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Physics Analysis Workstation User's guide

1. e EAE REY C 3 2 3 Commiandaliases 4 XO ee ee os 3 3 System functions dde guerre v e pue ES pubes Reb be dep e eut 3 3 1 Inquiry functions zm oss ORG ey ee qu ee as Ree Nd t 3 3 2 Stungmanipulations i nuo segs 3 3 3 Expressionevaluations lt seo rh 3 3 4 Histograms inquiry functions 4 llle 3 3 5 QGraphicsinquiryfunctions e 3 3 6 Cuts manipulations les BAe ces e e RU ere RR te e s RT REL RP edet N OO ON WN E 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 14 14 15 3 5 EXPTESSIONS Lue ee a e eh 3 5 1 Arithmetic expressions 3 5 2 Boolean expressions 3 5 3 Stringexpressions 3 5 4 Garbage expressions 3 5 5 The small print on expressions 3 0 Macros oo asso Ro ov ea bh a mp de 3 6 1 Macro definitions and variables 3 62 Flowcontrolconstructs 3 7 Motfmode 6 ein RES 3 7 1 The Browser Interface 3 7 2 The Executive Window 3 7 3 User Definable Panels of Commands 3 7 4 X Windows Resources 3 8 Nitty Gnitty RR 3 8 1 System dependencies 3 8 2 The edit server Vectors 4 1 Vector creation and filling 4 2 Vector addressing oaoa 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 Graphical out
2. SS um a ee SRS 5 2 5 x See E lt Ry x 0 sey set oS 3 n Es prey o Test number 4 Figure 7 2 Visualising a HIGZ picture produced in a batch HPLOT program IGSET CHOPT VAL This command is used to set the value of attributes related to primitives and macroprimitives The first parameter is the mnemonic name of the attribute the second is the value to be assigned CHOPT Character variable specifying the name of the attribute to be set This a character string of 4 characters VAL Value of the attribute A value of 0 or no value specified indicates that the attribute value must be reset to its default value Examples of IGSET commands PAW gt IGSET MTYP 20 PAW gt IGSET LWID PAW gt IGSET PAW gt IGSET Change marker type This new marker is commands using the Set the line width Display actual and to 20 used by all subsequent current marker type to its default value default values of all HIGZ attributes Set ALL HIGZ attributes to their default values Note that the command SET calls IGSET if it is called with a IGSET option 7 4 Setting attributes 107 OPTION CHOPT The OPTION command has one optional parameter CHOPT Option name four characters Special values are HPLOT options to their default values Display actual and default values of all HPLOT o
3. Current Style Default LUN1 20 2d Plot Info Style Statistics Object Attributes General Attributes 1 Fits Viewing Angles Geometry Zones Axis Scaling Axis Settings Font Plot Options Filled Lego zd Cartesian _ File Name Date e o e Plot the current his togram Add informations on the plots Define the graphical option used to plot the current histogram Q Reset the default at tributes Define the coordinate system used to draw lego and surface plots Q Define attibutes used to draw the current histogram Close the Histogram Style Panel D File menu 2 Options menu 3 Current style name Current histogram name and type 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel 161 9 4 1 The Histogram Style Panel Menu Bar In this section is describe the full functionality of the pull down menu available in the Menu Bar of the Histogram Style Panel File Open Style Save Style Close Options Allows to choose and execute a Style Macro This Style Macro becomes the current style This field in the Histogram Style Panel is updated with the current style name The Style Macro have by de fault the extension sty Save the current style When a style is saved all the current attribute values are saved in the Style Macro S
4. VSUM argi The VSUM function generates the sum of each element of the argument array say X1 Xo Xi and creates a scalar whose value is equal to the sum of all the components of X namely X4 X5 Xs Xn Using the VSUM function SIGMA x array 10 NCO X X 1 0 1 0 0 0 10 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 SIGMA gt r vsum x NCO R R 1 10 0 1 00 1 00 00 1 00 76 Chapter 5 SIGMA 5 4 Available library functions The library functions available under SIGMA are listed below All these functions have a single argument unless otherwise indicated The number indicated between parentheses corresponds to the number of the same function in the CERN program library ABS ABSolute value ACOS ArCOSine ALOGAM LOGarithm of the GAMma Function C341 ASIN ArcSINe ATAN ArcTANgent ATAN2 ArcTANgent2 2 arguments BESIO Mod Bessel Function IO C313 BESI1 Mod Bessel Function I1 C313 BESJO Bessel Function JO C312 BESJ1 Bessel Function J1 C312 BESKO Mod Bessel Function K0 C313 BESK1 Mod Bessel Function K1 C313 BESYO Bessel Function YO C312 BESY1 Bessel Function Y1 C312 cos COSine COSH Hyperbolic COSine COSINT COSine INTegral C336 DILOG DILOGarithm Function C304 EBESIO exp z Io x C313 EBESI1 exp z I1 x C313 EBESKO exp z Ko x C313 EBESK1 1 C313 ELLICK Complete Elliptic Integral K C308 ELLICE Complete Elliptic
5. Viewing Region Push buttons are usualy used to perform a specific action Very often they open an other panel Axis Scaling C 2 3 Selection Buttons Selection buttons are used to select an option or a special mode They are not linked together like the toggle buttons and they can be on independently from the state of the others C 3 Paned Window Paned window separate window in several part Each part is resizable but the global 4 size stay the same when a part grow an other one reduce 181 182 Appendix C The Motif user interface tools C 4 Window manager buttons This tools a present on all the Motif windows A double click on this button closes the window a simple click display a pull down menu The content of the this menu depends on the window manager used These two buttons allows respectively to iconise and to enlarge a window to the max imum size possible on the screen Bibliography 1 CERN COMIS Compilation and Interpretation System nProgram Library L210 January 1994 2 CN ASD Group HBOOK Users Guide Version 4 21 nProgram Library Y250 CERN January 1994 3 CN ASD Group HIGZ HPLOT Users Guide nProgram Library Q120 and Y251 CERN 1993 4 CN ASD Group KUIP Kit for a User Interface Package nProgram library 1202 CERN January 1994 5 CN ASD Group MINUIT Users Guide nProgram Library D506 CERN 1993 6 CN ASD Group and J Zoll ECP ZEBRA Users
6. 0 3070 0 10528 02 2 P2 0 3026 0 1080E 02 Sigma 0 7383 01 _ 0 6180E 03 P3 0 7002E 01 0 8478E 03 P4 153 6 3 012 P5 0 7030 0 2076E 02 4b 400 P6 0 1187 0 1835E 02 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 0 02 04 0 6 0 8 1 0 02 04 0 6 0 8 1 Filled according to HTFUN1 Filled according to HTFUN1 Figure 6 10 Example of a fit using sub ranges bins Figure 6 11 Example of a fit using a global double gaussian fit L6 98 Chapter 6 HBOOK HESse maxcalls Instructs MINUIT to calculate by finite differences the Hessian or error matrix That is it calculates the full matrix of second derivatives of the function with respect to the currently variable parameters and inverts it printing out the resulting error matrix The optional argument maxcalls specifies the approximate maximum number of function calls after which the calculation will be stopped IMProve maxcalls If a previous minimization has converged and the current values of the parameters therefore correspond to a local minimum of the function this command requests a search for additional distinct local minima The optional argument maxcalls specifies the approximate maximum number of function calls after which the calculation will be stopped maxcalls tolerance Causes minimization of the function by the method of Migrad the most efficient and complete single method recommended for general functions see also MINImize
7. Name of the current attribute changed Close the panel Q Vary continuously the attribute selected Select the attribute to be modified m E o Example of title along Y 2 1 Dr ee og ag 02 03 05 asja Nig 7 gt ev C 5 ETHISTOGRAM TITLE e Oo 9 4 7 Viewing Angles D Apply 2 Reset the both angles to 30 de grees 3 Close the panel Rotating cube use to define the angles Allow to specify the theta value Allow to specify the phi value 168 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 9 4 8 Axis Scaling Se ee AXIS SIC AHNG o gt 0 7 Change the Y first bin value Apply 2 Change the Y second bin value Set the minimum Z value 3 Change the X first bin value Set the maximum Z value Change the X first bin value Lock the range between the first ans the last Y bins 5 Lock the range between the first ans the last Reset the default values X bins Rebin the 1D histograms Close the panel 9 4 9 Zones This panel is a direct interface to the Zone command Active zone Not active zone Reset to one zone Close the panel 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel 169 9 4 10 Axis Settings This panel allows to define the labelling number of divisions and axis properties like LOG scale of the X Y and Z axis This is a direct interface to the commands SET NDVX NDVY etc D Activat
8. II I OVE FF ESSERE PE OVE E E I A 2 8 2 2 2 30 190 2 6 A 2 335 28 190 xd En 2 4 2 33223434 349 28 160 1 1 2 2 2 247236663524 23 27 150 sis 2 2423169597A75 6424 2 26 1 1 8 5598576EBCDAA53357 24 25 1 I 1 6 443278CC9JFO8F98C86643424 24 us ia ne 1 4 344686AAGJJMEMIDFG9642324 23 90 152 44BBJGMQOPWNICCGI97322 22 30 5 D 1 2 545BGOMTSX VYTJMCFA755 2 21 60 8 244799DHSRUX VXRQJC57635 20 p T i 6 25CBEKLZ MXGGCI4322 3 19 B z E 2 A T19BN U KKYOIFBB62 18 20 1 1 2 2 266CCLRA C OIHA46442 4 17 b i 3238ECX T eeeee YKPC772 16 CHANNELS 100 0 1 S 2 obRoep42dDOLDg reyxs ee E XUMGOSE SP 4 15 1 1234367800123456789012345670901234567690123456789012345676901234567890123456760012345678901234567850 4 O2347CAHSSXA Y 4 4 UMK7SD2 3 14 6 28334AAKML VPOO OO KK K amp KIIH977349 13 CONTENTS 100 11111111111111122222222221222222111111111111111 8 422565CLJL X Z TLOHO484 12 10 1 1111333334446669000123434878888132522637496233109788775524421007777655443322222111 1 1266487877127932587516069303434644322909949809367004036056844525243975324963516782565365312194856211 1 2 2 32666EMLN Q ULLOMABB342 2 11 AN 1 2 22377BDIUS P TTUNBDA545 2 10 TRUE 1 3222222222222222211111111111111111 111111111111111112222222222222222 T 1 4 2 689E7KKNWUNRIHJCEA
9. 1 without any graphics window 2 with graphics window s managed by HIGZ Geometry of the Graphics Window s if any kuipGraphics shell geometry 600 600 0 0 Character font for menus buttons and dialog area fontList adobe helvetica bold r normal 12 120 75 75 p 70 18s08859 1 Character font for the Input Pad and Transcript Pad KXTERM kxtermFont courier medium r normal 120 Character font for the HELP windows helpFont courier bold r normal 120 Character font for all Text widgets XmText fontList XmTextField fontList Character font for the icon labels in the browser s Object window dirlist fontList 3 8 Nitty Gritty 61 Background and foreground colors for the Object window in browser s dirlist background dirlist foreground Background and foreground colors for the icons associated to the object class objclass dirlist lt objclass gt iconBackground white dirlist objclass iconForeground black Background and foreground colors for the icon labels associated to the object class objclass dirlist lt objclass gt iconLabelBackground white dirlist lt objclass gt iconLabelForeground black Possibility to turn on off the zooming effect when traversing directories structures inside the browser s zoomEffect on Sp
10. 2 0 3069752 3 0 7383241E 01 4 153 2716 5 0 7018576 6 0 1196475 Example of more complex fi t PAW gt Create vector of 6 elements and give initial values for combined fit of two gaussians PAW gt ve cr par2 6 r 200 0 3 0 1 100 0 7 0 1 initial values for the 6 fit parameters PAW gt set fit 111 display fitted parameters plus errors PAW gt hi fit 110 2 99 G4G 6 par2 perform the fit sum of 2 gaussians 96 Chapter 6 HBOOK FE OO OR I kk kk Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITH Variable metric method ID 110 CHOPT R Convergence when estimated distance to minimum EDM LT 0 10 03 FCN 57 41251 FROM MIGRAD STATUS CONVERGED CALLS 597 EDM 0 10 03 STRATEGY 1 ERROR DEF 1 0000 INT EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO NO NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE TAEI 307 86 5 3896 1 3393 0 51814E 03 2 2 P2 0 30265 0 10750E 02 0 18577E 03 3 5622 3 3 P3 0 70029E 01 0 86285E 03 0 19967E 03 11 689 4 4 P4 153 62 3 0170 0 73111 0 30406E 02 5 5 P5 0 70303 0 20652 02 0 43051E 03 1 2694 6 6 P6 0 11865 0 18645E 02 0 39360E 03 3 2237 CHISQUARE 0 6524 00 NPFIT 94 6 7 Doing more with Minuit When the HISTO FIT or VECTOR FIT command is invoked PAW HBOOK will set a default environment for Minuit Control may be given to Minuit if the option M is specified in the command In this case the user m
11. Alt gt gt Shift C e C f M Shift M C M f C d M BS C w C y C k C u M DEL C o C j C n C osfLeft C osfRight C p C g C 1 C osfDown C osfUp C SPC C c C h F8 Shift F8 Shift TAB backward character backward word backward word extend selection backward paragraph backward paragraph extend selection beginning of file beginning of line beginning of line extend selection copy to clipboard cut to clipboard paste from clipboard end of file end of file end of line end of line extend selection forward character forward paragraph forward paragraph extend selection forward word kill next character kill previous word kill region yank back last thing killed kill to end of line kill line kill to start of line newline and backup newline and indent get next command in hold mode next line page left page right get previous command in hold mode previous line process cancel redraw display next page previous page set mark here send kill signal toggle hold button of pad containing input focus re execute last executed command put last executed command in input pad change input focus 3 7 3 User Defi nable Panels of Commands 55 The PANEL interface allows to define command sequences which are executed when the corresponding button in the panel is pressed New Panel Itis possible to fill a new and empty panel i
12. e Vectors PAW provides the facilities to store vectors of integer or real data These vectors or rather arrays with up to 3 index dimensions can be manipulated with a set of dedicated commands Furthermore they are interfaced to the array manipulation package SIGMA and to the Fortran interpreter COMIS They provide a convenient and easy way to analyse small data sets stored in ASCII files 1 5 Fundamental Objects of PAW 5 PAW HPLOT The Plotting Package KUIP MINUIT User Interface Minimization Package Command Processor Menu Dialogue HIGZ Motif Interface Graphics Package basic graphics and H BOOK graphics editor for Histogramming SIGMA Arrays Manipulation pictures in data base N Tuples Statistical Analysis X Window GKS DI3000 PHIGS MCintosh IBM PC etc ZEBRA COMIS Data Structure Manager FORTRAN Interpreter Input Output Server Data Base Manager aS ZEBRA FILES ZEBRA MEMORY Figure 1 2 PAW and its components e PostScript meta files PostScript format meta files are especially useful because they can be directly printed on most printers furthermore the printed quality of graphics objects such as fonts can be of much higher quality than the original screen image e Pictures A picture is an exact copy of the screen image and so its storage and redisplay time are indepen dent of comp
13. 6 4 X 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 00 24 00 5 3 SIGMA functions SIGMA gt SIGMA gt SIGMA application SIGMA gt showing use of SIGMA gt QUAD numeric SIGMA gt integration SIGMA gt SIGMA gt x array 101 0 2 pi SIGMA gt Function value array SIGMA gt y sin x SIGMA gt Step size SIGMA gt dx 0 6283186E 01 SIGMA gt print dx NCO DX 1 DX 0 6283186E 01 SIGMA gt Integration of SIN X SIGMA gt in interval O X 42 PI SIGMA gt f quad y dx SIGMA gt Analytical result SIGMA gt is 1 05 SIGMA gt g 1 cos x SIGMA gt Compute the difference SIGMA gt erro g f 10 6 SIGMA gt Plot the difference SIGMA gt in units of 10 9 SIGMA gt exit PAW gt opt GRID PAW gt gra 101 x erro 022 spare 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 O05 Foro 75 Figure 5 1 Using numerical integration with SIGMA SIGMA gt y sumv x NCO Y 6 4 Y 1 000 3 000 6 000 7 000 15 00 24 00 13 00 27 00 42 00 19 00 39 00 60 00 R VMAX arg 10 00 34 00 58 00 82 00 15 00 45 00 75 00 105 0 and 21 00 57 00 93 00 129 0 R VMIN arg The functions VMAX and VMIN return a scalar equal to the largest or smallest element of the array arg
14. NT PL PL option Y 100 2 5 2 5 PAW gt max 404 160 gt nt pl 30 y sqrt z gt 1 404 option pl 240 E 200 160 120 80 40 0 25 2 1 5 1 0 5 0 05 1 15 2 25 NT PL X Y gt O Ene sin 280 mo x 240 200 160 120 80 40 2 5 2 15 1 0 5 0 0 5 1 15 2 2 5 NT PL option X 89 Divide plot in 4 zones Select option to write statistics on plot Define histogram hatch type Book 1 dim histogram Plot variable 1 x using histogram 401 1 dim histogram different title Select market type for points on plot Plot y variable with Error bar option 1 dim histogram different title binning Define bar width for bar chart Define bar origin for bar chart Print selection criterion on plot Histogram colour black Plot x variable as bar chart 1 dim histogram different title Fix maximum for plotting hist 404 Plot y variable with PL option 240 5 402 10000 0 2674E 03 0 9546 200 160 120 80 40 2 1 5 1 0 5 0 05 1 NT PL E option Y 160 6090 0 5530 02 140 120 100 80 60 2 1 5 l 0 5 0 NT PL PL option Y 05 1 Figure 6 8 Selection functions and different data presentations 90 Chapter 6 HBOOK chisquare or log likelihood functions to compute the best fit parameter values and uncertainties including cor relations between the parameters It is especially suited to handle difficult problems including those which may require guidance in order
15. NTPLOT 84 Ntuple 4 8 77 81 cut 81 mask 81 weight 81 Ntuple Viewer 133 135 141 173 176 NTUPLEPLOT 81 number of divisions for X axis 110 Y axis 110 passes for software characters 110 NZFL OPTION parameter 108 Object window 50 60 61 OFF ERROR 38 49 ON ERROR 38 49 ON ERROR CONTINUE 38 ON ERROR EXIT 38 ON ERROR GOTO 38 49 ON ERROR STOPM 38 operating system 5 operation on vectors 65 operator in SIGMA 67 OP SIGMA 68 OPTION 106 OPTION xxxP 108 108 P 108 AO 108 A1 108 A2 108 A3 108 A4 108 A5 108 A6 108 AST 108 AST 108 BAR 108 BAR 108 BOX 108 CHA 108 CHA 108 DATE 114 DVXI 108 DVXR 108 DVYT 108 DVYR 108 EAH 108 FILE 114 FIT 108 FIT 108 114 GRID 108 HARD 108 190 HORI 108 HTIT 108 LINX 108 LINY 108 LINZ 108 LOGX 108 LOGY 108 LOGZ 108 NAST 108 NBAR 108 NBOX 108 NCHA 108 NDAT 108 NEAH 108 NFIL 109 NFIT 108 NGRI 108 NOPG 108 NPTO 108 NSQR 108 NSTA 108 NTAB 108 NTIC 108 NZFL 108 PTO 108 PTO 108 SOFT 108 SQR 108 STA 108 STAT 114 STA 108 TAB 108 TIC 108 TIC 108 UTIT 108 VERT 108 ZFL 108 ZFL1 108 ZFL 108 OPTION 100 103 105 107 114 115 optional parameter 12 ORDER 69 ORDER SIGMA 73 OS9 131 module 79 page format 109 number 109 number size 110 PAWMAIN 77 PANEL 55 panel menu 11 PANEL interface 54 55 57 pa
16. Path Menu 2 Command 12 Commands Gs aa Paw Main Browser Options Commands File List of all files wt go up Macro Paw Main Browser Options Commands Path user couet paw Macro 29 Directory 5 m back bug on mMm File List of KUIP macros wt go up List List the content of the current menu Set Default Set the root for searching com mands to Help Display some help List List the content of the current working directory OS Chdir to Change directory Edit Edit a file Help Display some help List List all the macros in the current working directory Edit Edit a macro Help Display some help 9 2 The Main Browser Zebra Paw Main Browser Options Commands Path StoreBO PAlC Div82 QDIV2 Div02 QDIV2 Division Hbook Paw Main Browser Cx Options Commands Path user couet paw Directory 5 Hbook File 13 hbook demo hbook rades hbook hrztest hbook H H H iostat hbook joa hbook minuit neut2n hbook W d Div02 QDIV2 Division Chains Paw Main Browser x Options Commands Path MP1 153 List List the ZEBRA file connected Open bank doc Rzfile Open bank doc Rz file Add doc directory Add doc directory Put doc into Rzfile Put doc into Rzfile
17. When using a black and white X Server use the following resource settings to make the icons visible Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconForeground black Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconBackground white Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconLabelBackground black Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconLabelForeground white 178 Appendix A X Window resources A 2 X resources for for KUIP Motif This is a list of the X resources available to any KUIP Motif based application e g PAW Resources control the appearance and behavior of an application Users can specify their own values for these resources in the standard X11 Motif way via the Xdefaults file or a file in the usr lib X11 app defaults directory One just has to prefix the desired resource by the class name of the application To customize PAW for instance all the resources have to be prefixed with Paw or they should be stored in the file usr lib X 1 1 app defaults Paw Any default values specified by KUIP are given behind the resource name background Specify the background color for all windows foreground Specify the foreground color for all windows kxtermGeometry 550x550 5 10 Geometry of Kxterm the KUIP terminal emulator Executive Window kuipGraphics_shell geometry 550x550 585 10 Geometry of the graphics window s if any kuipBrowser_shell geometry 580x450 Geometry of the browser s XmText fontList helvetica bold r normal 120 XmText
18. created PAW gt edit produce macro produce ntimes 100 nt ntimes zone 1 2 histo plot 10 K histo plot 20 K loop histo plot 10 U histo plot 20 U wait 1 nt nt 1 if nt gt 0 goto loop return PAW gt global GTEST PAW gt exec produce ntimes 20 GO TO 99 ENDIF CALL HLIMIT 128 NPAGES Book histos CALL HBOOK1 10 Testi 50 4 4 CALL HBOOK1 20 Test2 50 4 4 Fill histos DO 20 I 1 NUMEVT DO 10 J 1 100 CALL RANNOR A B CALL HFILL 10 A 0 CALL HFILL 20 B 0 CONTINUE CALL LIB WAIT WAIT TIME CONTINUE 1 1 STOP END cern library packlib lib kernlib lib PSECT PAWC PAGE 6 3 Using PAW as a presenter on OS9 systems 131 8 3 Using PAW as a presenter on OS9 systems The technique described in previous sections may also be used to access HBOOK histograms being filled by a monitoring task on OS9 systems from a standard PAW session running on a machine with the TCP IP software INDIRECT PAWC PROGRAM PRODUCE Monitoring task MT1 in processor OP2 PARAMETER NWPAW 10000 COMMON PAWC IPAWC NWPAW MT1 MT2 MT3 CALL HLIMIT NWPAW PAW Client Book histos running on PAW Server one server per client a computer running on shared code CALL 1 10 TEST1 50 3 3 0 with TCP IP one 059 node CALL HBOOK1 20 TEST2 50 3 3 0 Apollos SUNs OS9NET IBM Central
19. is 1 10 a 2 9 and not necessarily in the order in which they were created The indirection only allows for variable substitution when constructing the actual variable name Expression evaluation etc does not take place and constructs such as 44 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP total total WORD names i 1 invalid are not allowed The construct name can also be written as name For example this is another way to traverse the list of macro arguments DO i 1 st arg 41 ENDDO Except for the name Global variables Global variables can be made visible inside a macro by executing the commands GLOBAL CREATE or GLOBAL IMPORT Technically these commands create a local variable with the same name initialized to the value of the global vari able When assigning a value to the local variable the change is also propagated to the global variable Therefore once they are made visible inside a macro global variables are assigned to and used in the same way as local variables The GLOBAL CREATE command creates a global variable allowing to specify an initial value and a comment text e g GLOBAL CREATE m e 0 0005 Electron mass GeV GLOBAL CREATE m mu 0 106 Muon mass GeV If executed inside a macro the global variable becomes visible there The GLOBAL IMPORT command has an effect only when executed inside a macro It allows to make global variables visible which have bee
20. 0 Options Commands 9 and Help two lines text label area 90 and The middle part of the browser is divided into two scroll able windows the FileList or Browsable window at the left and the DirList or Object window at the right Two lines of information at the bottom et plus a Clone and a Close buttons Below follows a description of the middle and main part of the browser which is divided into two scroll able windows on the left and right sides Fig 3 5 The left hand FileList or Browsable window shows the list of all the currently connected browsables Some browsables can also be attached at run time by selecting the corresponding Open entry in the menu File e g ZEBRA RZ files for access to histograms and Ntuples Pressing the right mouse button in this window shows a pop up menu with all the possible actions which have been defined for this browsable Selecting one item or browsable in this window with the left mouse button executes by default the List action first entry of the pop up menu it displays the content of the browsable in the right hand window DirList or Object window Note that the first entry of the pop up menu of actions for one browsable is always List and that the last entry is always Help it should give information concerning the selected browsable The right hand DirL
21. 5 2 2 Logical operators Logical operators act on entities that have Boolean values 1 true or 0 false The result is Boolean AND Logical operation AND NOT Logical operation NOT OR Logical operation OR EQ EQual to GE Greater or Equal to GT Greater Than LE Less or Equal to LT Less Than NE Not Equal 5 2 3 Control operators PRINT Provides the automatic printing of every newly created array or scalar NOPRINT Suppresses the automatic printing of every newly created array or scalar Examples A ARRAY 6 1 6 123 45 6 A ARRAY 4 1111 A ARRAY 5 2 amp 3 amp 1 amp 2k1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 A ARRAY 3 PI 3 1415927 3 1415927 3 1415927 A ARRAY 1 123E4 1230000 0 5 3 SIGMA functions SIGMA provides some functions which perform a task on a whole array These functions have no analogues in FORTRAN because all FORTRAN functions operate on one or more single numbers Presently available SIGMA functions are listed in table 5 1 below 5 3 1 SIGMA functions A detailed description In the following description of the SIGMA functions the letter R always denotes the result and arg denotes one or more arguments Any argument may itself be an expression In that case arg means the result of this expression Let OP denote any of the above array functions then the statement argi arg2 produces R without doing anything to the contents stored under the names appearing in arg1 arg2 Thus although in the descripti
22. Edit Menu bar entry View Menu bar entry Options 5 Menu bar entry Help Input Pad Transcript Pad Current work ing directory indicator Hold buttons e o Figure 3 6 Executive Window Browser Setting or Initialization The following PAW command can be used to set up the browser in a given state without having to click with the mouse MOTIF BROWSER browsable path browsable is the name of the file browsable you want to open corresponding item is selected in the list of browsables path optional is the pathname to be used for this browsable E g If you want to open the browser in the state displayed in Fig 3 5 without having to click with the mouse you can execute the PAW command MOTIF BROWSER Files neutrons kuip 3 7 2 The Executive Window This terminal emulator combines Input Pad and Transcript Pad automatic file backup of Transcript Pad string search in pads etc the Korn shell emacs style command line editing and command line recall mechanism Description and Behavior The Executive Window is composed of three main parts Fig 3 6 A menu bar with the menu entries File Edit View G Options amp and 1 A Transcript Pad which contains the text output An Input Pad which is an edit able scrolled window where the user can type commands 54 Chapter 3 User in
23. MACRO m MESS foo yields PAW gt EXEC m foo PAW gt EXEC m foo bar bar 66 Therefore a string containing a must be quoted if it should be passed to the macro literally gt EXEC m foo bar foo bar Since a undefined variable name can be thought of as having the value name the construct IF var var THEN allows to test whether such an external variable definition was provided Passing a value as argument to a macro is not quite the same as assigning the value to a variable inside the macro The macro argument is not tried to be evaluated as an arithmetic expression String operations however such as concatenation and alias substitutions are applied For example EXEC m1 2 3 4 5 with MACRO mi 0 b 0 mess a b yields 2 3 45 while EXEC m2 with MACRO m1 2 3 4 5 mess a yields 6 45 Macro arguments are not tried as arithmetic expressions in order to allow passing of vector names without the use of quotes Otherwise EXEC m v1 where v1 is a scalar vector would pass the value of v1 1 rather than the string v1 Note that the result 6 45 can also be obtained from the first of the above examples by means of the INLINE function MACRO mi 1 20 b 0 a INLINE 1 mess a b 42 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Special variables A numbered variable cannot be redefined i e an assignment such as 1 foo is illegal The
24. MG YO ECOATH HY SS BK AN 1 VA HK OH BQ 1 Input SQ ceo 5 sa 2 gt 7 74 76 133 M35 2 3 36 77 MI 6 4 76 Upper Zapf TX Upper Special cH m VIA 4xi896 9goes lt Se Upper Greek gmuu 4men x u czxzomBemume xOImneNO eaesuooroo ot 1 Upper Roman LOQUAN HOUT MIS ZOMOMNHD ES 4x HER Input ZMOANDHKOAYSNMNSTSOARAAKHADSP ERAN DHNAMNYNH a Figure 7 16 PostScript characters 1 127 7 8 Text drawing Lower Zapf OOOttlostrniattt DT 84 4A 1t48222120000 Lower Special Ooz lt gt ooo ne m arac n Lower Greek OORE lt gt le feo O2 ie ao OR EE ONDE ex m eZ Eos O 0 0 S ge SD DD imp Dos m Ne B SARA ASAKSARARRSSSTSSISLSRSASSASRQSSSSSSSSRREKKNELKA E Ba Ra CI died epoca cred uu ae oig a en e cM Rg 50 059 5 9 NOD CONN MD OOH HO GOH DDH HOH HOOSOOOGOHOHOHHLSSOOSOO 5 3 Ri Hs VIN She T lt foo 9 confnusuUuUuus ue S9 ES Hs VIN She T lt Too 9
25. OR Rs OWN SY v AMOS te DIS lt MS 0101025 130 Sg EB FSIVILLESSSRAgRgnSeSSISSSSRRKKRLKKSSHSSSSSSagrxyess B CONO Dopo oor Goo Figure 7 17 PostScript characters 2 128 Attributes menus Box interior style Box style index Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Windows Box color index Pictures Border Files Editing space Exit Software text Fill area Polyline Polymarker Paving block Frame box Change Att Delete To work on primitives To work on Normalization Transf To work on pictures To work on pictures files Exit the graphics editor A Create new primitives Modify existing primitives Draw a grid Undo the last commands Redraw the picture Invoke the attributes menu Figure 7 18 The HIGZ graphics editor 7 9 The HIGZ graphics editor The HIGZ pictures in memory can be modified interactively with the HIGZ graphics editor The command PICT MODIFY invokes the HIGZ editor see figure 7 18 for more details PAW gt PICT MODIFY PNAME PNAME can be the complete name the picture number in memory or Chapter 8 Distributed PAW 8 1 Access to remote fi les from a PAW session When running PAW it is often necessary to access files e g HBOOK files which reside on a different computer The ZFTP program described above can be
26. PAW gt hrout 0 129 130 Chapter 8 Distributed PAW 8 2 Using PAW as a presenter on VMS systems global section In addition to the facilities described in the previous section the standard version of PAW may be used as an online presenter on VMS systems using the mechanism of global sections It is possible for two processes to reference the same histograms using global sections For example the first process may be a histogram producer e g a monitoring task and the second process PAW As the histograms are being gradually filled by the first task PAW can view them and even reset them To use the global sections it is also necessary to page align the common which is in the global section This is achieved in the link step when making the process see example The relevant statements are SYS INPUT OPTIONS to tell the linker that some options follow the link statement and PSECT PAWC PAGE which is the option to page align the PAWC common 1000 2000 10 20 99 fort produce link produce SYS INPUT OPTIONS PROGRAM PRODUCE PARAMETER MAXPAGES 100 COMMON PAWC IPAWC 128 MAXPAGES CHARACTER 8 GNAME INTEGER 4 HCREATEG GNAME GTEST WAIT TIME 1 NUMEVT 1000 coer bs Ug Create Global section NPAGES HCREATEG GNAME IPAWC 128 MAXPAGES IF NPAGES GT O THEN PRINT 1000 GNAME FORMAT Global Section ELSE IERROR NPAGES PRINT 2000 IERROR FORMAT Global Section Error I6
27. The data structure management system 1 6 5 MINUIT Function minimization and error analysis 1 6 6 COMIS The FORTRAN interpreter 2 2 2 00 en 1 6 7 SIGMA The array manipulation language APAW GIOSSaLy vue eI eR Oe Beas EUR ie up Be eS 2 General principles 2 1 Access to PAW sm Go Bae BS AREE Wee eR COR EGER HE ee eee ew Sek 2d WAX VMS cds Ege Eu b SUR 2 52 Unix systems Me oie We Bee A RU RT EU eee a Bed hoe 2133 Workstation type x 24 8 oque eU eus A DEA Eu es 2 1 4 Different modes to start PAW 2 2 Initialising PAW sessile ik eV ede RI BER pew ea a ely eS 2 3 Commandstructure s ee 24 Getting help s EE SER Uu E enixe d ipd DAN iis uh dot 0 Qe iode Hs ST UA dnd dio QU ed Ao 2 5 SpecdalsymbolsforPAW s sono UN Eu x UP RR E 2 6 PAW entities and their related commands 3 User interface KUIP 3 1 Command line syntax rH eae ee se S epe ud 3 1 1 Commandsstructure s gee ae om RR Re om RR RR 3 1 2 ArgumentS iue el ee TUA SUA Ras S PR UESTRE Scu heo 3 1 3 Moreoncommandlines 2e cus ety bs Sor ET rere SE Ee ie Hee be es M ette dp 3 21 Axgumentaliases 3 64
28. YMGU 110 YNPG 110 YSIZ 110 YTIC 110 YVAL 110 YWID 110 YWIN 110 SET 100 105 110 112 114 115 118 119 SET 105 106 SET APPLICATION 37 38 SET COMMAND 18 SET DOLLAR 27 SET VISIBILITY 17 SHELL 62 103 shell bash 3 tcsh 3 SHIFT 38 42 SHOW IGSET parameter 108 SIGMA 7 30 32 64 65 67 76 SIGMA 67 access 67 APPLication SIGMA 67 array 67 filling 67 structure 67 basic operator 68 boolean value 68 control operator 68 function 68 library functions 76 INDEX logical operator 68 prefix SIGMA 67 vector 67 SIZE 100 slice 8 SMGR SET parameter 109 SMGU SET parameter 109 SOFT OPTION parameter 108 software characters 109 special symbols 14 121 122 SQR OPTION parameter 108 SSIZ SET parameter 109 STA OPTION parameter 108 STA OPTION parameter 108 STAT OPTION parameter 114 SET parameter 109 114 statistic analysis 7 parameters on pictures 109 114 values to be plotted 110 STOPM 38 39 49 STRING 21 structure of PAW 6 style of dialogue 6 subscript 121 122 SUMV 69 SUMV SIGMA 74 superscript 121 122 SWITCH Z 102 symbols 14 system function 21 27 ANAM 27 ANUM 27 ARGS 28 AVAL 27 CPTIME 28 28 DATE 28 DEFINED 28 43 ENV 28 EVAL 30 30 33 35 EXEC 30 FEXIST 28 FORMAT 31 INDEX 28 INLINE 31 31 41 IQUEST 28 49 INDEX KEYNUM 27 KEYVAL 27 LAST 27 LEN 28 LOWER 28 MACHI
29. are templates for the default value and the value from the previous command execution respectively 3 1 Command line syntax 19 PAW HELP STYLE KUIP SET_SHOW STYLE OPTION SGYLEN SGSIZE SGYSPA SGBORD WKTYPE OPTION C Option D SGYLEN Y LENgth of each menu item box D 0 025 R 0 005 0 25 SGSIZE space available for the application D 0 8 R 0 0 90 SGYSPA Y length of space between menus D 0 02 R 0 5 0 50 SGBORD X or Y border for menus D 0 015 R 0 0 25 WKTYPE I Graphics workstation type D 0 Possible OPTION values are show current style C Command line select Command line input AN Menu with Numbers select general Alpha menu with Numbers AL Menu with Letters select general Alpha menu with Letters Figure 3 2 Parameter types default values and range limits Named arguments The form name value allows to invert the argument order or to skip a list of optional parameters for which the default values should be used For example STYLE G SGBORD 0 1 is equivalent to STYLE G 0 1 A simple argument following a named argument is assigned to the parameter following the named parameter i e STYLE G SGBORD 0 1 1 is equivalent to STYLE G SGBORD 0 1 WKTYPE 1 Parameter names are case insensitive but in general they may not be abbreviated In the help text the abbreviat level is indicated by a inside the parameter name For example if the parameter
30. 1 CALL HPLOPT FIT 1 CALL HPLOPT STAT 1 CALL HPLSETC STAT 1 CALL HPLSET HTYP 244 CALL HPLSET FWID 5 CALL HPLSET VFON 40 CALL HPLSET TFON 60 CALL HPLSET PWID 4 CALL HPLSET BCOL 1 01 CALL HPLSET CSIZ 0 25 CALL HPLSET CFON 10 Open a picture file called hpict dat Option A means Automatic saving of pictures Option N means New file option U instead of N updates an existing file CALL IZOPEN 1 Pictures hpict dat AN 1024 ISTAT Select HIGZ option to store graphics in ZEBRA memory only No calls to the local graphics package CALL IGZSET Z Plot all histograms CALL HPLOT 0 0 CALL HPLEND END Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Using the picture in Paw PAW gt PICT FILE 20 HPICT DAT PAW gt IDIR Directory gt LUN20 lt Created 891006 1026 Modified 891006 1026 gt List of objects PICTURE NAME CYCLE PICTi 1 PICT2 PICT3 PICT4 PICTS META 10 111 PICT PLOT PICT2 CLOSE 10 Print metafile see pages 101 and following SHELL print PAW METAFILE EXIT emn PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW vvvvvvy 0 6923 Constant 23 65 Mean 0 1082E 01 Sigma 0 9680 5 Ss SS lt SS RN a 5 e a x 0 8654 Constant 22 0 Mean 0 9535E 02 Sigma 1 023 e 5 N a
31. April March February January 12 11 Left December November September December November October 12 12 Center September August July June May April March February January December November October September August July June May April March February January If NDVY 12 10 the default value is taken 12 16 12 18 Right NDVY 12 14 12 15 12 16 Left Center Right December December December November n November November October p October B October p September n September B September B August August B August July July I July B June p June n June E May B May Pe April n April B April March p March March n February February February B January B January January Figure 7 5 Example of labelling for vertical axes 113 114 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Example of HCOL specifi cation Ex 1 The Histogram is filled Only the border is drawn Border color here 2 if the histogram is filled Inside color here 3 if the histogram is filled III Border color if the histogram is not filled LI VVVV SET HCOL 1203 The same mechanism is also available for FCOL BCOL and PCOL If PCOL BCOL HCOL or FCOL are between 1 and 99 then only the contour of the corresponding area is changed If they are between 1001 and 1099 then the surface is filled with the col
32. CATEGORY FLAG AGE SERVICE 9 7 KuIP Motif Panel Interface The PANEL Interface allows to define command sequences which are executed when the corresponding button is pressed like STYLE GP in PAW X11 The command sequence PANEL O PANEL 4 06 some string PANEL O D This is my first panel 500x300 500 600 creates a panel with 4 rows and 6 columns of buttons The text some string should be long enough to fit the longest command Sequence which should be put onto one of the buttons The command PANEL 0 D defines the title and the window size and coordinates in the form WxH X Y The panels can be edited interactively e Clicking with the right mouse button on an empty panel button the user will be asked to give a definition to this button e Clicking with the left mouse button on a panel button removes its definition The PANEL commands needed to recreate a panel can be saved into a macro file by pressing the Save Panel button Panels can be reloaded either by executing the command PANEL 0 or by pressing the Command Panel button in the View menu of the Executive Window and entering the corresponding file name Appendix A X Window resources A 1 X resources for PAW This is a list of the X resources available to PAW Resources control the appearance and behavior of an applica tion Users can specify their own values for these resources in the standard X11 Motif way via their own Xdefaults file or
33. Filter Options display objects with normal size icons and names default display objects with small icons and names display objects without icons but names and small titles display objects without icons but long titles select all the objects ask for a filter to be put on object names Raise Window cascade button with the list of all opened windows Selecting one of this window will pop up the window on top of the others Command Argument Panel selecting this entry will prompt the user for a command name If the command is valid then the corresponding Command Argument Panel with the list and de scription of all parameters will be displayed If the command is ambiguous e g command list the user will be proposed a list of all the possible commands He can then select one and the corresponding Command Argument Panel will be displayed If the command does not exist an error message is displayed Commands This menu gives access to the com plete tree of commands When a ter minal item command in this menu is selected then the corresponding Command Argument Panel is dis played The functionality of this menu is quite similar to the brows able Commands this is just a mat ter of taste whether the user prefer to access commands through this pull down menu or through the Com mands browser 3 7 Motif mode 53 Menu bar entry File Menu bar entry
34. Getting the right parameter errors with limits 92 Chapter 6 HBOOK The best way to be absolutely sure of the errors is to use independent calculations and compare them or compare the calculated errors with a picture of the function Theoretically the covariance matrix for a physical function must be positive definite at the minimum although it may not be so for all points far away from the minimum even for a well determined physical problem Therefore if MIGRAD reports that it has found a non positive definite covariance matrix this may be a sign of one or more of the following non physical region On its way to the minimum MIGRAD may have traversed a region which has unphysi cal behavior which is of course not a serious problem as long as it recovers and leaves such a region An underdetermined problem If the matrix is not positive definite even at the minimum this may mean that the solution is not well defined for example that there are more unknowns than there are data points or that the parameterization of the fit contains a linear dependence If this is the case then MINUIT or any other program cannot solve your problem uniquely and the error matrix will necessarily be largely meaningless so the user must remove the underdeterminedness by reformulating the parameterization MINUIT cannot do this itself Numerical inaccuracies It is possible that the apparent lack of positive definiteness is in fact only due
35. KUIP expr number vector name for scalar vectors vector name expr l vector name expr expr vector name expr expr expr variable name if variable value has form of a numeric constant or is the name of a scalar vector variable name expr if variable value is a vector name alias name if alias value has form of a numeric constant system function if function returns a numeric value expr expr expr expr expr expr expr expr expr C expr ABS expr INT expr MOD expr expr Table 3 4 Syntax for arithmetic expressions bool exprrel op expr LE string eq op string lt lt expr eq op string GT GE NOT bool gt gt bool AND bool eq op bool OR bool eq op EQ NE bool lt gt Table 3 5 Syntax for boolean expressions 3 5 2 Boolean expressions Boolean expressions can only be used in the macro statements IF WHILE and REPEAT The possible syntactic elements are shown in table 3 5 In addition a single arithmetic expression is also accepted as boolean expression interpreting any non zero value as true This allows for example the short cuts IF VEXIST vi THEN WHILE 1 DO instead of the explicit forms IF VEXIST v1 lt gt 0 THEN WHILE 1 1 DO Note however that an arithmetic expression is not equivalent to a boolean value This implies that 3 5 Expre
36. List of valid workstation types 0 Alphanumeric terminal 1 10 Describe in file higz windows dat n host Open the display on host 1 n 10 7878 FALCO terminal 7879 xterm Note that if you specify 0 PAW will not open a graphics workstation This may be appropriate if one wants to use PAW on an alphanumeric terminal Before passing control to the user the system looks for a user supplied file pawlogon kumac The latter can contain commands which the user wants to be executed at PAW startup e g declaration of files creation of aliases definition of HPLOT parameters A simple version of this PAW initialisation file displaying date and time can be TESS mess mess Starting PAW session on date at time mess TESS In order to only have one version of this file on VAX VMS the user should define a logical name PAW LOGON in his LOGIN COM as explained on the previous page The file pawlogon kumac is taken in the current directory 2 3 Command structure PAW is based on the KUIP 4 User Interface package which can provide different types of dialogue styles Command mode where the user enters a command line via the terminal keyboard Alphanumeric menu mod
37. NT PLOT 30 X 1 use cut 1 NT PLOT 30 X 1 AND 2 NT PLOT 30 X NOT 1 AND 3 OR 2 Assuming there is a mask vector MSK NT PLOT 30 X MSK 4 bit4 NT PLOT 30 X MSK 1 O0R MSK 6 NT PLOT X X23 14 AND Y lt Z 5 NT PLOT X 1 AND MASK 3 OR Z 10 X X NT PLOT Y weight X by Y NT PLOT 2 2 weight Xe X by NTUPLE PLOT 30 X SELECT F For each event the plotted value of X will be multiplied by the value of the selection function SELECT calculated for that event Any combination of the above NT PL 30 YA4F1 F SIN X 1 0R F2 F Table 6 2 Syntax of a selection function used with a Ntuple MNAME Events 10000 file MNAME mask read write select Description bit 1 3577 2 2 gt 2 bit 2 1567 4 AND Y gt 1 bit 3 7050 SIN Z GT SIN Y gt MASK CLOSE MNAME Print mask definitions close MNAME MASK file Of course doing this kind of gymnastics makes sense only if a time consuming selection mechanism is used and only a few events are selected In a subsequent run the mask file can then be read to display the information much more quickly 86 Chapter 6 HBOOK Using a mask file of a previous run PAW gt MASK FILE MNAME open the mask file for read PAW gt NT PLOT 30 X MNAME 1 plot using bit 1 PAW gt NT PLOT 30 X MNAME 2 plot using bit 2 PAW gt NT PLOT 30 Y MNAME 3 plot using bit 3 PAW gt MASK CLOSE MNAME close MNAME MASK file Cuts A cut is identif
38. The minimization produces as a by product the error matrix of the parameters which is usually reliable unless warning messages are produced The optional argument maxcalls specifies the approximate maximum number of function calls after which the calculation will be stopped even if it has not yet converged The optional argument tolerance specifies required tolerance on the function value at the minimum The default tolerance is O 1 Minimization will stop when the estimated vertical distance to the minimum EDM is less than 0 001 tolerance UP see SET ERR MINImize maxcalls tolerance Causes minimization of the function by the method of Migrad as does the MIGrad command but switches to the SIMplex method if Migrad fails to converge Arguments are as for MIGrad MINOS maxcalls parno parno Causes a Minos error analysis to be performed on the parameters whose numbers parno are specified If none are specified Minos errors are calculated for all variable parameters Minos errors may be expensive to calculate but are very reliable since they take account of non linearities in the problem as well as parameter correlations and are in general asymmetric The optional argument maxcalls specifies the approximate maximum number of function calls per parameter requested after which the calculation will be stopped for that parameter RELease parno If parno is the number of a previously variable parameter which has been f
39. The minimizer can become blocked at a limit because at a limit the derivative seen by the minimizer OF OPint is zero no matter what the real derivative OF 0 Pext is OF _ OF OP OF _ OPint OPoxt OPint OPoxt z Getting the right parameter errors with limits In the best case where the minimum is far from any limits MINUIT will correctly transform the error matrix and the parameter errors it reports should be accurate and very close to those you would have got without limits In other cases which should be more common since otherwise you wouldn t need limits the very meaning of parameter errors becomes problematic Mathematically since the limit is an absolute constraint on the parameter a parameter at its limit has no error at least in one direction The error matrix which can assign only symmetric errors then becomes essentially meaningless 6 6 4 Interpretation of Parameter Errors There are two kinds of problems that can arise the reliability of MINUIT s error estimates and their statistical interpretation assuming they are accurate Statistical interpretation For discussion of basic concepts such as the meaning of the elements of the error matrix or setting of exact confidence levels see 9 10 11 Reliability of MINUIT error estimates MINUIT always carries around its own current estimates of the parameter errors which it will print out on request no matter how accurate they are at any given point
40. define macro mname end of macro definition end of macro file execute macro mname return to calling macro return to command line prompt In line text passed to application command assign variable value prompt for variable value shift numbered macro variables continue execution at label GOTO target label must terminate with a colon continue at label if expr is true conditional block statement Macro flow control Macro flow control Macro flow control Macro flow control Macro flow control Macro flow control Macro flow control ignore error conditions continue at label on error condition return to calling macro on error condition return to command input on error condition deactivate the ON ERROR GOTO handling reactivate the previous ON ERROR GOTO setting Table 3 7 Macro statements APPLICATION command marker text marker The text up to the next line containing only the end marker starting in the first column is written to a temporary file and then passed to the application command The text is not interpreted in any way i e variable substitution etc does not take place Instead of the full spelling APPLICATION any valid abbreviation of KUIP SET_SHOW APPLICATION be used e g APPL A call to SET APPLICATION as a result of an alias expansion however is not allowed Macro execution Inside a macro the EXEC statement can call other macros A macro may also call itself recursively The EXEC command al
41. gt GRAPHICS META 66 111 PAW HISTO PLOT 10 PAW FORTRAN CLOSE 66 7 3 The HIGZ pictures The HIGZ pictures have four main goals e HIGZ graphics primitives and attributes can be stored in a ZEBRA structure in memory in order to display them later 102 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT e They can be stored on direct access files in a very compact way in order to build a picture data base e They can be modified with the graphics editor e They are structured i e they can contains so called graphics objects which are used to retrieve objects names and type in the direct graphics mode of PAW 7 3 1 Pictures in memory The general command to manage pictures in memory is PICTURE IZPICT This command has two parameters PNAME Picture name CH Character string specifying picture name must begin with a letter N Picture number as displayed by PICT LIST All pictures in memory blank indicates the current picture CHOPT Option value AL Give a full listing of the pictures in memory Picture PNAME becomes the current picture Display the picture PNAME First picture in memory becomes the current picture List pictures in memory Make a new picture in memory with the name PNAME Next picture in memory becomes the current picture Print the contents of the picture PNAME Scratch picture PNAME from memory In addition simpler and more mnemonic commands are availa
42. macros etc or by the application The Clone button at the bottom creates a new independent browser window The Exit button destroys the browser window The Main Browser cannot be destroyed only iconized The middle part of the browser is divided into two windows 1 The left hand class window shows the list of all currently connected classes of objects Some classes e g the command tree and the file system are predefined Other classes allow to attach new files using the commands in the File menu Clicking with the left mouse button on one of the items in the class window displays its content in the other window Pressing the right mouse button inside the class window shows a popup menu of possible operations e g creating a new object in the current directory 2 The right hand object window shows the content of the currently selected class directory The View menu allows the change the way objects are displayed i e to choose the icon size and the amount of information shown for each object Objects are selected by clicking on them with the left mouse button Pressing the right mouse button pops up a menu of possible operations depending on the object type An item in a popup menu is selected by pointing at the corresponding line and releasing the right mouse button Double clicking with the left mouse button is equivalent to selecting the first menu item Each menu item executes a command sequence where
43. 107 CSHI 107 122 FACI 107 FAIS 107 FASI 107 LAOF 107 LASI 107 LTYP 107 LWID 107 MSCF 107 MTYP 107 PASS 107 122 PICT 107 PLCI 107 PMCI 107 SHOW 108 TANG 107 TMSI 107 188 TXAL 107 TXCI 108 TXFP 108 IGSET 105 108 115 118 122 IGSET 106 initialisation 11 Input Pad 53 54 60 133 134 136 138 180 input output 7 integer or real divisions on axis 109 interactive 1 IQUEST 28 IQUEST 1 28 48 ITX 118 121 IZPICT 102 KEY 109 KSIZ SET parameter 109 KUIP 6 77 78 136 138 175 176 178 vector 65 label 110 text justification 112 label 38 LABELS 110 LAOF IGSET parameter 107 LASI IGSET parameter 107 LAST 23 BIEX PostScript 100 LDIR 81 length of basic dashed segment 110 X axis 110 Y axis 110 LFON SET parameter 109 library functions in SIGMA 76 limits on fitted parameters 91 line type 115 117 width 112 linear scale 109 lines 105 LINX OPTION parameter 108 LINY OPTION parameter 108 LINZ OPTION parameter 108 logarithmic scale 109 logical operator in SIGMA 68 LOGX OPTION parameter 108 LOGY INDEX OPTION parameter 108 LOGZ OPTION parameter 108 lower case letters 121 122 LS 71 LS 69 LS SIGMA 70 LTYP IGSET parameter 107 LTYPE SET parameter 115 LUN1 78 LVMAX 69 LVMAX SIGMA 71 LVMIM 69 LVMIN SIGMA 71 LWID IGSET parameter 107 MACRO 37 38 40 41 macro 5 6 8 parameter 6 macro
44. 3 100 3 columns by 100 rows may be addressed by 64 4 3 Vector arithmetic operations 65 Using two dimensional vectors Vec 2 5 8 for elements 5 to 8 in column 2 Vec 2 3 5 8 for elements 5 to 8 columns 2 to 3 Vec 2 5 for element 5 in column 2 Vec 3 for all elements in row 3 Vec 2 for all elements in the 2 nd column SPECIAL CASE 4 3 Vector arithmetic operations A number of basic vector arithmetic operations is available VBIAS vi bias v2 v2 I bias vi 1 VSCALE v1 scale v2 v2 I scale v1 I VADD vi v2 v3 v3 I vi I v2 D VMULTI vi v2 v3 v3 I 1 1 v2 I VSUBTR v1 v2 v3 v3 I vi I v2 D VDIVID v1 v2 v3 v3 I vi I v2 1 if 2 1 lt gt 0 In all operations only the minimum vector length is considered i e an operation between a vector A of dimension 10 and a vector B of dimension 5 will involve the first 5 elements for both vectors If the destination vector does not exist it is created with the same length as specified in the source vector 4 4 Vector arithmetic operations using SIGMA A more complete and convenient mechanism for the mathematical manipulation of entire vectors is provided by SIGMA SIGMA generated arrays are stored as PAW vectors and therefore are accessible to PAW commands and PAW vectors are accessible to SIGMA The facilities available via SIGMA are described in the next chapter 4 5 Using vectors in a COMIS routine The declaration VECTOR vector name may be used
45. 5 X versus 450 E 450 E 400 E 400 E 350 E 350 E 300 E xo E 250 E 250 E 200 E 200 E 150 E 150 E 100 E 100 E 50 E 50 o E E 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 X Before and after cut Y Before and after cut Figure 6 6 Graphical definition of cuts Specifying a user selection function PAW NTUPLE UWFUNC 30 SELECT F EPT Generate and edit SELECT F REAL FUNCTION SELECT XDUMMY REAL X Y Z COMMON PAWIDN IDNEVT OBS 13 X Y Z DIMENSION XDUMMY 3 CHARACTER 8 CHTAGS 3 DATA CHTAGS X un Y 2 SELECT 1 PRINT 1000 IDNEVT DO 10 I 1 3 PRINT 2000 I CHTAGS I XDUMMY I 10 CONTINUE 1000 FORMAT 8H IDNEVT I5 2000 FORMAT 5X 13 5X A 1H G14 7 END The user can add further FORTRAN code with the command EDIT Remember that the value of the function can be used for weighting each event 88 Chapter 6 HBOOK Plotting Ntuples PAW gt ZONE 1 2 2 histograms one above the other PAW gt OPTION STAT Write statistics on plot PAW gt NT PLOT 30 Z plot variable Z of Ntuple 30 gt 1d 300 Z recalculated and user binning 100 0 10 PAW gt NT PLOT 30 X 2 Y 2 IDH 300 Recalculate variable Z plot with user binning 1000 ID 1000000 Entries 10000 Mean 2 014 800 RMS 2 003 600 400 200 7 5 10 12 5 15 17 5 500 Entries Mean RMS 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Z recalculated and user binning Figure 6 7 Read and plot
46. 67 ASIZ 184 SET parameter 109 AST OPTION parameter 108 AST OPTION parameter 108 asterisk size for functions 110 ATITLE 119 attribute 105 AURZ IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 105 automatic storage of pictures 105 automatic naming of pictures 108 AWLN IGSET parameter 107 AXIS 110 axis divisions 110 labels font and precision 110 size 110 labels offset 108 labels size 108 tick marks size 108 values font and precision 110 size 110 backspace 121 122 band 8 BAR OPTION parameter 108 bar chart 109 histogram offset 110 width 110 BAR OPTION parameter 108 BARO IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 109 BARW IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 109 bash shell 3 basic operator in SIGMA 68 BASL IGSET parameter 107 batch 1 10 BCOL SET parameter 109 112 114 book histogram 8 boolean value in SIGMA 68 INDEX BORD IGSET parameter 107 box around picture 109 border 108 fill area colour 110 BOX OPTION parameter 108 BREAKL 38 48 Browsable 50 53 Browsable window 50 61 Browser 50 Browser initialization 53 BTYP SET parameter 109 112 114 BWID SET parameter 109 CASE 46 CASE 38 CDF Command Definition File 6 CDIR 78 102 CERN Program Library NEW 10 OLD 10 PRO 10 CERNLIB 133 CFON SET parameter 109 CHA OPTION parameter 108 CHA OPTION parameter 108 change directory 78 character escape 121 key size 110 shift 110 CH
47. Display bank tree Display bank tree Help Display some help List List all the HBOOK files in the current working directory Help Display some help List List the chains currently in memory Delete All Chains Delete all the chains from memory Help Display some help 154 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Chain Tree newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook This panel allows to navigate in the chain tree Just clicking on a chain name change the level from which the chain will be newaptuple hbook traversed newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook newaptuple hbook PAWC Paw Main Browser Options Commands List List all the HBOOK objects in memory Create 14 Create a 1d histogram 14 8 2d Histogram 1 Ntuple 1 Picture 1 Create Profile Create a Profile histogram Create Var Bin Create a variable bin size histogram Create 2d Create a 2d histogram Create N tuple Create a row wise Ntuple histogram Clear Delete histograms from memory Help Provide some help Hbook Files LUNn List List all the HBOOK objects in this file Copy to PAWC Copy the highlighted HBOOK object in memory Path LUNI Directory 17 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 Ntuple 1 Add to PAWC Add the highlighted HBOOK object in Write from PAWC Save the highlighted HBOOK o
48. Integral E C308 ERF Error Function ERF C300 ERFC Error Function ERFC C300 EXP EXPonential EXPINT EXPonential INTegral C337 FREQ Normal Frequency Function FREQ C300 GAMMA GAMMA Function C305 INT Takes INTegral part of decimal number LOG Natural LOGarithm L0G10 Common LOGarithm MOD Remaindering RNDM Random Number Generator V RNDM V with NCO V1 NCO V generates random numbers between 0 and 1 SIGN Transfer of SIGN V2 SIGN V V1 V22 V V1 1 V11 SIN SINe Function SINH Hyperbolic SINe SININT SINe INTegral C336 SQRT SQuare RooT TAN TANgent TANH Hyperbolic Tangent defined functions will return 0 as result e g SQRT of a negative number is taken as 0 Chapter 6 HBOOK 6 1 Introduction Many of the ideas and functionality in the area of data presentation manipulation and management in PAW find their origin in the HBOOK subroutine package 2 which handles statistical distributions histograms and Ntuples HBOOK is normally run in a batch environment and it produces generally graphics output on the line printer or optionally via the HPLOT 7 package on a high resolution graphic output device The HBOOK system consists of a few hundred FORTRAN subroutines which enable the user to symbolically define fill and output one and two dimensional density estimators under the form of histograms scatter plots and tables Furthermore the analysis of large data samples is eased by the use of Ntuples
49. MIGRAD STATUS CONVERGED CALLS 549 EDM 0 26E 03 STRATEGY 1 ERROR DEF 1 0000 INT EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO NO NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 1 Constant 239 83 2 8178 0 00000 0 57627E 02 2 2 Mean 0 53038E 02 0 77729E 04 0 00000 22 025 3 3 Sigma 0 98766 0 70224E 02 0 00000 0 88534 CHISQUARE 0 1021E 01 NPFIT 98 94 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 3 2 1 0 TEST1 Figure 6 9 Example of a simple fit of a one dimensional distribution Fit parts of histogram separately PAW gt opt NSTA PAW gt set fit 111 ID Entries Mean RMS Chapter 6 HBOOK 10 10000 0 3923E 02 0 9857 y X Constant Mean Sigma 1 021 239 8 0 5304E 02 0 9877 PAW gt ve cr par 6 Create a vector with 6 elements PAW gt hi fit 110 1 50 G O par FEO A RA RRA A aK a kk AK kkk Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITGA Variable metric method ID 110 CHOPT TR FE OR A RK kkk kk kkk k Convergence when estimated distance to minimum EDM FCN 90 66560 FROM MIGRAD STATUS CONVERGED CALLS STRATEGY 1 ERROR DEF 1 0000 INT EXT PARAMETER NO NO NAME VALUE ERROR 1 1 Constant 300 28 5 0681 0 13342 2 2 Mean 0 30698 0 10511E 02 0 13885E 04 152 EDM 0 10E 03 FIRST DERIVATIVE 0 97075E 04 0 57797 Turn off option showing statistics on plot Show fitted parameters errors on plot Fit first half with a gaussian and plot 0 68E 05 6 6 Fittin
50. Ntuple elements 6 5 3 Examples To put into practice the syntax explained above let us consider figure 6 7 We first plot variable Z with the binning automatically calculated by HBOOK Then we define a histogram with identifier 300 into which we want HBOOK to plot the squared sums of the elements X and Y This corresponds to the definition of the Z variable as can be seen in the FORTRAN listing in figure 6 3 As the MEAN and RMS are only calculated on the events within the histogram boundaries they differ slightly between the top and bottom plot in figure 6 7 6 6 Fitting with PAW HBOOK MINUIT Minuit 5 is conceived as a tool to find the minimum value of a multi parameter function and analyze the shape of the function around the minimum The principal application is foreseen for statistical analysis working on The following information about Minuit has been extracted from the Minuit documentation 6 6 Fitting with PAW HBOOK MINUIT More complex Ntuple presentations PAW gt zone 2 2 PAW gt option STAT PAW gt set HTYP 3 gt 1d 401 100 2 5 2 5 PAW gt nt pl 30 1 idh 401 gt 1d 402 NT PL E option Y 100 2 5 2 5 PAW gt set MTYP 21 PAW gt nt pl 30 y option E idh 402 gt 1d 403 NT PL B option X 40 2 5 2 5 PAW gt set BARW 0 4 PAW gt set BARO 0 3 PAW gt csel NB 0 33 PAW gt set HCOL 1001 gt nt pl 30 x gt 0 option B idh 403 gt 1d 404
51. PAW v CDIR LUN1 PAW gt ADD 10 20 30 Set current directory to LUN1 Add histograms 10 and 20 into 30 Histogram 30 is created in PAWC PAW gt Histo Plot PAWC 30 Show the result of the sum v PAW gt CD PAWC Set the current directory to memory PAW gt Histo plot 30 Show the result once more v Similarly when histograms or Ntuples are plotted e g by the HISTO PLOT command they are copied to memory possibly replacing an old copy of the same ID As long as the copy in memory is not changed each time the ID is read from the external file This is because in a real time environment e g using global sections on VMS or modules with OS9 the data base on the external medium can be changed by concurrent processes However if the HBOOK data structure associated with the histogram or Ntuple in memory is altered e g by a MAX IDOPT FIT command then it becomes the default for subsequent operations If one wants the original copy one first must delete the copy from memory or explicitly use the pathname for the external file PAW gt Histo file 1 his dat The file contains ID 10 PAW gt Histo Plot 10 ID 10 read from file and plotted PAW gt H plot 10 ID 10 read again from file and plotted PAW H fit 10 G Read from file make a Gaussian fit on PAWC 10 PAW gt H plot 10 ID 10 read from memory since it changed PAW H del 10 Delete histogram 10 from memory PAW gt H plot 10 ID 10 rea
52. PAW gt SET STAT i Default is 1111 where i corresponds to binary status bits AOURMEI as follows A 1 Draw the contents of all channels 0 1 Draw number of overflows U 1 Draw number of underflows 7 7 Information about histograms 115 R 1 Draw R M S M 1 Draw mean value E 1 Draw number of entries I 1 Draw histogram identifier For example the command PAW SET STAT 10 sets the statistics informations to be only the number of entries PAW gt SET FIT i Default is 101 where i corresponds to binary status bits CEP as follows C 1 Draw x E 1 Draw errors P 1 Draw fit parameters For example to draw only the result of the x fit one would use PAW gt SET FIT 100 For all these OPTIONs the character size is specified with the command SET CSIZ and the character font used with SET CFON Fill area style marker and line type The Fill Area Interior Style The Fill Area Style Index the Marker TYPe and the Line TYPe are set respectively using the IGSET parameters FAIS FASI MTYP and LTYPE Example PAW gt IGSET FAIS 3 Fill area are hatched PAW gt IGSET FASI 244 with the style index PAW gt IGSET MTYP 25 Marker type is an empty square PAW gt IGSET LTYP 15 Line type is dotted HIGZ provides some portable fill area styles index coded using three digits ijk as follows i Distance between each hatch mm j Angle between 90 and 180 degrees k Angle between 0 and 90 degrees These numbers are cod
53. The panel is displayed with the complete command names BUT the arrangement of the buttons is mod ifi ed all buttons are displayed on one column and blank buttons are suppressed this can save a lot of space and is more user friendly for this kind of viewing option Figure 3 9 Panel View Selection Figure 3 10 Interactive panel button definition User defined palette with 3 panels Various Icons this panel is not displayed arrow turned left to right at the moment File View Add Panel gt Various loons One would just have Aoi m to press the arrow but ton to make it visible Marker Types this user defi ned panel is visible arrow turned top to down One can turned it off by pressing the arrow Y Other Various icons Ed Ed T E button Other Various Icons this user defi ned panel is also visible Figure 3 11 Multi panel or Palette 60 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP MULTI_PANEL EXEC PANEL1 KUMAC EXEC PANEL2 KUMAC EXEC KUMAC MULTI_PANEL end N B panel1 kumac pane12 kumac and panel3 kumac are macro files with usual panel setting and defini tion Figure 3 11 shows an example of a user defined palette with some predefined panels The arrow buttons can be pressed either
54. a vector Assuming that the computation of the function sin x x in the above example would be only for the purpose of producing a graph i e the result is not needed for further calculations then one could just have typed the following commands PAW gt SIGMA xvec array 100 pi pi 2 gt GRAph 100 xvec SIGMA SIN XVEC XVEC 5 2 Vector arithmetic operations using SIGMA A complete and convenient mechanism for the mathematical manipulation of vectors is provided by SIGMA In the following we use the words array and vector as synonyms In both cases we refer to PAW vectors in the sense that SIGMA offers an alternative way to generate and to manipulate PAW vectors see section 4 on page 64 The notation of SIGMA is similar to that of FORTRAN in the sense that is based upon formulae and assignment statements The special operator ARRAY is used to generate vectors vname ARRAY argi arg2 vname Name of the vector array being created argi Defines the array structure i e the Number of COmponents NCO of the array arg2 Provides the numerical values filling the array row wise If arg2 is absent or does not provide enough values the array is filled with 1 67 68 Chapter 5 SIGMA 5 2 1 Basic operators Add Subtract Multiply Divide Exponentiation amp Concatenation Note that ill defined operations will give O as result For instance a division by zero gives zero as result
55. also be accessed via the item Commands in the PATH Window of the Main Browser Kuip Command Processor commands Macro Macro Processor commands Vector Vector Processor commands Histogram Manipulation of histograms Ntuples Function Operations with Functions Creation and plotting Ntuple Ntuple creation and related operations Graphics Interface to the graphics packages HPLOT and HIGZ Picture Creation and manipulation of HIGZ pictures Fortran Interface to MINUIT COMIS SIGMA and FORTRAN Input Output Network To access files on remote computers Dzdoc Access Dzdoc Help 9 2 3 Information Windows Top Path LUN1 Directory 16 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 Ntuple 1 On the top of the Main Browser is displayed the current directory PATH and the content of the current directory i e the number of objects of each type Bottom File pawdemo hbook 30 TEST OF N TUPLES Clone Exit On the bottom of the Main Browser is displayed the name of the current file HBOOK files for example in which the objects are stored If the objects are not stored in a file like the commands the file name is just blank Below the file name the full name of the currently selected object is displayed 152 9 2 4 Content Window Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour In this section are describe the different menu available in the Content Window Commands Paw Main Browser o Options Commands
56. and some characteristics are stored in HBOOK is like shown below PROGRAM HTEST PARAMETER NWPAWC 20000 COMMON PAWC H NWPAWC EXTERNAL HTFUN1 HTFUN2 CALL HLIMIT NWPAWC Book histograms and declare functions CALL HBFUN1 100 Test of HRNDM1 100 0 1 HTFUN1 CALL HBOOK1 110 Filled according to HTFUN1 100 0 1 1000 CALL HBFUN2 200 Test of HRNDM2 100 0 1 40 0 1 HTFUN2 CALL HSCALE 200 0 CALL HBOOK2 210 Fill according to HTFUN2 100 0 1 40 0 1 30 Fill histograms DO 10 I 1 10000 X HRNDM1 100 CALL HFILL 110 X 0 1 CALL HRNDM2 200 X Y CALL HFILL 210 X Y 1 10 CONTINUE Save all histograms on file HTEST HBOOK FUNCTION HTFUN2 X Y Two dimensional gaussian HTFUN2 HTFUN1 X HTFUN1 Y END FUNCTION HTFUN1 X Constants for gaussians DATA C1 C2 1 0 5 DATA XM1 XM2 0 3 0 7 DATA 51 52 0 07 0 12 Calculate the gaussians A1 0 5 X XM1 XS1 2 A2 0 5 X XM2 52 2 X1 C1 X2 02 IF ABS A1 GT 0 0001 X1 C1 EXP A1 IF ABS A2 GT 0 0001 X2 C2 EXP A2 Return function value HTFUNi X1 X2 END CALL HRPUT O HTEST HBOOK N CALL HDELET 100 CALL HDELET 200 CALL HPRINT 0 END After opening the RZ HBOOK file HBOOK is initialised by a call to HLIMIT which declares a length of 20000 words for the length of the PAWC dynamic store Then the one and two dimensional histograms 110 and 210 are filled respectively according to the functions HTFUN1 and HTFUN2 The out
57. assigned to the next parameter expected not to the one following the option parameter itself 66 Since a leading can be part of a valid non option argument the value is checked against a set of rules before it is actually interpreted as an option assignment The option argument can be a concatenation of several of the allowed option values PAW checks that the argument string is exclusively constructed from valid option values This check is done by removing matches of option values from the argument string starting with the longest option values first For example with the definition Possible OPTION values are AB ABC CD the argument ABCD is not interpreted as option assignment because after removing the longest match ABC the remainder D is not anymore a valid option value This case would have to be written as Argument values Since in command line blanks are used to separate the command name and the individual arguments string val ues containing blanks have to be quoted The rules are the same as used by Fortran the quote character is the apostrophe and apostroph inside a quoted string have to be duplicated MESS Hello world MESS Do or don t Note that the MESSAGE command has only a single parameter KUIP MESSAGE STRING STRING Message string D Nevertheless in most cases quoting the message string is not necessary If the command line contains more
58. axis values Y ticks width Y space between zones scatter plot and table character size 7 5 More on labels By default labels used by AXIS and PIE are numeric labels The command GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES LABELS or LABELS for short allows the user to define up to nine alphanumeric set of labels numbered from 1 to 9 These labels can then be used in subsequent commands using PIE or AXIS primitives of HIGZ The LABELS command has three parameters LABNUM An integer between 1 and 9 It identifies the labels set NLABS The number of items to be placed on the labels up to 50 CHLABS NLABS character strings specifying the label items The label sets thus defined can be used for axes on all plots produced by PAW HPLOT histograms graphs vectors drawing etc viathe SET NDVX NDVY command These commands have the following structure Example of NXDV specifi cation SET NDVX i e g SET NDVX 512 or SET NDVX i jk e g SET NDVX 10 25 7 5 More on labels 21 HBOOK GLOBAL TITLE BARW 180 HMAX 160 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 02 04 06 08 0 2 04 06 0 8 XLAB HISTOGRAM TITLE HISTOGRAM TITLE lt gt N SMGU ID Entries Mean RMS l Nn N Nn Example of title along Y 0 6 x 2 GeV C HISTOGRAM TITLE Figure 7 3 A graphical view of the SET parameters en lt a gt 111 112
59. be taken of rounding errors A DO loop is equivalent to the construct count finish expr start expr step expr loop start expr Step step expr label IF count gt 0 THEN statements loop loop step count count 1 GOTO label ENDIF 3 6 Macros 47 where all variables except for loop are temporary Note that DO i 1 0 results in zero iterations and that the expressions are evaluated only once i e the loop n 10 DO i 1 n MESS i n n n 1 ENDDO is iterated 10 times and leaves i 11 afterwards FOR name IN _1 expr 2 expr_n Statements ENDFOR In a FOR loop the number of iterations is determined by the number of items in the blank separated expression list The expression list must not be empty One by one each expression evaluated and assigned to the variable name before the statements are executed The equivalent construct is the loop unrolling name expr 1 Statements name expr 2 Statements name expr n Statements The expressions can be of any type arithmetic string or garbage expressions and they do not need to be all of the same type In general each expression is a single list item even if the result contains blanks For example foobar foo bar FOR item IN foobar MESS item ENDFOR results in a single iteration The variable is treated as a special case being equivalent to the expression list 1 2 which
60. command The size of the index dimensions is given in Fortran notation e g VECTOR CREATE vi 100 VECTOR CREATE v2 10 10 The lower index bound always starts off at 1 i e V CREATE v 10 10 is not allowed Omitting the index dimension as in VECTOR CREATE v is equivalent to VECTOR CREATE v 1 PAW does not keep track of the actual number of index dimension given in the VECTOR CREATE command i e VECTOR CREATE vi 10 VECTOR CREATE v3 10 1 1 are equivalent Vector names which should be processed by sigma are currently limited to 7 characters 3 5 Expressions 33 Definition VECTOR CREATE is addressed by V 3 Definition VECTOR CREATE V NCOL NROW V 3 is the 1 dim array representing the 3rd row V 2 isthe 1 dim array representing the 2nd column qocnetd peo E the shortcut notation V 2 can be used as well is addressed by V 2 3 Definition VECTOR CREATE V NCOL NROW NPLANE is addressed by V 3 1 1 J Figure 3 4 Addressing scheme for vectors 3 4 2 Accessing vectors Single vector elements can be used in expressions where they are treated as numeric constants Vectors with a single
61. definition with graphical keys FESO ak ak ak 3K ak 3K aK ak 3K 3K aK gt K 3K ak 3K I IOI I 2K K K 3K KK K K panel kumac General example for a panel with icons definition o o akak ak ak ak ak ak ak ak k ak 3k ak aK ak Icon bitmaps motif icon mi mki bm motif icon m2 mk2 bm motif icon m3 mk3 bm motif icon m4 mk4 bm motif icon m5 mk5 bm Panel keys definition N B General syntax panel r c command label pixmap label gt command alias written in the panel and executed for Button press if label optional is defined then KUIP ALIAS CREATE label command is automatically generated if label is not defined then command is used for button label panel O panel 2 01 null 58 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP panel 2 02 tex 1 panel 3 01 example general kuip tex tex 1 tex 1 panel 3 02 example general kuip tex tex 2 tex 2 m2 panel 3 03 example general kuip tex tex 3 m3 panel 3 04 example general kuip tex tex 4 m4 panel 4 01 m5 panel 4 02 tex_5 m5 panel 5 01 example general kuip tex tex 6 sm menu panel 5 02 example general kuip tex tex 6 big menu panel 6 01 example general kuip tex tex 7 tex_7 panel 6 02 example general kuip tex tex 7 tex_7 panel O d Marker Types 300x300 500 500 Figu
62. emer gency situations Exit Kxterm and the application When this op tion is selected or when EXIT is typed in the In put Pad the following panel is displayed The exit is performed The exit procedure is canceled Remove the selected text The selected text is written to the Cut and Paste buffer Using the Paste function it can be written to any X11program In the transcript pad Cut de faults to the Copy function Copy the selected text The selected text is written to the Cut and Paste buffer Using the Paste function it can be written to any X11program Insert text from the Cut and Paste buffer at the cursor location into the Input Pad Search for a text string in the transcript pad 138 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour View Show Input Show in a window all commands entered via the In put Pad Command Panel Browser Style Panel Options Clear Transcript Pad Clear all text off of the top of the transcript pad Echo Command Echo executed commands in transcript pad Timing Report command execution time real and CPU time Iconify Iconify Kxterm and all windows of the applica tion Help On Kxterm The help you are currently reading On Edit Keys Help on the emacs style edit key sequences 9 2 The Main Browser The KuIP Motif Browser interface is a general tool to display and manipulate a tree structure of objects which are defined either by KUIP itself commands files
63. example are viewable as the result of counting the points in a the sections of a rectangular grid overlaid on a scatter plot of two variables Higher dimensional histograms can also be fitted and support for associating the results of a fit to a higher dimensional histogram is currently being incorporated in PAW e Ntuples An Ntuple is the basic type of data used in PAW It consists of a list of identical data structures one for each event Typically an Ntuple is made available to PAW by opening a HBOOK file this file as created by HBOOK contains one or more Ntuples and possibly also directories which may store a hierarchy of Ntuples and histograms A storage area for an Ntuple may be created directly using NTUPLE CREATE data may then be stored in the allocated space using the NTUPLE LOOP or NTUPLE READ commands Other com mands merge Ntuples into larger Ntuples project vector functions of the Ntuple variables into histograms and plot selected subsets of events e Cuts A cutis a Boolean function of Ntuple variables Cuts are used to select subsets of events in an Ntuple when creating histograms and ploting variables e Masks Masks are separate files that are logically identical to a set of boolean variables added on the end of an Ntuple s data structure A mask is constructed using the Boolean result of applying a cut to an event set A mask is useful only for efficiency the effect of a mask is identical to that of the cut that produced it
64. file beginning of file beginning of line beginning of line extend selection copy to clipboard cut to clipboard paste from clipboard end of file end of file end of line end of line extend selection forward character forward paragraph forward paragraph forward paragraph extend selection forward paragraph extend selection forward word forward word kill next character kill previous word kill previous word kill region yank back last thing killed kill to end of line kill line kill to start of line kill to start of line newline and backup newline and indent get next command in hold mode next line page left page right get previous command in hold mode previous line process cancel redraw display next page previous page set mark here send kill signal to application toggle hold button of pad containing input focus re execute last executed command put last executed command in input pad change input focus 180 Appendix C The Motif user interface tools C 1 Scale A scale can be moved with the scale button or with the two arrows top and bottom It is usualy linked to some quantity which may vary continuously C 2 Buttons Various kind of buttons are available in Motif Toggle Push and Selectionbuttons C 2 1 Toggle Buttons The toggle buttons are usually used for Yes No choices In a serie of toggle button only one can be push C 2 20 Push Buttons Object Attributes
65. for the Histogram Box Page and Function HCOL BCOL PCOL FCOL 7 6 Colour line width and fill area in HPLOT If NDVX 12 10 the default value is taken 12 15 zo 2 gt lt o 3 3 32 229 8 2 B8 m fe t Z S B J J E MJ J A 8 QN D A E A P A UU UEC OE N B R R Y L P T V C J JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC L J a 4 tc gt 24 a b 2 o lt o Sts amp amp 3325388286 J m gt c Fm 2 H 28 3 22 F568 8228 J J AM J J 8 E U U E N B R R Y N L G P T V JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC NDVX 12 18 12 17 12 16 12 15 12 14 12 13 12 12 12 11 If NDVX 9 00 the default value is taken 9 01 1 1 1 1 9 08 o a o o o 1 1 1 1 9 07 o m N o gt a o 1 9 06 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 04 o a 9 03 o E 3 I a m o o 9 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 F 8 9 1 1 1 1 9 01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 7 4 Example of labelling for horizontal axes October August July June May
66. func tions permit the current directory to be set anywhere in the current tree as well as creating new directories where the results of PAW actions can be stored A special directory called PAWC corresponds to a memory resident branch of this virtual file system ZEBRA files may be written to the operating system file system but entire hierarchies of ZEBRA directories typically are contained in a single binary operating system file Graphics Production Terminology Metafile Picture PostScript A file containing graphical information stored in a device independent format which can be replayed on various types of output devices e g PostScript A graphics object composed of graphics primitives and attributes Pictures are generated by the HIGZ graphics interface and they can be stored in a picture direct access database built with the RZ package of the data structure manager ZEBRA A high level page description language permitting the description of complex text and graphics us ing only text commands Using PostScript representations of graphics makes it possible to create graphics files that can be exchanged with other users and printed on a wide variety of printers with out regard to the computer system upon which the graphics were produced Any graphics display produced by PAW can be expressed in terms of PostScript written to a file and printed Chapter 2 General principles 2 1 Access to PAW At CERN the PAW
67. gt ALIAS CREATE foo bar PAW gt ALIAS CREATE N bar foo PAW gt ALIAS LIST Argument aliases BAR gt foo FOO gt bar No Command aliases defined PAW gt foo Recursive command alias in foo Recursive argument alias in foo Unknown command foo PAW gt bar Recursive command alias in bar Recursive argument alias in bar Unknown command bar Alias substitution happens before the command line is split up into command name and arguments Hence aliases can represent several arguments at once For example ALIAS CREATE limits 100 1 57 1 57 FUN1 10 sin x limits is equivalent to FUN1 10 sin x 100 1 57 1 57 The quotes in the ALIAS CREATE command are necessary but they are not part of the alias value If an alias value containing blanks is supposed to be treated as a single argument four extra quotes are needed in order that ALIAS CREATE htitle X vs Y 1D 10 htitle 100 0 1 is equivalent to 1D 10 X vs Y 1000 1 Argument aliases can lead to unexpected interpretations of command lines For example a user defining ALIAS CREATE e EDIT wants E to be short hand for the command EDIT However the following consequence is probably not intended PAW gt nt plot 30 e Unknown name EDIT For historic reasons the default option for the ALIAS CREATE command is to define an argument alias However the use of argument aliases can lead to subtle side effects and should the
68. if you want to describe your panel in a macro file in order to keep trace of the panel definition and be able to retrieve it later on You can predefine as many panels as you want and you can easily access them by selecting the menu item Command Panel in the View menu of the Executive Window section 3 7 2 You have to describe in the macro file s each button individually You can also request the macro s execution in your pawlogon kumac file so that the panel s will be automatically displayed at the beginning of the session The general syntax of the command PANEL for a key definition is panel x y command label pixmap x y is the key position column and row number command is the complete command or list of commands to be executed when the corresponding button is pressed label optional is an alias name for this command If specified this alias name is used for the button label when the appropriate View option is selected instead of the complete command which is generally too long for a user friendly button label pixmap optional has to be specified for graphical keys fully described in the next section 3 7 3 An example of a panel definition is given in figure 3 8 Panel with Graphical keys Icons and View Selection As seen in the previous section the general syntax of the command PANEL for a key definition allows the user to define graphical keys
69. in VAL of a radius RAD centered at YO 4 8 Fitting the contents of a vector A user defined and parameter dependent function can be fitted to the points defined by the two vectors X and Y and the vector of associated errors EY The general syntax of the command to fit vectors is VECTOR FITx y ey func chopt np par step pmin pmax errpar For more information have a look at the online help of this command in PAW Chapter 5 SIGMA 5 1 Access to SIGMA The SIGMA array manipulation package can be accessed in three different ways in PAW Precede the statement by the prefi x SIGMA Example PAW gt SIGMA xvec array 100 pi pi 2 PAW gt SIGMA y sin xvec xvec Note the use of the predefined constant PI in SIGMA with the obvious value The PAW command APPLication SIGMA All commands typed in after this command will be directly processed by SIGMA The command EXIT will return control to PAW e g PAW gt APPLication SIGMA SIGMA gt xvec array 100 pi pi 2 SIGMA gt sinus sin xvec xvec SIGMA gt cosinus cos xvec xvec SIGMA gt exit PAW gt vector list Vector Name Type Length Dim 1 Dim 2 Dim 3 XVEC R 100 100 SINUS R 100 100 COSINUS R 100 100 Total of 3 Vector s The PAW system function SIGMA The expression to be evaluated must be enclosed in parentheses The function will return the numerical value of the expression if the result is a scalar or the name of a temporary vector if the result is
70. in the execution For example at initialization these estimates are just the starting step sizes as specified by the user After a MIGRAD or HESSE step the errors are usually quite accurate unless there has been a problem MINUIT when it prints out error values also gives some indication of how reliable it thinks they are For example those marked CURRENT GUESS ERROR are only working values not to be believed and APPROXIMATE ERROR means that they have been calculated but there is reason to believe that they may not be accurate If no mitigating adjective is given then at least MINUIT believes the errors are accurate although there is always a small chance that MINUIT has been fooled Some visible signs that MINUIT may have been fooled are Warning messages produced during the minimization or error analysis Failure to find new minimum Value of EDM too big estimated Distance to Minimum Correlation coefficients exactly equal to zero unless some parameters are known to be uncorrelated with the others Correlation coefficients very close to one greater than 0 99 This indicates both an exceptionally difficult problem and one which has been badly parameterized so that individual errors are not very meaningful because they are so highly correlated Parameter at limit This condition signaled by a MINUIT warning message may make both the function minimum and parameter errors unreliable See the discussion above
71. inside a COMIS routine to address a PAW vector If the vector does not exist it is created with the specifications provided by the declared dimension 4 6 Usage of vectors with other PAW objects Vectors can be used to transport numerical information between different PAW objects and to manipulate mathe matically their content VECTOR HFILL VNAME ID Each vector element of VNAME is used to fill the existing histogram ID HISTOGRAM GET_VECTOR CONTENT Provides an interface between vectors and histograms HISTOGRAM PUT_VECTOR CONTENT Provides an interface between histograms and vectors 4 7 Graphical output of vectors VECTOR DRAW VNAME Interprets the content of the vector VNAME as a histogram contents and draw a graph VECTOR PLOT VNAME Vector elements are considered as individual values to be entered into a his togram and a graph is produced If VNAME is the name of a vector then each vec tor element of VNAME is used to fill a histogram which is automatically booked with 100 channels and plotted If VNAME has the form VNAME1 VNAME2 then a scatter plot of vector VNAME1 versus VNAME2 is plotted A number of graphical primitives are available in PAW Those directly related to the graphical output of vectors are 66 Chapter 4 Vectors GRAPH N X Y Draw a curve through a set of points defined by arrays X and Y HIST N XY Draw an histogram defined by arrays X and Y PIE XO YO RAD N VAL Draw a pie chart of N slices with size of slices given
72. is Helvetica Bold PAW gt SET GFON 20 global title font is Times Bold PAW gt SET LFON 60 axis labels font is Helvetica Bold gt SET TFON 20 general comments is Times Bold PAW gt SET VFON 60 axis values font is Helvetica Bold PAW gt HISTO PLOT 10 the histogram 10 is drawn with previous settings Note that SET FON ffp set all the HPLOT text font to the same value ffp ITX Text font and precision attributes for use by later invocations of ITX are set with TXFP as follows PAW IGSET TXFP 10 Text font text precision TEXT This command draws a software character text independently from the basic graphics package used by HIGZ It can produce over 300 different graphic signs The way in which software characters are defined is via a string of valid characters intermixed by other characters acting as escape characters e g a change of alphabet upper or lower case The string is interpreted by TEXT and the resulting characters are defined according to the figure 7 12 which shows the list of available software characters This command allows the user to mix different types of characters roman greek special upper and lower case sub and superscript There are a total of 10 control characters 122 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT List of escape characters and their meaning ooma gt go to upper case ef EE go to greek Roman default 2 end of greek gt rotspeasmbos e
73. only possibly manipulation of numbered variables is provided by the SHIFT statement which copies 2 into 1 3 into 2 etc and discards the value of the last defined numbered variable For example the construct WHILE 1 lt gt DO arg 1 SHIFT ENDDO allows to traverse the list of macro arguments For each macro the following special variables are always defined 0 contains the fully qualified macro file name e g fname kumacitmname contains the number of macro arguments is the concatenation of all macro arguments separated by blanks contains the return value of the most recent EXEC call Like for numbered variables these names cannot be used on the left hand side of an assignment The values or 3t and are updated by the SHIFT statement Example of Input Macros MACRO EXITMAC MESSAGE At first EXEC EXIT2 0 O THEN MESSAGE Macro EXIT2 successful ELSE MESSAGE Error in EXIT2 code 0 ENDIF RETURN MACRO EXIT2 READ NUM IF NUM gt 20 THEN MESSAGE Number too large EXITM NUM 20 ELSE V CREATE V NUM ENDIF RETURN Output when executing PAW gt EXEC EXITMAC At first 0 0 Macro EXIT2 NUM 25 Number too large Error in macro EXIT2 code 5 PAW EXEC EXITMAC At first 0 O Macro EXIT2 NUM 16 Macro EXIT2 successful 3 6 Macros 43 Variable indirection and arrays Macro variables can be referenced indirectly b
74. program is interfaced on all systems via a command procedure which gives access to the three release levels of the CERN Program Library PROduction OLD and the NEW areas and sets the proper environment if necessary Users who are not at CERN or who are using non central computer systems should contact their system administrator for help on PAW 2 1 1 VAX VMS A command file CERN_ROOT EXE PAW 15 defined system wide via the logical symbol PAW its interface is PAW ver the default is PRO You may set the initialization of PAW either as a PAWLOGON KUMAC located in your home directory or through the logical symbol DEFINE PAW LOGON disk user subdir file kumacto be defined usually in your LOGIN COM 2 1 2 Unix systems The driver shell script is located in the file cern pro bin paw In order to access it automatically you could add the directory cern pro bin to your command search path The command syntax is paw v ver the default is v PRO 2 1 3 Workstation type PAW needs to know the X host where graphics must be displayed this can be specified on each system on the command line Vax VMS PAW X11 host yourhost Unix paw d X11 h yourhost or at the Workstation prompt in PAW Workstation type HELP CR 1 1 yourhost If yourhost is not specified the output is redirected like for all X11 applications to the display defined via the environment variable DISPLAY The workstation type selects which type
75. text alignment attributes for use by future invocations of ITX are set using the TXAL parameter as follows PAW gt IGSET TXAL 10 horizontal alignment vertical alignment The horizontal and vertical alignments parameters must be in the range 0 3 The horizontal alignment specifies which end of the string or its geometric center is aligned with the specified point given in ITX The vertical alignment controls whether the top of tall characters or the bottom of capital letters line up with the specified point see figure 7 11 ITXALH horizontal alignment 0 normal usually same as 1 1 left end of string at specified point 2 center of string at specified point 3 right end of string at specified point ITXALH vertical alignment 0 normal 1 top of tallest chars plus any built in spacing 2 top of tallest chars 3 halfway between 2 and 4 PAW gt IGSET TXAL 23 The horizontal and vertical alignments are centered PAW gt ITX 5 5 Hello Hello is drawn center adjusted TEXT In the command TEXT the text alignment is an optional parameter CHOPT Only the horizontal alignment can be changed among three possible values Left Center or Right gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 1 L Hello is drawn left adjusted default PAW gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 1 C Hello is drawn center adjusted gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 1 Hello is drawn right adjusted 7 8 Text drawing 121 Text colour The te
76. the menu from which the search for command name starts It is not quite comparable to the Unix cd or VMS SET DEFAULT command If no matching command is found going downwards from the SET ROOT menu a second attempt is made starting off at the top menu Disabling commands The command SET VISIBILITY allows to disable enable individual commands Dis abled commands cannot be executed and they do not contribute to name ambiguities However the HELP infor mation is still available Note that the VISIBILITY command can disable itself which makes it impossible to re enable any command 18 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Automatic macro execution The command MACRO DEFAULT implements two facilities First it allows to define a directory search path used by the EXEC command for locating kumac macro files Second it controls the implicit interpretation of the command name token as a possible macro filename Command This is the default setting which does not try to interpreted cmd as macro name Auto If the search path contains a file cmd kumac it is executed i e the actual command becomes EXEC cmd otherwise the search for a command named cmd starts AutoReverse If cmd is either not a command name or ambiguous and a file cmd kumac exists the command is transformed into EXEC cmd Command template The command SET COMMAND allows to define a template which is used whenever the com mand token does not match any command name The tem
77. the name of the selected object is filled into the appropriate place By default the command is executed immediately whenever possible The commands executed can be seen by selecting Echo Commands in the Options menu of the Executive Window In case some mandatory parameters are missing a panel is displayed where the remaining arguments have to be filled in The command is executed then by pressing the or Execute button in that panel If it is not the last one in the sequence of commands bound to the menu item the application is blocked until the OK or Cancel button is pressed The immediate command execution can be inhibited by holding down the CTRL key BEFORE pressing the right mouse button Some popup menus also contain different menu item for immediate and delayed execution e g Execute and Execute for class Commands 9 2 The Main Browser 139 The path of the currently selected directory is always displayed below the menu bar The directory can be changed by pointing at the tail of the wanted subpath and clicking the left mouse button Clicking a second time on the same path segment performs the directory change and updates the object window To go downwards in the directory hierarchy double click on the subdirectory displayed in the object window Palin tain Browser eh O pPath LUNI Directory 16 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 Ntuple 1 9
78. the paper For example if Format 3 the paper is in the standard A3 format Format 4 and Format 0 are the same and define an A4 page The AO format is selected by Format 99 The US format Letter is selected by Format 100 The US format Legal is selected by Format 200 The US format Ledger is selected by Format 300 Nx Ny Specify respectively the number of zones on the x and y axis Nx and Ny are integers between 1 and 9 Type Can be equal to 1 Portrait mode with a small margin at the bottom of the page 2 Landscape mode with a small margin at the bottom of the page 4 Portrait mode with a large margin at the bottom of the page 5 Landscape mode with a large margin at the bottom of the page The large margin is useful for some PostScript printers very often for the colour printers as they need more space to grip the paper for mechanical reasons Note that some PostScript colour printers can also use the so called special A4 format permitting the full usage of the A4 area in this case larger margins are not necessary and Type 1 or 2 can be used 3 Encapsulated PostScript This Type permits the generation of files which can be included in other documents for example in IZTEX files Note that with this Type Nx and Ny must always be equal to 1 and Format has no meaning The size of the picture must be specified by the user via the SIZE command Therefore the workstation type for Encapsulated PostScript is 113 For example if the name of an E
79. to ex cessive roundoff errors in numerical calculations in the user function or not enough precision This is unlikely in general but becomes more likely if the number of free parameters is very large or if the parameters are badly scaled not all of the same order of magnitude and correlations are also large In any case whether the non positive definiteness is real or only numerical is largely irrelevant since in both cases the error matrix will be unreliable and the minimum suspicious Anill posed problem For questions of parameter dependence see the discussion above on positive definiteness Possible other mathematical problems are the following Excessive numerical roundoff Be especially careful of exponential and factorial functions which get big very quickly and lose accuracy Starting too far from the solution The function may have unphysical local minima especially at infinity in some variables 6 6 5 Fitting histograms The general syntax of the command to fit histograms is HISTOGRAM FIT id func chopt np par step pmin pmax errpar Only the parameters which are of more general use are described in detail For an up to date description of this command have a look in the online help or in the reference manual ID A histogram identifier 1 dim or 2 dim A bin range may be specified e g Histo Fit 10 25 56 FUNC Name of a function to be fitted to the histogram This function can be of various forms 1 The name
80. to the Cut Shift ee amp Paste buffer Using the Paste function it can be written to AEH INS any X11 program Cines Paste Insert text from the Cut amp Paste buffer at the cursor location into the Input Pad Search Search for a text string in the Transcript Pad View Show Input Show in a window all commands entered via the Input Pad Command Panel Gives access to the PANEL interface for a Command Panel Fi panel which has been predefined in a macro file see section 3 7 3 New Command Panel F2 New Command Panel Gives access to the PANEL interface for set Browser F3 ting a new and empty panel to be filled interac tively see section 3 7 3 Browser Display another instance of the browser Options r m Clear Transcript Pad Clear all text off of the top of the Transcript Cear Transcript Pad Pad E Echo Command Echo Command Echo executed commands in Transcript Pad Ti Timing Report command execution time real and CPU Timing time Iconify Iconify Iconify Executive Window and all windows Raise Window Raise Window Display a list of all windows connected The user can select the window he wants to pop up Edit Key Sequences Please note that C b means holding down the Control key and pressing the M stands for the Meta or Alt key 3 7 Motif mode C b M b Shift M b M Shift M M lt C a Shift C a C osfInsert Shift osfDelete Shift osfInsert
81. to the largest square SQR NZEL ZEFL The picture is stored not stored NZFL in a ZEBRA data base The procedure to create a higz picture is given below NZFL ZFLA ZFL1 has the same effect as ZFL but only the picture last created is kept in memory NPTO Please Turn Over With PTO a carriage return is requested between each new plot NBAR BAR 1 dimensional histograms are plotted as charts BAR or as contours NBAR DVXR DVXT Real DVXR or integer DVXI labels are computed for the X axis DVYR DVYT Real DVYR or integer DVYI labels are computed for the Y axis GRID NGRI Grid on X and Y axis NDAT NDAT The date is printed or not on each plot 7 4 Setting attributes 109 Table 7 2 Overview of the HPLOPT options continued Default Alternative Effect The file name is printed or not on each plot Table 7 3 Parameters and default values in SET CHOPT VAR default Explanation axis label size bar offset for bar charts bar width for bar charts zone fill area colour index zone fill area style index box line width comment font 10 font precision character shift between two pass comment size length of basic dashed segment for dashed lines date position line style for histogram contour see HPLOT error on X of bin width function fill area COLor file name position fit values to be plotted first Pa
82. together with their numbers The number of lines printed depend on the recording frequency foo re executed the latest command line starting with the string foo The command line numbering can also be seen if the prompt string contains gt PROMPT 2 Unix and VMS PAW also provides recalling and editing of command lines for re executing The command RECALL allows to choose between different key bindings Recall style KSH has an Emacs like binding table 3 1 similar to the one used by the ksh and bash shells If the terminal returns ANSI escape sequences the arrow keys can be used instead of B F N P Recall style DCL implements the key binding of VMS line editing table 3 2 The style names and DCLO allow to switch to overstrike mode instead of the default insert mode Recall style NONE directs PAW to do plain reading from the terminal input 3 2 Aliases Aliases allow the user to define abbreviations for parts of a command line There are two types of aliases command aliases and argument aliases which differ in the way they are recognized in a command line Both alias types can be defined by the ALIAS CREATE command KUIP ALIAS CREATE NAME VALUE CHOPT NAME 11 name VALUE 11 value Option D A Possible CHOPT values are create an Argument alias C create a Command alias N No alias expansion of val
83. used 05 0515 Note however that two functions can follow each other e g 08 MACHINE because the sign does not belong to the function name Depending on the setting of the SET DOLLAR command the name following the sign may also be an environment variable The replacement value for is obtained in the following order 1 If xxx is a system function followed by the correct number and types of arguments replace it by its value 2 Otherwise if xxx is an argument less system functions replace it by its value 3 Otherwise if xxx is a defined environment variable replace it by its value 4 Otherwise no replacement takes place 3 3 1 Inquiry functions Style inquiries STYLE returns the name of the currently active dialogue style GP etc This allows for example to a common logon macro containing different default setups depending whether PAW is started in command line mode or in Motif mode IF STYLE XM THEN ELSE ENDIF LAST returns the previously executed command sequence PAW MESS Hello world MESS How are you Hello world How are you PAW MESS LAST MESS Hello world MESS How are you KEYVAL returns the content of the last selected panel box in style GP and KEYNUM returns row column address in the form row col The column address is always given as a two digit number Alias inquiries ANUM returns the number of argum
84. used if a very frequent access to the file is required A more convenient mechanism is the possibility to access the files directly On many systems one may now use NFS 12 for this purpose Under some circumstances for example if the HBOOK file is not in exchange mode and it is to be accessed from a computer running a different operating system an alternate approach is required To fill this gap the PAW server is provided This works using a conventional Client Server model The client PAW typically runs on a workstation When the PAW command RLOGIN is invoked a PAW server is automatically started on the remote machine normally a mainframe or data server Once the RLOGIN REMOTE command has been executed the PAW Current Directory is set to REMOTE The PAW client can now instruct the PAW server to attach a file using the RSHELL command e g rshell file pawtest dat If an histogram with HBOOK ID 10 is on the remote file than the PAW command Histo Plot 10 will plot this histogram on the local workstation The histogram resides on PAWC like other histograms coming from local files The RSHELL command may be used to communicate with the PAW server The expression typed following RSHELL is passed to the server The current implementation of the PAW server recognizes the commands rshell file filename Server connects filename rshell cdir lun11 Server changes current directory rshell ld Server lists current directory rshell ld Server list
85. whose values can be passed to the macros general and adaptable task solving procedures can be developed The user has the choice between different dialogue styles ranging from the conventional command line interface to a high level windowed environment based on OSF Motif In order to save typing default values providing reasonable settings can be used for most parameters of a command A history file containing the n most recently entered commands is automatically kept by KUIP and can be inspected copied or re entered at any time The history file of the last PAW session is also kept on disk 1 6 2 HBOOK and HPLOT The histograming and plotting packages HBOOK and its graphics interface HPLOT are libraries of FORTRAN callable subroutines which have been in use for many years They provide the following functionality One and two dimensional histograms and Ntuples Projections and slices of two dimensional histograms and Ntuples Complete control input and output of the histogram contents Operations and comparison of histograms Minimization and parameterization tools Random number generation Histograms and Ntuples structured in memory directories Histograms and Ntuples saved onto direct access ZEBRA files Wide range of graphics options Contour histograms bar chart shaded histograms error bars colour Smoothed curves and surfaces Scatter lego contour and surface plots A
86. window 156 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 9 3 2 Ntuple An Ntuple picked in Graphics Window with the right mouse button displays the following menu Open Ntuple Viewer Open the Ntuple browser Project Project the picked ntuple Print Print the picked ntuple 9 3 3 1D Histogram When a 1D Histogram is picked in Graphics Window with the right mouse button the following menu is dis played Fit Command Invoke the fit command Fitting panel Invoke the fit panel Fit Gauss X Perform a gaussian fit Fit Exp Perform a exponential fit Fit Const Fit with a constant Fit Linear Perform a linear fit Smooth Smooth Smooth Invoke the smooth command Line Draw the histogram with a line Curve Draw the histogram with a curve Bar Chart Draw the histogram as a bar chart Marker Draw the histogram with markers Stars Draw the histogram with stars Error Bars Draw the histogram with error bars Error Bars lines Draw the histogram with error bars ended with tick marks Error Rectangles Draw the histogram with error rectangles Error Filled Area Draw the histogram as a filled area Error Smoothed Area Draw the histogram a a smoothed and filled area Lego Draw the histogram as a lego plot Filled Lego Draw the histogram as a filled lego plot Default Default histogram drawing 9 3 Graphics 9 3 4 2D Histogram 157 When a 2D Histogram is picked in Graphics Window with the right mouse button the follow
87. with AST or without NAST asterisks in each channel Scatter plot are plotted with dots randomised within each bin NCHA or by printing a single character in the middle of the bin CHA SOFT HARD Use SOFTware or HARDware characters TAB tables HTABLE are plotted as tables TAB or as scatter plots NTAB HTIT Option for printing titles HTIT means use the hbook titles while UTIT sig nals the use of user titles LINX LOGX The scale for the X axis is linear or logarithmic LINY LOGY The scale for the Y axis is linear or logarithmic Note that if in hbook the HIDOPT option LOGY or HLOGAR was selected for a particular ID and if neither options LINY nor LOGY are selected then the scale will be logarithmic If HLOGAR or HIDOPT with option LOGY was called and the option LINY is selected then the scale will be linear LINZ LOGZ The scale for the Z axis is linear or logarithmic for lego plots or surfaces BOX NBOX By default a rectangular box is drawn around a picture NBOX suppresses this box NTIC TIC Cross wires are drawn TIC or not drawn NTIC after each plot NSTA Statistics information are printed STA not printed NSTA on the picture Fit parameters are printed FIT or not printed on the picture NSQR SQR The size of the histogram boxes is set
88. with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Read key into memory Allow to inspect the data of a key Show key definition Self explaining Show key words Self explaining Set filter on keys See above 9 2 2 The Main Browser Menu Bar In this section is describe the full functionality of the pull down menu available in the Menu Bar of the Main Browser File Open Hbook file Display the Open Arguments panel see after Close Hbook file Display the Close Arguments panel see after 148 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour m n Argumen 4 Open in Read Only Mode Unit 288 2 Record 1 Length 512 Open Update Mode 024 co C Create New File a Filter fuser couet paw hbook Directories Files TT fuser couet paw cern hbook fuser couet paw 3dfield d bb2 hbook fuser couet paw cmotif demo hbook fuser couet paw fmotif grades hbook fuser couet paw pict hrztest hbook fuser couet paw uimx iostat hbook Open File fuser couet fpawt D Toggle buttons to choose the openning mode 2 Filter apply on the file list 3 Possible logical units Only the free units are displayed The next free unit is highlighted Any other unit is invalid 4 Possible record length A record length of 0 means that the system will compute the correct one automati cally The file is open and this
89. 0 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 00 24 00 SIGMA gt y prod x NCO Y 6 4 Y 1 000 2 000 6 000 24 00 120 0 720 0 7 000 56 00 504 0 5040 0 5544E 05 0 6653E 06 13 00 182 0 2730 0 4368E 05 0 7426E 06 0 1337E 08 19 00 380 0 7980 0 1756E 06 0 4038E 07 0 9691E 08 QUAD argi arg2 The quadrature function QUAD numerically integrates each row of arg1 with respect to the scalar step size h defined by arg2 The result R has the same dimension as arg1 and the integration constant is fixed by choosing the first point of the result to be zero The method uses a four point forward and backward one strip formula based on Lagrange interpolation We have for the first point of the result z argl dx 0 1 for the second and third points h Rigi Ri 24 9 fi 19 5fi 2 fixa and for all subsequent points h Ric 9407 3 5fi 2 19fi 1 9fi where the f are elements of arg1 and are assumed to be values of some functions evaluated at equidistant intervals with interval width equal to h h being equal to the value of arg2 R SUMV arg The SUMV function generates the running summation of each row of the argument array say X1 Xo Xi Xn and creates an array with components equal to the running sum of the X namely X1 X4 Xa 1 2 X Xo Using the SUM function SIGMA gt x array 6 amp 4 array 24 1 24 NCO X
90. 17 00 SIGMA gt y ls x 3 NCO 4 5 Y 2 000 3 000 4 000 1 000 6 000 7 000 3 000 5 000 10 00 11 00 12 00 9 000 14 00 15 00 16 00 13 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 17 00 SIGMA gt X array 5 1 5 NCO X 5 X 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 SIGMA gt z 1s x 3 NCO Z 5 Z 4 000 5 000 1 000 2 000 3 000 SIGMA gt 21 15 4 NCO Z1 5 21 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 1 000 LVMAX arg1 LVMIN argi The functions LVMAX and LVMIN returns as a scalar result the index position of largest or smallest element respectively in the argument array Example of using the LVMAX and LVMIN commands SIGMA gt x sin array 10 1 10 NCO X 10 X 72 Chapter 5 SIGMA 0 841 0 909 0 141 0 757 0 959 0 279 0 657 0 989 0 412 0 544 SIGMA gt r lvmax x NCO R 1 R 8 00 argi arg2 and R MIN argi arg2 The functions MAX and MIN work independently on each element of their arguments arg2 can be a scalar The result has the same dimension as the argument array arg1 and each element of the result is set equal to the largest or smallest element respectively of the corresponding element of the argument arrays Example of using the MAX and MIN commands SIGMA gt x sin array 10 1 10 NCO X 10 X 0 841 0 909 0 141 0 757 0 959 0 279 0 657 0 989 0 412 0 544 SIGMA gt y cos array 10 1 10 NCO Y 10 Y 0 540 0 416 0 990 0 654 0 284 0 960 0 754 0 146 0 911 0 83
91. 211 plot y versus x in histogram 211 PAW gt cut 1 d draw graphical cut 1 gt zon 2 2 3 s redefine the picture layout PAW gt nt pl 30 x idh 212 plot x BEFORE cut in histogram 212 PAW gt set htyp 3 use hatch for plot after cut PAW gt nt pl 30 x 1 option s idh 212 plot x AFTER cut on same plot PAW gt set htyp 0 no hatch for plot without cut PAW gt nt pl 30 y idh 213 plot y BEFORE cut in histogram 213 PAW gt set htyp 3 use hatch for plot after cut PAW gt nt pl 30 y 1 option s idh 213 plot y AFTER cut on same plot COMIS selection function In the definition of a selection criterion an external function in the sense that it has not been compiled and linked together with PAW can be used This function is interpreted by the COMIS 1 package The CERNLIB functions which are callable from within such a function are given in the online help of the command CALL The command NTUPLE UWFUNC allows a selection function for a Ntuple to be prepared more easily It generates a function with a name specified by the user and with code making available the variables corresponding to the given Ntuple identifier via a COMMON block As an example consider the Ntuple number 30 used previously 6 5 Ntuples A closer look 87 Graphical cuts N TTTTTTTT Trmpammmmmmmmm L5 2 ew Pe ara 2 2 L5 1 0 5 0 0 5 1 1 5 2 2
92. 30 135 45 not drawn 60 70 80 90 120 110 100 90 OMAN 0 1 2 3 4 5 not drawn 6 7 8 9 OmAN a AUNA Table 7 4 Codification for the HIGZ portable fill area interior styles 7 8 Text drawing In PAW text output can be produced in two ways 1 Automaticaly with commands like GRAPH or HISTO PLOT in which a lot of text is drawn the axis labels the histogram title the global title the statistics etc The attributes font colour or size and the placement of these texts are controled with the command SET In the rest of the chapter the text produce automaticaly will be called HPLOT text 2 Directly with the commands ITX and TEXT The attributes of ITX are controlled with the command IGSET whereas the attributes of TEXT are given with the command parameters Text placement The text placement specify where the text must be drawn For the HPLOT text the text position is always in centimeters whereas for ITX or TEXT the current coordinate system is used HPLOT text The possible text placements for HPLOT text are described in the following example PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW PAW NN SET XVAL SET YLAB m je e jo jo jo SET YNPG 40 SET YVAL 0 80 SET XLAB 1 SET YGTI 1 SET YHTI 1 60 HISTO PLOT 20 40 50 20 10 distance between the Y axis and the axis values distance between the X axis and the axis values dista
93. 472 UM 9 0 0988776554432211099887665543322100998776654433211000112334456677899001223345566788990112234455677889 i 6 2 3 74BCMJIGOIKEIAAD6643 8 0 0482604826048260482604826048260482604826048260482606284062840628406284062840628406284062840628406284 zo 45 E og ENTRIES 10000 ALL CHANNELS 0 99695404 UNDERFLOW 0 12005402 OVERFLOW 0 19005402 2 2 273598 0 5977634 6 BIN WID 0 60005 01 MEAN VALUE 0 3907E 02 R 3 0 985700 21 4 44242749775488834 442 44 2 4 3367558445 442 4 2 6 2 222446447234 3 2 8 3343432244 2 3 22 2 4442 2 1 UND 23 249 UND FOI ISIS IO IG EKRE LOW ELBE Seer SS Seer 1 32222211111 1111122222 0 086420864208642024680246802468 I 19 I ENTRIES 10000 PLOT sees qe e quem SATURATION AT 255 te CL 9936 1 SCALE 2 3 A B STATISTICS I I STEP MINIMUM 0 T 14 I gt histo file 1 htest hbook open the HBOOK RZ file NTUPLE ID 30 ENTRIES 10000 N TUPLE PAW gt ldir list current directory Var numb Name Lower Upper e eeeeeeeeeeeek Directory gt LUN1 lt Xx 422027E 01 0 386411E 01 Created 890902 1955 Modified 890902 1958 2 411076E 01 0 378366E 01 3 Z 0 485187E 04 0 179518E 02 gt List of subdirectories NTUPLE Created 890902 1958 at record 9 g
94. 72 1 17377 7 69653 17 0 974036 0 677181 1 40732 18 0 299531 1 10509 1 31094 19 0 407014 0 236156 0 22143 4 4 4 4 More lt CR gt N G n gt nt sc 30 2 gt 16 example of a condition on the Z variable 4 4 Event X Y 7 4 4 4 4 1945 0 08474 4 00098 16 015 7664 0 81875 3 9523 16 291 4 4 4 2 events satisfied the imposed cuts PAW gt nt sc 30 abs x gt 4 or abs y gt 4 example of a more complex selection criterion 4 4 4 4 Event X Y 2 4 4 4 1945 0 08474 4 00098 16 015 4 4 4 4 1 event satisfied the imposed cuts Figure 6 5 Print and scan Ntuple elements example session below first a new mask file MNAME MASK is defined Next we define event selection criteria and store their result at various bit positions in the mask vector MNAME Defi ning cuts and masks gt NT CUT 4 Z X 2 Define cut 4 PAW MASK FILE MNAME N gt NT PLOT 30 X 2 2 gt 2 gt gt 1 gt NT PLOT 30 X 4 gt 1 gt gt 2 PAW gt NT PLO
95. 9 SIGMA gt z min x y NCO Z 10 Z 0 540 0 416 0 990 0 757 0 959 0 279 0 657 0 146 0 911 0 839 R MAXV arg and R MINV arg The extrema functions MAXV and MINV work on each element of their argument and the result has the same di mension as the argument array arg1 Each element of of the result is set equal to the largest or smallest element respectively of the corresponding row of the argument array All these functions if applied to a scalar argument yield R arg Example of using the MAX and MIN commands SIGMA gt x array 10 0 10 NCO X 10 X 0 0000 1 111 2 222 3 333 4 444 5 556 6 667 7 778 8 889 10 00 SIGMA gt s sin x x NCO S 10 S 0 0000 0 9958 1 767 0 6352 4 286 3 695 2 494 7 755 4 539 5 440 SIGMA gt x minv s NCO X 10 X 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 440 5 3 SIGMA functions R NCO arg 73 The Number of COmponents NCO control function obtains the NCO vector of the arg The NCO vector of a scalar is the scalar 1 For any argument the NCO arg gives the number of dimensions of the arg Using the NCO command SIGMA gt x array 4 amp 3 amp 2 array 24 2 48 NCO X 4 3 2 X 2 000 4 000 6 000 10 00 12 00 14 00 18 00 20 00 22 00 26 00 28 00 30 00 34 00 36 00 38 00 42 00 44 00 46 00 SIGMA gt r nco x NCO R 3 R 4 000 3 000 SIGMA gt ndim nco nco x NCO NDIM 1
96. BM 370 IBMRT AIX for RS 6000 LINUX Linux for PCs NEXT NeXT SGI Silicon Graphics Irix SOLARIS Sun Solaris SUN SunOS IBM VM CMS for IBM 370 IBMMVS MVS for IBM 370 ALPHA VMS for Alpha VAX VMS for Vax IBMPC MSDOS for PCs ALPHA Windows NT for DEC Alpha IBMPC Windows NT for PCs zu UN UN UN UN U U UN U U U U Uh Uh lt ss sg 82 Table 3 3 Platform identification with 0S and MACHINE string k k4 n 1 if k gt 0 or string l 4 k 1 04 k 4 n if lt 0 where LEN string In any case the upper bound is clamped to LEN string The argument n may be omitted and the result will extend to the end of string Character counting starts with 1 by definition the replacement is empty if k 0 orn 0 If n lt 0 an error message is emitted gt MESS SUBSTRING abcde 2 SUBSTRING abcde 2 3 bcde bcd gt MESS SUBSTRING abcde 2 SUBSTRING abcde 4 3 de bcd WORDS string sep returns the number of words in string separated by the sep character Leading and trailing separators are ignored and strings of consecutive separators count as one only The second argument may be omitted and defaults to blank as the separator character gt MESS WORDS abc def ghi 3 WORD string k n sep returns n words starting from word k The last two arguments may be omitted default to blank as separator character and the replacement va
97. CERN Program Library Long Writeup Q121 Physics Analysis Workstation User s guide Information Technology Division CERN Geneva Switzerland Copyright Notice PAW Physics Analysis Workstation CERN Program Library entry Q121 Copyright CERN Geneva 1992 1999 Copyright and any other appropriate legal protection of these computer programs and associated documenta tion reserved in all countries of the world These programs or documentation may not be reproduced by any method without prior written consent of the Director General of CERN or his delegate Permission for the usage of any programs described herein is granted apriori to those scientific institutes associated with the CERN experimental program or with whom CERN has concluded a scientific collaboration agreement Requests for information should be addressed to CERN Program Library Office CERN IT Division CH 1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland Tel 41 22 767 4951 Fax 41 22 767 8630 Internet cernlib cern ch Trademark notice All trademarks appearing in this guide are acknowledged as such Contact Person Olivier Couet Olivier Couet cern ch Document Consultant Michel Goossens Michel Goossens cern ch Edition January 1999 About this guide Preliminary remarks In this manual examples are in monotype face and strings to be input by the user are underlined In the index the page where a command is defined is in bold page numbers where a routi
98. Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT In the first case the number i contains 100 times the number of secondary divisions plus the number of primary divisions e g 512 means 12 primary and 5 secondary division By adding 10000 times 3 to i a third level of divisions is available In the second case the number in front of the dot i indicates the total number of divisions the first digit following the dot j the label identifier LABNUM if this number is equal to O numeric labels are drawn The second digit after the k dot indicates the position where the labels have to be drawn i e the text justification parameter in this case 5 indicating horizontally written text centered on the interval Study figures 7 4 and 7 5 for details These two figures show that the labels can be centered on the tick marks 1 to 4 or on the divisions 5 to 8 If the labels are centered on the tick marks note that the number of items in the command LABELS must be equal to the number of tick marks which is equal to the number of divisions plus one otherwise the last alphanumeric label on the axis will be undefined By default the number of primary divisions given by SET NDVX n SET NDVY n or SET NDVZ nis optimized to have a reasonable labelling The number of primary divisions is also optimized according the number of zones command ZONE i e along the X direction the number of primary divisions is divided by the number of X zones along the Y direction
99. Commands Files Macro Zebra Hbook Chains PAWC File pavdemo hbook 1 PHI YS Y VE UNWEIGHTED Clone Current PATH PATH window D File menu Class window 2 View menu Name of file currently selected in the class window 3 Options menu Name of the object currently selected in the object window Commands menu Number and type of object currenlty in the the object window 5 Help menu Q Object window 6 Clone button 7 Exit button 9 2 1 The objects in the object window This section describes all the PAW object available in the Main Browser HBOOK files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon open the corresponfing HBOOK file with the command HISTOGRAM FILE 140 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Select a HBOOK files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Open Open the highlighted HBOOK file in read only mode Open Update Mode Open the highlighted HBOOK file in update mode Note that the HBOOK file name is displayed in the menu title 1D histograms Double click with the left mouse button on this icon produce the plot of the corresponding his togram with the command HISTOGRAM PLOT The histogram becomes the current histogram for the Histogram Style Panel Select a 1D histograms icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the fol
100. Ek maxcalls devs Causes a Monte Carlo minimization of the function by choosing random values of the variable parameters chosen uniformly over a hypercube centered at the current best value The region size is by default 3 standard deviations on each side but can be changed by specifying the value of devs SET ERRordef up Sets the value of up default value 1 defining parameter errors MINUIT defines parameter errors as the change in parameter value required to change the function value by up Normally for chisquared fits up 1 and for negative log likelihood up 0 5 SET LIMits parno lolim uplim Allows the user to change the limits on one or all parameters If no arguments are specified all limits are removed from all parameters If parno alone is specified limits are removed from parameter parno If all arguments are specified then parameter parno will be bounded between lolim and uplim Limits can be specified in either order MINUIT will take the smaller as lolim and the larger as uplim However if lolim is equal to uplim an error condition results SET PARameter parno value Sets the value of parameter parno to value The parameter in question may be variable fixed or constant but must be defined SET PRIntout level Sets the print level determining how much output MINUIT will produce The allowed values and their meanings are displayed after a SHOw PRInt command Possible values for level a
101. Field fontList helvetica bold r normal 120 Font used by all text areas kxtermFont Font used by Kxterm PAW Executive Window dirlist fontList Font used for the icon labels in the browser helpFont courier bold r normal 120 Font used for help windows fontList helvetica bold r normal 120 Font for the menus messages and boxes keyboardFocusPolicy explicit If explicit default focus is determined by a mouse or keyboard command If pointer focus is determined by the mouse pointer position doubleClickInterval 250 A 2 X resources for for KUIP Motif 179 The time span in milliseconds within which two button clicks must occur to be considered a double click rather than two single clicks dirlist background Specify the background color for the iconbox part of the browser dirlist object iconForeground black Specify the foreground color for the icons of type jobject dirlist object iconBackground white Specify the background color for the icons of type jobject dirlist object iconLabelForeground black Specify the foreground color for the labels of the icons of type jobject dirlist lt object gt iconLabelBackground white Specify the background color for the labels of the icons of type jobject zoomEffect True Turn zoom effect on or off when going up and down directories in the browser zoomSpeed 10 Specify speed of zoom effect in the browser Current
102. GOTO 38 GPR Apollo 7 INDEX GRAPH 65 118 graphical cut 86 output 65 graphics editor 128 Graphics Window 133 135 155 158 Greek letters 121 122 GRID OPTION parameter 108 SET parameter 109 grid 109 line type 110 GSIZ SET parameter 109 HARD OPTION parameter 108 hardware characters 109 hatch style 115 116 HBOOK 6 77 108 139 140 148 151 153 154 Title 109 HCDIR 78 HCOL SET parameter 109 112 114 HDERIV 90 HELP 10 12 HELP 17 HELP KUIP FUNCTIONS 27 HESSE 91 HFCNH 90 HFCNV 90 HFITH 90 HFITV 90 HIDOPT 108 HIFIT 96 HIGZ 6 15 32 77 78 100 101 105 108 133 G mode 100 graphics editor 128 Z mode 100 102 HIST 66 HIST PLOT 102 HISTO FIL 25 HISTO PLOT 22 118 HISTOFILE 81 histogram 4 8 77 10 4 20 4 booking 8 fill area colour 110 type 110 filling 8 line width 110 maximum for scale 110 presentation 112 title size 110 Histogram Style Panel 133 134 140 141 155 160 161 172 HISTOGRAM PLOT 100 history file 6 HLIMIT 77 HLOGAR 108 HMAX SET parameter 109 HORI OPTION parameter 108 host 10 HOST_EDITOR 62 63 HOST_SHELL 28 62 HPLOPT 109 HPLOT 6 32 77 100 105 165 HPLOT E 26 HRFILE 78 HRIN 78 HROUT 78 HTABLE 108 HTIT OPTION parameter 108 HTYP SET parameter 109 112 114 HWID SET parameter 109 IF 38 IGSET 105 IGSET 108 AURZ 107 AWLN 107 BARO 107 BARW 107 BASL 107 BORD 107 CHHE
103. Ge Number function fill area TYPe function line width global title font 10 font precision grid line type global title size histogram fill area colour index histogram maximum for scale in percent histogram fill area style index histogram line width 0 28 cm Hershey character size cf KEY 2 axis labels font 10 font tprecision 10510 00 number of divisions for X axis 10510 00 number of divisions for Y axis 10510 00 number of divisions for Z axis number of pass for software characters picture fill area colour index page number size picture fill area style index picture line width stat margin right in percent stat margin up in percent asterisk size for functions stat values to be plotted 110 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Table 7 3 Parameters and default values in SET continued CHOPT VAR default Explanation general comments font 10 font precision histogram title size axis values font 10 font precision axis values size X axis COLor distance Y axis to labels X margin left X margin right length of picture along X X axis tick mark length distance between the Y axis and the axis values X ticks width X space between zones Y axis COLor Y position of global title Y position of histogram title distance X axis to labels Y margin low Y margin up Y position for the page number length of picture along Y Y axis tick mark length distance between the X axis and the
104. Guide nProgram Library Q100 CERN 1993 7 R Brun and H Renshall HPLOT users guide nProgram Library Y251 CERN 1990 8 R Bock et al HIGZ Users Guide nProgram Library Q120 CERN 1991 9 F James Interpretation of the errors on parameters as given by MINUIT nSupplement to CERN Program Library Long writeup D506 CERN 1978 10 F James Determining the statistical Significance of experimental Results Technical Report DD 81 02 and CERN Report 81 03 CERN 1981 11 W T Eadie D Drijard F James M Roos and B Sadoulet Statistical Methods in Experimental Physics North Holland 1971 12 Sun Microsystems Network File System Version 2 Sun Microsystems 1987 183 Index IGSET parameter 108 OPTION parameter 108 OPTION parameter 108 COL SET parameter 114 OPTION parameter 108 42 47 0 42 1 40 42 47 4 42 0 39 42 63 SIGMA 67 2517 SET parameter 110 AO OPTION parameter 108 A1 OPTION parameter 108 A2 OPTION parameter 108 A3 OPTION parameter 108 A4 OPTION parameter 108 A5 OPTION parameter 108 A6 OPTION parameter 108 abbreviation 6 12 active picture 102 addressing of vectors 64 Alias 24 alias 6 ALIAS CREATE 24 26 alphanumeric labels 110 ANY 69 ANY SIGMA 68 Apollo 10 APPLICATION 37 38 64 application SIGMA 67 arc border 108 ARRAY 64 array 64 filling 67 in SIGMA 67 ARRAY SIGMA
105. HE IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 119 chisquare 7 client 131 cmd1 22 cmd2 22 22 colour 105 112 114 COMIS 7 30 32 64 65 86 command abbreviation 6 12 definition file CDF 6 parameter mandatory 12 optional 12 search path 10 185 structure 11 visibility 17 Command Argument Panel 50 52 56 comment and statistic size 110 font and precision 110 common PAWC 78 components of PAW 6 control operator in SIGMA 68 correlation 7 create vector 64 cross wires 109 CSHI IGSET parameter 107 122 SET parameter 109 CSIZ SET parameter 109 current directory 78 picture 102 cut 4 8 81 86 graphical 86 Cut Editor 135 173 174 DASH SET parameter 109 dash mode for lines 110 data structure 77 DATE OPTION parameter 114 SET parameter 109 114 date 114 and hour on pictures 109 114 position 110 default setting 6 DEL 69 DEL SIGMA 70 delta function 70 DI3000 7 dialogue style 6 dialogue style 6 DIFF 70 DIFF 69 DIFF SIGMA 70 directory change 78 current 78 ZEBRA 5 display 10 distance X axis to labels 110 to to axis values 110 186 y axis to labels 110 to to axis values 110 divisions 112 DMOD SET parameter 109 DO 38 Domain 10 DST 8 77 79 Data Summary Tape 8 DVXI OPTION parameter 108 DVXR OPTION parameter 108 DVYI OPTION parameter 108 DVYR OPTION parameter 108 EAH OPTION parameter 108 EDIT 26 62 87 e
106. In addition the transformation does require some computer time so it slows down the computation a little bit and more importantly it introduces additional numerical inaccuracy into the problem in addition to what is introduced in the numerical calculation of the FCN value The effects of non linearity and numerical roundoff both become more important as the external value gets closer to one of the limits expressed as the distance to nearest limit divided by distance between limits The user must therefore be aware of the fact that for example if he puts limits of 0 1019 on a parameter then the values 0 0 and 1 0 will be indistinguishable to the accuracy of most machines The transformation also affects the parameter error matrix of course so MINUIT does a transformation of the error matrix and the parabolic parameter errors when there are parameter limits Users should however realize that the transformation is only a linear approximation and that it cannot give a meaningful result if one or more parameters is very close to a limit where 0 Therefore it is recommended that Limits on variable parameters should be used only when needed in order to prevent the parameter from taking on unphysical values When a satisfactory minimum has been found using limits the limits should then be removed if possible in order to perform or re perform the error analysis without limits 6 6 3 How to get the right answer fr
107. L DZSURV for selected bank Put into vector Put data contents of the bank into a KUIP vec tor Show documentation Display the documentation for the bank if pro vided Edit documentation Edit a bank descriptor if no available yet pro vide a template Modify data words Self explaining Drop bank tree Self explaining RZ Files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go inside the corresponding ZE BRA RZ file Select a RZ Files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu 9 2 The Main Browser 147 Close RZfile Self explaining List Display keys List directory CALL RZLDIR Show key definition self explaining Set filter on keys Allow to display only entries whose key words match a wild card selection Show status CALL RZSTAT RZ Directories Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go inside the corresponding ZE BRA RZ directory Select a RZ Directories icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu List List the highlighted RZ directory List directory RZLDIR Perform RZLDIR on the highlighted RZ directory Show key definition Display the key definition Set filter on keys Defines a filter on the keys RZ Keys Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to read into memory the corresponding ZEBRA RZ key Select a RZ Keys icon
108. N Open a new picture file PICT DAT PAW gt HIST FILE 3 HEXAM DAT Open an existing histogram RZ file PAW gt LDIR List the contain of HEXAM DAT Directory gt LUN3 lt Created 880104 1414 Modified 880104 1414 gt List of objects HBOOK ID CYCLE DATE TIME NDATA OFFSET REC1 REC2 10 1 880104 1414 75 725 32 20 1 880104 1414 1815 800 32 33 30 1 880104 1414 1066 567 34 35 PAW gt OPT ZFL Each new plot will result in a HIGZ picture PAW gt SET AURZ 1 Each new HIGZ picture is stored in PICT DAT gt HIST PLOT 0 All histograms in HEXAM DAT are plotted PAW gt CDIR LUN4 Set the current working directory on PICT DAT PAW gt LDIR List the content of PICT DAT Directory gt LUN4 lt Created 890928 1024 Modified 890928 1024 gt List of objects PICTURE NAME CYCLE PICT1 1 PICT2 1 1 Note that if the command PICTURE FILE is invoked with the option A the AURZ mode is automatically enable 7 3 4 HIGZ pictures generated in a HPLOT program HIGZ pictures can be generated in a batch HPLOT program and later visualized in an interactive session with PAW The HIGZ picture file like any HBOOK file can be exchanged between computers using the FTP in binary mode As the size of the picture data base see page 101 and hence the associated disk storage requirements is much smaller than the size of the metafile generated by t
109. NDIM 3 000 ORDER argi arg2 8 000 16 00 24 00 32 00 40 00 48 00 2 000 The ordering function ORDER acts independently on each row of arg1 arg2 must have the same row length as argi ORDER finds the permutation that brings arg2 into a non descending sequence row wise and constructs the result by applying this permutation to arg1 It may in some cases be expanded to that structure by using the techniques of the topological arithmetic This is particularly useful if arg2 is a single vector with the length of the rows of argi Using the ORDER command SIGMA gt X 1 amp 1 amp 2 amp 4 amp 3 amp 1 amp 3 NCO X 6 X 1 00 1 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 1 00 3 00 SIGMA gt P ORDER X X NCO P T P 3 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 SIGMA gt P ORDER X X NCO P 7 P 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 SIGMA gt Y ARRAY 7 1 7 NCOCY T Y 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 SIGMA gt P ORDER Y X NCO P 7 P 5 00 1 00 2 00 6 00 3 00 7 00 4 00 R PROD arg The PROD function generates the running product of each row of the argument array say and creates an array with components equal to the running product of the component of the argument X1 X5 Xn x 3 X1 x x rug 74 Chapter 5 SIGMA Using the TIMES command SIGMA gt x array 6 amp 4 array 24 1 24 NCO X 6 4 X 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 1
110. NE 28 28 29 NUMVEC 28 32 05 28 28 29 PID 28 QUOTE 29 30 RSIGMA 30 30 31 RTIME 28 28 SHELL 28 28 SIGMA 30 30 31 33 STYLE 27 SUBSTRING 28 TIME 28 UNQUOTE 30 37 UPPER 28 VDIM 28 28 VEXIST 28 VLEN 28 WORDS 29 WORD 29 arguments 27 name separators 27 TAB OPTION parameter 108 TANG IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 119 TCP IP 131 tcsh shell 3 termination character 121 122 TEXT 107 118 122 text and title font and precision 110 alignment 108 horizontal 120 vertical 120 angle 108 character height 108 colour index 108 data 15 font 108 121 precision 108 121 width 108 text alignment 120 TFON SET parameter 110 TIC OPTION parameter 108 TIC OPTION parameter 108 tick marks 112 193 title font and precision 110 TMSI IGSET parameter 107 Transcript Pad 53 54 60 133 134 136 142 TSIZ SET parameter 110 TXAL IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 120 TXCI IGSET parameter 108 SET parameter 121 TXFP IGSET parameter 108 SET parameter 121 Unix 3 unix 10 UNTIL 38 upper case letters 121 122 USAGE 18 USAGE command 14 user title 109 UTIT OPTION parameter 108 UWFUNC 21 86 VAX 10 VAX VMS 130 VECTOR 64 vector 4 9 64 address 64 arithmetic 65 67 create 64 fill 64 in SIGMA 67 operations 67 VECTOR CREATE 32 VECTOR LIST 32 VECTOR READ 32 VECTOR WRITE 32 VEFIT 96 version 10 VERT OPTI
111. ON parameter 108 VFON SET parameter 110 VISIBILITY 17 VMAX 69 VMAX SIGMA 75 VMIN 69 VMIN SIGMA 75 VMS 10 130 VSIZ SET parameter 110 VSUM 69 194 VSUM SIGMA 75 weight 81 WHILE 38 workstation 10 type 11 workstation type 100 X axis colour 110 tick marks length 110 X margin left 110 right 110 X space between windows 110 X windows 7 10 X11 10 133 137 175 176 178 XCOL SET parameter 110 XLAB SET parameter 110 XMGL SET parameter 110 XMGR SET parameter 110 XSIZ SET parameter 110 XTIC SET parameter 110 XVAL SET parameter 110 XWID SET parameter 110 XWIN SET parameter 110 Y axis colour 110 tick marks length 110 Y margin low 110 up 110 Y position of global title 110 histogram title 110 page number 110 Y space between windows 110 YCOL SET parameter 110 YGTI SET parameter 110 YHTI SET parameter 110 YLAB SET parameter 110 YMGL SET parameter 110 INDEX YMGU SET parameter 110 YNPG SET parameter 110 YSIZ SET parameter 110 YTIC SET parameter 110 YVAL SET parameter 110 YWID SET parameter 110 YWIN SET parameter 110 ZEBRA 7 77 145 147 153 FRALFA 15 FZ file 15 RZ file 15 TOALFA 15 ZFL OPTION parameter 108 ZFL OPTION parameter 108 ZFL option 102 ZFL1 OPTION parameter 108 ZFL option 103 ZONE 100 112
112. OPTION DATE When the toggle button is set on a panel is displayed in order to specify the date position 162 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Statistics This panel in the equivalent of the PAW command SET STAT It allows to specify which statistics informations are displayed on the plot Statistics Histogram ID The histogram identifier is displayed Entries The number of entries is displayed Mean value The mean value is displayed R M S The R M S is displayed Underflows The underflows are displayed Overflows The overflows are displayed All channels The content of the total number of channel is displayed Fits This panel in the equivalent of the PAW command SET FIT It allows to specify which fit parameters are displayed on the plot Chi Square The chi square is displayed Errors The errors are displayed Parameters fit parameters are displayed File Name This panel in the equivalent of the PAW command SET FILE It allows to specify the file name position on the plot File Position Top Left The file name is drawn on the top left of the plot default Top Right The file name is drawn on the top right of the plot Bottom Left The file name is drawn on the bottom left of the plot Bottom Right The file name is drawn on the bottom left of the plot 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel 163 Date This panel in the equivalent of the PAW command SET DATE It allows to specify the date position
113. QUOTE function removes quotes around a string If the string is already unquoted it does nothing except that in this case the parser will treat the value of a as a string Macros should not depend on this reformatting behavior We consider it as an obscure side effect of the present implementation rather than a feature 3 6 Macros A macro is a set of command lines stored in a file which can be created and modified with any text editor The command EXEC invokes the macro and allows for two ways of specifying the macro name EXEC file EXEC file macro The first form executes the first macro contained in file while the second form selects the macro named macro The default extension for fi le is kumac Example of macro calls PAW gt EXEC abc Execute first or unnamed macro of file abc kumac PAW gt EXEC abc m Execute macro M of file abc kumac In addition to all available commands the special macro statements in table 3 7 are valid only inside macros except for EXEC and APPLICATION which are valid both inside and outside Note that the statement key words are fixed Aliasing such as ALIAS CREATE jump GOTO is not allowed 3 6 1 Macro defi nitions and variables A kumac file can contain several macros An individual macro has the form MACRO macro name parameter list Statements RETURN expression Each statement is either a command line or one of the macro constructs described below For the first macr
114. ST Ntuple Event Variable Cut Mask Function A Data Summary Tape is one basic form of output from a typical physics experiment A DST is generally not used directly by PAW but is analyzed by customized user programs to produce Ntuple files which PAW can read directly A list of identical data structures each typically corresponding to a single experimental event The data structures themselves frequently consist of a row of numbers so that many Ntuples may be viewed as two dimensional arrays of data variables with one index of the array describing the po sition of the data structure in the list i e the row or event number and the other index referring to the position of the data variable in the row i e the column or variable number A meaningful name is customarily assigned to each column that describes the variable contained in that column for each event A single instance of a set of data or experimental measurements usually consisting of a sequence of variables or structures of variables resulting from a partial analysis of the raw data In PAW ap plications one typically examines the statistical characteristics of large sequences of similar events One of a user defined set of named values associated with a single event in an Ntuple For example the x y z values of a momentum vector could each be variables for a given event Variables are typically useful experimental quantities that are stored in an Ntu
115. STO PLOT one of the parameters is marked in the help text with the attribute Loop If the corresponding argument is a comma separated list of values PAW implicitly repeats the command for each value in the list individually HISTO PLOT 10 20 30 is equivalent to HISTO PLOT 10 HISTO PLOT 20 HISTO PLOT 30 Note that inside parentheses is not taken as value separator i e HISTO PLOT 10 1 25 1 25 executes a single command 3 1 Command line syntax 23 Move cursor to beginning end of the line Move cursor forward backward one character Delete the character under the cursor Delete the character to the left of the cursor Kill from the cursor to the end of line Redraw current line Toggle overwrite insert mode Text added in overwrite mode including yanks overwrites exist ing text while insert mode does not overwrite Move to previous next item on history list Perform incremental reverse forward search for string on the history list Typing normal charac ters adds to the current search string and searches for a match Typing R S marks the start of a new search and moves on to the next match Typing H or DEL deletes the last character from the search string and searches from the starting location of the last search Therefore repeated DEL s appear to unwind to the match nearest the point at which the last R or S was typed If DEL is repeated until the search string is empty the search location begins from th
116. T 30 Y SIN Z GT SIN Y MNAME 3 6 5 Ntuples A closer look 85 Format IDN CHNAME IDN expression Explanation The variable named CHNAME Expression is any numerical expression of Ntuple variables It may include a call to a COMIS function Scatter plot of variable B versus A for each event Example 30 x variable x 30 2 2 30 XKCOMIS F IDN BAA 30 YX Y versus X 30 SQRT X 2 Y 2 SIN 7 30 COMIS1 F COS 7 IDN expri expr2 expr and expr2 can be any numerical ex pression of the Ntuple variables They can be Format 0 or missing Combination of cuts Combination of masks Logical ex pression Numerical ex pression Selection function PAW gt MASK LIST MNAME COMIS functions Any combination of the above 30 3 COMIS2 F SIN X Table 6 1 Syntax for specifying Ntuple variables Explanation No selection is applied weight is 1 A CUT or combination of CUTS each created by the command NTUPLE CUTS A MASK or combination of MASKs each created by the command NTUPLE MASK FILE Any logical combination of conditions be tween Ntuple variables cuts and masks Any numerical combination of constants and Ntuple variables In this case the value of the expression will be applied as a weight to the element being plotted Name of a selection function in a text file of the form fun f Unix FUN FOR VAX The function value is applied as a weight Example NT PLOT 30 X
117. T1 20 2 TEST2 PAW gt nt print 30 print summary for Ntuple 30 NTUPLE ID 30 ENTRIES 10000 N TUPLE AGA AG GRR ARR OK 2 1 2k ok oa Var numb Name Lower Upper 1 X 422027E 01 0 386411 01 2 Y 411077E 01 0 378365E 01 3 Z 0 485188 04 0 179518E 02 2 gt nt scan 30 scan the first elements 4 a 4 Event X Y 1 1 06459 1 82194 4 45282 2 1 15619 0 106067 1 34802 3 0 923492 0 943671 1 74335 4 0 145332 0 57672 0 353727 5 1 18289 1 50525 3 66501 6 0 658942 1 17934 1 82504 7 0 071134 0 216755 0 0520428 8 1 45944 0 869828 2 88655 9 2 2881 0 103207 5 24604 10 0 70103 0 238115 0 548141 11 1 27792 0 633723 2 03468 12 0 046591 0 45629 0 210371 13 0 966939 0 441924 1 13027 14 0 299147 1 72798 3 07542 15 1 35417 0 425711 2 015 16 2 513
118. TION parameter 108 PTO Please Turn Over 109 PTYP SET parameter 109 112 114 pull down menu 11 PWID SET parameter 109 QUAD 69 QUAD SIGMA 74 QUEST see IQUEST READ 38 39 real time 79 RECALL 24 RECORDING 23 remote file 129 login 129 131 shell 129 131 REPEAT 38 replay 7 RETURN 37 39 RLOGIN 129 131 RSHELL 129 131 RZ 146 147 RZ file 7 RZLDIR 147 SCAN 81 scatter plot and table character size 110 table 77 selection function 81 86 server 131 SET 107 SET COL 114 2817 110 ASIZ 109 AURZ 105 BARO 109 BARW 109 BCOL 109 112 114 BTYP 109 112 114 BWID 109 CFON 109 CHHE 119 CSHI 109 CSIZ 109 DASH 109 DATE 109 114 DMOD 109 ERRX 109 FAIS 115 FASI 115 FCOL 109 112 114 FILE 109 114 FIT 109 FIT 115 FPGN 109 FTYP 109 112 114 FWID 109 GFON 109 GRID 109 GSIZ 109 HCOL 109 112 114 HMAX 109 HTYP 109 112 114 HWID 109 KSIZ 109 LFON 109 LTYPE 115 MTYP 115 NDVX 109 110 112 NDVY 109 NDVZ 109 PASS 109 PCOL 109 112 114 PSIZ 109 PTYP 109 112 114 PWID 109 SMGR 109 SMGU 109 191 192 SSIZ 109 STAT 109 114 TANG 119 TFON 110 TSIZ 110 TXAL 120 121 TXFP 121 VFON 110 VSIZ 110 XCOL 110 XLAB 110 XMGL 110 XMGR 110 XSIZ 110 XTIC 110 XVAL 110 XWID 110 XWIN 110 YCOL 110 YGTI 110 YHTI 110 YLAB 110 YMGL 110
119. TOR CREATE by the SIGMA function ARRAY or by the COMIS statement VECTOR Example of vector creation VECTOR CREATE X 100 will create a 100 components vector values 0 SIGMA X ARRAY 100 1 100 will create a 100 components vector and assign to each element the values 1 2 100 VECTOR X 100 in a COMIS routine creates a 100 components vector and initialises each element to zero Once the vector is created it can be manipulated using the following PAW commands VECTOR INPUT vlist Input from the terminal values into the vector elements specified by the list vlist VECTOR READ vlist Values can be read in from a file into the vector elements specified by the list vlist VECTOR COPY vi v2 Values in v1 are copied into v2 VECTOR WRITE vlist Values in the vector elements specified by the list vlist can be saved on a file VECTOR PRINT vlist Values of the vector elements specified in vlist will be printed on the terminal VECTOR LIST A list of existing vectors and their characteristics is printed on the terminal VECTOR DELETE Allows global or selective deletion of vectors 4 2 Vector addressing Indexing of vectors is possible The indexing permitted in PAW can be considered as a superset of that permitted by FORTRAN Example of vector indices Vec for all elements Vec 13 for element 13 Vec 12 for elements 12 up to the last Vec 10 for elements 1 to 10 Vec 5 8 for elements 5 to 8 Sub elements of the two dimensional vector Vec
120. V2 finds a permutation that brings V2 in a non descending order and applies it to V to generate V1 Vector V1 PROD V V1 is the running product of V Vector V2 QUAD V1 H The quadrature function QUAD numerically integrates each row of V1 with respect to the scalar step size H Vector V2 SUMV V1 running sum of V Scalar S1 VMAX V1 sets S1 equal to the maximum value in vector V1 Scalar S1 VMIN V1 sets 51 equal to the minimum value in vector V1 Scalar S1 VSUM V sum of all components of V Table 5 1 SIGMA functions R ANY arg The function ANY considers the result of the argument expression as a Boolean array SIGMA represents true by 1 and false by 0 Thus the components of arg must be either 0 or 1 otherwise an error is generated If at least one component of the result of the argument expression is 1 than ANY returns the scalar 1 If all components of the result of the argument expression are 0 then ANY returns the scalar 0 If arg is a Boolean scalar R arg Example of the ANY command PAW gt APPL SIGMA SIGMA gt PRINT Print newly created vectors and scalars SIGMA gt W 2 ARRAY 10 1 10 NCOCW 10 W 2 000 4 000 8 000 16 00 32 00 64 00 128 0 256 0 512 0 1024 SIGMA gt X W GT O NCO X 10 X 0 0000 1 000 0 0000 1 000 0 0000 1 000 70 Chapter 5 SIGMA 0 0000 1 000 0 0000 1 000 SIGMA gt R ANY X NCO R 1 R 1 000 DEL arg DEL is a discrete analogue of a Dirac de
121. VAX MT1 MT2 Fill histos PAW gt lt Ethernet NUMEVT 10000 DO 20 I 1 NUMEVT many cliente DO 10 J 1 100 CALL RANNOR A B CALL HFILL 10 A 0 1 OP1 OP2 OS9 processors CALL HFILL 20 B 0 1 MT1 MT2 Monitoring tasks 10 CONTINUE 20 CONTINUE OP3 MT1 MT2 99 STOP END Example of how to access OS9 modules from PAW connect to an 059 machine PAW server connects to OP2 MT1 Processor 0 2 Monitoring Task MT1 plot histogram 10 read all histograms into PAWC create a new file local dat gt rlogin O OPALO1 PAW gt rshell module OP2 MT1 PAW gt histo plot 10 PAW gt hrin 0 PAW gt Histo File 1 local dat 1024 N on the client machine PAW gt hrout 0 save all histograms from PAWC to the local file PAW gt rshell module OP3 MT2 PAW server connects to another OS9 monitoring task Change output file on client list all histograms in MT2 on file os9 listing Change output file to default unit 6 file os9 listing is closed PAW gt Output 56 os9 listing PAW gt rshell ldir PAW gt Output 56 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour PAW is a powerful OSF Motif based Graphical User Interface to the popular Physics Analysis Workstation PAW The graphical user interface makes the full and rich command set of PAW available to even the naive user Simple point and click operations are enough to execute commands that were previously accessable o
122. allows yet another construct to traverse the macro arguments FOR arg IN ENDFOR WHILE expression DO statements ENDWHILE The WHILE loop is iterated while the boolean expression evaluates to true The loop body is not executed at all if the boolean expression is false already in the beginning The equivalent construct is label IF expression THEN statements GOTO label ENDIF REPEAT statements UNTIL expression The body of a REPEAT loop is executed at least once and iterated until the boolean expression evaluates to true The equivalent construct is 48 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP label statements IF NOT expression GOTO label BREAKL levels allows to terminate a loop prematurely The BREAKL statement continues executing after the end clause of the enclosing DO FOR WHILE or REPEAT block NEXTL levels allows to terminate one loop iteration and to continue with the next one The NEXTL statement continues executing just before the end clause of the enclosing DO FOR WHILE or REPEAT block Both BREAKL and NEXTL allow to specify the number of nesting levels to skip as an integer constant Example of using BREAKL and NEXTL WHILE 1 1 DO IF expr THEN BREAKL ENDIF DO i 1 1 IF 4i THEN NEXTL ENDIF IF 41 THEN NEXTL 2 ENDIF ENDDO ENDWHILE Equivalent code using GOTOs WHILE 1 1 DO IF expr GOTO break_while DO i 1 IF 41 GOTO next do IF i GOTO next w
123. alue This push button allow to reset the default value of all the attributes manageable in this panel Close this panel Define Color This panel is invoked when the button number is pressed in the General Attributes panel This panel allows to define a color in RGB or HLS modes Define Cofor CD Percentage of Blue in the color define by the Current Color index Percentage of Blue in the color define by the Current Color index 3 Percentage of Blue in the color define by the Current Color index 4 Ligth Saturation Hue 7 Hue scale Maximum number of col ors 2 9 Colors index to changed eoe Apply the changes Define the color Reset the color Reset Close the panel 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel 9 4 5 Object Attributes 165 The Object Attributes panel allows to define the graphics attributes of the HPLOT objects managed by PAWsuch as Histograms Axis etc On the left part of this panel the type of object can be define via a list of toggle buttons For example here Histogram is selected all the attributes definable in the panel will be apply on the histograms histogram color histogram line width etc Object Attributes Settings Apply the changes if the automatic refresh is not on Change the title of the selected object Q Reset all the attributes Close this panel Change the line width of
124. ambiguous and can be typed to PAW which will then detail the various parameters to be supplied There are three main input output formats namely a simple text file e g with data points or commands a direct access ZEBRA RZ file used by HBOOK and HIGZ for storing histograms and pictures on a given machine and a ZEBRA FZ sequential file which can be used to transfer structured ZEBRA data between various computers The RZ and FZ representations can be transformed into each other using the TOALFA and FRALFA commands The three main PAW objects Ntuples histograms and vectors can be printed on an alphanumeric screen PRINT commands or they can be plotted on a graphics screen PLOT commands The picture can be transformed into a ZEBRA data structure and stored in a HIGZ database for later reference e g editing by the HIGZ editor or an external presentation can be obtained via the creation of a metafile Chapter 3 User interface KUIP 3 1 Command line syntax The general syntax of a command line is a command path optionally followed by an argument list The command path and the arguments have to be separated from each other by one or more space characters Therefore arguments containing spaces or other special characters have to be quoted In the following we want to use an appropriate formalism to describe the syntax rules The notation will be introduced step by step as needed The verbal explanation given above can be written as
125. amp Plot Close 515 Angular density The upper left corner shows the Ntuple Viewer The left window shows the name of the various variables characterizing the selected Ntuple Other windows and press buttons specify which combinations of the various variables and which events have to be treated plotted scanned The lower left contains the PAW Browser with this time an Ntuple selected A double on a Ntuple icon open auto matically the Ntuple Viewer on the active Ntuple The Graphics Window is seen top right and shows a 3 D view of the combination of three variables whose cuts are specifi ed with the Cut Editor see below Direct graphics interactions with Ntuple data are possible Just by clicking on a point in the Graphics Window the event description is displayed in the PAW Locate window The Cut Editor panel shown at the lower right allows various combinations of cuts to be specifi ed and applied Figure 9 3 PAW windows explained II 136 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 91 The Executive Window Transcript Pad Version 2 01 02 8 March 1993 xolototetelololoototeeotototeteloootetoteloetotototeloooteteletotototeteleotototeteleoototetetei Version 1 17 01 of HIGZ started gt Start of system login MS End of system login User login commands now starting Input Pad LUN1 NIC gt This window allows to type commands o
126. ams Editing Choice of the form of presentation of the histogramed data 6 2 Basic ideas The basic data elements of HBOOK are the histogram one and two dimensional and the Ntuple The user identifies his data elements using a single integer Each of the elements has a number of attributes associated with it The HBOOK system uses the ZEBRA 6 data manager to store its data elements in a COMMON block PAWC shared with the KUIP 4 and HIGZ 8 packages when the latter are also used as is the case in PAW In fact the first task of a HBOOK user is to declare the length of this common to ZEBRA by a call to HLIMIT as is seen in the programs shown in Section 6 3 In the PAWC data store the HBOOK HIGZ and KUIP packages have all their own division see 6 for more details on the notion of divisions as follows figure 6 1 This is of course not necessary in PAW which is already precompiled when it is run However when treating very large data samples or in other special applications it might be necessary to specify a different value for the length of the dynamic store which is defi ned by a call to PAWINT from the main initialisation routine PAMAIN The default value for the length of PAWC is 500000 Apollo 200000 IBM or 300000 other systems with respectively 10000 and 68000 words initially reserved for HIGZ and KUIP 77 78 Chapter 6 HBOOK link work free HBOOK HIGZ system area area space div div
127. and 1 col Gtest Marker Types File View tex_1 tex_2 tex 5 null tex 1 Jexample general example genet tex 7 tex 7 File View lexample general kuip tex tex 1 lexample general kuip tex tex 1 lexample general kuip tex tex 2 lexample general kuip tex tex 3 lexample general kuip tex tex 4 tex 5 4 59 By Name bottom left The panel is dis played with alphanumeric labels If the alias name label is specified in the panel command it is used for the button label otherwise the complete command is displayed Icon top right The panel is displayed with graphical labels icons if pixmap is speci fi ed in the panel command Otherwise label or the complete command are used instead no graph ical representation This View setting is the de fault one the setting can be changed interactively at run time and the default setting can be changed with the appropriate resource in the Xdefaults for each user individually By Name and Icon The panel is displayed with both alphanumeric and graphical if any la bels Not yet implemented Command normal The panel is dis played with the complete command names The arrangement of the buttons stay the same which might not be very convenient See below Command 1 col bottom right
128. and to plot those instead of the bare variables Thus one can easily plot some thing like P P2 if P and P are original variables in the data without having to add a new data field to the Ntuple at the time of its creation Selection Functions Cuts PAW does not require you to use every event in your data set Several methods are provided to define Boolean functions of the variables themselves that pick out subsets of the events to be included in a plot Plot presentation options The PAW user can set a variety of options to customize the format and appearance of the plots 2 Chapter I A few words on PAW e Histogram of a Vector of Variables for a List of Events Often one is more interested in the statistical distribution of a vector of variables or vector functions of the variables than in the variables themselves PAW provides utilities for defining the desired limits and bin characteristics of a histogram and accumulating the bin counts by scanning through a list of events The following are some of the features available for the creation of histograms One Dimensional Histograms Any single variable can be analyzed using a one dimensional histogram that shows how many events lie in each bin This is basically equivalent to the single variable data plotting application except that it is easier to specify personalized features of the display format A variety of features allow the user to slice and project a 2D scatter plo
129. and vectors PAW gt V CREATE v10 10 R1234 56 7 8 9 10 PAW gt MESS SIGMA 2 pi SIGMA vsum vi0 6 28319 55 For a description of the complete sigma expression syntax refer to chapter 5 sigma expressions do not follow the syntax rules for PAW expressions Therefore they cannot contain PAW system functions with arguments They may however contain argument less system functions alias names and macro variables RSIGMA is a slight variation of SIGMA Both functions return a scalar result in the same canonical format used by EVAL The only difference is that 81GMA removes the decimal point from integral values while RSIGMA leaves it in For example RSIGMA should be used to calculate argument values to be passed to a comis routine SUBROUTINE FUN X PRINT X END as floating point constants 3 3 System functions 31 PAW gt CALL fun f SIGMA sqrt 8 2 828430 PAW gt CALL fun f SIGMA sqrt 9 4203895E 44 PAW gt CALL fun f RSIGMA sqrt 9 3 000000 If the expression evaluates to a vector result 81GMA and RSIGMA return the name of a temporary vector con taining the result 81GMA with a vector result can be used in all places where a vector name is expected e g gt V PRINT SIGMA sqrt array 3 1 3 SIG1 1 1 SIG1 2 1 41421 SIG1 3 1 73205 The lifetime of these vectors is limited to the current command Hence their names should not be assigned to macro variables and n
130. anged in the user s operating system file directories Thus one must also keep clearly in mind the operating system file directories and their correspondence to the ZEBRA logical directo ries containing data that one wishes to work with In many ways the operating system file system is also a type of object that forms an essential part of the user s mental picture of the system 6 Chapter I A few words on PAW 1 6 The Component Subsystems of PAW The PAW system combines different tools and packages which can also be used independently and some of which have already a long history behind them e g HBOOK and HPLOT SIGMA COMIS MINUIT Figure 1 2 shows the various components of PAW 1 6 1 KUIP The user interface package The purpose of KUIP Kit for a User Interface Package is to handle the dialogue between the user and the application program PAW in our case It parses the commands input into the system verifies them for correctness and then hands over control to the relevant action routines Commands are grouped in a tree structure and they can be abbreviated to their shortest unambiguous form If an ambiguous command is typed then KUIP responds by showing all the possibilities Aliases allow the user to abbreviate part or the whole of commonly used command and parameters A sequence of PAW commands can be stored in a text file and combined with flow control statements form a powerful macro facility With the help of parameters
131. arguments than there are parameters the additional values are concatenated to the argument for the last parameter In the concatenation each value is separated by a single blank character i e the commands 3 1 Command line syntax 21 MESS Hello World MESS Hello World MESS Hello World yield all the same output Therefore the message text only needs quoting if the words should be separated by more than one space character Quoting inhibits the interpretation of the enclosed string as special argument values Printing an exclamation mark as message text has to written as MESS because MESS would mean to take the default value for the parameter STRING and yield an empty line only Another instance is if an argument of the form name value should be taken literally For example the command line EXEC mac foo bar initializes the macro variable foo to the value bar However if the intention is to pass the string as argument to the macro quotes must be used EXEC mac foo bar In addition some commands e g NTUPLE PLOT IDN UWFUNC NEVENT IFIRST NUPD OPTION IDH use the form for equality tests in the cut expression UWFUNC For example the command NT PLOT 10 energy year 1998 selects all event for which the Ntuple column YEAR has the value 1998 Any name clash between the Ntuple column and one of the command parameters requires quoting If the column was calle
132. ate the X projection perform the projection and plot the result commands ProX Hi Proj and Hi Plot Project Y Generate the Y projection perform the projection and plot the result commands ProY Hi Proj and Hi Plot Slice X Generate the X slices perform the projection and plot the first slice commands S1iX Hi Proj and Hi Plot Slice Y Generate the Y slices perform the projection and plot the first slice commands S1iY Hi Proj and Hi Plot Band X Generate the X bands perform the projection and plot the first band commands BanX Hi Pro j and Hi Plot Band Y Generate the Y bands perform the projection and plot the first band commands BanY Hi Pro j and Hi Plot Smooth Smooth the corresponding histogram Smooth Perform the command Smooth on the corresponding histogram The command panel is automatically invoked Copy Copy corresponding histogram onto an other histogram The com mand panel is automatically invoked Reset Reset the corresponding histogram Delete Delete the corresponding histogram Note that the histogram identifier is displayed in the menu title Ntuples Double click with the left mouse button on this icon open the Ntuple Viewer on the correspond ing Ntuple Open Ntuple Viewer Open Ntuple Viewer on the highlighted Ntuple Project Project the highlighted Ntuple The Command panel Ntuple Proj is automatically invoked Print Print the highlighted Ntuple Command Ntuple Pr
133. ave Style As Save the current style with a new name Automatic Refresh By default the Automatic Refresh is on each time Overlay 9 4 2 Plot Info the current picture is changed the graphics win dow is updated When this mode is off the user has to click on one of the Apply button available Each time a new histogram vector or ntuple draw ing is produced a clear window is performed To superimpose all the drawing on the same image it is enough to put this option on This option is the equivalent of the option S in the command HISTO PLOT This set of toggle buttons allow to add some usefull information on the curren plot If the Automatic refresh mode is on the plot is automatically refresh Statistics Plot Info Statistics Fits W Fits E File Name Date Date File Name Allow to draw or not the statistics on the plot PAW com mand OPTION STAT When the toggle button is set on a panel is displayed in order to specify with parameters will be visible Allow to draw or not the fit parameters on the plot PAW command OPTION FIT When the toggle button is set on a panel is displayed in order to specify with parameters will be visible Allow to draw or not the file name on the plot PAW com mand OPTION FILE When the toggle button is set on a panel is displayed in order to specify the file name position Allow to draw or not the date on the plot PAW command
134. ay enter Minuit control statements Overview of available MINUIT commands CLEar Resets all parameter names and values to undefined Must normally be followed by a PARAMETER command or equivalent in order to define parameter values CONtour par1 par2 devs ngrid Instructs MINUIT to trace contour lines of the user function with respect to the two parameters whose external numbers are 1 and par2 Other variable parameters of the function if any will have their values fixed at the current values during the contour tracing The optional parameter devs default value 2 gives the number of standard deviations in each parameter which should lie entirely within the plotting area Optional parameter ngrid default value 25 unless page size is too small determines the resolution of the plot i e the number of rows and columns of the grid at which the function will be evaluated EXIT End of Interactive MINUIT Control is returned to PAW FIX parno Causes parameter parno to be removed from the list of variable parameters and its value will remain constant at the current value during subsequent minimizations etc until another command changes its value or its status HELP SET SSHOw Causes MINUIT to list the available commands The list of SET and SHOw commands must be requested sepa rately nnu ynm 7 79 x 2 159 x 0 6524 a Constant 3003 4921 a P1 307 9 5 346
135. bject on disk Create N tuple Create a row wise Ntuple histogram Clear Delete histograms from disk Close Close the selected hbook file Help Provide some help 9 3 Graphics 9 3 Graphics Paw Graphics 1 150 200 250 PHI VS Y VE UNWEIG VS Y VE UNWEIGHTED 9 3 1 The Graphics Window 155 PAW allows direct graphics manip ulation of the objects like Histograms or Ntuples To perform actions on ob ject from the Graphics Window it is enough to move the mouse cursor on the Graphics Window and to click with the right mouse button on the object A pull down menu will be displayed according to the object picked In this section are described the different menus available in the Graphics Window When no object is picked in the Graphics Window for instance when the background of the window is picked the following menu is displayed Plot Style Panel Double Buffer On Double Buffer Off Do PostScript Do LaTex Print Open New Window Close Window Activate Window Deactivate Window Do Encapsulated PostScript PLot the current picture Invoke the Histogram Style Panel Set the double buffer on Set the double buffer off Generate the Postscipt file paw ps Generate the Encapsulated Postscipt file paw eps Generate the LaTex file paw tex Print the current picture Open a new window Close the current window Activate the current window Deactivate the current
136. ble PAW gt PICT CREATE PNAME Create a picture in memory PAW gt PICT LIST List pictures in memory 1 PNAME lt Current Picture The last created picture in memory is called the current picture All graphics primitives line text histogram etc produced by PAW commands will be stored in this picture if it is active i e if mode Z is on PAW gt SWITCH Z Switch Z mode on PAW gt PICT LIST 1 PNAME lt Current Picture Active Note that the command PICTURE CREATE will switch automatically Z mode on PAW gt PICT PLOT PNAME will display picture PNAME If picture PNAME is not in memory and if the current working directory as given by CDIR is a picture file PAW will try to take this picture from the file before displaying it HIGZ pictures can be created automatically by HPLOT via the command PAW gt OPTION ZFL If this command has been typed each new plot produced by HPLOT will result in a HIGZ picture created in memory The following example shows how for each HIST PLOT ID command a new HIGZ picture is created with an automatic naming 7 3 The HIGZ pictures 103 PAW gt HIST PLOT 10 PAW gt HIST PLOT 110 PAW gt HIST PLOT 20 PAW gt PICT LIST 1 PICT1 2 PICT2 3 PICT3 Current Picture Active A similar command is given by PAW gt OPTION ZFL1 which works exactly like OPTION ZFL except that only the last created picture is kept in memory For example if we had typed OPTION ZFL1 instead o
137. button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following List Display divisions of the store Show store DZSTOR Show parameters of the store CALL DZSTOR 146 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour ZEBRA Divisions Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go inside the corresponding ZEBRA division Select a ZEBRA Divisions icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu List Display banks of the division as icons Display division Show layout of banks in divisions graphically Snap division Show a snapshot of division parameters CALL DZSNAP Verify division Verify division CALL DZVERI Collect garbage CALL MZGARB in selected division Set filter for banks Allow to display only banks whose hollerith iden tifiers match a wild card selection ZEBRA Banks Double click with the left mouse button on this icon draw the bank tree from the corresponding ZEBRA bank Select a ZEBRA Banks icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Display bank tree Display graphically the structure below the se lected bank see picture banktree eps Show cont documented Display the data of the bank with their descrip tion if a documentation data base is provided see CERN Q101 DZ Show contents CALL DZSHOW fore selected bank Show system words List contents of the links and system words Survey bank tree CAL
138. cepts The transformation for parameters with limits 6 6 3 How to get the right answer from MINUIT 6 6 4 Interpretation of Parameter 6 6 5 Fitting histoprams oo ok ak ee UM bee Bees 6 6 6 simple fit with a gaussian 6 7 Doing more with Minuit o cs e soe eese ee re Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 7 4 HIGZ and local graphics package oaaae T2 The metaniles a E eee EA E Eie T3 The BIGZ pictures iu yv maae ah eh doe Behe eb be a gem TL Pictures an memoty sey eom Be RA xy SR QU SESS ae Re em VI eG 7 3 2 Pictures om direct access ve ete Reb 4g mes 7 3 3 Automatic storage pictures in 7 34 HIGZ pictures generated in HPLOT program llle 2A zSettng attributes S voee eor o AES a y RES AUREUS Fee de do ded em QUE CASA I5 Moreon labels seb Ak pa bad eat be Ba ee emp eu 7 6 Colour line width and fill area in 7 1 Information about histograms les TS lextdrawIDg aos ona wie weal oR a eh Da eo a Ry quedes 2 9 The BIGZ graphicseditor 2 pw ko epe ere Ba s epu Rx Distributed PAW 8 1 Access to remote files from a PAW session ee 8 2 Using PAW as a presenter on VMS systems global section 8 3 Using PAW as pre
139. command line command path argument The slanted symbols are non terminal i e they are composed of other terminal or non terminal symbols The definition of non terminal symbol is denoted by Symbols enclosed in braces t are optional and they can appear zero or more times 31 1 Command structure The set of commands is structured as an inverted tree as shown in figure 3 1 Example of command path HISTOGRAM CREATE 2DHISTO PAW FUNCTION NTUPLE GRAPHICS PICTURE ZEBRA FORTRAN NETWORK KUIP MACRO VECTOR PROJECT COPY FIT 2D_PLOT FILE LIST DELETE IMANY PLOT HO o eee CREATE 1DHISTO PROFILE BINS 2DHISTO SLIY BANX BANY Figure 3 1 Example of the PAW command tree structure This structure is comparable to a Unix file system The command set can be dynamically extended by linking new commands or menus into the tree Compared to a flat list structure the tree allows a cleaner representation through menus especially when the command set is large paw has more than 200 commands It would be hard to visualize such a number of command in a single graphics menu 16 3 1 Command line syntax 17 Abbreviations A command path cons
140. concatenation operator can be omitted in many cases For example MESS 0S MACHINE MESS 0S MACHINE MESS EVAL 0S MACHINE MESS EVAL 0S MACHINE give all the same result 36 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP 3 5 5 small print on expressions Expressions are evaluated by yacc generated parser Yacc Yet Another Compiler Compiler is a standard Unix tool It produces a C routine to parse an token stream which follows the syntax rules fi xed by the grammar defi nition The parser needs as front end a lexical analyzer which reads the input stream separates it into tokens and returns the token type and its value to the parser There is another Unix tool lex which can produce an appropriate lexical analyzer from a set of rules The PAW lexical analyzer had to be hand crafted because the interpretation of a symbol depends very much on the global context For example if the input stream consists is simply foo the lexical analyzer has to check consecutively If foo is defi ned as an alias If the alias value looks like a number classify it as a number Otherwise classify the alias value as a string Otherwise classify it as the string A similar reasoning has to be applied for 00 If foo is a defi ned macro variable Ifthe variable value looks like a number classify it as a number Ifthe variable value is the name of a scalar vector classify it as a
141. d NUPD instead of YEAR the command would have to be written as NT PLOT 10 energy nupd 1998 or alternatively as NT PLOT 10 energy UWFUNC nupd 1998 Finally quoted strings are also exempted from any substitutions of aliases system functions and macro variables For example MESS foo always prints foo while MESS foo can result in bar if preceded by the command ALIAS CREATE foo bar Since square brackets denote macro variable substitution and system functions names start with a dollar sign it is especially recommended to quote VMS file specifications The operator allows to concatenate several parts to a single argument value Unquoted strings on either side of the concatenation operator are implicitly treated as literals unless they are subject to a substitution i e the command lines MESS abc def MESS abc def MESS abc def MESS abc def MESS abcdef MESS 1 are all equivalent provided that abc and def are not defined as aliases The character sequence at the beginning or end of an argument is taken literally e g in CD LUN2 1 the command receives the value LUN21 22 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP 3 1 3 More on command lines The command line syntax allows to write several commands in one line and also to extend commands with long argument lists over several lines Multiple commands on a single li
142. d again from file and plotted 6 3 HBOOK batch as the fi rst step of the analysis Although it is possible to define histograms interactively in a PAW session and then read the many thousands of events in general for large data samples the relevant variables are extracted from the Data Summary Files or DSTs and stored in histograms or an Ntuple The histogram needs already that a certain choice has to be made as to the range of values for the plotted parameter because the binning or the coarseness of the distribution has to be specified when the histogram is defined booked Also only one and two dimensional histograms are possible hence the correlations between various parameters can be difficult to study Hence it seems in many cases more appropriate to store the value of the important parameters for each event in an Ntuple This approach preserves 80 Chapter 6 HBOOK the correlation between the parameters and allows selection criteria to be applied on the reduced data sample at a later stage In general the time consuming job of analysing all events available on tape is run on a mainframe or CPU server and the important event parameters are stored in a Ntuple to allow further detailed study For convenience the Ntuple can be output to disk for each run and then at a later stage the Ntuples can be merged in order to allow a global interactive analysis of the complete data sample A typical batch job in which data are analysed offline
143. de eg 943 Styl eco ebb oe ae Dae epee eek rubet bee eee ab ek 9 4 4 General Attributes 9 4 5 Object Attributes 9 4 6 Geometry 9 4 7 Viewing Angles 9 4 8 Axis Scaling 9 4 9 Zones 9 4 10 Axis Settings 9 4 11 Font 9 4 12 Coordinate Systems s Pode RI RA Hae X ET Bode Ev 9 4 13 Plot Options 9 5 Ntuple Viewer 9 6 Editor 9 6 1 The Cut Editor 9 6 2 Scanner 9 7 KUuIP Motif Panel Interface 2 s A X Window resources A l X resources for PAW A 2 X resources for for KUIP Motif ee B Editing keys in the Input Pad C The Motif user interface tools C 2 Buttons C 2 1 Toggle Buttons C 2 2 Push Buttons C 2 3 Selection Buttons C 3 Paned Window C 4 Window manager buttons Bibliography Index 157 158 158 159 159 160 161 161 163 163 165 167 167 168 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 174 175 175 176 176 178 180 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 182 183 184 vi Chapter 1 A few words on PAW 1 4 A short history At the beginning of 1986 the Physics Analysis Workstation project PAW was launched at CERN The first public release of the system was made at the beginning of 1988 At present the system runs on most of the computer systems used in the High Energy Physics HEP community Mainframes Work
144. def MESS pi 1 p2 2 we get the result PAW gt EXEC m foo pi foo p2 def The macro parameters can also be named for example MACRO m argi abc arg2 def MESS pi argi p2 arg2 Even if the parameters are named the corresponding numbered variables are created nevertheless The named variables are a copy of their numbered counterparts rather that aliases i e the above macro definition is equivalent to MACRO m 1 2 def argi 1 arg2 2 The named parameters can be redefined by a variable assignment which leaves the value of the numbered variable untouched For example MACRO m arg old MESS 1 arg arg new MESS 1 arg yields PAW EXEC m old old old new 3 6 Macros 41 The EXEC command allows to give values for named parameters in non positional order For example MACRO m argi abc arg2 def MESS argi erg2 can be used as PAW EXEC m arg2 foo abc foo Unnamed EXEC arguments following a named argument are assigned to numbered variables beyond the parameters listed in the MACRO definition For example PAW gt EXEC m argi foo bar foo def i e the second argument bar is not assigned to arg2 or 2 but to 3 Note that this differs from the behavior for command arguments see section 3 1 2 The construct name value may also be used in the EXEC command for names not defined in the macro s parameter list The variable name is implicitly defined inside the macro For example
145. ditor 128 EDM 98 99 ELSE 38 emacs 3 Encapsulated PostScript 100 ENDCASE 46 ENDKUMAC 37 38 error bars 109 errors on fitted parameters 91 ERRX SET parameter 109 event 8 exchange input output 7 exclamation mark character place holder 12 EXEC 18 37 42 103 Executive Window 50 53 54 56 58 60 61 133 134 137 138 142 175 176 178 EXITM 30 38 39 49 FACI IGSET parameter 107 FAIS IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 115 FASI IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 115 FCOL SET parameter 109 112 114 FILE OPTION parameter 114 SET parameter 109 114 file name INDEX on pictures 109 114 position 110 fill area 112 interior style 115 style index 115 histogram 8 vector 64 fill area colour index 108 interior style 108 style index 108 first page number 110 FIT OPTION parameter 108 114 SET parameter 115 fit 7 8 88 parameters on pictures 109 114 values to be plotted 110 vector 66 FIT OPTION parameter 108 SET parameter 109 font 105 PostScript 122 text 121 fonts 117 FOR 38 FPGN SET parameter 109 FTYP SET parameter 109 112 114 function 8 see sstem function27 fill area colour 110 type 110 in SIGMA 68 line width 110 FWID SET parameter 109 GDDM IBM 7 GFON SET parameter 109 GKS 7 GL Silicon Graphics 7 global section 79 130 title font and precision 110 size 110 GLOBAL CREATE 44 GLOBAL IMPORT 44 GMR3D Apollo 7
146. div div Figure 6 1 The layout of the PAWC dynamic store LINKS Some locations at the beginning of PAWC for ZEBRA pointers WORKS Working space or division 1 used by the various packages storing information in PAWC HBOOK Division 2 of the store Reserved to HBOOK HIGZ division reserved for the HIGZ graphics package KUIP division reserved for the KUIP user interface package SYSTEM The ZEBRA system division It contains some tables as well as the Input Output buffers for HRIN and HROUT 6 2 1 RZ directories and HBOOK files An advantage of using ZEBRA in HBOOK is that ZEBRA s direct access RZ package is available The latter allows data structures to be uniquely addressed via pathnames carrying a mnemonic meaning and showing the relations between data structures Related data structures are addressed from a directory Each time a RZ file is opened via a call to HRFILE a supplementary top directory is created with a name specified in the calling sequence This means that the user can more easily keep track of his data and also the same histogram identifiers can be used in various files what makes life easier if one wants to study various data samples with the same program since they can be addressed by changing to the relevant file by a call to HCDIR first Example of using directories CALL HRFILE 1 HISTO1 CALL HRFILE 2 HISTO2 U CALL HCDIR HISTO1 CALL HRIN 20 9999 0 Open
147. e where the command is selected from a list Graphics menu modes e Pull down menus fixed layout reflecting the command structure e Panels of function keys interactive user definable multiple layouts Itis possible to change interactively from one style to another The general format of a PAW command line is command parameters The first part of the command has the format object verb 12 Chapter 2 General principles where the object is the item on which the action is performed e g HISTOGRAM VECTOR NTUPLE and the verb is the action to be performed e g CREATE DELETE PLOT In some cases the object needs to be specified further e g GRAPHICS PRIMITIVE while in other cases the verb s action needs to be clarified further e g CREATE 1D All components can be abbreviated to their shortest unambiguous form For example the two following lines will have the same effect of creating a vector A with nine components VECTOR CREATE A 9 or VE CR A 9 In the case that the form is ambiguous all possible interpretations for the given abbreviation are displayed The second part of a command are its parameters and their meaning is determined by their position Some of these can be mandatory with the remaining ones optional If all mandatory parameters are not provided on the command line PAW will prompt the user to specify them indicating the default values if defined If the user wants to assign the default value to a parame
148. e Assistance The usage and help commands can be used to get a short or verbose description of parameters and features of any command e Command History A command history is kept both in memory for interactive inspection and on a disk file The command history file can be recovered and used to reconstruct a set of actions carried out interactively e Aliases Allow the abbreviation of partial or complete command sequences e Macros A text file containing PAW commands and flow control statements KUIP MOTIF Interface If the user s workstation supports the OSF Motif windowing system PAW can be started in the KUIP MOTIF mode the executable module to be run in that case is called PAW However a small text panel and a command history panel keep track of individual actions and permit entry and recall of typed commands similar to the command mode interface The basic features of this interface are e Pull Down Menu Commands Each PAW command that can be given in input has a corresponding item in a hierarchical pull down menu entry Commands Commands that require arguments cause parameter entry dialog box to appear when the arguments are entered and command execution requested button or Execute the command is executed as though typed from the command mode interface e Action Panel s A user may have a family of frequently executed macros or commands assigned to specific buttons on the action panel s These panel
149. e Factor Marker TYPe Text width given by number of PASSes of characters drawn by TEXT The width is simulated by shifting the pen slightly at each pass FACT FAIS FASI LAOF LAST LWID MSCF MTYP PASS 1 0 1 0 0 T 1 T 1 EE PICT Starting number for automatic pictures naming PLCI PolyLine Colour Index PMCT i PolyMarker Colour Index TANG Text ANGle for calculating Character up vector TMSI Tick Marks SIze in world coordinates TXAL IO horizontal alignment vertical alignment 108 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Table 7 1 Parameters and default values for IGSET continued NAME default Explanation TXCT 1 TeXt Colour Index TXFP 10 10 TeXt Font TeXt Precision 0 hard 1 string 2 soft All attributes are set to their default values The current and default values of the parameters controlled by IGSET are displayed Table 7 2 Parameters and default values for OPTION 2 Picture size Predefined options are AO A1 A2 A4 A6 Suppresses or adds a 1 2 or 3 digit page numbers to a plot Each stands for a digit The page numbers are incremented automatically NEAR Plots Errors bars And Histogram if both are present VERT HORI Vertical or horizontal orientation of paper NAST AST Functions are drawn
150. e is defined or the empty string if the variable is not defined The argument can contain as wildcard matching any sequence of characters All matching variable names are returned as a blank separated list ENV name returns the value of the environment variable name or the empty string if the variable is not defined FEXIST filename returns 1 if the file exists otherwise SHELL command n returns the line of output from the shell command SHELL command sep returns the output from the shell command where newlines are replaced by the separator string The sep argument can be omitted and defaults to a single blank character The SHELL function is operational only on Unix systems The command string is passed to the shell set by the HOST SHELL command Alias definitions etc in the shell specific startup script e g cshrc are taken into account 3 3 2 String manipulations LEN string returns the number of characters in string INDEX string substring returns the position of the first occurence of substring inside string or zero if there is none LOWER string and UPPER string return the argument string converted to lower or upper case respectively SUBSTRING string k n returns the substring 3 3 System functions 29 ss sec Pim ALPHA DEC Alpha OSF APOLLO HP Apollo DomainOS CONVEX Convex CRAY Cray Unicos DECS DECstation Ultrix HPUX HP UX IBMAIX AIX for I
151. e or desactivate the tick marks opti mization Activate or desactivate the Log scale 3 Activate or desactivate the additionnal tick marks on the top and right of the plot 4 Activate or desactivate the grid drawing Q Apply Reset the defaults Close the panel Define the tertiary divisions Define the secondary divisions Q Define the primary divisions Display the Labels panel Q Display the Orientation panel Q Select on which axis the whole panel will act Axis Labels The panel defines the type of label used Close the panel Activate one of the alphanumeric list Define an alphanumerique list The labelling is numeric 170 9 4 11 Font For Settings Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Label Orientation Defines the labels orientation Reset the default orientation Close the panel Define the X axis labels orientation Define the Y axis labels orientation Font selector Q Apply Reset the default font Close the panel Select the font for the various type of text 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel LLOL UN Seflings Axis Labels 9 4 12 Coordinate Systems 171 The font settings panel allows to define the font and the precision of a given type of text The font may be choosen amoung the standard X11 PostScript fonts Various coordinate systems can be choosen for surface and lego plots Cartesian Polar Cylind
152. e start of the history list Typing ESC or any other editing character accepts the current match and loads it into the buffer terminating the search Toggle the characters under and to the left of the cursor Kill from the prompt to the end of line Yank previously killed text back at current location Note that this will overwrite or insert de pending on the current mode By default adds spaces to buffer to get to next TAB stop just after every 8th column Returns current buffer to the program Table 3 1 Key binding for recall style KSH Single commands on multiple lines For commands with very long argument lists it can become necessary to continue it on the next line An input line ending with an _ character is joined with the following line In the concatenation the underscore itself and all but one of the leading blanks from the next line are removed Blanks preceding the underscore are left intact For example ME 55 _ Hello world is an extravagant way of writing MESS Hello world Note that the interpretation of _ as line continuation cannot be escaped If the command line should really end with an underscore the last argument must be quoted Recalling previous commands The command lines types during a session are written into a history file By default the file is called last kumac and is updated every 25 commands The commands LAST and RECORDING allow to change the file name and the frequ
153. each block may be nested other block statements The simplest form of flow control is provided by the GOTO label statement which continues execution at the statement following the target label label If the jump leads into the scope of a block statement for example a DO loop the result is undefined The target may be given as an expression evaluating to the actual label name e g name label GOTO name label In the label definition the colon must follow the label name immediately without any intervening blanks The label may be followed by a command on the same line e g label MESS Hello Conditional execution IF expression THEN statements ELSEIF expression THEN statements ELSEIF expression THEN Statements ELSE Statements ENDIF The general IF construct executes the statements following the first IF ELSEIF clause for with the boolean expres sion is true and then continues at the statement following the ENDIF The ELSEIF clause can be repeated any number of times or can be omitted altogether If none of the expressions is true the statements following the optional ELSE clause are executed 46 IF expression GOTO label This old fashioned construct is equivalent to IF expression THEN GOTO label ENDIF CASE expression IN label statements label statements ENDCASE Chapter 3 User interface KUIP The CASE switch evaluates the string expression and compares it one by one against t
154. ed according to table 7 4 and examples are shown in figure 7 7 Example PAW gt IGSET FAIS 3 Fill area interior style is hatched PAW gt IGSET FASI 190 Hatch type is 190 These commands will yield hatching with two sets of lines at 90 and 0 spaced 1 mm apart Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 116 Examples of PTYP BTYP HTYP and FTYP 0 25 05 0 75 20 2 4 6 8 1012 Figure 7 6 Usage of fill area types in HPLOT Figure 7 7 HIGZ portable hatch styles 7 7 Information about histograms X sk zh on 4 Figure 7 8 HIGZ portable marker types BEIM 13 2 Figure 7 9 HIGZ portable line types Colour Index 0 Colour Index 1 Colour Index 2 Colour Index 3 Colour Index 4 Colour Index 5 Colour Index 6 Colour Index 7 Figure 7 10 PostScript grey level simulation of the basic colours 118 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 180 0 170 10 160 20 150
155. ed by the user s own software to give a set of physical quantities such as momenta energies particle identities and so on for each event When this digested data is saved on a file as an Ntuple it may be read and manipulated directly from PAW Options for plotting Ntuples include the following One Variable If a plot of a one variable from the data set is requested a histogram showing the statistical distribution of the values from all the events is automatically created Individual events are not plotted but appear only as a contribution to the corresponding histogram bin Two or Three Variables If a plot of two or three variables from the data set is requested no histogram is created but a 2D or 3D scatter plot showing a point or marker for each distinct event is produced Four Variables If a plot of four variables is requested a 3D scatter plot of the first three variables is produced and a color map is assigned to the fourth variable the displayed color of the individual data points in the 3D scatter plot indicates the approximate value of the fourth variable More than Four Variables More than four variables can be plotted but it is up to the user to customize the system in order to assign the additional variables to graphics attributes like the size or the shape type of the markers Vector Functions of Variables PAW allows the user to define arbitrary vector functions of the original variables in an Ntuple
156. ed via the View menu of the PAW Executive Window or via the Clone button on the browsers For more information on the browsers see the Help menus Figures 9 2 on page 134 and 9 3 on page 135 give a detailed overview of the various windows of PAW 134 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 5 EDS Paw Graphics 1 Paw Executive Window 514 1336 2226E 01 1463E 01 Version 1 19 01 of HIGZ started gt Start of system login gt End of system login User login commands now startin Pawt gt MACRO EXEC user couet pawtt demo kumac Pawt gt Cdir LUN1 1 0 02 003 0 04 0 05 0 06 Angular density Input Pad AUN1 H gt Paw Main Browser 4 Options Commands 7 2 100 200 250 Path LUNI 4 PHI VS Y VE UNWEIGHTED PHI VS Y VE UNWEIGHTED Directory 17 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 Ntuple 1 Histogram Style Panel Current Style Default Plot Info Style Statistics Object Attributes General Attributes l Fits Viewing Angles Geometry Zones 1 File Name al Date Axis Scaling Axis Settings Font Plot Options Default Cartesian 1 File pawdemo hbook _ 10 TESTI Clone Plot Reset Close ES 9 1 if TE The upper left corner is the PAW Executive Window with its Input Pad at the bottom and the Tran
157. eed of the zooming effect in the browser s when turned on zoomSpeed 10 Double click interval in milliseconds time span within which 2 button clicks must occur to be considered as a double click rather than two single clicks doubleClickInterval 250 Background and foreground colors for the Browsable window in browser s fileList background fileList foreground Focus policy keyboardFocusPolicy If explicit focus is set by the mouse or a keyboard command If pointer focus is determined by the mouse pointer position The appearance and behavior of the Executive Window are managed by KXTERM whose class name is KXterm It means that for instance to change the background and foreground color of the Executive Win dow one has to override the following resources KXterm background KXterm foreground Concerning the appearance of the built in icons browsers for Commands Files and the classes of objects which are currently predefined are Cmd Command InvCmd Deactivated command Menu Menu tree MacFile Macro File RwFile Read write file RoFile Read only file NoFile No access file ExFile Executable file DirFile Directory DirUpFile Up directory 3 8 Nitty Gritty 3 8 System dependencies PAW tries to provide as far as possible a homogeneous environment across different operating syst
158. een when the right hand mouse button is pressed before the subprocess terminates The screen can only be unlocked by logging in remotely and killing the PAW For asynchronous editing on VMS either the Motif version of TPU must be used or the hosteditor command must create its own terminal window e g HOST EDITOR TPU DISPLAY MOTIF HOST EDITOR CREATE TERM WAIT EDT Chapter 4 Vectors Vectors are named arrays of numerical data memory resident which can be created during a session loaded from HBOOK objects typed in by hand read from disk files operated upon using the full functionality of SIGMA or COMIS Vectors can be used to produce graphics output and if necessary stored away on disk files for further usage Vectors provide a very convenient mechanism to transport numerical information between different PAW objects and to manipulate mathematically their content At the end of an interactive session they are lost unless previously saved onto disk files Vectors can have up to 3 dimensions in fact they are arrays called vectors for historical reasons They can be handled by using VECTOR commands Simple arithmetic operations can be applied to vectors In addition as SIGMA is part of PAW powerful array manipulation operations are available through the SIGMA SIGMA and APPLICATION SIGMA commands see section 5 1 on page 67 4 1 Vector creation and filling A vector is created either by the PAW command VEC
159. element only we will refer to as scalar vectors They have the special property that in expressions it is sufficient to give the name without the 1 subscript Complete vectors and vector subranges can be used in the SIGMA function and as argument to commands expect ing a vector name The subrange notation is the same as in Fortran e g v 3 5 The elements of arrays are stored in column major order i e the elements v 1 2 and v 2 2 are adjacent in memory see figure 3 4 The vector processing commands are expected to deal only with contiguous vectors Therefore a subrange referring to a non contiguous set of elements is copied into a temporary vector and cannot be used as output parameter 3 5 Expressions PAW has a built in parser for different kinds of expressions arithmetic expressions boolean expressions string expressions and garbage expressions 3 5 1 Arithmetic expressions The syntactic elements for building arithmetic expressions are shown in table 3 4 They can be used in the macro statements DO FOR and EXITM in macro variable assignments as system function arguments where a numeric value is expected as argument to the EVAL function Note that all arithmetic operations are done in floating point i e 5 2 becomes 2 5 If a floating point result appears in a place where an integer is expected for example as an index the value is truncated 34 Chapter 3 User interface
160. ems and hard ware platforms Here we want to summarize the remaining system dependencies To a large extend the comments made on Unix apply also to the MS DOS and Windows NT implementations 62 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP SHELL command The SHELL command allows to pass command line to the underlying operating system for execution If used with out arguments the SHELL command suspends PAW and allows to enter OS commands interactively When leaving the subprocess either with the command return or exit depending on the system PAW resumes execution Unix The command HOST SHELL defines the shell to be invoked The start up value is taken from the environment variable SHELL or set to an appropriate default such as bin sh On some Unix implementations the SHELL command can fail if there is not enough free swap space to duplicate the current process VMS The SHELL command spawns a subprocess with a DCL command processor This is notoriously slow and there is no way to combine several DCL commands into one SHELL command EDIT command The EDIT command allows to edit a file without leaving the PAW The command HOST EDITOR defines the editor to be invoked The start up value is taken from the environment variables KUIPEDITOR EDITOR or set to a system dependent default HOST EDITOR sets the shell command sans filename for starting the editor Some values have a system dependent special meaning Unix The default editor is vi The shel
161. ency At the start of a new session the existing file is renamed into last kumacold except on VMS before the new last kumac is created Comment lines indicate the date and time at which the sessions were started and stopped In this way the user can keep track of all commands entered in the previous and in the current session The command LAST 99 flushes the buffered lines into last kumac and envokes the editor on the file The user 24 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Move cursor to beginning end of the line Move cursor forward backward one character Delete the character to the left of the cursor Toggle overwrite insert mode Move to previous item on history list Delete from the beginning of the line to the cursor Move to next TAB stop Returns current buffer to the program Table 3 2 Key binding for recall style DCL can then extract the interactively typed commands and copy them into another kumac file from which they can be re executed The command LAST n prints the last n commands entered On a workstation this allows to re execute com mand sequences by doing cut and paste operations with the mouse PAW provides a mechanism similar to the one found in the Unix csh shell for re executing commands n executes the n th last command once more 11 is an short cut for 1 re executing the last command n re executes the n th command entered since the beginning of the session prints the commands
162. ent aliases currently defined ANAM n returns the name and AVAL n returns the value of the n th argument alias No substitution takes place if n is not a number between 1 and ANUM There is no guarantee that ANAM ANUM refers to the most recently created alias lExcluding the colon as separator avoids the substitution of VMS logical name containing a dollarsign such as in DISK 0S dir file dat 20 VMS there is a distinction between lowercase and uppercase names Uppercase names without the sign are searched for fi rst in the logical name tables and then in the symbol table while lowercase names are searched for only in the symbol table The names HOME PATH TERM and USER have a predefined meaning In order to avoid conficts with DCL symbols which are merely defined as abbreviations for running executables and DCL procedures all values starting with or character are excluded from substitution 28 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Vector inquiries PAW PAW 10 PAW PAW 6 0 V VOV WM NUMVEC returns the number of vectors currently defined VEXIST name returns a positive number if a vector name is currently defined The actual value returned is undefined and may even change between tests on the same name If the vector is undefined the value 0 is returned VDIM name dim returns the vector size along index dimension dim dim 1 is used if the second argument is omitted If the vector
163. error analysis MINUIT is a tool to find the minima of a multi parameter function and analyse the shape around the minimum It can be used for statistical analysis of curve fitting working on a x or log likelihood function to compute the best fit parameter values their uncertainties and correlations Guidance can be provided in order to find the correct solution parameters can be kept fixed and data points can be easily added or removed from the fit An interactive Motif based interface is in preparation 1 6 6 COMIS The FORTRAN interpreter The COMIS interpreter allows the user to execute interactively a set of FORTRAN routines in interpretive mode The interpreter implements a large subset of the complete FORTRAN language It is an extremely important tool because it allows the user to specify his own complex data analysis procedures for example selection criteria or a minimisation function 1 6 7 SIGMA The array manipulation language A scientific computing programming language SIGMA System for Interactive Graphical Mathematical Applications which was designed essentially for mathematicians and theoretical physicists is integrated into PAW Its main char acteristics are The basic data units are scalars and one or more dimensional rectangular arrays which are automatically handled The computational operators resemble those of FORTRAN Chapter I A few words on PAW 1 7 A PAW Glossary Data Analysis Terminology D
164. es which are available simultaneously are particularly useful during an interactive session as the user is able to replay and edit previously created pictures without the need to re run the application program A direct interface to PostScript is also available 1 6 4 ZEBRA The data structure management system The data structure management package ZEBRA was developed at CERN in order to overcome the lack of dynamic data structure facilities in FORTRAN the favourite computer language in high energy physics It implements the dynamic creation and modification of data structures at execution time and their transport to and from external media on the same or different computers memory to memory to disk or over the network at an insignificant cost in terms of execution time overheads ZEBRA manages any type of structure but specifically supports linear structures lists and trees ZEBRA in put output is either of a sequential or direct access type Two data representations native no data conversion when transferred to from the external medium and exchange a conversion to an interchange format is made al low data to be transported between computers of the same and of different architectures The direct access package RZ can be used to manage hierarchical data bases In PAW this facility is exploited to store histograms Ntuples and pictures in a hierarchical direct access directory structure 1 6 5 MINUIT Function minimization and
165. ess EVAL expr returns the value of a numeric expression The expression can contain numeric constants and references to vector elements joined by Parentheses may be used to override the usual operator precedence In addition the functions ABS x absolute value INT truncation towards zero and MOD x y modulus are available Note that all operations including division of two integer numbers use floating point arithmetic PAW gt V CREATE vec 3 R 1 2 3 4 4 5 PAW gt MESS EVAL 2 3 4 EVAL vec 1 vec 2 vec 3 1 25 9 1 Even if expr is merely a constant the result is always in a canonical format with a maximum of 6 non zero digits Non significant zeroes and the decimal point are omitted after rounding the last digit towards oo or mantissa exponent notation is used if the absolute value is gt 10 or lt 1074 PAW gt MESS EVAL 1 500 EVAL 14 99999 EVAL 0 000015 1 5 15 1 5E 05 The explicit use of EVAL is only necessary if the result should be inserted in a place where a string is expected for example in the MESSAGE command In the instances where a command expects an integer or real argument expressions are implicitly evaluated even without the EVAL function SIGMA expr passes the expression to sigma for evaluation sigma is an array manipulation package which supports a multitude of mathematical functions SQRT EXP etc operating on scalars
166. eturns the upper Y limit of viewport in current NT GRAFINFO attr returns the current value of the hplot higz attribute attr See the HELP of the command SET to have the list of the valid values of attr 3 3 6 Cuts manipulations CUT n returns the cut expression n CUTEXPAND string replace n in the quoted string by CUT n 3 4 Vectors PAW provides the facilities to store vectors of integer or real data These vectors or rather arrays with up to 3 index dimensions can be manipulated by PAW commands see HELP VECTOR Furthermore they are interfaced to the array manipulation package sigma and to the Fortran interpreter comis see chapter 5 Vectors are memory resident only i e they are not preserved across program executions The commands VECTOR READ and VECTOR WRITE allow to save and restore vector data from an external file in text format Vector names may be composed of letters digits underscores and question marks up to a maximum length of 32 characters Names starting with are reserved for internal use by PAW The only exception is the predefined vector simply called which has a fixed size of 100 real elements Unlike the others the vector is mapped to a fixed memory location the common block KCWORK It does not show up in VECTOR LIST output and it is not counted in the result of NUMVEC 3 4 1 Creating vectors Vectors can be created with the VECTOR CREATE
167. f OPTION ZFL in the example above the result would be PAW gt PICT LIST 1 PICT3 lt Current Picture Active The following example is a useful macro showing how to use the HIGZ pictures via OPTION ZFL1 and the metafiles in order to produce a hard copy of the graphics screen Macro showing how to convert the current picture in PostScript MACRO POST FORTRAN FILE 66 PAW PS Open the FORTRAN file PAW PS on unit 66 META 66 111 PAW PS is an A4 PostScript file PICT PLOT Convert the current picture in PostScript CLOSE 66 Close PAW PS SHELL PRINT PAW PS Send PAW PS to the local printer RETURN Typing EXEC POST the current HPLOT picture on the screen will be sent to the printer using the SHELL command which issues a system dependent print command to the local operating system e g 1p or 1pr on Unix The command PICTURE PRINT do the same thing PAW gt PICT PRINT PAW PS This command transform the current picture into a printable file The file type is defined according to the extension of the file name i e e FILE filename ps A PostScript file is generated 111 e FILE filename eps A Encapsulated PostScript file is generated 113 e FILE filename tex A LaTex file is generated 778 With this command the metafile type is predefined It is not possible to change it like in the macro POST previously described If FILE HIGZPRINTER or FILE the PostScript file paw ps 111 is generated and the operat
168. first HBOOK RZ file read only Open second HBOOK RZ file update Make HISTO1 current directory Read ID 20 on file 1 CALL HCDIR HISTO2 Make HISTO2 current directory CALL HRIN 10 9999 0 Read ID 10 on file 2 CALL HROUT 20 ICYCLE Write ID 20 to file 2 CALL HREND HISTO1 Close file 1 CALL HREND HISTO2 Close file 2 In the previous example and also in the code presented in section 6 3 it is shown how an external file is available via a directory name inside HBOOK and PAW and that one can change from one to the other file by merely changing directory via the PAW command CDIR which calls the HBOOK routine HCDIR 6 2 2 Changing directories One must pay attention to the fact that newly created histograms go to memory in the PAWC directory i e the PAWC common As an example suppose that the current directory is LUN1 and an operation is performed on two histograms These histograms are first copied to memory PAWC the operation is performed and the result is only available in PAWC 6 3 HBOOK batch as the first step of the analysis 79 MAINFRAME WORKSTATION Batch Job Interactive Data Analysis with PAW HBOOK ZEBRA KUIP Tapes HPLOT Raw Data HBOOK DST HIGZ ZEBRA SIGMA COMIS RZ Files MINUIT Interactive access Hig h quality via RLOGIN graphics output or file transfer using ZFTP Figure 6 2 Schematic presentation of the various steps in the data analysis chain
169. g with PAW HBOOK MINUIT 95 Result of Figure 6 10 Result of Figure 6 11 First Gaussian Height 1 normalised Mean value 0 3 Width sigma 0 07 Second Gaussian Height 0 5 normalised Mean value 0 7 Width sigma 0 12 Table 6 3 Results for the fitted parameters of the gaussian distributions as compared to the initial values which the gaussian distributions were generated in the batch job in Section 6 3 The table also includes the result of the double gaussian fit in section 6 11 3 3 Sigma 0 73832E 01 0 67896E 03 0 57602E 04 4 6407 CHISQUARE 0 2159E 01 NPFIT 45 PAW gt hi fit 110 50 99 G 0 O par 4 Fit second half with gaussian do not plot FE GR kkk kk kk kkk k Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITGA Variable metric method ID 110 CHOPT TR Convergence when estimated distance to minimum EDM LT 0 10E 03 FCN 30 16534 FROM MIGRAD STATUS CONVERGED CALLS 221 EDM 0 87E 04 STRATEGY 1 ERROR DEF 1 0000 INT EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO NO NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 1 Constant 153 27 3 0227 0 65005E 01 0 36877E 02 2 2 Mean 0 70186 0 19599E 02 0 40388E 03 4 8103 3 3 Sigma 0 11965 0 18242 02 0 25292E 03 6 9011 CHISQUARE 0 6418E 00 NPFIT 50 PAW gt hi plot 110 SFUNC Plot result of fit on Same plot PAW gt ve pr par 1 6 Print the fitted parameters in PAR PAR 1 300 2846
170. he basic graphics package transfer times are drastically reduced The example below show how to interactively visualize with PAW HIGZ pictures produced by HPLOT In the same way we can visualize and edit pictures generated by any HIGZ based application GEANT event scanning programs etc 7 4 Setting attributes Attributes are parameters like colour character font etc which could be changed interactively in PAW via the commands PICTURE IGSET GRAPHICS SET and GRAPHICS OPTION Each attribute is linked to one or more objects lines histogram etc The aim of this section is to give a complete description of the attributes available in PAW and to clarify the differences between IGSET which changes attributes at the HIGZ level and SET and OPTION which act at the HPLOT level 106 Store HPLOT pictures with HIGZ PROGRAM HPICT gt HPLOT Program to demonstrate how to store HPLOT pictures onto direct access HIGZ picture file gt COMMON PAWC H 20000 DIMENSION SIG 2 CHARACTER 20 TITLE CALL HLIMIT 20000 Create histograms DO 10 ID 1 10 WRITE TITLE 1000 1D 1000 FORMAT Test number 13 CALL HBOOK1 ID TITLE 100 3 3 0 10 CONTINUE Fill histograms DO 30 ID 1 10 DO 20 I 1 1000 CALL RANNOR A B CALL HFILL ID A O 1 20 CONTINUE CALL HFITGA ID COEFF AV SIGM CHI2 2 SIG 30 CONTINUE Initialize HPLOT Set various graphics options CALL HPLINT O CALL HPLZON 1 2 1 CALL HPLOPT ZFL
171. he event description in the PAW Locate window If the mouse cursor is moved on the Ntuple drawing with the left mouse button pressed the event description will change in real time in PAW Locate Paw Graphics 1 Ntuple drawing PAW Locate window To release the Output window event description 9 3 9 Integrate Histograms To integrate interactively an histogram place the mouse cursor on the bin from which the integration will start and drag the cursor with the left mouse button pressed to the last bin The result will appears in real time in a separated window called PAW Locate 160 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Paw Locate _ 6 02 0 03 004 0 05 006 0 07 0 05 0 09 vi Anyular density 9 4 Histogram Style Panel Integrated area Output window It is possible to copy via the mouse the text in side this window To release the Output window CD Histogram identifier 2 First bin for the inte gration 3 Last bin for the inte gration 4 Value of the integral 5 Normalized integral 6 Mathematical inte gral Each bin contri bution is multiply by the bin witdh The Histogram Style Panel allows to manipulate and present histograms It works on one histogram only the Current histogram To set the current histogram it is enough to plot it for the Main Browser via a double click on the icon Histogram Style Panel
172. he label lists until the first match is found If a match is found the statements up to the next label are executed before skipping to the statement following the ENDCASE None of the statements are executed if there is no match with any label Each label is a string constant and the comparison with the selection expression is case sensitive If a label is followed by another label without intervening statements then a match of the first label will skip to the ENDCASE immediately In order to execute the same statement sequence for distinct labels a comma separated list of values can be used The character in a label item acts as wild card matching any string of zero or more characters i e constitutes the default label Example for CASE labels with wild cards MACRO CASE READ FILENAME CASE FILENAME IN ftn for TYPE FORTRAN PASCAL UNKNOWN ENDCASE MESSAGE FILENAME is a TYPE file RETURN Loop constructs The loop constructs allow the repeated execution of command sequences For DO loops and FOR loops the number of iterations is fixed before entering the loop body For WHILE and REPEAT the loop count depends on the boolean expression evaluated for each iteration DO loop start expr finish expr step expr Statements ENDDO The step size defaults to 1 The arithmetic expressions involved can be floating point values but care must
173. hile next do ENDDO next while ENDWHILE break while Error handling Each command returns a status code which should be zero if the operation was successful or non zero if any kind of error condition occurred The status code is stored in the IQUEST 1 status vector and can be tested as for example 3 6 Macros 49 HISTO FILE 1 foo hbook IF IQUEST 1 0 THEN cannot open file do some cleanup EXITM 1 ENDIF ON ERROR GOTO label installs an error handler which tests the status code after each command and branches to the given label when a non zero value is found The error handler is local to each macro ON ERROR EXITM expression and ON ERROR STOPM are short hand notations for an ON ERROR GOTO statement with a EXITM or STOPM statement respectively at the target label ON ERROR CONTINUE nullifies the error handling Execution continues with the next command independent of the status code This is the initial setting when entering a macro OFF ERROR and ON ERROR allow to temporarily suspend and afterwards reinstate the previously installed error handling Note that the OFF ON settings do not nest for example ON ERROR EXITM OFF ERROR behave like ON ERROR CONTINUE ON ERROR STOPM OFF ERROR ON ERROR restore ON ERROR STOPM ON ERROR unchanged i e not ON ERROR EXITM 1 Another way of testing the status code of a command is to use the line separators amp and These operator
174. histograms and overlaying their representations on the histogram is in the process of being added to PAW The fitting process in PAW is normally carried out by the MINUIT library To user this package effectively users must typically supply data with reasonable numerical ranges and give reasonable initial conditions for the fit before passing the task to the automated procedure e Annotate and Print Graphics A typical objective of a PAW user is to examine manipulate and display the properties of a body of experimental data and then to prepare a graph of the results for use in a report presentation or publication PAW includes for convenience a family of graphics primitives and procedures that may be used to annotate and customize graphics for such purposes In addition any graphics display presented on the screen can be converted to a PostScript file for black and white or color printing or for direct inclusion in a manuscript 1 4 A User s View of PAW In order to take advantage of PAW the user must first have an understanding of its basic structure Below we explain the fundamental ways in which PAW and the user interact Initialization PAW may be invoked in a variety of ways depending on the user s specific computer system these are described in the following chapter As PAW starts it prompts the user to select an interaction mode or non interactive mode and window size and type if interactive The available window sizes and
175. ied by an integer between 0 and 100 preceded by a sign and is a logical expression of Ntuple elements other cuts masks or functions Example of cuts gt NT CUT 1 4 X variable PAW gt NT CUT 2 0 4 lt X lt 0 8 AND Y lt SQRT Z ditto PAW gt NT CUT 3 FUN F external function PAW gt NT CUT 4 FUN F AND Z gt X 2 ditto plus variable gt NT CUT 5 1 AND 2 OR 4 combination of cuts PAW gt NT CUT 6 1 AND Z O cut and variable PAW gt NT CUT 7 X event weight PAW gt NT CUT 8 SQRT Y ditto PAW gt NT CUT 9 MASK 23 AND 8 mask and cut Cut definitions can be written to a file and later re read PAW gt NT CUT 0 W cuts dat write all cuts to file PAW gt NT CUT 4 R cuts dat read cut 4 from file PAW gt NT CUT 4 P print cut 4 4 FUN F AND Z gt X 2 Graphical cut One can also define a cut on the screen in a graphical way by pointing out the upper and lower limits 1 dimensional case or an area 2 dimensional case by using the mouse or arrow keys see figure 6 6 Using graphical cuts gt gcut 1 30 graphical cut 1 PAW gt zon 12 define picture layout PAW gt title Graphical cuts title for picture gt 2d 211 X versus Y 50 2 5 2 5 50 2 5 2 5 0 user binning gt 1 212 X Before and after cut 60 3 3 0 ditto gt 1 213 Y Before and after cut 60 3 3 0 ditto gt nt pl 30 idh
176. ighlighted with a red line A cut can be activated or deactivated with the toggle button on the left It can be negated with the push button on the right of the cut number A appears on this button when the cut is negated Cuts are defined with the help of the two editable fields and menu choices 9 6 1 The Cut Editor Menu Bar In this section is describe the full functionality of the pull down menu available in the Menu Bar of the Cut Editor Open Save Cuts Save Cuts As Close Add Cut Before Add Cut After Add Before Add After Add Before Add After Delete item Delete All items Open a cut file Save the current cuts on disk Save the current cuts on disk in a spsicific file Close the panel Add a cut line before the current cut line Add a cut line after the current cut line Add a line before the current cut line Add a line after the current cut line Add a line before the current cut line Add a line after the current cut line Delete the current cut line Delete all the cut lines 9 7 KUIP Motif Panel Interface 175 Options Dynamic Mode Thecurrent cut can be change dynamically Indentation Indente the cut definitions Activate all cuts Activate all cuts Deactivate All cuts Deactivate all cuts 9 6 2 Ntuple Scanner o ld LUN1 STAFF 10 CERN Population 100R 4C First Row 1 Number of Rows 100 Re Scan Previons Next
177. in content HINFO MAX returns the maximum bin content HINFO SUM returns the total histogram content HINFO XBINS returns the number of bins in X direction HINFO Cid XMIN returns the lower histogram limit in X direction HINFO returns the upper histogram limit in X direction HINFO id YBINS returns the number of bins in Y direction HINFO id YMIN returns the lower histogram limit in Y direction HINFO id YMAX returns the upper histogram limit in Y direction HTITLE id returns the histogram title 32 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP 3 3 5 Graphics inquiry functions GRAFINFO XZONES returns the number of zones in X direction GRAFINFO YZONES returns the number of zones in Y direction GRAFINFO NT returns the current normalization transformation number GRAFINFO WNXMIN returns the lower X limit of window in current NT GRAFINFO WNXMAX returns the upper X limit of window in current NT GRAFINFO gt gt returns the lower Y limit of window in current NT GRAFINFO WNYMAX returns the upper Y limit of window in current NT GRAFINFO VPXMIN returns the lower X limit of viewport in current NT GRAFINFO VPXMAX returns the upper X limit of viewport in current NT GRAFINFO VPYMIN returns the lower Y limit of viewport in current GRAFINFO VPYMAX r
178. ing system command defined by the environment variable HIGZPRINTER is executed The environment variable HIGZPRINTER could be defined as follow setenv HIGZPRINTER xprint p513 pub paw ps Note that if the environment variable HIGZPRINTER is not defined the file paw ps is created but not printed Other available commands working on pictures in memory are PAW PICT RENAME PNAME PNAME2 PAW PICT COPY PNAME PNAME2 PAW PICT DELETE PNAME e PNAME can be the complete name the picture number in memory or e PNAME2 is the complete picture name 104 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 7 3 2 Pictures on direct access fi les HIGZ pictures are stored on direct access files and hence access times to pictures are fast Moreover due to the fact that HIGZ uses high level primitives to describe the picture s structural tree a storage compaction factor as compared to the equivalent GKS metafiles of between 10 and 100 is routinely obtained As HIGZ is interfaced to various basic graphics packages a picture file can be created on one system e g DECGKS X11 GL etc and transported to another machine to be interpreted with a different graphics pack age e g GESGRAL GDDM DI3000 etc All available commands to handle pictures with ZEBRA files are shown below Note that in the example the picture names could be all pictures in memory current picture or a number picture number in memory Handling pictures wi
179. ing menu is dis played Project X Project Y Slice X Slice Y Band X Band Y Smooth Smooth Boxes Color Hidden Lines Surface Color Level Surface 1 Color Level Surface 2 Surface and Contour Hidden Lines Lego Filled Lego Color Level Lego Contour Plot Filled Contour Plot Arrow Plot Text Default 9 3 5 X Axis Gouraud Shaded Surface Fill the X projection and display it Fill the Y projection and display it Define slices on X and display slice 1 Define slices on Y and display slice 1 Define bands on X ans display band 1 Define bands on Y and display band 1 Smooth the picked histogram Display the smooth panel on the picked histogram Boxes plot Color plot Hidden lines surface plot Color level surface plot 1 Color level surface plot 2 Surface and contour plot Gouraud shaded surface plot Hidden lines lego plot Filled lego plot Color level lego plot Contour plot line Filled contour plot Arrow plot Text plot Default scatter plot or text plot When a X Axis is picked in Graphics Window with the right mouse button the following menu is displayed Linear Logarithmic Sort in alphabetical order Number of divisions Tick marks length Values Distance Character Font Axis Color Log scale on Linear scale on Reorder the bins Sort in reverse alphabetical order Reorder the bins Sort by increasing channel contents Reorder the b
180. ins Sort by decreasing channel contents Reorder the bins Define number of X divi sions Tick marks size Labels distance Labels font Axis color 158 9 3 6 Y Axis When a Y Axis is picked in Graphics Window with the right mouse button the following menu is displayed Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Logarithmic Linear Sort in alphabetical order Sort in reverse alphabetical order Sort by increasing channel contents Log scale on Linear scale on Reorder the bins Reorder the bins Reorder the bins Sort by decreasing channel contents Reorder the bins Number of divisions Define number of Y divi sions Tick marks length Tick marks size Values Distance Labels distance Character Font Labels font Axis Color Axis color 9 3 7 Locate on Histograms To retrieve interactively on the Graphics Window an histogram identifier a bin number a X Y position etc place the mouse cursor on the graphics area and click with the left mouse button on the interesting region The information about the picked histogram will appear in the window called PAW Locate Paw Locate ID Histogram with LOG scale 2D Histogram PAW Locate window To release the Output window Info the the 1D Histogram Info the the 2D Histogram oo eoo 9 3 Graphics 159 9 3 8 Locate on Ntuples Just by clicking with the left mouse button on a Ntuple drawing one can get t
181. int Note that the Ntuple identifier is displayed in the menu title PAW commands Double click with the left mouse button on this icon execute the corresponding PAW command Select a PAW commands icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu 142 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Execute Execute the command with the default parameters If a mandatory parameter is missing the command panel is automatically invoked Execute Display the command panel Help Display the help on the command Usage Display the command usge in the Transcript Pad of the Executive Window Manual Equivalent to HELP Set Command This command becomes the one executed when a directive typed on the keyboard is not an existing PAW command Deactivate The command is deactivated Note that the command name is displayed in the menu title Deactivated PAW commands Double click with the left mouse button on this icon execute the help on corresponding PAW command Select a Deactivated PAW commands icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Help Display the help on the command Activate The command is activated Note that the deactivated command name is displayed in the menu title Up Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go one level up in the directory tree This icon is alway the first one of the content
182. ion we describe the basic objects that the user needs to keep in mind when dealing with PAW The reader should perhaps note that the PAW commands themselves do not necessarily reflect the nature of PAW objects as clearly as they might while the MOTIF interactive graphics interface in fact displays distinct icons for most of the object types listed below 4 Chapter I A few words on PAW Data 1D Vectors 2D 3D 1D Histograms 2D 3D RWN Ntuples CWN Analysis Presentation Fitting 1D 2D and 3D Plots Smoothing Array Manipulation FORTRAN Interpreter Cuts Projections Figure 1 1 PAW s fundamental data objects Objects e 1D Histograms A histogram is the basic statistical analysis tool of PAW Histograms are created booked by choosing the basic characteristics of their bins variables and perhaps customized display parameters numbers are entered into the histogram bins from an Ntuple the histogram is filled by selecting the de sired events weights and variable transformations to be used while counts are accumulated in the bins Functional forms are frequently fit to the resulting histograms and stored with them Thus a fit as an object is normally associated directly with a histogram although it may be considered separately e 2D Histograms 2D and higher dimensional histograms are logical generalizations of 1D histograms 2D histograms for
183. ipt files or print the picture on your local printer Histogram Style Panel Buttons are available to change histogram attributes colours line styles fonts and axes representation 2 D histograms can be rotated interactively Zooming and rebinning can be performed interactively in real time Ntuple Viewer Just click on the Ntuple column name to histogram the column The new system is largely self explanatory Only a subset of PAW has been converted to this new user interface but work is currently in progress to offer many new facilities in future releases On all system on which CERNLIB is installed it is enough to type to enter the system PAW starts up with three windows on the screen The PAW Executive Window The PAW Graphics 1 The PAW Main Browser includes a menu bar a Transcript Pad a current working directory indicator and an Input Pad window displays the graphics output from HIGZ X11 Objects e g his tograms displayed in the Graphics Window can be manipulated by point ing at them pressing the right mouse button and selecting an operation from the popup menu Pointing at the edge of the Graphics Window between displayed object and window border brings up a general popup menu Up to 4 additional Graphics Window can be opened by selecting Open New Window from this menu displays all browsable classes and connected hbook files Up to 4 additional browsers can be open
184. is suffi cient However a lexical tie in can only be used after the parser found a unique match between the token sequence and all grammar rules In the case of string concatenation we still have to provide two separate rules for string string number string The grammar rule see above actually says that the left hand side of the operator can be either an arithmetic or a string expression An arithmetic expression is evaluated and then transformed into the result s string representation For example 2 3 4 gives 64 On the other hand 4 2 3 3 6 Macros 37 gives 42 3 It does not become 46 because the right hand side is not consider to be an arithmetic expression It does also not become 126 because a result of a string operation is never again treated as a number even if it looks like one The lexical analyzer forwards numbers in arithmetic expressions as fbating point values to the parser The result is converted back to the string representation when it has to be stored in the macro variable Since a single numeric value already counts as an arithmetic expression the original string representation can be lost For example 20123456789 MESS LEN a LEN b results in 10 11 because the assignment b 0123456789 is taken as an arithmetic expression which is reformatted into 1 23457E 08 The reformatting can be inhibited by using b UNQUOTE The UN
185. is undefined the value 0 is returned VLEN name returns for a 1 dimensional vector the index of the last non zero element For 2 and 3 dimensional vectors the result is the same as for VDIM If the vector is undefined the value 0 is returned V CREATE vi 10 R123406 MESS VDIM v1 VLEN v1 V CREATE v2 VLEN v1 MESS VDIM v2 VLEN v2 Environment inquiries ARGS returns the program arguments with which PAW was invoked DATE returns the current date in the format dd mm yy TIME returns the current time in the format hh mm ss RTIME returns the number of seconds elapsed since the previous usage of RTIME CPTIME returns the seconds of CPU time spent since the previous usage of CPTIME 05 returns an identification for the operating system PAW is running on e g UNIX VMS etc MACHINE returns an identification for the particular hardware platform or Unix brand e g HPUX IBM or VAX Table 3 3 shows the 08 and MACHINE values for the different platforms On Unix platforms the operating system version can be obtained by SHELL uname r PID returns the process number or 1 if the operating system does not support the notion of process IDs 1QUEST i returns the component of the status vector COMMON QUEST IQUEST 100 IQUEST 1 always contains the return code of the most recently executed command DEFINED name returns name if a variable of that nam
186. ist or Object window shows the content of the currently selected browsable for the selected path E g when you select the browsable Macro you will get all the macro files and sub directories which are contained in the selected directory Objects are selected by clicking on them with the left mouse button Pressing the right mouse button pops up a menu of possible operations depending on the object type 9 An item in a pop up menu is selected by pointing at the corresponding line and releasing the right mouse button Double clicking with the left mouse button is equivalent to selecting the first menu item Each menu item executes a command sequence where the name of the selected object is filled into the appro priate place By default the command is executed immediately whenever possible The commands executed can be seen by selecting Echo Commands in the Options menu of the Executive Window In case some mandatory parameters are missing the corresponding Command Argument Panel is displayed and he remaining arguments have to be filled in The command is executed then by pressing the OK or Exe cute button Note that if it is not the last one in the sequence of commands bound to the menu item PAW is blocked until the or Cancel button is pressed The two lines text label area at the top displays information about Fig 3 5 the current path or directory for the selected browsable e
187. ists of a menu path and a command name The menu path itself consists of a list of menu names up to an arbitrarily deep level of sub menus command path menu path command name menu path menu name menu name Here we introduced two more notations Symbols in teletype mode are literals i e the menu and command names have to be separated by a slash character Symbols enclosed in brackets are optional which can appear zero or one times These syntax rules already show that a command path may be abbreviated by omitting part of the leading menu path For example if the complete command path is MENU SUBMENU COMMAND valid abbreviations are MENU SUBMENU COMMAND SUBMENU COMMAND COMMAND but not MENU COMMAND or SUBMENU COMMAND Note that the command name matching is case insensitive i e the following are all valid possibilities COMMAND command Command Furthermore menu and command names may be abbreviated by omitting trailing parts i e SUB COMMAND COMMA M S C are also valid abbreviations The shortest unambiguous abbreviation for any command is not fixed but depends on the whole command set PAW lists all possible ambiguities if a given abbreviation has no unique match PAW gt LIST Ambiguous command list Possible commands are KUIP ALIAS LIST MACRO LIST VECTOR LIST HISTOGRAM LIST NTUPLE LIST PICTURE LIST Changing the root menu The command SET ROOT defines
188. ixed by a command FIX parno then that parameter will return to variable status Otherwise a warning message is printed and the command is ignored Note that this command operates only on parameters which were at one time variable and have been FIXed It cannot make constant parameters variable that must be done by redefining the parameter with a PARAMETER command REStore code If no code is specified this command restores all previously FIXed parameters to variable status If code 1 then only the last parameter FIXed is restored to variable status SCAn parno numpts from to Scans the value of the user function by varying parameter number parno leaving all other parameters fixed at the current value If parno is not specified all variable parameters are scanned in sequence The number of points numpts in the scan is 40 by default and cannot exceed 100 The range of the scan is by default 2 standard deviations on each side of the current best value but can be specified as from from to to After each scan if a new minimum is found the best parameter values are retained as start values for future scans or minimizations The curve resulting from each scan is plotted on the output unit in order to show the approximate behavior of the function This command is not intended for minimization but is sometimes useful for debugging the user function or finding a reasonable starting point 6 7 Doing more with Minuit 99 SE
189. l command containing a amp does not necessarily mean that the editor will run as a background process see section 3 8 2 VMS The special names EDT and TPU use the callable interface to these two editors The startup time is much less than for example EDIT TPU which spawns a subprocess However there is a problem with the callable EDT If any error condition occurs invalid filename etc the callable EDT will be unusable for the rest of the session Exception handling PAW installs a signal handler in order to catch exceptions and return to the command input prompt The command BREAK OFF disables the signal handler i e PAW aborts in case of an exception For some systems BREAK ON allows to request a traceback of where the exception has happened There are two major types of exceptions caught by the signal handler Program exceptions indicate either a bug in PAW or insufficient protection against invalid user input Floating point exceptions are caused by divide by zero floating point overflow square root of negative numbers etc Floating point underflows are usually silently ignored and the result is treated as being zero Segmentation violation indicates an attempt to read or write a memory location outside the address space reserved by the process e g if an array index is out of bounds In C code it is most often caused by dereferencing a NULL pointer which is prohibited on many systems Bus error is usually caused by a
190. lexity Pictures are also intensively used for object picking in the Motif version of PAW e ZEBRA RZ Logical Directories In a single PAW session the user may work simultaneously with many Ntuples histograms and hierarchies of Ntuple and histograms However this is not accomplished using the native operating system s file handler Instead the user works with a set of objects that are similar to a file system but are instead managed by the ZEBRA RZ package This can be somewhat confusing because a single operating system file created by RZ can contain an entire hierarchy of ZEBRA logical directories furthermore sections of internal memory can also be organized as ZEBRA logical directories to receive newly created PAW objects that are not written to files A set of commands CDIR LDIR and MDIR are the basic utilities for walking through a set of ZEBRA logical directories of PAW objects Each set of directories contained in an actual file corresponds to a logical unit number and the root of the tree is usually of the form LUNx the PAW objects and logical directories stored in internal memory have the root PAWC A macro is a set of command lines stored in a file which can be created or modified with any text editor In addition to all the PAW commands special macro flow control statements are also available e Operating System File Directories Many different ZEBRA files some with logically equivalent Ntuples and histograms can be arr
191. lowing menu Plot Plot the corresponding histogram default action The histogram becomes the current histogram for the Histogram Style Panel Fit Perform the command Histo Fit on the corresponding his togram The command panel is automatically displayed Fit Gauss Perfom a gaussian fit on the corresponding histogram Fit Exp Perform an exponential fit on the corresponding histogram Fit Const Perform a PO fit on the corresponding histogram Fit Linear Perform a P1 fit on the corresponding histogram Smooth Smooth the corresponding histogram Smooth Perform the command Smooth on the corresponding histogram The command panel is automatically invoked Copy Copy corresponding histogram onto an other histogram The com mand panel is automatically invoked Reset Reset the corresponding histogram Delete Delete the corresponding histogram Note that the histogram identifier is displayed in the menu title 2D histograms Double click with the left mouse button on this icon produce the plot of the corresponding his togram with the command HISTOGRAM PLOT The histogram becomes the current histogram for the Histogram Style Panel Select a 2D histograms icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu 9 2 The Main Browser 141 Plot Plot the corresponding histogram default action The histogram becomes the current histogram for the Histogram Style Panel Project X Gener
192. lows two different forms for specifying the macro to be executed EXEC fname mname argument list and EXEC name argument list 3 6 Macros 39 Between the EXEC statement and the EXEC command there is a slight difference The command EXEC name executes the first macro in name kumac while the EXEC statement will try first whether a macro name is defined within the current kumac file Macro execution terminates when one of the statements EXITM expression or RETURN expression or STOPM is encountered The EXITM and RETURN statements return to the calling macro They allow to pass a return value which is stored into the special variable of the calling macro If no value is given it defaults to 0 Note that the RETURN statement also flags the end of the macro definition i e the construct IF THEN RETURN error ENDIF is illegal The STOPM statement unwinds nested macro calls and returns to the command line prompt immediately Macro variables Macro variables do not have to be declared They become defined by an assignment statement name expression The right hand side of the assignment can be an arithmetic expression a string expression or a garbage expression see section 3 5 The expression is evaluated and the result is stored as a string even for arithmetic expressions The variable value can be used in other expressions or in command lines by enclosing the name in square brackets na
193. lta function DEL works independently on each row of the argument array If the elements of any row of the argument are denoted by X1 X5 Xj Xn then the corresponding row of the result of the delta function operation will be Zi 22 Zi Zn where all Z 0 except in three cases in which Z 1 namely 1 When the component X is itself zero 2 When X 1 X are of opposite sign and X lt X 1 If i 1 then linear extrapolation to the left is used 3 When X Xi are of opposite sign and X X 1 If i 1 then linear extrapolation to the right is used If arg is a scalar the value of DEL arg will be 1 if arg is zero and 0 otherwise Example of the del command SIGMA gt W array 11 1 1 NCO W 11 W 1 000 0 8000 0 6000 0 4000 0 2000 0 2980E 07 0 2000 0 4000 0 6000 0 8000 1 000 SIGMA gt X W 1 01 W W 35 W 42 NCO X 11 X 0 1917E 01 0 2357 0 2384 0 1501 0 5524E 01 0 4425E 08 0 7986E 02 0 5640E 03 0 4347E 01 0 2476 0 7578 SIGMA gt R del x NCO R 11 R 1 000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 1 000 0 0000 1 000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 DIFF arg The DIFF function generates the forward difference of each row of the argument array say X1 Xo Xi Xn and creates an array with components equal to the forward difference of X X5 X1 Xa Xn Xn 1 Xo where the rightmost value is obtained by quadratic extrapolation over the la
194. lue extending to the last word in string gt MESS WORD abc def ghi 2 def ghi PAW gt MESS WORD abc def ghi 2 1 def QUOTE string returns a quoted version of string i e the string is enclosed by quote characters and quote characters inside string are duplicated The main use of this function is if an alias value containing blanks should be treated as a single lexical token in a command line ALIAS CREATE htitle Histogram title 1d 10 QUOTE htitle 100 0 1 30 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Another useful application of QUOTE is to pass the value of an alias or macro variable as a character constant to a comis function for example foo bar CALL fun QUOTE foo 9 is equivalent to CALL fun f bar Since the quotes around bar are not part of the variable value the construct CALL fun foo would given the desired result only if the value contains blanks forcing the implicit quoting in the variable substitution UNQUOTE string returns a string with enclosing quote characters removed The main use of this function is if a macro variable should be treated as several blank separated lexical tokens limits 100 0 1 14 10 Histogram title UNQUOTE limits 3 3 3 Expression evaluations EXEC cmd executes a macro command and returns the macro s EXITM value Thus mess EXEC mname 5 is equivalent to EXEC mname 5 m
195. ly the following different object s are defined Cmd Command InvCmd Deactivated command Menu Menu tree MacFile Macro File RwFile Read write file RoFile Readonly file NoFile No access file ExFile Executable file DirFile Directory DirUpFile Up directory When using a black and white X Server use the following resource settings to make the icons visible dirlist object iconForeground black dirlist object iconBackground white dirlist object iconLabelBackground black dirlist object iconLabelForeground white Appendix B Editing keys in the Input Pad C b means holding down the Control key and pressing the b key M stands for the Meta key and A for the Alt key C b A b M b Shift A b Shift M b A M Shift A Shift M A lt M lt C a Shift C a C osfInsert Shift osfDelete Shift osfInsert Alt gt M gt C e Shift C e C f A M Shift A Shift M C A f C M f C d A BS M BS C w C y C k C u A DEL M DEL C o C j C n C osfLeft C osfRight C p C g C 1 C osfDown C osfUp C SPC C c C h F8 Shift F8 Shift TAB backward character backward word backward word backward word extend selection backward word extend selection backward paragraph backward paragraph backward paragraph extend selection backward paragraph extend selection beginning of
196. me For example greet Hello msg greet World MESS msg If the name enclosed in brackets is not a macro variable then no substitution takes place Variable values can also be queried from the user during macro execution The statement READ name prompt prompts for the variable value If the prompt string is omitted it is constructed from the macro and variable names The variable value prior to the execution of the READ statement is proposed as default value and will be left unchanged if the user answers simply be hitting the RETURN key Macro using the READ statement MACRO m READ foo bar abc READ bar MESS foo bar msg 225 READ msg Enter message MESS You said msg 40 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Output when executing PAW gt EXEC m Macro m foo lt CR gt foo 123 Macro m bar lt CR gt abc 123 abc Enter message lt CR gt Hello You said Hello Macro arguments The EXEC command can pass arguments to a macro The arguments are assigned to the numbered variables 1 2 etc For example with the macro definition MACRO m MESS pi 1 p2 2 we get the result PAW gt EXEC m foo bar pi foo p2 bar Unlike named variables undefined numbered variables are always replaced by the blank string i e PAW gt EXEC m foo pi foo p2 The MACRO statement can define default values for missing arguments With the macro definition MACRO m 2
197. ms PLOTting and HIGZ High level Interface to Graphics and Zebra HIGZ is the basic graphics system of PAW interfacing an basic graphics package while HPLOT sitting on top of HIGZ is used for plotting HBOOK objects Histograms Ntuples etc The figure below shows the hierarchy between HPLOT HIGZ and the basic graphics package X Windows etc Graphics could be produced in PAW either directly by HIGZ commands or by HPLOT commands In both cases all the graphics is under the control of HIGZ Two distinct modes are available in HIGZ one is purely graphics the G mode interfacing the basic graphics package and the second the Z mode allows the management of the HIGZ structures pictures As an example the simple PAW command HISTOGRAM PLOT is handled at the different levels as follows PAW Level HISTOGRAM PLOT ID HPLOT Level Takes care of ZONE SET OPTION etc HIGZ Level Windows and Viewport Axis Boxes Histogram Text and Attributes Basic graphics Line Text Attributes etc 7 2 The metafiles Metafiles are text files used as device independent sources of graphics output for printers of different type The most widely use metafile in PAW is the PostScript metafile This type of metafile can be sent directly to a PostScript printer The PostScript metafile type second parameter of the comman METAFILE have the following format Format Nx Ny Type Where Format Is an integer between 0 and 99 which defines the format of
198. n created elsewhere The import list may contain as a wildcard for any character sequence for example GLOBAL IMPORT m Only those global variables existing at the time the GLOBAL IMPORT is executed become visible Therefore global variables created in an inferior macro do not become visible even if they match the wildcard For example in MACRO a GLOBAL IMPORT m EXEC b RETURN MACRO b GLOBAL CREATE m tau 1 784 Tau mass GeV RETURN m tauis not visible in macro a unless it is imported after executing b Deleting a global variable in an inferior macro on the other hand also deletes the associated local variables in the macro call stack For example in MACRO a GLOBAL IMPORT m EXEC b RETURN MACRO b GLOBAL DELETE m mu RETURN 3 6 Macros 45 when returning from macro b the imported variable m_mu will become undefined Global variables can also be set and used from the command line for example PAW gt g cre x 2 gt 2 PAW gt mess x 4 However the implicit creation when assigning a value to an undefined variables does not apply PAW gt y 0 Unknown command y 0 Global variables are available only since the 95a release 3 6 2 Flow control constructs There are a variety of constructs available for controlling the flow of macro execution Most for the constructs extend over several lines up to an end clause The complete block counts as a single statement and inside
199. n the keyboard like in the normal PAW system In fact this window is the kxterm program provide with the KUIP package This terminal emulator combines the best features from the now defunct Apollo DM pads like Input Pad and Transcript Pad automatic file backup of Transcript Pad string search in pads etc and the Korn shell emacs style command line editing and command line recall mechanism Commands typed in the Input Pad behind the application prompt Via the toggle buttons th the Input Pad and or Transcript Pad can be placed in hold mode In hold mode one can paste or type a number of commands into the Input Pad and edit them without sending the commands to the application Releasing the hold button will causes kxterm to submit all lines upto the line containing the cursor to the application To submit the lines below the cursor just move the cursor down In this way one can still edit the lines just before they are being submitted to the application In the Input Pad one can type retrieve and edit command line with the help of a Korn shell emacs style command line editing mode See in appendix the complete list of the editing keys The Transcript Pad shows the executed commands and command output When in hold mode the transcript pad does not scroll to make the new text visible Mouse operations like Copy Paste are allowed in the transcript pad It is also possible to search a character string see the menu bar descri
200. n unaligned access Most RISC processors have strict requirements for properly aligned data Illegal instruction can mean that PAW tries to executed data as code for example if the return address on the stack has been overwritten Don t be surprised if PAW shows irregular behavior after an exception The second type of exceptions handled by the PAW signal handler are user breaks Hitting the break key usually Ctrl C aborts a running command and returns to the input prompt Unix The actual break key can be changed with the Unix command stty The default setup usually is stty intr C Unix provides a second kind of keyboard interrupt which is intentionally not caught by the PAW signal handler to allow killing run away processes A convenient setting is stty quit User break interception does not work for Windows NT Tell Microsoft that signal handlers are pretty useless if they are not allowed to use printf and longjmp VMS The user break key is Ctrl C Ctrl Y is treated like Ctr1 C i e it does not bring up the DCL prompt 3 8 Nitty Gritty 63 3 8 2 The edit server By default editing from within a PAW is synchronous i e PAW is suspended until the editor terminates On a workstation this is an inconvenient restriction because the editor can run in a separate window while PAW continues to accept commands To take care of this problem PAW provides a facility called the edit server Instead of calling the editor directl
201. name is shown as LIB RARY the acceptable abbreviations are LIB LIBR LIBRA LIBRAR and LIBRARY PAW does not insist that an argument of the form name value matches of the parameter names The argument including the part is simply assigned to the next parameter expected Option arguments The last alternative value to specify an argument applies only to option parameters Note the distinction between option and optional Option parameters are usually but not necessarily optional In the help text option parameters are tagged by the list of possible values figure 3 3 Frequently these parameters are named OPTION or The value form allows to specify option arguments out of order emulating the Unix style of options preceded other command arguments For example MANUAL LATEX KUIP 20 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP PAW gt HELP MANUAL KUIP MANUAL ITEM OUTPUT OPTION ITEM C Command or menu path OUTPUT OQutput file name D OPTION Text formatting system D Possible OPTION values are n plain text plain text format LATEX LaTeX format encapsulated TEX LaTeX format without header Figure 3 3 Example for option parameters is equivalent to MANUAL KUIP OPTION LATEX Note that this is not equivalent to MANUAL OPTION LATEX KUIP Unlike to the value form subsequent simple arguments are still
202. ncapsulated PostScript file is example eps the inclusion of this file into a IATEX file will be possible via in the IZTEX file begin figure includegraphics example eps caption Example of Encapsulated PostScript in LaTeX labe1 EXAMPLE end figure 100 7 3 The HIGZ pictures 101 HPLOT Basic Graphics Package Figure 7 1 HPLOT and HIGZ in PAW Note that all the figures in this manual are included in this way With Type 1 2 4 and 5 the pictures are centered on the page and the usable area on paper is proportional to the dimensions of A4 format Examples 111 or 4111 defines an A4 page not divided 6322 define an A6 landscape page divided in 3 columns and 2 rows The first picture will be drawn in the area 1 The next image will appear in the next area in the order defined above If a page is filled a new page is used with the same grid Note that empty pages are not printed in order to save paper Ignoring formats smaller than A12 the total number of possible different PostScript workstation types is 4 x 9 x 9 13 1 4213 The command GRAPHICS METAFILE LUN METAFL is designed to produce metafiles LUN is the logical unit num ber of an open FORTRAN file and METAFL the metafile type For example the following four commands will produce a HIGZ PostScript metafile with the name PAW PS containing the graphics representation of histogram number 10 PAW gt FORTRAN FILE 66 PAW PS PAW
203. nce X axis to labels distance Y axis to labels Y position of global title Y position of histogram title Y position for the page number the histogram 10 is drawn with previous settings See figure 7 3 for more details ITX In the command ITX the text position is defined with two mandatory parameters X and Y PAW gt SELNT 1 PAW gt ITX 5 5 Hello cm coordinates Hello is drawn at the position 5 5 7 8 Text drawing 119 TEXT In the command TEXT the text position is defined with two mandatory parameters X and Y PAW gt SELNT 1 cm coordinates PAW gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 1 Hello is drawn at the position 5 5 Text size For all the texts drawn with PAW commands the text size is always specified in centimeters HPLOT text The possible text sizes for HPLOT text are described in the following example PAW gt SET ASIZ 0 28 axis label size PAW gt SET CSIZ 0 28 comment size PAW gt SET GSIZ 0 28 global title size PAW gt SET KSIZ 0 28 Hershey character size PAW gt SET 2SIZ 0 28 scatter plot and table character size PAW gt SET TSIZ 0 28 histogram title size PAW SET VSIZ 0 28 axis values size PAW HISTO PLOT 10 the histogram 10 is drawn with previous settings See figure 7 3 for more details ITX The text character heigh attribute for use by future invocations of ITX is set using the CHHE parameter as follows PAW gt IGSET CHHE 1 set the characte
204. ne An input line presented to the PAW command processor may contain several commands separated by The commands are executed sequentially as if they were on separate lines MESS Hello world MESS How are you is equivalent to MESS Hello world MESS How are you Note that the text following the semicolon will not be used to satisfy any prompts emitted by the preceding com mand e g usage manual will not behave as usage manual The semicolon is not interpreted as line separator if it is immediately followed by a digit or one of the characters 7T I For example issuing a VMS command with a file version number such as SHELL delete tmp does not require quoting Note that this exception rule applies independently of the operating system In order to avoid surprises we recommend to put always at least one blank after a semicolon intended to be a line separator Each command execution returns a status code which is zero for success and non zero for failure The sequences amp and allow to execute the remaining part of an input line depending on the status code of the preceding command With cmdi amp cmd2 cmd3 the commands cmd2 and cmd3 are only executed if cmd1 succeeded while with cmdi cmd2 cmd3 the remaining commands are only executed if the first one failed Note that the two characters must follow each other immediately without intervening blank In some commands for example HI
205. ne is referenced are in normal type Related Manuals This document can be complemented by the following manuals COMIS Compilation and Interpretation System 1 HBOOK User Guide Version 4 2 HIGZ HPLOT High level Interface to Graphics and ZEBRA and HPLOT User Guide 3 KUIP Kit for a User Interface Package 4 MINUIT Function Minimization and Error Analysis 5 ZEBRA Data Structure Management System 6 This document present the basic concepts of PAW For more detailed and up to date informations on the system it is strongly recommended to look at the following URL http wwwcn cern ch pl paw Acknowledgements The authors of PAW would like to thank all their colleagues who by their continuous interest and encouragement have given them the necessary input to provide a modern and easy to use data analysis and presentation system Table of Contents 1 A few words on PAW 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 What Can You Do with PAW ha gee ead eee ee Re eae ie ed doe A User s View 0l PAW 5 A a a Seed ee Fundamental Objects of PAW 2 ee The Component Subsystems 1 6 1 1 6 2 HBOOK and HPLOT The histograming and plotting packages 1 6 3 The graphics interface package 1 64 ZEBRA
206. nel else VALMAX is used as the maximum bin content allowing several channels to be stored into the same machine word lt CR gt continue Q command mode X execute An item preceded by a star indicates a terminal leaf in the command tree i e an executable command One can also inquire about creating a one dimensional histogram by typing simply HELP histogram create idhisto or 13 14 Chapter 2 General principles HELP his cre id or even HELP 1 The system will then display the following information HISTOGRAM CREATE 1DHISTO ID TITLE NCX XMIN XMAX VALMAX ID C Histogram Identifier Loop TITLE C Histogram title D NCX I Number of channels D 100 XMIN Low edge D 0 XMAX Upper edge D 100 VALMAX Maximum bin content D 0 Create a one dimensional histogram The contents are set to zero If VALMAX 0 then a full word is allocated per channel else VALMAX is used as the maximum bin content allowing several channels to be stored into the same machine word 2 4 1 Usage Very often a single line description of the usage of a command is sufficient as a reminder This can be obtained by the USAGE command e g PAW gt USAGE id HISTOGRAM CREATE 1DHISTO ID TITLE NCX XMIN XMAX VALMAX 2 5 Special symbols for PAW One should pay attention to the fact that in addition to their common arithmetic meaning the symbols in table 2 1 have a special connotation when worki
207. ng with PAW Symbol Separator between command and parameter and between different parameters Separator between command elements Comment line if first character of the command line Inline comments String delimiter Line continuation in KUIP commands Escape character to be put in front of and to interpret them as literal Place holder for command parameter i e default value is taken At beginning of command line Unix C shell like history e g number number string Macro argument delimiters Separator between macro file and macro member Vector subscript delimiters Vector subscript range Multi dimensional vector subscript dimensions delimiter Note These special characters loose their effect when imbedded in single quotes Table 2 1 Special symbols 2 6 PAW entities and their related commands 15 Ntuples NTUPLE LOOP GET CONTENTS SLNALNOO LNd LOArOUd A1dNLN Vectors Histograms VECTOR READ 31IHWHOL193A NTUPLE READ NV9OS 31dNLN Figure 2 1 PAW entities and their related commands 2 6 PAW entities and their related commands Relations which exist between various PAW entities as described in section 1 6 on page 6 and the operations which can be performed upon them have been schematically represented in figure 2 1 All commands shown in the picture next to the lines connecting the objects have been abbreviated in a way that they are un
208. nly to expert users Figure 9 1 compares the functionalities of basic PAW with PAW Basic PAW and PAW Basic PAW Command line interface and macros via KUIP Histogram Presenter Operations on histograms fits etc Arrays Manipulation and Drawing Plotting of mathematical expressions Basic and high level graphics Ntuple selection and histograming Fortran Interpreter COMIS MOTIF interface Class Object Browsers Direct Graphics Manipulation Ntuple viewer Histogram style panel Figure 9 1 PAW and PAW compared At present PAW is available on Unix workstations and VAX VMS PAW has in addition to the conventional command line and macro types of interface the following dialogue modes Pull Down menus They are useful to understand the command structure of the PAW system Command panels They give a panel representation of the commands Object Browser This is in many ways similar to the well known browsers in the PC MAC utilities or the visual tools on some workstations 132 133 Direct graphics One can click in the graphics area and identify automatically which object has been selected A pop up menu appears with a list of possible actions on this object For example by clicking with the right mouse button on a histogram one can make directly a gaussian fit a smoothing etc Pop up menus are available by clicking on the Graphics Window to automatically produce PostScript Encapsulated PostScr
209. norspeursgmbos T soto superscr Se oos goto normal evel ofseris amp backspace one chaar 5 termination character option SSS Note that characters can be also entered directly in lower case or upper case instead of using the control characters lt and gt The boldface characters may be simulated by setting the attributes PASS and CSHI with IGSET The meaning of these attributes is the following Every stroke used to display the character is repeated PASS times at a distance in percentage of the character height given by CSHI PostScript text fonts PostScript files the text can be generated with PostScript fonts The figure 7 15 shows all the PostScript fonts available on most PostScript printers Note that the fonts 15 to 24 are the same than 1 to 14 but they are drawn in hollow mode The correspondence between ASCII and ZapfDingbats font is given on figures 7 16 and 7 17 TEXT control characters are taken into account In addition the character switches to the ZapfDingbats character set lt gore ower case optional gt goto upper case optional eo 1o greek Roman default endof greek FT eo 1o special symbols end of special symbols T seZapmingbas end of aptDingbars Ti eo 1o superscript gt eorosubscripe sete normal level of script amp backspace one character 5 termination character opioa The PostScript fonts can be
210. nteractively see section 3 7 3 giving a label to each button In the top menu bar 3 pull down menus File View and are available The pull down menu File whose contents is displayed contains the 2 items Save to save the actual panel configuration after editing and Close to close the panel and erase it from the screen The View menu contains various options for displaying the same panel in different ways see section 3 7 3 and the Help menu contains various items to help the user concerning this panel interface This new panel definition can also be done with the command PANEL using the sequence PANEL O PANEL 4 06 PANEL O D This is my first panel 250x200 500 600 56 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP NEWPANEL 4 6 First panel _ 250 200 500 600 This command creates an empty panel with 4 rows and 6 columns of buttons The title of this panel will be set to First panel The panel size in pixels is 250 width x 200 height and the panel position in pixels is 500 along X axis 600 along Y axis Figure 3 7 New Panel of Commands You can get automatically access to the command NEWPANEL and its corresponding Command Argument Panel by selecting the menu item New Command Panel in the View menu of the Executive Window Fig 3 7 2 Predefined Panel of Commands The command PANEL for a key or button definition has to be used
211. ntry Path The directory can be changed by pointing at the tail of the wanted sub path and clicking the left mouse button Clicking a second time on the same path segment performs the directory change and updates the DirList window with the list of objects 3 7 Motif mode 51 File View Options Path kuip Commands Read Write File 10 Kuip Macro 12 Directory 2 ftn kuip src kxtenr n cir edt edt cir zsave dat n dokuip kurr ac kuip 0804 cir 2 Kuip Macro cmzlogon kumac File fist of all files cmzljigon kumac Kuip Macro Figure 3 5 Main Browser Window the number of objects of all the different classes defined for the selected browsable in the current directory e The two lines of information at the bottom are filled with Fig 3 5 short description of the browsable which is currently selected entry File a short description of the object which is selected in the object window for a given browsable Below follows a description of the different Browser menus File The File menu in the paw Main Browser is shown below 52 View Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Open Hbook File Open one ZEBRA RZ file Close Hbook File Close one ZEBRA RZ file Exit Exit from PAW The View menu allows to change the way objects are displayed or selected Icons Small Icons No Icons Titles Select All
212. number Otherwise classify the variable value as a string Otherwise classify it as the string foo Macro variables do not have to and cannot be declared The value is always stored as a string and it depends on the context whether the value should be interpreted as a number Also there is no way to tell in the beginning whether the right hand side of an assignment is an arithmetic or a string expression The lexical analyzer starts off interpreting tokens as a numbers if it can For example 1 2 a b is tokenized as number number and gives c 3 even though the values assigned to a and b are originally quoted If we have a string expression 00 bar this could result in the possible token sequences string string number string string number number number depending whether the values of foo and bar look like a number Accordingly we would have to defi ne four grammar rules to cover these different cases The same problem occurs in system functions expecting a string argument e g SUBSTRING foo 2 3 would need two rules for foo being a number or a genuine string Yacc allows to avoid this inflation of necessary rules by using so called lexical tie ins After having seen or SUBSTRING the parser can instruct the lexical analyzer that it should not attempt to classify the next token as a number Therefore a single rule for each system function
213. o in the file the MACRO header can be omitted For the last macro in the file the RETURN trailer may be omitted Therefore a kumac file containing only commands like the LAST KUMAC already constitutes a valid macro Input lines starting with an asterisk are comments The vertical bar acts as in line comment character unless it appears inside a quoted string An underscore _ at the end of a line concatenates it to the next line Invoking a macro triggers the compilation of the whole kumac file not just the single macro called for The ENDKUMAC statement fakes an end of file condition during the compilation This allows to keep unfinished material which would cause compilation errors simply by moving it after the ENDKUMAC statement rather than having to comment the offending lines The APPLICATION statement has the same form and similar functionality as the SET APPLICATION command 38 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP Macro Statements STATEMENT MACRO mname vari val RETURN value ENDKUMAC EXEC mname vali EXITM value STOPM APPLICATION command marker name expression READ var prompt SHIFT GOTO label label IF expr GOTO label IF THEN ELSEIF ELSE ENDIF CASE ENDCASE WHILE DO ENDWHILE REPEAT UNTIL DO ENDDO FOR ENDFOR BREAKL NEXTL N ERROR CONTINUE ERROR GOTO label N ERROR EXITM value N ERROR STOPM FF ERROR N ERROR DESCRIPTION
214. of a file which contains the user defined function to be minimized Function name and file name must be the same For example file FUNC FOR is FUNCTION FUNC X or FUNC X Y for a 2 Dim histogram COMMON PAWPAR PAR 2 FUNC PAR 1 X PAR 2 EXP X END 2 One of the keywords below 1 dim histograms only which will use the parameterization de scribed at the right for the fit G Func par 1 exp 0 5 x par 2 par 3 2 E Func exp par 1 par 2 x Pn Func par 1 par 2 x par 3 x 2 par nt i x n O n 20 6 6 Fitting with PAW HBOOK MINUIT 93 CHOPT NP PAR STEP PMIN PMAX 3 A combination of the keywords above with the 2 operators or Note that in this case the order of parameters in PAR must correspond to the order of the basic functions Blanks are not allowed in the expression All options of the HISTO PLOT command plus the following additional ones 0 V W Do not plot the result of the fit By default the fitted function is drawn unless the option N below is specified Some or all parameters are bounded In this case vectors STEP PMIN PMAX must be specified Default is All parameters vary freely The user is assumed to compute derivatives analytically using routine HDERIV By default deriva tives are computed numerically Use Log Likelihood method Default is x method Invokes interactive Minuit See on Page 96 Do not st ore the result of the fit bin by bin with the histogram By default
215. of workstation has to be opened It corresponds to a line number in a file higz windows dat PAW tries to open this file in your current working directory If it does not succeed it tries in your HOME directory If it doesn t succeed once more it creates the file in your HOME directory as follows 0000 0000 0600 0600 0000 0000 0600 0600 where the lines define each of the workstation types from 1 to 10 with the x margin left y margin top x size width and y size height of the corresponding window in pixels For a more complete and up to date description you can refer to the PAW FAQs avaialable from the PAW web home page 2 1 4 Different modes to start PAW A batch version of PAW is available note that batch implies workstation type 0 On Unix do paw b macroname On VMS PAW BATCH macroname One can disable the automatic execution of the PAWLOGON macro On Unix do paw n On VMS do PAW NOLOG 2 2 Initialising PAW 11 2 2 Initialising PAW When PAW is started a system startup procedure is initiated which indicates the current version of PAW and requests the workstation type of the terminal or workstation which you are using PAW ok k k kk kk kk k k kk k k k k k k k k kK k kK 2k WELCOME to PAW Version 2 10 01 2 September 1998 Workstation type HELP lt CR gt 1
216. om MINUIT MINUIT offers the user a choice of several minimization algorithms The MIGRAD Other algorithms are avail able with Interactive MINUIT as described on Page 96 algorithm is in general the best minimizer for nearly all functions It is a variable metric method with inexact line search a stable metric updating scheme and checks for positive definiteness Its main weakness is that it depends heavily on knowledge of the first derivatives and fails miserably if they are very inaccurate If first derivatives are a problem they can be calculated analytically inside the user function and communicated to PAW via the routine HDERIV If parameter limits are needed in spite of the side effects then the user should be aware of the following techniques to alleviate problems caused by limits 6 6 Fitting with PAW HBOOK MINUIT 91 Getting the right minimum with limits If MIGRAD converges normally to a point where no parameter is near one of its limits then the existence of limits has probably not prevented MINUIT from finding the right minimum On the other hand if one or more parameters is near its limit at the minimum this may be because the true minimum is indeed at a limit or it may be because the minimizer has become blocked at a limit This may normally happen only if the parameter is so close to a limit internal value at an odd multiple of 5 that MINUIT prints a warning to this effect when it prints the parameter values
217. on the plot x Date Position Top Left The date is drawn on the top left of the plot Top Right The name is drawn on the top right of the plot default Bottom Left The date is drawn on the bottom left of the plot Bottom Right The date is drawn on the bottom left of the plot 9 4 3 Style Style Object Attributes General Attributes The various buttons invoke the cor Viewing Angles Geometry Zones responding panel e g Object At tributes invokes the Object At E tributes Axis Scaling Axis Settings Font pane 9 4 4 General Attributes The General Attributes panel allow to define attributes like marker type marker size line type or color definition for the low level graphics primitives like the lines the markers the boxes etc Q General Attributes D This menu choice allows you to define the current marker type used 2 This scale allows you to change the marker scale factor 3 This menu choice allows you to define the current line style used 164 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 4 This push button opens the Define Color panel see below By default the automatic refresh is on and as soon as an attribute is changed the current picture is updated with the new attribute value But when the automatic refresh is off this button becomes active a should pressed in order to update the current picture with the new attribute v
218. on we may say 0P does such and such to arg in reality it leaves arg intact and works on the argument to produce R 5 3 SIGMA functions 69 Name ANY DEL DIFF LS LVMAX LVMIM NCO ORDER PROD QUAD SUMV VMAX VMIN VSUM Result Explanation Scalar The result is a Boolean scalar of value 1 true if at least one component of the argu ment is true and 0 false otherwise Vector Analog to the Dirac DELta Function V1 DEL V sets each element of V1 to 0 0 if corresponding element in V is non zero or to 1 0 if corresponding element is zero Vector V2 DIFF V forward difference of V The rightmost value in V1 is obtained by quadratic extrapolation over the last three elements of V Vector V1 LS V N shifts index of V to the left by N steps cyclic Scalar S1 LVMAX V1 sets S1 equal to the index location of the maximum value in vector V1 Scalar S1 LVMIN V1 sets S1 equal to the index location of the minimum value in vector V1 Vector V3 MAX V1 V2 sets each element of equal to the maximum of the corresponding elements in V1 and V2 Vector V1 MAXV V sets each element of V1 equal to the maximum value in V Vector V3 MIN V1 V2 sets each element of V3 equal to the minumum of the corresponding elements in V1 and V2 Vector V1 MINV V sets each element of V1 equal to the minimum value in V Scalar V1 NCO V Number of COmponents of vector of V Vector V1 0RDER V
219. ons The objects are represented with small icons No Icons Only the object identifier and type are displayed Titles Small icons objects identifiers and titles are displayed Select All All the objects are selected Filter Apply a filter on object names Icons icons and the object identifiers are displayed File pawdemo hbook 150 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Pawt Main Browser Options Commands ly 17 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 1 Small Icons small icons and the object identifiers are displayed File pawdemo hbook Paw Main Browser Options Commands y 17 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 1 10 14 No Icons object identifiers and titles ntuple 1 2d are displayed 2a 11 2 2a 12 28 2 3 24 4 24 14 24 File pawdemo hbook Paw Main Browser Options Commands y 17 1d Histogram 14 2d Histogram 24 Ntuple 1 directory Titles small icons and the object iden tifiers and titles are displayed 1d TEST 2d TEST OF HRNDM2 Ntuple TEST H TUPLES 24 PHI VS Y VE UNWEIGHTED File pawdemo hbook 9 2 The Main Browser 151 Options Raise Window Raise a given window Command Argument Panel Get help on a given command Commands This menu allows to access the tree of the PAW commands Only the top levels are describe in this section Note the tree of the PAW commands can
220. or buttons where pixmaps are used instead of alpha numerical labels panel x y command label pixmap The last parameter pixmap optional is the pixmap to be used for representing the key button graphically If it is specified the graphical representation is displayed by default It is anyway always possible at run time to ask for an alpha numerical representation by selecting the appropriate entry in the View menu of the panel To create a new icon bitmap or pixmap one can use the X11 standard bitmap editor bitmap E g to get a 20 x 20 pixel icon called m1 one can type bitmap m1 bm 20x20 The output file m1 bm containing define 3 7 Motif mode 57 Macro for panel defi nition MOTIF PANEL panel test kumac panel 0 panel 3 02 list panel 3 03 null 1 100 1 100 panel 4 03 file panel 6 01 FUNDEMO panel 6 03 null panel O d Test Panel 450x250 600 600 lis 0 null 1 100 1 100 BE FUNDEMO null Close button to close panel Save button to save panel into a macro file Access to various helps on the PANEL interface D 9 User defined buttons Figure 3 8 Predefined Panel of Commands mi width 20 has to be referred in the command MOTIF ICON with the correct path for the filename e g MOTIF ICON mi user mi bm The following macro is a general example for a panel
221. or keyboard command If pointer default focus is determined by the mouse pointer position Pawtt doubleClickInterval 400 The time span in milliseconds within which two button clicks must occur to be considered a double click rather than two single clicks Pawtt dirlist background Specify the background color for the iconbox part of the browser Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconForeground Specify the foreground color for the icons of type jobject Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconBackground Specify the background color for the icons of type jobject Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconLabelForeground black Specify the foreground color for the labels of the icons of type jobjectz Pawt dirlist lt object gt iconLabelBackground white Specify the background color for the labels of the icons of type jobject Currently the following different jobject s are defined dir directory 1d id histograms 2d 2d histograms ntuple Ntuples pict Higz pictures chain Ntuple chains entry Ntuple chain entries hbook Hbook files The default iconForeground and iconBackground colors for these objects are Pawt dirlist dir iconForeground blue Pawt dirlist 1d iconForeground DarkGoldenrod3 Pawtt dirlist 2d iconForeground DeepPink3 Pawt dirlist ntuple iconForeground SteelBlue3 Pawt dirlist pict iconForeground green4 Pawtt dirlist chain iconForeground blue Pawtt dirlist entry iconForeground OrangeRed
222. ot be used in alias definitions gt A CREATE square roots SIGMA sqrt array 3 1 3 PAW gt V PRINT square_roots VECTOR PRINT unknown vector SIG1 FORMAT expr format returns the expression value formatted according to the Fortran format specifier The possible formats are F and 7 hexadecimal gt MESS FORMAT 1 5 F5 2 x 1 50 PAW gt MESS i FORMAT 15 I5 i 15 PAW gt MESS j FORMAT 15 15 4 j 0015 INLINE allows to insert the value of an alias or macro variable into an expression which is then treated as being part of the expression For example convert foo INLINE convert C bar is equivalent to foo UPPER bar i e foo BAR Without INLINE the content of convert would be treated as a text string with the result that foo UPPER bar 3 3 4 Histograms inquiry functions HEXIST id returns 1 if histogram id exists or 0 otherwise HINFO id ENTRIES returns the number of entries HINFO id MEAN returns the mean value HINFO RMS returns the standard deviation HINFO id EVENTS returns the number of equivalent event HINFO id OVERFLOW returns the content of overflow channel HINFO UNDERFLOW returns the content of underflow channel HINFO id MIN returns the minimum b
223. our determined by the corresponding fill area colour index 1 to 99 If they are between 1199 and 1999 then the surface is filled with the colour determined by the corresponding fill area colour index 1 to 99 and the border is drawn with the corresponding line color index 1 to 9 If one of the COL is greater than 1000 the corresponding value of the Fill Area Interior Style for HTYP BTYP PTYP or FTYP is automatically set to 1 solid In addition BCOL has two digits after the dot The first one specifies the colour of the zone box shadowing and the second the colour of the statistic box shadowing 7 7 Information about histograms Four options are available to plot additional informations on HPLOT pictures DATE FILE STAT and FIT PAW gt OPTION DATE PAW gt OPTION FILE PAW gt OPTION STAT PAW gt OPTION FIT Plot date and hour on current HPLOT picture Plot file name of current histogram Plot statistics of current histogram Plot Fit parameters of current histogram For each of these OPTION commands a corresponding SET parameter is available PAW gt SET DATE i Default is 2 PAW gt SET FILE i Default is 1 where i defines the position of the date or file name Top left corner of page current histogram Top right corner Bottom left corner p e N e Bottom right corner For example the command PAW gt SET DATE 3 sets the position of the date to the bottom left corner of the HPLOT pictures
224. panel is closed File name of the opened file Apply the filter defined in List of the subdirectories available Double click on a directory name change the current directory Cancel the current opened panel and clode it Q List of the file in the current directory matching the filter Help Note that a double click with the left mouse button on a HBOOK file icon in the object window of the Main Browser open also the HBOOK file This panel is usefull to specify a filter different form the default filter hbook used in the object window 9 2 The Main Browser 149 CD List of the currently connected hbook Close Arguments files 2 A simple click with the left mouse but ton a file name in the connected files list highlight the filename and put it in the Close file field 3 Name of the file to be closed This field can be filled directly by tipyng on the keyboard or by a simple click with the left mouse button in the Connected Files list When a file is selected clicking on this button or typing lt CR gt allows to per form the action close the file and close the panel Close the selcted file and leave the panel opened Cancel the current operation and close the panel Give some help View This pull down menu allows to define the viewing for the objects in the object window of the Main Browser Icons The objects are represented with big icons default Small Ic
225. per orientation 109 INDEX parameter 6 errors fit 91 PASS IGSET parameter 107 122 SET parameter 109 path 10 PAW 16 51 90 access 10 entities 15 initialisation 11 object 15 server 131 structure 6 PAW Physics Analysis Workstation 132 133 136 141 142 144 151 161 163 165 175 PAW 4 132 135 139 155 176 178 PAW Locate 135 158 159 PAWC common 77 78 PAWC directory 78 PAWINT 77 PAWLOGON 10 11 PCOL SET parameter 109 112 114 PICT IGSET parameter 107 PICT LIST 102 picture 5 9 101 109 fill area colour 110 type 110 line width 110 PICTURE CREATE 102 PICTURE FILE 105 PICTURE PRINT 103 PIE 66 110 place holder exclamation mark character 12 PLCI IGSET parameter 107 PLOT commands 15 PLOTHIS 79 PMCI IGSET parameter 107 polyline colour index 108 type 108 width 108 polymarker colour index 108 scale factor 108 type 108 PostScript 9 15 100 145 colour printers 100 fonts 122 Courier 122 INDEX Courier Bold 122 Courier BoldOblique 122 Courier Oblique 122 Helvetica 122 Helvetica Bold 122 Helvetica BoldOblique 122 Helvetica Oblique 122 Symbol 122 Times Bold 122 Times BoldItalic 122 Times Italic 122 Times Roman 122 ZapfDingbats 122 special A4 100 precision text 121 prefix SIGMA 67 presenter 130 131 PRINT commands 15 PROD 69 PROF SIGMA 73 projection 8 PSIZ SET parameter 109 PTO OPTION parameter 108 PTO OP
226. plate can contain 1 9 which are substituted with the n th token from the original command line or which is replaced by the complete line For example PAW can be turned into a calculator by PAW gt SET COMMAND sigma gt 17 2 5 27 SET COMMAND has almost the same effect as DEFAULT AutoReverse but these are two distinct facilities which can be active simultaneously The difference is that for SET COMMAND the token in the command name position must not match any command If does not apply if the token is an ambiguous command name Both Auto AutoReverse and SET COMMAND logic are ignored during the execution of macro scripts 3 1 2 Arguments Most commands have parameters for which the user is expected to supply argument values Parameters are either mandatory or optional Mandatory arguments which are not specified on the command line are prompted for If optional arguments are omitted a default value is used instead Mandatory parameters always precede the optional parameters The command USAGE allows to see the number of parameters for a command PAW gt usage manual KUIP MANUAL ITEM OUTPUT OPTION The optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets The default values can be seen from the help text for a command The STYLE command shown in figure 3 2 has only optional arguments The corresponding default values are indicated in the help information a
227. ple they are used in algebraic formulas to define boolean cut criteria or other dependent variables that are relevant to the analysis A boolean valued function of the variables of a given event Such functions allow the user to specify that only events meeting certain criteria are to be included in a given distribution A set of columns of zeros and ones that is identical in form to a new set of Ntuple variables A mask is typically used to save the results of applying a set of cuts to a large set of events so that time consuming selection computations are not repeated needlessly Sequence of one or more statements with a FORTRAN like syntax entered on the command line or via an external file Statistical Analysis Terminology Histogram Booking Filling Fitting Projection Band Slice Weight A one or two dimensional array of data generated by HBOOK in batch or in a PAW session Histograms are implicitly or explicitly declared booked they can be filled by explicit entry of data or can be derived from other histograms The information stored with a histogram includes a title binning and packing definitions bin contents and errors statistic values possibly an associated function vector and output attributes Some of these items are optional The ensemble of this information constitutes an histogram The operation of declaring creating an histogram The operation of entering data values into a given histogram Least squa
228. plot Boxes Boxes plot Color Color plot Hidden Lines Surfaces Surface plot Color Level Surface 1 Surface plot Color Level Surface 2 Surface plot Surface and Contour Surface plot Gouraud Shaded Surface Surface plot Hidden Lines Lego Lego plot Filled Lego Lego plot Color Level Lego Lego plot Contour Plot Line contour plot Filled Contour PLot Text Filled contour plot Text plot 9 5 Ntuple Viewer 173 9 5 GO6O0O000 Ntuple Viewer m f LUN2 10 CJERN Populati 3354 11C CATEGORY FLAG AGE SERVICE CHILDREN GRADE STEP First Row i HRWEEK COST DIVISION Histogram ID 1000000 NATION Cut Editor 1 Ignore ts B J Extended Info mj Overlay 9 n Number of Rows 335 20 Options v Profile mE Field showing the current directory and the name of the Ntuple The names of the variables defi ned for the Ntuple If you double click on one of the variable names a histogram showing the values of the variable will be plotted The X Y and Z fields allow you to defi ne which variables will be used by thePlot and Scan buttons These fi elds can be fi lled in two ways firstly by typing the name or an expression of a variable secondly by double clicking in one of the X Y or Z fields In the latter case the fi eld pointed at is fi lled with the variable highligted in the list of variable
229. positions are specified in the user file higz_windows dat User specific intializations are specified in the file pawlogon kumac Command Mode Interface The most basic interface is the KUIP command mode interface KUIP provides a basic syntax for commands that are parsed and passed on to the PAW application routines to perform specific tasks Among the basic features of KUIP with which the user interacts are the following 1 5 Fundamental Objects of PAW 3 e Command Entry Any unique partially entered command is interpreted as a fully entered command KUIP responds to an ambiguous command by listing the possible alternatives On Unix systems individual com mand lines can be edited in place using individual control keystrokes similar to those of the emacs editor or the bash or tcsh Unix command shells On other systems a command line that is in error can only be revised after it is entered using the VAX VMS editor EDT style text line editing language e Parameters Parameters are entered after the basic command on the same line and are separated by spaces If a parameter has embedded blanks it must be it must be put between quotes An exclamation point can be used to keep the default parameters in a sequence when only a later parameter is being changed If an underscore _ is the last character on a line the command may be continued on the next line no spaces are allowed in the middle of continued parameter fields e On Lin
230. ption Every time the current directory is changed the Current working directory indicator is updated The current working directory can be changed by clicking on a item in the PATH window of the Main Browser or by clicking on a icon directory in the Main Browser itself Hold buttons D Allows manipulation of the Transcript Pad 2 Allows character string seach copy paste in the Transcript Pad 3 Allows to invoke other panel 4 Some general settings are available in this menu 5 Online help 9 1 The Executive Window 9 1 1 The Executive Window menu bar 137 In this section is describe the full functionality of the pull down menu available in the Menu Bar of the Executive Window File About Kxterm Displays version information about Kxterm About lt Application gt Displays version information about the applica Print Kill Exit Pawt Question e Edit Cut Copy Paste Search tion Kxterm is servicing Save Transcript Write the contents of the transcript pad to the cur rent file If there is no current file a file selection box will appear Save Transcript As Write the contents of the transcript pad to a user specified file Print the contents of the transcript pad not yet implemented Send a SIGINT signal to the application to cause it to core dump This is useful when the appli cation is hanging or blocked Use only in
231. ptions SET CHOPT VAL Sets an HPLOT parameter see table 7 3 and figures 7 3 7 4 7 5 and 7 6 for details CHOPT Character variable of length 4 identifying the parameter to be redefined must be given in uppercase Special values are 2 All parameters are set to their default values SHOW list of all parameters and their values is printed VAR New value for the parameter specified Special values are O The corresponding parameters is set to its default value Table 7 1 Parameters and default values for IGSET NAME default Explanation AURZ O If 1 the last current picture is automatically saved on disk when a new picture is created 0 0 Axis wire length Default is length 0 no grid BARO 0 Offset of the left edge of the bar with respect to the left margin of the bin for a bar chart expressed as a fraction of the bin width BARW Width of the bar in a bar chart expressed as fraction of the bin width BASL Basic segment length in NDC space 0 1 by 0 1 for dashed lines BORD Border flag If 1 a border is drawn in boxes pie charts CHHE CHaracter HEight CSHI s Distance between each shifted drawing of a character in percentage of character height for characters drawn by TEXT Fill Area Colour Index Fill Area Interior Style 0 1 2 3 Fill Area Style Index LAbels OFfset LAbels SIze in World coordinates Line TYPe Line WIDth Marker SCal
232. put generated by the program is shown below Filled according to HTFUNI Fill according to HTFUN2 HBOOK ID 110 DATE 0 HBOOK ID 210 DATE 02 09 89 4 CHANNELS 1 CHANNELS 100 CONTENTS 100 LOW EDGE TP E ENTRIE ALL CH BIN WID MEAN VALUE PLOT 6 3 1 Adding some data to the RZ file The second run using program HTEST1 shows how to add some data to the HBOOK RZ file created in the job HTEST After opening the file in question in update mode U option with the name EXAM2 a new directory NTUPLE is created known as EXAM2 NTUPLE as seen in the output of HLDIR command at the end of the output A one and a two dimensional histogram and a Ntuple with identifiers of respectively 10 20 and 30 are booked Each Ntuple element or event is characterised by three variables labelled X Y and Z The Ntuple data when the initial size of 1000 words is exhausted will be written to the directory specified in the call to HBOOKN i e EXAM2 NTUPLE and the data in memory are replaced with those newly read A one and a two dimensional 6 4 Using PAW to analyse data 81 projection of X and X Y are then made onto histograms 10 and 20 respectively before they are printed and written on the HBOOK RZ file At the end the current and parent directories are listed The contents of the latter shows that the data written in the first job HTEST are indeed still present in the file under the top direc
233. put of vectors 4 8 Fitting the contents of a vector SIGMA 5 1 AccesstoSIGMA 0 0 5 2 Vector arithmetic operations using SIGMA 5 2 3 Controloperators 5 3 51 5 3 1 SIGMA functions A detailed description 5 4 Available library functions HBOOK 6 1 Introduction 6 4 4 The functionality of HBOOK 6 2 Basi 1deas 5 we sone wo ER S 6 2 1 RZ directories and HBOOK files 6 3 3 4 1 Creating vectors 3 4 2 Accessing Vector arithmetic operations Vector arithmetic operations using SIGMA Using vectors in a COMIS routine Usage of vectors with other PAW objects 5 2 1 Basic operators 5 2 2 Logicaloperators 6 2 2 Changing directories HBOOK batch as the first step of the analysis 6 3 1 Adding some data to the RZ file iii 8 6 4 Using PAW 6 4 1 Plothistogramdata ees 65 Ntuples A closerlook ii c coce m Sov 6 5 1 Ntuple plotting variables and selection mechanisms 6 52 2 RR Bone boh Ie eb bd eos 6 533 Examples SRM RIMIS BRE hee WS EA eh gu e 6 6 Fitting with PAW HBOOK MINUIT lll 6 6 1 MINUIT lees 6 6 2 Basic con
234. r heigh to 1 cm gt 5 5 Hello the size of Hello is 1 cm TEXT In the command TEXT the text size is a mandatory parameter SIZE PAW gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 1 the size of Hello is 1 cm Text orientation The text orientation is an angle in degrees between the X axis and the text axis By default this angle is equal to 0 HPLOT text Text orientation cannot be changed with some SET parameters for the HPLOT text It is always automaticaly computed For example in the command ATITLE which draws the axis titles the title on the Y axis is automaticaly drawn with an angle of 90 degrees ITX The text orientation attribute for use by future invocations of ITX is set using the TANG parameter as follows PAW IGSET TANG 90 set the text angle to 90 degrees gt 5 5 Hello Hello is drawn with an angle of 90 degrees TEXT In the command TEXT the text orientation is an optional parameter ANGLE gt TEXT 5 5 Hello 90 Hello is drawn with an angle of 90 degrees 120 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT Horizontal alignment Vertical alignment 3 Right 2 Centre 0 or 1 Left Normal Figure 7 11 Text alignment Text alignment The text alignment controls the placement of the character string with respect to the specified text position HPLOT text Text alignment cannot be changed for the HPLOT text It is automaticaly computed ITX The
235. ram data The analysis of the data can now start and we begin by looking at the histograms in the top directory Figure 6 4 shows the commands entered and the corresponding output plot They should be compared with the lineprinter output in Section 6 3 6 5 Ntuples A closer look We now turn our attention to the NTUPLE directory to show the functionality and use of Ntuples After making NTUPLE the current directory the available HBOOK objects are listed The structure of the Ntuple with identifier 30 is PRINTed The contents of the various Ntuple elements events can be viewed by the NTUPLE SCAN command As with most Ntuple commands a selection criterion can be given to treat only given selected subsamples of the Ntuple two examples are seen with the further NTUPLE SCAN commands see figure 6 5 6 5 1 Ntuple plotting variables and selection mechanisms The general format of the command NTUPLE PLOT to project and plot a Ntuple as a 1 Dim or 2 Dim histogram with automatic binning possibly using a selection algorithm is NTUPLE PLOT idn uwfunc nevent ifirst nupd chopt idh IDN Ntuple Identifier and variable s see table 6 1 UWFUNC Selection function see table 6 2 Default no function 82 TEST TEST2 10 DATE 02 09 89 No 1 HBOOK ID 20 DATE 02 09 89 NO 2 270 260 II CHANNELS 10 U 0 1 2 E 250 Brit 1 N 123456789012345678901234567890 V FOGG IGG
236. re 1 No output except from SHOW commands Minimum output no starting values or intermediate results Default value normal output Additional output giving intermediate results w N e Maximum output showing progress of minimizations SET STRategy level Sets the strategy to be used in calculating first and second derivatives and in certain minimization methods In general low values of level mean fewer function calls and high values mean more reliable minimization Currently allowed values are 0 1 default and 2 SHOw XXXX All SET XXXX commands have a corresponding SHOw XXXX command In addition the SHOw commands listed starting here have no corresponding SET command for obvious reasons The full list of SHOw commands is printed in response to the command HELP SHOw SHOw CORrelations Calculates and prints the parameter correlations from the error matrix SHOw COVariance Prints the external covariance error matrix SIMplex maxcalls tolerance Performs a function minimization using the simplex method of Nelder and Mead Minimization terminates either when the function has been called approximately maxcalls times or when the estimated vertical distance to minimum EDM is less than tolerance The default value of tolerance is 0 1 UP see SET ERR Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 7 1 HPLOT HIGZ and local graphics package Graphics input output in PAW is handled by the two packages HPLOT Histogra
237. re 3 9 shows the panel defined in the macro listed above with different View ing options In the first window top right the View menu is displayed with the different possibilities which are offered to the user to see the same panel in different ways Panel Edition and Saving All the panels new or predefined can be edited interactively Clicking with the left mouse button on a panel button removes its definition Clicking with the right mouse button on an empty panel button the user will be asked to give a definition to this button figure 3 10 The PANEL commands needed to recreate a panel can be automatically saved into a macro file by pressing the Save button Fig 3 8 The panel configuration with its current size and position which can be modified interactively is kept into the macro Panels can be reloaded either by executing the command PANEL 0 D or by pressing the Command Panel button in the View menu of the Executive Window and entering the corresponding macro file name Some characters in the panel keys buttons have a special meaning The dollar sign inside a key is replaced by additional keyboard input For example V PRINT V entering 11 20 will execute V PRINT V 11 20 Keys ending with a double minus sign make an additional request of keyboard input For example V PRINT V entering AB will execute V PRINT VAB Multi panel or Palette of panels Definition It may be nice or more
238. refore be restricted as much as possible 3 2 0 Command aliases This problem described above does not arise if a command alias is created instead ALIAS CREATE C e EDIT Command aliases are only recognized if they appear at the beginning of a command line ignoring leading blanks Hence there is no need to protect command arguments from inadvertent substitutions Furthermore the match must be exact ignoring case differences i e the command GRAPHICS HPLOT ERRORS can still be abbreviated as HPLOT E Alias values can also represent several commands by using one of the line separators described in section 3 1 3 e g ALIAS CREATE C ciao MESS Hello world MESS How you 3 3 System functions 27 3 3 System functions A set of built in so called system functions is provided They allow for example to inquire the current di alogue style or to manipulate strings The complete list of available functions can be obtained from HELP KUIP FUNCTIONS The function name is preceded by a sign Arguments are given as a comma separated list of values delimited by and The arguments may be expressions containing other system functions Functions without arguments must be followed by a character which is different from a letter a digit an underscore or a colon 0SMOSIS will not be recognized as the function 05 followed by MOSIS If that is the desired effect the concatenation operator has to be
239. res and maximum likelihood fits of parametric functions to histograms and vectors The operation of projecting two dimensional distributions onto either or both axes A band is a projection onto the X or Y axis restricted to an interval along the other Y or X axis A slice is a projection onto the X or Y axis restricted to one bin along the other Y or X axis Hence a slice is a special case of a band with the interval limited to one bin PAW allows the user to include a multiplicative statistical bias for each event which is a scalar function of the available variables This permits the user to correct for known statistical biases in the data when making histograms of event distributions KUIP ZEBRA User Environment Terminology Macro A text file containing a set commands and logical constructs to control the flow of execution Pa rameters can be supplied when calling a macro 1 7 A PAW Glossary 9 Vector The equivalent of a FORTRAN array supporting up to three dimensions The elements of a vector can be stored using a real or an integer representation they can be entered interactively on a terminal or read from an external file Logical Directory The ZEBRA data storage system resembles a file system organized as logical directories PAW maintains a global variable corresponding to the current directory where PAW applications will look for PAW objects such as histograms The ZEBRA directory structure is a tree and user
240. rical Spherical Pseudo Rapidity All lego and surfaces will be in cartesian coordinates All lego and surfaces will be in polar coordinates All lego and surfaces will be in cylindrical coordinates All lego and surfaces will be in spherical coordinates All lego and surfaces will be in pseudo rapidity coordinates 172 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 9 4 13 Plot Options The possible plotting option for 1D histograms available in the Histogram Style Panel are the following Default Line Smooth Curve Normal histogram drawing Draw the histogram with line Draw the histogram as a smooth curve Bar Chart Draw the histogram as a bar chart Star Draw the histogram with stars Error Bars Draw the histogram with error bars Error Bars lines Error Rectangles Error Filled Area Error Smoothed Area Draw the histogram with error bars ended with tick marks Draw the histogram with error rectangles Draw the histogram as a filled area Draw the histogram a a smoothed and filled area Hidden Lines Surface Draw the histogram as a surface Color Level Surface 1 Draw the histogram as a surface Color Level Surface 2 Draw the histogram as a surface Hidden Lines Lego Draw the histogram as a lego Filled Lego Draw the histogram as a lego Color Level Lego Draw the histogram as a lego The possible plotting option for 2D histograms available in the Histogram Style Panel are the following Default Scatter
241. right mouse button to obtain the following menu View Read the file Delete Delete the file Note that the file name is displayed in the menu title No access files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon invoke the shell command chmod on the corresponding file 144 Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Select a No access files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Chmod Try to change the permissions of the file Note that the file name is displayed in the menu title Executable files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon invoke the command SHELL on the corre sponding file Select a Executable files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Execute Invoke the command SHELL on the file Execute Open the command panel SHELL with the file name Edit Edit the file View Read the file Delete Delete the file Note that the file name is displayed in the menu title PAW Macros Double click with the left mouse button on this icon execute the corresponding macro Select a PAW Macros icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Exec Execute the macro Exec Open the command panel EXEC with the macro name It is useful to give parameters to the macro Edit Edit the macro View Read the macro Delete Delete the mac
242. ro Note that the macro name is displayed in the menu title Pictures Double click with the left mouse button on this icon plot the corresponding picture Select a Pictures icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu 9 2 The Main Browser 145 Plot Plot the highlighted picture Do PostScript Produce the PostScript file PNAME ps where PNAME is the name of the highlighted picture Create Create a new picture The command panel Picture Create is automatically invoked Rename Rename the highlighted picture command panel Picture Rename is automatically invoked Delete Rename the highlighted picture Chains Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go one level deeper in the chain tree Select a Chains icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu List List the available chains Show Tree Show the tree from the highlighted chain Delete Chain Delete the highlighted chain Last chain level Last chain element Select a Last chain level icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following List List the available chains Delete Chain Entry Delete the highlighted chain element ZEBRA Stores Double click with the left mouse button on this icon allow to go inside the corresponding ZEBRA store Select a ZEBRA Stores icon with the left mouse
243. ro Processor commands 3 VECTOR Vector Processor commands 4 HISTOGRAM Manipulation of histograms Ntuples 5 FUNCTION Operations with Functions Creation and plotting 6 NTUPLE Ntuple creation and related operations T GRAPHICS Interface to the graphics packages HPLOT and HIGZ 8 PICTURE Creation and manipulation of HIGZ pictures 9 ZEBRA Interfaces to the ZEBRA RZ FZ and DZ packages 10 FORTRAN Interface to MINUIT COMIS SIGMA and FORTRAN Input Output 11 NETWORK To access files on remote computers 12 OBSOLETE Obsolete commands Enter a number Q command mode 4 HISTOGRAM 2 4 Getting help Manipulation of histograms Ntuples Interface to the HBOOK package From HISTOGRAM 1 FILE pen an HBOOK direct access file 2 LIST List histograms and Ntuples in the current directory 3 DELETE Delete histogram Ntuple ID in Current Directory memory 4 PLOT Plot a single histogram or a 2 Dim projection 5 ZOOM Plot a single histogram between channels ICMIN and ICMAX 6 MANY PLOTS Plot one or several histograms into the same plot 7 PROJECT Fill all booked projections of a 2 Dim histogram 8 COPY Copy a histogram not Ntuple onto another one 9 FIT Fit a user defined and parameter dependent function to a histogram ID 1 Dim or 2 Dim in the specified range 10 2D PLOT Plotting of 2 Dim histograms in various formats 11 CREATE Creation booking of HBOOK objects in memor
244. s D value Mandatory parameters may also have a default value which is used if the prompt is acknowledged by simple hitting the RETURN key Otherwise the proposed default is the value used in the previous command execution The STYLE command also shows that there are three different kind of parameters character values indicated by after the parameter name real values and integer values Numeric real or integer parameters may be restricted in the range of acceptable values In the help text this is indicated as R lower upper If the argument value is outside the range PAW prompts the user to enter an acceptable value before the command can be executed The lower or upper range value may be missing to indicate an unlimited range in one direction Instead of a simple numeric value the argument may also be an expression For both numeric and character parameters the range may also be given as a comma separated list of values PAW will accept an argument only if it matches one of the values in the list In general the arguments given on the command line are assigned to the command parameters from left to right but there are also ways to change the order In our syntax notation using to indicate possible alternatives we can write argument value name value value An argument given as a simple value is assigned to the next parameter expected The special values and
245. s Defi nes the fi rst row used in the Ntuple when thePlot or Project buttons are pressed Defi nes the number of rows used starting from First Row when the rPlot or Project buttons are pressed Defi nes the histogram identifi er used when thePlot or Project buttons are pressed Fields showing the number of rows and columns in the Ntuple A toggle button allowing you to enable disable the cuts defi ned with the Cut Editor A toggle button which when pressed will produce the next plot on top of an already existing one i e without clearing the graphics window If pressed 2D plots are drawn with boxes Close the Ntuple Viewer Invoke the Cut Editor When it is pressed the Ntuple variables types and ranges are also listed Produce a plot using all the indications specifi ed on the Ntuple Viewer panel Invoke the Ntuple Scanner Perform the NTUPLE LOOP command If pressed the 2D plots produce profi le histograms Project the selected variables in the histogram specify in Help on the Ntuple Viewer 174 9 6 The Cut Editor we CHILDREN ed E Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour Apply CD Invoke the File menu 2 Invoke the Edit menu 3 Invoke the Options menu Current cut expression ap plied Apply amp Plot 4 Apply the cut Apply the cut and replot the graph Close the cut editor Cut definition panel The current cut is h
246. s all connected files rshell message Server pass message to operating system Access to remote fi les from a workstation PAW gt rlogin CERNVM connect to CERNVM PAW gt rshell file HRZTEST DAT PAW server connects HRZTEST DAT A to LUN11 PAW gt histo plot 10 plot histogram 10 from CERNVM PAW gt histo fit 20 G fit histo 20 with a gaussian and plot it PAW gt rlogin VXCRNA connect to VXCRNA PAW gt rshell file DISK DL HEXAM DAT 3 PAW server on VXCRNA connects file to LUN11 PAW gt histo plot 110 plot histogram 110 from VXCRNA PAW gt rshell file HRZTEST DAT PAW server on VXCRNA connects file to LUN12 PAW gt histo plot 110 s plot histogram 110 from HRZTEST DAT on VXCRNA on the existing picture PAW gt rshell ld list all files connected on VXCRNA PAW gt PAW gt histo plot 110 plot histogram 110 from CERNVM PAW gt histo plot VXCRNA 110 plot histogram 110 from VXCRNA PAW gt cdir PAWC current directory to local memory PAW gt histo list list all histograms in PAWC PAW gt Histo delete 0 delete all histograms in memory PAW gt hrin VXCRNA O read all histograms from VXCRNA file HRZTEST DAT to PAWC change directory to CERNVM creates a new file on the D disk write all histograms from PAWC to CERNVM file NEW DAT D PAW gt cdir CERNVM PAW gt rshell file NEW DAT D 1024 N cdir CERNVM Change current PAW directory to CERNVM
247. s are totally user definable e Object Browser All the objects known in PAW Histograms Ntuples Vectors etc can be manipulated via icons and pull down menus in the Object Browser Direct Graphics Interaction One can click in the graphics area and identify automatically which object has been selected A pop up menu appears with a list of possible actions on this object Graphics Output Window The graphics image produced by PAW commands regardless of the command in terface appears on a separate graphics output window The actual size and position of this window on the screen is controlled by a list of numbers of the form x upper left y upper left x width y height in the user file higz windows dat The width and height of the drawing area within this window are subject to additional user control and the user can specify zones which are essentially ways of dividing the window into panes to allow simultaneous display of more than one plot Some picking facilities are also available 1 5 Fundamental Objects of PAW PAW is implicitly based on a family of fundamental objects see figure 1 1 on the following page Each PAW command performs an action that either produces another object or produces a side effect such as a printed message or graphics display that is not saved anywhere as a data structure Some commands do both and some may or may not produce a PAW data structure depending on the settings of global PAW parameters In this sect
248. s take precedence over the ON ERROR setting see section 3 1 3 cmdi amp cmd2 cmd3 is roughly equivalent to OFF ERROR cmdi IF IQUEST 1 0 THEN cmd2 ON ERROR cmd3 ENDIF ON ERROR except that the ON OFF ERROR statements are virtual and do not overwrite the setting saved by a real OFF ERROR statement 50 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP 3 7 Motif mode 3 7 1 The Browser Interface The Browser interface is a general tool to display and manipulate a tree structure of objects The objects contained in the currently selected directory can be displayed in various forms big icons small icons text only etc It is possible to perform actions on these objects or the directories it selves by accessing pop up menus directly attached to them this behavior of the browser gives access to a direct object manipulation user interface by opposition to the usual command mode interface Description of the Browser Window When PAW start one browser is automatically created and displayed it is called the Browser Later on it is possible to clone this browser by pressing the corresponding button at the bottom right when it is in a certain state This will give to the user the possibility to have several instances of the browser window and look at the same time to different kind of objects A browser window is composed of Fig 3 5 A menu bar with the menu entries File View
249. script Pad at the top The PAW Browser where the various entities pictures 1 D and 2 D histograms and Ntuples are all defi ned with their own symbol is shown bottom left A pop up menu has been activated for the chosen 1 D histogram Several actions like Plot Smooth Fit etc can be performed via this menu The Graphics Window is seen top right A 1 D view of the data points and two 2 D views a Surface plot and a colored contour plot are shown On the 1 D view two 1 D histograms are superimposed The results of a smoothing type of fitto the data points is also drawn Information about the data and the fi t can be found in the inserted window The Histogram Style Panel at the lower right allows graphics attributes of the histogram to be controlled Figure 9 2 PAW windows explained T 135 Viewer gt Paw Graphics 1 LUN2 5000 INVARIANT MASS Exo First Row Number of Rows ED HistogramD 1000098 Cut Editor 1 Ignore Cuts Deline tietoon 1 Overlay M Plot Scan Project Loop Rebh Pawt locate 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 002 004 006 008 01 0 002 004 006 008 01 Paw Main Browser Angular density Angular density Options Commands Cut Editor Directory 1 1d Histogram 106 2d Hist Edit Options 81 m L m E mr AND a lt oed File fuser couet paw d0bb2 hbook D Apply
250. senter on OS9 PAW A guided tour 9 1 9 2 9 3 The Executive Window ee 9 1 1 The Executive Window The Main Browset os 2 eeu be bE Awe eee ee hw up A IER es 9 21 The objects in the object window 9 2 2 The Main Browser 9 2 3 Information Windows ee 9 2 4 Content Window Loc duse RR eue SEEM GG be de SME SET Ge Reni Ad 9 3 1 The Graphics Window 9 3 2 cx Su eh Ime SP oe Se eke et qued 9 3 3 VD Histogram 5 cook go ee SR ae be BA EA es 9 34 2D HistOgram i ie sU amp 90 100 100 100 101 102 104 105 105 105 110 112 114 118 128 129 129 130 131 132 JII AKIS astu uve EA pub E got ol ES Ee 9 3 0 eels ve RISE a Ee m Ren EIU ME eue 9 3 7 LocateonHistogr ms 2 4 ode REG UE Songs HE RU USC E 5 9 3 8 Locate on Ntuples 9 3 9 Integrate Histograms s e goose RE OE a rm RO 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel s s mi ee Rs tur eis PR Pee Sew Ys 9 4 1 The Histogram Style Panel Menu Bar 942 mo eas So ee ee Pe de
251. special case In the command line parsing they are specifically exempted from alias translation in order to allow aliases can be deleted and redefined without quoting For example gt ALIAS DELETE PAW gt ALIAS CREATE foo bar PAW gt ALIAS CREATE bar BQ PAW gt ALIAS CREATE foo tball PAW gt ALIAS LIST Argument aliases BAR gt BQ FOO gt tball No Command aliases defined redefines FOO rather than creating a new alias name BQ The value part however is subject to alias translations If the aliases are created in reverse order PAW gt ALIAS DELETE PAW gt ALIAS CREATE bar BQ PAW gt ALIAS CREATE foo bar PAW gt ALIAS LIST Argument aliases BAR gt BQ FOO gt BQ No Command aliases defined the second alias is created as ALIAS CREATE foo BQ In this case quoting the alias value does not avoid the translation Writing instead ALIAS CREATE foo bar will yield the same result Since the ALIAS commands bypass part of the command line parsing the translation of the value part has to be applied by the ALIAS CREATE command itself At that stage the information about quoting is no longer available The option N allows to inhibit the alias expansion in the value Using this option can lead to an infinite recursion of alias translations which will be detected only when one the alias names involved is actually used 26 Chapter 3 User interface KUIP gt ALIAS DELETE PAW
252. ssions 35 String quoted string unquoted string string string concatenation expr string value of expression converted to string representation variable name alias name system function Table 3 6 Syntax for string expressions IF VEXIST v1 and VEXIST v2 THEN error is not accepted and has to be written as IF VEXIST v1 lt gt 0 and VEXIST v2 lt gt 0 THEN 3 5 3 String expressions String expressions can be used in the macro statements CASE FOR and EXITM in macro variable assignments as system function arguments where a string value is expected as argument to the EVAL function They may be constructed from the syntactic elements shown in table 3 6 3 5 4 Garbage expressions Expressions which do not satisfy any of the above syntax rules we want to call garbage expressions For example s 0S MACHINE is not a proper string expression Unless they appear in a macro statement where specifically only an arithmetic or a boolean expression is allowed PAW does not complain about these syntax errors Instead the following transformations are applied 1 4 alias substitution macro variable replacement values containing a blank character are implicitly quoted system function calls are replaced one by one by their value provided that the argument is a syntactically correct expression string concatenation The same transformations are also applied to command arguments Therefore the
253. st three elements of the result of arg Applied to a scalar DIFF gives a zero result Example of the DIFF command SIGMA gt x array 6 5 0 NCO X 6 X z 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 0000 SIGMA gt NCO Y 6 Y z 25 00 16 00 9 000 4 000 1 000 0 0000 SIGMA gt Z Diff Y NCO Z 6 Z z 9 000 7 000 5 000 3 000 1 000 1 000 5 3 SIGMA functions 71 15 argi arg2 The LS rearrangement function performs a left shift arg1 15 the array to be shifted arg2 must be a scalar value rounded if necessary by the system interpreted as the number of places the array has to be shifted to the left The scalar arg2 can be negative in which case LS shifts to the right a number of places equal to the absolute value of arg2 It should be noted the the shift is performed circularly modulo N where N is the number of components in the rows of the array to be shifted Hence LS X N 1 shifts the N component rows of X by 1 to the left and LS X 1 shifts the rows by N 1 to the left or by 1 to the right If arg1 is a scalar R 1 Example of the left shift command SIGMA gt X array 4 amp 5 array 20 1 20 NCO X 4 5 X 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 SIGMA gt y ls x 1 NCO Y 4 5 Y 2 000 3 000 4 000 1 000 6 000 7 000 3 000 5 000 10 00 11 00 12 00 9 000 14 00 15 00 16 00 13 00 18 00 19 00 20 00
254. statements 37 38 flow control 45 macro variable 21 argument count see argument list see file name see 0 indirection 44 numbered see 1 return code see special 42 undefined 40 41 MACRO DEF AULT 18 Macros 5 Main Browser 50 51 54 133 136 138 139 147 149 151 160 mandatory parameter 12 marker type 115 117 MASK 85 mask 4 8 81 83 MAX 69 MAX SIGMA 72 MAXV 69 MAXV SIGMA 72 menu 11 MESSAGE 20 30 METAFILE 101 metafile 5 9 15 100 MIGRAD 90 91 MIN 69 minimisation 7 88 MIN SIGMA 72 MINUIT 7 88 MINV 69 INDEX MINV SIGMA 72 mode HIGZ G mode 100 Z mode 100 102 MODIFY 128 Motif 6 50 132 138 175 176 178 181 MSCF IGSET parameter 107 MTYP IGSET parameter 107 SET parameter 115 NAST OPTION parameter 108 native input output 7 NBAR OPTION parameter 108 NBOX OPTION parameter 108 NCHA OPTION parameter 108 NCO 69 NCO SIGMA 72 NDAT OPTION parameter 108 NDVX SET parameter 109 110 112 NDVY SET parameter 109 NDVZ SET parameter 109 NEAH OPTION parameter 108 NEXTL 38 48 NFIL OPTION parameter 109 NFIT OPTION parameter 108 NGRI OPTION parameter 108 NOPG OPTION parameter 108 NPTO OPTION parameter 108 NSQR OPTION parameter 108 NSTA OPTION parameter 108 NTAB OPTION parameter 108 NTCUT 84 86 NTCUTS 85 NTIC OPTION parameter 108 NTMASK 84 189
255. stations PC s In addition to its powerful data analysis particular emphasis has been put on the quality of the user interface and of the graphical presentation 12 What is PAW PAW is an interactive utility for visualizing experimental data on a computer graphics display It may be run in batch mode if desired for very large and time consuming data analyses typically however the user will decide on an analysis procedure interactively before running a batch job PAW combines a handful of CERN High Energy Physics Library systems that may also used individually in software that processes and displays data The purpose of PAW is to provide many common analysis and display procedures that would be duplicated needlessly by individual programmers to supply a flexible way to invoke these common procedures and yet also to allow user customization where necessary 13 What Can You Do with PAW PAW can do a wide variety of tasks relevant to analyzing and understanding physical data which are typically statistical distributions of measured events Below we list what are probably the most frequent and best adapted applications of PAW the list is not intended to be exhaustive for it is obviously possible to use PAW s flexibility to do a huge number of things some more difficult to achieve than others within the given structure Typical PAW Applications e Plot a Vector of Data Fields for a List of Events A set of raw data is typically process
256. t List of objects gt Directory EXAM2 NTUPLE HBOOK ID CYCLE DATE TIME NDATA OFFSET RECI 2 30 N N TUPLE 100 1 890902 1955 153 1 3 10 1 110 1 890902 1955 88 154 3 20 2 TEST2 200 1 890902 1955 4335 242 3 4 gt 7 210 1 890902 1955 767 481 7 8 gt Directory EXAM2 100 1 Test of HRNDM1 NUMBER OF RECORDS 7 NUMBER OF MEGAWORDS 6367 WORDS 110 1 Filled according to HTFUN1 PER CENT OF DIRECTORY QUOTA USED 0 175 200 2 Test of HRNDM2 PER CENT OF FILE USED 0 175 210 2 Fill according to HTFUN2 BLOCKING FACTOR 74 540 PAW gt ldir ntuple list directory in NTUPLE NWORDS QUOTACO FILE DIR NAME o eeeoeeeeeeek Directory gt LUNi NTUPLE lt 34 34064 0 85 0 85 EXAM2 NTUPLE 41 40431 1 02 1 02 EXAM2 Created 890902 1958 Modified 890902 1958 30 10 20 NUMBER OF RECORDS PER CENT OF DIRECTORY QUOTA USED PER CENT OF FILE USED BLOCKING FACTOR Chapter 6 HBOOK gt List of objects HBOOK ID CYCLE DATE TIME NDATA OFFSET REC1 REC2 2 890902 1958 1082 215 41 42 1 890902 1958 1082 725 39 40 1 890902 1958 151 783 40 1 890902 1958 305 934 40 41 34 NUMBER OF MEGAWORDS 34064 WORDS 0 851 0 850 94 899 Figure 6 3 Adding and reading data on a HBOOK RZ direct access file 6 5 Ntuples A closer look 83 Plotting histogram data PAW gt zon 1 2 PAW gt set htyp 3 PAW gt hi pl 110 PAW gt hi pl 210 Divide picture into 2 verticall
257. t and make a 1D histogram from the resulting projection Two Dimensional Histograms The distribution of any pair of variables for a set of events can be accumulated into a 2D histogram and plotted in a various of ways to show the resulting surface Vector Functions of Variables User defined functions of variables in each event can be used to define the histogram just as for an Ntuple plot Selection Functions Cuts Events may also be included or excluded by invoking Boolean selection functions that are arbitrary functions of the variables of a given event Event Weights PAW allows the user to include a multiplicative statistical bias for each event which is a scalar function of the available variables This permits the user to correct for known statistical biases in the data when making histograms of event distributions Histogram Presentation Options Virtually every aspect of the appearance of a histogram can be con trolled by the user Axis labels tick marks titles colors fonts and so on are specified by a large family of options e Fit a Function to a Histogram Once a histogram is defined the user may fit the resulting shape with one of a family of standard functions or with a custom designed function The parameters of the fit are returned in user accessible form Fitted functions of one variable may be attached to a 1D histogram and plotted with it The capability of associating fits to higher dimensional
258. ter from the command line he can use the place holder character exclamation mark to signify this to PAW In the case of optional parameters the user must provide them in the correct sequence if he wants to change their values otherwise the corresponding defaults are taken Parameters containing blanks must be enclosed within single quotes In the example below we create a one dimensional histogram providing the parameters one by one answering the PAW query PAW gt histogram create idhisto Histogram Identifier lt CR gt 10 Histogram title lt CR gt titlel Number of channels lt CR gt 100 lt CR gt Low edge lt CR gt 0 10 Upper edge lt CR gt 100 20 For the command below we provide all parameters on the command line including an optional one 1000 which by default has the value 0 Note that this parameter must be specified explicitly since PAW does not prompt for it as seen in the previous example Note also the use of the exclamation mark to take the default for the number of channels 100 PAW gt hi cr id 20 title2 10 20 1000 2 4 Getting help Once inside PAW one can start entering commands An interesting first try would be the HELP command which displays a list of items preceded by a number and followed by one line of explanation In the next example we search for a command to create a one dimensional histogram PAW gt help From 1 KUIP Command Processor commands 2 MACRO Mac
259. terface KUIP Commands typed in the input pad behind the PAW prompt Via the toggle buttons labeled the Input Pad and or Transcript Pad can be placed in hold mode In hold mode one can paste or type a number of commands into the Input Pad and edit them without sending the commands to PAW Releasing the hold button will causes the Executive Window to submit all lines up to the line containing the cursor to PAW To submit the lines below the cursor just move the cursor down In this way one can still edit the lines just before they are being submitted to PAW Commands can be edited in the Input Pad using emacs like key sequences see section 3 7 2 The Transcript Pad shows the executed commands and command output When in hold mode the Transcript Pad does not scroll to make the new text visible Every time the current directory is changed the Current working directory indicator is updated The current working directory is the one which is currently selected in the Browser Below follows a description of the different Executive Window menus All Executive Window menus can be dynamically extended Edit Cut Remove the selected text The selected text is written to the Cut amp Paste buffer Using the Paste function it can be written to Shitt Del any X11 program In the Transcript Pad Cut defaults to the Copy function Ctri ins Copy Copy the selected text The selected text is written
260. th ZEBRA PAW gt Open an existing picture file PICT DAT on LUN 4 in Update mode PAW gt PICT FILE 4 PICT DAT U Open the existing file PICT DAT PAW gt LDIR List the content of the file PICT DAT Directory gt LUN4 lt Created 890512 1110 Modified 890622 1732 gt List of objects PICTURE NAME CYCLE UNIX 1 ZEBRA 1 CERN 1 MARKER 1 PAW gt IZIN CERN Put picture CERN in memory PAW gt PICT LIST List pictures in memory 1 CERN PAW gt IZOUT CERN Store picture CERN in PICT DAT PAW gt LDIR List the content PICT DAT Directory gt LUN4 lt Created 890512 1110 Modified 890622 1732 gt List of objects PICTURE NAME CYCLE UNIX 1 ZEBRA 1 CERN 1 2 MARKER 1 PAW gt PURGE Purge the file PICTURES PAW gt SCRATCH ZEBRA Delete the picture ZEBRA from PICT DAT PAW gt LDIR List the content of PICT DAT Directory gt LUN4 lt Created 890512 1110 Modified 890622 1732 gt List of objects PICTURE NAME CYCLE UNIX 1 CERN 2 MARKER 1 7 4 Setting attributes 105 7 3 3 Automatic storage pictures in memory After typing the command PAW gt SET AURZ 1 the AURZ mode is on and all the subsequent created pictures are stored automatically in the last picture file opened via the command PICTURE FILE Example of the use of pictures in memory PAW PICT FILE 4 PICT DAT
261. the function is calculated at the centre of each bin and the fit results stored with the histogram data structure Quiet mode No output printed about the fit Verbose mode Results are printed after each iteration By default only final results are printed Sets weights equal to 1 Number of parameters in fit 0 lt NP lt 34 Vector containing the fit parameters Before the fit Vector containing the initial values After the fit Vector containing the fitted values Vector with step size for fit parameters Vector with lower bounds for fit parameters Vector with upper bounds for fit parameters ERRPAR Vector with errors on the fitted parameters When using predefined functions case 2 for the FUNC parameter initial values need not be specified when NP 0 In this case the parameter vector PAR if specified is only filled with the fitted parameters on output 6 6 6 A simple fit with a gaussian Example of simple fi t with gaussian in PAW PAW gt opt stat Select option to show histogram statistics on plot PAW gt opt fit Select option to show fitted parameters on plot PAW gt hi fit 10 G Fit histogram 10 with a single gaussian 3k Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITGA Variable metric method ID 10 CHOPT T FE ORR A A RR A kkk k Convergence when estimated distance to minimum EDM LT 0 10E 03 FCN 96 97320 FROM
262. the number of primary divisions in divided by the number of Y zones 2 If the number of divisions has to be exactly equal to the number given by SET NDVX n SET NDVY norSET NDVZ n a negative value must be used i e Forcing an exact number of divisions SET NDVX i e g SET NDVX 512 or SET NDVX i jk e g SET NDVX 10 25 For example to label each subsequent X axis with the names of the months of the year centered in the middle of each bin one can use Example of alphanumeric labels on an axis PAW gt LABEL 1 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC PAW SET NDVX 12 15 7 6 Colour line width and fi ll area in HPLOT The aspect of HPLOT pictures can be modified via the xWID xTYP and xCOL attributes where x can be H B P or F defined as follows zone Box Function Histogram d w Page The values given to the parameters PTYP BTYP HTYP and FTYP are the HIGZ fill area interior styles Interior style provided by the basic graphics package i e GKS can be used cf the corresponding documentation but in order to have the same result on all devices numbers greater than 100 HIGZ styles 7 7 should be used Figure 7 6 shows how to use the x TYP parameter The parameters PCOL BCOL HCOL and FCOL are equivalent to PTYP BTYP HTYP and FTYP respectively but instead of changing the hatch style they change the colour of the same areas It is possible to specify both the border and the inside color
263. the selected object Q Reset the attributes of the selected object Invoke the Object Colors panel Invoke the Object Hatch Style panel The zones affected by the buttons to are shown in the figure below Angular density 166 Object Hatch Style Chapter 9 PAW A guided tour 0 Define the distance between tow Angle Between 90 and 180 degrees hatches Define the angle of the first set of 0 hatches 3 Define the angle of the second set of pr hatches Angle Between 0 and 90 degrees Apply Define the hatches type by number Index 000 Reset the default Close this panel Apply er Reset Close o Object Colors Box Color _ m Surface vy Statistic box shadow lt q 3 D Surface color 2 Contour Vv Zone box shadow 2 Contour color Statistic box shadow color Zone box shadow color Color Index EI lt o Apple as Apply Reset the color index Close the panel Define the color index 9 4 The Histogram Style Panel 167 9 4 6 Geometry Geometry Settings gHBOOK GLOBAL TITLE 4 60 T wo 7 Pal tf BASAS 0 02 04 06 08 1 010 2 04 06 08 1 z HISTOGRAM TITLE HISTOGRAM TITLE Apply Define the attribute value by number Reset the default value
264. the system wide usr lib X11 app defaults Paw file Any default values specified by PAW are given behind the resource name Pawtt background Specify the background color for all windows Pawtt foreground Specify the foreground color for all windows Pawtt kxtermGeometry 550x550 5 10 Geometry of Kxterm the KUIP terminal emulator PAW Executive Window Pawtt kuipGraphics shell geometry 550x550 585 10 Geometry of the Graphics Window s if any Pawt kuipBrowser_shell geometry 495x511 161 481 Geometry of the Browser s Pawtt histoStyle shell geometry 599x360 668 631 Geometry of the Style Panel Paw ntupleBrowser_shell geometry Geometry of the Ntuple Viewer Pawtt XmText fontList prestige medium r normal 120 Pawtt XmTextField fontList prestige medium r normal 120 Font used by all text areas Pawtt kxtermFont prestige medium r normal 120 Font used by Kxterm PAW Executive Window Pawtt dirlist fontList courier bold r normal 120 Font used for the icon labels in the browser Pawtt matrix fontList courier medium r normal 120 Font used for the Ntuple Scan matrix accessible via the Ntuple Viewer Pawtt helpFont courier bold r normal 120 Font used for help windows 176 X resources for PAW 177 Pawt fontList swiss 742 bold r normal 120 Font for the menus messages and boxes Pawtt keyboardFocusPolicy pointer If explicit focus is determined by a mouse
265. to find the correct solution 6 6 1 Basic concepts of MINUIT The MINUIT package acts on a multiparameter FORTRAN function to which one must give the generic name FCN In the PAW HBOOK implementation the function FCN is called HFCNH when the command Histo Fit PAW or the routine HFITH are invoked It is called HFCNV when the command Vector Fit or the routine HFITV are invoked The value of FCN will in general depend on one or more variable parameters To take a simple example suppose the problem is to fit a polynomial through a set of data points with the command Vector Fit Routine HFCNV called by HFITV calculates the chisquare between a polynomial and the data the variable parameters of HFCNV would be the coefficients of the polynomials Routine HFITV will request MINUIT to minimize HFCNV with respect to the parameters that is find those values of the coefficients which give the lowest value of chisquare 6 6 2 Basic concepts The transformation for parameters with limits For variable parameters with limits MINUIT uses the following transformation Pnt arcsin Pox 254 sin 1 so that the internal value can take on any value while the external value can take on values only between the lower limit a and the upper limit b Since the transformation is necessarily non linear it would transform a nice linear problem into a nasty non linear one which is the reason why limits should be avoided if not necessary
266. to reduce the panel to a label containing the panel title arrow button is then turned left to right or to display it arrow button turned up to down One can see that the palette is a good way to have many panels defined and save space on the screen 3 7 4 X Windows Resources X Windows resources control the appearance and behavior of an application PAW resources be can redefine them by specifying new values in the standard X11 way i e by editing the Xdefaults file or the system wide usr lib X11 app defaults lt appl_class gt Each new resource has to be specified on a separate line The syntax for editing one specific resource is always the following lt appl _class gt lt resource_name gt lt resource_value gt where appl class has to be replaced by Paw resource value is the value to be given to the corresponding resource name It can be an integer a boolean value a color a font or any kind of predefined syntax e g for geometry The following is a non exhaustive list of the most important or frequently used X Windows resources The default values are put inside Background and foreground color for all windows except KXTERM background foreground Geometry width x height xpos ypos of the Executive Window KXTERM kxtermGeometry 650 450 0 0 Geometry of the Browser s kuipBrowser_shell geometry 0 0 1 or 0 485 2
267. tory EXAM2 The call to RZSTAT shows usage statistics about the RZ file Example of adding data to a HBOOK RZ file PROGRAM HTEST1 PARAMETER NWPAWC 20000 COMMON PAWC H NWPAWC DIMENSION X 3 CHARACTER 8 CHTAGS 3 DATA CHTAGS X Y Z CALL HLIMIT NWPAWC Reopen data base CALL HROPEN 1 EXAM2 HTEST HBOOK 0 U CALL HMDIR C NTUPLE S CALL 1 10 1 100 3 3 0 CALL 2 20 TEST2 30 3 3 30 3 3 250 CALL HBOOKN 30 N TUPLE 3 EXAM2 NTUPLE 1000 CHTAGS DO 10 I 1 10000 CALL RANNOR A B 1 X 2 B X 3 A A B B CALL HFN 30 X 10 CONTINUE CALL HPROJ1 10 30 0 0 1 999999 1 CALL HPROJ2 20 30 0 0 1 999999 1 2 CALL HPRINT 0 CALL HROUT O ICYCLE CALL HLDIR CALL HCDIR CALL HLDIR CALL RZSTAT 7 999 CALL HREND EXAM2 END 6 4 Using PAW to analyse data After transferring the HBOOK RZ file which was created in the batch job as explained in the previous section we start a PAW session to analyse the data which were generated The PAW session below shows that the file is first opened via a call to HISTO FILE The data on the file are now accessible as the top di rectory LUN1 When listing with the LDIR command the contents of the top directory LUN1 and its NTUPLE subdirectory the same information histograms and Ntuples is found as in the batch job figure 6 3 6 4 1 Plot histog
268. ue 3 2 Aliases 25 The alias value may be any string but the alias name can only consist letters digits and characters Command and argument aliases share the same name space If a command alias with the same name as an existing argument alias is created the argument alias is deleted first and vice versa 3 2 1 Argument aliases If an argument alias name is recognized anywhere in the command line it is substituted by its value The name matching is case insensitive and the substitution is literally i e without case folding or insertion of additional blanks The replacement is scanned for further occurrences of alias names which in turn will be replaced as well The alias name must be separated from the rest of the command line either by a blank or by one of the special characters qo PEER OE KE G9 not necessarily the same character on both sides For example if foo and bar are alias names foot and Bar B Q are not affected If two alias replacements need to be concatenated the operator can be used i e ALIAS CREATE DIR disk user paw ALIAS CREATE FIL file dat HISTO FILE 1 DIR FIL translates into HISTO FILE 1 disk user paw file dat Since argument aliases are also recognized in the command position with the definition abbreviations like HISTO FIL cannot be used anymore Alias substitution does not take place inside quoted strings The ALIAS commands themselves are treated as a
269. used with precision O or precision 1 On the screen a PostScript font used with precision 1 appears like the TEXT characters with precision 0 its appears as hardware character X11 fonts In both cases the PostScript file is the same Note that characters can also be entered directly in lower or upper case instead of using the escape characters lt and gt Examples of PostScript text and math are shown in Figures 7 13 and 7 14 123 7 8 Text drawing E Bee AOS gt Upper Roman FEATS VeA PS 9 e T L9 lt lt x OPI INO CN PO lt 10 OP 00 Cy EX Cx Qu pos Oy Ct E C OQ O 0 9255 ZX No9 nwos 0709 omocdoulucgorTr gt CEDE U 9 Z9 OX 2 INI Qo Figure 7 12 Characters available in IGTEXT 124 Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT PAW gt IGSET LWID 6 PAW gt BOX 0 16 0 5 PAW gt IGSET CHHE 0 5 PAW gt IGSET TXAL 3 PAW gt IGSET TXFP 130 PAW gt 4 K 355nstler in den gr 345 373ten st 311dten PAW gt 3 253 265 1 372uvre on conna 333t 1 artisan 273 PAW gt 2 proverbe fran 321ais gt ITX 3 1 252 241Ma 337ana 41 322ag 306 das amp 313 272 dit 1 V3231N325ve K nstler in den gr ten St dten 1 A l u
270. user friendly to group a certain number of panels related to similar actions or objects to be manipulated in a so called palette of panels This is possible with the command MULTI PANEL which opens such a widget MOTIF MULTI PANEL title geometry E g MULTI PANEL My Palette 200 100 0 0 will display a multi panel widget with title My Palette and geometry 200 100 0 0 Position 0 0 in X and Y width 200 height 100 When this command is exe cuted all panel definitions and executions will go into this multi panel or palette widget This can be done simply by executing macro s containing your panel definition s or by selecting the Add button entry in the menu File available in the multi panel widget To terminate a multi panel setting one just have to type MULTI PANEL end This means that the following panel definitions and executions will be displayed as individ ual panels and will not go into this palette anymore unless another palette is opened by executing again the command MULTI PANEL Then the panels will go into that new palette The following sequence of commands which can be put inside a macro can be used to set up a palette For those who are familiar with the UIMX User Interface Management System this is an emulation of the Palette widget which is built in inside this program 3 7 Motif mode null By Name and Icon By Command normal By Comm
271. utomatic windowing Graphics input 1 6 3 HIGZ The graphics interface package A High level Interface to Graphics and ZEBRA HIGZ has been developed within the PAW project This package is a layer between the application program e g PAW HPLOT and the basic graphics package e g X11 on a given system Its basic aims are Full transportability of the picture data base Easy manipulation of the picture elements Compactness of the data to be transported and accessibility of the pictures in direct access mode 1 6 The Component Subsystems of PAW 7 Independence of the underlying basic graphics package Presently HIGZ is interfaced with several GKS packages X Windows X11 PHIGS Mac PC s graphic systems GL Silicon Graphics GDDM IBM GPR Apollo as well as with the DI3000 system Note that some of these graphics systems are now obsolete PAW is now mainly used in its X11 version These requirements have been incorporated into HIGZ by exploiting the data management system ZEBRA HIGZ does not introduce new basic graphics features but introduces some macroprimitives for frequently used functions e g arcs axes boxes pie charts tables The system provides the following features Basic graphics functions basic primitives attributes space definition Higher level macroprimitives Data structure management using an interface to the ZEBRA system Interactive picture editing These featur
272. vre on connait artisan proverbe fran ais 13 L 247 Ma ana a da dit l l ve Figure 7 13 Example of PostScript text result of input above PAW gt IGSET LWID 6 PAW gt BOX 0 16 0 5 PAW gt IGSET CHHE 0 5 PAW gt IGSET TXAL 23 PAW gt IGSET TXFP 130 gt ITX 8 4 e e 5 Z o 5 11 amp qq amp 261 gt 8 3 a amp N256 267 b amp N256 N345 a i kjk b kj amp i gt 8 2 i di n y amp 261 g n m y amp 7 261 0 Cr amp m2 y 0 gt ITX 8 1 L em e J m kem A m J m kem 1 amp V261 1 M j amp i N345 amp a A a t a j amp i Pz 1 1 0 L J mal YL s em H Figure 7 14 Example of PostScript text and maths result of input above 7 8 Text drawing 125 4210 130 ABCDEFehijlk0123456789 B 89 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 Figure 7 15 PostScript text fonts Chapter 7 Graphics HIGZ and HPLOT 126 Lower Zapf BOX qd HOKE K KOO OTOP OY a m A RE LONE Lower Special Uu we lt gt JE BB ecs ol Lower Greek BA cuo WEE lt r ORS Gl 1 Lower Roman
273. which are two dimensional arrays characterised by a fixed number N specifying the number of entries per element and by a length giving the total number of elements An element of a Ntuple can be thought of as a physics event on e g a Data Summary Tape micro DST Selection criteria can be applied to each event or element and a complete Ntuple can be statistically analysed in a fast efficient and interactive way 6 1 1 The functionality of HBOOK The various user routines of HBOOK can be subdivided by functionality as follows Booking Declare a one or two dimensional histogram or a Ntuple Projections Project two dimensional distributions onto both axes Ntuples Way of writing micro data summary files for further processing This allows to make later projections of individual variables or correlation plots Selection mech anisms may be defined Function representation Associates a real function of 1 or 2 variables to a histogram Filling Enter a data value into a given histogram table or Ntuple Access to information Transfer of numerical values from HBOOK managed memory to Fortran vari ables and back Arithmetic operations On histograms and Ntuples Fitting Least squares and maximum likelihood fits of parametric functions to histogramed data Smoothing Splines or other algorithms Random number generation Based on experimental distributions Archiving Information is stored on mass storage for further reference in subsequent pro gr
274. window Select a Up icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu List Allow to go one level up in the directory tree Directory Double click with the left mouse button on this icon change the current working directory Select a Directory icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu List Change the current working directory 9 2 The Main Browser 143 PostScript files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon invoke the ghostview on the corresponding file Select a PostScript files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu PostScript File pawnain ER View Invoke GhostView on the file Edit Edit the file mue Print Print Print the file Delete Delete Delete the file Read Write files 9 Double click with the left mouse button on this icon invoke the editor on the corresponding file Select a Read Write files icon with the left mouse button and press the right mouse button to obtain the following menu Edit Edit the file View Read the file Delete Delete the file Note that the file name is displayed in the menu title Read only files Double click with the left mouse button on this icon invoke the editor in view mode on the corresponding file Select a Read only files icon with the left mouse button and press the
275. xt colour is define via a colour index in the colour table HPLOT text PAW gt SET XCOL 2 X axis color PAW gt SET YCOL 3 Y axis color PAW gt HISTO PLOT 10 the histogram 10 is drawn with previous settings ITX The text colour attribute for use by future invocations of ITX is set using the TXCI parameter as follows PAW gt IGSET TXCI 3 set the text colour to green gt 5 5 Hello Hello is drawn in green TEXT The text colour attribute for use by future invocations of TEXT is set using the TXCI parameter as follows PAW gt IGSET TXCI 2 set the text colour to red PAW gt TEXT 5 5 Hello Hello is drawn in red Text font and precision Text font selects the desired character font e g a roman font a sans serif font etc Text precision specifies how closely the graphics package implementation must follow the current size and orientation attributes String 0 precision is most liberal hardware stroke 2 precision is most strict Character precision is in the middle 1 The value of text font is dependent upon the basic graphics package used However font number 0 with precision 2 is always available independently from the basic graphics package used Hardware characters are available with all the basic graphics packages With X11 a large variety of font is available They are the same as the PostScript fonts see figure 7 15 HPLOT text PAW gt SET CFON 60 comment font
276. y 12 HIO Input utput operations of histograms 13 OPERATIONS Histogram operations and comparisons 14 GET VECT Fill a vector from values stored in HBOOK objects 15 PUT VECT Replace histogram contents with values in a vector 16 SET Set histogram attributes Enter a number 5one level back Q command mode 11 HISTOGRAM CREATE Creation booking of HBOOK objects in memory From HISTOGRAM CREATE 1 1DHISTO Create a one dimensional histogram 2 PROFILE Create a profile histogram 3 BINS Create a histogram with variable size bins 4 2DHISTO Create a two dimensional histogram 5 PROX Create the projection onto the x axis 6 PROY Create the projection onto the y axis 7 SLIX Create projections onto the x axis in y slices 8 SLIY Create projections onto the y axis in x slices 9 BANX Create a projection onto the x axis in a band of y 10 BANY Create a projection onto the y axis in a band of x 11 TITLE_GLOBAL Set the global title Enter a number one level back Q command mode 1 HISTOGRAM CREATE 1DHISTO ID TITLE NCX XMIN XMAX VALMAX ID Histogram Identifier Loop TITLE Histogram title D NCX Number of channels D 100 I XMIN R Low edge D 0 XMAX Upper edge D 100 VALMAX Maximum bin content D 0 Create a one dimensional histogram The contents are set to zero If VALMAX 0 then a full word is allocated per chan
277. y PAW starts the editor server as a background process which leaves PAW ready to accept more commands The server invokes the editor and waits for it When the editor terminates the server informs PAW about the file which is ready The processing routine cannot be called at the very instant the file is ready PAW waits until the user hits the RETURN key to execute the next command The file is then checked in before the command just entered is executed As a protection especially for users working alternately on a terminal or on a workstation PAW does not try asynchronous editing if one of the following conditions is missing The edit server module kuesvr must be found in the search path The editor command set by HOST EDITOR must end with an ampersand amp The environment variable DISPLAY must be set Note that the editor command must create its own window possibly by wrapping the editor into a terminal window For convenience HOST EDITOR vi amp is interpreted automatically as xterm e cmd amp Some Unix windowing editors tend to fork themselves as a detached process by default For example the jot editor found on Silicon Graphics systems requires a special option noFork Otherwise the edit server and PAW think that the editor has already terminated leaving the file unchanged In Paw it is essential to use the edit server mechanism Otherwise invoking the editor from a pop up menu freezes the scr
278. y Set hatch style for histogram Plot i dimensional histogram 110 Plot 2 dimensional histogram 210 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 O9 FTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 Filled according to HTFUNI 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 Fill according to HTFUN2 o Figure 6 4 Plot of one and two dimensional histograms NEVENT Number of events to be processed default is 999999 IFIRST First event to be processed default is 1 NUPD Frequency with which to update histogram default is 1000000 OPTION Options IDH Identifier of histogram to fill With most Ntuple operations a selection function UWFUNC of a form described in table 6 2 can be used i e it can take the form of a simple or composed expression or an external FORTRAN function executed by COMIS 1 a cut or a mask The selection function also acts as a weighting factor 6 5 2 Masks The mask facility allows the user to specify up to 32 selection criteria associated with a Ntuple These criteria are defined like cuts but their value for each event are written to an external direct access file from which the information can be readily retrieved at a later stage without recalculating the condition value in question In the 84 Chapter 6 HBOOK PAW gt cd ntuple move to NTUPLE directory PAW gt hi li list HBOOK objects gt Directory LUN1 NTUPLE 30 N N TUPLE 10 1 TES
279. y constructing the name using other variables for example DO i 1 10 a i i i ENDDO S20 1 10 s s a ill ENDDO While for PAW we simply created ten variables a 1 a 10 we can also look at it as an array a_i We don t even need to remember the dimension of the array The system function DEFINED returns all defined variables matching a wildcard for example S20 DO 1 WORDS DEFINED a s s a il ENDDO Instead of a_i we can also use the more conventional array notation a 1 DO i 1 10 1 i 1 ENDDO s 0 1 WORDS DEFINED a s s 1 ENDDO as long as we have the possibility to match all array elements with a single wildcard expression Since for PAW all array elements are just simple variables the indices do not even need to be numeric We can also construct associative arrays where the indices are names for example events mu 1000 events el 100 events tau 10 total 0 names DEFINED events DO i 1 WORDS names name WORD names i 1 total total name ENDDO By the same token we can also create multi dimensional arrays for example i 1 3 D0 j 1 3 a i jl i 2 j ENDDO ENDDO The DEFINED function returns the matching variable names sorted in alphabetical order i e DEFINED events is events el events mu events tau DEFINED a

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