET Output File PRTMET LST Surface Roughness Length m 0 94610 Land Use Category 40 Terrain Elevation m 180 00 Leaf area index 6 52000 Nearest surface sta to I J 5 SURFACE STATION DATA Year 1990 Month 1 Day 9 Julian day 9 STATION TEMPERATURE AIR DENSITY SHORT WAVE RADIATION REL HUMIDITY NUMBER Deg K kg m 3 W m 2 3 1 269 3 1 298 0 00 88 2 ZB 14293 0 00 69 3 267 6 1 300 0 00 100 4 213 T271 0 00 72 5 270 9 1 298 0 00 82 SURFACE STATION DATA Year 1990 Month 1 Day 9 Julian day 9 STATION TEMPERATURE AIR DENSITY SHORT WAVE RADIATION REL HUMIDITY NUMBER Deg K kg m 3 W m 2 3 1 268 7 1 302 0 00 96 2 27145 1 293 0 00 69 3 265 9 1 308 0 00 92 4 213 4 1 269 0 00 73 5 270 4 1 300 0 00 81 SURFACE STATION DATA Year 1990 Month 1 Day 9 Julian day 9 STATION TEMPERATURE AIR DENSITY SHORT WAVE RADIATION REL HUMIDITY NUMBER Deg K kg m 3 W m 2 3
112. 9 999 100 0 0 01 Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 7 Surface Meteorological Station Parameters One line of data is entered for each surface station If separate land water interpolation is desired this group must include only land stations Overwater data will be in SEAn DAT files Each line contains the following parameters read in free format CSNAM IDSSTA XSSTA YSSTA XSTZ ZANEM The data for each station are preceded by SSn where n is the station number e g SS1 for station 1 SS2 for station 2 etc The station variables SS1 SS2 etc must start in Column 3 The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each record See the sample control file for an example Repeated for each of NSSTA Stations Variable Type Description CSNAM char 4 Four character station name Must be enclosed within single quotation marks e g STA1 STA2 etc The opening quotation mark must be in Column 9 or greater of each record IDSSTA integer Station identification number XSSTA real X coordinate km of surface station YSSTA real Y coordinate km of surface station XSTZ real Time zone of the station e g 05 EST 06 CST 07 MST 08 PST ZANEM real Anemometer height m Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF F or Lambert conformal coordinates if LLCONF T see Input Group 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 129 Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Input
113. 90 1 00 to 1 15 90 Stations Available in Existing Surface Data Input File No ID No ID No ID 1 14606 2 14611 3 14745 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Characteristics of SMERGE Output SURF DAT File Time Zone 5 File Format l unformatted 2 formatted 2 Surface Stations in Output File No ID No ID No ID 1 14606 3 14745 4 14742 2 14611 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 21 1 15 90 PRES 0 0 00 No No 0 00 ID 14742 ID 14764 Table 4 14 Sample SURF DAT Output Data File SURF DAT 90 8 90 8 6 5 5 14606 4611 14745 14742 14764 90 8 0 000 0 000 50 10 270 928 85 1001 358 0 5 144 220 000 999 9999 273 150 61 1005 083 0 2 572 90 000 999 0 268 706 85 997 295 0 5 144 90 000 33 10 275 372 62 996 956 0 4 100 220 000 129 8 272 550 69 1007 000 0 90 8 2 2 572 90 000 50 9 270 928 85 1001 020 0 3 087 250 000 999 9999 272 594 67 1005 422 0 3 601 80 000 999 0 269 261 85 997 295 0 0 000 0 000 37 0 274 817 GH 9975295 0 4 100 230 000 129 9 272 550 69 1007 000 0 90 8 3 0 000 0 000 50 0 271 483 85 1001 358 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1005 761 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 264 817 96 997 9172 0 3 087 240 000 37 0 275 372 64 998 311 0 4 100 220 000 999 3 272 550 69 1008 000 0 90 8 4 0 000 0 000 50 0 271 483 85 1001 697 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1006 099 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 265 372 96 998 311 0 5 144 250 000 43 0 275 372 64 998 649 0 2 600 230 000 999 0 272 050 75 1008 000 0 90 8 5 0 000 0 000 50 9 271 483
114. 998 988 0 4 630 210 000 50 10 275 928 62 998 988 0 2 600 320 000 999 0 270 950 82 1009 000 0 90 8 6 2 572 220 000 999 2 272 039 89 1002 036 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 270 928 69 1007 454 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 263 706 92 1000 004 0 4 116 210 000 50 10 275 928 59 999 665 0 1 500 200 000 999 0 269 850 85 1009 000 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 150 Variable Variable No 1 IBYR 2 IBJUL 3 IBHR 4 IEYR 5 IEJUL 6 IEHR 7 IBTZ 8 NSTA Variable Variable No 1 IDSTA I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 51 Formatted SURF DAT File Header Records Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer HEADER RECORD 1 Description Beginning year of the data in the file Beginning Julian day Beginning hour 00 23 LST Ending year Ending Julian day Ending hour 00 23 LST Time zone e g 05 EST 06 CST 07 MST 08 PST Number of stations HEADER RECORD 2 Type integer array Description Surface station ID number NSTA values must be entered The following statement is used to read the record READ io IDSTA n n 1 NSTA 4 151 Variable Variable No a IYR IJUL IHR WS WD ICEIL ICC TEMPK O 0 nN QN ta A U WN IRH pa o PRES a a IPCODE Table 4 51 Concluded Type integer integer integer real array real array integer array integer array real array integer array real array integer array Formatted SURF DAT File Data Records Des
115. 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 99994 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 SSI Ur C C C UY ds ds 4 Y Y YN N N N WW BW ds A BOL ORS BE ox oi 0 03 0 A 0 OY PE 0i PPM AA 180 180 200 200 200 200 210 210 200 200 190 190 190 200 190 200 200 200 190 190 180 190 190 210 220 D O Q XD o0 O0 GO COLOCO 0 0 0 OQ OQ QC Q 0 OC 0 Variable No 1 2 Variable No 1 2 O 0 N QN tA 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Table 4 53 Overwater Data File Format SEA1 DAT Variable Type CHOWSTA char 4 IDOWSTA integer Variable Type XUTM real YUTM real XOWLON real ZOWSTA real NYR integer HJUL integer IHR integer DYR integer DJUL integer DHR integer DTOW real TAIROW real RHOW real ZIOW real TGRADB real TGRADA real WSOW real WDOW real X coordinate km of the observational site Y coordinate km of the observational site Longitude degrees of the observational site Positive for Western Hemisphere negative for Eastern Hemisphere Measurement height m above the surface of the water of the air temperature and air sea temperature difference Starting year of the data in this record Starting Julian day of the data in this record Starting ho
116. A The data for each station are preceded by PSn where n is the station number e g PS1 for station 1 PS2 for station 2 etc The station variables PS1 PS2 etc must start in Column 3 The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each record See the sample control file for an example Variable CPNAM IDPSTA XPSTA YPSTA Type char 4 integer real real Repeated for each of NPSTA Stations Description Four character station name Must be enclosed within single quotation marks e g PS1 PS2 etc The opening quotation mark must be in Column 9 or greater of each record Station identification number X coordinate km of surface station Y coordinate km of surface station Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF F or Lambert conformal coordinates if LLCONF T see Input Group 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 131 4 3 2 Geophysical Data File GEO DAT The GEO DAT data file contains the geophysical data inputs required by the CALMET model These inputs include land use type elevation surface parameters surface roughness length albedo Bowen ratio soil heat flux parameter and vegetation leaf area index and anthropogenic heat flux The land use and elevation data are entered as gridded fields The surface parameters and anthropogenic heat flux can be entered either as gridded fields or computed from the land use data at each grid point Default values relating e
117. A User s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model Version 5 Prepared by Joseph S Scire Francoise R Robe Mark E Fernau Robert J Yamartino Earth Tech Inc 196 Baker Avenue Concord MA 01742 January 2000 Copyright O 1998 1999 2000 by Earth Tech Inc All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO Te OVERVIEW saca sara ee po a cu e Pens uU d epu ant ue tpe uv eret et ee 1 1 1 1 Background Lisias ms eset be ee eas de RA 1 1 1 2 Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System 0 00000 ee eee eee 1 3 1 3 Major Model Algorithms and Options sleleee eese 1 12 1 4 Summary of Data and Computer Requirements 0 0 0 0 eee eee eee 1 15 2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION ier eb eee tee eas es 2 1 2 1 Grid System doe Re vec ee nex ne Reel teal XN Ea pte Sea 2 1 2 2 Wand Field Module sd nin ee Hea ach seven vasos E ie Een 2 3 2 2 1 Sep Formulation 22 202 106 pigs presta Reb hebr eb tees 2 3 2 2 2 Step 2 Formulations it e bin eoe rt ec BE 2 8 2 2 3 Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output 2 17 2 2 3 1 Terrain Weighting Factor 0 0 0 eee eee eee 2 19 2 3 Micrometeorological Model 0 0 cece cece cece eh 2 22 2 3 1 Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters 0 04 2 22 2 3 2 Three dimensional Temperature Field 0 000200 02 eee 2 31 2 3 2 1 Overwater Temperatures 0 0 cee eee eee eee eee 2 33 2 3 3 Pre
118. A no or SER do ala o Ds UON eee comp main rdup vertav grday rds rdp rdow dedat facet solar water pgtstb heatfx airden elustr mixht wstarr out outhr deltt prepdi diagno missfc temp3d avemix pacave outpc rdcld diag2 indecr mixht2 gride outcld date ado A a CR IEEE DU Fie da a RD ae ne ee SN ER en a ME dattm tapia date time etime B 00 QN ca Cl AAA A Sa pa SEO Se LS dedat rdhd rds rdp comp cgamma dealers s SS Prepdi tempsd c on eru ec Red st eee pede cre e x prec im da deltt prepdi cgamma temp3d nad he e o ctc uu DEM MB COMP c f c oL S co A are A p tA Rott Mor NAM EMINENS i or RD RE E MESE DRE NR m esa es ae whe FNCU AA a er ons ee eae ee eso E I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 7 Appendix A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLED BY CALLS diagno comp windbc xmit topof2 minim windpr outfil slope wndpr2 fradj fminf progrd inter2 interp adjust smooth divcel divpr rtheta rdmm4 wind1 llbreez cgamma2 rdmm5 heatfx airden elustr stheor Eo c CE UI AA aaa A Le RR ERRAR ea ci oie s s e ieu DIN eur elust ear ee ceci exc OMI diagno orca rein AE A ER EI D RM SPEO PK LC M M nie es Sone Water Wal DOLUS UNI PIECE TE NOE EE NOE EN sare A ONDE A omma eite facet Comp imp ccc ES mE REN CE MU EUN V eee E Rr a a fin MA datetm julday deltterday indecr yrdc o GUB o O e E A A ON AA A AA AY comp fin outpe agride e e e 0 PR E
119. AG DAT Input File Continued Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT1 1 Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT2 1 Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT3 1 Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT4 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type real real real real char 4 real real real Description Domain average surface temperature deg K Input format 10X F6 2 Domain average temperature lapse rate deg K km Input format 10X F5 1 Domain average U wind component m s Input format 10X F5 1 Domain average V wind component m s Input format 10X F5 1 Four character surface station name LAST indicates end of surface data Data weighting factor usually set to 1 0 U component of surface wind m s V component of surface wind m s Input format 15X A4 1X 3F5 1 4 162 Record 6 6 6 6 6 6 Variable No 1 Table 4 57 Concluded DIAG DAT Input File Variable Type Description CUNAM char 4 Four character upper air station name CLAST indicates end of upper air data WTU real Data weighting factor usually set to 1 0 ULEVI real U component of wind m s at upper air station for CALMET layer 1 VELVI real V component of wind m s at upper air station for CALMET layer 1 ULEV2 real U component of wind m s at upper air station for CALMET layer 2 VELV2 real V component of wind m s at upper a
120. ALMET MESOPAC NUATMOS and ISC3 TERREL requires at least one input file and produces four output files TERREL can first be run without any data files and the program will indicate for the user the latitude and longitude of the four corners of the area required to cover the user specified domain A message indicates how many terrain data files of each type are required based on the domain parameters supplied by the user This is helpful for example when only UTM coordinates are known but not the latitude and longitude of the corners of the modeling domain Once the appropriate data files are obtained the TERREL input file must be modified to reflect the names and types of the data files and TERREL must be run again to process the terrain data This could be done in one run or as an iterative process where intermediate results are stored in a binary file e g TERREL SAV and incorporated into the next TERREL run using the next set of digital terrain input data The SAV file option is helpful if the user doesn t have the available disk space to store all of the raw terrain files at once TERREL has an input ITHRES which is used for quality assurance purposes ITHRES is a whole number 406 identifying the acceptable threshold of variance from the average number of data points hits per cell If a particular grid cell had less than ITHRES percent of the average number of data hits per cell a warning message is written to alert the user t
121. ASCII Binary Binary ASCII ASCII Reference System Geographic lat lon UTM Geographic lat lon Geographic lat lon Geographic lat lon UTM Spatial Resolution m 90 30 90 900 900 100 Table 4 32 Sample TERREL Control File Inputs TERREL INP testv2 1lst List File a70 testv2 grd Plot File a70 GGS grd testv2 out Gridded output file a70 testv2 sav Save File created by current run a70 y Continuation run flag n no y yes firstrun sav Previous save file a70 read as input UTM GRID TYPE utm OR lcc CORNER GRID DEF center OR corner OR polar CALMET odel NUATMOS CALMET MESOPAC ISCPOLR ISCCART GENERIC 1 No of USGS 1 deg DEM files 90m NterrainNcanton e filename a70 0 No of USGS 30 meter DEM files 0 No of ARM3 terrain data files 900m 0 No of 3CD binary 1 deg DEM files 90m 0 No of Canadian DMDF DEM files 100 m 0 No Of GTOPO30 30 sec DEM files 900m 75 Threshold value for QA 529 0 4464 0 17 xorgk yorgk izone 40 80 RAD nx ny sizek km N Hemispher N northern S southern 40 3 80 7 Reference latitude and longitude of LCC grid 30 60 Standard parallels of latitude used for LCC projection NORMAL NORMAL or SCREEN for polar grid 227 440 6 v8 T 2 144 71 6 18 2 2 25 35 4 4 5 5 64 Ce O3 Que WO A 4 Enter ring distance
122. BPC NDATHR IPCODE endif where the following declarations apply real U nx ny nz V nx ny nz W nx ny nz real ZTEMP nx ny nz real USTAR nx ny ZI nx ny EL nx ny real WSTAR nx ny RMM nx ny real TEMPK nssta RHO nssta QSW nssta integer IPGT nx ny integer IRH nssta IPCODE nssta character 8 CLABU CLABV CLABW CLABT CLABSC CLABUS CLABZI character 8 CLABL CLABWS CLABRMM CLABTK CLABD CLABQ CLABRH character 8 CLABPC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 197 Record Variable Type No 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 ae 3 Variable Name CLABU NDATHR U CLABV NDATHR V CLABW NDATHR W Table 4 66 CALMET DAT file Data Records Type char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array Description Variable label LEVxxx where xxx indicates the layer number Year Julian day and hour in the form YY YYJJJHH or YYJJJHH U component m s of the winds at each grid point Variable label amp LEVxxx where xxx indicates the layer number Year Julian day and hour in the form YY YYJJJHH or YYJJJHH V component m s of the winds at each grid point Variable label 4WFACExxx where xxx indicates the layer number Year Julian day and hour in the form YY YYJJJHH or YYJJJHH W component m s of the winds at each grid point Record types 1 2 3 repeated NZ times once per layer as a set 4 1 4 2
123. CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 3 Continued Last time step for which debug data are printed NN2 Default 1 NN2 1 Testing and debug print options for wind field module all of the following print options control output to wind field module s output files TEST PRT TEST OUT TEST KIN TEST FRD and TEST SLP Control variable for writing the test debug wind fields to disk files IOUTD 0 Do not write l write Default 0 IOUTD Number of levels starting at the surface to print NZPRN2 Default 1 NZPRN2 Print the INTERPOLATED wind components IPRO 0 no l yes Default 0 PRO Print the TERRAIN ADJUSTED surface wind components IPR1 0 no l yes Default 0 PR1 Print the SMOOTHED wind components and the INITIAL DIVERGENCE fields IPR2 0 no l yes Default 0 PR2 Print the FINAL wind speed and direction fields IPR3 0 no l yes Default 0 l PR3 Print the FINAL DIVERGENCE fields IPR4 0 no 1 yes Default 0 PRA Print the winds after KINEMATIC effects are added IPR5 0 no l yes Default 0 1 PR5 Print the winds after the FROUDE NUMBER adjustment is made IPR6 0 no 1 yes Default 0 PR6 Print the winds after SLOPE FLOWS are added IPR7 0 no 1 yes Default 0 l PR7 Print the FINAL wind field components IPR8 0 no 1 yes Default 0 y PR8 END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 102 Table 4 42 Continued S
124. CD ROM yi Indicates that no default value is provided Xx A warning message is issued when variable is outside the allowed range The user must determine if the flagged data are actually invalid and if so correct the CD144 file I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 12 amp OPTS ID 23023 Table 4 8 Sample METSCAN Control File METSCAN INP IYR 89 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd IEXPHR 0 JTOLD 35 4 13 JTMX 105 JRHMI END Table 4 9 Sample METSCAN Output List File METSCAN LST RUNTIME CALL NO 1 DATE 04 01 94 TIME 12 55 38 59 data checked for station 23023 year 89 amp OPTS ID 23023 IYR 89 IEXPMO 1 IEXPDY 1 IEXPHR 0 JWSMN 2 JWSMX 40 JTMX 105 JTMIN 0 JDELT 15 JTOLD 35 MINCC 3 JCMX 350 IHROP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JRHMIN 5 amp END delta temp flag jtemp 55 jtold 39 jdelt 15 2302389 1 610 28 4 55 40 delta temp flag jtemp 47 jtold 32 jdelt 15 2302389 11510250 28 4 47 34 last time period processed jyr 89 jmo 1 jday 16 jhr 0 RUNTIME CALL NO 2 DATE 04 01 94 TIME 12 55 39 57 DELTA TIME 0 98 SEC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 14 4 3 SMERGE Surface Data Meteorological Preprocessor SMERGE processes and reformats hourly surface observations and creates either a formatted or an unformatted file which is used as input by the CALMET model It is assumed that the observations have been validated by METSCAN or similar utility
125. Complete I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 8 hits per cell Table 4 37 Sample CTGPROC Output List File 19 1 809 20 710000 4987100 113094 8 25 325 25 Ds MZ 25 25 25 25 239 20 125 25 25 25 25s 225 425 25 x25 25 25 25 4 25 253290 28 25 25529 25 425 25 25 25 725 25 25 25 255 25 25 25 5 25 25 2525 25 5 25 4 84 7874016 802 575 450000 84180 254 25 25 255 72524525 25 25 25 25 297 ED 25 25 325 25 255 225 25 25 25 ARA RAS 25 1257 23 255 725 725 25v 25 225 25e 258v ZO 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 257 25 255 125 523 43 1973 401 373 700000 25 325 25 25 25 25 25 225 25 257 25 125 25 25 25 255 425 225 25 25 25 DE AD 525 251 25 25 25 255 725 25 25 25 25 425 25 25 25 25 255 25 25 25 25 25 25 12505 25 25 25 25 4s 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 E 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
126. Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NEXT RECORD Number of plot files of gridded geophysical variables Columns Variable Type Description t NGEO integer Number of plot files of gridded geophysical variables 0 lt NGEO lt 4 NEXT NGEO RECORDS Keyword filename format a2 1x a12 Variable Type Format Description AGEO character a2 Keyword for the variable to be plotted Options are ZO roughness length LU landuse category TE terrain elevation LI leaf area index FILEGEO character al2 Output filename Suggested extension GRD I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 218 NEXT RECORD Columns Variable NSNAP NEXT NSNAP RECORDS Variable Type ASNAP character KSNAP integer ISNAP integer FILESNAP character I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP Number of snapshot plot files Type integer Description Number of snapshot plot files to be created Keyword vertical slice home filename format a4 1x 13 1x 15 1x a12 Format ad al2 Description Keyword for the variable to be plotted Options are UVEL u VVEL v WVEL w TEMP t USTA u WSTA w MONL L MIXH Z PREC WSPE WDIR for contour plots and VECT for wind vector plots Vertical slice 1 lt KSNAP lt MS for the 3 D fields u v w T irrelevant for the other variables Time of the snapshot in hours after the beginning of the PRTMET output defined by YR MO DAY HR e g if I
127. Data File Gridded LU Data Ye a M ri vA A J Y TERREL CTGPROC INP M A CTGPROC AD TES t d N TERRELLST Gridded N CUTE M List File Terrain GRD File N Field Son J Iterative N T oo Gridded NM OUT ridde N N SERES Pd TES Output LU Data X Final run the AN output is expressed CTGPROC LST as fractional land use pe ERE Ke b Optional AE EA SA MAKEGEO INP gt MAKEGEO lt E E A a GEO DAT MAKEGEO LST n o Es INCALMETWov99Wigure4 4 Figure 4 4 Processing Geophysical Data 4 20 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor TERREL is a preprocessing program that extracts and reformats USGS Digital Elevation Model DEM data ARM3 digital terrain data and Canadian Alberta DEM terrain data according to the options selected by the user domain resolution etc TERREL has the ability to produce gridded fields of terrain elevations or a polar grid of terrain elevations For the gridded field option TERREL averages all of the terrain data points which fall in the grid cell to obtain the elevation at the center of the user specified grid cell When using the polar grid option TERREL uses the maximum terrain elevation in the area either from the current ring out to the next ring user input switch SCREEN or halfway between adjacent rings user input switch NORMAL and halfway between the adjacent radials TERREL can produce terrain data files in the formats compatible with the following models C
128. Default 60 XLAT2 45 000 XLAT1 and XLAT2 in NH in SH Longitude RLONO default used only if LLCONF T Positive W Hemisphere Negative E Hemisphere Origin Latitude RLATO default used only if IPROG gt 2 Positive N Hemisphere Negative S Hemisphere 90 0 RLONO 74 000 40 0 RLATO 40 000 Vertical grid definition No of vertical layers NZ No default NZ 14 Cell face heights in arbitrary vertical grid ZFACE NZ 1 No defaults Units m ZFACE 0 20 50 100 200 400 600 800 1100 1400 1700 2000 2400 2800 3300 INPUT GROUP 3 Output Options DISK OUTPUT OPTION Save met fields in an unformatted output file LSAVE Default T LSAVE T F Do not save T Save Type of unformatted output file IFORMO Default 1 IFORMO 1 1 CALPUFF CALGRID type file CALMET DAT 2 MESOPUFF II type file PACOUT DAT I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 100 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 3 Continued LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS Print met fields LPRINT Default F LPRINT T F Do not print T Print NOTE parameters below control which met variables are printed Print interval IPRINF in hours Default 1 IPRINF 6 Meteorological fields are printed every 6 hours Specify which layers of U V wind component to print IUVOUT NZ NOTE NZ values must be entered 0 Do not
129. F SSTHEOR WATER2 ESAT A SIMILT ELUSTR2 MIXDT SIMILT INTER2 XMIT BARIER UNIDOT FMINF INTERP XMIT BARIER UNIDOT FMINF A 4 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram LevO Levl Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 LLBREEZ BOX INTERB ADJUST SMOOTH BOX DIVCEL DIVPR WNDLPT RTHETA i WNDLPT WATER ESAT PGTSTB HEATFX AIRDEN ELUSTR MIXHT MIXDT OUT WRT WRT2 MIXHT2 AVEMIX WSTARR GRIDE CMPD2 TEMP3D DEDAT DELTT f AVETMP OUTHR WRTR2D WRTDD WRTRID WRTIID PACAVE OUTPC WPCR2D WPCDD GRDAY OUT WRT WRT2 I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 5 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram LevO Levl Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 OUTCLD WRTR2D FIN INDECR GRDAY DATETM DATE TIME ETIME YR4C JULDAY DELTT I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 6 Appendix A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLEDBY CAES adjust EQ ee eee eee eee ee eet ERE eee O A ae A cuia eta oD AM se tote es Vitae a RE alleap IA O e a eee E oe Oe ae RS REL AAA SR ea te ae te A a a i Ro i HOOO E s ed a AAA ec saio n ATO A A SED barier o MD inter eS pec I TII Bos NURSE AE EMEN separa AAA tp dedat deltt P 2 0 Roo EIER RE NC E Si oO RE TC PE ET qd TENERE Oe TEN ce EN CHE comline
130. G 5 treat MM4 MM5 MM4 DAT winds as observations IPROG 13 use MM5 MMS5 DAT winds as the Step 1 field when using the objective analysis IPROG 14 use MM5 MMS5 DAT winds as the initial guess field when using the diagnostic module IPROG 15 treat MM5 MM5 DAT winds as observations If one of the first three methods is chosen the gridded MM4 MMS fields are read from a file called MMA DAT If one of the second three methods is chosen the gridded MMS fields are read from a file called MM5 DAT Note that the MM5 DAt file contains fields provided by MMS that are not provided by MM4 Within CALMET these fields are interpolated from the prognostic model grid system to the CALMET grid The MM4 DAT file is a formatted data file containing header records describing the date time and domain of the prognostic model run The extraction subdomain is defined in terms of LJ and latitude and longitude Terrain elevation and land use description code are also provided for each grid cell in the subdomain The sigma p values used by MM4 MMS to define each of the vertical layers are also contained in the header records of MM4 DAT The data records consist of a date and time record then a data record consisting of elevation m MSL and winds at each grid cell for each vertical level The surface level is followed by the mandatory levels of 1000 925 850 700 500 400 and 300 mb All subterranean mandatory levels will have wind direction and wind sp
131. IBHRM integer Beginning hour GMT of the data in the file 5 NHRSMM4 integer Length of period hours of the data in the file 6 NXMM4 integer Number of columns in the MM4 MMS domain 7 NYMM4 integer Number of rows in the MM4 MMS domain 8 NZP integer Number of layers in the MM4 MMS domain 9 PTOPMMA real Top pressure level mb of the data in the file format 412 414 f6 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 61 Table 4 29 Continued MMA Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 3 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 Il integer I index X direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain 2 Ji integer J index Y direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain 3 NXP integer Number of grid cells in the X direction in the extraction subdomain 4 NYP integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction in the extraction subdomain format 414 Next NZP Records Variable No Variable Type Description 1 SIGMA real array Sigma p values used by MM4 MMS to define each of the NZP layers Read as do 10 I 1 NZP 10 READ omm4 20 SIGMA D 20 FORMAT F6 4 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 62 Variable No 1 2 Uo Variable No O ANI OQ tA FW Nm Table 4 29 Continued MMA Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Next NXP NYP Records Variable Type Description IINDEX integer I index X direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain JINDEX integer
132. INTERB INTERP INTP IREPLAC I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Main routine for the termination phase of the CALMET run Computes run time writes termination messages Determines the minimum value among NF consecutive elements of an array and returns both the value and its array index Determines terrain blocking effects Computes the local Froude number at each grid point using 3 D arrays of U and V wind components If the Froude number exceeds a specified critical value and the wind is blowing toward an obstacle adjusts the wind components Computes the Gregorian date month day from the Julian day and year Computes a gridded precipitation rate at each grid point using a nearest observational station technique Computes the sensible heat flux at each grid point over land using the energy balance method Increment the time and date by a specified number of hours Increment or decrement a date time by a specified number of hours Incorporates observational wind data into gridded Step 1 diagnostic wind fields using a 1 R interpolation weighting technique and radius of influence parameters Interpolates the observed data in the lake breeze region to the CALMET grid Incorporates observational wind data into gridded fields of interpolated prognostic model winds using a 1 R interpolation
133. IO5 IO6 IO7 108 1010 1012 1014 Default File Name DIAG DAT CALMET INP CALMET LST CALMET DAT or PACOUT DAT GEO DAT SURF DAT PRECIP DAT WT DAT CALMET Input and Output Files Type input input output output input input input input CALMET Input and Output Files Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 40 Format formatted formatted formatted unformatted formatted unformatted if IFORMS 1 or formatted if IFORMS 2 unformatted if IFORMP 1 or formatted if IFORMP 2 formatted 4 93 Description File containing preprocessed meteorological data for diagnostic wind field module Used only if IDIOPTI IDIOPT2 IDIOPT3 IDIOPT4 or IDIOPTS 1 Control file containing user inputs List file line printer output file created by CALMET Output data file created by CALMET containing hourly gridded fields of meteorological data Created only if LSAVE T Geophysical data fields land use elevation surface characteristics anthropogenic heat fluxes Hourly surface observations Used only if IDIOPT4 0 If IFORMS 1 use the unformatted output file of the SMERGE program If IFORMS 2 use a free formatted input file generated either by SMERGE or the user Hourly precipitation data used if NPSTA gt 0 If IFORMP 1 PRECIP DAT is the unformatted output file of the PMERGE program If IFORMP 2 PRECIP DAT is a fre
134. LN E xmit prepdi diagno slope progrd ENTAUM REDE e rah se ASS yr4 rdcld rdhd rdhd4 rdhd5 rdhdu rdmm4 rdmm5 rdow rdp rds SR ALACAS IN EA IR OES yr4c fin readcf I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 12 APPENDIX B Description of Each CALMET Subroutine and Function I calmet nov99 appb wpd ROUTINE NAME ADJUST AIRDEN ALLCAP ALTONU AVEMIX AVETMP BARIER BILINEAR BOX CGAMMA CMPD2 COMLINE COMP DATE DATETM I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Adjusts surface U and V wind components for terrain effects Computes the density of air at surface meteorological stations using the station pressure and temperature Converts all lower case letters within a character string from a control file data record into upper case Converts a character string from a control file data record into a real integer or logical variable Computes the repetition factor for the variable Calculates the average mixing height m at each grid point based on an average of values at the grid point and grid points upwind Calculates the average temperature K at each grid point based on an average of values at the grid point and grid points upwind for each vertical level Determines which side of a barrier a point is on Barriers are finite length line segments Performs b
135. LOUD 2 Write cloud data to the output list file Read precipitation data at all stations for the current hour Update overwater data for each appropriate station for the current hour Perform setup computations for overwater stations for the diagnostic wind field module Convert the current date hour from local time to GMT r Begin Loop Over Upper Air Stations RDUP At appropriate time read a new sounding DEDAT Convert the upper air date time to a single coded integer DELTT Compute the time separation of the two upper air soundings VERTAV If new sounding is read perform vertical averaging of winds through depth of CALMET layers FACET If computing 3 d temperature fields calculate the temperatures at the grid cell faces at the upper air station sites End Loop Over Upper Air Stations Figure 3 3 Flow diagram showing the subroutine function calling sequence in the subroutine COMP Computational Phase I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 8 Figure 3 3 Continued I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd PREPDI DIAGNO OUT PGTSTB OUT HEATFX AIRDEN ELUSTR MIXHT AVEMIX OUT WSTARR OUT GRIDE OUT Perform time interpolation of upper air wind data or read hourly preprocessed meteorological inputs Compute gridded wind fields using diagnostic wind field model Write the gridded wind fields to the output list file CALMET LST Compute all boundary layer paramet
136. M consists of representatives from the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA U S Forest Service National Park Service and U S Fish and Wildlife Service IWAQM released a Phase I report EPA 19932 which recommended using the MESOPUFF II dispersion model and MESOPAC II meteorological model on an interim basis for simulating regional air quality and visibility impacts These recommendations were to apply until more refined Phase 2 techniques could be identified and evaluated As part of the development of the Phase 2 recommendations IWAQM reviewed and intercompared diagnostic wind field models tested the use of coarse gridded wind fields from the Penn State NCAR Mesoscale Model with four dimensional data assimilation MM4 as input into the diagnostic models and evaluated the MESOPUFF II and CALPUFF modeling systems using tracer data collected during the Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment CAPTEX The CAPTEX evaluation results EPA 1995 indicated that by using the CALMET CALPUFF models with MMA data performance could be improved over that obtained with the interim Phase I modeling approach The Phase 2 IWAQM report EPA 1998 recommends the use of the CALMET and CALPUFF models for estimating air quality impacts relative to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS and Prevention of Significant Deterioration PSD increments The U S EPA has proposed the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline Appendix A model for regulatory ap
137. Month of data 27 28 D DAY Day of data 29 30 I2 HOUR Hour of data GMT 36 37 D MLEV Total number of levels in the original sounding 69 70 I2 ISTOP Number of levels extracted from the original sounding and stored below Record format is 3x i4 5x a5 5x 4i2 5x i2 t69 i2 READS6 READ62 Output File Format Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 147 Table 4 49 Concluded READS56 READG2 Output File Format UPn DAT DATA RECORDS Slash delimited format Up to four levels per record Columns Format Variable Description 4 9 F6 1 PRES Pressure mb 11 15 F5 0 HEIGHT Height above sea level m 17 21 F5 1 TEMP Temperature deg K 23 25 I3 WD Wind direction degrees 21 29 I3 WS Wind speed m s 33 38 F6 1 PRES Pressure mb 40 44 F5 0 HEIGHT Height above sea level m 46 50 F5 1 TEMP Temperature deg K 52 54 I3 WD Wind direction degrees 56 58 I3 WS Wind speed m s 62 67 F6 1 PRES Pressure mb 69 73 F5 0 HEIGHT Height above sea level m 75 79 FS 1 TEMP Temperature deg K 81 83 13 WD Wind direction degrees 85 87 13 WS Wind speed m s 91 96 F6 1 PRES Pressure mb 98 102 FS 0 HEIGHT Height above sea level m 104 108 FS 1 TEMP Temperature deg K 110 112 13 WD Wind direction degrees 114 116 13 WS Wind speed m s Record format is 4 3x 6 1 5 0 5 1 7 13 113 Missing value indicators are 99 9 for pressure 9999 for height 999 9 for temperature and 999 for wind speed and direction I cal
138. NCDC or TD 6201 format NCDC U DAT input formatted Upper air data in NCDC CD ROM format 9 UP DAT output formatted Output file containing processed upper air data in format required by CALMET Default file names Actual file names are specified by the user in the control file READ62 INP Note that the control file must be called READ62 INP I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 3 Table 4 2 READ62 Control File Inputs RECORD 1 Starting and ending date hour top pressure level to extract Columns Variable Type Description IBYR integer Starting year of data to extract two digits IBDAY integer Starting Julian day Y IBHR integer Starting hour e g 00 or 12 GMT IEYR integer Ending year of data to extract two digits IEDAY integer Ending Julian day IEHR integer Ending hour e g 00 or 12 GMT PSTOP real Top pressure level mb for which data are extracted possible values are 850 mb 700 mb or 500 mb The output file will contain data from the surface to the PSTOP mb pressure level E JDAT integer Input file format JDAT 1 TD 6201 format JDAT 2 NCDC CD ROM format ii IFMT integer Delimiter used in the output UP DAT data file IFMT 1 output data is slash delimited original format IFMT 2 output data is comma delimited read using free format Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 4 Table 4 2 Continued READ62 Control File Inputs RECORD 2 Missing data control v
139. O Canada LAT1 60 0 LAT2 49 16 49 74 260 125 700 270 125 410 280 125 130 440 125 720 460 125 430 470 125 150 630 125 740 640 125 450 650 125 170 810 125 760 830 125 470 840 125 190 45 3 11 0 00 0 00 41 2 77 0 00 0 00 37 2 40 0 00 0 00 35 2 23 0 00 0 00 33 1 99 0 00 0 00 29 1 64 0 00 0 00 27 1 34 0 00 0 00 25 1 06 0 00 0 00 22 0 79 0 00 0 00 19 0 58 0 00 0 00 25 0 62 0 00 0 00 35 0 59 0 00 0 00 4 174 o00000000000O0o0 30 o000000000000o0 0 o000000000000o0 529 9196 247 434 6547 237 3453 8150 225 252 10142 217 166 12820 219 95030100 38 11 996 229 281 987 302 280 974 411 280 952 593 2 T9 922 863 277 887 1176 276 848 1541 273 804 1963 270 760 2405 267 716 2869 264 672 3357 201 606 4142 255 517 5306 246 428 6647 236 338 8236 224 249 10208 217 165 12851 219 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd NDOWDUAWAHTUOBAINONF OWE BOA ds I 306 Oo nm Oo JO NR CO 4S NOR 2 O0 iS BO OW 01 00 Table 4 61 Concluded Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM5 DAT DQO OOO OOOO O SO OCO REEN NO 4 175 o H gt OOOO J N CO OOOOcOoOcOooococoocoococcoocc Oo0000 Oo0000000000000000 OOOO CO OOOOOoOcOooocooocoococcooccc OOOO QOO OOOOOoOcOooocooococoococcoccc OOOO CO OOOOOoOcOoOoocoocoococcooccc Table 4 62 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 1 Variable No Variable Type Descri
140. OOOOOocooooooocoococcoocco DOO CO COOOOOoOcOooococoocoooccooccco OOOO CO COOOOOcOoOoocoococococcooccco Table 4 27 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 1 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 HEADER char File description Header Record 2 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 IOUTW integer Flag indicating if vertical velocity is recorded 1 IOUTQ integer Flag indicating if relative humidity and vapor mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTC integer Flag indicating if cloud and rain mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTI integer Flag indicating if ice and snow mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTG integer Flag indicating if graupel mixing ratio is recorded Header Record 3 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 MAPTXT char Comment describing the map projection in MM5 Polar Stereographic projection NOT handled by CALMET or Mercator Projection or LC CLAT 1 CLON 2 LAT 1 43 LAT2 4 where 1 center latitude 2 center longitude 3 first true latitude 4 second true latitude I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 52 Variable No Variable 1 INHYD 2 IMPHYS 3 ICUPA 4 IBLTYP 2 IFRAD 6 ISOIL 7 IFDDAN 8 IFDDAOB I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 27 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer HEADER RECORDS Header Record 4 De
141. OPENOT READGE OUT WRT WRT2 FILLGEO SETCOM OUT WRT WRT2 READHD RDHD DEDAT YR4 I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 1 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram LevO Levl Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 DELTT RDS UNPCKS DEDAT i YR4 RDP RDNWD UNPACK DEDAT YR4 RDHDU YR4 RDHD5 YR4 JULDAY INCR LL2UTM INDECR RDHD4 YR4 JULDAY INCR LL2UTM MICROI DIAGI TERSET OUTHD WRTRID WRTR2D WRTDD OUTPCI WPCR2D WPCDD OUT WRT WRT2 E RDWT COMP GRDAY SOLAR RDS UNPCKS E DEDAT MISSFC I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 2 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram LevO Levl Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 CMPD2 IREPLAC RDCLD RDR2D YR4 OUT WRT WRT2 RDP RDNWD UNPACK DEDAT YR4 RDOW f YR4 DIAG2 INDECR RDUP YR4 JULDAY DEDAT DELTT VERTAV FACET INTP PREPDI CGAMMA DEDAT DELTT INTP VERTAV DEDAT DELTT XMIT DIAGNO XMIT PROGRD XMIT RDMM4 YR4 JULDAY INDECR QCKSRT3 R2INTERP I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 3 LevO Levl IXcalmetnovINAPPA WPD APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 ESAT CGAMMA2 RDMMS5 YR4 JULDAY INDECR R2INTERP WINDI SIMILT WINDBC TOPOF2 MINIM DIVCEL WINDBC WINDPR WNDLPT OUTFIL FRADJ WNDPR2 WNDLPT HEATFX AIRDEN ELUSTR SLOPE XMIT WNDLPT FMIN
142. OR nusta real ZO nx ny integer ILANDU nx ny NEARS nx ny I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 201 The data records of the PACOUT DAT are repeated once each hour A description of each variable in the data records is provided in Table 4 67 Sample FORTRAN write statements for the data records are Write date and time write io7 KYR KJUL KHR C Write lower level wind components r Loop over grid cells write 107 UL 1 1 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells Loop over grid cells write io7 VLG j i 1 nx j 1 ny L End loop over grid cells C Write upper level wind components r Loop over grid cells write io7 UUPG j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells Loop over grid cells write 107 VUP i j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write mixing height Loop over grid cells write 107 HTMIX j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write friction velocity Loop over grid cells write 107 USTARG i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write convective velocity scale Loop over grid cells write io7 WSTAR j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 202 Cc Write Monin Obukhov length Loop over grid cells write 107 XMONIN i j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write PGT stability class Loop over grid cells write io7 IPGT i j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write precipitatio
143. PROG DAT which can be directly input into CALMET or if using the MM4 MMS derived wind data a file called MM4 DAT is required or MM5 DAT MMS results can be translated into either the MM4 DAT or the MM5 DAT file format One of the options in CALMET is to bypass the boundary layer model and compute only gridded wind fields 1 e produce U V wind components only without the micro meteorological variables such as friction velocity Monin Obukhov length etc Although the CALPUFF and CALGRID models cannot be executed with such a file there may be some applications in which only the wind components are of interest For example a postprocessor CAL2UAM can be used to convert the CALMET winds into a format suitable for input into the UAM model If CALMET is to be run in this mode an option is provided to allow preprocessed surface and upper air observations to be input The preprocessed input file DIAG DAT is compatible with the stand alone version of the diagnostic wind field model developed by Douglas and Kessler 1988 CALMET reads the user s inputs from a control file with a default name of CALMET INP This file contains the user s selections of the various model options input variables output options etc The CALMET control file and other input files are described in detail in Section 4 Computer Requirements The memory management scheme used in CALMET and CALPUFF is designed to allow the maximum array dimensions in the model to be ea
144. Parameters Station name coordinates time zone and anemometer height Upper Air Station Parameters Station name coordinates and time zone Precipitation Station Parameters Station name station code and coordinates I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 97 Table 4 42 Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Run Title and Input Group 0 CALMET TEST CASE 17 x 17 20 km meteorological grid wind amp met model Met stations used 12 surface 3 upper air 2 precip 3 overwater CALMET MODEL CONTROL FILE INPUT GROUP 0 Input and Output File Names Subgroup a Default Name Type File Name GEO DAT input GEODAT C PUFMENU GEO DAT SURF DAT input SRFDAT C NPUFMENUNSURF DAT CLOUD DAT input CLDDAT PRECIP DAT input PRCDAT precip dat MM4 DAT input MM4DAT x WT DAT input WTDAT CALMET LST output METLST CALMET DAT output METDAT PACOUT DAT output PACDAT All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES T Otherwise if LCFILES F file names will be converted to UPPER CASE T lower case LCFILES T F UPPER CASE NUMBER OF UPPER AIR amp OVERWATER STATIONS Number of upper air stations NUSTA No default NUSTA 3 Number of overwater met stations NOWSTA No default NOWSTA 3 END Subgroup b Upper air files one per station Default Name Type File Name UP1 DAT input UPDAT c pufmenu upl dat END UP2 DAT input UPDAT c pufmenu up2 dat END
145. RMS s fin RMS RMS Q 41 For n gt 1 smaller values of W will be produced thereby making it more difficult to ignore the MM4 FDDA winds in favor of observed winds For n 1 the opposite trait is favored RMS is added to RMS in the denominator to avoid a problem that arises if terrain variations are small W may be nearly 1 0 which emphasizes the observed winds in some cases in which terrain variations are small enough that the MM4 FDDA winds are indeed representative in the surface based layer in spite of W To address this case a condition that the terrain variations be significant is added That is the denominator is never allowed to fall below some specified length scale RMS Because the center of the surface based layer is 10 m in these applications a length scale of 10 m has been adopted for significance All cells in the coarse grid that are so characterized as having insignificant terrain variation from that resolved by the fine grid will thereby promote the use of MM4 FDDA winds in preference to observed winds at nearby grid points In the sensitivity analyses Scire et al 1994 all three methods of incorporating the MM4 FDDA field into CALMET were examined The weighing factor W discussed above was applied as follows MMA FDDA wind as initial guess wind no weighting by W MMA FDDA used as Step 1 winds W is used to weight observations Step 1 winds are weighted by factor 1 0 W
146. S Re remet 4 91 4 3 1 User Control File CALMET INP 0 0 cece eee I 4 95 4 3 2 Geophysical Data File GEO DAT sseseeeeeeeeee 4 132 4 3 3 Upper Air Data Files UPI DAT UP2 DAT sese 4 144 4 3 4 Surface Meteorological Data File SURF DAT sess 4 149 4 3 5 Overwater Data Files SEAI DAT SEA2 DAT esee 4 153 4 3 6 Precipitation Data File PRECIP DAT seeeee e 4 156 4 3 7 Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File DIAG DAT 4 160 4 3 8 Prognostic Model Data File PROG DAT 20000 4 164 4 3 9 MM4 MM5 Model Data File MM4 DAT 0 0 00000005 4 166 4 3 10 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File WT DAT sese 4 183 4 3 11 CALMET Output Files s p eroui ea a III 4 190 4 3 11 1 CALMELDAT ie seine AU 4 190 4 4 PRTMET Meteorological Display Program 0 0 0 eee eee eee 4 206 S REFERENCES essi sb pc DIRE A tt tate SAN ES 5 1 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure lseeeeeeeeeeee a aa A 1 APPENDIX B Description of Each CALMET Subroutine and Function 0 0 ee eee eee eee B 1 APPENDIX C Equations Used in Lambert Conformal Conversions 0 0 00 cece ee eee eee eee eens C 1 APPENDIX D The Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Grid 0 0c ccc eee e D 1 1 OVERVIEW 1 1 Background As part of a study to design and develop a generalized non steady sta
147. SMERGE reads N data files containing surface data in either NCDC 80 column format CD144 format NCDC Solar and Meteorological Surface Observational Network SAMSON CD ROM format or NCDC Hourly U S Weather Observations HUSWO CD ROM format Note that all parameters need to be extracted from the CD ROM datasets and if the HUSWO CD ROM data are used they must be extracted using the English units options The output file e g SURF DAT contains the processed hourly data for all the stations SMERGE can also add stations to an existing formatted or unformatted output file A free formatted SURF DAT file can be created by the user and read by CALMET This option relieves the user of the need to run the preprocessor for short CALMET runs for which the surface data can easily be input manually or when non standard data sources e g site specific meteorological observations are used SMERGE extracts the following variables from the NCDC surface data files wind speed wind direction air temperature ceiling height cloud cover surface pressure relative humidity and precipitation type code An option is provided to allow the surface data stored in the unformatted output file to be packed Packing reduces the size of the data file by storing more than one variable in each word If the packing option is used the eight hourly meteorological variables for each station are stored in three words Word 1 TTTTPCRRR TTTT temp XXX X
148. SNAP 1 a plot file is created at time IYR IMO IDAY IHR 1 x ISNAP lt ITHR Output filename Suggested extension DAT for vector plots GRD for contour plots 4 219 NEXT RECORD Columns Variable NPLOTAV NEXT RECORD Columns Variable IBEGIN zi IEND NEXT NPLOTAV RECORDS Variable Type AMEAN character KMEAN integer FILENAM character I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 69 Concluded PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP Number of averaged field plot files Type integer Description Number of averaged field plot files to be created Beginning and ending hours of the averaging period Type integer integer Description Beginning hour of the averaging period IBEGIN 1 corresponds to TYR IMO IDAY THR Ending hour of the averaging period IBEGIN lt IEND lt ITHR Keyword vertical slice filename format a4 1x 13 1x al2 Format a4 i3 al2 Description Keyword for the variable to be plotted Same options as for snapshots Vertical slice to be plotted Name of the output file Suggested extensions DAT for contour plots GRD for vector plots 4 220 Table 4 70 Sample PRTMET Control File PRTMET INP z cmet dat Unformatted CALMET file a40 1990 1 9 5 4 1 Beg YR MO DAY HR to print LENGTH PRINT INTERVAL 28 48 34 54 Beg GRID I J to print Ending GRID I J to print 1 Print CALMET RUN VARIABLES e g grid parameters etc 0 Print x
149. SSO OS e RS R Fo uc ES CAR als Rete stirs A AAA indecr comp rdmm4 readhd rdmm5 E AI i a M etos aM a SD ee et 2 _inter2 BO 0 it barier fminf M UT oa RO oo 1 AAA th A eG ir put QU pe e ea ae dan A aa ee Ste RR AR RN E Hl AG as GRAMMA faceto each LEE e e M AUN ELE AE EA A E oA EE AE IicalmetinovoNAPPA WPD A 8 Appendix A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLEDBY CALLS 0 ireplace ME MP julday fin rdup readcf rdhd4 rdhd5 i e e dA A cee ai a RED A SR NOR Dutmm readef rdhd4 rdhdo a MI EAE o EIS rr T Nos PE o RR Ra ERE ee sono ert TU UD are Oe EE c ORC o EORR REOR e IRE SERO ERN o O a SON ek eee A ct A A II te el A ON EN EAR ETC minim diagno diveel windbe ii missfe ANNE MEN UL NERONE OM ireplace a a MIN le Ne Ite mixdt a eh i fete AI RA a Rd de AA AAA OU M A Fe a ne AVI dq es os eee SN A AAA A A III FS out setcom comp readge Wrt wrt2 outpc1 mixht outpc MUCH E eu Sen ett Sot O Dan elt eS BO A iuer ELK E lie ES aro Coma A A Re SO ot se eh A en nore _outhd setup Wrtrld wrtr2d wrtid 5o rrcc outhr COM ed wr Dd wrirldwr ld 00 ces _outpe comp Wper2d wpci2d grday out 2222 EQUIPE no op cora c Kor AAA ta De Ne Behe CAN sci Loupe v c SEU e NE SU A LEN eed ES SUC PD RE OS Ll ODORE RR a Soe TERRE NEN ERREUR NU HERREN prepdi AA o cgammavertavxmitdelttdedat
150. Scales a 2 D array of real numbers by an internally computed factor for printing purposes Prints the scaled 2 D array along with the scaling factor Controls the printing of NZ layers of 2 D fields of U V and W wind components Prints one layer of U and V wind components Writes NX NY words of a 2 D integer array to an unformatted file in MESOPAC II format Writes NX NY words of a 2 D real array to an unformatted file in MESOPAC II format Writes a table to the list file with the name and path of input and output files used in the current run Writes one Y row of formatted gridded data in conjunction with subroutine OUT Writes a line labeling the X coordinates of a row of gridded data in conjunction with subroutines OUT and OUTFX Writes NWORDS of a 1 D integer array to an unformatted file along with a C 8 label and integer date hour record header Writes NX NY words of a 2 D integer array to an unformatted file along with a C 8 label and integer date hour record header Writes NWORDS of a 1 D real array to an unformatted file along with a C 8 label and integer date hour record header Writes NX NY words of a 2 D real array to an unformatted file along with a C 8 label and integer date hour record header Computes the convective velocity scale at each grid point over land Initializes N values of 1 D array B with a constant or set all values of array B equal to corresponding elements of array A
151. TRACT control file is shown in Table 4 16 The format and contents of the file are described in Table 4 17 The PXTRACT output list file PXTRACT LST contains a listing of the control file inputs and options It also summarizes the station data extracted from the input TD 3240 data file including the starting and ending date of the data for each station and the number of data records found Since the TD 3240 data are not hourly PXTRACT will extract the records that cover the period requested by the user Therefore the dates of the data extracted from different stations may be different although the same time period was requested by the user If the starting or ending record has a data flag the previous or next I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 23 record will also be extracted to complete the information necessary for PMERGE to interpret the data correctly A sample output list file is shown in Table 4 18 The PXTRACT output data files consist of precipitation data in TD 3240 format for the time period selected by the user Each output data file contains the data for one station A sample output file is shown in Table 4 19 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 24 Unit File Name PXTRACT INP TD3240 DAT PXTRACT LST idl DAT idl is the 6 digit station code for station 1 e g 040001 id2 DAT id2 is the 6 digit station code for station 2 e g 040002 Table 4 15 PXTRACT Input and Output Files Type input input output
152. XP R 2 ence km lf dist w amp w out FLAGP 3 Rate Cutoff 0 0 mm hr btwn Input Group 6 Continued Default 5 Default 1 Default 0098 Default 0045 Default 2 Default 100 0 Default 0 01 4 109 SIGMAP mm hr NUMTS IAVET TGDEFB TGDEFA JWAT1 JWAT2 NF LAGP SIGMAP CUTP 0 0098 0 0035 55 4 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 7 and 8 INPUT GROUP 7 Surface meteorological station parameters SURFACE STATION VARIABLES One record per station 12 records in all 1 2 Name ID X coord Y coord Time Anem km km zone Ht m ssl ORH 94746 263 540 4683 190 Sa Do 4 SS2 HYA 94720 393 190 4613 390 d 0 A SS3 PVD 4765 297 650 4622 780 Du Qu A 1 SS4 BOS 4739 332 600 4692 310 De 0 SS5 CON 4745 296 880 4785 840 D 0 SS6 LEB 94765 232 410 4836 240 5 Os d SS7 GFL 4750 125 790 4809 830 uy Us 7 ss8 ALB 4735 107 130 4744 020 54 Os ul SS9 BDL 4740 194 630 4648 690 S4 o o SS10 BDR 94702 153 240 4565 320 Dm 0 SS11 BTV 4742 169 880 4931 910 De De 4 SS12 PWM 4764 393 550 4833 630 5 Ou 4 1 Four character string for station name MUST START IN COLUMN 9 2 Five digit integer for station ID END INPUT GROUP 8 Upper air meteorological station parameters UPPER AIR STATION VARIABLES One record per station 3 records in all y 2 Name ID X c
153. XT NZ RECORDS Wind field print control variables for each vertical layer Record 12 12 12 13 13 13 NZ records in all Columns Variable IUVOUT 1 IWOUT 1 ITOUT 1 IUVOUTO IWOUT 2 ITOUT 2 Entered in FORTRAN free format Type integer array element integer array element integer array element integer array element integer array element integer array element Note Three variables entered per input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 213 Description Control variable for printing of Layer 1 of wind fields O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of Layer 1 W component of winds O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of Layer 1 temperature field O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of Layer 2 of wind fields O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of Layer 2 W component of winds O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of Layer 2 temperature field O do not print 1 print Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NEXT RECORD Wind field format and units Columns Variable Type Description Py IPWS integer Control variable for display of wind field 0 U V components 1 wind speed wind direction t XFACT real Wind speed units conversion factor 1 0 for m s 1 944 for knots 2 237 for miles hour x IFF 4 integer array Out
154. Y direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain 3 NXP integer Number of grid cells in the X direction in the extraction subdomain 4 NYP integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction in the extraction subdomain format 414 Next NZP Records Variable No Variable Type Description 1 SIGMA real array Sigma p values used by MM4 MMS to define each of the NZP layers Read as do 10 I 1 NZP 10 READ omm4 20 SIGMA D 20 FORMAT F6 4 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 171 Variable No 1 2 Uo Variable No O ANI OQ tA FW Nm Table 4 60 Continued MM4 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT HEADER RECORDS Next NXP NYP Records Variable Type Description IINDEX integer I index X direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain JINDEX integer J index Y direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain XLATDOT real array N Latitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain positive for the Northern Hemisphere negative for Southern Hemisphere XLONGDOT real array E Longitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain N B the MM4 MM5 convention is different than the CALMET convention MM4 MMS uses negative values for Western Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern Hemisphere CALMET internally converts the longitudes in the MM4 DAT file so the MM4 MMS convention must be used in the MM4 DAT file IELEVDOT integer array Terrain elevation of the grid poi
155. Year Julian day and hour in the form YY Y YJJJHH or Y YJJJHH Precipitation type code not used by CALGRID 4 200 4 3 11 2 PACOUT DAT CALMET has the option to output the unformatted meteorological data file in a form compatible with MESOPUFF II If IFORMO is set to two in Input Group 3 of the CALMET control file the output data file is called PACOUT DAT The PACOUT DAT output meteorological file consists of six header records followed by a set of twelve data records for each hour The header records contain the date and length of the run grid size and spacing land use categories and surface roughness lengths at each grid point as well as other information required by MESOPUFF II A description of each variable in the header records is provided in Table 4 67 Sample FORTRAN write statements for the PACOUT DAT header records are C Header record 1 General run and grid information write 107 NYR IDYSTR IHRMAX NSSTA NUSTA IMAX JMAX IBTZ 1 ILWF TUWF DGRID VK c Header record 2 Surface station coordinates write io7 XSCOOR YSCOOR Cc Header record 3 Upper air station coordinates write io7 XUCOOR YUCOOR Cc Header record 4 Surface roughness lengths write 107 Z0 C Header record 5 Nearest surface station to each grid point write 107 NEARS C Header record 6 Land use categories write io7 ILANDU where the following declarations apply real XSCOOR nssta YSCOOR nssta XUCOOR nusta YUCO
156. ach of these parameters to land use are provided in the model A sample GEO DAT file is shown in Table 4 44 The first line of the file contains a character string of up to 80 characters in length which can be used to identify the data set The second line contains grid information such as the number of grid cells grid spacing reference coordinates and reference UTM zone These variables are checked by CALMET for consistency and compatibility with the CALMET control file inputs Eight sets of flags and data records follow for the land use elevation surface parameters and anthropogenic heat flux data The default CALMET land use scheme is based on the U S Geological Survey USGS land use classification system The USGS primary land use categories are shown in Table 4 45 Two Level I USGS categories water and wetlands are subdivided into subcategories Along with the default CALMET land use the default values of the other geophysical parameters for each land use type are also shown The default land use classification scheme contains 14 land use types Note that a negative value of land use by CALMET is used as a flag to indicate irrigated land Irrigated land may be assigned a different Bowen ratio than unirrigated land and the CALPUFF dry deposition module uses the irrigated land use flag in computing the effect of moisture stress on stomatal resistance If the land is irrigated it is assumed that the vegetation is not moisture stressed
157. addition to CALMET CALPUFF CALPOST and their corresponding GUIs the modeling system interfaces to several other models which is facilitated by several preprocessors and utilities Figure 1 1 displays the overall modeling system configuration Four of the models shown in Figure 1 1 are external models that are not included in the CALPUFF system but they can be interfaced with CALPUFF modules I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 3 Meteorological amp Geophysical Data Preprocessors MM5 MM4 CSUMM Prognostic Meteorological J Wind Model Model Meteorological Modeling CALMET AR Meteorogical 7 Model A A A A e a LLL ME KSP CALPUFF CALGRID Dispersion Modeling Particle Dispersion Photochemical Model Model Model Postprocessing PRTMET CALPOST Postprocessor Postprocessor Figure 1 1 Overview of the program elements in the CALMET CALPUFF modeling system Also shown are the associated CALGRID photochemical model the KSP particle model and the MM5 MM4 and CSUMM meteorological models I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 4 MM5 MMA Penn State NCAR Mesoscale Model is a prognostic wind field model with four dimensional data assimilation Anthes et al 1987 Grell et al 1996 The diagnostic wind field model within CALMET contains options that allow wind fields produced by MM5 or MM4 to be used as an
158. ader Record No 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 Variable No 1 2 char 8 Character 8 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 65 Concluded CALMET DAT file Header Records Variable CLAB9 IDUM ILANDU CLAB10 IDUM ELEV CLABII IDUM XLAI CLAB12 IDUM NEARS Type char 8 integer integer array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array char 8 integer integer array 4 195 Description Variable label XLANDU Variable not used Gridded field of land use category for each grid cell Variable label amp LEV Variable not used Gridded field of terrain elevations for each grid cell Variable label LAT Variable not used Gridded field of leaf area index for each grid cell Variable label 4SEARS Variable not used Nearest surface meteorological station to each grid point CALMET DAT File Data Records The CALMET DAT data records include hourly fields of winds and meteorological variables In addition to the regular CALMET output variables both CALGRID and CALPUFF require additional three dimensional fields of air temperature and vertical velocity The presence of these fields in the CALMET output file is flagged by the header record logical variable LCALGRD having a value of TRUE The data records contain three dimensional gridded fields of U V and W wind components and air temperature two dimensional fields of PGT stability class sur
159. ally smoothed convective h which is used for the next hour s computation using Eqn 2 58 Thus there is a cumulative effect on the convective h calculation comparable to the effect of computing a multiple time step back trajectory The user may switch the spatial averaging option on or off via the control file variable IAVEZI see Input Group 6 variables Also specified are the half width of the square box for averaging MNMDAV the half opening angle of the upwind sector HAFANG and the layer of winds to use for the advection calculation ILEVZI In the stable boundary layer mechanical turbulence production determines the vertical extent of dispersion Venkatram 19802 provides the following empirical relationship to estimate the stable mixing height du 2 63 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 29 where B is a constant 2400 The stable boundary layer height is estimated by Zilitinkevich 1972 as u L h 0 4 2 64 CALMET defines the stable overland boundary layer height as the minimum of h and hy In the convective boundary layer the appropriate velocity scale is w which can be computed directly from its definition using the results of Eqns 2 48 and 2 58 w 7 e Q h T p e 2 65 where h is the convective mixing height Overwater Boundary Layer Over water the aerodynamic and thermal properties of the surface require that different methods be used in the calculation of the boundary layer par
160. ambert Conformal projection grid rather than in UTM coordinates A standard control file is provided along with the CALMET test case run It is recommended that a copy of the standard control file be permanently stored as a backup Working copies of the control file may be made and then edited and customized by the user for a particular application Iicalmetinov99sect4 wpd 4 96 Input Group Table 4 41 CALMET Control File Input Groups Description Run Title First three lines of control file up to 80 characters line Input and Output File Names General Run Control Parameters Starting date and hour run length base time zone and run type options Grid Control Parameters Grid spacing number of cells vertical layer structure and reference coordinates Output Options Printer control variables and disk output control variables Meteorological Data Options Number of surface upper air over water and precipitation stations input file formats and precipitation options Wind Field Options and Parameters Model option flags radius of influence parameters weighting factors barrier data diagnostic module input flags and lake breeze information Mixing Height Temperature and Precipitation Parameters Empirical constants for the mixing height scheme spatial averaging parameters minimum maximum overland and overwater mixing heights temperature options and precipitation interpolation options Surface Meteorological Station
161. ameters One of the most important differences between the marine and continental boundary layers is the absence of a large sensible heat flux driven by solar radiation A profile technique using the air sea temperature difference and overwater wind speed is used in CALMET to compute the micrometeorological parameters in the marine boundary layer However this method is sensitive to the accuracy of the sensors measuring the temperature difference Therefore it should be used with caution in areas where reliable temperature data are not available The neutral momentum drag coefficient over water C x can be expressed in terms of the 10 m wind speed Garratt 1977 Ca 0 75 0 067 u 10 2 66 The friction velocity can then be determined from the definition of the drag coefficient 1 2 u u Cw 2 67 Because of the importance of the latent heat flux over water virtual potential temperatures are used in the definition of the Monin Obukhov length Hanna et al 1985 express L as I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 30 EET E p o 0 5 vn where 0 0 are the virtual potential temperatures MK of the air and water u is the 10 m wind speed m s and E is a constant 5 096 x 10 Over water due to the effect of the wind on wave height the surface roughness length varies CALMET employs a relationship derived by Hosker 1974 to express the surface roughness m in terms of the 10 m wind speed m s Z 2 0 x 10 y
162. ample the following record with data from 20 stations requires 20 unpacked words 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 These data in packed form would be represented in six words 5 1 2 3 5 6 0 7 6 where five zero values are replaced by 5 six zero values are replaced by 6 etc With many stations and a high frequency of zeros very high packing ratios can be obtained with this simple method All of the packing and unpacking operations are performed internally by PMERGE and CALMET and are transparent to the user The header records of the data file contain information flagging the file to CALMET as a packed or unpacked file If the user selects the unpacked format each precipitation value is assigned one full word I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 33 The input files used by PMERGE include a control file PMERGE INP an optional unformatted data file created in a previous run of PMERGE and up to 150 TD 3240 precipitation station files e g as created by PXTRACT The output file consists of a list file and a new unformatted or formatted data file in CALMET format with the data for all stations sorted by hour Table 4 20 lists the name type format and contents of PMERGE s input and output data files The PMERGE control file PMERGE INP contains the user specified input variables indicating the number of stations to be processed a flag indicating if data ar
163. ample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 4 and Input Group 5 INPUT GROUP 4 Meteorological data options NUMBER OF SURFACE amp PRECIP METEOROLOGICAL STATION Number of surface stations NSSTA No default NSSTA 12 Number of precipitation stations NPSTA No default NPSTA 2 CLOUD DATA OPTIONS Griddid cloud fields ICLOUD Default 0 ICLOUD O Gridded clouds not used ICLOUD 1 Gridded CLOUD DAT generated as OUTPUT ICLOUD 2 Gridded CLOUD DAT read as INPUT ICLOUD oil ll o FILE FORMATS Surface meteorological data file format IFORMS Default 2 1 unformatted e g SMERGE output 2 formatted free formatted user input N IFORMS Precipitation data file format IFORMP Default 2 1 unformatted e g PMERGE output 2 formatted free formatted user input I N IFORMP Cloud data file format IFORMC Default 2 unformatted CALMET unformatted output 2 formatted free formatted CALMET output or user input IFORMC n ll m INPUT GROUP 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters WIND FIELD MODEL OPTIONS Model selection variable IWFCOD Default 1 IWFCOD 0 Objective analysis only 1 Diagnostic wind module ll m Compute Froude number adjustment effects IFRADJ Default 1 IFRADJ 0 NO 1 YES ll m ll o Compute kinematic effects IKINE Default 0 IKINE 0 NO 1 YES Use O Brien procedure for adjustme
164. and S R Hanna 1984 User s guide to the MESOPUFF II model and related processor programs EPA 600 8 84 013 U S Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park NC Steyn D G and T R Oke 1982 The depth of the daytime mixed layer at two coastal locations A model and its validation Bound Layer Meteor 24 161 180 Tesche T W J G Wilkinson D E McNally R Kapahi and W R Oliver 1988 Photochemical modeling of two SCCCAMP 1984 oxidant episodes Volume II Modeling procedures and evaluation results Prepared for the U S Environmental Protection Agency Region IX by Radian Corporation Sacramento CA van Ulden A P and A A M Holtslag 1985 Estimation of atmospheric boundary layer parameters for diffusion applications J Clim and App Meteor 24 1196 1207 Venkatram A 1980a Estimating the Monin Obukhov length in the stable boundary layer for dispersion calculations Boundary Layer Meteorology 19 481 485 Venkatram A 1980b Estimation of turbulence velocity scales in the stable and the unstable boundary layer for dispersion applications In Eleventh NATO CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application 54 56 Wheeler N 1990 Modeling of mixing depths during a southern California air quality study ozone episode Proceedings of the AWMA International Specialty Conference on Tropospheric Ozone and the Environment March 19 22 Los Angeles CA Wei T C and J L McGui
165. ar grid but written in discrete receptor format ISCPOL ISC3 polar grid receptor terrain format GRDTYP must be polar or GENERIC used as terrain grid input to ISC COMPDEP Number of USGS 1 deg DEM data files to process Input file pathname for USGS 1 deg DEM data files read only if NUSGS90 gt 0 Number of USGS 30 m 7 5 minute terrain data files Input file pathname for USGS 30m data files read only if NUSGS30 gt 0 Number of ARMG input terrain data sheets Lines next NARM3 lines 13 next N3CD lines 14 next NCND lines 15 next NGTOPO 30 lines 16 17 18 19 Variable DATAFIL N3CD DATAFIL NCND DATAFIL NGTOPO30 DATAFIL ITHRES XORGK YORGK IZONE NX NY SIZEK AHEMI I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 33 TERREL Control File Inputs Type character 70 integer character 70 integer character 70 integer character 70 integer real integer integer real character 1 4 76 Description Input file pathname for ARM3 terrain data file read only if NARM3 gt 0 Number of 3 arc second terrain data files in a format distributed by Rocky Mtn Communication RMC Input file pathname for RMC 3 arc second data read only if N3CD gt 0 Number of Canadian DMDF terrain data files in a format used by Alberta Environmental Protection Input file pathname for Canadian DMDF terrain data read only if NCND gt 0 Number of
166. arameter array NSMTH contained in Input Group 5 of the control file This variable represents the maximum number of passes of the smoother which are used in each layer Surface layer winds are subject to a recommended default maximum of two passes of the smoother but more passes can be specified Application of the smoother can be eliminated in all layers by setting NSMTH to zero If the lake breeze option is being used winds within the lake breeze regions are not smoothed Computation of Vertical Velocities Two options are available for computing vertical velocities in CALMET With the first method the vertical velocities are computed directly from the incompressible conservation of mass equation using the smoothed horizontal wind field components The second method adjusts the vertical velocity profile so that the values at the top of the model domain are zero The horizontal wind components are then readjusted to be mass consistent with the new vertical velocity field The initial vertical velocity is determined from the incompressible mass conservation equation n HH dw du p dv 1 0 2 27 dx dy dz where wj is the vertical velocity in terrain following coordinates and u v are the horizontal wind field components after smoothing This mass consistent vertical velocity is used as the final vertical velocity 1 e w w if Method 1 is selected I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 15 Also with this method no further adjustment i
167. ariables Columns Variable T LHT LTEMP LWD LWS Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type logical logical logical logical Description Height field control variable If LHT T a sounding level is eliminated if the height field is missing IF LHT F the sounding level is included in the output file but the height field is flagged with a 9999 if missing Temperature field control variable If LTEMP T a sounding level is eliminated if the temperature field is missing If LTEMP F the sounding level is included in the output file but the temperature field is flagged with a 999 9 if missing Wind direction field control variable If LWD T a sounding level is eliminated if the wind direction field is missing If LWD F the sounding level is included in the output file but the wind direction field is flagged with a 999 if missing Wind speed field control variable If LWS T a sounding level is eliminated if the wind speed is missing If LWS F the sounding level is included in the output file but the wind speed field is flagged with a 999 if missing Table 4 2 Concluded READ62 Control File Inputs RECORDS 3 4 and 5 File names Record Variable Default Type Description 3 INDATFIL td6201 dat a70 Name of the input TD 6201 upper air file or used if JDAT 1 ncdc_u dat a70 Name of the input NCDC CD ROM upper air file used if JDAT 2 4 UPDATFIL
168. as Spaces within the delimiter pair are ignored Exponential notation E format for real numbers is allowed However the optional plus sign should be omitted e g enter 1 5E 10 as 1 5E10 The data may be extended over more than one line The line being continued must end with a comma Each leading delimiter must be paired with a terminating delimiter All text between the delimiters is assumed to be data so no user comment information is allowed to appear within the delimiters The inclusion in the control file of any variable that is being assigned its default value is optional The control file reader expects that logical variables will be assigned using only a one character representation 1 e T or F Input Groups 7 9 are handled differently making use of FORTRAN free reads because they contain Character 4 input data The data portion of each record in Input Groups 7 9 must start in Column 9 or greater of the record Each CALMET control file input variable is described in Table 4 43 The control file module has a list of the variable names and array dimensions for each Input Group Checks are performed to ensure that the proper variable names are entered by the user and that no array dimensions are exceeded Error messages result if an unrecognized variable name is encountered or too many values are entered for a variable Note that if LLCONF T then all x y coordinates in the CALMET INP file must be specified on the chosen L
169. ata in the file 12 16 I5 IBHR Starting hour GMT of data in the file 17 21 I5 IEYR Ending year of data in the file two digits 22 26 I5 IEDAY Ending Julian day of data in the file 21 31 I5 IEHR Ending hour GMT of data in the file 32 36 F5 0 PSTOP Top pressure level mb of data in the file possible values are 850 mb 700 mb or 500 mb 37 41 I5 JDAT Original data file type 1 2 TD 6201 format 2 NCDC CD ROM format 42 46 I5 IFMT Delimiter used in the UP DAT file 1 slash delimiter 2 comma delimiter FILE HEADER RECORD 2 Columns Format Variable Description 6 L1 LHT Sounding level eliminated if height missing T yes F no 11 L1 LTEMP Sounding level eliminated if temperature missing T yes F no 16 L1 LWD Sounding level eliminated if wind direction missing T yes F no 21 L1 LWS Sounding level eliminated if wind speed missing T yes F no READ56 READ62 Output File Format Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 146 Table 4 49 Continued READS56 READ62 Output File Format Upn DAT DATA RECORDS For each 00 or 12 GMT sounding a one record data header is used followed by N records of data Each record contains up to four sounding levels DATA HEADER RECORD Columns Format Variable Description 4 7 I4 ITPDK Label identifying data format of original data e g 5600 or 6201 for NCDC data or 9999 for non NCDC data 13 17 A5 STNID Station ID number 23 24 D YEAR Year of data 25 26 D MONTH
170. ations Two basic methods are commonly used to estimate the surface heat and momentum fluxes The first method is referred to as the profile method It requires at a minimum the measurement of the wind speed at one height and the temperature difference between two heights in the surface layer as well as knowledge of the air temperature and roughness characteristics of the surface Monin Obukhov similarity theory is then used to solve for the surface fluxes by iteration The second approach called the energy budget method computes the surface heat flux by parameterizing the unknown terms of the surface energy budget equation Hanna et al 1986 tested the following four energy budget models and two profile schemes Energy Budget Models Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 Weil and Brower 1983 Berkowicz and Prahm 1982 Briggs 1982 Profile Schemes Two level tower method Four level tower method The major conclusion drawn from the comparison of the six schemes was that the energy budget methods were superior because of the sensitivity of the profile method to small errors in the measured temperature Temperature difference is not routinely reported at NWS meteorological stations However it typically is available at the many non NWS sites with meteorological towers I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 22 difference However as discussed below this conclusion does not apply to the marine boundary layer where a profile method based on the air sea t
171. ator 0 or 1 where 1 snow cover was determined to be present for the MMS simulation format 412 213 f7 1 f5 2 12 4 181 Variable No Un A ON 7a ga gs 10 11 12 13 Table 4 62 Concluded MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Variable PRES Z TEMPK WD WS W RH VAPMR CLDMR RAINMR ICEMR SNOWMR GRPMR Type integer integer integer integer real real integer real real real real real real NZP Data Records Description Pressure in millibars Elevation meters above m s l Temperature K Wind direction degrees Wind speed m s Vertical velocity m s Relative humidity Vapor mixing ratio g kg Cloud mixing ratio g kg Rain mixing ratio g kg Ice mixing ratio g kg Snow mixing ratio g kg Graupel mixing ratio g kg Variable present in the record only if IOUTW 1 1 Variable present in the record only if IOUTQ 1 B Variable present in the record only if IOUTC 1 possible only if IOUTQ 1 Variable present in the record only if IOUTI 1 possible only if IOUTQ IOUTC 1 e Variable present in the record only if IOUTG 1 possible only if IOUTQ IOUTC IOUTI 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 182 4 3 10 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File WT DAT CALMET contains several options for introducing MM4 MM5 winds into the calculation of the wind fields These include t
172. bject to smoothing an optional adjustment of vertical velocities based on the O Brien 1970 method and divergence minimization to produce a final Step 2 wind field Introduction of Prognostic Wind Field Results The CALMET model contains an option to allow the introduction of gridded wind fields generated by the MM4 MMS model or the CSUMM model as input fields The procedure permits the prognostic model to be run with a significantly larger horizontal grid spacing and different vertical grid resolution than that used in the diagnostic model This option allows certain features of the flow field such as the sea breeze circulation with return flow aloft which may not be captured in the surface observational data to be introduced into the diagnostic wind field results An evaluation with CAPTEX tracer data indicated that the better spatial and temporal resolution offered by the hourly MM4 fields can improve the performance of the dispersion modeling on regional scales EPA 1995 If the MM4 or MMS wind data are used as the initial guess field the coarse grid scale MM4 MMS data are interpolated to the CALMET fine scale grid The diagnostic module in CALMET will then adjust the initial guess field for kinematic effects of terrain slope flows and terrain blocking effects using fine scale CALMET terrain data to produce a Step 1 wind field A second approach is to use MM4 MM5 wind data directly as the Step 1 wind field This field is then adjusted u
173. bservations in such areas do not necessarily represent larger scale flow fields as well as the MM4 FDDA fields Therefore a weighting factor based on the subgrid scale terrain variations within each grid cell must be derived 2 2 3 Terrain Weighting Factor Although the use of MM4 FDDA winds are expected in many circumstances to improve the diagnostic model s wind fields MM4 FDDA may not produce winds near the surface that are representative if much terrain is poorly resolved by the scale of the grid used for the MM4 FDDA simulations When this is the case local observations might be given more weight than the MM4 FDDA winds in interpolating winds to the grid used for the diagnostic models The method employed for altering weights involves 1 computing o the standard deviation of the departure of the actual terrain elevations from the grid average terrain elevation 2 defining a weight W that is a function of o and 3 weighting observed wind by W and MM4 FDDA winds by 1 W when performing the interpolation process To derive the weights first quantify the differences between the terrain as represented by a coarse grid used in the MM4 FDDA simulations and the terrain as represented on the fine grid Then calculate the root mean square RMS of the difference between the original terrain and the coarse grid terrain I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 19 elevations within a region about each point in the coarse grid The diff
174. chanical values predicted by Egns 2 58 and 2 60 however such a procedure could cause the resulting x y field of mixing heights to have unreasonably large cell to cell variations as each grid cell s values of h and h are computed independently Such an independent cell by cell computation would also not include important advective effects on the mixing depths such as the significant reduction of inland mixing depths during sea or lake breeze conditions Several researchers e g Wheeler 1990 Tesche et al 1988 Steyn and Oke 1982 have suggested various upwind looking mixing depth averaging schemes involving estimation of back trajectories or computation of lateral advection of heat fluxes As CALMET is explicitly marched in time a rather simple scheme has been incorporated which approximates the back trajectory methodology For a given grid cell i j the most upwind grid cell which could directly impact cell i j during the time step dt is computed as i i uedt j vedt where u v are the wind components at cell i j An upwind looking cone originating at 1 j and having a user selected half opening angle of HAFANG i e a full cone opening angle of twice HAFANG is then generated such that grid point i j sits at the I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 28 middle of the base of the triangular cone For each grid cell i j lying within or on the boundaries of the triangular region upwind and crosswind distances d a
175. cheme is not applied in default mode Because the temperature of any grid cell whose land use is included in the range defined by JWATI and JWAT2 will be determined by a weighting of all overwater data SEA DAT files it is recommended that smaller or distant water bodies be assigned land use categories that are distinct from those used in JWATI and JWAT to avoid use of inappropriate data in determining their surface temperatures Thus a small reservoir will have its temperature determined by surrounding land stations rather than by ocean buoy data After viewing the initial temperature field that results from the CALMET run the user may wish to fine tune the fields using the extended 52 class land use system in Table 4 46 and by altering the land use assignments of particular grid cells or changing the land uses included in the JWATI JWAT2 range For instance by limiting the range to ocean only and then changing which near shore cells are considered to be bay and which are ocean the user can control the appearance of the temperature field in the vicinity of the coastline The values of IWAT1 and IWAT2 GEO DAT Input File are used to determine whether the overland or overwater method will be used to produce a mixing height value for a particular grid cell The default values of IWATI and IWAT2 are both 55 restricting the overwater mixing height scheme to large bodies of water The user may change the values of IWAT1 and IWAT2 on a cas
176. cipitation Interpolation 0 0 eee cece eee ee 2 33 3 CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE 0 a anpra Eea ccc A eee 3 1 3 1 Memory Management o 3 1 3 2 Structure of the CALMET Modules 0 0 cee cece eee 3 1 4 USER INSTRUCTIONS tas aaa cadre exp ideae tado esu RCM AU AS a 4 1 4 1 Meteorological Preprocessor Programs 0 cece cece eee es 4 1 4 1 1 READ62 Upper Air Preprocessor 0 0 cece cece IA 4 1 4 1 2 METSCAN Surface Data QA Program 0 0 0 cece eee eee 4 10 4 1 3 SMERGE Surface Data Meteorological Preprocessor 4 15 4 14 PXTRACT Precipitation Data Extract Program 00000 4 23 4 1 5 PMERGE Precipitation Data Preprocessor 020002 e eee ee 4 33 4 1 6 CALMMS Program cisse asi eee I eee 4 41 4 1 6 1 CALMMS preprocessor 0 0 02 ce eee eee eee 4 41 4 1 6 2 CALMMS input i n ses podeis 4 45 4 1 6 3 CAEMMS outp t i sei ods ne anew eee 4 46 4 2 Geophysical Data Processors 4 67 4 2 1 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor 0 0 0 cece eee eee eee 4 69 4 2 2 Land Use Data Preprocessors CTGCOMP and CTGPROC 4 78 4 2 2 1 Obtaining the Data craie oi preia i E A I 4 78 4 2 2 2 CTGCOMP the CTG land use data compression program 4 78 4 2 2 3 CTGPRCC the land use preprocessor 200000 4 79 42 3 IMAKEGEOQO peine tb bei Te Pao Abit MAGE RS oa 4 85 4 3 CALMET Madel Eies toe tes Rte pao D
177. cks for overwater stations Sets the default values for the diagnostic wind field parameters Initiates the wind field common blocks Main routine for the diagnostic wind field module Calls routines for the computation of kinematic effects of terrain slope flows terrain blocking effects divergence minimization objective analysis and optional input of gridded prognostic wind field data Produces 3 D fields of U V and W wind components Computes the three dimensional divergence for a X Y plane of grid cells using a central difference technique Controls printing of NZPRNT layers of 3 D divergence fields Computes the saturation water vapor pressure using the method of Lowe 1977 Computes the surface friction velocity and Monin Obukhov length at grid points over land using an iterative technique Computes the surface friction velocity and Monin Obukhov length at surface stations over land using an iterative technique CPU time routine for SUN system Calculate the temperature at the vertical cell faces at the upper air sounding stations Converts all filenames to upper case or lower case Determines geophysical parameters from gridded land use data and a table relating the parameter values to land use Reads a gridded geophysical parameter field directly from the GEO DAT file if the gridded input option is selected B 2 ROUTINE NAME FIN FMINF FRADJ GRDAY GRIDE HEATFX INCR INDECR INTER2
178. configured by using a conventional editor This is facilitated by the extensive self documenting statements contained in the standard file As explained further below more comments can be readily added by the user to document specific parameter choices used in the run These comments remain in the file and are reported to the CALMET list file when CALMET is executed from the command line Note however that the GUI always writes the standard comments to CALMET INP and ignores any additional text Furthermore the control file is always updated by the GUI even if the GUI is only used to run CALMET without altering the technical content of the control file Thus the user must save the control file to another filename prior to using the GUI if non standard comments are to be saved This feature of the GUI can be used to create a new copy of the standard control file by merely saving a new file to disk so a fresh version of the control file is always available The control file is organized into 10 major Input Groups preceded by a three line run title see Table 4 41 The Input Groups must appear in order i e Input Group 0 followed by Input Group 1 etc However the variables within an Input Group may appear in any order Each Input Group must end with an Input Group terminator consisting of the word END between two delimiters i e END Even a blank Input Group i e one in which no variables are included must end with an Input Group t
179. cription Year of data Julian day Hour 00 23 LST Wind speed m s Wind direction degrees Ceiling height hundreds of feet Opaque sky cover tenths Air temperature degrees K Relative humidity percent Station pressure mb Precipitation code O no precipitation 1 18 liquid precipitation 19 45 frozen precipitation The data records are read in free format with the following statement READ 6 IYR IJULJIHR WS n WD n ICEIL n 1 ICC n TEMPK n IRH n PRES n IPCODE n 1 n 1 NSTA Missing value indicators are 9999 real variables and 9999 integer variables I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 152 4 3 5 Overwater Data Files SEA1 DAT SEA2 DAT If the modeling application involves overwater transport and dispersion the CALMET boundary layer model requires observations of the air sea temperature difference air temperature relative humidity and overwater mixing height If the overwater temperature method is used vertical temperature gradient information is also necessary however defaults are specified in the CALMET INP file The special overwater observations along with wind speed and direction are contained in a set of files named SEAn DAT where n is a station number 1 2 3 If SEAn DAT files are not used the overwater station and its standard surface parameters e g wind speed and direction etc can be treated as a regular surface station Additionally any overwater site that should not be
180. ct4 wpd 4 209 Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP RECORD 2 Horizontal grid cells to print Columns Variable NBX NBY NEX NEY Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer 4 210 Description X grid cell of lower left corner of grid to print Y grid cell of lower left corner of grid to print X grid cell of upper right corner of grid to print Y grid cell of upper right corner of grid to print Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP RECORDS 3 7 Print control variables for CALMET run variables and station coordinates Record Columns Variable Type 3 id IHDV integer 4 ISUR integer 5 IUP integer 6 IPRC integer 7 E INEARS integer Entered in FORTRAN free format Note One variable entered per input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 211 Description Control variable for printing of CALMET run variables stored in header records of output file O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of X Y surface station coordinates 0zdo not print 1 print Control variable for printing of X Y upper air station coordinates O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing of X Y precipitation station coordinates 0zdo not print 1 print Control variable for printing of nearest surface station number to each grid point O do not print 1
181. d 3 General run and grid information write iunit VER LEVEL IB YR IBMO IBDY IBHR IBTZ IRLG IRTYPE 1 NX NY NZ DGRID XORIGR YORIGR IUTMZN IWFCOD NSSTA I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 190 2 NUSTA NPSTA NOWSTA NLU IWATI IWAT2 LCALGRD write tunit XLATO XLONO LLCONF CONEC XLATI XLAT2 RLATO RLATO Header record 4 Vertical cell face heights nz 1 values write iunit CLAB 1 IDUM ZFACEM Header records 5 and 6 Surface station coordinates if nssta ge 1 then write iunit CLAB2 IDUM XSSTA write iunit CLAB3 IDUM YSSTA endif Header records 7 and 8 Upper air station coordinates if nusta ge 1 then write iunit CLAB4 IDUM XUSTA write iunit CLABS IDUM YUSTA endif Header records 9 and 10 Precipitation station coordinates if npsta ge 1 then write iunit CLAB6 IDUM XPSTA write iunit CLAB7 IDUM YPSTA endif Header record 11 Surface roughness lengths write iunit CLAB8 IDUM ZO Header record 12 Land use categories write iunit CLAB9 IDUM ILANDU Header record 13 Terrain elevations write iunit CLAB 10 IDUM ELEV Header record 14 Leaf area indexes write iunit CLAB 11 IDUM XLAI Header record 15 Nearest surface station to each grid point write iunit CLAB12 IDUM NEARS where the following declarations apply real ZFACEM nz 1 XSSTA nssta YSSTA nssta XUSTA nusta YUSTA nusta real XPSTA npsta YPSTA npsta real ZO nx ny ELEV nx ny XLAI nx ny integer ILANDU nx ny NEARS nx ny character 80 TITLE
182. d d 1 58 and d 1 0 are empirical constants Table 2 1 gives the empirical data from which D h is interpolated In the implementation of the scheme in CALMET first the mixing height and Monin Obukhov length at every eligible station are determined using the methods described in Section 2 3 Using the calculated mixing height and Monin Obukhov length the amount of turning D h in the wind direction at the reference height h of 200 m is determined by interpolating in inverse Monin Obukhov length 1 L from Table 2 1 based on observed data reported by van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 The reference turning angle is then used in Eqn 2 16 to yield the turning angle D at the CALMET height z Eqn 2 16 is applied with the same h 200 m and D h with z equal to the anemometer height of the observational station to obtain the turning angle from the ground to the anemometer height D The wind direction correction at CALMET height z from the anemometer height is then applied i e correction angle D D The wind speed profile calculations are based on the Monin Obukhov similarity theory for the surface layer as described by van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 Depending on the stability Eqns 2 23 or 2 24 are used to determine the stability function based on height and Monin Obukhov length The stability function the measurement height the layer center height and the roughness length in the grid cell in which the station is located ar
183. date of the period to extract GMT Format YYMMDDHH Output data file format 0 MM5 DAT 1 MM4 DAT Indicator for additional information for different output formats 4 48 Line Variable IOUTW 14 IOUTQ IOUTC IOUTI IOUTG JOUTC 1 only if IOUTQ 1 Table 4 25 Concluded CALMMS Control File Inputs CALMMS INP Type integer integer integer integer integer IOUTI 1 only if IOUTC IOUTQ 1 IOUTG 1 only if IOUTI IOUTC IOUTQ 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Description Flag to output vertical velocity Flag to output relative humidity and vapor mixing ratio Flag to output cloud and rain mixing ratios Flag to output ice and snow mixing ratios Flag to output graupel mixing ratio 4 49 MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia de 1 LC CIAT 1 6 950301 37 2995 985 970 945 910 870 825 S dio PAS 65 625 550 450 350 250 150 050 CO OOOOcOoooococooococcoocco Ww J PP BWWWNHNNEF EE 39 3 00 11 BS QE GPS BIB WDB BW BRIA PS WO XO LO XO XO XO XO LO XO XO XO LO 4 1 54 1 2 2 39 160 1 s ORT 180 1 340 1 360 1 370 1 530 1 540 1 9 01 710 1 23021 740 1 95030100 37 11 1013 1004 991 968 937 902 862 817 713 728 683 616 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 88 161 2 458 7 29 1040 1407 1831 2276 2743 3234 4023 282 281 280 280 278 ZEIGE amp LADA 2T 268 2625 262 256 i 2 2 3 14 Table
184. dified Carson 1973 method based on Maul 1980 Knowing the hourly variation in the surface heat flux from Eqn 2 57 and the vertical temperature profile from the twice daily sounding data the convective mixing height at time t dt can be estimated from its value at time t in a stepwise manner 20 1 E dt 2 do h de Errar 2 58 Y P Vi Vi h h t dt t I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 27 1 2 2y EQ d dios la SU 2 59 P where y is the potential temperature lapse rate in the layer above h do is the temperature jump at the top of the mixed layer K and E is a constant 0 15 The potential temperature lapse rate is determined through a layer above the previous hour s convective mixing height If only routinely available twice daily sounding data are available the morning 1200 GMT sounding at the nearest upper air station is used to determine y up to 2300 GMT After 2300 GMT the afternoon sounding 0000 GMT is used If more frequent sounding data are available at non standard sounding times the latest sounding day or night is used to determine y The neutral mechanical boundary layer height is estimated by Venkatram 1980b as Bu is N E 2 60 B where f is the Coriolis parameter 10 s B is a constant 2 2 and Ng is the Brunt V is l frequency in the stable layer aloft The daytime mixing height could then be taken as the maximum of the convective and me
185. e 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Type real array real array real array real array real array integer integer Description 2nd y grid line to define box Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Beginning x coordinate km of user defined coastline straight line Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Beiginning y coordinate km of user defined coastline straight line Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Beginning x coordinate km of user defined coastline straight line Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Beginning y coordinate km of user defined coastline straight line Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Number of meteorological stations surface and upper air stations in a box Used only if LLBREZE T One for each box Station ids of the meteorological stations within each box surface stations first then upper air stations Used only if LLBREZE T One set per box 4 126 Default Value Input Group 6 Mixing Height Temperature and Precipitation Parameters Variable CONSTB CONSTE CONSTN CONSTW FCORIOL DPTMIN DZZI ZIMAX ZIMIN ZIMAXW ZIMINW IAVEZI MNMDAV HAFANG ILEVZI Type real real real real real real real real real real real integer integer real integer Input Group 6 Continued I calmet nov99 sect
186. e Section 4 1 5 NOTE If wet removal is not to be considered by the CALPUFF or MESOPUFF II dispersion models no precipitation processing needs to be done PXTRACT and PMERGE are required only if wet removal is an important removal mechanism for the modeling application of interest In addition if wet removal is a factor the user has the option of creating a free formatted precipitation data file that can be read by CALMET This option eliminates the need to run the precipitation preprocessing programs for short CALMET runs e g screening runs for which the data can easily be input manually The input files used by PXTRACT include a control file PXTRACT INP containing user inputs and a data file TD3240 DAT containing the NCDC data in TD 3240 format The precipitation data for stations selected by the user are extracted from the TD3240 DAT file and stored in separate output files one file per station called xxxxxx DAT where xxxxxx is the station identification code PXTRACT also creates an output list file PXTRACT LST which contains the user options and summarizes the station data extracted Table 4 15 contains a summary of PXTRACT s input and output files The PXTRACT control file contains the user specified variables which determine the method used to extract precipitation data from the input data file i e by state by station or all stations the appropriate state or station codes and the time period to be extracted A sample PX
187. e by case basis to include or exclude other water bodies from being considered as overwater For instance the user s domain may have a bay where the mixing height should be determined using the overwater method but a series of small lakes where the overland method would be more appropriate so the lake category would be excluded from the IWAT range Alternatively if one has a large lake that should be considered to be overwater and a smaller lake that should be considered to be overland then the land use category for the smaller lake could be changed to reflect some other category not in the IWAT range such as forest or wetland It is recommended that if the user creates his or her own GEO DAT fields for roughness length albedo etc they be weighted by the actual percentage of each land use in a given cell That method is more accurate and if one subsequently changes the dominant land use category the variables used to calculate mixing height will still reflect the fact that there is water present in the grid cell The surface elevation data field is entered in user units along with a scaling factor to convert user units to meters The sample GEO DAT file shown in Table 4 44 contains elevations in meters The gridded fields are entered with the NXM values on a line NXM is the number of grid cells in the X direction The data from left to right correspond to X 1 through NXM The top line of a gridded field correspond to Y N YM the ne
188. e formatted input file generated either by PMERGE or the user Gridded fields of terrain weighting factors used to weight the observed winds and the MM4 winds in the interpolation process Table 4 40 Concluded CALMET Input and Output Files Default Unit File Name Type Format Description IO30 UP1 DAT input formatted Upper air data READ56 READ62 output 1030 1 UP2 DAT for upper air station n Used only if 1030 2 UP3 DAT IDIOPT5 0 UPn DAT Up to MAXUS upper air stations allowed MAXUS currently 50 1080 SEA1 DAT input formatted Overwater meteorological data for station n 1080 1 SEA2 DAT Used only if NOWSTA gt 0 1080 2 SEA3 DAT SEAn DAT Up to MXOWS overwater stations allowed MXOWS currently 15 1020 PROG DAT input unformatted Gridded fields of prognostic wind data to use CSUMM as input to the diagnostic wind field module or Used only if IPROG gt 0 1020 MM4 DAT input formatted MM4 MM5 Wind Field Module Test and Debug Files 1021 TEST PRT output unformatted Intermediate winds and misc input and internal variables Created only if at least one wind field print option activated IPRO IPR8 1022 TEST OUT output formatted Final wind fields Created only if IPR8 1 and IOUTD 1 1023 TEST KIN output formatted Wind fields after kinematic effects Created only if IPR5 1 and IOUTD 1 IO24 TEST FRD output formatted Wind fields after Froude No effects Created only if IPR6 1 and IOUTD 1
189. e from the coarse grid terrain quantified as RMS that is less than the height of the layer W will be less than 1 which will reduce the magnitude of W indicating that the subgrid terrain is less important for this layer than for any closer to the surface As higher layers are processed W approaches zero which emphasizes the use of the MM4 FDDA winds in the diagnostic model If the fine scale grid should have the same resolution as the coarse grid RMS 0 and W 0 so that the MMA FDDA winds are used in preference to the observed winds at all levels The near surface factor W makes use of both RMS and RMS where RMS RMS h hos 2 40 ori The scale of the departure of the original terrain from that resolved by the coarse grid RMS is used to scale the departure of the terrain resolved by the fine grid from that resolved by the coarse grid The ratio RMS RMS has a range of 0 to 1 0 provided that RMS when RMS RMS is nearly zero W should be nearly zero thereby indicating that the MM4 FDDA winds should be preferred over any observed winds the observed winds have already been used within is not zero When RMS is zero or ori I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 20 MMA FDDA On the contrary when RMS RMS important and local observations or diagnostic wind estimates near the surface should be emphasized approaches 1 0 local subgrid terrain could be ori Hence W can be given by W
190. e is shown in Table 4 32 and a description of each input variable is provided in Table 4 33 4 Savefile this input data file contains the binary results from an intermediate run of TERREL It is read as input to the current run TERREL OUTPUT l list file echoes the selected options reports errors and provides a listing of the gridded terrain elevations and the number of raw data points hits used to compute the terrain elevation for each grid cell e g TERREL LST 2 plot file can be read directly by a contouring software package such as SURFER e g TERREL GRD 3 save file contains the intermediate binary output e g TERREL SAV 4 terrain elevation output file an ASCII file in the format specified by the user For example choosing the model option CALMET produces a gridded terrain file which can be directly read by MAKEGEO e g TERREL OUT I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 72 Database Type USGS90 USGS30 3CD GTOPO30 ARM3 DMDF Description 1 deg DEM 3 arc second data 7 5 min USGS quadrangle 1 deg DEM 3 arc second data 30 second DEM 40 lon by 50 lat covering world 30 second data 4 N S sheets covering U s 7 5 min Alberta DEM I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 31 Terrain Databases Source USGS USGS Rocky Mtn Communications CD ROM USGS CALPUFF CD ROM available from NTIS Alberta Environ Protection 4 73 File Format ASCII
191. e surface layer Weighting parameter km for the prognostic wind field data Convergence criterion for the divergence minimization procedure Maximum number of iterations for the divergence minimization procedure Number of smoothing passes in each layer NZ values must be entered Maximum number of stations used in the interpolation of data to a grid point for each layer 1 NZ This allows only the NINTR2 closest stations to be included in the interpolation The effect of increasing NINTRQ2 is similar to smoothing NZ values must be entered Critical Froude number used in the evaluation of terrain blocking effects Empirical parameter controlling the influence of kinematic effects 4 123 Default Value 5 0E 6 50 2 MXNZ 1 4 99 0 1 Variable FEXTR2 NBAR XBBAR YBBAR XEBAR YEBAR IDIOPTI ISURFT IDIOPT2 IUPT ZUPT Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Type integer array integer real array real array real array real array integer integer integer integer real Input Group 5 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Description Extrapolation values for layers 2 through NZ FEXTR2 1 must be entered but is not used Used only if ABS IEXTRP 3 Number of wind field interpolation barriers X coordinate km of the beginning of each barrier NBAR values must be entered Used o
192. e the surface layer are derived solely from upper air soundings assuming prognostic data are not used When the sounding is taken from a distant upper air station outside the valley this may produce a poor initial guess field Although the Step 1 procedure modifies the initial guess field to reflect fine scale terrain effects it is sometimes difficult for the model to overcome a poorly defined initial guess field In many cases the surface observations extended with the similarity profile will produce a superior initial guess field and final wind field I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 3 The second modification involves the addition of factors for each CALMET layer to determine the relative weight that is given to the vertically extrapolated surface observations versus the upper air sounding data For example distant upper air sounding data can be given little weight within the valley where the surface observation may better reflect wind conditions but heavy weight above the top of the valley Likewise the influence of the surface observations can be eliminated above the top of the valley The spatially variable initial guess field is computed as an inverse distance weighting of the surface and upper air observations modified by height dependent bias factors BIAS ranging from 1 1 e weighting of the upper air station wind is reduced to zero to 1 1 e weighting of the surface station wind is reduced to zero For example BIAS 0 5 reduces the
193. e then used in Eqn 2 21 to obtain the wind speed at the layer center height The altered wind speed and direction are then converted back to u and v wind components for use in the interpolation routines After calculating the turning angle it is added to the wind direction in the Northern hemisphere winds veer clockwise and subtracted in the Southern hemisphere winds back counterclockwise I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 12 Table 2 1 Turning of the Wind with Height D h in Degrees Clockwise at a Reference Height h of 200m as Observed at Cabauw Netherlands from van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 Monin Obukhov Turning Angle D h deg length m I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 13 Eqn 2 22 gives the similarity theory equation used to calculate the wind speed profile 5 v U z U z 2 22 ja b esee ras IL where U z is the wind speed at the center of the CALMET layer U z is the wind speed at the anemometer height z is the roughness length z is the anemometer height and v is the stability function Eqn 2 23 gives the stability function for unstable conditions 1x 1 1 i Wy 2 In 5 In zr 2 tan x 1 2 2 23 x 1 16 zL 2 24 For stable conditions the stability function is given by Eqn 2 25 Wy 17 1 exp 0 29z L 2 25 Lake Sea Breeze Option The user can define a lake or sea breeze region within which the surface winds are calculated separately and replace the
194. e to be added to an existing unformatted data file the maximum length of an accumulation period packing options station data and time zone data PMERGE allows data from different time zones to be merged by time shifting the data to a user specified base time zone Sample PMERGE control files are shown in Table 4 21 Sample 1 shows an input file to merge data from 10 precipitation stations into one unformatted output file The unformatted output file can then be used to merge data from 4 more precipitation stations to the 10 already processed Sample 2 The combination of station data in multiple runs of PMERGE is sometimes necessary because the number of files which can be opened at one time is limited under some operating systems e g DOS The output file from Sample 2 is a formatted file containing data from 14 precipitation stations This formatted file can be directly input to CALMET The format and contents of the PMERGE control file are described in Table 4 22 The PMERGE output list file PMERGE LST contains a listing of the control file inputs and options It also summarizes the number of valid and invalid hours for each station including information on the number of hours with zero or non zero precipitation rates and the number of accumulation period hours Additional statistics provide information by station on the frequency and type of missing data in the file 1 e data flagged as missing in the original data file data which are part of
195. e weighting factor Records 4 and 5 describe the fine scale CALMET grid system and the coarse scale MM4 MM5 grid These are followed by a set of NZ groups of records one for each CALMET layer which contain the actual weighting factors I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 183 Sensitivity Power for Wz 2 00000 Sensitivity Power for Ws 2 00000 Significant Length Scale m 10 0000 Fine Grid 342 0 135 0 25 23 Coarse Grid 80 0 680 0 24 21 Height m 10 0000 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j 23 51 56 53 51 48 45 44 43 42 j 22 51 56 53 51 48 45 44 43 42 j 21 49 54 51 49 46 44 43 41 40 j 20 43 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 j 19 437 041 40 39 238 237 4 34 91 29 J 18 31 35 4 35 0340034 33 230 4270 23 j TT 226 29 29 29 0300 230 226 22 L8 je X6 2 25 290 300 3L 31 32 028 125 24 je 145 2 26 30 31 33 34 35 32 29 27 j 44 27 431 4 33 35 36 38 36 4 34 32 je 13 27T 32 34 37 39 41 40 398 37 j 12 28 33 35 38 40 42 41 41 40 j 11 31 35 36 38 39 40 40 40 41 j 10 33 37 37 37 38 38 39 40 41 je 9 350 239 38 37 237 436 398 40 42 j 8 4 37 4411 039 37 236 34 37 4043 j 7 31 35 35 34 34 34 36 39 41 je 6 26 030 531432 033534 436 3T 39 j 5 20 24 26 29 31 33 35 36 38 je 4 215 618 22 26 30 233 234 4 35 236 jc 30 415 419 29 27 31 35 436 96 4397 2 320 525 4298 32 4 35 439 4390 43 9
196. ed containing all the data is created by the program In addition SMERGE creates an output list file SMERGE LST which summarizes the user options and run time statistics Table 4 10 contains a listing of the input and output files used by SMERGE The SMERGE control file specifies the number and type of input data files time zone of output data packing flag station data two lines per station and the starting and ending dates of the period to extract A sample SMERGE control file is shown in Table 4 11 The format and contents of the SMERGE control file are explained in Table 4 12 The SMERGE output list file SMERGE LST contains a summary of the control file inputs characteristics of the output data file and routine statistics A sample output list file is shown in Table 4 13 and a sample SURF DAT output data file is shown in Table 4 14 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 16 Unit File Name 3 user input file name 4 user input file name 5 SMERGE INP 6 SMERGE LST 7 user input file name 8 user input file name Table 4 10 SMERGE Input and Output Files Type Format input unformatted Or formatted output unformatted Or formatted input formatted output formatted input formatted input formatted Description Previous SMERGE data file to which stations are to be added Used only if CFLAG y Output data file created by SMERGE containing the processed hourly surface data this file is the SURF DAT input file to CALMET
197. eed of 0 A sample MM4 DAT file is presented in Table 4 59 and a description of each record is presented in Table 4 60 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 166 The MMS5 DAT file is also a formatted data file similar to the MM4 DAT file Header records describe the prognostic model run and the subdomain and time period extracted to the MM5 DAT file Data records for each time period are provided for each grid cell in the extracted subdomain Sea level pressure rainfall and snow cover are provided for the surface and pressure elevation temperature wind speed and wind direction are always provided at each vertical level Other variables that may be provided at each vertical level include the vertical velocity relative humidity vapor mixing ratio cloud mixing ratio rain mixing ratio ice mixing ratio and grouped mixing ratio A sample MM5 DAT file is presented in Table 4 61 and a description of each record is presented in Table 4 62 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 167 Table 4 59 Sample MM4 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File MM4 DAT THIS FILE CREATED 17 17 33 04 21 92 88071500 744 60 45 15 100 0 35 X6 3 3 0 0500 0 1500 0 2500 0 3500 0 4500 0 5500 0 6500 0 7400 0 8100 0 8650 0 9100 0 9450 0 9700 0 9850 0 9950 35 16 34 756 85 988 0272 02 36 16 34 715 85 098 0321 06 37 16 34 666 84 210 0386 04 38 16 34 609 83 323 0406 04 39 16 34 544 82 438 0319 04 35 17 35 488 85 943 0277 04 36 17 35 447 85 043 0343 04 37 17 35
198. either MM4 DAT or MM5 DAT formats depending on the user choice and a log file MMS DAT A sample MM5 DAT file is shown in Table 4 26 and each variable is described in Table 4 27 MM4 DAT A sample MM4 DAT file is shown in Table 4 28 and each variable is described in Table 4 29 CALMMS LST The log file contains information about the MMS file and reports on CALMMS processing including warnings and error messages A sample log file is shown in Table 4 30 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 46 MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia mm5 dmn2 950301 samp mm5 calmm5 lst 2 11 14 37 39 95030100 95030101 1 Keep this line d A Sh Table 4 24 CALMMS Sample Control File CALMMS INP Canada MM5 data input file name no space before or within filename CALMM5 output file name no space before or within filename CALMM5 list file name no space before or within filename Options for selecting a region 1 use lat long 2 use J I Minimum cell index Y direction or Southernmost N latitude positive for Northern Hemisphere Maximum cell index Y direction or Northernmost N latitude in degrees decimals Minimum cell index X direction or Westernmost E longitude negative for Western Hemisphere Maximum cell index X direction or Easternmost E longitude in degrees decimals Starting date Ending date Output format 1 5 The following lines vary depending on the output Output W RH f
199. el grid cells in the X direction 2 2 NYP real Number of prognostic model grid cells in the Y direction 2 3 NZP real Number of prognostic model vertical layers 3 1 UTMXOP real Reference UTM X coordinate of prognostic model grid origin 3 2 UTMYOP real Reference UTM Y coordinate of prognostic model grid origin 3 3 DXKP real Grid spacing km 4 1 Z real Grid point heights m in prognostic model array grid NZP values Next 1 UP real Prognostic model U components cm s of NZP NYP array wind The following statements are used to Records read the UP array do 10 k 1 NZP do 10 j 1 NYP 10 READ irdp UP 1 k i 1 NXP Next 1 VP real Prognostic model V components cm s of NZP NYP array wind The following statements are used to Records read the VP array do 20 k 1 NZP do 20 j 1 NYP 20 READ irdp VP 1 k i 1 NXP All records repeated each hour I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 165 4 3 9 MM4 MMS5 Model Data Files MM4 DAT MM5 DAT The CALMET model allows the use of gridded MM4 or MMS prognostic winds to be used as input The use of the prognostic wind field option is controlled by the variable IPROG in Input Group 5 of the CALMET control file A choice of six methods of incorporating the MM4 MMS wind data into the model is available If IPROG 3 use MM4 MM5 MM4 DAT winds as the Step 1 field when using the objective analysis IPROG 4 use MM4 MM5 MM4 DAT winds as the initial guess field when using the diagnostic module IPRO
200. ematic terrain effects The domain scale winds are used to compute a terrain forced vertical velocity subject to an exponential stability dependent decay function The kinematic effects of terrain on the horizontal wind components are evaluated by applying a divergence minimization scheme to the initial guess wind field The divergence minimization scheme is applied iteratively until the three dimensional divergence is less than a threshold value Slope Flows Slope flows are computed based on the shooting flow parameterization of Mahrt 1982 Shooting flows are buoyancy driven flows balanced by advective of weaker momentum surface drag and entrainment at the top of the slope flow layer The slope flow is parameterized in terms of the terrain slope distance to the crest and local sensible heat flux The thickness of the slope flow layer varies with the elevation drop from the crest I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 12 Table 1 1 Major Features of the CALMET and CSUMM Meteorological Models Boundary Layer Modules of CALMET Overland Boundary Layer Energy Balance Method Overwater Boundary Layer Profile Method Produces Gridded Fields of Surface Friction Velocity Convective Velocity Scale Monin Obukhov Length Mixing Height PGT Stability Class Air Temperature 3 D Precipitation Rate Diagnostic Wind Field Module of CALMET Slope Flows Kinematic Terrain Effects Terrain Blocking Effects Dive
201. emperature difference is recommended The relative performance of all of the energy budget methods was similar An intercomparison of the u predictions of each of the energy budget methods showed a very high correlation with the other energy budget schemes 1 from 0 98 to 0 99 and RMS errors from 0 027 to 0 055 m s The correlation coefficient of the energy budget schemes with observed u ranged from 0 63 to 0 65 and RMS errors from 0 20 to 0 21 m s Overland Boundary Layer An energy budget method based primarily on Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 is used over land surfaces in the CALMET micrometeorological model The energy balance at the surface can be written as O cU CD CO TO 2 42 where Q is the net radiation W m Q is the anthropogenic heat flux W m Q is the sensible heat flux W m Q is the latent heat flux W m and Q is the storage soil heat flux term W m The ratio of the sensible heat flux to the latent heat flux is defined as the Bowen ratio Q B 2 4 Q 2 43 The model will require gridded values of the Bowen ratio Seasonal default values based on land use categories will be provided The Bowen ratio is important in determining the degree of convective turbulence because it reflects the partitioning of the available energy into sensible and latent heat flux Typical values of B range from 0 1 over water bodies to gt 10 for deserts In the summertime over parts of Australia values of B
202. ence in the CALMET MAIN program I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 4 Processing of the command line argument Opening of input and output files Reading and processing the control file inputs which includes model option flags and run control variables Reading and processing the header records of data files of the model s input data bases i e surface upper air precipitation and over water meteorological data files optional prognostic model wind fields geophysical data file Performing consistency checks of the input data base information versus the control file inputs Performing initialization and setup operations for the diagnostic wind field module and boundary layer modules Writing the header records to the model s output file The computational phase of the model includes the basic time loop within which the hourly gridded wind fields and micrometeorological variables are computed The functions performed in the computation phase include the following Retrieving and processing of the surface upper air precipitation and overwater meteorological data and optional prognostic wind field data from the appropriate input files Computing the Step 1 wind field either by a adjusting a domain mean wind field for slope flow effects kinematic terrain effects terrain blocking influences and divergence reduction or b interpolating an input gridded prognostic wind field to the CALMET grid system
203. er integer real array real array Description Option flag for input of Bowen ratio O compute gridded Bowen ratio values from land use types using default Bowen ratio land use table 1 compute gridded Bowen ratio values from land use types using new user specified Bowen ratio land use table 2 input a gridded Bowen ratio field Land use type and associated Bowen ratio Two variables per line read as do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ iogeo ILU BOWLU I Bowen ratio at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo BOWEN n j n 1 NX 4 140 Record NEXT line NEXT NLU lines NEXT NY lines Variable IOPTS ILU HCGLU HCG Included only if IOPT5 1 Included only if IOPTS 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 47 Continued GEO DAT File Format Type integer integer real array real array Description Option flag for input of soil heat flux constant compute gridded soil heat flux constant values from land use types using the default soil heat flux constant land use table 1 compute gridded soil heat flux constant values from land use types using new user specified soil heat flux constant land use table 2 input a gridded soil heat flux constant field Land use type and associated soil heat flux constant Two variables per line read as do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ iogeo ILU HCGLU D Soil heat f
204. erence in elevation h Bers should be calculated with a resolution equal to that of the original gridded terrain data where h is the elevation of a point contained in the original terrain file and bilinear interpolation is used to find h at the same location A similar procedure should also be used to calculate RMS h hos where hgn denotes elevations in the fine grid used by the diagnostic models The difference in elevation hgn her can be found at the same locations used for h has using bilinear interpolation within both the fine and coarse grids Therefore RMS h Aars is zero if the same grid is used by both the MM4 FDDA and the diagnostic models A simple formulation that allows near surface adjustments to the MM4 FDDA winds is a product relationship W W W 2 38 where W is the weighting factor near the surface and W is a height dependent modifier W tends toward zero if the model layer being processed is well above the terrain or if there are no sub grid variations in the terrain e g if the terrain is flat Using the mean elevation of the layer above the surface denoted as z and the RMS h h denoted simply as RMS gn zl W MIN RMS 2z 1 0 2 39 has the desired properties The MIN function refers to the minimum of the two arguments i e RMS 2z and 1 0 When the terrain resolved by the fine scale grid used by the diagnostic model has a characteristic departur
205. erminator in order to signal the end of that Input Group and the beginning of another Note that Input Group O consists of four subgroups A sample control file is shown in Table 4 42 It is designed to be flexible and easy to use The control file is read by a set of FORTRAN text processing routines contained within CALMET which allow the I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 95 user considerable flexibility in designing and customizing the input file An unlimited amount of optional descriptive text can be inserted within the control file to make it self documenting For example the definition allowed values units and default value of each input variable can be included within the control file The control file processor searches for pairs of special delimiter characters All text outside the delimiters is assumed to be user comment information and is echoed back but otherwise ignored by the input module Only data within the delimiter characters are processed The input data consist of a leading delimiter followed by the variable name equals sign input value or values and a terminating delimiter e g XX 12 5 The variable name can be lower or upper case or a mixture of both i e XX xx Xx are all equivalent The variable can be a real integer or logical array or scalar The use of repetition factors for arrays is allowed e g XARRAY 3 1 5 instead of XARRAY 1 5 1 5 1 5 Different values must be separated by comm
206. ers and stability class at grid points over water using profile method Compute PGT stability class at grid points over land Write the gridded PGT stability class field to the output list file CALMET LST Compute the sensible heat flux at grid points over land using the energy balance method Compute the air density at surface meteorological stations Compute the friction velocity and Monin Obukhov length at grid points over land Write the gridded fields of sensible heat flux friction velocity and Monin Obukhov length to the output list file CALMET LST Compute the mixing height at grid points over land Compute spatially averaged mixing heights if IAVEZI 1 Write the gridded fields of mixing height and convective mixing height to the output list file CALMET LST Compute the convective velocity scale at grid cells over land Write the gridded field of convective velocity scale to the output list file CALMET LST Compute a gridded field of precipitation rates all grid cells Write the gridded field of precipitation rates to the output list file CALMET LST TEMP3D OUT OUTHR OR PACAVE OUTPC OUTCLD L End Hour Loop End Day Loop Return to MAIN PROGRAM Figure 3 3 Concluded I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd Compute the 3 D temperature field if LCALGRD T Write the 3 D temperature field to the output list file CALMET LST Output the meteorological fields to the output
207. erwater input file which contains hourly overwater data A description of each input variable and format is provided in Table 4 53 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 153 4005 11000 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 536 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 472 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd OO O C OC O Oo C O 00 O 0 0 0 0 O Q oa amp amp OO Q Q C 0 OO O OO OO OQ Q Q GOO 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 227 o 301044 Q0 IO I TDW 00 10 HO S amp F 0 l0 FE O o 20 21 22 23 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
208. es Record Columns Variable Type N 4 IMOL integer N 4 IFF 8 integer array element N 5 ICVS integer N 5 IFF 9 integer array element N 6 IPR integer N 6 IFF 10 integer array element Entered in FORTRAN free format Note Two variables entered per input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 216 Description Control variable for printing of Monin Obukhov length O do not print 1 print Output format for Monin Obukhov length USED ONLY IF IMOL 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Control variable for printing of convective velocity scale O do not print 1 print Output format for the convective velocity scale USED ONLY IF ICVS 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Control variable for printing of precipitation rates O do not print 1 print Output format for precipitation rates USED ONLY IF IPR 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NEXT RECORD Print control variable for non gridded surface meteorological variables Columns Variable Type Description x ISURF integer Control variable for display of non gridded surface meteorological variables air temperature air density short wave solar radiation relative humidity precipitation code O do not print 1 print Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 217 Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET
209. face friction velocity mixing height Monin Obukhov length convective velocity scale and precipitation rate not used by CALGRID and values of the temperature air density short wave solar radiation relative humidity and precipitation type codes not used by CALGRID defined at the surface meteorological stations A description of each variable in the data records is provided in Table 4 66 Sample FORTRAN write statements for the CALMET DAT data records are C Write U V W wind components Loop over vertical layers k write iunit CLABU NDATHR UG j k i 1 nx j 1 ny write iunit CLAB V NDATHR VG j k i 1 nx j 1 ny if LCALGRD write iunit CLABW NDATHR W i j k 1 i 1 nx j 1 ny mE End loop over vertical layers c Write 3 D temperature field if LCALGRD and irtype eq 1 then Loop over vertical layers k write iunit CLABT NDATHR ZTEMP ij k i 1 nxm j 1 nym End loop over vertical layers endif Cc Write 2 D meteorological fields if irtype eq 1 then write iunit CLABSC NDATHR IPGT write iunit CLABUS NDATHR USTAR write iunit CLABZLNDATHR ZI write iunit CLABL NDATHR EL write iunit CLABWS NDATHR WSTAR write iunit CLABRMM NDATHR RMM endif I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 196 c Write 1 D variables defined at surface met stations if irtype eq 1 then write iunit CLABTK NDATHR TEMPK write iunit CLABD NDATHR RHO write iunit CLABQ NDATHR QSW write iuni CLABRH NDATHR IRH write iunit CLA
210. first mm5 header starting date of mm5 output data 95030100 mm5 options non hydrostatic run reference pressure pO 100000 0 pa reference temperature 275 0 k ref temperature lapse rate 50 0 k 500mb lambert conformal map projection center latitude degrees 54 11700 center longitude degrees 119 8540 true latitude 1 degrees 60 00000 true latitude 2 degrees 30 00000 cone factor 0 7155668 mm5 domain id 2 nx in MM5 east 115 ny in MM5 north 43 nz in MM5 vertical 17 dxy in MM5 km 20 00000 half sigma levels I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 65 Table 4 30 Concluded CALMMS Sample Log File CALMMS LST 050 150 2 50 350 450 550 625 675 125 obo 825 870 910 945 970 985 4 995 JO 01 5 COLO r2 000 TO O1 uS uNa Oo0000000000000000 number of 0 1 2 3 d arrays in mm5 output 0 d 0 d 0 d 13 d 12 WON LES check inconsistency between mm5 options and output selections end check no incompatibility found good reading mm5 records Date hours selected hours 95030100 1 il Selected domain I 37 39 ES 11 14 Number of Grids 3 4 Selected domain SW lat lon 49 157 125 830 X Y 420 001 520 010 processing 95030100 from gridpoint x 37 to 39 from gridpoint y 11 to 14 latitude range 49 157 to 49 740 longitude range b252895 tox 125422063 Date hours selected hours 95030101 2 2 processing 95030101 Data Created Successf
211. flag controlling the vertical extrapolation of surface winds IEXTRP also is an indicator of whether data from upper air stations are used in the surface layer Layer 1 If IEXTRP is negative data from upper air stations are ignored treated as missing in the development of the surface layer wind field If the four character station name of the upper air station 1s the same as that of a surface station indicating the stations are co located the Layer 1 data from the upper air station 1s 1gnored regardless of the value of IEXTRP Also the vertical extrapolation of data from a surface station 1s skipped if the surface station is close to an upper air station with valid data The variable RMIN2 in Input Group 5 defines the distance from an upper air station that a surface station must exceed in order for the extrapolation to take place The default value of RMIN2 is set to 4 km so that surface stations within 4 km of an upper air station will not be subject to vertical extrapolation with any of the IEXTRP options If IEXTRP 2 the following power law equation is used to adjust the surface layer winds to Layer 2 through the top of the model domain EPI 2 19 where zis the height m of the midpoint of the CALMET grid cell Zm is the measurement height m of the surface wind observation u is the measured u component of the wind m s u is the extrapolated u component of the wind m s at height z and P is the power law exponent A
212. fluxes In July 1987 CARB initiated a second project with Sigma Research to upgrade and modernize the Urban Airshed Model UAM to include state of the science improvements in many of the key technical algorithms including the numerical advection and diffusion schemes dry deposition chemical mechanisms and chemical integration solver The new photochemical model called CALGRID Yamartino et al 1992 Scire et al 1989 was integrated into the CALMET CALPUFF modeling framework to create a complete modeling system for both reactive and non reactive pollutants A third component of the modeling system a Lagrangian particle model called the Kinematic Simulation Particle KSP model Strimaitis et al 1995 Yamartino et al 1996 was developed under sponsorship of the German Umweldbundesamt All three models CALPUFF CALGRID and KSP are designed to be compatible with the common meteorological model CALMET and share preprocessing and postprocessing programs for the display of the modeling results In the early 1990s the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling IWAQM reviewed various modeling approaches suitable for estimating pollutant concentrations at Class I areas including the I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 1 individual and cumulative impacts of proposed and existing sources on Air Quality Related Values AQRVs Prevention of Significant Deterioration PSD increments and National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS IWAO
213. h CALMMS requires one user input file CCALMMS INP hard wired filename and produces two output files CALMMS LST and MM5 DAT filenames selected by user An include file specifying the maximum array sizes CALMMS5 INC is required to compile the code 4 1 6 2 CALMMS input MMS binary output file Standard MMS binary output file of the type MMOUT_DOMAIN CALMMS INP In CALMMS INP the user can specify the input and output file names the period and the boundaries of the subdomain to extract the output format currently only ASCII MM5 DAT or MM4 DAT and the variables to output There are 5 sets of variables a user can request in addition to the default output variables pressure elevation temperature wind speed and wind direction Vertical velocity Relative humidity and vapor mixing ratio Cloud and rain mixing ratios only combined with option 2 Ice and snow mixing ratios only combined with options 2 3 Ak WN Graupel mixing ratio only combined with options 2 3 4 If the user requests output variables unavailable in MM5 CALMMS issues a warning in the log file CALMM5 LST or user defined filename and stops For example vertical velocity is only available in non hydrostatic MMS runs I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 45 A sample CALMMS INP is shown in Table 4 24 and a description of each input variable is provided in Table 4 25 4 1 6 3 CALMMS output CALMMS generates 2 output files A data file in
214. he interpolation at a given grid point If the number of stations inside the radius of influence is greater than NINTR2 the closest NINTR2 stations will be used The region influenced by an observation can be limited by user specified barriers These barriers consist of line segments which define the boundaries of the region of the grid which can be influenced by a particular observation Any time a barrier exists between a grid point and an observation site the observational data are omitted for the interpolation For example user specified barrier segments can be defined to prevent observational data from a station in a well defined valley from being applied outside the valley region At this time the barriers extend to the top of the model domain In the future modifications may be made to limit their vertical extent Vertical Extrapolation of Surface Wind Observations Before performing the horizontal spatial interpolation of the winds the surface winds at each observational station can be as an option extrapolated to higher layers The control of the extrapolation option is through the variable IEXTRP in Input Group 5 of the CALMET INP file The options are 1 do not extrapolate the surface data 2 extrapolate vertically using a power law equation EERE 3 extrapolate vertically using user defined scaling factors 4 _ extrapolate vertically using similarity theory I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 10 In addition to being a
215. he use of the MM4 MMS winds as Step 1 field IPROG 3 or 13 initial guess field IPROG 4 or 14 observation IPROG 5 or 15 If the MM4 MMS fields are used as an initial guess field for CALMET the MM4 MMS winds are subject to a full diagnostic adjustment for terrain effects on the fine scale CALMET grid But if the MM4 MM5 winds are used as either a Step 1 field or as observations CALMET does not perform additional terrain adjustment to the MM4 MMS winds When combining these MM4 MMS winds with observed winds local near surface effects captured in the observations may be lost due to the scale of the terrain used in the MM4 MMS simulations e g 80 km resolution To avoid this CALMET accepts a three dimensional grid of terrain weighting factors The weight W is applied to the observation and its complement 1 W is applied to the MM4 MM5 wind The factors used to determine this weighting are assumed to be a function of the fine scale terrain unresolved by the MM4 MMS grid and height above the surface The WT DAT file contains the terrain weighting factor This file is required only if IPROG 3 13 or IPROG 5 15 1 e MM4 MMS data are used as the Step 1 field or as observations Table 4 63 contains a sample WT DAT file for a 25 x 23 18 km CALMET grid A detailed description of the contents of the WT DAT file are contained in Table 4 64 The first three lines consist of descriptive information on the development of th
216. he von Karman constant 0 4 and is the wind speed m s at height z The Monin Obukhov length is defined as pc T u en alii 2 50 kg Q where T is the temperature K Es is the specific heat of air at constant pressure 996 m s K p is the density of air kg m and g is the acceleration due to gravity m s Eqn 2 49 is used to obtain an initial guess for u assuming neutral conditions L This value of u is used in Eqn 2 50 to estimate L A new value for u is then computed with Eqn 2 49 and L The procedure is repeated until convergence is obtained Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 report that three iterations are usually sufficient During stable conditions Weil and Brower 1983 compute u with the following method based on Venkatram 19802 E pcr 2 51 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 26 Qe 2 C gt 0 2 52 Con u 2 Yn 8 0 u 2 53 o T where Cp is the neutral drag coefficient k In z z Y is a constant 4 7 and Zm is the measurement height m of the wind speed u The temperature scale 0 is computed as the minimum of two estimates 0 minf0 0 2 54 The estimate of 0 is based on Holtslag and van Ulden 1982 8 0 09 1 0 5 N 2 55 and 0 is TC u ia ea an 2 56 42 4 The heat flux is related to u and 0 by Q pc u 6 2 57 and L is computed from Eqn 2 50 The daytime mixing height is computed using a mo
217. hysical Prognostic Upper Air Preprocessed Surface Overwater Data Processed Hourly MM4 Terrain CALMET Data Data File Gridded Wind Sounding Data Surface Upper Meteorological File Precipitation File Weighting Control File Field READ62 Air Data File Factor File optional Format Meteorological SMERGE optional Data optional Format or Free MMS DAT UPI DAT Format SEAL DAT MM4 DAT GEO DAT PROG DAT UP2 DAT DIAG DAT SURF DAT SEA2 DAT PRECIP DAT WT DAT CALMET INP CALMET Meteorological Model Gridded Hourly CALMET Output Test and Debug Met Files List file Output Files CALMET DAT or PACOUT DAT CALMET LST TEST Figure 1 2 Meteorological modeling CALMET modeling flow diagram Figure 1 3 I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd Dispersion Modeling CALPUFF modeling flow diagram Emissions OPTHILL Production utility for Model CTSG EPM features Interface optional Program Optional Hourly Complex Input Restart Boundary File Time Varying Time Varying s Data TOM 6 ris j For Mass Flux Line Source ile ptiona iagnostics volume Source Emissions Optional Receptor Data Optional Emissions File File File optional Optional Opti
218. ical variables surface roughness lengths land use categories terrain elevations Option to print plot files of the gridded geophysical variables Option to print or suppress printing of X Y coordinates of surface stations upper air stations and precipitation stations used in the modeling I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 206 Option to print or suppress printing of the CALMET run control variables stored in the header records of the CALMET output file User selected portion of horizontal grid printed for all gridded meteorological fields Options include printing entire grid subset of grid or a single data point User selected time period s printed User selected format for display of gridded meteorological fields self scaling exponential format or fixed format Two input files are read by PRTMET a user input control file and the unformatted meteorological data file containing the gridded wind and micrometeorological fields generated by CALMET The output file PRTMET LST contains the printed data selected by the user PRTMET also produces a user defined number of plot files Table 4 68 contains a summary of the input files and output file for PRTMET The PRTMET control file contains the user s inputs entered in FORTRAN free format A description of each input variable is shown in Table 4 69 A sample input file is presented in Table 4 70 PRTMET extracts and prints the data selected by the user from the CALMET data file A
219. iented in the drainage direction The slope flow vector is added into the Step 1 gridded wind field in order to produce an adjusted Step 1 wind field 1 a MS 2 6 vv ty 2 7 where u vj are the components of the Step 1 wind field m s before considering slope flow effects uv are the slope flow wind components m s and I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 5 u v are the components of the Step 1 wind field m s after considering slope flow effects As described by Scire and Robe 1997 a new slope flow parameterization has been implemented into CALMET It is based on the shooting flow parameterization of Mahr 1982 Shooting flows are buoyancy driven flows balanced by advection of weaker momentum surface drag and entrainment at the top of the slope flow layer Following Mahrt it is assumed for the derivation of the slope flow speed only that the flow is steady its depth is constant and the terrain slope is constant Coriolis effects and cross slope components are neglected The slope flow speed can be expressed as S S 1 exp x L 2 8 S h g A0 0 sina Cp k 2 9 L h Cp k 2 10 where S is the equilibrium speed of the slope flow L is an equilibrium length scale x is the distance to the crest of the hill AO is the potential temperature deficit with respect to the environment 0 is the potential temperature of the environment Cy is the surface drag coefficient h is the depth of the slope f
220. ies and Ornamental Horticultural Areas Confined Feeding Operations Other Agricultural Land Herbaceous Rangeland Shrub and Brush Rangeland Mixed Rangeland Deciduous Forest Land Evergreen Forest Land Mixed Forest Land Streams and Canals Lakes Reservoirs Bays and Estuaries Oceans and Seas Forested Wetland Nonforested Wetland Dry Salt Flats Beaches Sandy Areas Other than Beaches Bare Exposed Rock Strip Mines Quarries and Gravel Pits Transitional Areas Mixed Barren Land Shrub and Brush Tundra Herbaceous Tundra Bare Ground Wet Tundra Mixed Tundra Perennial Snowfields Glaciers 4 136 Table 4 47 GEO DATA File Format Record Variable Type Description 1 TITLEGE char 80 Character title of file up to 80 characters 2 NXG integer Number of grid cells in the X direction 2 NYG integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction 2 DGRIDG real Horizontal grid spacing km 2 XORG real Reference X coordinate km of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 2 YORG real Reference Y coordinate km of southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 2 IUTMG integer UTM zone of reference coordinates used only if using UTM projection 3 IOPT1 integer Option flag for land use categories O to use default land use categories 1 to specify new land use categories 4 NLU integer Number of land use categories 4 IWATI integer Range of land use categories associated with water i e 4 IWAT2 integer land use categories IWATI to IWAT2 incl
221. ight cloud cover temperature relative humidity station pressure and a precipitation code Buoy and other overwater data are normally input through the SEAn DAT files If the overwater method is not used the buoy data can be either the SURF DAT file or SEAn DAT files In any case buoy data for a given station should not be in both files I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 149 Table 4 50 Sample SURF DAT Output Data File SURF DAT 90 8 90 8 6 5 5 14606 4611 14745 14742 14764 90 8 0 000 0 000 50 10 270 928 85 1001 358 0 5 144 220 000 999 9999 273 150 61 1005 083 0 2 572 90 000 999 0 268 706 85 199775295 0 5 144 90 000 37 10 275 372 62 996 956 0 4 100 220 000 129 8 272 550 69 1007 000 0 90 8 2 2 572 90 000 50 9 270 928 85 1001 020 0 3 087 250 000 999 9999 272 594 67 1005 422 0 3 601 80 000 999 0 269 261 85 997 295 0 0 000 0 000 33 0 274 817 67 997 295 0 4 100 230 000 129 9 272 550 69 1007 000 0 90 8 3 0 000 0 000 50 0 271 483 85 1001 358 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1005 761 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 264 817 96 997 972 0 3 087 240 000 37 Of 2734312 64 998 311 0 4 100 220 000 999 3 272 550 69 1008 000 0 90 8 4 0 000 0 000 50 0 271 483 85 1001 697 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1006 099 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 265 372 96 998 311 0 5 144 250 000 43 0 273 372 64 998 649 0 2 600 230 000 999 0 272 050 75 1008 000 0 90 8 5 0 000 0 000 50 9 271 483 85 1001 697 0 0 000 0 000 999 9999 272 039 66 1006 777 0 0 000 0 000 999 0 264 261 92
222. ilinear interpolation among values obtained at the center of cells Calculates whether a point is within a defined box Computes the time interpolated average temperature lapse rate in the layer from the ground through a specified height Computes the distance from each station to the reference coordinates XREF Y REF Call compiler specific system routines to pass back the command line argument after the text that executed the program Controls the computational phase of the CALMET run Contains the basic time loop and calls all time dependent computational routines System routine supplying the current data MM DD Y Y into a Character 8 variable Gets the data and time from the system clock Calls the system date and time routines B 1 ROUTINE NAME DEDAT DEBLNK DELTT DIAG2 DIAGI DIAGNO DIVCEL DIVPR ESAT ELUSTR ELUSTR2 ETIME FACET FILCASE FILLGEO I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Function Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Convert a coded integer containing the year Julian day and hour Y YJJJHH into three separate integer variables Removes all blank characters from a character string within a pair of delimiters in a control file data record Computes the difference in hours between two dates and integer times time 2 time 1 Initiates the wind field common blo
223. inary Input File Time Zone 6 Packing Code 1 Period in time zone 6 1 1789 1400 Ta 1 15 89 24 00 Stations Available in Binary Input File No ID No ID No ID No ID Al 412360 4 412797 F 411492 9 412811 2 417943 5 415890 8 412679 10 415048 3 417945 6 410174 CkCkckckckckckck ck ckckckckck ck ck RR AH PMERGE Stations in Output File No ID No ID No ID No ID 1 412360 5 415890 9 412811 12 416736 2 417943 6 410174 10 415048 13 418023 3 417945 7 411492 11 415596 14 418252 4 412797 8 412679 Summary of Data from Formatted TD3240 Precipitation Files Valid Hours Station Zero Nonzero Accum Total IDs Period Valid Valid Hours Hours 415596 128 0 0 128 25 5 416736 360 0 0 360 100 0 418023 360 0 0 360 100 0 418252 360 0 0 360 100 0 Invalid Hours Station Flagged Excessive Missing Data Missing Data Total IDs Missing Accum Before First After Last Invalid Invalid Period Valid Record Valid Record Hours Hours 415596 232 0 0 0 232 64 4 416736 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 418023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 418252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 40 4 1 6 CALMMS5S Program Optionally CALMET can process prognostic wind data and incorporate them in the computation of its own wind fields Prognostic data can be read by CALMET in either of two formats MM4 DAT and MMS DAT referring to the most likely origin of these data sets i e the PSU NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System 4 MM4 or the PSU NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System 5 MM5 An interface bet
224. ind fields to the output file TEST KIN Gf IPRS 1 and IOUTD1 Continued Figure 3 4 Flow diagram showing the subroutine calling sequence in the major wind field computational routine subroutine DIAGNO I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 11 FRADJ Apply the Froude number adjustment procedure to evaluate terrain blocking effects if IFRADJ 1 WINDPR2 Print a gridded map of U V fields after Froude number effects to the output file TEST PRT if IPR6 1 OUTFIL Write gridded U V wind fields in F7 2 format and W winds in E8 2 format to the output file TEST FRD if IPR6 1 and IOUTD 1 HEATEX Compute daytime heat flux over land AIRDEN Compute air density ELUSTR Compute nighttime heat flux over land SLOPE Compute slope flows Add slope flow components to the horizontal winds WINDPR2 Print a gridded map of U V wind fields after slope flow effects to the output file TEST PRT if IPR7 1 OUTFIL Write gridded U V fields in F7 2 format and W fields in E8 2 format to the output file TEST SLP if IPR7 1 and IOUTD 1 WINDBC Recompute boundary conditions Final diagnostic Step 1 wind field E Extrapolate surface data to higher layers if IEXTRP 1 PROGRD Read and interpolate the CSUMM prognostic model results to CALMET grid system Final prognostic Step 1 wind field if IPROG 1 and IWFCOD 0 OR RDMM4 Read and interpolate the MM4 FDDA prognostic model results to CALMET grid system if IPROG
225. ing hour 00 23 of the run IBTZ integer Base time zone 05 EST 062CST 07 MST 08 PST IRLG integer Length of the run hours IRTYPE integer Run type 1 O compute wind fields only 1 compute wind fields and micrometeorological variables IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID LCALGRD logical Store extra data fields required by special modules in T CALPUFF and in CALGRID enter T or F T 3 D fields of vertical velocity and temperature stored in output file F these data fields are not stored in the output file LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID or to use the subgrid scale complex terrain option in CALPUFF ITEST integer Flag to stop run after setup phase 2 1 stops run after SETUP 2 run continues I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 114 Variable NX NY NZ DGRIDKM XORIGKM YORIGKM XLATO XLONO IUTMZN ZFACE LLCONF XLATI XLAT2 RLONO RLATO Type integer integer integer real real real real real integer real array logical real real real Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 2 Grid Control Parameters Description Number of grid cells in the X direction Number of grid cells in the Y direction Number of vertical layers Horizontal grid spacing km Reference X coordinate km of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 Reference Y coordinate km of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 Latitude degrees of the southwest
226. ing yr month day hour 01 24 Output data file name a70 1 I Continuation run flag Y yes N no Previous PMERGE output file name a70 used as input 0 Number of formatted input data files TD 3240 precip 412360 dat Input file name a70 412360 6 Stn ID time zone precip 417943 dat Input file name a70 417943 6 Stn ID time zone precip 417945 dat Input file name a70 417945 6 Stn ID time zone precip 412797 dat Input file name a70 412797 7 Stn ID time zone precip 415890 dat Input file name a70 415890 6 Stn ID time zone precip 410174 dat Input file name a70 410174 6 Stn ID time zone precip 411492 dat Input file name a70 411492 6 Stn ID time zone precip 412679 dat Input file name a70 412679 6 Stn ID time zone precip 412811 dat Input file name a70 412811 6 Stn ID time zone precip 415048 dat Input file name a70 415048 6 Stn ID time zone I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 36 T2 6 2 0 89 01 01 01 89 01 15 precip dat A firstrun dat 4 precip 415596 dat 415596 6 precip 416736 dat 416736 6 precip 418023 dat 418023 6 precip 418252 dat 418252 6 999 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 24 Table 4 21 Concluded Sample PMERGE Control File PMERGE INP Sample 2 max accum period base time zone ioform l binary 2 formatted pack 0 no l yes Starting yr month day hour 01 24 ending yr m
227. iption 1 Cl char 42 Documentation for W Header Record 2 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 C2 char 42 Documentation for W Header Record 3 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 C3 char 42 Documentation for RMS Header Record 4 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 XOFIN real X coordinate km of fine grid origin i e origin of CALMET grid 2 YOFIN real Y coordinate km of fine grid origin 3 NXFIN integer Number of columns in the fine grid domain 4 NYFIN integer Number of rows in the fine grid domain 5 DFIN real Horizontal grid spacing km of fine grid format 15x 2f8 1 215 f8 3 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 187 Variable No Variable 1 XOCRS 2 YOCRS 3 NXCRS 4 NYCRS 5 DCRS I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 64 Continued Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format WT DAT Type real real integer integer real HEADER RECORDS Header Record 5 Description X km coordinate of coarse grid origin i e origin of MMA grid Y coordinate km of coarse grid origin Number of columns in the coarse grid domain Number of rows in the coarse grid domain Horizontal grid spacing km of coarse grid format 15x 2f8 1 215 8 3 4 188 Table 4 64 Concluded Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format WT DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for NZ layers Record Variable Variable No 1 1 HT 2 5 2 Next NY 1 WO records NY43 Line skipped by CALMET I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type
228. ir station for CALMET layer 2 Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT5 1 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 163 4 3 8 Prognostic Model Data File PROG DAT The CALMET model allows the use of gridded prognostic model CSUMM winds to be used as the initial guess field or Step 1 wind field in the diagnostic model analysis procedure as a substitute for the normal Step 1 analysis The use of the prognostic wind field option is controlled by the variable IPROG in Input Group 5 of the CALMET control file If IPROG is set equal to one or two the gridded prognostic model wind fields are read from a file called PROG DAT These winds are interpolated from the prognostic model grid system to the CALMET grid to produce either the initial guess field or the Step 1 wind field The PROG DAT file is an unformatted data file containing the time grid specifications vertical layer structure and three dimensional fields of U and V wind fields Table 4 58 contains a description of the variables included in each hourly set of winds Note that CSUMM does not allow the use of a Lambert conformal projection so the coordinate system must be a UTM system when CSUMM data are used i e IPROG 1 or 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 164 Table 4 58 Gridded Prognostic Model Wind Field Input File PROG DAT Record Variable No Variable Type Description 1 1 TIMEH real Prognostic model simulation time hours 2 1 NXP real Number of prognostic mod
229. iscussion is largely derived from Douglas and Kessler 1988 Kinematic Effects CALMET parameterizes the kinematic effects of terrain using the approach of Liu and Yocke 1980 The Cartesian vertical velocity w is computed as w V Vh exp kz 2 3 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 4 where V 1s the domain mean wind h is the terrain height k is a stability dependent coefficient of exponential decay and Zz is the vertical coordinate The exponential decay coefficient increases with increasing atmospheric stability V do MES 2 5 where N is the Brunt V is l frequency 1 s in a layer from the ground through a user input height of ZUPT m 0 is the potential temperature deg K g is the acceleration due to gravity m s and v is the speed of the domain mean wind The initial guess domain mean wind is then used to compute the terrain forced Cartesian vertical velocity w into a terrain following vertical velocity W Eqn 2 2 The kinematic effects of terrain on the horizontal wind components are then evaluated by applying a divergence minimization scheme to the initial guess wind field The divergence minimization scheme iteratively adjusts the horizontal wind components until the three dimensional divergence is less than a user specified maximum value Slope Flows CALMET uses an empirical scheme to estimate the magnitude of slope flows in complex terrain The direction of the slope flow 1s assumed to be or
230. l model generates a large binary meteorological file which includes hourly gridded wind fields at multiple levels and hourly gridded surface meteorological fields such as PGT Pasquill Gifford Turner stability class friction velocity Monin Obukhov length mixing height convective velocity scale and precipitation rate For many typical applications this output file will be several megabytes or more in volume The PRTMET program is a postprocessor intended to aid in the analysis of the CALMET output data base by allowing the user to display selected portions of the meteorological data PRTMET has the following capabilities and options Option to print or suppress printing of the gridded hourly meteorological fields wind fields and surface meteorological variables User selected levels of the wind fields printed Option to display wind fields as U V components or as wind speed and wind direction User selected wind speed conversion factor for changing units default units m s Option to print or suppress printing of non gridded surface meteorological variables air temperature density short wave radiation relative humidity precipitation type code Option to print plot files of all the meteorological variables horizontal slices in a format compatible with SURFER contour plots and or vector plots Option to produce plot files of snapshots and or average fields Option to print or suppress printing of the gridded geophys
231. l variables WE Ly zi etes IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID Compute special data fields required by CALGRID i e 3 D fields of W wind components and temperature in additional to regular Default T LCALGRD T fields LCALGRD LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID Flag to stop run after SETUP phase ITEST Default 2 ITEST 2 Used to allow checking of the model inputs files etc ITEST 1 STOPS program after SETUP phase ITEST 2 Continues with execution of COMPUTATIONAL phase after SETUP END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 99 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 2 and Input Group 3 INPUT GROUP 2 Grid control parameters HORIZONTAL GRID DEFINITION No X grid cells NX No default NX 17 E No Y grid cells NY No default NY ix c GRID SPACING DGRIDKM No default DGRIDKM 20 Units km REFERENCE COORDINATES of SOUTHWEST corner of grid point 1 1 X coordinate XORIGKM No default XORIGKM 120 000 Y coordinate YORIGKM No default YORIGKM 4570 000 Units km Latitude XLATO No default XLATO 36 283 Longitude XLONO No default XLONO 108 563 UTM ZONE IUTMZN No default IUTMZN 19 Rotate input winds from true north to map north using a Lambert conformal projection LLCONF Default F LLCONF F Latitude of 1st standard parallel Default 30 XLAT1 35 000 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel
232. le 1 SIGMA I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 62 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 6 Type integer integer integer integer real real real real Description I index X direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain J index Y direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain I index X direction of the upper right corner of the extraction subdomain J index Y direction of the upper right corner of the extraction subdomain Westernmost E longitude degrees in the subdomain Easternmost E longitude degrees in the subdomain Southernmost N latitude degrees in the subdomain Northernmost N latitude degrees in the subdomain format 412 4f8 2 Next NZP Records Type real array Description Sigma p values used by MMS to define each of the NZP layers half sigma levels Read as do 10 I 1 NZP 10 READ iomm4 20 SIGMA I 20 FORMAT F6 3 4 179 Variable No 1 Table 4 62 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT Variable IINDEX JINDEX XLATDOT XLONGDOT IELEVDOT ILAND XLATCRS XLATCRS I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd HEADER RECORDS Next NXP NYP Records Type Description integer Lindex X direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain integer J index Y direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain real array N La
233. ll in the domain IMISS will be attributed to that cell 22 CFRACT real Fraction of the cell area covered by water required to define the dominant land use category as water 23 NUMWAT integer Number of water categories 4 for USGS LU categories 24 IWAT integer array Input LU categories defined as water e g 51 52 53 54 for USGS LU categories 25 IREDEF integer Option to redefine each input category 0 no l yes Each input category can be redefined by splitting the corresponding land use type between other land use The next lines are read only if IREDEF is 1 for one or several categories For each category to be redefined 3 lines must be entered The sets of 3 lines must follow the same order as the input categories e g if categories 5 and 20 are redefined the first set of 3 lines correspond to category 5 and the next set to category 20 25a NREC integer Number of land use types into which the old input category is to be split 25b IREC integer array Category numbers of each new land use 25c PREC integer array Percentage of the old category to be refined as IREC 26 NOUTCAT integer Number of output categories 14 for default CALMET run 27 OUTCAT integer array List of output LU categories 14 default CALMET see sample MAKEGEO INP 28 IWATI integer New range of water categories IWAT2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 88 Table 4 39 MAKEGEO Control File Inputs Line Variable Type Description 29 MAPCAT integer array Inpu
234. low a is the angle of the terrain relative to the horizontal k is the entrainment coefficient at the top of the slope flow layer and g is the gravitational acceleration constant 9 8 m s The equilibrium speed S represents an upper limit on the slope flow speed It is reached asymptotically at large distances from the crest The length scale L is the distance at which the speed of the slope flow reaches 80 of the equilibrium flow solution At smaller x the flow is in the advective gravity flow regime described by Mahrt 1982 where the flow 1s accelerated by buoyancy without significant opposition As the flow moves down the slope it is cooled by the local heat flux The potential temperature deficit AQ is a function of the magnitude of the local sensible heat flux Q at the surface and the distance to the crest x With the commonly used assumptions of constant h and Q Briggs 1979 the heat budget requires I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 6 d h A0 dt Q 0 p c T 2 11 Assuming d dt Sd dx and integrating along the slope produces Sh 40 Q 0x pc T 2 12 Substituting 2 12 into 2 9 and then into 2 8 yields the following equation for the speed of the slope flow S TQ g x sina Cp cj T Cp 19 1 exp x L Q 13 For downslope flows values of Cp K 4 x 10 are within the range of observed values in vegetation covered areas e g Briggs 1981 Mahrt 1982 Horst and Doran 1986
235. low the use of observations made from ships CALMET optionally can use only land stations to calculate temperatures over land and only overwater stations to calculate temperatures over water If this option is used vertical temperature lapse rate information may be included at the overwater observational sites If the wet removal algorithm of the CALPUFF model is to be applied CALMET can be made to produce gridded fields of precipitation rates from hourly precipitation observations The routinely available NCDC precipitation data in TD 3240 format or a free formatted user prepared file of precipitation rates can be used as input to CALMET CALMET also requires geophysical data including gridded fields of terrain elevations and land use categories Gridded fields of other geophysical parameters if available may be input to the model The optional inputs include surface roughness length albedo Bowen ratio a soil heat flux parameter anthropogenic heat flux and vegetation leaf area index These parameters can be input as gridded fields I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 17 or specified as a function of land use Default values relating the optional geophysical parameters to land use categories are provided within CALMET As described in the previous section CALMET contains an option to read as input gridded wind fields produced by the prognostic wind field models MM4 MM5 or CSUMM The CSUMM prognostic wind field model generates a file called
236. lt Mete ncc t LA ro O ga AM OD A a a next 2 NFF lines 6a CFFILES character 70 Input file pathname for formatted data files 6b IFSTN integer Six digit station id number SSHID where SS two digit state code III is the station id 6b ISTZ integer Time zone of station 5 EST 6 CST 7 MST 8 PST I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 38 Table 4 22 Concluded PMERGE Control File Inputs PMERGE INP The next records are ncessary only if CFLAG y i e reading data from a previous PMERGE binary output file Line Variable Type Description 7 NBSTN integer Number of stations requested from previous PMERGE binary output file 999 use all stations in binary file NEXT RECORDS Necessary only if CFLAG y and NBSTN 999 one record for each binary station requested i e NBSTN lines Ta IBSTN integer 6 digit station ids requested from binary input file 1 station id per record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 39 Table 4 23 Sample PMERGE Output List File PMERGE LST PMERGE OUTPUT SUMMARY VERSION 4 0 LEVEL 961113 Output file name precip dat Continuation Run Y Previous PMERGE output data file firstrun dat Time Zone Station ID Formatted TD3240 Precipitation Input Files 6 415596 precip 415596 dat 6 416736 precip 416736 dat 6 418023 precip 418023 dat 6 418252 precip 418252 dat Period to Extract in time zone 6 1 1 89 l 00 te 1 15 89 24 00 kCkckckckckckck ck ckckckckck ck ck RR kk Data Read from B
237. lux constant at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo HCG n j n 1 NX 4 141 Table 4 47 Continued GEO DAT File Format Record Variable Type NEXT line IOPT6 integer NEXT ILU integer NLU lines QFLU real array NEXT QF real array NY lines Included only if IOPT6 1 Included only if IOPT6 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Description Option flag for input of anthropogenic heat flux Wim O compute gridded anthropogenic heat flux values from land use types using default anthropogenic heat flux land use table 1 compute gridded anthropogenic heat flux values from land use types using new user specified anthropogenic heat flux land use table 2 input a gridded anthropogenic heat flux field Land use type and associated anthropogenic heat flux W m Two variables per line read as do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ iogeo ILU QFLU I Anthropogenic heat flux W m at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo QF n j n 1 NX 4 142 Record NEXT line NEXT NLU lines NEXT NY lines Variable IOPT7 ILU XLAILU XLAI Included only if IOPT7 1 Included only if IOPT7 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 47 Concluded GEO DAT File Format Type integer integer real array real array Description O
238. mat and Canadian Digital Map Data Format DMDF data 100 m resolution The terrain data ordered from the USGS can be obtained through file transfer protocol FTP access on CD ROM or magnetic tape 2 Obtaining the Data 3 arc second terrain data are available from the USGS with file names corresponding to the 1 250 000 scale map names followed by e or w for the eastern and western portions respectively In some regions 30 m data are also available with the names corresponding to the 1 100 000 scale map names The user must first identify the names of the quadrants encompassed by the domain These names are listed in a USGS map index as well as on the WWW home page of the USGS Select FTP via Graphics in the DEM section to view a map of the US and the names of the quadrants 3 sec terrain data are available by anonymous FTP from edcftp cr usgs gov or can be downloaded from the WWW site http edcftp cr usgs gov pub data DEM 250 30 m terrain data must be ordered from the USGS 30 arc second terrain data for the globe are available from the USGS WWW site http edcwww cr usgs gov landdaac gtopo30 gtopo30 html The GTOPO30 data set is divided into files or tiles where each file covers 40 degrees of longitude and 50 degrees of latitude except for in the Antarctica region where each file covers 60 degrees of longitude and 30 degrees of latitude Figure 4 5 shows the spatial coverage of the data files Each file is either 57 600
239. ment of complex terrain additional model switches to facilitate its use in regulatory applications enhanced treatment of wind shear through puff splitting use of a probability density function pdf to describe dispersion during convective conditions and an optional GUI CALPUFF has been coupled to the Emissions Production I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 2 Model EPM developed by the Forest Service through an interface processor EPM provides time dependent emissions and heat release data for use in modeling controlled burns and wildfires 1 2 Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System The CALPUFF Modeling System includes three main components CALMET CALPUFF and CALPOST and a large set of preprocessing programs designed to interface the model to standard routinely available meteorological and geophysical datasets In the simplest terms CALMET is a meteorological model that develops hourly wind and temperature fields on a three dimensional gridded modeling domain Associated two dimensional fields such as mixing height surface characteristics and dispersion properties are also included in the file produced by CALMET CALPUFF is a transport and dispersion model that advects puffs of material emitted from modeled sources simulating dispersion and transformation processes along the way In doing so it typically uses the fields generated by CALMET or as an option it may use simpler non gridded meteorological data much like existing plume
240. met nov99 sect4 wpd 4 148 4 3 4 Surface Meteorological Data File SURF DAT CALMET provides two options for the format of the surface meteorological data input file SURF DAT The first is to use the unformatted file created by the SMERGE meteorological preprocessor program SMERGE processes and reformats hourly surface observations in standard NCDC formats into a form compatible with CALMET It is best used for large data sets with many surface stations The second format allowed by CALMET for the SURF DAT file is a free formatted option This option allows the user the flexibility of either running the SMERGE preprocessor to create a formatted data file or for short CALMET runs manually entering the data The selection of which surface data input format is used by CALMET is made by the user with the control file variable IFORMS see Input Group 4 of the control file in Section 4 3 1 A sample formatted SURF DAT file is shown in Table 4 50 A description of each variable in the formatted surface data file is contained in Table 4 51 The file contains two header records with the beginning and ending dates and times of data in the file reference time zone and number of stations in the first record and the station ID number in the second record The data are read in FORTRAN free format One data record per hour follows the header records Each data record contains the date and time and for each station the wind speed wind direction ceiling he
241. mpute 0 1 compute used only if IWFCOD 1 Control variable for using the O Brien vertical velocity adjustment 0 procedure 0 do not use 1 use Control variable for computing slope flow effects 0 do not compute 1 compute Control variable for vertical extrapolation If ABS IEXTRP 1 no 4 vertical extrapolation from the surface wind data takes place If ABS IEXTRP 2 extrapolation is done using a power law profile If ABS IEXTRP 3 extrapolation is done using the values provided in the FEXTRP array for each layer If ABS IEXTRP 4 similarity theory is used If IEXTRP lt 0 Layer 1 data at the upper air stations are ignored Layer 1 at an upper air station is also ignored if the four character station name of the upper air station matches that of a surface station Control variable for extrapolation of calm surface winds to layers aloft 0 0 do not extrapolate calms 1 extrapolate calms Layer dependent biases modifying the weights of surface and upper air NZ 0 stations NZ values must be entered 1 lt BIAS lt 1 Negative BIAS reduces the weight of upper air stations e g BIAS 0 1 reduces their weight by 10 Positive BIAS reduces the weight of surface stations e g BIAS 0 2 reduces their weight by 20 Zero BIAS leaves weights unchanged 4 121 Variable IPROG LVARY RMAXI RMAX2 RMAX3 RMIN RMIN2 TERRAD Type integer logical real real real real
242. n code Loop over grid cells write io7 RMM j i 1 nx j 1 ny End loop over grid cells C Write average surface air density air temperature total solar radiation relative humidity and precipitation code write io7 A VRHO TEMPK SRAD IRH IPCODE where the following declarations apply real UL nx ny VL nx ny UUP nx ny VUP nx ny real HTMIX nx ny USTAR nx ny WSTAR nx ny real XMONIN nx ny RMM nx ny real TEMPK nssta SRAD nssta integer IPGT nx ny integer IRH nssta IPCODE nssta I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 203 Table 4 67 PACOUT DAT File Format HEADER RECORDS First six records of output file Header Record Variable Variable Type Description No No 1 1 NYR integer Starting year 1 2 IDYSTR integer Starting Julian day 1 3 THRMAX integer Number of hours in run 1 4 NSSTA integer Number of surface stations 1 5 NUSTA integer Number of rawinsonde stations 1 6 IMAX integer Number of grid points in X direction 1 7 JMAX integer Number of grid points in Y direction 1 8 IBTZ integer Reference time zone 1 9 ILWF integer Lower level wind field code 1 10 IUWF integer Upper level wind field code 1 11 DGRID real Grid spacing m 1 12 VK real von Karman constant 2 1 XSCOOR real array Surface station X coordinates grid units 2 2 YSCOOR real array Surface station Y coordinates grid units 3 1 XUCOOR real array Upper air station X coordinates grid units 3 2 YUCOOR real array Upper air station Y coordinates grid unit
243. n if the distance from the observational station to a particular grid point exceeds a maximum radius of influence Three separate maximum radius of influence parameters are used in the diagnostic wind module i e when IWFCOD 1 Radius of influence over land in the surface layer RMAXI Radius of influence over land in layers aloft RMAX2 Radius of influence over water RMAX3 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 9 If the option to perform objective analysis only IWFCOD 0 is selected RMAXI is used as the maximum radius of influence for all layers and all land use types That is RMAX2 and RMA X3 are not used when IWFCOD 0 CALMET is also equipped with a varying radius of influence option LVARY When invoked it allows the model to use the closest observation station with valid data to a grid point if that grid point is outside the user specified radius of influence of any observation stations The LVARY option applies with either IWFCOD 0 objective analysis or IWFCOD 1 diagnostic wind module If the LVARY option is turned off the radius of influence parameters must be selected so that every grid point is inside the radius of influence of at least one observational station The number of observational stations that will be included in the interpolation can be limited by an additional input parameter NINTR2 This variable is an array of NZ elements one for each vertical layer specifying the maximum number of stations that can be used in t
244. nal optional list files TEST PRT TEST OUT TEST KIN TEST FRD and TEST SLP can be created These files provided primarily for model testing purposes I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 91 contain intermediate versions of the wind fields at various points in the diagnostic wind field analysis e g after evaluation of kinematic effects slope flows terrain blocking effects divergence minimization etc The CALMET input and output files are listed in Table 4 40 The table shows the FORTRAN unit numbers associated with each file These unit numbers are specified in a parameter file PARAMS MET and can easily be modified to accommodate system dependent restrictions on allowable unit numbers The user should make sure that the beginning and total number of UPn DAT and SEAn DAT files are defined such that there is no overlap among unit numbers The name and full path of each of the CALMET input and output files except one is assigned in the control file CALMET INP which is specified on the command line For example on a DOS system CALMET d CALMET CALMET INP will execute the CALMET code CALMET EXE and read the input and output filenames from d CALMET CALMET INP If not specified on the command line the default name of the control file is CALMET INP in the current working directory In the following sections the contents and format of each CALMET input file are described in detail I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 92 Unit IO2
245. nd components to wind speed and wind direction Controls printing of the wind speed and wind direction fields Computes miscellaneous common block variables in the setup phase of the run Controls the setup phase of the CALMET model Calls all initialization and one time setup routines Fills a variable or array with the value read from a control file data record Performs surface based wind profile adjustment using similarity theory Adjusts the surface wind components for slope flow effects B 6 ROUTINE NAME SMOOTH SOLAR STHEOR TEMP3D TERSET TIME TOPOF2 UNDERO UNIDOT UNPACK UNPCKS VERTAV WATER WATER2 WINDI I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Function Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Applies a smoother to 3 D gridded fields of U and V wind components Computes the sine of the solar elevation angle for the midpoint of every hour of the day at surface meteorological stations Determines whether station is on land or water and calls similarity theory subroutines Computes a 3 D temperature field either treating water and land separately or making no distinction Determines the maximum terrain height within a given radius of a grid point for each point in a gridded field System routine supplying the current clock time HH MM SS hh into a Character 11 variable Comp
246. nd d respectively are computed in units of number of grid cells and a weighting factor w Maz t af 2 61 is computed Normalized weights are then computed as a Ure 2 62 where the sum on n extends over all the grid points encompassed by the triangle In addition weights computed via Eqn 2 61 are also computed for a square box of user defined half width of MNMDAV grid cells and centered on cell i j The purpose of including this supplementary square box region is to allow some intercell averaging to occur even when the mean advective wind goes to zero Hence a reasonable value for MNMDAV would be of order o dt dx which is usually of order unity in many mesoscale applications For those cells which are actually downwind such that d 0 the quantity d in the Eqn 2 61 weight is replaced by the quantity d d where is the Courant number or the height of the triangle from its base at 1 to the vertex at i j This ensures that downwind cells receive rather small weighting but ensures complete azimuthal symmetry as the wind speed and goes to zero The weights w appropriately normalized via Eqn 2 62 for all points lying in the triangular or square box regions are then applied to the fields of convective and effective daytime i e the maximum of h and h mixing depths to produce smoothed equivalents and these fields are stored for use in the current hour In addition it is the spati
247. nding data The second header record contains the READ56 READ62 data processing options used in the creation of the file The data records consist of a one record header listing the origin of the data 5600 or 6201 NCDC data or 9999 for non NCDC data station ID number date and time and information on the number of sounding levels Following this are the pressure elevation temperature wind direction and wind speed for each sounding level The format of the UPn dat file is shown in Table 4 49 As discussed in Section 4 1 5 the model allows missing values of wind speed wind direction and temperature in the UP DAT files at intermediate levels The model will linearly interpolate between valid levels to fill in the missing data The user is cautioned against using soundings for which this interpolation would be inappropriate Missing soundings should be replaced with soundings for the same time period from a representative substitute station Each data set must be processed on a case by case basis with careful consideration given to how to deal with missing data I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 144 89 6201 880 750 608 6201 881 850 750 650 500 6201 879 785 676 585 6201 882 850 700 650 550 6201 882 762 673 550 6201 888 800 750 643 574 6201 888 800 650 553 6201 887 850 750 600 550 0 F F 23044 5 23044 0 0 23044 5 23044 0 0 23044 6 23
248. ness 1973 Reciprocal Distance Squared Method A computer technique for estimating areal precipitation ARS NC 8 U S Dept of Agriculture Washington DC Weil J C and R P Brower 1983 Estimating convective boundary layer parameters for diffusion application Draft Report Prepared by Environmental Center Martin Marietta Corp for Maryland Dept of Natural Resources Weil J C 1985 Updating applied diffusion models J Clim Appl Meteor 24 1111 1130 I calmet nov99 sect5 wpd 5 4 Yamartino R J J S Scire S R Hanna G R Carmichael and Y S Chang 1989 CALGRID A mesoscale photochemical grid model Volume I Model formulation document Sigma Research Corp Concord MA Yamartino R J J S Scire S R Hanna G R Carmichael and Y S Chang 1992 The CALGRID mesoscale photochemical grid model I Model formulation Atmospheric Environment 26A 1493 1512 Zilitinkevich S S 1972 On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer Boundary Layer Meteorology 3 141 145 I calmet nov99 sect5 wpd 5 5 APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure APPENDIX A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Tree Diagram LevO Levl Lev2 Lev3 Lev4 Lev5 PROGRAM CALMET UNDERO SETUP DATETM DATE TIME ETME COMLINE GETCL READCF READFN READIN DEBLNK ALLCAP ALTONU SETVAR FILCASE YRAC READIN DEBLNK ALLCAP ALTONU SETVAR QAYR4 MAPG2L LL2UTM MAPL2G UTMILL JULDAY WRFILES
249. ngian Gaussian puff model containing modules for complex terrain effects overwater transport coastal interaction effects building downwash wet and dry removal and simple chemical transformation CALPOST is a postprocessing program with options for the computation of time averaged concentrations and deposition fluxes predicted by the CALPUFF and CALGRID models CALPOST computes visibility impacts in accordance with IWAQM recommendations and the current Federal Land Managers Air Quality Related Values Workgroup FLAG recommendations I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 5 PRTMET is a postprocessing program which displays user selected portions of the meteorological data file produced by the CALMET meteorological model Preprocessors and utilities provided with the modeling system for use with CALMET include METSCAN is a meteorological preprocessor which performs quality assurance checks on the hourly surface meteorological data in the U S National Climatic Data Center NCDC CD 144 format which is used as input to the SMERGE program READ62 is a meteorological preprocessor which extracts and processes upper air wind and temperature data from the standard NCDC TD 6201 data format or the NCDC CD ROM FSL rawinsonde data format SMERGE is a meteorological preprocessor which processes hourly surface observations from a number of stations in NCDC CD 144 format or NCDC CD ROM format and reformats the data into a single file with the data sorted b
250. nly if NBAR gt 0 Y coordinate km of the beginning of each barrier NBAR values must be entered Used only if NBAR gt 0 X coordinate km of the end of each barrier NBAR values must be entered Used only if NBAR gt 0 Y coordinate km of the end of each barrier NBAR values must be entered Used only if NBAR gt 0 Control variable for surface temperature input to diagnostic wind field module O compute internally from surface data 1 read preprocessed values from the file DIAG DAT Surface station number between 1 and NSSTA used for the surface temperature for the diagnostic wind field module Control variable for domain averaged temperature lapse rate 02compute internally from upper air data 1 read preprocessed values from the file DIAG DAT Upper air station number between 1 and NUSTA used to compute the domain scale temperature lapse rate for the diagnostic wind field module Depth m through which the domain scale temperature lapse rate is computed 4 124 Default Value NZ 0 0 200 Variable IDIOPT3 IUPWND ZUPWND IDIOPT4 IDIOPT5 LLBREZE NBOX XG1 XG2 YG1 Type integer integer real array integer integer logical integer real array real array real array Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Description Control variable for initial guess wind components
251. nt of the vertical velocity IOBR Default 0 IOBR 0 0 NO 1 YES Compute slope flows Default 1 ISLOPE 1 0 NO 1 YES Extrapolate surface wind observations to upper layers IEXTRP Default 4 IEXTRP 4 1 no extrapolation is done 2 power law extrapolation used 3 user input multiplicative factors for layers 2 NZ used see FEXTRP array 4 similarity theory used 1 2 3 4 same as above except layer 1 data at upper air stations are ignored I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 103 Extrapolate calm winds aloft by 10 by 20 Default BIAS Positive BIAS e g BIAS 1 lt BIAS lt 1 Negative BIAS reduces the e g BIAS 0 1 reduces reduces reduces the 0 2 reduces aT Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 5 Continued ICALM Default Layer dependent biases modifying the weights of surface and upper air stations BIAS NZ ICALM weight of upper air stations the weight of upper air stations their weight by 100 weight of surface stations the weight of surface stations BIAS 1 reduces their weight by 100 Zero BIAS leaves weights unchanged NZ 0 BIAS 1 R 2 interpolation 1 0 po 500 y Minimum distance from nearest upper air station to surface station for which extrapolation of surface winds at surface station will be allowed 4 or other situations where all surface stations should be extra
252. nt in the extraction subdomain m MSL ILUDOT integer array Land use description code of the grid point in the extraction subdomain format 213 f7 3 f8 3 15 13 DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Data Record Variable Type Description MYR integer Year of MMA MMS wind data MMO integer Month of MMA MMS wind data MDAY integer Day of MMA MMS wind data MHR integer Hour GMT of MMA MMS wind data IX integer I index X direction of grid cell JX integer J index Y direction of grid cell PRES real surface pressure mb RAIN real total rainfall for the past hour cm SC integer snow cover indicator 0 or 1 where 1 snow cover was determined to be present for the MM4 simulation format 412 213 f7 1 f5 2 12 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 172 Table 4 60 Concluded MM4 MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Data Records one record for each mandatory Level 8 plus NZP significant levels Variable No Variable Type Description 1 integer Pressure tenths of millibars 2 Z integer Elevation meters above m s 1 one integer Temperature dew point depression in NWS format TTTDD 4 WD integer Wind direction degrees 5 WS integer Wind speed knots format of data 15 316 5x format used by CALMET to read the data 5x f6 0 6x f4 0 2 0 The surface level is followed by the mandatory levels of 1000 925 850 700 500
253. ny point on the map can be designated by its latitude and longi tude or by its grid coordinates and a reference in one system can be converted into a reference in another system Such grids are usually identified by the name of the parti cular projection for which they are designed each covering a strip 6 wide in longitude These zones are numbered consecutively beginning with zone 1 between 180 and 174 west longitude and progressing eastward to zone 60 between 174 and 180 east longitude Thus the conter minous 48 States are covered by 10 zones from zone 10 on the west coast through zone 19 in New England fig 1 In each zone coordinates are measured north and east in meters One meter equals 39 37 inches or slightly more than 1 yard The northing values are measured contin uously from zero at the Equator in a northerly direction Southerly values are similarly measured from the Equator south A central meridian through the middle of each 6 zone is assigned an easting value of 500 000 meters Grid values to the west of this central meridian are less than 500 000 to the east more than 500 000 Determining a UTM grid value for a map point The UTM grid is shown on all quadrangle maps prepared by the U S Geological Survey On 7 5 minute quadrangle maps 1 24 000 scale and 15 minute quadrangie maps 1 50 000 1 62 500 and standard edition 1 63 360 scales the UTM grid lines are indicated at inter
254. o check the results If using a mix of 1 degree DEM data and 30 meter DEM data the grid cells using the 30 meter data will have many more hits than the 1 degree DEM grid cells The user might want to adjust the value of ITHRES to reduce the number of warning messages which will be written TERREL has the option variable OUTMAP to define the gridded fields as either a Universal Transverse Mercator UTM grid or using a Lambert Conformal Projection LCC The latter should be used when the modeling domain is large because a Lambert Conformal grid accounts for the earth s curvature If the LCC option is specified TERREL uses the user specified standard parallels latitudes and reference longitude to calculate a cone constant and the east west distance from the reference longitude The reference longitude is the longitude at which true north and map north are defined to be I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 69 the same It also defines where x 0 in the Lambert Conformal grid The reference latitude defines where y 0 in the Lambert Conformal grid TERREL INPUT 1 Terrain database Table 4 31 defines the types of terrain databases which can be processed by TERREL Six types of terrain data can be read corresponding to different resolutions and formats 30 arc seconds 900 m spacing USGS GTOPO30 or ARMG format 3 arc seconds 90 m spacing 1 degree DEM USGS or Rocky Mtn Communications 3CD format 30 meters 7 5 minute DEM USGS for
255. ocatell cmp Compressed CTG output data file name a70 Line Variable Type Description 1 CTGFIL character 70 Name of uncompressed CTG land use data file input 2 COMPFIL character 70 Name of compressed CTG land use data file output I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 80 Table 4 35 Sample CTGPROC Control File Inputs CTGPROC INP 310 0 4820 0 19 1 0 99 99 Xorg yorg utm zone grid spacing nx ny N Hemisphere N northern S southern C Type of input data file G Global C CTG lewiston cmp Compressed CTG or global data file name input a70 procl dat Processed data file name output a70 N Continuation run flag N no Y yes n a Previous CTGPROC data file name input a70 75 QA Threshold N Last run in series N no Y yes 40 90 Reference lat lon for Lambert Conformal coords 30 60 Two standard parallels used for Lambert Conformal The following lines are used to specify Global Lambert Azimuthal LZ Ignored if CTG file are used 13000 13000 Number of elements in X and Y input Data for Eurasia amp 1 0 1 0 Cell size in X and Y input km optimized for Europe 3000 4999 The input LZ origin X and Y km 55 0 20 Reference latitude and longitude degrees 0 0 False postion offset The following information is provided for the various global dataset files The appropriate information must be input in the last 5 lines of the file when using the global dataset
256. ode are passed through to the output file since CALPUFF contains logic to handle missing values and CALGRID does not use this parameter The upper air data required by CALMET include vertical profiles of wind speed wind direction temperature pressure and elevation As noted above routinely available NWS upper air data e g in TD 5600 and TD 6201 format or non standard sounding data can be used The use of non standard data formats would require a user prepared reformatting program to convert the data into the appropriate CALMET format If the upper air wind speed wind direction or temperature is missing CALMET will interpolate to replace the missing data Actually the interpolation of wind data is performed with the u and v components so both the wind speed and direction must be present for either to be used Because the program does not extrapolate upper air data the top valid level must be at or above the model domain and the lowest surface level of the sounding must be valid For modeling applications involving overwater transport and dispersion the CALMET boundary layer model requires observations of the air sea temperature difference air temperature relative humidity and overwater mixing height optional at one or more observational sites The model can accommodate overwater data with arbitrary time resolution e g hourly daily or seasonal values The location of the overwater stations is allowed to vary in order to al
257. of Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 is used to estimate Q The result of their parameterization of each of the terms in Eqn 2 44 is 1 A Q cT oTt cN Q 2 46 l c Q a sing aj DN 2 47 where T is the measured air temperature deg K o is the Stefan Boltzmann constant 5 67 x 10 W m deg K N is the fraction of the sky covered by clouds and q is the solar elevation angle deg The last term in Eqn 2 47 accounts for the reduction of incoming solar radiation due to the presence of clouds The values for the empirical constants c c C3 a a b and b suggested by Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 are used see Table 2 2 The solar elevation angle is computed at the midpoint of each hour using equations described by Scire et al 1984 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 24 Table 2 2 Net Radiation Constants Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 5 31 x 10 W m deg K 60 W m 0 12 990 W m 30 W m 0 75 34 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 25 Using Eqns 2 42 to 2 47 the daytime sensible heat flux can be expressed in terms of only known quantities B 1 B Q lo c 9 2 48 Once the sensible heat flux is known the Monin Obukhov length and surface friction velocity are computed by iteration u ku In z v 2 L w z O 2 49 where z is the surface roughness length m Win is a stability correction function e g see Dyer and Hicks 1970 is t
258. of LC map Reference west longitude for LC map Variable label ZFACE Variable not used Heights m of cell faces NZ 1 values Variable label XSSTA Variable not used X coordinates m of each surface met station Header Record No e 8 i ji z ge ge ge 9d 9d gd 10 10 10 11 11 11 Variable No 1 2 3 oU N wow N GD N char 8 Character 8 Included only if NSSTA gt 0 Included only if NUSTA gt 0 Included only if NPSTA gt 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 65 Continued CALMET DAT file Header Records Variable Type Description CLAB3 char 8 Variable label 4 SSTA IDUM integer Variable not used YSSTA real array Y coordinates m of each surface met station CLAB4 char 8 Variable label XUSTA IDUM integer Variable not used XUSTA real array X coordinates m of each upper air met station CLABS char 8 Variable label YUSTA IDUM integer Variable not used YUSTA real array Y coordinate m of each upper air met station CLAB6 char 8 Variable label XPSTA IDUM integer Variable not used XPSTA real array X coordinate m of each precipitation station CLAB7 char 8 Variable label YPSTA IDUM integer Variable not used YPSTA real array Y coordinate m of each precipitation station CLAB8 char 8 Variable label 0 IDUM integer Variable not used ZO real array Gridded field of surface roughness lengths m for each grid cell 4 194 He
259. ogical Data Options Description Number of surface meteorological stations Number of precipitation stations Cloud data file options 0 Gridded clouds not used 1 Gridded CLOUD DAT generated as output 2 Gridded CLOUD DAT read as input Control variable determining the format of the input surface meteorological data 1 unformatted i e SMERGE output 2 formatted i e free formatted user input or formatted SMERGE output Control variable determining the format of the input precipitation data 1 unformatted i e PMERGE output 2 formatted i e free formatted user input or formatted PMERGE output Control variable determining the format of the CLOUD DAT file 1 unformatted CALMET unformatted output 2 free formatted CALMET output or user input 4 120 Default Value Variable IWFCOD IFRADJ IKINE IOBR ISLOPE IEXTRP ICALM BIAS Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer real array I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Description Default Value Control variable determining which wind field module is used 1 O objective analysis only I diagnostic wind module Control variable for computing Froude number adjustment effects 1 0zdo not compute 1 compute used only if IWFCOD 1 Control variable for computing kinematic effects 02do not co
260. om the file Two input files are required by METSCAN a user input control file METSCAN INP and the NCDC 80 column surface data file CD144 DAT The program writes the warning messages to an output file METSCAN LST The contents and format of the METSCAN input and output files are summarized in Table 4 6 The METSCAN control file uses the FORTRAN Namelist input format The variables in the control file allow the user to set the variable ranges so that excessive spurious warning messages can be avoided A description of each METSCAN input variable is contained in Table 4 7 A sample input file is shown in Table 4 8 The user should check each warning message written to the output list file METSCAN LST to see if the data flagged are valid A sample output file containing typical warning messages is shown in Table 4 9 It should be noted that an error in the date hour field of a data record indicating a missing or duplicate record will produce a fatal error resulting in the termination of the METSCAN run Validity of barometric pressure is not checked by METSCAN and should be verified by the user I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 10 Table 4 6 METSCAN Input and Output Files Unit File Name Type Format Description 5 METSCAN INP input formatted Control file containing user inputs 6 METSCAN LST output formatted List file line printer output file 8 CD144 DAT input formatted Surface data in NCDC 80 column CD 144 format I calmet nov99
261. on Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLED BY _ CALLS Similt a c water2 wind A ado A cree SEI NND SR ure ad AAA ARA smooth IIA AA AAA A UTENTES ERR ENS Ro o C o water templd comp dedatdeltavetmp m o 277 MEE MEE RI DIPL time NURSE AS A Mono m AEG o a re 2 5 E EE NULL MNT z Oe AAA A E UR A NON SUE pop OD AAA AA A am D NOU att Seta se ae C ENIRO a se ea ol Sec A alt NO RR RICE IRR RE Eo ANE II Me lU XXe ite A dr poss Op prepdi cere A AR er Lec bua E ees EN Sere ae IHE Let tissu UON ceo e irum att UNA c ined ND uL e E Water es ty Sos ANN A XO AAA AAA i AREE ore PR Pt en Windbc diagnominim windlpt windpr wndpr2 divpr 2 a e LAC ALL EtA SODE nuca Gr os mui o e E a ane dE r WIDE d cereos cca UH oe on ee cec C O e pe cm uersu e e eiie erc Wodpr2 TNR RS E TNR oR DU NC RSEN gs RETE uU ERE muro TONERS IU RPM AAA AA Bane nah os cui elf dr eee bore I calmet nov99 APPA WPD A 11 Appendix A Subroutine Function Calling Structure Table indicated no routines called SUBROUTINE CALLEDBY CAS M c C ERE ee es E e es o rd ei oe O AAN DE e RD a i ti NER DA O ERI UNE _wrtr2d 0 OVthd outhr outeld cc noo A t AAA AA ERR ENS moo HO S weld cls oo at Ue thd outhr e st esol a A i oce re Roo MN BEER TN e a PS ER
262. onal OZONE DAT HILLRCT DAT RESTART DAT FLUXBDY DAT Hourly Met VOLEM DAT LNEMARB DAT Data CALME FDAT User Specified User Specified Complex Terrain SUBGRID CALPUFF Time Varying Time Varying ISCMET DAT Deposiion Chemical CTDM Scale Coastal Control File Point Source Area Source a Velocities Conversion Hill Data Fil Boundary File Emissions File E arie PLMMET DAT Optional Rates e A Optional Optional p or Optional Optional SURFACE DAT CALPUFF INP PTEMARB DAT BAEMARB DA ang T PROFILE DAT VD DAT CHEM DAT HILL DAT COASTLN DAT CALPUFF Gaussian Puff Dispersion Model Predicted Predicted Relative Predicted CALPUFF Output Restart Diagnostic Mass Diagnostic Mass Debug Puff Concentration Dry Flux Humidity Data Wet Flux Output List File Flux File Balance File Tracking File Fields Fields for Visibility Fields File Calculations CONC DAT DFLX DAT VISB DAT WFLX DAT CALPUFF LST RESTARTE DAT MASSFLX DAT MASSBAL DAT DEBUG DAT Predicted Concentration Fields CONC DAT CALPOST CONTROL FILE CALPOST INP Timeseries File s Optional TStt DAT Figure 1 4 Postprocessing CALPOST PRTMET postprocessing flow diagram Predicted Dry Flux Fields DFLX DAT Hourly Background Concentration Fluxes optional BACK DAT One or More Plot Files optional Rtt DAT GRD Xtt DAT GRD Gjitthh DAT GRD Relative Humidity Data for Visibility Calculations
263. oncluded MMA Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM4 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Data Records one record for each mandatory Level 8 plus NZP significant levels Variable No Variable Type Description 1 integer Pressure tenths of millibars 2 Z integer Elevation meters above m s 1 one integer Temperature dew point depression in NWS format TTTDD 4 WD integer Wind direction degrees 5 WS integer Wind speed knots format of data 15 316 5x format used by CALMET to read the data 5x f6 0 6x f4 0 2 0 The surface level is followed by the mandatory levels of 1000 925 850 700 500 400 and 300 mb Al subterranean mandatory levels will have wind direction and wind speed of 0 TTT C 10 odd number negative temperature even number positive temperature Examples TTT 202 20 2 C TTT 203 20 3 C DD lt 56 C 10 DD 56 gt C 50 Examples DD 55 5 5 C DD 56 6 0 C I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 64 Table 4 30 CALMMS Sample Log File CCALMMS LST CALMM5 Version 1 0 Level 990318 MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia Canada Input file mm5 dmn2 950301 Output file samp mm5 Log file calmm5 1st Select region based on 1 lat lon 2 J I 2 Selected I J range from Input 37 39 11 14 beginning date 95030100 ending date 95030101 output format 1 MM5 ioutw 1 ioutq 1 ioutc 1 iouti 1 ioutg 1 reading
264. onditions a full 3 D temperature field will be required by CALPUFF CALMET DAT File Header Records The CALMET DAT file consists of a set of up to fifteen header records followed by a set of hourly data records The header records contain a descriptive title of the meteorological run information including the horizontal and vertical grid systems of the meteorological grid the number type and coordinates of the meteorological stations included in the CALMET run gridded fields of surface roughness lengths land use terrain elevations leaf area indexes and a pre computed field of the closest surface meteorological station number to each grid point The actual number of header records may vary because as explained below records containing surface upper air and precipitation station coordinates are not included if these stations were not included in the run A description of each variable in the header records is provided in Table 4 65 The following variables stored in the CALMET DAT header records are checked in the setup phase of the CALPUFF model run to ensure compatibility with variables specified in the CALPUFF control file number of grid cells in the X and Y directions grid size reference UTM or Lambert conformal coordinates of the grid origin and UTM zone of the grid origin Sample FORTRAN write statements for the CALMET DAT header records are Cc Header record 1 Run title write iunit TITLE C Header records 2 an
265. onth day hour 01 24 Output data file name a70 Continuation run flag Y yes N no Previous PMERGE output file name a70 used as input Number of formatted input data files TD 3240 Input file name a70 Stn ID time zone Input file name a70 Stn ID time zone Input file name a70 Stn ID time zone Input file name a70 Stn ID time zone Number of stations to use from previous file 999 all 4 37 Table 4 22 PMERGE Control File Inputs PMERGE INP Line Variable Type Description 1 MAXAP Integer Maximum allowed length of an accumulation period hours It is recommended that MAXAP be set to 24 hours or less 1 IOTZ integer Time zone of output data 5 EST 6 CST 7 MST 8 PST 1 IOFORM integer Format of output data file 1 unformatted 2 formatted 1 IOPACK integer Flag indicating if output data are to be packed 0 no 1 yes 2 IBYR integer Beginning year of data to process two digits 2 IBMO integer Beginning month 2 IBDAY integer Beginning day 2 IBHR integer Beginning hour 01 24 LST 2 IEYR integer Ending year of data to process two digits 2 IEMO integer Ending month 2 IEDAY integer Ending day 2 IEHR integer Ending hour 01 24 LST 3 OUTFIL character 70 Output data filename 4 CFLAG character 1 Continuation run flag Y yes N no 5 PREVFIL character 70 Previous PMERGE output data file used only if it is a continuation run 6 NFF integer Number of formatted TD3240 data files u
266. ontinued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 3 Output Options Description Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the terrain adjusted surface wind components 02do not print 1 print Used only with objective analysis Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the smoothed wind components and initial divergence fields 02do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the final wind speed and direction fields 02do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the final divergence fields 02do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the wind fields after kinematic effects are added O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the wind fields after the Froude number adjustment is made O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the wind fields after the slope flows are added O do not print 1 print Control variable for printing to the wind field test files the final wind component fields O do not print 1 print 4 119 Default Value 0 Variable NSSTA NPSTA ICLOUD IFORMS IFORMP IFORMC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer integer integer Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 4 Meteorol
267. oord Y coord Time zone km km US ALB 14735 108 638 4741 709 5 cl US2 PWM 14764 395 124 4831 385 Dies ll US3 CHH 14684 420 891 4611 141 Die 1 Four character string for station name MUST START IN COLUMN 9 Five digit integer for station ID END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 110 Table 4 42 Concluded Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 9 INPUT GROUP 9 Precipitation station parameters PRECIPITATION STATION VARIABLES One record per station 0 records in all NOT INCLUDED IF NPSTA 0 I 2 Name Station X coord Y coord Code km km PS1 DELR 412360 103 6 4680 0 PS2 SANG 417943 LOR Sy 4705 5 Four character string for station name MUST START IN COLUMN 9 Six digit station code composed of state code first 2 digits and station ID last 4 digits END I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 111 Table 4 43 CALMET Control File Inputs Run Title Variable Type Description Default Value TITLE 3 char 80 array Run title first three lines of CALMET control file Read with FORTRAN A80 format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 112 Variable Subgroup a GEODAT SRFDAT CLDDAT PRCDAT MM4DAT WTDAT METLST METDAT NUSTA NOWSTA LCFILES Subgroup b UPDAT Subgroup c SEADAT Subgroup d DIADAT PRGDAT TSTPRT TSTOUT TSTKIN TSTFRD TSTSLP I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 C 70 integer integer
268. or MM5 format cloud and rain ice and snow I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd year month day UTC hour yymmddhh format selected graupel 447 Line Un A ON 10 11 12 13 Variable HEADER INFILE OUTFILE LOGFILE ISELECT RLATMIN JMIN RLATMAX JMAX RLONMIN IMIN RLONMAX IMAX IBEG IEND IFORMAT CNOTE I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 25 CALMMS Control File Inputs CALMMS INP Type character 128 character 128 character 128 character 128 integer real integer real integer real integer real integer integer integer integer character 128 Description Header of the output data file OUTFILE Name of MMS binary output file input Name of output data file output Name out output log file output Subdomain selection method 1 Use latitude and longitude 2 Use cell index 1 J to select a subdomain Southernmost N latitude degrees or smallest Y direction cell index J of the subdomain to extract Northernmost N latitude degrees or largest Y direction cell index J of the subdomain to extract Westernmost E longitude negative in Western hemisphere in degrees or smallest X direction cell index I of the subdomain to extract Easternmost E longitude negative in Western hemisphere in degrees or largest X direction cell index I of the subdomain to extract Beginning date of the period to extract GMT Format YYMMDDHH Ending
269. original winds In order to obtain good results from this option there must be a complete in time and space observing network within the defined region The user defines the boundaries of up to ten lake breeze regions and specifies the end points of the coastline specified as a line segment within each one The winds at each grid point within the region are calculated by using an inverse distance squared interpolation but the distances are defined as the difference between the distances of the grid point to the coastline and the station to the coastline if the station and grid point are on the same side of the coastline and the sum if they are on opposite sides With this method the actual distance between the grid point and the station is not important only their relative distances from the coastline Only stations within the region are considered I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 14 Smoothing The intermediate Step 2 wind field resulting from the addition of observational data into the Step 1 wind field is subject to smoothing in order to reduce resulting discontinuities in the wind field The smoothing formula used in CALMET is u j M 0 5u 0 125 uu taa tH tM yg 2 26 where u isthe u wind component at grid point i j after smoothing and uj is the u wind component before smoothing as determined by Eqn 2 18 A similar equation is applied for the v component of the wind The use of the smoother is controlled by the input p
270. ormatted user prepared input file 1 e IFORMP 2 This option is provided to allow the user an easy way to manually enter precipitation data for short CALMET runs The use of the formatted PRECIP DAT option can also be used with the formatted output file from PMERGE A sample free formatted PRECIP DAT file is shown in Table 4 54 The file includes two header records containing the beginning and ending dates and time of the data in the file base time zone number of stations and station ID codes One data record must follow each hour Each data record contains the date and time and the precipitation rate mm hr for each station The details of the format and definition of each variable in the free formatted PRECIP DAT file is provided in Table 4 55 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 156 Table 4 54 Sample Free Formatted Precipitation Data File PRECIP DAT 89 1 S 89 2 9 6 14 0 412360 417943 417945 412797 415890 410174 411492 412679 412811 415048 415596 416736 418023 418252 0 0 0 89 1 0 000 0 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 2 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 3 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 4 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 5 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 9999 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 89 6 0 000 0 000 0
271. plications involving long range transport and on a case by case basis for near field applications where non steady state effects situations where factors such as spatial variability in the meteorological fields calm winds fumigation recirculation or stagnation and terrain or coastal effects may be important The CALMET and CALPUFF models have been substantially revised and enhanced as part of work for IWAQM U S EPA the U S D A Forest Service the Environmental Protection Authority of Victoria Australia and private industry in the U S and abroad The improvements to CALMET included modifications to make it more suitable for regional applications such as the use of a spatially variable initial guess field an option for using hourly MM4 or MMS gridded fields as a supplement to observational data the ability to compute Lambert conformal map factors a modified mixing height scheme an option to use similarity theory to vertically extrapolate surface wind observations an enhanced algorithm to compute the three dimensional temperature fields over water bodies improved initialization techniques a refined slope flow parameterization and an optional PC based Graphical User Interface GUD to facilitate model setup and execution and to provide access to on line Help files Improvements to CALPUFF include new modules to treat buoyant rise and dispersion from area sources such as forest fires buoyant line sources volume sources an improved treat
272. polated RMIN2 Set to 1 for IEXTRP Default 4 Use gridded prognostic wind field model output fields as input to the diagnostic wind field model 0 No 1 Yes 2 Yes 3 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a ll RADIUS Use if or RMAX3 Maximum radius in the surface Maximum radius RMAX2 aloft Maximum radius RMAX3 OTHER WIND FIELD INPUT PARAMETERS IWFCOD use CSUMM use CSUMM use winds use winds use winds use winds use winds use winds then the cl of infl layer of infl IPROG 0 or prog prog from from from from from from of infl 1 Default 0 winds as Step 1 field winds as initial guess field MM4 MM4 MM4 MM5 MM5 MM5 OF INFLUENCE PARAMETERS DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT varying radius of influence no stations are found within RMAX1 RMAX2 losest station will be used file file file file file file luence over land RMAX1 luence over land luence over water Minimum radius of influence used in the wind field interpolation Radius of influence of terrain TERRAD features I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd RMIN as as as as as as Default F No default Units km No default Units km No default Units km Default O Units km No default Units km 4 104 doge RMIN2 PROG IWFCOD 0 Step 1 field initial guess field observations Step 1 field initial gue
273. print RECORDS 8 11 Record Columns 8 8 9 9 10 i 10 gt 11 i 11 m Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP Print control variables and format for geophysical data Variable ISRC IFF 1 ILUC IFF 2 ITE IFF 3 ILAI IFFLAI Entered in FORTRAN free format Type integer integer array element integer integer array element integer integer array element integer integer Note Two variables entered per input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 212 Description Control variable for printing of gridded surface roughness lengths O do not print 1 print Output format for surface roughness lengths O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format USED ONLY IF ISRC 1 Control variable for printing of gridded land use categories O do not print 1 print Output format for land use categories O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format USED ONLY IF ILUC 1 Control variable for printing of terrain elevations O do not print 1 print Output format for terrain elevations O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format USED ONLY IF ITE 1 Control variable for printing of leaf area index field O do not print 1 print Output format for leaf area index O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format USED ONLY IF ILAI 1 Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NE
274. ption 1 HEADER char File description Header Record 2 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 IOUTW integer Flag indicating if vertical velocity 1s recorded 1 IOUTQ integer Flag indicating if relative humidity and vapor mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTC integer Flag indicating if cloud and rain mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTI integer Flag indicating if ice and snow mixing ratios are recorded 1 IOUTG integer Flag indicating if graupel mixing ratio is recorded Header Record 3 Variable No Variable Type Description 1 MAPTXT char Comment describing the map projection in MM5 Polar Stereographic projection NOT handled by CALMET or Mercator Projection or LC CLAT 1 CLON 2 LAT1 43 LAT2 4 where 1 center latitude 2 center longitude 3 first true latitude 4 second true latitude I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 176 Variable No Variable 1 INHYD 2 IMPHYS 3 ICUPA 4 IBLTYP 5 IFRAD 6 ISOIL 7 IFDDAN 8 IFDDAOB I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 62 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT Type integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer HEADER RECORDS Header Record 4 Description O hydrostatic MMS run 1 non hydrostatic MMS moisture options 1 dry 2 removal of super saturation 3 warm rain Hsie 4 simple ice scheme Dudhia 5 mixed phase Reisner 6 mixed phase with graupel Goddard 7 mixed phase
275. ption flag for input of leaf area index O compute gridded leaf area index values from land use types using default leaf area index land use table 1 compute gridded leaf area index values from land use types using new user specified leaf area index land use table 2 input a gridded leaf area index field Land use type and associated leaf area index values Two variables per line read as do 120 I 1 NLU 120 READ iogeo ILU XLAILU I Leaf area index value at each grid point NX values per line The following statements are used to read the data do 150 J NY 1 1 150 READ iogeo XLAI n j n 1 NX 4 143 4 3 3 Upper Air Data Files UP1 DAT UP2 DAT The upper air data used by CALMET are read from upper air data files called UPn dat where n is the upper air station number n 1 2 3 etc The upper air data files can be created by the READ56 or READ 2 preprocessor programs from standard NCDC upper air data formats or by application specific reformatting programs Observations made at non standard sounding times can be used by CALMET The UPn DAT files are formatted user editable files containing two header records followed by groups of data records A sample upper air data file generated by READ62 and hand edited to remove informational messages and to fill in missing soundings is shown in Table 4 48 The first header record contains the starting and ending dates of data contained in the file and the top pressure level of the sou
276. put format for wind speeds O self element scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Entered in FORTRAN free format Note Three variables entered on the input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 214 Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NEXT 6 RECORDS Print control variables and format for gridded surface meteorological variables Record Columns Variable Type N 1 IPSC integer N 1 IFF 5 integer array element N 2 IFV integer N42 T IFF 6 integer array element N 3 IMH integer N 3 x IFF 7 integer array element Continued Entered in FORTRAN free format Note Two variables entered per input record I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 215 Description Control variable for printing of PGT stability class O do not print 1 print Output format for PGT stability class USED ONLY IF IPSC 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Control variable for printing of friction velocity O do not print 1 print Output format for friction velocity USED ONLY IF IFV 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Control variable for printing of mixing height O do not print 1 print Output format for mixing height USED ONLY IF IMH 1 O self scaling exponential format 1 fixed format Table 4 69 Continued PRTMET Control File Inputs PRTMET INP NEXT 6 RECORDS Print control variables and format for gridded surface meteorological variabl
277. put winds to a Lambert Conformal Projection coordinate system to account for Earth s curvature The diagnostic wind field module uses a two step approach to the computation of the wind fields Douglas and Kessler 1988 as illustrated in Figure 1 5 In the first step an initial guess wind field is adjusted for kinematic effects of terrain slope flows and terrain blocking effects to produce a Step 1 wind field The second step consists of an objective analysis procedure to introduce observational data into the Step 1 wind field to produce a final wind field An option is provided to allow gridded prognostic wind fields to be used by CALMET which may better represent regional flows and certain aspects of sea breeze circulations and slope valley circulations Wind fields generated by the CSUMM prognostic wind field module can be input to CALMET as either the initial guess field or the Step 1 wind field The MM4 MM95 prognostic data can be introduced into CALMET in three different ways as a replacement for the initial guess wind field pathway A in Figure 1 5 as a replacement for the Step 1 field pathway B or as observations in the objective analysis procedure pathway O The major features and options of the meteorological model are summarized in Table 1 1 The techniques used in the CALMET model are briefly described below Step 1 Wind Field Kinematic Effects of Terrain The approach of Liu and Yocke 1980 is used to evaluate kin
278. puter system these files can be redirected to other non reserved units by setting IO5 and IO6 equal to 15 and 16 for example in the PARAMS MET file It is important to note that the unit numbers associated with the upper air data files and the overwater station files require a range of values starting at 1030 and IO80 respectively For example in a run with 10 upper air stations and IO30 30 unit numbers 30 through 39 would be assigned to the UP DAT files If the user redefines the maximum number of upper air stations MXUS or overwater stations MXOWS it may be necessary to also redefine some of the unit number parameters to avoid conflicts involving overlapping unit numbers 3 2 Structure of the CALMET Modules Execution of the CALMET model is divided into three major phases setup computational and termination see Figure 3 1 In the setup phase of the model execution a variety of initialization and one time I O and computational operations are performed including the following I calmet nov99 SECT3 wpd 3 1 c c c QQaQoQooQooQoQoQoQoooQooQonQoanQoaoooQoaoaoooonQoanoaoonoanaoooononononon Table 3 1 Sample CALMET Parameter File PARAMETER statements CALMET model Specify model version character 8 mver mlevel parameter mver 5 1 mlevel 991104 Specify parameters parameter mxnx 110 mxny 110 mxnz 12 parameter mxss 25 mxus 20 mxps 60 mxows 15 parameter mxlev 79 mxlu 52 parameter mxbar 20
279. r each grid cell in the user specified gridded domain If the domain encompasses several CTG files quadrants CTGPROC must be run iteratively and the continuation flag must be turned on in the input file The output from a previous run of CTGPROC can be used as an input CALMET grid cells are often large enough to include more than one land use data point CTGPROC keeps track of the number of process hits of each land use category for each grid cell and in the final run of an iteration compiles final fractional land use categories for each grid cell A hit is a landuse datapoint from the CTG of glabal dataset that falls within a grid cell defined by CTGPROC If the number of hits for a given grid cell is less than a user specified threshold of the domain average number of hits the program flags possibly missing data in a list file or possibly incorrectly specified domain parameters Input a user input control file CTGPROC INP grid definition parameters must be compatible with those used in TERREL and a compressed CTG data file or a global data file An example of the input file and a description of the input variables are shown in Tables 4 35 and 4 36 respectively Output a list file CTGPROC LST and a gridded land use data file A sample list file is shown in Table 4 37 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 79 Table 4 34 Sample CTGCOMP Control File Inputs CTGCOMP INP pocatell ctg Uncompressed CTG input data file name a70 p
280. r of state codes to follow If ICODE 2 Number of station codes to follow Entered in FORTRAN free format I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 28 Table 4 17 Continued PXTRACT Control File Inputs PXTRACT INP RECORD 3 4 2 N State or station codes of data to be extracted Each record has the following format Columns Format Variable Description 1 6 I6 IDAT If ICODE I State code two digits If ICODE 2 Station code six digits consisting of state code two digits followed by station ID four digits I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 29 NEXT RECORD Columns 1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 20 22 23 Table 4 17 Concluded PXTRACT Control File Inputs PXTRACT INP Starting ending dates and times Format Variable Description D IBYR Beginning year of data to process two digits D IBMO Beginning month D IBDAY Beginning day D IBHR Beginning hour 01 24 LST D IEYR Ending year of data to process two digits D IEMO Ending month 12 IEDAY Ending day D IEHR Ending hour 01 24 LST Record format is 8 12 1x I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 30 Table 4 18 Sample PXTRACT Output List File PXTRACT LST PXTRACT OUTPUT SUMMARY VERSION 1 0 LEVEL 901130 RUNTIME CALL NO 1 DATE 04 04 94 TIME 13 35 33 67 Data Requested by Station ID Period to Extract 1 1 89 1 00 to 1 15 89 24 00 Requested Precipitation Station ID Numbers sorted No ID No ID No ID No ID 1 410174 6
281. rallel case its definition 1s given in Equation C 4 coso af sing In NEC OS NN A C 4 COS where q and q are the standard reference latitudes XLATI and XLAT2 Equation C 5 defines the polar radius to the given positive latitude o where the polar radius is the second coordinate used to describe the map projection p 90 sino tn EE C 5 Equation C 6 gives the polar radius to the origin latitude porn i e the latitude along at which y equals zero RLATO 90 Pori tan 2 Note that the MM4 domain to which CALMET defaults uses an origin latitude RLATO of 40 standard reference latitudes q q 1 e XLATI XLAT2 of 30 and 60 and a reference longitude A of 90 W sin Pori 7 V C 6 Psi y is an auxiliary function that is introduced to simplify the derivation from the one standard parallel case to the two parallel case and is defined by Equation C 7 a cos sing m C 7 tan ET where a equals 6370 km is Earth s radius y I CALMET aug99 appe wpd C 2 APPENDIX D The Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Grid INCALMETNept99MVAPPD Wpd U S Department of the Interior U S Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center ESIC Factsheet The Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Grid 126 120 114 108 102 96 90 84 78 72 66 SRB The Universal Transverse Mercator grid pr
282. rature lapse rate in a layer DZZI meters deep above the previous hour s convective mixing height Calculates the convective and mechanical mixing height at each grid point above land Opens the input control file and output list file Opens all input output files other than the control file and list file based on the values in the control file inputs Prints a gridded 2 D field of real or integer numbers to a specified number of digits Internally computes a scaling factor for printing the field based on the maximum value within the grid Prints 3 D fields of U and V wind components using F7 2 format and W wind components using E8 1 format Writes the header records of the CALMET meteorological data file Outputs hourly gridded wind fields to the unformatted output file CALMET DAT Writes the data records in MESOPAC II format Writes the header records in MESOPAC II format B 4 ROUTINE NAME PACAVE PGTSTB PREPDI PROGRD QAYR4 QCKSRT3 RDHD RDHD4 RDHDU RDMM4 RDOW RDP RDS RDUP I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Calculates the vertically averaged winds in two layers Computes PGT stability class at grid point over land Fills data arrays with observed wind data for the wind field module If the preprocessed wind data option is used reads U and V componen
283. real integer real real integers integer real real I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Description Type of temperature interpolation 1 1 radius 2 1 radius Conduct spatial averaging of temperatures 0 no 1 yes Will use MNMDAV and HAFANG Radius of influence for temperature interpolation km Maximum number of stations to include in temperature interpolation Default temperature lapse rate K m below mixing height over water Default temperature lapse rate K m above mixing height over water Beginning land use category for temperature interpolation overwater Range of land use categories associated with major water bodies Used for overwater temperature interpolation Method of precipitation interpolation 1 1 radius interpolation 2 1 radius interpolation 3 1 radius exponential function Method 3 is based on a Thiessen method for non continuous fields where the exponential function exponent radius SIGMAP and SIGMAP is defined below If NFLAGP 1 or 2 SIGMAP is the radius of influence for precipitation km if NFLAGP 3 SIGMAP is the sigma weighting factor km if NFLAGP 3 and SIGMAP 0 0 SIGMAP will be computed internally as half of the minimum distance between any non zero precipitation station and any Zero precipitation station Cutoff precipitation rate mm hr values CUTP are set to 0 0 mm hr 4 128 Default Value 1 500 0 0098 0 0045 99
284. remain in m s Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format Fixed format Display PGT stability class Display friction velocity Display Monin Obukhov length Display mixing height Display convective velocity scale Display precipitation rate nRHHHHA DDD DD MELO CD QOO OR Display surface met station variables 1 Unformatted CALMET output file z cmet dat Number of domain characteristic plots 0 Number of snapshot files 0 Number of average field files 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 222 Table 4 71 Continued Sample PRTMET Output File PRTMET LST Data read from header records of CALMET output file 1 km resolution CALMET simulation for 4 hours from 5AM January 9 1990 with MM4 data 5 surface met stations 1 overwater station 3 upper air met stations and 16 precip stations CALMET Version 5 1 Level 991104 BYR 1990 BMO d BDY 9 BHR 5 BTZ 5 RLG 4 RTYPE al LCALGRD T NX 99 NY 99 NZ 0 DGRID 1000 00 XORIGR 310000 YORIGR 0 482000E 07 IUTMZN 9 IWFCOD 1 NSSTA 5 NUSTA 3 NPSTA 6 NOWSTA 1 NLU 4 IWAT1 50 IWAT2 55 LCALGRD T ZFACE 0 000 20 000 40 000 80 000 160 000 300 000 600 000 1000 000 1500 000 2200 000 3000 000 XLATOM 43 5110 XLONOM 71 3510 LLCONFM F CONECM 0 715568 XLATIM 30 0000 XLAT2M 60 0000 RLATOM 40 0000 RLONOM 90 0000 XSSTA 204500 115022 ISTI9 0 14011
285. rgence Minimization Produces Gridded Fields of U V W Wind Components Inputs Include Domain Scale Winds Observations and optionally Coarse Grid Prognostic Model Winds Lambert Conformal Projection Capability Prognostic Wind Field Model CSUMM Hydrostatic Primitive Equation PE Model Flows Generated in Response to Differential Surface Heating and Complex Terrain Land Sea Breeze Circulations Slope Valley Winds Produces Gridded Fields of U V W Wind Components and other Meteorological Variables I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 13 Blocking Effects The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are parameterized in terms of the local Froude number Allwine and Whiteman 1985 If the Froude number at a particular grid point is less than a critical value and the wind has an uphill component the wind direction is adjusted to be tangent to the terrain Step 2 Wind Field The wind field resulting from the adjustments described above of the initial guess wind is the Step 1 wind field The second step of the procedure involves the introduction of observational data into the Step 1 wind field through an objective analysis procedure An inverse distance squared interpolation scheme is used which weighs observational data heavily in the vicinity of the observational station while the Step 1 wind field dominates the interpolated wind field in regions with no observational data The resulting wind field is su
286. riable IDIOPTI Domain average surface temperature IDIOPT2 Domain average vertical temperature lapse rate IDIOPT3 Domain average winds U and V components IDIOPT4 Hourly surface station winds U and V components IDIOPTS Hourly upper air station winds U and V components The wind observations in DIAG DAT are entered with data for one station per line The end of the surface data and upper air data are both flagged by a record with a station name of LAST I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 160 Table 4 56 Sample DIAG DAT Input Data File TINF 300 15 GAMMA hr 1 2 5 UM hr 1 1 8 VM h 1 0 9 SURFACE WIND 0 PTM1 SURFACE WIND O PLGN SURFACE WIND O LAST UPPER WIND 0 LCMB 120999 0999 0 0 9 0 0 1 1 0 2 90 3 Del 0 2 0 3 UPPER WIND 0 OFLT 10 052 7071 0 1 20 5 205 3 08 04 7 0 05 Z 02 1 5 UPPER WIND 0 LAST TINF 300 15 GAMMA hr 2 3 5 UM hr 2 148 VM hr 2 0 9 SURFACE WIND 1 PTM1 1 0 0 0 0 0 SURFACE WIND 1 PLGN 1 0 4 9 3 3 SURFACE WIND 1 LAST UPPER WIND 1 LCMB 1 0999 09990 Mes 0 2 OLE 0 3 0 9 0 8 0D 9 Led UPPER WIND 1 OFLT 1 0 0 1 0040 042 0 1 20 3 1 3 0 2 0 9 073 0 4 UPPER WIND 1 LAST he oo I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 161 Record 1 2b 3 4 si si 54 si Variable No 1 1 1 1 Table 4 57 DIAG DAT Input File Records 1 6 reported for each hour Variable TINF GAMMA UM VM CNAM WT US VS Repeated one station per record DI
287. rid system consisting of NZ layers of NX by NY square horizontal grid cells Figure 2 1 illustrates one layer of grid cells for a 7 x 4 grid The grid point refers to the center of the grid cell in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions The cell face refers to either the horizontal or vertical boundary between two adjacent cells In CALMET the horizontal wind components u and v are defined at each grid point The vertical wind component w is defined at the vertical cell faces The position of the meteorological grid in real space is determined by the reference coordinates XORIGKM YORIGKM of the southwest corner of grid cell 1 1 Thus grid point 1 1 the cell center is located at XORIGKM DGRIDKM 2 YORIGKM DGRIDKM 2 where DGRIDKM is the length of one side of the grid square It is assumed that the orientation of the X and Y axes of the CALMET grid are west east and south north respectively In this way the grid system 1s compatible with the usual definition of the u and v horizontal wind components as the easterly and northerly components of the wind respectively One commonly used grid system compatible with CALMET is the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Grid see Appendix D for a description If the chosen CALMET domain is large the user through input variable LLCONF can exercise the option to fit the observed winds to a Lambert Conformal grid to account for the Earth s curvature CALMET uses the user specified
288. ro and prints a warning message to the output list file CALMET LST It is recommended that the user resolve periods with no valid data by the acquisition of additional observational data or by a case by case analysis of other meteorological records to confirm that no precipitation occurred during the period The third option in CALMET for interpolation of precipitation data is to use a combined 1 d exponential weighting function i e d 0 Res R di ij Mie 2 72 E d q I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 34 where o is a distance weighting factor km and the other variables are as defined above The 1 d exponential weighting option is selected by setting NFLAG 3 in the CALMET control file In this instance the radius of influence concept is replaced by the exponential weighting factor The variable SIGMAP in the control file is used to specify the value of o The minimum values of d and r discussed above also apply if Eqn 2 72 is used The user has the option to internally compute the distance weighting factor o dynamically by setting the value of SIGMAP to zero in the control file CALMET will compute o each hour as one half the minimum distance between any two observational stations with non zero precipitation rates I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 35 3 CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE 3 1 Memory Management A flexible memory management system is used in CALMET which facilitates the user s ability to alter the dimension of
289. rocessor which reads the fractional land use data user inputs which define land use category mapping and values relating each of the surface parameters to land use and optionally the gridded terrain data file and produces a GEO DAT file ready for input to CALMET CALMMS is a processor that extracts and interprets data in the output file from MM5 Version 2 and creates a file of meteorological data for direct input to CALMET in either its MM4 DAT format or its MM5 DAT format Preprocessors and utilities provided with the modeling system for use with CALPUFF include OPTHILL is a processor program which uses topographical data such as terrain maps to develop hill shape factors that are used in the subgrid scale complex terrain CTSG module in CALPUFF EPM2BAEM is a conversion utility which creates a time varying emissions file for buoyant forest fire area sources based on the output from the U S D A Forest Service Emissions Production Model EPM The meteorological modeling with the CALMET model is detailed in Figure 1 2 Note that the preprocessors for the raw meteorological data are written to accommodate the U S National Climatic Data Center NCDC file formats Figure 1 3 is the schematic of the CALPUFF dispersion model indicating the model input and output files The postprocessing approach for the meteorological and dispersion modeling results is shown in Figure 1 4 A series of reports and user s guides describe the component
290. rom a data file DIAG DAT Surface met station to use for the surface temperature ISURFT No default ISURFT 5 Must be a value from 1 to NSSTA Used only if IDIOPT1 0 Domain averaged temperature lapse rate IDIOPT2 Default 0 IDIOPT2 0 0 Compute internally from twice daily upper air observations 1 Read hourly preprocessed values from a data file DIAG DAT Upper air station to use for the domain scale lapse rate IUPT No default IUPT 1 Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA Used only if IDIOPT2 0 Depth through which the domain scale lapse rate is computed ZUPT Default 200 ZUPT 200 Used only if IDIOPT2 0 Units meters Initial Guess Field wind components IDIOPT3 Default O0 IDIOPT3 0 0 Compute internally from twice daily upper air observations 1 Read hourly preprocessed values a data file DIAG DAT Upper air station to use for the domain scale winds IUPWND Default 1 IUPWND 1 Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA 1 indicates 1 R 2 interpolation of all stations Used only if IDIOPT3 0 Bottom and top of layer through which the initial guess winds are computed ZUPWND 1 ZUPWND 2 Defaults 1 1000 ZUPWND 1 500 Used only if IDIOPT3 0 Units meters I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 106 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 5 Continued Observed surface wind components for wind field module IDIOPT
291. rt conformal projection IWFCOD integer Wind field module used 0 objective analysis 1 diagnostic model NSSTA integer Number of surface meteorological stations NUSTA integer Number of upper air stations 4 192 Header Variable Record No No 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 4 1 4 9 4 3 1 5 5 3 char 8 Character 8 Included only if NSSTA gt 0 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 65 Continued CALMET DAT file Header Records Variable NPSTA NOWSTA NLU IWATI IWAT2 LCALGRD XLATO XLONO LLCONF CONEC XLATI XLAT2 RLATO RLONO CLABI IDUM ZFACEM CLAB2 IDUM XSSTA Type integer integer integer integer integer logical real real logical real real real real real char 8 integer real array char 8 integer real array 4 193 Description Number of precipitation stations Number of over water stations Number of land use categories Range of land use categories Corresponding to water surfaces IWATI or IWAT2 inclusive Flag indicating if the full set of meteorological parameters required by CALGRID are contained in the file LCALGRD is normally set to TRUE for CALPUFF applications N Latitude of southwest corner of MET grid W Longitude of southwest corner of MET grid Lambert conformal LC projection if TRUE Cone constant for LC map Standard parallel 1 for LC map Standard parallel 2 for LC map North latitude for origin
292. s Input Group 8 Upper Air Station Parameters One line of data is entered for each upper air station Each line contains the following parameters read in free format CUNAM IDUSTA XUSTA YUSTA XUTZ The data for each station are preceded by USn where n is the upper air station number e g US1 for station 1 US2 for station 2 etc The station variables US1 US2 etc must start in Column 3 The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each record See the sample control file for an example Variable CUNAM IDUSTA XUSTA YUSTA XUTZ Type char 4 integer real real real Repeated for each of NUSTA Stations Description Four character upper air station name Must be enclosed within single quotation marks e g STA1 STA etc The opening quotation mark must be in Column 9 or greater of each record Station identification number X coordinate km of upper air station Y coordinate km of upper air station Time zone of the station e g 05 EST 06 CST 07 MST 08 PST Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF F or Lambert conformal coordinates if LLCONF T see Input Group 2 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 130 Table 4 43 Concluded CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 9 Precipitation Station Parameters One line of data is entered for each precipitation station Each line contains the following parameters read in free format CPNAM IDPSTA XPSTA and YPST
293. s 4 1 ZO real array Surface roughness lengths m 5 1 NEARS integer array Station number of closest surface station to each grid point 6 1 ILANDU integer array Land use categories I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 204 Header Record No 7 7 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 18 18 18 Variable No 1 2 na A Ut N Table 4 67 Concluded PACOUT DAT File Format DATA RECORDS Repeated for each hour of run Variable KYR KJUL KHR UL VL UUP VUP HTMIX USTAR WSTAR XMONIN IPGT RMM AVRHO TEMPK SRAD IRH IPCODE At surface meteorological stations I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer real array real array real array real array real array real array real array real array integer array real array real real array real array integer array integer array 4 205 Description Year Julian day Hour 00 23 Lower level u wind component m s Lower level v wind component m s Upper level u wind component m s Upper level v wind component m s Mixing height m Friction velocity m s Convective velocity scale m s Monin Obukhov length m PGT stability class Hourly precipitation rate mm hr Average surface air density kg m Air temperature K Total solar radiation W m Relative humidity Precipitation code 4 4 PRTMET Meteorological Display Program The CALMET meteorologica
294. s km for POLAR grid 102030 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 Radials degrees for POLAR grid I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 74 Lines nH tn A N 10 next NUSGS90 lines 11 next NUSGS30 lines 12 Variable LSTFIL PLTFIL GRDFIL SAVFIL CFLAG SAVINFIL OUTMAP GRDTYP MODEL NUSGS90 DATAFIL NUSGS30 DATAFIL NARM3 one filename per line I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 33 TERREL Control File Inputs Type character 70 character 70 character 70 character 70 character character 70 character 3 character 6 character 10 integer character 70 integer character 70 integer 4 75 Description List file name Plot file name Output file name of terrain elevations ASCID Output binary save file name Continuation run flag N no Y yes Previous run binary output file SAV Used only if it is a continuation run Output GRID type options are UTM LCC UTM or Lambert conformal Grid definitions are CENTER CORNER POLAR POLAR polar coordinate grid for rectangular grid CENTER or CORNER refers to the position of the origin located at xorgk yorgk within grid cell 1 1 For CALMET GRDTYP should be set to CORNER Meteorological or dispersion model using terrain data options are CALMET MESOPAC NUATMOS cell averaged terrain file ISCCART ISC3 pol
295. s in the MM5 domain half sigma levels same as number of vertical levels in data records format 412 15 314 4 54 Table 4 27 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT Variable No Variable 1 NXI 2 NY1 3 NX2 4 NY2 5 RXMIN 6 RXMAX 7 RYMIN 8 RYMAX Variable No Variable 1 SIGMA I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd HEADER RECORDS Header Record 6 Type Description integer I index X direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain integer J index Y direction of the lower left corner of the extraction subdomain integer L index X direction of the upper right corner of the extraction subdomain integer J index Y direction of the upper right corner of the extraction subdomain real Westernmost E longitude degrees in the subdomain real Easternmost E longitude degrees in the subdomain real Southernmost N latitude degrees in the subdomain real Northernmost N latitude degrees in the subdomain format 412 4f8 2 Next NZP Records Type Description real array Sigma p values used by MMS to define each of the NZP layers half sigma levels Read as do 10 IZ1 NZP 10 READ iomm4 20 SIGMA I 20 FORMAT F6 3 4 55 Table 4 27 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Next NXP NYP Records Variable Variable Type Description No 1 IINDEX integer Lindex X direction of the grid point in the extraction subdomain
296. s made to the horizontal wind components The final horizontal winds are the smoothed winds resulting from Eqn 2 26 Godden and Lurmann 1983 suggest that this procedure may sometimes lead to unrealistically large vertical velocities in the top layers of the grid In order to avoid this problem an option is provided to use a procedure suggested by O Brien 1970 to adjust w wz wy z wie Zop 2 28 The O Brien procedure forces the vertical velocity at the top of the model domain to be zero Because the horizontal winds are not mass consistent with the adjusted vertical velocities the horizontal winds are subject to adjustment by the divergence minimization scheme described in Section 2 3 4 The divergence minimization procedure iteratively adjusts the u and v components to within a user specified divergence threshold while holding the vertical velocity field w w constant There are situations where the use of the O Brien procedure is not warranted For example if the top of the modeling grid is within a sea breeze convergence zone the large vertical velocities resulting from application of Eqn 2 27 may be realistic Therefore the use of the O Brien procedure is an optional feature of CALMET Divergence Minimization Procedure Three dimensional divergence in the wind field is minimized by a procedure described by Goodin et al 1980 This procedure iteratively adjusts the horizontal wind components u v for a fixed ver
297. s of the modeling system The technical formulation and user instructions for the revised CALMET Version 5 model and the meteorological and geophysical preprocessing programs are contained in this report Documentation for CALPUFF Version 5 and CALPOST Version 5 is contained in Scire et al 1999 The CSUMM prognostic wind field model is described in a report by Kessler 1989 A stand alone version of the Diagnostic Wind Model DWM used as the original wind field module in CALMET is discussed by Douglas and Kessler 1988 The CALGRID model is documented in a paper by Yamartino et al 1992 and reports by Yamartino et al 1989 and Scire et al 1989 The KSP model is described by Strimaitis et al 1995 and Yamartino et al 1996 I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 7 Hourly Surface Data Precipitation Land Use Files Data TD 3240 CD144 Format Format Data Files TD3240 DAT Elevation Data CTGCOMP PXTRACT METSCAN Precipitation Files QA Program Data Extracting Program Surface Data Surface Met Surface Data Extracted Hourly TERREL CTGPROC Upper Air Data Files Data Files with Files Precipitation Terrain Land Use File TD 6201 SAMSON corrections HUSWO Data TD 3240 Format CD144 Format Format Format Processor Processor Formats stn DAT CSUMM MAKEGEO Prognostic READ62 SMERGE PMERGE Wind Field Upper Air Surface Met Precipitation Preprocessor Model Preprocessor Preprocessor MMS5 MM4 Geop
298. scription 0 hydrostatic MMS run 1 non hydrostatic MMS moisture options dry removal of super saturation warm rain Hsie simple ice scheme Dudhia mixed phase Reisner mixed phase with graupel Goddard mixed phase with graupel Reisner MMS cumulus parameterization none Anthes Kuo Grell Arakawa Schubert Fritsch Chappel Kain Fritsch Betts Miller Oo tA EO MMS planetary boundary layer PBL scheme 0 no PBL 1 bulk PBL 2 Blackadar PBL 3 Burk Thompson PBL 5 MRF PBL MMS atmospheric radiation scheme O none 1 simple cooling 2 cloud radiation Dudhia 3 CCM2 MMS soil model 0 none 1 multi layer 1 FDDA grid analysis nudging 0 no FDDA 1 FDDA observation nudging 0 no FDDA 4 53 Variable No Variable 1 IBYRM 2 IBMOM 3 IBDYM 4 IBHRM 5 NHRSMM5 6 NXP 7 NYP 8 NZP I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 27 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT HEADER RECORDS Header Record 5 Type Description integer Beginning year of the data in the file integer Beginning month of the data in the file integer Beginning day of the data in the file integer Beginning hour GMT of the data in the file integer Length of period hours of the data in the file integer Number of grid cells in the X direction in the extraction subdomain integer Number of grid cells in the Y direction in the extraction subdomain integer Number of layer
299. sily adjusted to match the requirements of a particular application An external parameter file contains the maximum array size for all of the major arrays A re sizing of the program can be accomplished by modifying the appropriate variable or variables in the parameter file and re compiling the program All appropriate arrays in the model will be automatically re sized by the updated parameter values For example the maximum number of horizontal grid cells allowed in the model MXNX and MXNY are two of the variables which can be adjusted within the parameter file However no change to the parameter file is necessary if a particular application requires a smaller array size than the maximum values specified in the parameter file The memory required by CALPUFF will be a strong function of the specified maximum array dimensions in the parameter file However as an example CALPUFF required approximately 300 K bytes of memory for a test run with a 10 x 10 horizontal grid with 5 vertical layers and a maximum I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 18 number of puffs of 100 This type of configuration may be suitable for ISC mode simulations of a small number of point sources For more typical studies memory requirements will typically be at least 32 megabytes with more required for simulations involving large numbers of sources The run time of CALPUFF will vary considerably depending on the model application Variations of factors of 10 100 are likely
300. similar equation applies to the v component of the wind Following Douglas and Kessler 1988 in the DWM a value of P of 0 143 is used over land and P of 0 286 is used over water A cell averaged terrain elevation of zero is used as a flag for water cells With IEXTRP 3 the user defines a set of scaling factors one for each CALMET layer above the surface see the FEXTRP array in Input Group 5 The winds at Layers 2 through NZ are computed as u u FEXTRP 2 20 where iis the CALMET layer number i 2 3 NZ u is the u component of the wind in Layer 1 u is the u component of the wind in Layer i and I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 11 FEXTRP is the user specified scaling factor for layer i A similar equation is used to scale the v component of the wind The third method for extrapolating the winds is based on the work of van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 It uses similarity theory and observed data to extend the influence of the surface wind speed and direction into the layers aloft Wind speed and direction are altered in each layer aloft up to 200 meters above ground level or the mixing height whichever is greater The equations for the van Ulden and Holtslag 1985 extrapolation method IEXTRP 4 are given below The turning of the wind with height is given by Eqn 2 21 D z D h dl exp d z h 2 21 where D z is the turning angle at layer height center z D h is the turning angle at a reference height h an
301. sing observational data but additional terrain adjustments are not made A third available option in CALMET is to treat the gridded MM4 MMS data as observations in the objective analysis procedure CALMET Boundary Layer Models The CALMET model contains two boundary layer models for application to overland and overwater grid cells I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 14 Overland Boundary Layer Model Over land surfaces the energy balance method of Holtslag and van Ulden 1983 is used to compute hourly gridded fields of the sensible heat flux surface friction velocity Monin Obukhov length and convective velocity scale Mixing heights are determined from the computed hourly surface heat fluxes and observed temperature soundings using a modified Carson 1973 method based on Maul 1980 Gridded fields of PGT stability class and optional hourly precipitation rates are also determined by the model Overwater Boundary Layer Model The aerodynamic and thermal properties of water surfaces suggest that a different method is best suited for calculating the boundary layer parameters in the marine environment A profile technique using air sea temperature differences is used in CALMET to compute the micrometeorological parameters in the marine boundary layer An upwind looking spatial averaging scheme is optionally applied to the mixing heights and 3 dimensional temperature fields in order to account for important advective effects 1 4 Summary
302. sounding levels with all values valid will be included in the output data file It is generally recommended that the levels with missing data be retained in order to avoid eliminating levels that might have some valid data Although CALMET allows missing values of wind speed wind direction and temperature at intermediate levels 1 e levels other than the surface and model top the user is cautioned against using soundings with significant gaps due to missing data For example adequate vertical resolution of the morning temperature structure near the surface is especially important to the model for predicting daytime mixing heights It should be kept in mind that the model will fill in missing data by assuming that a straight line interpolation between valid levels is appropriate If this assumption is questionable the sounding should not be used with the model Two input files are required by the preprocessor a user input control file and the NCDC upper air data file Two output files are produced A list file summarizes the options selected provides a summary of the soundings processed and contains informational messages indicating problems in the data set The second output file contains the processed upper air data in a CALMET ready format Table 4 1 contains a listing of the input and output files for READ62 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 1 The READ62 control file includes two records of data entered in FORTRAN free format followed by
303. ss observations WECOD WECOD WECOD field WECOD LVARY RMAX1 RMAX2 RMAX3 RMIN TERRAD PEE 0 1 0 IWFCOD 1 0 IWFCOD 0 or 0 IWFCOD 0 or T 500 500 10 Table 4 42 Continued Sample CALMET Control File CALMET INP Input Group 5 Continued Relative weighting of the first ld and observations in the guess fie SURFACE 1 observati ayer R1 No default R1 100 Rl is the distance from an Units km observational station at which the on and first guess field are equally weighted Relative weighting of the first ld and observations in the guess fie layers AL OFT R2 No default R2 2 500 R2 is applied in the upper layers Units km in the same manner as R1 is used in the surfa DIVLIM Maximum number of iterations in the divergenc ce layer Maximum acceptable divergence in the divergence minimization procedure Relative weighting parameter of the prognostic wind field data RPROG No default RPROG Used only if IPROG 1 Units km e min procedure NITER Default 50 NITER Number of passes in the smoothing NSMTH NZ NOTE NZ values must be entered ult 2 mxnz 1 4 NSMTH procedure Defa 2 8 8 12 4 22 X2 20 y 20 2004 2007 ADO 400 40 Maximum number of stations used in each layer for the interpolation of data to a grid point NINTR2 NZ
304. t be 0 JCL Number of grid cells in segment in X and Y direction must MX and MY I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 90 4 3 CALMET Model Files The CALMET model obtains the necessary control information and input meteorological data from a number of different input files The control file CALMET INP contains the data that define a particular model run such as starting date and time horizontal and vertical grid data and model option flags Geophysical data including terrain elevations land use and surface characteristics are read from a formatted data file called GEO DAT The hourly surface meteorological observations are contained in the surface data file SURF DAT If overwater temperatures are being calculated separately this file must contain only land stations This file can be either a formatted or an unformatted file generated by the SMERGE preprocessor program or a free formatted user prepared file depending on options specified in the control file Upper air meteorological data are read from a series of data files called UPn DAT where n is the upper air station number e g n 1 2 3 The data for each upper air station are stored in a separate data file Hourly precipitation observations are contained in a file called PRECIP DAT This file can bea formatted or an unformatted file generated by the PMERGE preprocessor program or a free formatted user prepared file Overwater meteorological data are read from a series of da
305. t crt Tee ES SA Deo be Je Che A ily De SDD SOD LD AL Ot AO E eee Bel Di ee Bil user ors el 0 Qua 208 O 05 De 0 0 405A Oak Met 05 008 OS D 0 1 BA Pe uA E OS Bie 45 20 049v Yh 7 1 sive tet SS shore ths Seki The rhe nis ele der ole ds cf 1 54 0 5 5 51 52 53 54 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 10 20 20 30 40 51 54 55 60 61 62 70 80 90 ol 55 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 40 40 A 10 4 ba terrain bin IFILE TERRAIN NOTE UAM Terrain not used in CALMET idate begtim 88001 0 jdate endtim 88366 23 xorg yorg utmzone 0 0 0 0 18 utm x amp y sw cor m 291000 0 4552000 0 delta x amp y m 250 0 250 0 nx ny nz 40 40 5 nzlower amp nzupper 2 3 htsur htlow htupp 0 50 100 ix iy nxcll nycll 0 0 40 40 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Table 4 38 Sample MAKEGEO Control File MAKEGEO INP gridded land use data output geo dat file Read Terrain file Input terrain data filename lst point read 0 SW corner 1 NW corner number of cells x dir number of cells y dir x origin km y origin km grid resolution km UTM zone of input categories 43 51 52 93 54 61 62 71 72 73 74 75 1 001 001 001 001 X 12 505 205 205 205 05 Hv cut 1 1 El oe glee Eadr ed de BSS ond Tz D 0 0 0 29 1 it ul l8 C It sor x Ts 1 1 2295 a o LD e TS Di 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 His Os 0 0 0 Le 1405 405 205 205 205 dies wy Ts La
306. t to output mapping For each input LU category the new output LU category must be provided There should be NINCAT values 30 CQA char 1 Flag to invoke QA option Y yes or N no 31 NLX NLY integers LJ indices of cell to write out for QA check used only if CQAzy 32 CUAMTE char 1 Flag to generate UAM terrain file Y yes N no R The next 12 lines are irrelevant for GEO DAT CALMET and are only read if CUAMTER Y 32a UTERFIL char 70 Output UAM Terrain file Each line begins with a 20 character long message 32b IFILE char 1 array Output file name 32c NOTE char 1 array Comment line 32d IDATE integer real Begin date and time BEGTIM 32e JDAT integer real End date and time ENDTIM 32f XOR YOR real real Reference origin X Y UTM zone IZN integer 32g UTMX real UTM coordinates m of origin UTMY 32h DX DY real Grid cell size in X and Y direction m 321 MX MY integer Number of grid cells in X Y and Z directions MZ 32j IZLOW integer Number of vertical levels between ground and the IZUP diffusion break and between the diffusion break and the top of the modeling domain 32k HTSUR real Height of surface layer m Minimum thickness of HTLOW vertical layers between ground and diffusion break and HTUPP between diffusion break and the region top I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 89 Table 4 39 MAKEGEO Control File Inputs Line Variable Type Description 32 LLIY ICL integer X and Y location of segment origin mus
307. ta files called SEAn DAT where n is the overwater station number e g n 1 2 3 The data for each overwater station are stored in a separate file If overwater default parameters for temperature air sea temperature difference etc are being used and separate overwater temperatures are not being calculated then overwater stations can be placed in the SURF DAT file CALMET contains an option to use gridded prognostic model output from CSUMM MM4 or MMS as model input If this option is selected the CSUMM gridded prognostic model wind fields are read from an unformatted data file called PROG DAT the MM4 MMS prognostic fields are read from a formatted data file called MM4 DAT or the MMS fields may be read from a formatted file called MM5 DAT In its default mode CALMET computes domain averaged winds temperature lapse rates and surface temperatures from the hourly surface observations and twice daily upper air data contained in the SURF DAT UPn DAT and if present SEAn DAT files However the model contains an option for the user to specify pre computed values for these parameters from an optional file DIAG DAT The main CALMET output files are a list file CALMET LST containing a listing of the model inputs and user selected printouts of the output meteorological values and an optional unformatted disk file CALMET DAT or PACOUT DAT containing the hourly gridded meteorological data produced by the model In addition several additio
308. te air quality modeling system for regulatory use Sigma Research Corporation now part of Earth Tech Inc developed the CALPUFF dispersion model and related models and programs including the CALMET meteorological model The original development of CALPUFF and CALMET was sponsored by the California Air Resources Board CARB Systems Application Inc SAI served as a subcontractor to Sigma Research with the responsibility for developing the original wind field modeling component of the CALMET model The original design specifications for the modeling system included 1 the capability to treat time varying point and area sources 2 suitability for modeling domains from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers from a source 3 predictions for averaging times ranging from one hour to one year 4 applicability to inert pollutants and those subject to linear removal and chemical conversion mechanisms and 5 applicability for rough or complex terrain situations The modeling system Scire et al 1990a 1990b developed to meet these objectives consisted of three components 1 a meteorological modeling package with both diagnostic and prognostic wind field generators 2 a Gaussian puff dispersion model with chemical removal wet and dry deposition complex terrain algorithms building downwash plume fumigation and other effects and 3 postprocessing programs for the output fields of meteorological data concentrations and deposition
309. ted as a layer thickness weighted 3 point average involving the two cell face temperatures and the temperature at the lid height The resulting 3 D temperature field thus incorporates 1 all available upper air station data for the most current soundings straddling the current time ii all available hourly surface temperature data and 111 supplemental adiabatic modeling of temperatures below the convective mixing height I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 32 The user optionally can apply the spatial averaging method described in Section 2 3 1 to the three dimensional temperature field through input variable IAVET using the MNMDAV and HAFANG values specified for mixing heights 2 3 2 1 Overwater Temperatures Because of the important effect of water bodies on temperature and the strong temperature gradients that can exist at coastal boundaries CALMET can calculate overwater temperatures separately by use of overwater data e g buoy data in the SEA DAT files Over land temperatures still are calculated as described above with the exception that overwater stations are not included in the surface level interpolation Spatial averaging optionally can be applied to the entire temperature field through use of IAVET options see Input Group 6 Such averaging may be desirable to moderate the temperatures along the coastline The overwater interpolation of temperatures is user controlled by the selection of the land use categories for which
310. ted by hour as required by CALMET rather than by station The program can also read an existing unformatted output file and add stations to it creating a new output file PMERGE also resolves accumulation periods and flags missing or suspicious data Accumulation periods are intervals during which only the total amount of precipitation is known The time history of precipitation within the accumulation period is not available For example it may be known that within a six hour accumulation period a total of a half inch of precipitation fell but information on the hourly precipitation rates within the period is unavailable PMERGE resolves accumulation periods such as this by assuming a constant precipitation rate during the accumulation period For modeling purposes this assumption is suitable as long as the accumulation time period is short e g a few hours However for longer accumulation periods the use of the poorly time resolved precipitation data is not recommended PMERGE will eliminate and flag as missing any accumulate periods longer than a user defined maximum length PMERGE provides an option to pack the precipitation data in the unformatted output in order to reduce the size ofthe file A zero packing method is used to pack the precipitation data Because many of the precipitation values are zero strings of zeros are replaced with a coded integer identifying the number of consecutive zeros that are being represented For ex
311. teman 1985 2 17 Ah 3 Pg B Din where Fr is the local Froude number V is the wind speed m s at the grid point N is the Brunt V is l frequency as defined in Eqn 2 5 Ah is an effective obstacle height m hj is the highest gridded terrain height within a radius of influence TERRAD of the grid point i j and z y is the height of level k of grid point i j above the ground The Froude number is computed for each grid point If Fr is less than a critical Froude number CRITEN and the wind at the grid point has an uphill component the wind direction is adjusted to be tangent to the terrain The wind speed is unchanged If Fr exceeds the critical Froude number no adjustment is made to the flow Input Group 5 of the control file contains the user input parameters to the terrain blocking module The radius of influence of terrain features TERRAD is a function of the dominant scale of the terrain The critical Froude Number CRITFN is the threshold for blocking effects It has a default value of 1 0 2 2 2 Step 2 Formulation The second step in the processing of the wind field by the diagnostic model is the introduction of observational data into the Step 1 gridded wind field The Step 2 procedure consists of four substeps Douglas and Kessler 1988 Interpolation Smoothing O Brien adjustment of vertical velocities Divergence minimization I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 8 The user optionally can invoke a
312. the major arrays within the code Arrays dealing with the number of horizontal or vertical grid cells meteorological stations barriers land use types and several other internal parameters are dimensioned throughout the code with parameter statements The declaration of the values of the parameters are stored in a file called PARAMS MET This file is automatically inserted into any CALMET subroutine or function requiring one of its parameters via FORTRAN include statements Thus a global redimensioning of all of the model arrays dealing with the number of vertical layers for example can be accomplished simply by modifying the PARAMS MET file and recompiling the program The parameter file contains variables which set the array dimensions or the maximum allowed number of vertical layers or horizontal grid cells etc The actual value of the variables for a particular run is set within the user input file i e the control file and can be less than or equal to the maximum value set by the parameter file A sample parameter file is shown in Table 3 1 In addition to the parameters specifying the maximum array dimensions of the major model arrays the parameter file also contains variables determining the Fortran I O unit numbers associated with each input and output file For example the input control file 1O5 and output list file 106 are usually associated with unit numbers 5 and 6 However if these units are reserved on a particular com
313. the overwater data in the SEA DAT file is applied see JWATI JWAT2 in Input Group 6 For example the default values of JWAT1 and JWAT2 are set so that the SEA DAT temperature interpolation scheme is applied only to oceans and seas rather than smaller water bodies such as lakes or ponds To disable the overwater temperature interpolation scheme JWAT1 and JWAT2 can be set to large values outside the range of the land use data in the GEO DAT file e g 9999 For the specified water body surface temperatures CALMET Layer 1 are based only on the overwater station observations found in the SEAn DAT input files Temperatures in the remaining vertical layers over water are based on user specified time varying lapse rates from the SEAn DAT files or constant default lapse rates Separate lapse rates are specified below and above the overwater mixing height The default values for the lapse rates are 0 0098 K m below the mixing height dry adiabatic lapse rate and 0 0045 K m above the mixing height moist adiabatic lapse rates Spatially weighted averaging can be based on either 1 r or 1 1 depending on the IRAD switch 2 3 3 Precipitation Interpolation CALMET uses observations of hourly precipitation amounts to produce gridded precipitation fields There are three options available for computing the precipitation fields 1 d interpolation 1 d interpolation 1 d exponential interpolation function I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2
314. tial guess field or the Step 1 wind field used by CALMET to be replaced by gridded wind fields generated by the MM4 or MMS prognostic meteorological models or the CSUMM version of the prognostic Colorado State University Mesoscale Model The procedure allows for the prognostic model to be run with a significantly larger grid spacing and different vertical grid resolution than that used in the diagnostic model This option allows certain features of the flow field such as the lake breeze circulation with a return flow aloft which may not be captured in the surface observational data base to be introduced into the diagnostic wind field results The prognostic model MM4 MMS CSUMM output can also be introduced into CALMET as pseudo Observations I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 17 The first step is to interpolate the gridded prognostic model winds to the CALMET horizontal and vertical levels The linear interpolation is performed to convert winds at the prognostic model s vertical levels to the CALMET levels An inverse distance squared 1 R weighting procedure is used in the horizontal to interpolate the prognostic model winds to the CALMET grid points Once the prognostic winds have been defined at the CALMET grid points the Step 2 wind field is generated and computed in the following way Usus u v pog 2 2 2 prog R 1 prog 2 37 u v i SE Ry where u v are the wind components generated by the prognos
315. tic wind field model and Ry isauser specified weighting parameter for the prognostic wind field data The other variables were defined in Section 2 2 2 The CALMET model contains three options for treating gridded prognostic wind fields such as MM4 FDDA fields as input as the initial guess field as the Step 1 wind field or as observations When used as the initial guess field the prognostic winds are first interpolated to the fine scale CALMET grid The normal diagnostic adjustments for the fine scale terrain are then made This produces a Step 1 field which 1s then subject to an objective analysis procedure using the observed wind data Thus in this mode the prognostic winds are adjusted for the fine scale terrain effects and Observations In the second option the prognostic winds are interpolated to the CALMET grid and then are used as the Step 1 field Thus the prognostic winds are not adjusted for the fine scale terrain effects but rather they are assumed to already contain the most significant terrain effects The Step 1 winds are combined with observations using an objective analysis procedure to produce the final Step 2 winds I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 18 In the third case the prognostic winds are treated in exactly the same manner as the observations If the diagnostic wind option is used in CALMET a Step 1 wind field is produced by adjusting the domain scale wind for the fine scale terrain effects The actual
316. tical velocity field so that at each grid point the divergence is less than a user specified maximum value du dv dw g 2 29 dx dy dz where u v are the horizontal wind components w is the vertical velocity in terrain following coordinates and 1s the maximum allowable divergence In CALMET the horizontal wind components are defined at the grid points Vertical velocities are defined at the vertical grid cell faces Therefore the divergence D at grid point i j k is ijk Wijk i2 u Mk P Vijelk Vhjehk e cuu cr ge 2 Zk 1 2 Zan X y E i l j k 2 30 I calmet nov99 sect2 wpd 2 16 where Ax and Ay are the sizes of the grid cell in the x and y directions respectively For each grid point divergence is computed The u and v wind components at the surrounding cells are adjusted so that the divergence at the grid point is zero The adjustments are Uus Lk Wu j k T U adj 2 3 1 M jk Hia j k o HU adj 2 32 ais k Vij l k Vadj 2 33 UM x Vi j 1 k B Vadj 2 34 where the adjustment velocities U 4 Vaqj are D Ax Wap a 2 35 D Ay tay 2 36 Each time the divergence is eliminated at a particular grid point divergence is created at surrounding points However by applying the procedure iteratively the divergence is gradually reduced below the threshold value throughout the grid 2 2 3 Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output The CALMET model contains an option to allow the ini
317. titude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain positive for the Northern Hemisphere negative for Southern Hemisphere real array E Longitude degrees of the grid point in the extraction subdomain N B the MM4 MM5 convention is different than the CALMET convention MM4 MMS uses negative values for Western Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern Hemisphere CALMET internally converts the longitudes in the MM5 DAT file so the MM4 MM5 convention must be used in the MM5 DAT file integer array Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction subdomain m MSL integer array MMS landuse categories at cross points real array Same as XLATDOT but at cross point real array Same as XLATDOT but at cross point format 213 f7 3 f8 3 15 13 1x f7 3 f8 3 4 180 Table 4 62 Continued MMS Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format MM5 DAT DATA RECORDS repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain Variable Variable No 1 MYR 2 MMO 3 MDAY 4 MHR 2 IX 6 JX 7 PRES 8 RAIN 9 SC I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type integer integer integer integer integer integer real real integer Data Record Description Year of MMS wind data Month of MM5 wind data Day of MM5 wind data Hour GMT of MMS wind data I index X direction of grid cell J index Y direction of grid cell sea level pressure hPa total rainfall accumulated on the ground for the past hour cm snow cover indic
318. ts and or temperature data directly from the input file DIAG DAT otherwise performs time interpolation of upper air sounding data and converts surface wind components to U and V components Reads and interpolates gridded fields of prognostic model wind fields to the grid system used by the diagnostic wind field model Defines century for converting 2 digit years into 4 digit years Sorts three arrays into ascending numerical order using the quicksort algorithm Reads the header records from the unformatted version of the surface meteorological data file SURF DAT Reads the IWAQM formatted MM4 FDDA file header records Reads the two header records from an upper air data file Reads and interpolates the MM4 FDDA prognostic winds to the diagnostic model grid Reads a data record from an overwater data file Date hour of data in the current array is compared with model date hour to determine 1f it is time to read the next record Reads a data record from a precipitation data file If data are packed RDP unpacks the data before returning to the calling routine Reads a data record from the surface meteorological data file If data are packed RDS unpacks data before returning to calling routine Reads a sounding from the upper air data file Reads a set of data including wind speed wind direction pressure height and temperature Converts wind speed and wind direction to U and V components B 5 ROUTINE NAME RDWT
319. u H Y TTD A The Defense Mapping Agency adopted a special grid for military f Ng EEN q use throughout the world called the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM grid In this grid the worid is divided into 60 north south zones E i PF NS TR T Figure 1 The Universal Transverse Mercator grid that covers the conterminous 48 United States comprises 10 zones irom zone 10 on the west coast through zone 19 in New England Map projections The most convenient way to identify points on the curved surface of the Earth is with a system of reference lines called parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude On some maps the meridians and paralleis appear as straight lines On most modem maps however the meridians and parailels may appear as curved lines These differences are due to the mathematical treatment required to portray a curved surface on a flat surface so that important properties of the map such as distance and areal accuracy are shown with minimum distortion The system used to portray a portion of the round Earth on flat surface is called a map projection INCALMETNept99MVAPPD Wpd Grids To simplify the use of maps and to avoid the inconvenience of pin pointing locations on curved reference lines a rectangular grid consisting of two sets of straight parallel lines uniformly spaced each set perpen dicular to the other is superimposed on the map This grid is designed so that a
320. ul Calmm5 Run I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 66 4 2 Geophysical Data Processors The GEO DAT data file contains the geophysical data inputs required by the CALMET model These inputs include land use type elevation surface parameters surface roughness length albedo Bowen ratio soil heat flux parameter and vegetation leaf area index and anthropogenic heat flux The land use and elevation data are entered as gridded fields The surface parameters and anthropogenic heat flux can be entered either as gridded fields or computed from the land use data at each grid point A series of programs have been developed to process the terrain and land use data and produce a GEO DAT file containing gridded fields of terrain land use and land use weighted fields of surface parameters and heat flux Creating the GEO DAT is a three step process The first two steps involve processing the relevant terrain and land use data and then in the third step the processed files are combined into a final file GEO DAT that can be read by CALMET The following preprocessors are used to generate a GEO DAT file TERREL is a terrain preprocessor which coordinates the allocation of terrain elevation data from several digitized data bases to a user specified modeling grid CTGCOMP isa preprocessor used to compress the data file format of a USGS land use data file in Composite Theme Grid CTG format CTGPROC is a land use preprocessor which reads the compressed
321. up land and these would all be mapped to one land use category for urban or built up land in CALMET if using the 14 category system see Table 4 27 A value of each surface parameter is provided by the user for each land use category in the MAKEGEO control input file MAKEGEO computes area weighted values for each grid cell based on the amount of area each land use category covers in the grid cell For example a grid cell which is half water and half forest would have surface parameters that would reflect 50 of the value assigned to water and 50 of the value assigned to forest categories An arithmetic weighting is computed for albedo Bowen ratio soil heat flux vegetation leaf area index and anthropogenic heat flux For the surface roughness a logarithmic weighting is used A sample MAKEGEO INP file is provided in Table 4 38 and the input variables are described in Table 4 39 MAKEGEO also produces a binary terrain file suitable for input into UAM MAKEGEO will run if a gridded elevation file is not supplied but gridded terrain elevations must then be manually inserted into GEO DAT before using as input for CALMET I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 85 MnewNlanduse dat geolkm dat nd terrain terlkm out T 0 40 30 370 4730 Ly 12 37 ld 12 18 14 too 16 17 21 22 e23 24 31 32 33 41 342 9 Lo Le di lo la Le 425 425 2250 225 097 205 04055 1 1 OS LOTO Oe BEBE BE o o bs ZEE O 425 0 208 dir
322. ur 00 23 LST of the data in this record Ending year of the data in this record Ending Julian day of the data in this record Ending hour 00 23 LST of the data in this record Air sea surface temperature difference K Air temperature K Relative humidity 96 Overwater mixing height m Temperature lapse rate below the mixing height overwater K m Temperature lapse rate above the mixing height overwater K m Wind speed m s Wind direction degrees Variables are read in FORTRAN free format Missing value indicators are 9999 real variables I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 155 HEADER RECORD 1 Description Default Value station name 5 digit station ID number DATA RECORDS Description Default Value 288 7 100 0 0098 0 0045 4 3 6 Precipitation Data File PRECIP DAT If the wet removal algorithm of the CALPUFF or MESOPUFF II models is to be applied CALMET must produce gridded fields of hourly precipitation rates from observations The PXTRACT and PMERGE preprocessing programs process and reformat the NWS precipitation data in TD 3240 format into a formatted or unformatted file called PRECIP DAT The output file of PMERGE is directly compatible with the input requirements of CALMET The user needs to set the precipitation file format variable IFORMP in the CALMET control file to one when using PMERGE unformatted output An option is provided in CALMET to read the hourly precipitation data from a free f
323. ur compound pollutants Central Electricity Generating Bureau MID SSD 80 0026 R Nottingham England O Brien J J 1970 A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary boundary layer J Atmos Sci 27 1213 1215 Oke T R 1978 Boundary Layer Climates John Wiley amp Sons New York NY Oke T R 1982 The energetic basis of the urban heat island Quart J R Met Soc 108 1 24 Pearson II F 1990 Map Projections Theory and Applications CRC Press Inc Boca Raton FL 372 PP Scire J S D G Strimaitis and R J Yamartino 1999 A user s guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model Version 5 Earth Tech Inc Concord MA Scire J S and F R Robe 1997 Fine scale application of the CALMET meteorological model to a complex terrain site Paper 97 A1313 AWMA 90th Annual Meeting amp Exhibition June 8 13 Toronto Ontario Canada Scire J S D G Strimaitis and R J Yamartino 1990a Model formulation and user s guide for the CALPUFF dispersion model Sigma Research Corp Concord MA Scire J S E M Insley and R J Yamartino 1990b Model formulation and user s guide for the CALMET meteorological model Sigma Research Corp Concord MA I calmet nov99 sect5 wpd 5 3 Scire J S R J Yamartino G R Carmichael and Y S Chang 1989 CALGRID A mesoscale photochemical grid model Volume II User s guide Sigma Research Corp Concord MA Scire J S F W Lurmann A Bass
324. used in the overwater temperature interpolation scheme should be placed in the SURF DAT file instead of a SEA DAT file For instance a user may want to include wind information from a lake buoy but not have the buoy influence temperatures over the ocean The overwater data files are structured to allow the use of data with arbitrary time resolution For example hourly or daily air sea temperature difference data if available can be entered into the files Otherwise monthly or seasonal data can be used However any station that is reporting non missing wind speed and direction should use hourly data resolution or inaccuracies will be introduced into the wind field The inaccuracy results from the fact that the variables retain their current values each hour until a new observation is encountered at which time they are updated Thus long periods of missing wind data between valid observations should receive hourly records with the wind data set to missing A similar argument applies to temperature and vertical temperature gradient information if the overwater temperature method is used All times must match the base time zone of the CALMET run variable IBTZ The location of the overwater site is specified for each observation This allows the use of data collected from ships with time varying locations The data for each observation station fixed or moving must be stored in a separate overwater data file Table 4 52 contains a sample ov
325. usive are assumed to represent water surfaces 5 ILUCAT integer array Array of NLU new user specified land use categories NEXT ILANDU integer array Land use types for cell grid point NX values per line NY The following statements are used to read the data lines do 20 JZNY 1 1 20 READ iogeo ILANDU n j n 1 nx NEXT HTFAC real Multiplicative scaling factor to convert terrain heights line from user units to meters e g HTFAC 0 3048 for user units of ft 1 0 for user units of meters Included only if IOPT1 1 Coordinates are UTM coordinates if using a UTM projection or Lambert conformal coordinates if using Lambert conformal projection GEO DAT File Format Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 137 Record NEXT NY lines NEXT line NEXT NLU lines NEXT NY lines Included only if IOPT2 1 Included only if IOPT2 2 Variable ELEV IOPT2 ILU ZOLU ZO I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Type real array integer integer real array real array Table 4 47 Continued GEO DAT File Format Description Terrain elevations user units for each grid point NX values for line The following statements are used to read the data do 30 J NY 1 1 30 READ iogeo ELEV n j n 1 NX Option flag for input of surface roughness lengths z0 O compute gridded z0 values from land use types using default z0 land use table 1 compute gridded z0 values from land use types using new
326. utes a 3 D array of terrain induced vertical velocities Determines kinematic effects exponential vertical decay factor and transforms W components to terrain following coordinates A Lahey PC FORTRAN library routine used to set underflows to zero Computes the dot product of a 3 element unit vector A with a 3 element unit vector B Unpacks an array of packed data using the zero removal packing method Unpacks an array of surface meteorological data using an integer packing method Vertically averages U and V wind components through a specified vertical depth Computes boundary layer parameters at grid points over water using a profile technique Also computes PGT stability class based on the Monin Obukhov length Computes boundary layer parameters at surface stations over water using a profile technique Creates spatially varying first guess wind field by using a 1 R interpolation weighting technique for both the upper air and surface observations B 7 ROUTINE NAME WINDBC WINDLPT WINDPR WNDPR2 WPCDD WPCR2D WRFILES WRT WRT2 WRTIID WRTDD WRTRID WRTR2D WSTARR XMIT YR4 I calmet nov99 appb wpd TYPE Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr Subr PURPOSE Sets the boundary conditions for a single level of U and V wind fields using no inflow no outflow boundary conditions
327. v99 sect1 wpd 1 15 Table 1 2 Summary of Input Data Required by CALMET Surface Meteorological Data Hourly observations of wind speed wind direction temperature cloud cover ceiling height surface pressure relative humidity Twice daily observed vertical profiles of wind speed wind direction temperature pressure elevation Hourly precipitation data precipitation rates precipitation type code part of surface data file Upper Air Data Hourly gridded wind fields optional MM4 MMS output CSUMM output Overwater Observations optional air sea temperature difference air temperature relative humidity overwater mixing height wind speed wind direction overwater temperature gradients above and below mixing height Geophysical Data Gridded fields of I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd terrain elevations land use categories surface roughness length optional albedo optional Bowen ratio optional soil heat flux constant optional anthropogenic heat flux optional vegetative leaf area index optional Missing values of temperature cloud cover ceiling height surface pressure and relative humidity at surface stations are allowed by the program The missing values are internally replaced by values at the closest station with non missing data However one valid value of each parameter must be available from at least one station for each hour of the run Missing values of the precipitation c
328. vals of 1 000 meters either by blue ticks in the margins of the map or with full grid lines The 1 000 meter value of the ticks is shown for every tick or grid line In addition the actual meter value is shown for ticks nearest the southeast and northwest comers of the map Provisional maps at 1 63 360 scale show full UTM grids at 5 000 meter intervals To use the UTM grid a transparent grid overlay can be used that sub divides the grid or lines can be drawn on the map connecting corresponding ticks on opposite edges The distances can be measured in meters at the map scale between any map point and the nearest grid lines to the south and west The northing of the point is the value of the nearest grid line south of it plus its distance north of that line its easting is the value of the nearest grid line west of it plus its distance east of that line see fig 2 Figure 2 The grid value of line A A is 357 000 meters east The grid value of line B B is 4 276 000 meters north Point P is 800 meters east and 750 meters north ol the grid lines therefore the grid coordinates of point P are north 4 276 750 and east 357 800 INCALMETNept99MVAPPD Wpd On maps at 1 100 000 and 1 250 000 scale a full UTM grid is shown ar intervals of 10 000 meters and is numbered and used in the same way Information For further information contact any Earth Science Information Center ESIC or call 1 800 USA MAPS
329. w technical description and user s guide Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland Washington Berkowicz R and L P Prahm 1982 Evaluation of the profile method for estimation of surface fluxes of momentum and heat Atmospheric Environment 16 2809 2819 Blackadar A K and H Tennekes 1968 Asymptotic similarity in neutral barotropic planetary boundary layers J Atmos Sci 25 1015 1020 Briggs G A 1979 Analytic Modeling of drainage flows Draft document Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory NOAA Briggs G A 1981 Canopy effects on predicted drainage flow characteristics and comparison with observations Proceedings Fifth AMS Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion American Meteorological Society Boston MA Briggs G A 1982 Simple substitutes for the Obukhov length Proceeding 3rd Joint Conference on Applic of Air Poll Meteor American Meteorological Society Boston MA pp 68 71 Briggs G A 1985 Analytical parameterizations of diffusion The convective boundary layer J Clim and Appl Meteor 24 1167 1186 Carson D J 1973 The development of a dry inversion capped convectively unstable boundary layer Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 99 450 467 Douglas S and R Kessler 1988 User s guide to the diagnostic wind field model Version 1 0 Systems Applications Inc San Rafael CA 48 pp Dean J D and W M Snyder 1977 Temporally and areally distributed fainfall J Irrigation and
330. water are large enough to be within the radius of influence of at least one observation Minimum radius of influence used in the wind field interpolation km This parameter should be assigned a small value e g 1 km to avoid possible divide by zero errors in the inverse distance squared weighting scheme Distance km from an upper air station within which vertical extrapolation of surface station data will be excluded Used only if IEXTRP gt 1 Radius of influence of terrain features km Input Group 5 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 122 Default Value 0 0 1 4 0 Variable RI R2 RPROG DIVLIM NITER NSMTH NINTR2 CRITFN ALPHA Table 4 43 Continued CALMET Control File Inputs Input Group 5 Wind Field Options and Parameters Type real real real real integer integer array integer array real real Input Group 5 Continued I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Description Weighting parameter for the diagnostic wind field in the surface layer km This parameter controls the relative weighting of the first guess wind field produced by the diagnostic wind field model and the observations R1 is the distance from an observational station at which the observation and the first guess field are equally weighted Weighting parameter for the diagnostic wind field in the layers aloft km R2 is applied in the upper layers in the same manner as R1 is used in th
331. ween MMS Version 2 and CALMET has been developed to extract and reformat the output of MMS in either the MM4 DAT or the MMS DAT form That preprocessor is called CALMMS 4 1 6 1 CALMMS preprocessor CALMMS contains options to output the following MMS variables in a format CALMET can access horizontal and vertical velocity components pressure temperature relative humidity and vapor cloud rain snow ice and graupel mixing ratios if available in MM5 The number of variables in the output is selected by the user but CALMMS internally checks the availability of these data in the MMS file CALMMS reads and interprets all information contained in the MMS header physical options dates grid size and location etc Note that the MMS header is read only once for the first MMS record in the MMS file MM5 grid specifications latitude longitude are therefore saved at that time and assumed valid for all subsequent times This assumption fails if MMS grid has moved during the MM5 simulation As MM5 and CALMET use an Arakawa B grid and a non staggered grid respectively see Figures 4 1 and 4 2 MMS scalar variables are interpolated to gridpoints where horizontal velocities are defined dot points A four point average is used to that effect MMS horizontal velocities are unaffected during that process In the vertical MMS vertical velocities present only in non hydrostatic runs are computed at full sigma levels while all other variables
332. xt line to YZNYM 1 etc All of the GEO DAT inputs are read in FORTRAN free format A detailed description of the GEO DAT variables is contained in Table 4 47 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd 4 133 Table 4 44 Sample GEO DAT Geophysical Data File GEO DAT 54 km grid 10x10 subset from 11 corner 10 10 54 0 54 0 621 0 16 NX NY DGRIDKM XORIGRKM YORIGRKM IUTMZN 0 LAND USE DATA 0 default lu categories l new categories 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1 0 TERRAIN HEIGHTS HTFAC conversion to meters 85 078 47 205 146 924 56 446 39 487 38 010 13 812 203 405 232 158 222 710 221 813 44 507 142 191 36 302 23 083 33 693 58 348 192 281 224 074 247 634 316 083 89 884 139 814 44 073 22 189 23 002 46 333 195 571 215 208 263 082 253 774 571182 121 245 21 407 37 051 44 876 52 340 200 471 246 724 318 109 82 808 98 6778 91 7038 29 091 38 407 65 023 90 390 225 489 253 910 314 988 14 193 77 9254 93 2705 15 583 41 910 90 386 87 382 204 256 306 503 448 922 78 3998 71 2785 95 3602 29 989 48 870 208 477 227 053 260 169 393 913 421 927 64 1938 79 1642 117 264 39 864 58 785 253 950 254 195 324 301 434 496 277 916 53 5650 84 5807 134 072 48 030 62 781 185 386
333. y coordinates of SURFACE STATIONS 0 Print x y coordinates of UPPER AIR STATIONS 0 Print x y coordinates of PRECIPITATION STATIONS O Print NEAREST SURFACE STATION no to each grid pt 0 1 Print SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTHS Fixed format 0 1 Print LAND USE CATEGORIES Fixed format 1 1 Print TERRAIN HEIGHTS Fixed format 0 1 Print LEAF AREA INDEX Fixed format 0 0 0 Print U V W TEMP FIELDS LAYER 1 0 0 0 LAYER 2 To 505 0 LAYER 3 0 0 0 LAYER 4 0 07 0 LAYER 5 0 0 0 LAYER 6 0 0 0 LAYER 7 0 0 0 LAYER 8 0 0 0 LAYER 9 0543 0750 LAYER 10 1 1 0 1 Convert U V to WS WD Units conv Fixed format 0 1 Print PGT STABILITY CLASS Fixed format 0 O Print FRICTION VELOCITY Fixed format 1 1 Print MIXING HEIGHT Fixed format 0 0 Print MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH Fixed format 0 O Print CONVECTIVE VEL SCALE Fixed format 0 O Print PRECIP RATE Fixed format O Print SURFACE MET STATION DATA 4 Number of domain characteristic plot zo roughnes grd key word filename format i2 1x al2 lu landuse grd Possible keywords ZO LU TE LI te terrain grd Roughness length ZO landuse category LU li leafindx grd terrain elevation TE leaf area index LI 6 Number of snapshot plots MIXH 3 mixhl grd Key word vertical slice time hour filename VECT 1 vectorl dat Format a4 1x i3 1x i5 lx al2 TEMP 3 temp3 grd eywords
334. y time rather than station The CD ROM format contains data in either the Solar and Meteorological Surface Observational Network SAMSON format or the Hourly U S Weather Observations HUSWO format PXTRACT is a meteorological preprocessor which extracts precipitation data for stations and a time period of interest from a fixed length formatted precipitation data file in NCDC TD 3240 format PMERGE is a meteorological preprocessor responsible for reformatting the precipitation data files created by the PXTRACT program PMERGE resolves accumulation periods into hourly values and flags suspicious or missing data The output file can be formatted or binary which can be directly input into the CALMET model containing the precipitation data sorted by hour rather than station TERREL is a terrain preprocessor which coordinates the allocation of terrain elevation data from several digitized data bases to a user specified modeling grid CTGCOMP is a preprocessor used to compress the data file format of a USGS land use CTG data file CTGPROC is a land use preprocessor which reads the compressed CTG land use data file and computes the fractional land use for each grid cell in the user specified modeling domain I calmet nov99 sect1 wpd 1 6 PRLNDI is a land use preprocessor which reads the ARM3 data base of land use data and computes fractional land use for each grid cell in the user specified modeling domain MAKEGEO is the final prep
335. yes PREVFILE character 70 Previous CTGPROC output data file used as input if the run is a continuation run used only if it is a continuation run ITHRES integer Threshold flag in of the average number of data hits per cells FFLAG character 1 Final run flag N not a final run Y yes a final run REFLAT real Reference latitude deg used in Lambert Conformal projection REFLAT 0 in Northern Hemispher REFLAT 0 in Southern Hemisphere REFLON real Reference longitude deg used in Lambert Conformal projection REFLON 0 in Western Hemisphere REFLON 0 in Eastern Hemisphere XLATI real Latitude deg of two standard parallels XLAT2 real used in the Lambert Conformal projection Positive in N Hemisphere negative in S Hemisphere 4 82 Line 12 13 14 15 16 17 I calmet nov99 sect4 wpd Variable NXI NYI DXI DYI XORG YORG RLAT RLONG NXOFF NYOFF Table 4 36 Continued Type integer integer real real real real real real integer integer Control File Inputs CTGPROC INP Description Comment line This line must be present in the file but it is skipped by CTGPROC It is used as a divider in the input file Number of elements in the X direction in the global data file Number of elements in the Y direction in the global data file Size km of the cell in the X direction in the global data file Size km of the cell in the

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