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MacMETH User Manual - Terrestrial Systems Ecology

1. AddPath path fname out This is equal to a call to System AddPath AppendExt in ext out Appends the extension ext to the filename in and returns the resulting string in out GetPos f pos SetPos f pos Length f l These procedures are the same as the corresponding procedures of module FileSystem but the results are returned as LONGINTs ReadLong f long WriteLong f long These procedures read write the LONGINT long from to file f EOF f Returns f eof GetFileName name type ok Displays the standard Macintosh file selector box for opening files allowing the user to select an existing file There are only files displayed with type type If the user quits the selector box by clicking the Open button ok TRUE and name contains the name of the selected file otherwise ok is set to FALSE PutFileName name ok Displays the standard Macintosh file selector box for saving files If the user quit the dialog by clicking the Save button ok TRUE and name contains the entered filename else ok FALSE ReadFileName name ext type read write ok Reads the filename name using the procedure read and echoes using procedure write If the procedure reads a TAB character it calls GetFileName if a LF is read procedure PutFileName is called Message str1 str2 Displays the two strings str1 and str2 in a dialog box SetFileType name creator type Sets the creator and fil
2. Imported Modules Conversions FileSystem Terminal 74 Example MODULE InOutExample this program reads real numbers from an input file and writes these numbers on the screen i e the Terminal window FROM InOut IMPORT Done Openlnput Closelnput ReadReal Read WriteReal WriteLn VAR r REAL i CARDINAL ch CHAR BEGIN Openinput TXT IF Done THEN i 0 LOOP ReadReal r IF Done THEN end of input file reached EXIT ELSE WriteReal r 20 i i 1 MOD 4 IF i 0 THEN WriteLn END IF END IF END LOOP Closelnput Read ch ELSE Input file not opened END IF END InOutExample 75 7 11 LongMathLib MathLib Library modules providing some basic mathematical functions A description of the module MathLib is included in the Modula 2 manual 1 Module LongMathLib contains the corresponding procedures for LONGREALs and LONGINTS Definition Modules DEFINITION MODULE MathLib B Stamm 26 May 86 PROCEDURE Sart x REAL REAL PROCEDURE Exp x REAL REAL PROCEDURE Ln x REAL REAL PROCEDURE Sin x REAL REAL PROCEDURE Cos x REAL REAL PROCEDURE ArcTan x REAL REAL PROCEDURE Real x INTEGER REAL PROCEDURE Entier x REAL INTEGER END MathLib DEFINITION MODULE LongMathLib B Stamm 26 May 86 PROCEDURE LongSqrt x LONGREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongExp x LONGREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongLn x LON
3. Window a ARRAY OF CHAR Window x n CARDINAL Window x n INTEGER Window x n CARDINAL u Window p ScrollProc vert horiz BOOLEAN u Window vert horiz INTEGER u Window p CloseProc 92 Explanations OpenTextWindow u x y w h title Opens the window u with lower left corner at screen coordinates x y width w and height h The string title is drawn centered in the titlebar of the window the window s rectangle is cleared If you ve already opened 16 windows or if the rectangle you specified doesn t fit on the screen the window isn t opened and Done is set to FALSE RedefTextWindow u x y w h Changes the size and the location of window u After the call to this procedure the lower left corner of the window will be at screen coordinates x y it ll have width w and height h If the rectangle specified by x y w h doesn t fit on the screen the window isn t changed but the global variable Done is set to FALSE CloseTextWindow u Closes the window u AssignFont u fn size Assigns a non proportional font to window u The font s number is fn see Inside Macintosh it s size is size Note Text coordinates have their origin at the upper left corner of the window TextWindowSize u lines cols Returns the number of lines and columns that can be displayed in window u AssignRestoreProc u redraw Assigns the procedure redraw to window u The p
4. For example the following Menu command will produce the File menu below Menu Link L Decode ReadProfile R BI MmacMETH 3 2 Edit Compile Execute Decode ReadProfile Fig la Defining parts of the File menu with the Menu command In contrast to the Menu command the FullMenu section allows you to configure the entire File menu according to your choice see Fig 1b Here again the character acts as a delimiter between successive entries in the string However the default Edit Compile Execute block is not inserted and every menu entry must be specified explicitly within the string These entries now start from the very beginning of the File menu Note that the Quit command is always appended automatically as the last entry Example the following FullMenu command will produce the File menu below FullMenu Edit2 E Edit Compile C Compile20 2 Execute X ReadProfile R Unload U Link L Debug BI MacMeETH 3 2 Edit SEE Edit Compile Compile2o Execute ReadProfile Unload Link Fig 1b Defining the entire File menu with the FullMenu command If the whole Menu section is omitted the menu entries Edit Compile Execute and Quit are asserted in any case The System section In this section you may determine whether or not the different compilers and editors of the MacMETH system shall be kept in memory once they are loaded There are two possible entries in this section Compiler and
5. IfStatement CaseStatement case WhileStatement RepeatStatement ForStatement LoopStatement WithStatement ProcedureDeclaration ProcedureHeading block declaration FormalParameters FPSection FormalType ModuleDeclaration export import DefinitionModule definition ProgramModule CompilationUnit 34 IF expression THEN StatementSequence ELSIF expression THEN StatementSequence ELSEStatementSequence END CASE expression OF case I case ELSEStatementSequence END CaseLabelList StatementSequence WHILE expression DO StatementSequenceEND REPEAT StatementSequence UNTIL expression FORident expression TO expression BY ConstExpression DO StatementSequence END LOOP StatementSequence END WITH designator DO StatementSequence END ProcedureHeading block ident FORWARD CODE digit hexDigit H PROCEDURE ident FormalParameters declaration BEGIN StatementSequence END CONST ConstantDeclaration TYPE TypeDeclaration VAR VariableDeclaration ProcedureDeclaration ModuleDeclaration C FPSection FPSection qualident VAR IdentList FormalType ARRAY OF qualident MODULE ident import export block ident EXPORT QUALIFIED IdentList FROM ident IMPORT IdentList DEFINITION MODULE ident import definition END ident CONST ConstantDeclaration TYPE ident type VAR VariableDeclar
6. Of MacMETH Modula 2 Of numbers of User Profile System configuration description section in User Profile requirements System module System Stack System 7 0 Transfer Traps Unload Type Standard SYSTEM Type transfer Windows 116 3 23 85 101 104 3 4 6 30 85 101 104 3 6 9 30 101 104 101 7 8 18 38 76 110 7 8 44 23 10 16 24 38 44 10 16 24 38 50 22 66 5 6 38 64 65 84 5 84 4 9 19 44 5 9 44 79 110 10 38 29 55 98 29 29 27 103 106 28 103 107 3 4 5 6 25 35 44 29 36 4 30 45 9 30 75 5 9 110 18 24 44 65 30 40 41 10 4 23 101 4 16 30 81 85 7 8 18 21 31 82 108 29 33 48 110 5 3 8 3 4 30 40 85 3l 3 7 22 66 64 65 109 5 6 7 104 110 44 26 105 28 107 28 29 107 108 37 38 67 91 9 Impressum of the pdf edition This Portable Document File has been generated after the original publication of the MacMETH manual Note that in addition to this electronically distributed verision there may be still printed manuals available To order a printed manual please mail to mailto macmeth ito umnw ethz ch Recommended citation Wirth N Gutknecht J Heiz W Sch r H Seiler H Vetterli C amp Fischlin A 1992 MacMETH A fast Modula 2 language system for the Apple Macintosh User Manual 4th completely revised ed Department of Computer Sciences
7. PopTask taskNum Pops the task with number taskNum from the scheduler and deactivates it PollEventTasks This procedure is to be called repeatedly in the main loop of a program PollEventTasks performs a GetNextEvent distributes events to the activated tasks and calls the Toolbox procedure SystemTask if no events are pending GetBusyReadEvent evt KeyDown or AutoKey events that remain unhandled by the tasks are buffered By calls to this procedure you can get the events one after another Module TerminalIn call this procedure too which allows the module TerminalIn to run as lowest priority handler Imported Modules Toolbox Example MODULE EventExample This module demonstrates event handling This example doesn t make much sense but a sensible example would be much longer FROM EventBase IMPORT mouseDown mouseUp keyDown Point EventRecord PushTask PopTask PollEventTasks FROM InOut IMPORT WriteString Writelnt Write WriteLn VAR MouseTask KeyTask INTEGER Quit BOOLEAN PROCEDURE TrackMouse VAR Event EventRecord BOOLEAN BEGIN IF Event what mouseDown amp Event what mouseUp THEN RETURN FALSE END IF IF Event what mouseDown THEN WriteString You pressed the mouse button Coordinates ELSE WriteString You released the mouse button Coordinates END IF Writelnt Event where h 3 Write Writelnt Event where v 3 Write WriteLn
8. Read ch PlaceOnTop b Read ch UNTIL ch TextWindows CloseTextWindow b GraphicWindows CloseGraphicWindow a END WindowExample 98 8 Accessing the Macintosh Toolbox This chapter is intended for advanced programmers only being familiar with the 1000 page manual Inside Macintosh 2 It is possible to call each Toolbox QuickDraw and Operating System routine But as all these routines have a Lisa Pascal interface there are some rules to obey l SAT rae 3990 DS pum Use same constant type variable procedure and function declarations as in Lisa Pascal but obey the Modula 2 syntax Declare parameters with size gt 4 bytes as VAR parameters the Macintosh expects an address for these parameters Use the reserved word CODE to specify the trap number Code procedures may also be placed within definition modules Replace type CHAR by type WORD the Macintosh uses a 2 byte representation for type CHAR Modula 2 uses only one byte Pascal and Modula 2 strings differ in their representation You have to do the conversion explicitly before calling a Toolbox routine use the procedures MakePascalString and MakeModulaString from module String Pascal and Modula 2 use the same NIL representation 0D Modula 2 procedures may be passed as parameters to Toolbox routines if they save registers A2 A4 D3 D7 see procedure CalledByToolbox The registers must be restored before each RETURN Use INLINE
9. termCH CHAR termination character in all read procedures TYPE Window Windows Window RestoreProc Windows RestoreProc CloseProc Windows CloseProc ScrollDirection Windows ScrollDirection ScrollProc Windows ScrollProc PROCEDURE OpenTextWindow PROCEDURE RedefTextWindow PROCEDURE CloseTextWindow PROCEDURE AssignFont PROCEDURE TextWindowSize PROCEDURE AssignRestoreProc PROCEDURE AssignEOWAction PROCEDURE ScrollUp PROCEDURE DrawTitle PROCEDURE DrawLine PROCEDURE SetCaret PROCEDURE Invert PROCEDURE IdentifyPos PROCEDURE GetPos PROCEDURE SetPos PROCEDURE ReadString PROCEDURE ReadCard PROCEDURE Readint PROCEDURE Write PROCEDURE WriteLn PROCEDURE WriteString PROCEDURE WriteCard PROCEDURE Writelnt PROCEDURE WriteOct PROCEDURE AssignScrollAction PROCEDURE SetScrollBars PROCEDURE AssignCloseProc END TextWindows VAR u Window x y w h INTEGER name ARRAY OF CHAR u Window x y w h INTEGER u Window Window fontNum size INTEGER Window VAR lines col INTEGER Window r RestoreProc Window r RestoreProc Window Window name ARRAY OF CHAR Window line col INTEGER Window on BOOLEAN Window on BOOLEAN Window x y INTEGER VAR line col INTEGER Window VAR line col INTEGER Window line col INTEGER u Window VAR a ARRAY OF CHAR u Window VAR x CARDINAL u Window VAR x INTEGER Window ch CHAR Window
10. By the way you can get the screen size by a call to System GetScreen Note The coordinates returned by GetMouse differ from the ones used e g in module Graphic Windows While in the latter the origin of the coordinate system is in the lower left corner here 0 0 corresponds to the upper left corner MoveCursor x y Shows the cursor on the screen parameters are dummy only EraseCursor Deletes the cursor on the screen SetPattern MyPattern Installs a private cursor pattern Subsequent calls of MoveCursor will use this pattern The cursor need not to be erased before calling SetPattern 51 ResetPattern Returns to the default cursor pattern arrow after SetPattern has been called Imported Modules Toolbox Example MODULE CursorExample module shows you how to define an own cursor FROM CursorMouse IMPORT Pattern SetPattern ResetPattern GetMouse ML MM MR VAR OwnCursor Pattern Buttons BITSET i CARDINAL x y INTEGER BEGIN Define own cursor a diagonal cross on white ground FOR i 0 TO 15 DO OwnCursor raster i INCL OwnCursor raster i i INCL OwnCursor raster i 15 i OwnCursor mask i 0 15 END FOR OwnCursor hotSpv 8 OwnCursor hotSph 8 SetPattern OwnCursor LOOP GetMouse Buttons x y IF MM IN Buttons ML IN Buttons THEN Command key and mouse button pressed leave the program EXIT ELSIF MR IN Buttons amp ML IN Butt
11. Length too small Result str FH Done FALSE CardToString 12457 2 4 10 str Done Length and Digits too small Result str HHH Done FALSE IntToString 12457 5 5 10 str Done Length too small no space for sign Result str HHH Done FALSE 7 3 CursorMouse 50 Module to request the mouse buttons mouse position and to display a cursor on the screen Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE CursorMouse C Vetterli 26 Feb 86 CONST ML 15 MM 14 MR 13 TYPE Pattern RECORD raster ARRAY 0 15 OF BITSET see Inside Macintosh mask ARRAY 0 15 OF BITSET hotSpv hotSph INTEGER END PROCEDURE SetMouse x y INTEGER PROCEDURE GetMouse VAR s BITSET VAR x y INTEGER PROCEDURE MoveCursor x y INTEGER PROCEDURE EraseCursor PROCEDURE SetPattern VAR p Pattern PROCEDURE ResetPattern END CursorMouse Explanations SetMouse x y This is a dummy procedure the Macintosh handles cursor tracking itself The procedure isprovided only for compatibility reasons GetMouse b x y Returns the state of the buttons b and the position of the mouse x y b returns the current mouse button state ML INb MM INb MR INb MM and MR are mouse button pressed command key pressed option key pressed holdovers from the Lilith implementation of MODULA 2 and are provided here for compatibility reasons too The Lilith mouse has three buttons
12. RETURN TRUE END TrackMouse 58 PROCEDURE KeyPressed VAR Event EventRecord BOOLEAN VARi RECORD CASE CARDINAL OF O long LONGINT 1 hi lo CARDINAL END CASE END BEGIN IF Event what keyDown THEN RETURN FALSE END IF WriteString You pressed the key i long Event message Write CHR i lo MOD 256 Quit CHR i lo MOD 256 lt Write WriteLn RETURN TRUE END KeyPressed BEGIN EventExample MouseTask PushTask TrackMouse KeyTask PushTask KeyPressed REPEAT PollEventTasks UNTIL Quit PopTask KeyTask PopTask MouseTask END EventExample 7 6 EV24 59 This module provides procedures for accessing the Macintosh modem port Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE EV24 VC 22 Dec 85 BH 22 Apr 86 VC 8 May 87 CONST parity values none 0 odd 1 even 3 receiver errors SwOrErr 0 PariErr 4 HwOrErr 5 FramErr 6 VAR error INTEGER PROCEDURE Initialize PROCEDURE SetFlow PROCEDURE Break PROCEDURE ReceiverErrors use the default modem o PROCEDURE Write PROCEDURE Read PROCEDURE BusyRead software overrun error parity error hardware overrun error framing error p s contains system errors occurred in last call 0 no error port baud data stop parity bufferSize INTEGER port INTEGER port INTEGER port INTEGER VAR err BITSET r last initial
13. PC A4 abs 00000000 002E 4E56 0000 LINK W A6 0 ali p 0032 342E 000E MOVE W 14 A6 D2 0036 45BC 000A CHK W 10 D2 003A 47EC FFD6 SERRE 42 A4 A3 003E 17AE 000C 2000 MOVE B 12 46 0 A3 D2 W END P 0044 4E5E UNLK A6 0046 285F MOVEA L A7 A4 0048 205F MOVEA L A7 AQ 004A 588F ADDQ L 4 A7 004C 4ED0 JMP A0 loe eer ene ee BEGIN x 2 14 004E 397C 000E FFE2 MOVE W 14 30 A4 P 0 TRUE 0054 4267 CLR W AT 0056 1F3C 0001 MOVE B 1 A7 005A 6100 FFCC BSR W 50 abs 00000028 P x FALSE 005E 3F2C FFE2 MOVE W 30 44 A7 0062 4227 CLR B A7 0064 6100 FFC2 BSR W 60 abs 00000028 END Buggy 0068 4E5E UNLK A6 006A 285F MOVEA L A7 A4 006C 4E75 RTS DATA Entry Table 0004 PROC 0 Strings 6 3 The Program ReadProfile This utility enables you to redefine dynamically the configuration settings of the MacMETH shell 44 BI MacMeETH 3 2 Edit Compile Execute Compile 20 ReadProfile Unload Fig 6 3 Starting ReadProfile Changes in the configuration file are best made with the editor Save these changes onto the file User Profile and quit the editor Now select ReadProfile from the File menu the ReadProfile utility immediately starts reading and processing the current User Profile and updates all the specific paths menu entries modes and traps of the MacMETH shell accordingly MacMETH
14. THEN A Level 1 Line 7 1 B Level 1 Line 0 2 D Level 1 Line 1 1 A Level 1 END IF END A PROCEDURE B Level INTEGER BEGIN IF Level gt 0 THEN B Level 1 Line 5 1 C Level 1 Line 6 2 A Level 1 Line 7 1 B Level 1 END IF END B PROCEDURE C Level INTEGER BEGIN IF Level gt 0 THEN C Level 1 Line 3 1 D Level 1 Line 4 2 B Level 1 Line 5 1 C Level 1 END IF END C PROCEDURE D Level INTEGER BEGIN IF Level gt 0 THEN D Level 1 Line 1 1 A Level 1 Line 2 2 C Level 1 Line 3 1 D Level 1 END IF END D 70 BEGIN GraphicExample OpenGraphicWindow w 5 5 502 315 Sierpinski curve Clear x 123 y 256 Length 1 32 FOR i z2 TO 5 DO Length i 2 Length i 1 DIV 2 END FOR LOOP TextWindows OpenTextWindow v 312 0 200 100 Text TextWindows WriteString v Level 0 to quit TextWindows Readlnt v i TextWindows CloseTextWindow v Clear w IF i lt 0 OR i gt 5 THEN EXIT END IF SetPen w x y A i Line 7 1 B i Line 5 1 C i Line 3 1 D i Line 1 1 END LOOP CloseGraphicWindow w END GraphicExample 71 7 10 InOut Library module for formatted input output on terminal or files A description of this module is also included in the Modula 2 manual 1 Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE InOut NW 20 12 82 WH 15 07 86 TW 23 06 88 FROM SYSTEM I
15. Uu The character following the is displayed to the left of the menu item C The menu item following the bracket will be displayed gray i e it ll be entered in the menu but it ll be disabled A line in the menu is denoted by the item and should never be enabled 77 When creating a menu please remember the following hints about menu design The appearance of a well designed menu is as simple as possible A good menu should never contain more than 9 entries 5 7 is optimal SetMenu menulD str Installs a new menu at the end of the menu bar menuID is a user defined number If there s already a menu installed with the same ID it ll be substituted by the new menu specified by str GetMenuCmd cmd done If the user made a menu selection done TRUE and cmd contains the selected menu item cmd menuID contains the ID of the menu cmd menuCmd the number of the selected item in the menu The first item in a menu always has number 1 Install About Aboutltem ResID Installs the string Aboutltem usually of the form About in the apple menu If this item is selected the modal dialog with resource type DLOG and resource number ResID is executed About resources see Inside Macintosh DeleteMenu menuID Removes the menu with ID menuID from the menu bar DisableMenu menuID Disables the whole menu with ID menuID EnableMenu menuID Enables the menu with ID menuID again Setltem menul
16. input is read from this file If the entered name ends with a period the default extension defext is appended Typing ESC quits the procedure and sets Done to FALSE Done is also set to FALSE if the file could not be opened OpenOutput defext Writes the prompt out gt and asks for a file name If the file could be opened subsequent output is written to this file Everything else works exactly as in OpenInput CloseInput Closes the input file and redirects the input stream to the keyboard CloseOutput Closes the output file and redirects the output stream to the terminal window Read ch Reads the character ch from the keyboard This procedure does not echo on the terminal window Done NOT in eof ReadString s Reads a string i e a sequence of characters neither containing blanks nor control characters leading blanks are ignored Input is terminated by any character lt blank this character is assigned to termCH DEL is used for backspacing when the input stream currently is assigned to the keyboard ReadInt i Reads a string converts it to INTEGER and returns the result in The number is converted the same way as in procedure Conversions StringTolInt If the conversion fails Done FALSE Leading blanks in input are ignored input is terminated by any character ch lt blank this character is assigned to termCH ReadCard c Works exactly as ReadInt but the string is co
17. offers a replacement for all these critical procedures Instead of InOut ReadCard one should use InOut ReadInt Instead of TextWindows ReadCard use TextWindows ReadInt For the entries in module FileSystem use the better suited procedures FileUtil SetPos FileUtil GetPos and FileUtil Length 6 Acess to the Compilers Version 3 3 The AlterNate Compilers are released on two different files suffixed by the letter N and called CompileN and Compile20N CompileN pre linked is the basic compiler generating native MC68000 code Compile20N also pre linked contains all the Version 3 3 modifications to the MC68020 Compiler Compile20 see Appendix A When starting CompileN for example the following image is presented on the screen E Terminal HCBSnoOn Modula 2 Compiler 3 3 3 Programming in Modula 2 4th Edition SETH Zuerich MH HE HH 29 May 92 jim Fig B1 Screen Image of the Version 3 3 Compiler 110 Appendix C The Syntax of the User Profile Terminal symbols are bracketted by lt and gt This change to standard EBNF was necessary because some terminal symbols e g PATH contain the character lt gt User Profile PATHSection PathName TrapsSection All Arithmetic FPU FLine System Break SANESection always invalid underflow overflow divByZero inexact MenuSection MenusString PrinterSection Pge LeftMargin Header SystemSection Compile Edit AliasSection Editor2 Name
18. program or continue execution not all error types allow you to continue Selecting Debug starts the debugger which presents the following screen image 37 amp File Source Data Data Module Procedure MODULE Buggy amp H Heiz 4 Apr 8b 3 WAR x CARDINAL a ARRAY 0 101 OF BOOLEAN PROCEDURE Pci CARDINAL p BOOLEAN BEGIRH alil p EMO F BEGIN dj ox T 14 PeO TRUE gt P x FRLSE5 JEND Buggy Buggy 14 CARDINAL MacSys tem i 12 ARRAY Windows Tex th i ndaws CursorHouse Hena Fig 5 3 Debugger Screen Image 5 Windows become visible Source Window Shows the source listing with the erroneous statement high lighted Procedure Chain Window Indicates the reason for the program crash and shows the calling sequence of the active procedures Data 1 Window Shows all the variables of the last called procedure Module List Window Lists all loaded modules Data 2 Window Shows all the variables of the module containing the off ending procedure Subsequently we shall take a closer look at each window 38 5 3 Global Commands Each Window has a scroll bar on the right Clicking inside the scroll bar causes the contents to scroll as in the editor Selecting Quit from the File menu leaves the debugger The mouse buttons ML and MR are used as follows ML Display data of selected object selecting pointing and clicking MR Display source of selected object if avail
19. 16 Activateltem d 1 The item i in dialog d is enabled i e it s displayed in black and the user may change it again DeActivateltem d 1 The item i in dialog d is disabled and displayed in gray RefreshItem d i Updates the value of the item i in dialog d according to the value of the variable passed in place of v at the creation of the item StaticString d str x y s Writes the static unchangeable string str in dialog d at coordinates x y according to the text style specified in s StaticNumber d i x y s Writes the static number i in dialog d at coordinates x y according to text style s Rectangle d x y w h Draws a rectangle in dialog d The lower left corner of the rectangle is at coordinates x y its width is w its height h If w 1 a vertical line is drawn if h 1 a horizontal line is drawn Imported Modules Conversions EventBase System Toolbox 55 Example MODULE DialogExample demonstrates dialog handling FROM Dialog IMPORT Dialog Item New Dispose Close UserAction Button Boolean Enumeration String StaticString TextStyle windowltem TYPE RadioType Button1 Button2 VAR dialog Dialog Quit Cancel Check Radio Text Theltem Item RadioValue RadioType CheckValue BOOLEAN TextValue ARRAY 0 63 OF CHAR PROCEDURE Beep Duration INTEGER CODE 0A9C8H Code procedure see chapter 8 BEGIN Create dial
20. Digit Digit Digit lt 0 gt lt l gt lt 2 gt lt 3 gt lt 4 gt lt 5 gt lt 6 gt lt 7 gt I lt 8 gt lt 9 gt lt a gt lt b gt lt 06 gt lt A gt lt B gt C51 I lt Z gt Any terminal symbols that aren t defined by this syntax e g Text SubDirName ProgName are character strings 111 Appendix D List of All Example Modules MODULE Example Topics Allocation and deallocation of pointers NEW and DISPOSE MODULE Buggy Topics Disassembling an object file shows compiler generated code MODULE CursorExample Topics Definition of own cursor Inquiring mouse location and button state MODULE DialogExample Topics Creation of dialogs and monitoring user s actions Code procedures MODULE EventExample Topics Event handling Type conversion with CASE record MODULE FileExample Topics Sequential access to files Copying of files MODULE GraphicExample Topics Sierpinski curves Recursion Drawing in graphic windows Forward declaration of procedures MODULE InOutExample Topics Textual input from file Basic output to terminal window MODULE MenuExample Topics Menu creation Handling of menu selections MODULE PrintExample Topics Accessing the printer Differences between output to screen and printer MODULE StringExample Topics String manipulation Differences between paths and file names MODULE SystemExample Topics Loading other programs Transferring t
21. ETH Z rich Switzerland 116 pp MacMETH has now a home page http www ito umnw ethz ch SysEcol SimSoftware RAMSES MacMETH html From there you can also download the latest version of MacMETH and the Manual Examples as described in this document To report on bugs or for technical inquiries please write to mailto macmeth ito umnw ethz ch Andreas Fischlin ETHZ January 5th 2003 mailto andreas fischlin ito umnw ethz ch
22. Editor and also two values you may set these entries to keep and nokeep Compiler stands for the set of possible compilers and Editor for the set of possible editors Actually any module starting with module name Compile or Edit is affected by this mechanism The meanings of these values are explained below keep Keep the specified part of MacMETH in memory once it s been loaded This way a restart of that part is much quicker it does not have to be re read from disk again nokeep As soon as the specified part isn t used anymore free the memory it occupied Example System Compiler keep Editor nokeep The Printer section In this section you may set certain printer parameters used by the utility Print such as page length etc If Header is specified in the User Profile the text date and page number are printed on top of each page Example Printer PageLen 60 LeftMargin 8 Header ETH Zuerich The SANE section The MC68000 chip doesn t supply instructions for REAL arithmetic so the basic MacMETH Compiler Compile has to emulate the missing operations in software For single precision REAL arithmetic there exist two different approaches to solve this problem On machines without a floating point processor the compiler will setup calls to a simple but fast floating point emulator developed at ETH called Fink arithmetic for the 32 Bit REAL s On the other hand an interface to Apple s SANE p
23. FPU is set to on in the User Profile when using Compile20 Implementation Notes The MC68020 Compiler is in fact a MC68040 Compiler and its output is true MC68040 code The code meets the requirements of the Motorola 68040 chip taking into account the RISC design of this chip the compiler avoids micro coded instructions and selects only those addressing modes and instruction opcodes which are really hard wired on the MC68040 The benefits of this strategy are essential As the instruction set of the MC68040 is a genuine subset of the instruction repertoire provided by chip combinations like the MC68020 MC68881 and the MC68030 MC68882 the code produced by the MC68020 Compiler is downward compatible and will run without problems and even faster on the MC68020 MC68881 and the MC68030 MC68882 chip pairs 105 Appendix B The Alternate MacMETH Compiler Version 3 3 The Version 3 3 of the MacMETH Compiler is based on Modula 2 as described in N Wirth s book Programming in Modula 2 Fourth Edition Springer Verlag 1988 4 The main modification concerns the data type CARDINAL it is treated as a subrange of the type INTEGER thereby avoiding the type incompatibilities between INTEGER and CARDINAL operands in expressions Furthermore the language rule about assigning a string to an array of characters is made more restrictive We emphasize that the Compiler Version 3 3 relies on the language presented in the Fourth Edition of Program
24. IHd este dc E cM BEC M NT D NM C E ce ere or dioi d e minas cole epu cM dT qu M xg SMM EE um uorsses Sngoqqyunsp orduro rpg ejdures v gp p Std DIPENDE Gema mem irae ur copre ae canes seer get Ol BSI HEE 10 tind BINPOW uj Kun pingu HHJ 40440 UA HO z 2043 z amnpnnp cin cp FO Pee 34344003 BMJ A sap ahg C31 Aana biir bbl oT 31 gt Peery 5 HOHHH 13 2 The Program Environment 2 1 Introduction The MacMETH system mainly consists of an editor a compiler and a debugger On the installed release they are stored in form of pre linked Modula 2 programs and are invoked by the help of a shell the Macintosh application MacMETH The shell contains many often needed library modules as well as a loader for Modula 2 object files The following picture gives a model of the MacMETH system on the Macintosh Debugger User Compiler Program Linked MacMETH Shell Loader User Program Operating System Macintosh Hardware Fig 2 1 MacMETH Layers Each layer builds upon the resources of the next lower layer The debugger is only called in case of a runtime error MacMETH allows programs to dynamically call other programs no linking necessary 14 2 2 Starting MacMETH You enter the shell by double clicking the Macintosh application MacMETH at the Finder level Then the following screen image is presented r BI MmacMETH 3 2 Edit Compile Execute Compile2 0 Rea
25. Looks for the actual file with the given file name If the file exists it is connected to f opened If the requested file is not found or new is TRUE a permanent file is created with the given name After the call 62 fres done if file f is connected fres notdone if the file does not exist or some error occured Close f Terminates any actual input or output operation on file f and disconnects the variable f from the actual file Delete f Terminates any actual input or output operation on file f and disconnects the variable f from the actual file The actual file is deleted hereafter Rename f filename Changes the name of file f to filename After the call f res done if file f is renamed f res notdone if a file with filename already exists or some error occured SetPos f highpos lowpos A call to procedure SetPos sets the current position of file f to highpos 216 lowpos The new position must be less or equal the length of the file GetPos f highpos lowpos Returns the current file position It is equal to highpos 2 6 lowpos Length f highpos lowpos Gets the position just behind the last element of the file i e the number of BYTEs stored on the file The position is equal to highpos 2 6 lowpos WriteChar f ch WriteWord f w Procedure WriteChar WriteWord appends character ch word w to file f ReadChar f ch ReadWord f w Procedure ReadChar ReadWord reads t
26. SETREG and REG to access operating system routines see procedure NewPtr and module InlineDemo in the examples below Register A5 is never touched by the compiler registers DO and D1 only in special cases If you access a procedure of one of the packages of the Toolbox the Macintosh expects not only the usual parameters but also a procedure number on the stack which means that you have to add an extra parameter to the end of the parameter list must not be a VAR parameter which is used to put this procedure number on the stack Example MODULE ToolboxDemo W Heiz 7 Apr 86 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS BYTE WORD SETREG REG INLINE TYPE Ptr ADDRESS Handle POINTER TO ADDRESS Str255 ARRAY 0 255 OF CHAR QuickDraw types VHSelect V H Point RECORD CASE INTEGER OF 0 v h INTEGER 1 vh ARRAY V H OF INTEGER END END Rect RECORD CASE INTEGER OF 0 top left bottom right INTEGER 1 topLeft botRight Point END END 99 Bit Map RECORD baseAddr Ptr rowBytes INTEGER bounds Rect END Pattern ARRAY 0 7 OF BYTE Styleltem bold italic underline outline shadow condense extend Style SET OF Styleltem Bits16 ARRAY 0 15 OF CARDINAL Cursor RECORD data mask Bits16 hotSpot Point END GrafPtr POINTER TO GrafPort GrafPort RECORD device INTEGER portBits BitMap portRect Rect visRgn clipRgn Handle bkPat fi
27. Separator KeybordEquiv Number Digit Letter PATHSection TrapsSection SANESection MenuSection PrinterSection SystemSection AliasSection lt PATH gt PathName lt gt PathName VolumeName lt gt SubDirName lt gt lt gt lt Traps gt All Arithmetic FPU FLine System Break lt All gt on lt off gt Arthmetic on off2 lt FPU gt lt on gt lt off gt lt F Line gt lt on gt lt off gt lt System gt lt on gt lt off gt lt Break gt lt on gt lt off gt lt SANE gt always invalid underflow overflow divByZero inexact lt alwaysSANE gt lt on gt lt off gt lt nvalidHalt gt lt on gt lt off gt lt underflowHalt gt lt on gt lt off gt lt overflowHalt gt lt on gt lt off gt lt divByZeroHalt gt lt on gt lt off gt lt inexactHalt gt lt on gt lt off gt lt Menu gt MenuString FullMenu MenuString lt gt Name lt l gt Name lt gt lt Printer gt Page LeftMargin Header lt PageLen gt Number lt LeftMargin gt Number Header Text System Compile Edit Compiler lt keep gt lt nokeep gt Editor lt keep gt lt nokeep gt lt Alias gt Editor2 lt Edit2 gt is lt gt Text lt gt ProgName lt gt KeybordEquiv Separator lt gt Letter
28. a iau ad D 14 3 Phe Editke atic RN ELMO EP TENE CT 16 Fle A aec ast On edu eens als bague O 16 22 tario the Sata Editors nee ats u Oo qu tide dd toi e duoi eode Rede rine 16 OMNEM EO 4 0h A E N E E E 17 2L Text elec MOM e a e a d deti nues E PU e BEA Se ais 18 3 9 TSGEOITPHB aia 18 3 6 Menu COmmalidss eese uci odo q Uu IN UNDO NI IN d aT MIN inns 18 3 7 Starting the Alternate Editor via EdiQ2 eee 22 4 The C mplices eds 23 4h OGTR ose Core ie eem toledo ms en Ame Imo Ma ee er 23 4 2 Starting the Compro Gave 23 4 32 v A O TO 24 S Program Execution 25 4 5 The Implemented Language cococnnnccconncconnccnonaccnnnnccnnnncnnnnccnnn conan nncnancnnnnnos 26 4 6 Differences and ResttICHTOBS d usce MI Tae EN i Ed ao SEE NS 29 4 7 Implementation Notes aaa MIRI ast IRE n Ire eee 30 4 8 The Modula 2 Syntax of MacMBTH erinnert eene ne eo een nea inn 33 A las M DE a TE 35 A RN 35 5 27 A A O A 36 2 9 A e 38 A re iW ene ee eR 38 A O Y 39 Giles SMG Enkel o rette NAO 39 6 2 o A A E M E A QE UR 42 6 3 The Program ReadProltile tii 44 6 The Program Unidad Sueco de coo cscs i 44 62 OLheProscam PE oe eis ass eee eee Oud issue Dessus tene EE SE sep ada e aio 44 qe Library WT OUT Se scs totae aetatibus sss is M sepu Eres etd du ds foi ad 45 Tl A O 45 s SA E O A 46 Toe CU A e 50 O O Do RITE 52 dos MENEM sinen i adio ted at o e o E 56 WEIN D PU D M C ME NU 59 Job PES VSUCI rheto
29. be called when restauration becomes necessary You may have opened at most 16 windows at the same time if you try to open a 17th the procedure OpenWindow won t open another window but will set ok to FALSE DrawTitle u title Window title ARRAY OF CHAR Window x y w h INTEGER VAR done BOOLEAN Window Window BOOLEAN Window Window Window dh dv INTEGER y INTEGER Window Window VAR w h INTEGER Window Window p ScrollProc vert horz BOOLEAN Window vert horz INTEGER Window p CloseProc Window VAR x y w h INTEGER Writes the string title centered in the title bar of window u 96 RedefineWindow u x y w h ok Changes the size of the window and clears its rectangle If the rectangle given by x y w h doesn t fit on the screen ok is set to FALSE and the window is not changed CloseWindow u Closes the window u No further operations are allowed on u hereafter except another call to OpenWindow OnTop u Returns TRUE if the window u is the uppermost FALSE if not PlaceOnTop u Places the window u on top in front of all other opened windows PlaceOnBottom u Places the window u on bottom behind all other opened windows ScrollWindow u dh dv Scrolls the content of window u by dh horizontally and vertically by dv UpWindow x y Returns the uppermost opened window containing x y if there is any and returns the
30. for the Compiler Version 3 3 The class of integer types INTEGER CARDINAL and LONGINT belong to the class of integer types For these types the arithmetic is signed Arithmetic overflow checks are generated whenever the corresponding compiler option is turned on If used as arguments in standard functions values of integer types are fully checked to be in the range of the resulting type When integer subranges are used CARDINAL is now an integer subrange the values are perfectly checked to be within the bounds of the subrange type these checks concern the assignment as well as the standard procedures INC and DEC DIV and MOD for the integer types The implementation of DIV and MOD is changed to the subtle definition on page 142 in Programming in Modula 2 Fourth Edition 4 For positive divisors the result of a MOD operation is from now always positive 0 lt x MOD y y as in Oberon Assignment within the type hierarchy The assignment of subtype expressions in the direction to the supertype LONGINT INTEGER LONGREAL REAL is fully accepted by the compiler However assignments in the opposite direction where the value is possibly truncated are no longer accepted and prohibited A call to the standard function SHORT is now mandatory as in Oberon Extensions for long types The standard functions CHR DEC INC ODD and ORD are extended to operate on arguments of type LONGINT For the conversion of INTEGER a
31. form a valid number or if the resulting number would exceed the type s range ok FALSE Start is the position in str where the number starts All characters before this position are ignored If Start is greater than the number of characters in str ok FALSE The resulting number is only valid if ok is TRUE after the execution of the procedure The number s representation in the string is as follows If the number is followed by a H conversion from base 16 hexadecimal is done If the number is followed by a B conversion from base 8 octal is done Ifa 946 is preceeding the number conversion from base 2 binary is done Inall other cases conversion from the given base is done REAL and LONGREAL numbers are always converted from base 10 If the number represented by the content of the string is negative the sign has to come after an eventually leading 26 character If Base has none of the values allowed a default value of 10 is assumed nn All numbers should be terminated either by the end of the string or a character lt This module doesn t provide special conversion procedures for LONGCARDs as the type LONGCARD is compatible with type ADDRESS Syntax descriptions in EBNF INTEGERs and LONGINTs are converted according to the syntax IntNumber BinaryInt OctalInt DecimalInt HexInt BinaryInt 96 Sign BinaryDigit BinaryDigit OctalInt Sign OctalDigit
32. menu corresponds to a particular macro Fig E2 The command Load macro file in the first section remains always installed and allows to activate other sets of macros All other sections of the menu change depending on the currently loaded macro file METE Transfer Load Macro File Open work file Find neut error Clear clase tr launch Launch shell Llear error marks tr close Clear error marks Configure MODULE DEF Opt Mi Fig E2 The macro menu of MEdit 1 79 113 The following text describes the functionality of the default macro file released with MacMETH 3 2 see Fig E2 The most important macros for handling of work files in conjunction with MacMETH are in the second section Use Open work file Zero to open a work file This macro sets also the cursor to the first error if any Find next error E sets the cursor to the location of the next error If no more errors are detected you will hear a beep and the location of the cursor will not change Clear close amp launch 1 clears all the inserted error marks closes the work file and launches MacMETH see Fig E3 In the next menu section are additional macros to handle work files and to change your initial configuration In the fourth section there is a collection of useful macros to generate and edit Modula 2 programs The macros in the last two sections help you to work with Modula 2 and Pascal comments blocks and cursor positioning Edit Compil
33. of type ADDRESS of the variable v which may be of any type x 2 n Arithmetic Shift x by n places n gt 0 generates a left shift and n lt 0 a right shift The result type is the same as the type of x put n into the instruction stream n must be a constant Logical Shift of x by n places n 2 0 generates a left shift and n 0 a right shift The result type is the same as the type of x x MOD 2 n in the sense of modulo arithmetic returns the rightmost n bits of the variable x n must be a constant in the range 1 32 The result type is the same as the type of x the value of the MC68000 register n n must be a constant in the range 0 15 the D registers are numbered from 0 to 7 DO D7 and the A registers from 8 to 15 AO A7 The result type is LONGINT Rotate x by n places n 2 0 rotates left whereas n 0 rotates right The result type is the same as the type of x load x into the MC68000 register n If x is a simple type of size 4 bytes the value is loaded if x is a string or a procedure the address is loaded n must be a constant in the range 0 15 specifying the register D registers are numbered from 0 to 7 DO D7 and A registers from 8 to 15 AQ A7 the number of bytes of type INTEGER used in memory for type T v of type TO converted to a value of type T without any security checks VAL T v is a replacement for the type transfer function T v 108 4 Implementation Notes
34. read from the keyboard the default name is the name of the last compiled file or a valid text selection in the file An empty name creates a new document name EOL ML Terminate the input A trailing is expanded to MOD DEL Delete the last character ESC MM MR Abort the command TAB The standard Macintosh file selector box is displayed Now you can select the file using the mouse To confirm your selection click the Open button 19 Split Split window into subwindows Each subwindow can be scrolled independently Selection beyond subwindow bounderies is allowed all text between is selected This allows you to select text portions greater than the window size define separation line ML MM MR Used to point to the location where separation should take place dragging allowed ESC Abort the command Print Print the file denoted by the caret printing any key Pause the printing process ESC Abort the command Quit Leave the Sara Editor without updating the document exit without save y Y ML Leave the Sara Editor any other key Abort the command Close Documents and subwindows are closed by activating their close boxes upper left square in title bar The name is read from the keyboard the default name is the name given in the Open command or a valid text selection After closing the last file the Quit command is called automatically name EOL ML Terminate the input A trailing
35. recommended The definition part of a module must be compiled prior to its implementation part Upon compilation of a definition module a symbol file containing symbol table information is generated This information is needed by the compiler in two cases 1 At compilation of the implementation part of the module 2 At compilation of another unit importing objects from this separate module If a required symbol file is missing the compilation process is stopped Compilation of a sequence of Modules By typing the command key the shift key and the numeric key 0 or the letter o simultaneously Shift O or Shift o the standard Macintosh file selector box will appear on the screen Now you can select a file This file is interpreted by the compiler as a command file each line on this file must contain the source file name possibly followed by option characters of a module Definition or Program Module to be compiled For a sample command file see the file Compile CMDs in the folder Examples Compiler Output Files Several files are generated by the compiler Their file names are taken as the compilation unit s module name with the appropriate file name extension Note that the reference file is used by the symbolic debugger SBM symbol file err LST error file for user text file RFM reference file err DAT error file for editor data file OBM object file 25 The Module Key With each compilation unit the compiler gene
36. text by keyboard EOL Terminate input DEL Delete last entered character ESC MR Abort the command ML Find next occurrence of a previously searched text ESC MR Abort the command 21 Replace Replace a text portion to be searched for by the internal buffer contents starting at the caret position The text to be found is specified as in the Find command The new text has to be moved to the internal buffer e g with Save If the text is found the Sara Editor asks whether it should be replaced replace by buffer content gt y Y ML Replace and search again n N MR Do not replace but search again remp as P0 Replace 0 1 9 times EOL Replace all occurrences starting at the caret Typing any key stops the replacing ESC Abort the command SPC Replace any other key Do not replace Save Copy a text portion to the internal buffer If no text is selected the internal buffer is cleared to allow the replace command to delete a found string 22 3 7 Starting the Alternate Editor via Edit2 The program Edit2 opens the door to an editor which is in conformance with the Macintosh User Interface Guidelines MacMETH s default recommendation for such an alternate editor is the application MEdit which stands for Macro Editor for details see Appendix E r BI MmacMETH 3 2 Edit Lompile Execute Compile20 ReadProfile Unload Fig 3 7 Starting the Alternate Editor The purpose of the sy
37. the Macintosh presents the following screen image amp File Edit Search Sara 2 6 1 May 89 HAS ETHZ name Examples Buggy MOD Fig 3 2 Initial Display of the Sara Editor You see a small window on the bottom of the screen possibly giving you a default file name for editing the last compiled file is the default Press lt return gt lt space gt or the mouse button to accept 17 the name or enter an alternate name to create a new text enter the empty name If the file name ends with the extension MOD is appended The editor now creates another window displaying the first page of your program If your program contains errors detected by the compiler in an earlier compilation the caret the text insertion point is automatically placed after the first error The dialog window displays the type of error amp File Edit Search E TEXamples Buggy Moo 3 MODULE Buggu amp M Heiz 4 Apr S6 5 CF contains 1 Syntax and 1 run time error gt WAR x CARDINAL a ARRAY 0 10 OF BOOLEAN PROCEDURE Pei CARDING p BOOLEAN BEGIH alil p EHD F BEGIN dj xo 14 PCO TRUE gt Pex FALSE JEND Buggy 30 Sara 2 6 1 May 89 HRS ETHZ 152 object should be a type Fig 3 3 Screen Image of the Sara Editor 3 3 Text Entry The text insertion point caret is represented by a small triangle which can be positioned by ML press and release at the same place The entere
38. to have a tool for teaching Modula 2 on Macintosh computers but meanwhile MacMETH also forms the basis of large software projects 1 2 System Description System Features The main features of the MacMETH system can be summarized as follows Compiler single pass Modula 2 compiler full language Modula 2 supported restriction declarations must precede references basic compiler generates native MC68000 code extended compiler generates native MC68020 MC68881 2 and MC68040 code Object code relocatable no explicit linking necessary Toolbox calls generate inline traps each Modula 2 program can be converted into a Macintosh standalone application Editor simple program editor no restriction on file size supports multiple files and windows displays compiler detected errors alternate editor conforming to the Macintosh UIG Debugger symbolic debugger with multiple windows displays process and data state of an erroneous program allows zooming into data structures MacMETH shell compiler and editor remain loaded after activation very fast program switching hierarchical file system and paths supported MacMETH compiles itself it is written entirely in Modula 2 System Requirements The MacMETH system requires at least a 512 kByte Macintosh and runs on all Macintosh models up to the Quadra For serious program development 1 MB of RAM and an external drive or preferably a hard disk is recommended M
39. 0 from MacMETH s File menu ifl Macmetu 3 2 Compile Execute Compile 20 ReadProfile Fig 4 1 Starting the Compiler 24 Now the Macintosh presents the following screen image HCBSnon Modula 2 Compiler W2 6 7 ETH Zuerich HH HS HH 29 May 92 in Example MOD iHzBaseLib 3 2 Terminal SBHn Example RFH Example OBM 185 in Fig 4 2 Screen Image of the standard Compiler You see the window Terminal on screen possibly giving you a default file name for compilation the last compiled file is the default one 4 3 Compilation Compilation of a Program Module Press EOL to accept the name or enter an alternate name If the file name ends with the extension MOD is appended You may also type TAB which makes the standard Macintosh file selector box appear on the screen Now you can select the file by using the mouse click the open button or type EOL or ESC to confirm your selection The compiler displays all files it reads i e imports with the tag and all files it produces with the tag After successful compilation of a program module the number of generated code bytes is displayed In case of an error the message errors detected appears instead After compilation the compiler again requests a file name for the next compilation Terminate by typing ESC EOL or pressing the mouse button no Compilation of a Definition Module For definition modules the file name extension DEF is
40. 15 AO A7 TSIZE T the number of bytes of type INTEGER used in memory for type T VAL T x x of type TO converted to a value of type T without any security checks VAL T x is a replacement for the type transfer function T x 29 4 6 Differences and Restrictions For the implementation of Modula 2 on the Macintosh some differences from the definition in 1 and restrictions must be considered Assignment compatibility The following types are assignment compatible to each other and the value is fully checked to be in range before assignment INTEGER CARDINAL LONGINT LONGCARD and REAL LONGREAL Type transfer functions and VAL Type transfer functions are eliminated from the basic language repertoire They can be obtained through the use of VAL imported from the module SYSTEM SYSTEM VAL T x is a replacement for the unchecked type transfer function T x Its value is x interpreted as of type T Its import is to ensure that machine dependent type transfers are explicitly referred to in the program and are thus readily located Procedures The compiler also offers a code procedure declaration It can be used in definition and implementation modules and serves to introduce procedures implemented by supervisor calls The code number n specifies a MC68000 opcode typically a trap instruction inserted as a word in the instruction stream where called Evidently such definitions are provided together with the operating syst
41. 2 33 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Arithmetic If a serious error occurs during the evaluation of an integer expression an arithmetic trap of the Integer Unit CPU is triggered If Arithmetic is enabled MacMETH will catch the traps and start the appropriate actions if it s disabled the trap request is passed to the Macintosh operating system Trap numbers 5 6 7 FPU When a Floating Point Hardware Unit FPU is available on platforms equiped by the MC68881 the MC68882 or the MC68040 and Compile20 compiled code shall be executed additional Floating Point Exception Vectors must be preset in the system If a serious error occurs in a floating point operation a floating point exception is signaled by the hardware If FPU is enabled MacMETH will catch the floating point hardware exception and allow to start the debugger if it s disabled the trap request is passed to the Macintosh operating system Trap numbers 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 for the MC68881 MC68882 For the MC68040 Trap numbers 48 51 54 are let unchanged and MacMETH installs the so called secondary User Exception Vectors F Line It s the same here too If F Line is set to on MacMETH will catch this trap if it s disabled the trap request is passed to the Macintosh operating system Trap number 11 For the MC68040 Trap number 11 is never changed and a secondary vector is installed System The keyword System is used here for the Access Fault Addres
42. A g9 OO OM ien This session takes about 60 seconds 1 6 Keyboard and Mouse Special Keys The following notation is used throughout this documentation ML mouse button MM command key MR option key EOL return key ESC enter key TAB tabulator key SP space bar DEL key For non ASCII keyboard character sets see also page 14 1 7 References 1 Niklaus Wirth Programming in Modula 2 Third corrected Edition Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1985 2 Inside Macintosh Apple Computer Inc 20525 Mariani Ave Cupertino CA 95014 3 Motorola MC68000 16 32 Bit Microprocessor Programmer s Reference Manual Fourth Edition 1984 Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs 4 Niklaus Wirth Programming in Modula 2 Fourth Edition Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1988 5 Anonymous 1991 ResEdit Reference For ResEdit 2 1 Reading Mass Addison Wesley Publishing 153pp An Apple development document ISBN 0 201 57091 2 6 Alley P amp Strange C 1991 ResEdit complete Reading Mass Addison Wesley 3rd printing 546pp includes program diskette 11 UOISsag Sngeq uNyY aiduiog IpY epdureg Y iT 31H wd n mu pirum i2a cm sg HDA d FHICH 13d SHOOK THEW do EOI D HHH E EHIH ox HHn Aiwa wH A E WMDBE LIRA diii zu Pp aam yay Pina OOH PEE zu Em Eng i YHHH Alt por nim QUINT uilbeg WPI Bl d JBJ UD IL BIILO44198
43. Call but the current program level is not incremented So the newly loaded and activated program in fact is a dynamical extension of the current program level This implies that you shouldn t include a program executing the body of a main module you d never get back from the included module to the including one but only programs executing the bodies of library modules RemovePermModules Remove all permanently loaded modules Terminate status The currently running process may be terminated by a call to Terminate status may signal the cause of termination DisplayStatus status Shows the status in a dialog box WarnMessage message Halts program execution and displays message in a dialog box The debugger may be started or the program may be continued or aborted HaltMessage message Breaks program execution and displays message in a dialog box Similar to WarnMessage but program must be aborted InitProcedure init done A call to InitProcedure installs an initialization procedure init which will be called whenever a program on a higher level is started These initialization procedures are called just after the installation of the new execution level in question i e after the current level is incremented and in order of their announcements The result parameter done is set TRUE if the assignment has been successful TermProcedure term done A call to TermProcedure installs a termination procedure term which wil
44. Command Done IF Done amp Command menulD 1 THEN CASE Command menuCmd OF 1 GetFileName FileName FileType Ok IF Ok THEN Call FileName FALSE TermReason IF TermReason normal THEN Some error occured END IF END IF 2 Transfer 3 EXIT END CASE END IF END LOOP END SystemExample 89 7 17 Terminal Terminalln TerminalOut 7 17 1 TerminalIn The module TerminalIn contains procedures to read characters from the keyboard Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE TerminalIn W Heiz 12 Dec 85 C Vetterli 26 Feb 86 PROCEDURE BusyRead VAR ch CHAR PROCEDURE Read VAR ch CHAR END Terminalln Explanations Read ch Gets the next character from the keyboard or from the command file and assigns it to ch The procedure does not echo the read character on the screen i e on the terminal window BusyRead ch Procedure BusyRead assigns OC to ch if no character has been typed Otherwise BusyRead is identical to procedure Read By typing the command key the shift key and the key 0 or the letter o simultaneously Shift O or Shift o you can reassign the input to a file command file Imported Modules EventBase System Toolbox 7 17 2 TerminalOut The module TerminalOut contains procedures to write characters to a standard window called Terminal on the screen Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE TerminalOut W Heiz 12 Dec 85 C V
45. D menuCmd itemStr Changes the text of item number menuCmd in menu menuID to itemStr itemStr shouldn t contain formatting characters see above as they re not interpreted but displayed too The string is displayed according to the style attributes set DisableItem menuID menuCmd Disables the item number menuCmd in menu menuID EnableItem menuID menuCmd Enables the item number menuCmd in menu menuID again Styleltem menuld menuCmd style Sets the style attributes of item number menuCmd in menu menuID to style The old setting is deleted MarkItem menuID menuCmd mark If mark TRUE the item number menuCmd in menu menulD is checked i e the check mark is displayed to the left of the item otherwise an existing check mark is deleted InstallAboutProc AboutString p Installs the string AboutString in the apple menu If this item is selected the procedure p is called Imported Modules Toolbox 78 Example MODULE MenuExample displays a small menu and responds to the user s actions FROM Menu IMPORT MenuRes SetMenu GetMenuCmd DisableMenu EnableMenu Setltem Disableltem Enableltem InstallAboutProc Markltem FROM InOut IMPORT WriteString WriteLn VAR MenuEnabled ItemEnabled Checked Done BOOLEAN Command MenuRes PROCEDURE AboutThisProgram BEGIN WriteLn WriteString xereeeieeeioeroroeiooioooeeoeoeeeeet Writeln WriteLn WriteString HELLO WriteLn Wri
46. DULE EventBase C Vetterli 4 J an 85 26 Feb 85 CONST events nullEvent 0 mouseDown 1 mouseUp 2 keyDown 3 keyUp 4 autoKey 5 updateEvt 6 diskEvt 7 activateEvt 8 networkEvt 10 driverEvt 11 applEvt 12 app2Evt 13 app3Evt 14 app4Evt 15 TYPE Point RECORD v h INTEGER END EventRecord RECORD what INTEGER event code see above message LONGINT event message when LONGINT ticks since startup where Point mouse location modifiers INTEGER modifier flags END EventHandler PROCEDURE VAR EventRecord BOOLEAN this procedure type is used by the scheduler for distributing events obtained by GetNextEvent to the activated tasks PROCEDURE PushTask EventProc EventHandler INTEGER PROCEDURE PopTask taskNum INTEGER PROCEDURE PollEventTasks PROCEDURE GetBusyReadEvent VAR event EventRecord BOOLEAN END EventBase Explanations EventHandler This procedure type is used by the scheduler for distributing events obtained by GetNextEvent see Inside Macintosh to the activated tasks The EventHandler first has to analyse the event then either handle it and return TRUE or not handle it and return FALSE 57 PushTask EventProc Pushes the task EventProc onto the scheduler and activates it PushTask returns the task number You may not push more than six tasks if you try to push a seventh PushTask returns zero
47. E GetFilePath n INTEGER VAR p Path VAR found BOOLEAN PROCEDURE NewPath VAR p Path atEnd BOOLEAN PROCEDURE DiscardPath VAR path Path PROCEDURE DiscardAllPaths PROCEDURE ReloadPath Screen Support PROCEDURE GetScreen VAR x y w h INTEGER Trap Vector Table Support PROCEDURE SuspendM2 PROCEDURE ResumeM2 END System 86 Explanations Allocate a size Tries to allocate a memory area of the given size in the heap If the space is not available a is set to NIL otherwise it returns the address of the reserved area Deallocate a Releases the memory area given by address a a is set to NIL Implementation Note The minimum memory area that will be reserved by Allocate is size 4 bytes Only the heap of the program that runs on the topmost level should be expanded All other heaps must not allocate any memory through Allocate Call module leaveLoaded status Activates a new program that executes the body of module module The current program level is incremented by one before the execution of the program If leaveLoaded is TRUE all modules imported directly or indirectly by the program are marked as non removable and will stay in memory for the livetime of the application otherwise the new loaded modules are removed after program termination After the execution of the program status indicates the termination cause Include module leaveLoaded status Works as
48. EDURE InstallAbout aboutMsg ARRAY OF CHAR id INTEGER TYPE Style Bold Italic Underline Outline Shadow Plain menulD INTEGER menulD INTEGER PROCEDURE DeleteMenu PROCEDURE DisableMenu PROCEDURE EnableMenu menulD INTEGER PROCEDURE Setltem menulD menuCmd INTEGER itemStr ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Disableltem menuld menuCmd INTEGER PROCEDURE Enableltem menuld menuCmd INTEGER PROCEDURE Styleltem menuld menuCmd INTEGER style Style PROCEDURE Markltem menuld menuCmd INTEGER mark BOOLEAN PROCEDURE InstallAboutProc aboutMsg ARRAY OF CHAR p PROC END Menu Explanations Wherever a menu string is required as a parameter it must have the following format menuStr title l item title character item character The following characters are interpreted when occuring in item 3s The character ch following the slash should be a capital letter is treated as a keyboard equivalent i e the menu item may be selected by typing the option key and ch at the same time lt The character s following the lt sign denote the style s in which the menu item will be displayed You may specify several style attributes at the same time although in most cases this will be nonsense The characters following the lt have the following meaning B gt Bold O gt Outlined I gt Italic U gt Underlined S Shadowed
49. GINT must have the suffix letter D LONGREAL values of type LONGREAL are double precision real numbers represented in 8 bytes The value range expands from 1 79D308 to 1 79D308 Note that constants of type LONGREAL use letter D instead of E BITSET the type BITSET is defined as SET OF 0 15 The size of this type is 2 bytes Note that sets obey the Motorola numbering conventions for bit data 0 corresponds to the ordinal value 1 PROC the standard type PROC denotes a parameterless procedure size is 4 bytes The types INTEGER CARDINAL and LONGINT are the integer types They now form a hierarchy LONGINT includes the values of the type INTEGER which itself includes the values of the type CARDINAL 106 2 Standard Procedures Standard procedures are predefined need not to be imported Some are generic procedures that cannot be explicitly declared i e they apply to classes of operand types or have several possible parameter list forms A type T is called a scalar type if T is an enumeration type CHAR INTEGER CARDINAL a subrange or type LONGINT The following table lists all the predefined procedures v stands for a variable x and n for expressions and T for a type ABS x CAP x CHR x DEC v EXCL v n FLOAT x FLOATD x HALT HIGH v INC v INCL v n LONG x MAX T MIN T ODD x ORD x SHORT x SIZE x TRUNC x TRUNCD x absolute value of x The result type is the same as the arg
50. GREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongSin x LONGREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongCos x LONGREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongArcTan x LONGREAL LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongReal x LONGINT LONGREAL PROCEDURE LongEntier x LONGREAL LONGINT END LongMathLib Imported Modules Toolbox Release Note With the MacMETH 3 2 Release the file MathLib OBM comes in 2 different versions The name of the first version is MathLib OBM SANE this is the standard implementation calling Apples SANE package and best suited for machines with a Floating Point Processor The name of the alternate version is MathLib OBM NO SANE this is an implementation especially tuned to hardware platforms without a Floating Point Processor where the NO SANE version is running faster than the SANE variant To activate the version of your choice do the following procedure open the folder M2Lib and select your version duplicate and rename it to MathLib OBM this is the relevantname requested by the system programs and the loader Hint use Finder s Get Info command to identify and check the version 76 7 12 Menu Module for command selection from a menu and menu manipulation Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Menu C Vetterli 30 J an 87 Ch Widmer 5 J un 88 TYPE MenuRes RECORD menulD menuCmd INTEGER END PROCEDURE SetMenu menulD INTEGER menuStr ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Get MenuCmd VAR cmd MenuRes VAR done BOOLEAN PROC
51. Intosh for further details The object file System OBM is not in the folder M2BaseLib as it forms part of the MacMETH shell resource of type CODE The folder M2Lib contains object and symbol files of modules which are considered as useful for Modula 2 Programming e g when learning Modula 2 Dialog creation and handling of dialogs EV24 asynchronous interface to Macintosh modem port GraphicWindows graphic window handling LineDrawing see Programming in Modula 2 1 4 Chapter 28 LongMathLib mathematical functions for LONGREAL MathLib mathematical functions for REAL String string handling The folder Examples contains miscellaneous demo source programs Buggy MOD Edit Compile Execute cycle demo program Example MOD debugger demo program Compile CMDs sample command file Additional files as a default recommendation for the alternate editor MEdit 1 79 application MEdit as a default for the supervisor program Edit2 Macros Macro file for the application MEdit 1 4 The Configuration File User Profile The file User Profile gives you the possibility to configure the MacMETH system according to your preferences or according to your hardware This file must be at the same level i e in the same folder as the application MacMETH The file contains the following different sections The PATH section The Traps section The Menu or FullMenu section The System section The Printer section The
52. MPORT WORD FROM FileSystem IMPORT File CONST EOL 15C VAR Done BOOLEAN termCH CHAR terminating character in read procedures in out File for exceptional cases only PROCEDURE Openlnput defext ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE OpenOutput defext ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Closelnput PROCEDURE CloseOutput PROCEDURE Read VAR ch CHAR PROCEDURE ReadString VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE ReadInt VAR x INTEGER PROCEDURE ReadCard VAR x CARDINAL PROCEDURE ReadWrd VAR w WORD PROCEDURE Write ch CHAR PROCEDURE WriteLn PROCEDURE WriteString s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Writelnt x INTEGER n CARDINAL PROCEDURE WriteCard x n CARDINAL PROCEDURE WriteOct x n CARDINAL PROCEDURE WriteHex x n CARDINAL PROCEDURE WriteWrd w WORD PROCEDURE ReadLonglnt VAR x LONGINT PROCEDURE WriteLonglnt X LONGINT n CARDINAL PROCEDURE ReadReal VAR x REAL PROCEDURE WriteReal x REAL n CARDINAL PROCEDURE ReadLongReal VAR x LONGREAL PROCEDURE WriteLongReal X LONGREAL n CARDINAL END InOut Explanations VAR Done BOOLEAN Done indicates whether or not the least recently executed procedure terminated successfully Done FALSE gt Some error occured during the execution of the last called procedure Done TRUE gt Don t worry everything s fine T2 OpenInput defext Writes the prompt in gt and requests a file name If the file could be opened subsequent
53. MacMETH 3 2 Y m A Fast Modula 2 Language System For the Apple Macintosh Departement Informatik ETH Z rich september 1992 Disclaimer The authors of the computer software described in this manual hereby disclaim any and all guarantees and warranties on the software or its documentation both expressed or implied No liability of any form shall be assumed by the authors Any user of this software uses it at his or her own risk This product is distributed on an as is basis no fitness for any purpose whatsoever nor warranty of merchantability are claimed or implied The authors reserve the right to make changes additions and improvements to the software or documentation at any time without notice to any person or organization no guarantee is made that further versions of either will be compatible with any other version Authors Niklaus Wirth J rg Gutknecht Werner Heiz Hansruedi Schar Hermann Seiler Christian Vetterli Andreas Fischlin 1St Edition Release 2 0 Edited 1986 by Werner Heiz 2nd completely revised Edition Release 2 5 Edited 1988 by Thomas Wolf 3rd revised Edition Release 2 6 Edited 1991 by Hermann Seiler 4th completely revised Edition Release 3 2 Edited 1992 by Hermann Seiler Copyright Copyright 1986 Departement Informatik Copyright 1988 Departement Informatik Copyright 1991 Departement Informatik Copyright 1992 Departement Informatik Eidgen ssische Technische Hoc
54. ND StringExample 85 7 16 System The module System is the heart of the Modula 2 system on the Macintosh It contains the loader and several utility procedures There are also procedures for calling and terminating programs and handling the heap Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE System H Seiler C Vetterli W Heiz A Fischlin FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS TYPE Processor MC68000 MC68010 MC68020 MC68030 MC68040 VAR CPU Processor Loader CONST MaxPrograms 6 TYPE Status normal moduleNotFound fileNotFound illegalKey readError badSyntax noMemory alreadyLoaded killed tooManyPrograms continue noApplication PROCEDURE Allocate VAR ptr ADDRESS size LONGINT PROCEDURE Deallocate VAR ptr ADDRESS PROCEDURE Call module ARRAY OF CHAR leaveLoaded BOOLEAN VAR status Status PROCEDURE Include module ARRAY OF CHAR leaveLoaded BOOLEAN VAR status Status PROCEDURE RemovePermModules PROCEDURE Terminate status Status PROCEDURE DisplayStatus status Status PROCEDURE WarnMessage message ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE HaltMessage message ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE InitProcedure init PROC VAR done BOOLEAN PROCEDURE TermProcedure term PROC VAR done BOOLEAN HFS Support TYPE Path ARRAY 0 63 OF CHAR PROCEDURE FindPath VAR p Path in ARRAY OF CHAR VAR n INTEGER PROCEDURE AddPath p Path in ARRAY OF CHAR VAR out ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDUR
55. ONGINT the range of type LONGINT is from 2147483648D to 2147483647D The type s size is 4 Constants of type LONGINT must have the suffix letter D LONGINT arithmetic is signed and overflow is checked when the corres ponding option is on LONGCARD the value range of type LONGCARD is from OD to 4294967295D The type s size is 4 bytes LONGCARD arithmetic is unsigned and overflow is not checked LONGREAL values of type LONGREAL are double precision real numbers represented in 8 bytes The value range expands from 1 79D308 to 1 79D308 Note that constants of type LONGREAL use letter D instead of E PROC the standard type PROC denotes a parameterless procedure size is 4 bytes 27 Standard Procedures Standard procedures are predefined need not to be imported Some are generic procedures that cannot be explicitly declared i e they apply to classes of operand types or have several possible parameter list forms A type T is called a scalar type if T is an enumeration type CHAR INTEGER CARDINAL or a subrange type The types INTEGER CARDINAL and LONGINT are called the integer types The following table lists all the predefined procedures v stands for a variable x and n for expressions and T for a type ABS x CAP x CHR x DEC v EXCL v n FLOAT x FLOATD x HALT HIGH v INC v INCL v n LONG x MAX T MIN T ODD x ORD x SHORT x SIZE x TRUNC x TRUNCD x absolute value of x The resu
56. OctalDigit B DecimalInt Sign DecimalDigit DecimalDigit HexInt Sign HexDigit HexDigit H BinaryDigit O 1 OctalDigit BinaryDigit 2 3 4 5 6 7 DecimalDigit OctalDigit 8 9 HexDigit DecimalDigit A B C D E F Sign on np 49 Syntax for CARDINALs ADDRESSes and LONGCARDs CardNumber BinaryCard OctalCard DecimalCard HexCard BinaryCard 96 BinaryDigit BinaryDigit OctalCard OctalDigit OctalDigit B DecimalCard DecimalDigit DecimalDigit HexCard HexDigit HexDigit H The syntax for REALs and LONGREAL s is the following RealNumber Sign IntegerPart FractionPart ScaleFactor IntegerPart DecimalDigit DecimalDigit FractionPart DecimalDigit DecimalDigit ScaleFactor E Sign DecimalDigit DecimalDigit Imported Modules Toolbox Examples Subsequently we give you a series of examples giving you an idea how these conversion routines work We assume that the string is long enough to hold the number s character representation CardToString 12457 8 10 16 str Done everything ok Base 16 The result of this call will be str 000030A9H Done TRUE CardToString 12457 8 10 10 str Done everything ok Base 10 This will give you str 12457 Done TRUE CardToString 12457 3 5 10 str Done Digits too small Result str 12457 Done TRUE CardToString 12457 5 3 10 str Done
57. Out gt TerminalOut OBM writes file selecting LOG file variant via TAB TerminalOut y n yes add it FileSystem gt FileSystem OBM LOG file variant needs FileSystem FileSystem y n yes add it Examples Example OBM linked End of linkage A application This option allows to generate stand alone applications which may be started by a double click and which may be executed completely independent from the MacMETH development system Any Modula 2 module can be linked to an application On the Macintosh applications are identified by the so called signature or creator which should be a four character long identification Among other things the signature allows the Finder to associate desktop icons with a particular application The signature of MacMETH is ETHM for MacWrite it is MACA etc Hence for each application to be linked find first a unique signature Secondly within each application must exist a so called resource fork It contains among other things the object code of module System a mandatory prerequisite for any MacMETH Modula 2 code execution resource type CODE pictures resource type PICT desktop icons resource type ICN or items required for dialogs resource type DLOG DITL Since the MacMETH 41 shell contains a resource fork with all resources required for standard program execution a simple application linking process does not require a special resource fork The following example links the previ
58. PORT Windows TYPE Window Windows Window RestoreProc Windows RestoreProc Mode replace paint invert erase VAR Done BOOLEAN Done Operation was executed successfully PROCEDURE OpenGraphicWindow VAR u Window x y w h INTEGER name ARRAY OF CHAR Repaint RestoreProc PROCEDURE RedefGraphicWindow u Window x y w h INTEGER PROCEDURE Clear u Window PROCEDURE CloseGraphicWindow u Window PROCEDURE SetMode PROCEDURE Dot PROCEDURE SetPen PROCEDURE TurnTo PROCEDURE Turn PROCEDURE Move PROCEDURE MoveTo PROCEDURE Circle PROCEDURE Area PROCEDURE CopyArea PROCEDURE Write PROCEDURE WriteString Window m Mode Window x y INTEGER Window x y INTEGER Window d INTEGER Window d INTEGER Window n INTEGER Window x y INTEGER Window x y r INTEGER Window c INTEGER x y w h INTEGER Window sx sy dx dy dw dh INTEGER Window ch CHAR Window s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE IdentifyPos VAR u Window VAR x y INTEGER END GraphicWindows Explanations OpenGraphicWindow u x y w h title redraw Opens the window u with lower left corner at screen coordinates x y width w and height h The string title is drawn centered in the titlebar of the window the window s rectangle is cleared Then the procedure Repaint is assigned to the window This procedure is called when restoration of the window becomes necessary If you ve a
59. RE AddPath PROCEDURE AppendExt PROCEDURE GetPos PROCEDURE SetPos PROCEDURE Length VAR f File VAR pos LONGINT VAR f File pos LONGINT VAR f File length LONGINT PROCEDURE ReadLong PROCEDURE WriteLong PROCEDURE EOF VAR f File VAR long LONGINT VAR f File long LONGINT VAR f File BOOLEAN PROCEDURE GetFileName VAR fileName ARRAY OF CHAR type ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN VAR fileName ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN VAR fileName ARRAY OF CHAR ext type ARRAY OF CHAR Read ReadProc Write WriteProc VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE PutFileName PROCEDURE ReadFileName PROCEDURE Message PROCEDURE SetFileType PROCEDURE GetDefVol PROCEDURE SetDefVol PROCEDURE Transfer PROCEDURE Sublaunch PROCEDURE LastlOErr str1 str2 ARRAY OF CHAR name ARRAY OF CHAR creator type FType VAR vName ARRAY OF CHAR VAR vRefNum INTEGER vName ARRAY OF CHAR vRefNum INTEGER BOOLEAN progname ARRAY OF CHAR progname ARRAY OF CHAR INTEGER END FileUtil Explanations ExtLookup f name new ok Works the same way as FileSystem Lookup does but if the file is not found using name the procedure one by one adds all possible paths to the original file name name until either the file has been found or all paths have been tried without finding the file in this case ok is set to FALSE 65 GetCurrentPath path Returns the path used in the last call to ExtLookup
60. Reloads the PATH section from the User Profile GetScreen x y w h Inquires the actual size of the screen x and y are always O they re not interesting anyway w is the screen s width h its height SuspendM2 Save the Trap Vector Table belonging to the current environment or application This routine is typically called by the event loop responding to osEvt events if the event is a suspend event See Inside Macintosh Addison Wesley Vol VI pp 5 15 ResumeM2 Resume the Trap Vector Table belonging to the calling Modula 2 program This routine is typically called by the event loop responding to osEvt events if the event is a resume event For more details see Inside Macintosh Addison Wesley Vol VI pp 5 15 Imported Modules Toolbox 88 Example MODULE SystemExample demonstrates the use of the procedures from module System and module FileUtil this program is in fact a very small shell allowing the user to execute other programs or to transfer to another application FROM System IMPORT Call Status FROM FileUtil IMPORT GetFileName Transfer FType FROM Menu IMPORT MenuRes SetMenu GetMenuCmd VAR Command MenuRes Done Ok BOOLEAN FileName ARRAY 0 63 OF CHAR FileType FType TermReason Status BEGIN SetMenu 1 File Execute X Transfer T Quit Q MacMETH sets the type of the object files it creates to MOBJ FileType MOBJ LOOP Get MenuCmd
61. SANE section The Alias section SUDO T s Note that MacMETH is case sensitive so please make sure that all titles and subtitles in your User Profile are written exactly as listed in this manual e g Path is not the same as PATH The PATH section Macintosh file names have the following syntactical structure FileName Path Name Path VolName SubDirName VolName is the volume name each Macintosh diskette has a name SubDirName is the name of a subdirectory or folder Name is the local name of the file Examples of correct Macintosh file names MacMETH Hilel disk name followed by local file name Untitled Library TextWindows DEF disk name folder name local file name Library RealInOut MOD relative path starting at current folder where the MacMETH shell resides User2 Temp relative path starting one folder above the current folder Normally you only want to deal with local file names and forget about paths In the PATH section you give an ordered list of paths that will be prefixed to the file name one after another until the file is found if it exists in one of the given locations or in the start up directory of the MacMETH shell which is searched first The output files of the MacMETH applications i e Edit Compile Link etc are written to the same location where the input file was found Here is a sample PATH section recommended default for MacMETH 3 2 PATH Examples M2To
62. T InOut CONST FF 2 14C FF Form feed VAR ok BOOLEAN ch CHAR BEGIN OpenPrinter ok IF ok THEN Reset InOut WriteString This is a screendump The whole screen is printed PrintScreen InOut WriteLn InOut WriteString Type a key to continue InOut Read ch InOut Write FF InOut WriteString This was a FF written to the Terminal window Write FF WriteString This was a FF written to the printer WriteLn WriteString Now the terminal window is printed WriteLn InOut WriteString Type a key to continue InOut Read ch PrintWindow NIL TRUE WriteString End of printer demo ClosePrinter ELSE Link to printer could not be established printer off END IF END PrintExample 81 7 14 Storage Module Storage provides procedures for memory allocation and deallocation Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Storage Hansbeat Loacker 18 Mar 87 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS PROCEDURE ALLOCATE VAR adr ADDRESS size INTEGER PROCEDURE DEALLOCATE VAR adr ADDRESS size INTEGER END Storage Explanations ALLOCATE adr size Allocates an area of the given size and assigns its address to adr If no memory space is available the calling program is killed DEALLOCATE adr size Frees the area beginning at address adr with the given size 82 7 15 This module provides routines for character string manipulations String DEFINITION MODULE Strin
63. VAR v LONGINT X y W base INTEGER PROCEDURE Activateltem PROCEDURE DeActivateltem PROCEDURE Refreshltem PROCEDURE StaticString d Dialog i Item d Dialog i Item d Dialog i Item d Dialog t ARRAY OF CHAR X d d pr Re y INTEGER s TextStyle Dialog i INTEGER x y INTEGER s TextStyle Dialog x y w h INTEGER PROCEDURE StaticNumber PROCEDURE Rectangle END Dialog Explanations The origin of the coordinate system used in this module is in the lower left corner of the screen or the dialog window respectively 53 New d x y w h Creates a new modal dialog d without displaying it on the screen The lower left corner of the dialog window will be at coordinates x y the outer rectangle of this window has width w and height h The actual size of the inner rectangle the one you actually can use is 16 pixels less in each direction width and height Dispose d Deallocates the dialog in memory and deletes it from the screen No further operations on d are allowed hereafter except another call to procedure New Open d Displays the previously defined dialog d on the screen Close d Deletes the dialog from the screen but doesn t deallocate it in memory UserAction d which If this procedure returns TRUE the user either changed the value of an active item returned in which or clicked somewhere else in the dialog window In the latter case whic
64. able 5 4 Local Commands The Source Window The source window contains a listing which is selected through the procedure chain or the module list window If selected through the procedure chain window the error position is highlighted ML MR Source Menu Ask On Ask user for alternative file names if source file cannot be found Normally the source file name is derived from the module name by adding MOD Ask Off Don t ask user for alternative file names The Data Windows The two data windows display the data related with selected modules procedures arrays records and pointers ML Show further data of selected object if there is such Objects with further data are marked with The top line shows a path through which the present structure was reached The path can be retraced in reverse order by selecting a previous component MR Data Menus Expand Expand window Shrink Shrink window The Module List Window The module list window shows the list of loaded modules ML Show source listing and global data of selected module MR Show source listing of selected module Module Menu Data 1 Use data window 1 to display global data of modules Data 2 Use data window 2 to display global data of modules DEF Show the definition listing of future selected modules MOD Show the implementation listing of future selected modules The Procedure Chain Window The procedure chain window shows the error diagnostic and t
65. acMETH fully supports the hierarchical file system of the Macintosh by allowing the user to specify alternate search paths in his own configuration file 1 e User Profile MacMETH also runs under Apple s newest System 7 0 1 in all modes except for the the Virtual Memory mode which is not fully supported i e in the case of exception debugging Hence we recommend to turn the Virtual Memory switch off 1 3 Getting Started The MacMETH System can be obtained via anonymous internet file transfer ftp at no charge from the host neptune inf ethz ch Internet address 129 132 101 33 in ftp directory macmeth or as part of the modeling and simulation package RAMSES from the host baikal ethz ch Internet address 129 132 80 130 in ftp directory pub mac RAMSES The first thing to do is to make a copy of the release via ftp Then double click the file and specify the destination of the MacMETH package on your hard disk The MacMETH Release 3 2 consists of the following files and folders Two basic files containing the shell and the configuration file MacMETH 3 2 main application shell calls the editor the compiler the loader etc User Profile configuration file The folder M2Tools contains all system programs available with the MacMETH shell Compile standard compiler pre linked with MC68000 codegenerator Compile20 standard compiler pre linked with MC68040 codegenerator Debug debugger pre linked Decode disassembles object file
66. acMETH on behalf of the Finder and attempt to compile it The compiler will display the following message C68000 Modula 2 Compiler V2 6 7 ETH Zuerich NW HS WH 29 May 92 in workfile MOD not found Since MEdit is in contrast to the Sara Editor see Chapter 3 1 a completely different application the MacMETH compiler is unable to compile a file while it remains opened by another application Hence as a rule close your work file always before leaving MEdit for instance by using only the macro command Clear close amp launch The compiler writes after each compilation the name of the work file into the file err DAT If the file err DAT is missing or if its content does not match your current working environment the macro Open work file will display an alert Since this macro is automatically executed you will see this message also at every start up of MEdit If this bevahior disturbs you get rid of it by compiling any existing file which will produce a new err DAT If the compiler detects errors it never writes the corresponding error information which error ocurred where into your work file it writes it only into the file err DAT It is only Edit2 which reads this information from err DAT then it inserts the error marks into your work file before launching MEdit or whichever editor has been specified in the alias section of the User Profile The macro Placeholder G sets the cursor to the next Modula 2 com
67. ackage is available Therefore the SANE section in the User Profile was introduced The essential switch is specified with the alwaysSANE keyword turning alwaysSANE off will select the Fink arithmetic Turning alwaysSANE on however will advise the system to use the slower but preciser SANE package Additional keywords were introduced to control the behaviour of a program should SANE detect a floating point exception When for example overflowHalt is on and an overflow exception occurs MacMETH will gain control over the exception and the user may start the debugger or abort the program On the other hand when overflowHalt is turned off the floating point operation is not interrupted and the calculation proceeds with an Infinity as a so called halt disabled result Note that only SANE s control of exceptions and halt disabled results are in full conformance with the Floating Point Processors MC68881 MC68882 MC68040 of Motorola For operations on the 64 Bit type LONGREAL and for all functions of the default version of Module MathLib the interface to SANE is choosen anyway The following example is self explanatory and shows all the possible switches Example recommended defaults SANE alwaysSANE on invalidHalt on underflowHalt off overflowHalt on divByZeroHalt on inexactHalt off The Alias section When the alternate editor Edit2 is used the Alias section in the User Profile is mandatory This secti
68. and records The Registers A4 A5 A6 and A7 are dedicated Scratch D Registers free at any time DO DI Pool D Registers for expression evaluation D2 D7 Pool A Registers for address calculation AO A3 Dedicated A Registers A4 static base SB A5 never used by compiler A6 mark pointer MP A7 stack pointer SP 4 8 33 The Modula 2 Syntax of MacMETH In this chapter a description of the syntax of Modula 2 in EBNF is given See also 1 ident number integer real ScaleFactor hexDigit digit octalDigit string qualident ConstantDeclaration ConstExpression TypeDeclaration type SimpleType enumeration IdentList SubrangeType Array Type RecordType FieldListSequence FieldList variant CaseLabelList CaseLabels SetType PointerType ProcedureType FormalTypeList VariableDeclaration designator ExpList expression relation SimpleExpression AddOperator term MulOperator factor set element ActualParameters statement assignment ProcedureCall StatementSequence letter letter digit integer real digit digit D octalDigit octalDigit B I C digit hexDigit H digit digit digit ScaleFactor E D E l D l digit digit digit l A l B I C I D l E I F octalDigit 8 9 Or EIAS nl ST ISP PT ni character ni nmt ident ident ident ConstExpression expression ident type SimpleType ArrayType Rec
69. and the type PROCESS are not predeclared although defined as standard objects in earlier reports on the language They will be implemented in separate modules The function SIZE is a standard procedure globally defined and it is identical to the function TSIZE defined in module SYSTEM Its argument is a type or a variable the result is the size of the type or the variable in number of bytes required for the type or for a variable of that type As NEW and DISPOSE are not predeclared you have to write them as in the following example MODULE Example IMPORT Storage VAR p POINTER TO T T denotes any type BEGIN Storage ALLOCATE p SIZE T this is NEW p Storage DEALLOCATE p SIZE T this is DISPOSE p END Example Absolute variables Absolute variables are not supported must be accessed via pointers Procedures declared in definition modules If a procedure heading is declared in a definition module its body must be declared in the corresponding implementation module properly it cannot be declared in an inner local module 4 7 Implementation Notes The Module System the MC68000 does not supply all the necessary instructions needed to implement Modula 2 3 A runtime support module providing the missing operations is therefore necessary The compiler actually generates external calls to procedures of module System which is always imported implicitly for a program module System do not confuse it
70. are subject to a little modification compared to the basic MC68000 version both TRUNC and TRUNCD now accept arguments of both types namely REAL and LONGREAL Two additional procedures are pre defined and exported from the module SYSTEM their names are Entier and Round Below all possible conversion procedures are summarized Generics in the standard universe PROCEDURE FLOAT x IntegerType REAL PROCEDURE FLOATD x IntegerType LONGREAL PROCEDURE TRUNC x RealType INTEGER PROCEDURE TRUNCD x RealType LONGINT Predefined in module SYSTEM PROCEDURE Entier x RealType LONGINT PROCEDURE Round x RealType LONGINT An example using the monadic Floating Point Operators When monadic operators e g the trigonometric functions are directly imported from the module SYSTEM the compiler will generate fast inline code instructions for the Floating Point Processor We give an example of a user private re implementation of Module MathLib The same pattern can be applied for an implementation of Module LongMathLib IMPLEMENTATION MODULE MathLib an example of an implementation of Mathlib for the Floating Point Processor IMPORT SYSTEM PROCEDURE Sart x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM Sart x END Sart PROCEDURE Exp x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM Exp x END Exp PROCEDURE Ln x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM Ln x END Ln PROCEDURE Sin x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM Sin x END Si
71. at the type LONGCARD which is compatible with the type ADDRESS is now a member of the module SYSTEM 109 Transfer functions for the class of unsigned types The standard functions ORD LONG and SHORT are extended to transfer unsigned typed values to signed integer values Note that all these conversions are safe Given the declarations FROM SYSTEM IMPORT BYTE WORD LONGCARD VAR b BYTE w WORD lc LONGCARD the Compiler Version 3 3 will accept the following standard function calls e ORD b to transfer unsigned bytes to INTEGER s LONG b to transfer unsigned bytes to values of type LONGINT e LONG w to transfer unsigned words to values of type LONGINT and e SHORT c to transfer unsigned longwords to values of the signed type CARDINAL 5 Compatibility with the standard MacMETH Compilers The Compiler Version 3 3 is a supplement to the MacMETH System The object code generated by the Compiler Version 3 3 is compatible with code produced by the standard Compiler Version 2 6 However there is one exception procedures having VAR parameters of the old CARDINAL type in their parameter list must either be adapted to the restricted range of CARDINAL or be replaced by procedures using the parameter types INTEGER or LONGINT Concerning the MacMETH library the critical procedures are InOut ReadCard TextWindows ReadCard and the procedures SetPos GetPos Length of the module FileSystem The basic library however
72. ation ProcedureHeading MODULE ident import block ident DefinitionModule IMPLEMENTATION ProgramModule 35 5 The Debugger 5 1 Introduction The debugger is a tool with the aim of helping the programmer find the cause of execution errors in his program The programmer is served best if he is allowed to debug on the same abstraction level at which he implemented the program That means he should be able to view variables by name accompanied by their types and interpreted values he should not have to struggle with addresses and their binary contents as is the case with many debuggers in current use The debugger s main task and its relationship to the compiler is illustrated in the following diagram Fig 5 1 Program Development Debugging Abstraction Level Modula 2 Debugger Computer s Frozen State at Error Time Abstraction Level Machine Fig 5 1 Debugger Environment On the left side the program development process is shown The programmer writes his program in a high level language the compiler translates this text into machine code which eventually is loaded into the machine and executed Thus the compiler performs a mapping from a representative of the Modula 2 world into one of the machine world leaving the semantics invariant On the right side the program debugging process is shown Suppose the program execution leads to a runtime error The programmer wants to know the error positio
73. aved on disk 15 We assume that you have successfully compiled the modules Buggy and Example in the folder Examples Now if you select Execute from the File menu you will get the following screens c MacMETH 3 2 O Examples O M2BaseLib 3 2 O M2Lib 3 2 O M Tnols 3 2 Select File Fig 2 3a Selecting programs for execution Examples O Buggy 0BM D Example 0BMmM Select File Fig 2 3b Executing programs You can now select the program you want to execute and start 1t all missing modules are loaded automatically In particular you can also start every system program every tool in the folder M2Tools with this command the editor the various compilers the linker the decoder the alternate editor et cetera The difference however is that programs activated in this way do not remain loaded after termination 16 3 The Editor 3 1 Introduction This chapter describes the use of the standard MacMETH Editor Sara It is a full screen editor specially designed to create and change programs it uses a special interface to the compiler to display possible compilation errors This editor imposes no restriction on file size as it uses an incremental method piece list for editing 3 2 Starting the Sara Editor You start the Sara Editor by selecting Edit from the MacMETH menu Bait MacMETH 3 2 Compile Execute Compile2o ReadProfile Fig 3 1 Starting the Sara Editor Now
74. ble to retrieve them 29 4 The Compiler 4 1 Introduction This chapter describes the use of the standard Modula 2 Compiler For the language definition refer to 1 We emphasize that the standard MacMETH Compiler is based on the language report presented in the Third corrected Edition of Programming in Modula 2 This compiler is a single pass Modula 2 compiler generating native MC68000 code or native MC68020 code see Appendix A Linking is not necessary as the code is completely relocatable and need not be fixed Glossary compilation unit Unit accepted by compiler for compilation i e definition module or program module definition module Part of a separate module specifying the exported objects program module Implementation part of a separate module called implementation module or main module source file Input file for the compiler i e a compilation unit Default extension is MOD symbol file Compiler output file with symbol table information This information is generated during compilation of a definition module Assigned extension is SBM reference file Compiler output file with debugger information generated during compilation of a pro gram module Assigned extension is RFM object file Compiler output file with the generated MC68000 code or MC68020 code in Mac METH loader format Assigned extension is OBM 4 2 Starting the Compiler You start the compiler by selecting Compile or Compile2
75. bled results generated are in full conformance with the Floating Point Processors MC68881 MC68882 and MC68040 For double precision LONGREAL arithmetic the SANE interface is selected anyway 3l The Implementation of Integer Arithmetic for the types INTEGER and LONGINT the arithmetic is signed Arithmetic overflow checks are fully supported if the corresponding compiler option is on The operators DIV and MOD are implemented by means of the MC68000 instruction DIVS For the types CARDINAL and LONGCARD the arithmetic is unsigned DIV and MOD are implemented by the MC68000 instruction DIVU No overflow checks are generated for these unsigned types Note that the MC68000 hardware supplies quotient and remainder according to Euler sarithmetic DIV returns the truncated quotient and the sign of the result of a MOD operation is the same as the sign of the dividend Pointer Checks when a pointer is de referenced its value must not be NIL This demand is asserted by a check generated by the compiler under the control of the R option if the R option is on this is the default a Halt exception occurs for every dereferenced NIL pointer Size and Alignment of basic types the MC68000 uses byte addressing However data are transferred to and from memory in 16 bit words Each type has an alignment factor k Variables are aligned by the compiler to lie at an address a such that a MOD k 0 otherwise the MC68000 would generate an odd address trap S
76. d in report Nr 56 of the Institut f r Informatik ETH Z rich Author J rg Gutknecht Title System Programming in Modula 2 Mouse and Bitmap Display Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Windows C Vetterli 1 J ul 86 CONST Background 0 FirstWindow al LastWindow 16 TYPE Window Background LastWindow Background serves as a possible return value for the UpWindow procedure and is not accessible to the user RestoreProc PROCEDURE Window CloseProc PROCEDURE Window ScrollDirection left right up down horizontal vertical ScrollProc PROCEDURE OpenWindow PROCEDURE DrawTitle PROCEDURE RedefineWindow PROCEDURE CloseWindow PROCEDURE OnTop PROCEDURE PlaceOnTop PROCEDURE PlaceOnBottom PROCEDURE ScrollWindow PROCEDURE UpWindow PROCEDURE ActualSize PROCEDURE SetWindow PROCEDURE Reset Window PROCEDURE AssignScrollAction PROCEDURE SetScrollBars PROCEDURE AssignCloseProc PROCEDURE GetWindowFrame END Windows Explanations PROCEDURE Window ScrollDirection INTEGER VAR u Window x y w h INTEGER repaint RestoreProc VAR done BOOLEAN u u u u u u u X u u OpenWindow u x y w h redraw ok Opens the window u with lower left corner at screen coordinates x y width w and height h The window is initialized by clearing its rectangle and drawing a frame with an empty title bar The procedure redraw will
77. d text is inserted at the caret and does not overwrite a previous text You can delete the last character by typing DEL On the German keyboard it is somewhat difficult to locate characters needed in Modula 2 The following table helps you finding them lt option gt 5 lt option gt 6 lt option gt 7 lt option gt 8 lt option gt 9 or option shift 6 option lt shift gt 6 option shift 3 gt Tr 18 3 4 Text Selection A text portion can be selected by pressing the ML button and moving the mouse over the text dragging If at the same time another button is active the following commands are executed directly Copy MM Delete MR or Move MM and MR The selection is cancelled by pressing ESC An existing text selection can be extended shortened by pointing to the last selected character and dragging 3 5 Scrolling The Sara Editor uses the standard Macintosh scroll mechanism by the help of the scroll bar on the right 3 6 Menu Commands The Sara Editor commands can be classified into 3 groups File Edit and Search File open split and print documents quit Edit copy move delete adjust text autoindentation on off Search find error find string replace The commands are explained in more detail below File r BIN Edit Search Fig 3 4 File Commands Open Open a document The Sara Editor allows you to open as many as 14 files at a time The name is
78. dProfile Fig 2 2 Starting MacMETH You have several options in the File menu Edit Compile Execute Edit2 Compile20 ReadProfile et cetera and finally Quit the debugger is only called in case of a runtime error 2 3 Several Ways to Work There are several possible ways to work with the Modula 2 system depending on your preferences Let s group the MacMETH users into three categories and see how they work with the system 1 The Modula 2 program developer who likes to work on the fast MacMETH shell most users will prefer that 2 The Modula 2 program developer who wants to work at the Finder level having his own favorite editor perhaps 3 Theuser of an application developed with MacMETH Group 3 Every Modula 2 program can be converted into a standalone Macintosh application so the user doesn t have to know anything about MacMETH Group 2 Every Modula 2 program can be transformed into a standalone Macintosh application The editor compiler and debugger are Modula 2 programs So there can be no objection to convert them with the help of the linker see chapter 6 into standalone applications and work at the Finder level Group 1 This is the fastest way to work with the Modula 2 system You may enter the editor or the compiler through the File menu and once they are loaded from the disk they remain loaded as long as the shell is active Please note however that the files you work with are always s
79. e Session Typically you start an edit compile cycle by double clicking the MacMETH shell icon or the MEdit icon in your MacMETH folder Use command Compile C to compile a work file Fig E3 Compile Workfile Erte Wore Workfile a Doubleclick in Finder rw Launch MEdit __ Doubleclick Open Workfile MacMETH rw in Finder Yes contr Jump to next Error Fig E3 Edit Compile cycle with MEdit If the compiler detects errors use the command Edit2 to switch to insert error marks into your source and switch into MEdit If MEdit has already been opened earlier you have first to execute the macro Open work file otherwise this macro will be executed automatically As a result 114 the compiled work file will be opened and the cursor is positioned to the location of the first error Finally an explanatory error message will pop up After correcting the code repeatedly select the macro Find next error E until there are no more errors After correcting the last error execute the macro Clear close amp launch 1 This macro clears any eventually remaining error marks closes the work file and launches MacMETH Repeat these steps summarized in Fig E3 until the compilation of the work file is successful For program execution select the command Execute X in the MacMETH menu Hints A frequently encountered problem ocurrs if you leave the work file open when leaving MEdit e g by switching back to M
80. e as the type of the argument We call the reader s attention to the fact that the procedures of the library module MathLib are perfectly replaced by generic functions with the same nomenclature All these monadic functions have the form PROCEDURE name x RealType RealType where RealType stands for either type REAL or type LONGREAL The following table lists the functions their associated names exported from the module SYSTEM and the corresponding floating point instructions name exported mathematical function from SYSTEM floating point instruction sign inversion in standard universe FNEG absolute value in standard universe FABS arc cosine ArcCos FACOS arc sine ArcSin FASIN arc tangent ArcTan FATAN cosine Cos FCOS eX Exp FETOX In x Ln FLOGN log10 x Log FLOGIO log2 x Log2 FLOG2 sine Sin FSIN square root Sqrt FSQRT tangent Tan FTAN The dyadic Floating Point Operations When dyadic operators are used both operands must be of the same type either of type REAL or of type LONGREAL The type of the operands defines the result type The table below gives an overview of the dyadic operators mathematical function operator floating point instruction floating add FADD floating subtract FSUB floating multiply FMUL floating divide FDIV floating compare gt gt lt lt FCMP or FTST 103 Conversion procedures While the standard procedures FLOAT and FLOATD remain unchanged TRUNC and TRUNCD
81. e type of file name GetDefVol name number Returns the name and the volume reference number of the default volume SetDefVol name number Sets the default volume Use one of the following methods to define the default volume number 0 and name volume name with last character name empty OC and number volume reference number or drive number Transfer progname Terminates the currently running program and starts the program with name progname If progname is empty i e progname 0 OC the standard Macintosh file selector box is displayed allowing the user to choose the program name If the user confirms his selection by clicking the Open button the transfer is done otherwise the procedure doesn t do anything and the program currently running is continued 66 Sublaunch progname Under Finder the same as Transfer Under Multifinder or System 7 however Sublaunch leaves the current program without terminating it and starts or resumes program progname LastIOErr returns IO error code resulting from last IO operation noErr 0 for other error codes see Inside Macintosh Imported Modules CursorMouse EventBase FileSystem System Toolbox Example The example for this module is combined with the one for module System see there 67 7 9 GraphicWindows Library module for drawing graphics in a window Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE GraphicWindows E Kohen 26 May 86 IM
82. em used The declaration format is PROCEDURE P parameter list CODE n Procedures referenced before declaration must be declared in advance by a FORWARD declaration The format is PROCEDURE P parameter list FORWARD The corresponding procedure must have the full header repeated and must lie at the same nesting level as the FORWARD declaration Forward references No forward references are permitted except in definitions of pointer types and in forward procedure declarations see above Function procedures The result type size of a function procedure must be 1 2 4 or 8 that covers all simple types inclusive LONGREAL Data size The maximum global static data size must be less than 32 kBytes per compilation unit There s no limit on total data size over all modules or dynamic data size Code size The maximum code size must be less than 32 kBytes per compilation unit The total code size over all modules is not limited the compiler modules have a total size of 99 kBytes Index types in array declarations The index type must be a subrange type Subranges The bounds of a subrange must be less than 32767 in absolute value and the difference MAX Subrange MIN Subrange must be less than 32767 Enumeration types An enumeration may have at most 256 constants 30 Sets A set may have at most 16 elements Standard functions procedures types and absolute variables The procedures NEW DISPOSE TRANSFER NEWPROCESS
83. ersions Explanations For all conversion procedures of the form NumberToString the following rules apply The first parameter is the number that shall be converted If you pass a negative number if the type allows negative numbers the minus sign will always appear just to the left of thenumber Digits specifies the minimum number of digits that ll be used If Digits is greater than the actual number of digits needed and Base is 2 8 or 16 leading zeroes are added otherwise leading blanks are added If you specify more digits than there are characters in the result string Digits is reduced to the length of the string If Digits gt Length then Digits is set to Length If Digits is less than the number of characters needed it s ignored Length is the number of characters that ll be used i e the length of a field in which the number will be displayed right adjusted If Length is less than the number ofcharacters needed the field is filled with and ok FALSE if Length specifies a field larger than the result string the field length is reduced to the length of the string Base gives the numbering system in which the number will be displayed Possible values for Base are 2 8 10 and 16 digits exceeding the decimal range 0 9 will be displayed as upper case characters If Base has none of the values mentioned above a default value of 10 is assumed str always is the result string i
84. etterli 26 Feb 86 PROCEDURE Write ch CHAR PROCEDURE WriteString string ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE WriteLn END TerminalOut Explanations Write ch Writes the given character on the screen at the current writing position The screen scrolls if the writing position reaches its end Besides the following lay out characters it is left undefined what happens if non printable ASCII characters and non ASCII characters are written out 90 BS 10C Sets the writing position one character backward LF 12C Sets the writing position to the same column in the next line FF 14C Clears the terminal window CR 15C Sets the writing position at the beginning of the current line DEL 177C Sets the writing position one character backward and erases the character there WriteString string Writes the given string to the terminal window WriteLn A call to procedure WriteLn is equivalent to the call Write CR Write LF Imported Modules EventBase System Toolbox FileSystem Release Note With the MacMETH 3 2 Release the file TerminalOut OBM comes in 2 different versions The name of the first version is TerminalOut OBM no file outp this is the standard implementation with the simplest functionality corresponding to the description above The name of the alternate version is TerminalOut OBM writes file when using this implementation every character written to the window Terminal is also written onto the file Te
85. from now on behaves according to the new values in the configuration file 6 4 The Program Unload Unload removes all permanently loaded modules e g compilers from the memory see System section in Chapter 1 4 r BI MacMeETH 3 2 Edit Compile Execute Compile2o ReadProfile Fig 6 4 Starting Unload 6 5 The Program Print Print is a utility allowing you to print the text files created with the Sara editor When you start the program by executing the tool Print the standard file selector box is displayed allowing you to choose the file to print using the mouse If you confirm your selection by clicking the Open button printing starts The text is printed according to the values you specified in the Printer section of the configuration file User Profile see Printer section in Chapter 1 4 45 7 Library Modules 7 1 Introduction This chapter describes a collection of some commonly used library modules on the Macintosh For each library module a symbol file and an object file is released The file names are derived from the first 16 characters of the module name ending with the extension SBM for symbol files and the extension OBM for object files It is possible that some object files are pre linked and therefore also contain the code of the imported modules Example Module name FileSystem Symbol file name FileSystem SBM Object file name FileSystem OBM List of the Library Modules Co
86. g CONST first last OB 77777B MAX INTEGER PROCEDURE MakePascalString VAR in ARRAY OF CHAR VAR out ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE MakeModulaString PROCEDURE Length PROCEDURE Occurs VAR in ARRAY OF CHAR VAR out ARRAY OF CHAR VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR INTEGER VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR start INTEGER w ARRAY OF CHAR INTEGER PROCEDURE Insert VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR at INTEGER w ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Append VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR w ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE InsertCh VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR at INTEGER ch CHAR PROCEDURE AppendCh VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR ch CHAR PROCEDURE Delete VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR start length INTEGER ARRAY OF CHAR source ARRAY OF CHAR start length INTEGER VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR source ARRAY OF CHAR VAR s ARRAY OF CHAR start length INTEGER w ARRAY OF CHAR BOOLEAN s w ARRAY OF CHAR BOOLEAN PROCEDURE Copy PROCEDURE Assign PROCEDURE Same PROCEDURE Equal END String Explanations Character strings in MacMETH are represented the following way StringType ARRAY 0 MaxLength 1 OF CHAR Either all elements characters of the array are used or the string is terminated by a single OC character The first leftmost character has position 0 the last rightmost character has position length 1 Length str Returns the number of characters in string str without a trailing OC str is a VAR parameter for speedup reasons only a
87. g would be longer than the array dest it s clipped Assign dest source This equals a call Copy dest source first last Same str start length comp Returns TRUE if the substring of str starting at position start with length length is equal to the string comp If start and length denote non existing characters these are not part of the substring to compare All characters including blanks in the substring and comp are compared Equal str comp This equals a call Same str first last comp The following two procedures are intended for use in connection with the Macintosh Toolbox and Operating System The routines in the Toolbox or the Operating System all have a Lisa Pascal interface As the string representation of Pascal slightly differs from the one used in Modula 2 it is necessary to convert strings from one to the other representation when passing strings as parameters to such routines MakePascalString mstr pstr Converts the Modula 2 string mstr to the Pascal string pstr If the latter is too short to hold the converted string it is truncated mstr is a VAR parameter for speedup reasons only and is not modified MakeModulaString pstr mstr Converts the Pascal string pstr to the Modula 2 string mstr If the latter is too short to hold the converted string it is truncated pstr is a VAR parameter for speedup reasons only and is not modified The module does not provide a procedu
88. h contains the value windowltem This procedure should be called repeatedly in the main loop of your dialog handling procedure If the dialog specified by d is not yet visible on the screen i e if it s not opened or if it s not the topmost one procedure Open will be called to display the dialog on the screen Button d butno default x y str Defines a button in dialog d the item number of this button is returned in butno The lower left corner is at coordinates x y local to the dialog window str is the button s text The first button installed with default TRUE is the default button it s outline is drawn bold and the user not only may set it by clicking it with the mouse but also by typing the RETURN or the ENTER key Attention The following procedures Enumeration Boolean String Number and LongNumber all require a VAR parameter v which is used to return the value the user entered As the dialog module tracks the user s actions and continually updates these values the variables passed in place of these parameters must exist all the time the dialog exists i e they should be declared before the New statement and should exist at least until just after the call to procedure Dispose Enumeration d rbut v x y dx dy str Defines a whole group of so called radio buttons in dialog d The first radio button has its lower left corner at coordinates x y dx and dy give the offset to the next radio butt
89. he calling sequence of all active procedures ML Show source listing and local data of selected procedure MR Show source listing of selected procedure Procedure Menu Data 1 Use data window 1 to display local data of procedures Data 2 Use data window 2 to display local data of procedures 39 6 Utility Programs 6 1 The Linker The program Link collects the codes of separate modules of a program and writes them on one file The program Link is called linkerin this chapter Upon compilation of an individual module the code generated by the Modula 2 compiler is written on an object file An object file may be loaded by the loader of MacMETH directly As a program usually consists of several separate modules the loader has to read the code of the modules from several object files which are searched according to a default strategy On one hand this is time consuming because several files must be searched on the other hand it could be useful to substitute a module from a file with a non default name These are some reasons for having a linker program F BI MmacMETH 3 2 Edit Compile Execute Decode ReadProfile Fig 6 1 Starting the Linker The linker simulates the loading process and collects the codes of all modules which are directly or indirectly imported by the so called main module i e the module which constitutes the main program The linker applies the same default strategy as the loader to find an ob
90. he next character word from file f and assigns it to ch w If ReadChar has been called without success OC is assigned to ch f eof implies ch OC The opposite however is not true ch OC does not imply f eof After the call f eof FALSE ch w has been read f eof TRUE read operation was not successful If f eof is TRUE f res done end of file has been reached f res notdone some error occured LastIOErr returns IO error code resulting from last IO operation noErr 0 for other error codes see Inside Macintosh SetDefltFileType type creator Subsequent calls to Lookup with new TRUE result in files with the specified type and creator defaults type TEXT creator MEDT for MEdit SetCompFileTypes compCreator sbmType obmType rfmType Subsequent compilations result in files of the specified types and the creator compCreator 63 ResetDefltFileTypes Reverses the effect of previous calls to SetCompFileTypes to the defaults compCreator ETHM sbmType MSYM obmType MOBJ and rfmType MREF SetBrowsingLookupMode activate If called with activate TRUE subsequent calls to Lookup with new FALSE open the file in a read only mode allowing other applications to have the file opened simultaneously activate FALSE clears this mode and is the default mode GetBrowsingLookupMode activate Allows to inquire the current mode Typically called before SetBrowsingLookupMode to
91. hecks R disables array index subrange and pointer checks R resets the option to the state before the last change For the integer overflow checks it s just the same you have to include V V or V Note that there must not be any spaces between and the sign 4 4 Program Execution Programs are normally executed on top of the resident user environment MacMETH although you can transform any Modula 2 program into a stand alone Macintosh application The command interpreter accepts a program name and causes the loader to load the module on the corresponding object file into memory and to start its execution If a program consists of several separate modules no explicit linking is necessary The object files generated by the compiler are ready to be loaded Besides the program module which constitutes the main program for execution all modules which are directly or indirectly imported are loaded The loader establishes the links between the modules 26 Usually some of the imported modules are part of the already loaded resident MacMETH system e g module FileSystem In this case the loader sets up the links to these modules but prohibits their reinitialization A module cannot be loaded twice After termination of the program all separate modules which have been loaded together with the main module are removed from memory More details concerning program execution are given in chapter 7 16 module Sy
92. hschule ETH Z rich ETH Zentrum CH 8092 Z rich Switzerland All rights reserved Modification of this work by any means is forbidden without prior written consent of the Departement Informatik How to get MacMETH The MacMETH System can be obtained via anonymous internet file transfer ftp at no charge from the host neptune inf ethz ch Internet address 129 132 101 33 in ftp directory pub macmeth or as part of the modeling and simulation package RAMSES from the host baikal ethz ch Internet address 129 132 80 130 in ftp directory pub mac RAMSES Please use now the following weblink to download the latest release of MacMETH http www ito umnw ethz ch SysEcol SimSoftware SimSoftware html 1 Contents 1 Introduction and Startup Guide dee aod Sae tees ne qe iR tra en eode ties be save edis 3 LT Introductions s dedo A aoa dus 3 1 27 System Descriptio o hd st den ie 3 13 GEMA Started n e tee det tats Shae chia ala hat A baud tdi e caste 4 1 4 The Configuration Bile User Profile eo ta 5 1 5 A Sample Edit Compile Run Debug Session eese 10 1 6 Keyboard and Mouse Special KeyS ooocoonnococnoncccnocccononcnononcconanacnnnnccnnnnoss 10 ls o MEER PPP 10 2 The Program EnviroDmelit sco tae e Bk es ae tea d hy Bade AE 13 Zils SBLOQUCLON oeste estando dicia ance ss stas ade doce a oo I ee iod 13 2525 Starine IVE AC METTE astute edu edu ceto eet 14 2 3 Seyeral Ways to WODK aise uestre E ee
93. ince allocation is sequential i e variables are allocated in the order of their textual occurrence the least amount of storage gets wasted through alignment if declarations are grouped according to size The same holds for record fields and in this case is even more important The following are the sizes and alignment factors of types Type Size Alignment Factor BOOLEAN CHAR BYTE enumerations 1 1 INTEGER CARDINAL WORD BITSET sets 2 2 LONGINT LONGCARD REAL pointers procedures 4 2 LONGREAL 8 2 arrays records string constants multiple of 2 2 Data Size of structured types the alignment rules also apply to the single data elements within arrays and records The size of structured types is therefore accumulated according to the size and the alignments of its data elements For arrays the size is the product of the number of array elements index range and the aligned size 1 or a multiple of 2 of the single array elements Note that the single array elements are allocated from lower to higher memory addresses The final size of the array is the aligned space a multiple of 2 needed to store all array elements For records the single fields are allocated according to the declaration sequence from lower to higher memory addresses Fields in variant parts are overlaid The final size of the record is the aligned space a multiple of 2 needed to store all record fields Arrays records and strings are always allocated on an even addres
94. ing value must be in the INTEGER or in the REAL range respectively the number of bytes used in memory for x which can be a variable or a type The result type INTEGER Real number x truncated to its integral part of type INTEGER Long real number x truncated to its integral part of type LONGINT 107 3 The Module SYSTEM SYSTEM Types ADDRESS BYTE WORD LONGCARD a variable of this type holds an MC68000 address The type s size is 4 AII operators for integer arithmetic apply to operands of this type which is compatible with all pointer types The arithmetic for this type is unsigned Furthermore type ADDRESS POINTER TO BYTE Hence the type ADDRESS can be used to perform address computations and to export the results as pointers to values of type BYTE 1 byte the smallest addressable unit of storage assignment compatible with all types of size 1 byte Note that ARRAY OF BYTE is compatible with everything 1 uninterpreted word 2 consecutive bytes on an even address assignment compatible with all types of size 2 This type is retained for compatibility with previous versions compatible with the type ADDRESS This type is retained in module SYSTEM for compatibility with previous versions SYSTEM Procedures ADR v ASH x n INLINE n LSH x n MSK x n REG n ROT x n SETREG n x TSIZE T VAL T v x subsequently denotes an expression of simple type with size lt 4 bytes the address
95. ion may be added Q query If this option is set the linker prompts for the file names of each module to be imported Type a file name default extension OBM or simply accept the proposed name by pressing RETURN Then the linker asks whether the found module shall actually be linked To accept the module press y to ignore or remove it press n The linker continues to ask for any missing module until you have accepted an adequate object file by pressing y or until you press ESC The latter means that this module should not be linked Note that this behavior allows to replace already linked modules with new versions or to link programs only partly so they may share some modules from a common library with other programs In query mode the linker accepts any file name as long as the file actually contains the object code of the required module Secondly it is always possible to specify file names via the standard open file dialog by pressing TAB For example you may wish to link into the previously linked program Example the LOG file variant of the TerminalOut module see 7 17 2 Master object file Example OBM Q query option input from user in boldface Linking Examples Example OBM Example main module Terminal y n yes keep previously linked module TerminalOut y n no remove it Terminalln y n yes keep it EventBase y n no remove it EventBase gt EventBase OBM escape final rejection 2 incomplete linkage Terminal
96. is expanded to MOD The document is stored on disk and the previous version of the document gets the extension BAK DEL Delete the last character TAB Works the same way as in Open see above ESC MM MR Release the document without updating release y Y ML Close the document without updating any other key Abort the command Edit r amp File BOB Search Copy U E Move Delete Fig 3 5 Edit Commands 20 Copy Copy a piece of text If a text sequence is selected it is copied to the internal buffer Then the buffer contents are inserted at the caret Move Move a piece of text This command corresponds to the command sequence Delete Copy Delete Delete a piece of text If a text sequence is selected it is copied to the internal buffer and deleted Adjust Shift a piece of text horizontally The selected lines are shifted to the left or to the right useful to indent a whole procedure adjust 9 9 gt QU ps sono Shift 0 1 9 position s to the right lr uus 79 Shift 1 9 position s to the left ESC MM Abort the command any other key Don t shift AutoInd Toggle automatic indentation mode on off Default is on Search File Edit REI Fig 3 6 Search Commands Error Search for the next compiler detected error starting at the caret position Find Find a text portion starting at the caret position find text selected Find the selected text keyboard Enter
97. ized port ch CHAR VAR ch CHAR VAR ch CHAR VAR got BOOLEAN use designated port should be initialized by a call to Initialize PROCEDURE WritePort PROCEDURE ReadPort PROCEDURE BusyReadPort PROCEDURE CloseEV24 END EV24 Explanations The procedures in this module port INTEGER ch CHAR port INTEGER VAR ch CHAR port INTEGER VAR ch CHAR VAR got BOOLEAN constitute an asynchronous interface to the Macintosh modem port Transmission is full duplex using Ain and Aout channels and or Bin and Bout channels Initialize port baud data stop parity bufferSize Initializes the designated port The meanings and possible values of the parameters are as follows port 0 1 Selects the port to initialize 0 Modem 1 Printer baud 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 576 Selects the baud rate The real baud rate is baud 100 data 5 6 7 8 Number of data bits 60 Stop 1 15 2 Number of stop bits 15 means 1 5 parity none odd even Selects parity bits If any of these values are zero the following default values are set 9600 baud 8 data bits 2 stop bits no parity bit 1000 byte buffers SetFlow p Enables Xon Xoff control on port p Break Sends a BREAK signal on the output channel of port p ReceiveErrors p err Returns in err all errors that occured since the last call to ReceiveErrors The following three procedure
98. ject file A file name is derived from the first 16 characters of the module name From the module name AnyModule for example the default file name AnyModule OBM is derived First the linker prompts for the master object file of the main module default extension OBM Enter it by typing its name or via the file opening dialog by pressing TAB After pressing EOL the linker starts the linking process by displaying the name of the result file preceeded by its path A list of all the modules to be linked starting with the name of the main module follows MacMETH Linker V 2 6 2 input from user in boldface ETH Zuerich VC AF 1 Sep 92 Master object file Example OBM Linking Examples Example OBM Example main module Terminal Terminal OBM default file name Terminal directly imported module linked TerminalOut TerminalOut OBM default file name TerminalOut more modules linked from the library Terminalln Terminalln OBM Terminalln EventBase EventBase OBM EventBase 40 Finally if the linking process was successful the linker displays again the resulting file and prompts for a next master object file Examples Example OBM linked End of linkage Master object file gt escape Terminate the linker by pressing RETURN ESC or clicking the mouse Linking Options The linker may be operated in various modes These options are activated by adding a when entering the master object file Up to two options in any combinat
99. l be called whenever a program on a higher or same level is terminated These termination procedures are called just before the termination of the execution level in question i e before the 87 current level is reset and in reverse order of their announcements The result parameter done is set TRUE if the assignment has been successful Implementation Note The total number of installed initialization and termination procedures is limited to 16 each FindPath p in n The n th path for the given file name in is returned in p If the file name already contains a path this path is returned If there are no more paths n is set to 0 AddPath p in out The path p and the file name in are combined to the full file name out GetFilePath n p ok Returns in p the path leading to the volume or folder or file with reference number n If n is a valid number and the path could be evaluated ok TRUE otherwise ok FALSE NewPath p atEnd Add new path p to the paths read from the User Profile either at the end or if atEnd FALSE at the very beginning of the list VAR parameter for speedup reasons DiscardAllPaths DiscardPath p Remove path p from the current list e g the reverse effect of NewPath Note that any path either read from the User Profile or added via NewPath can be discarded However the actual content of the User Profile remains unchanged VAR parameter for speedup ReloadPath
100. llPat Pattern pnLoc pnSize Point pnMode INTEGER pnPat Pattern pnVis txFont INTEGER txFace Style txMode txSize INTEGER spExtra fgColor bkColor LONGINT colrBit patStretch INTEGER picSave rgnSave polySave Handle grafProcs Ptr END QuickDraw routines PROCEDURE GetPort PROCEDURE SetPort PROCEDURE SetOrigin PROCEDURE Random PROCEDURE SetRect PROCEDURE Pt2 Rect PROCEDURE OffsetRect PROCEDURE InsetRect PROCEDURE Paint Rect PROCEDURE EraseRect PROCEDURE InvertRect PROCEDURE DrawChar PROCEDURE NewWindow PROCEDURE DisposeWindow VAR port GrafPtr newPort GrafPtr h v INTEGER INTEGER VAR r Rect left top right bottom INTEGER pt1 pt2 Point VAR rect Rect VAR r Rect dh dv INTEGER VAR r Rect dh dv INTEGER VAR r Rect VAR r Rect VAR r Rect ch WORD wStorage Ptr VAR boundsRect Rect VAR title Str255 visible BOOLEAN theProc INTEGER behind Ptr goAwayFlag BOOLEAN refCon LONGINT Ptr theWindow Ptr Other example procedures CODE 0A874H CODE 0A873H CODE 0A878H CODE 0A861H CODE 0A8A7H CODE 0A8ACH CODE 0A8A8H CODE 0A8A9H CODE 0A8A2H CODE 0A8A3H CODE 0A8A4H CODE 0A883H CODE 0A913H CODE 0A914H 100 PROCEDURE NewPtr byteCount LONGINT ADDRESS CONST DO 20 A0 28 BEGIN SETREG DO byteCount INLINE OA11EH RETURN REG A0 END NewPtr PROCEDURE ModulaToPascalS
101. lready opened 16 windows or if the rectangle you specified doesn t fit on the screen the window isn t opened and Done is set to FALSE RedefGraphicWindow u x y w h Clears the window s rectangle and changes the window s size and its location on the screen If the rectangle specified by x y w h doesn t fit on the screen the window isn t changed and Done FALSE Clear u Clears the window without changing its size or location 68 CloseGraphicWindow u Closes the window u SetMode u mode Sets the drawing mode to mode Dot u x y Displays a dot in window u at the window coordinates x y The dot is drawn according to the drawing mode SetPen u x y Sets the pen i e the current drawing position to window coordinates x y TurnTo u d Sets the pen direction to d degrees Degrees are measured in the mathematical positive sense i e anticlockwise So d 0 means the pen is pointing to the right d 90 makes the pen point up etc Turn u d Turns the pen direction by d degrees anticlockwise Move u Draws a line in window u starting at the pen s current location with length l in the direction specified by previous calls to TurnTo or Turn MoveTo u x y Draws a line in window u from the current pen position to window coordinates x y Circle u x y r Draws a circle with center at window coordinates x y and radius r in window u Area u c X y wh Paints a recta
102. lt type is the same as the argument type if x is a lower case letter the corresponding capital letter else the same letter the character with ordinal number x The type of x must be scalar v v 1 The type of v must be scalar DEC v n implements v v n v v n v must be a set and n compatible with the base type of the set X a value of an integer type represented as a REAL value x a value of an integer type represented as a value of type LONGREAL terminate program execution and display the standard MacMETH halt box high index bound of array v For an open array parameter the result type is compatible to INTEGER and CARDINAL v v 1 The type of v must be scalar INC v n implements v v n v v n v must be a set and n compatible with the base type of the set x of scalar or REAL type extended to the long value of type LONGINT or LONGREAL respective the maximum value of type T which must be either a scalar type or type REAL or LONGREAL the minimum value of type T which must be either a scalar type or type REAL or LONGREAL returns x MOD 2 0 of type BOOLEAN x must be an integer type ordinal number of x in the set of values defined by the type T of x which must be a scalar type The ordinal value of x must be in the range of positive integers The result type is compatible to INTEGER and CARDINAL x of type LONGINT or LONGREAL shortened to the corresponding short form of type INTEGER
103. ment Form Comment The macro Comment K and the various macros in the fourth section generate this kind of comments If you comment statements in your work file for debugging purpose you can easily jump to these locations by using the Comment macro It is also very useful to fill out templates generated by the macros in section four You can save your current position with the macro Save position B After moving around in the document you can jump back to the saved position with the macro Back to position B The default macro file contains macros which create whole module E g execute the macro MODULE MOD to create a new program module or MODULE DEF M to create a new definition The latter creates an empty definition module with a header including your name can be set via macro Configuration Once a definition module is completed the macro MODULE DEF gt MOD can be used to generate automatically the corresponding implementation module For every procedure heading found in the definition module will be produced a procedure declarations with an empty body Index of key words Absolute variables Alias section Alignment Factor Alternate Compiler Alternate Editor Array Assignment Caret Code size Command file Compilation options unit Compiler Configuration file Conversion Module Numbers Procedures Cursor CursorMouse Data size Debugger Decoder Dialog Editor Edit2 and MEdit E
104. ming in Modula 2 and that the implementation is absolutely safe concerning the types and functions of the standard module It is not possible for the user to generate or store illegal values when only standard types and their subranges or standard procedures are involved Finally a few extensions and improvements were introduced most of them leading in the direction of Oberon For the sake of clarity we summarize all the predefined types the standard functions the module SYSTEM and the essential changes in the implementation for the Compiler Version 3 3 1 Standard Types BOOLEAN a variable of this type assumes the truth values FALSE or TRUE These are the only values of this type The size of BOOLEAN is 1 byte CHAR type CHAR is defined according to the ISO ASCII standard with ordinal values from 0 to 255 The type is represented within 1 byte The compiler accepts character constants in the range OC 377C INTEGER a variable of type INTEGER assumes as values the integers between 32768 and 32767 The type s size is 2 CARDINAL a variable of type CARDINAL assumes as values numbers in the positive integer range CARDINAL is pre defined as the subrange 0 32767 REAL a variable of this type assumes as values the single precision real number represented in 4 bytes The value range expands from 3 40E38 to 3 40E38 LONGINT the range of type LONGINT is from 2147483648D to 2147483647D The type s size is 4 Constants of type LON
105. n PROCEDURE Cos x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM Cos x END Cos 104 PROCEDURE ArcTan x REAL REAL BEGIN RETURN SYSTEM ArcTan x END ArcTan PROCEDURE Real x INTEGER REAL BEGIN RETURN FLOAT x END Real PROCEDURE Entier x REAL INTEGER BEGIN RETURN SHORT SYSTEM Enter x END Entier END MathLib The environment for MC68020 compiled code The default rounding mode expected by programs compiled with the MC68020 Compiler is Round to Nearest and the default rounding precision assumed is Extended Upon initialization MacMETH inherits the floating point environment of the Macintosh System which correctly presets these values in the Environment Word Code produced by the MC68020 Compiler must not be executed on MC68000 machines or on machines without a Floating Point Processor Otherwise an illegal instruction trap or eventually an F line trap will occur During program execution however modules compiled with the MC68000 Compiler Compile may be freely mixed with modules compiled with the MC68020 Compiler Compile20 An important precondition for the execution of code compiled with the MC68020 Compiler is the installation of the FPU traps in the configuration file see Traps section in Chapter 1 4 Otherwise floating point exceptions are likely to crash the system If the FPU traps are installed floating point exceptions are caught and MacMETH allows to start the debugger Note be sure that
106. n PROCEDURE OpenPrinter VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE ClosePrinter PROCEDURE PrintScreen PROCEDURE PrintWindow windowPtr ADDRESS all BOOLEAN END Printer Explanations Reset This procedure resets the printer Write ch Sends the character ch to the printer The following control characters are interpreted CR 15C Sets the writing position at the beginning of the next line LF 12C Sets the writing position to the same column in the next line FF 14C Sets the writing position to the top of the next page ETX 3C Wrte ETX is the same as a call to ClosePrinter WriteString s Sends a whole ARRAY OF CHAR to the printer WriteLn Sets the writing position at the beginning of the next line OpenPrinter ok Opens the connection to the printer ok is set to FALSE if the connection could not be established otherwise ok is set to TRUE ClosePrinter Closes the connection to the printer PrintScreen Prints the whole screen including the menu bar PrintWindow ptr all Prints the window designated by ptr If ptr NIL the currently active window is printed If all is TRUE the whole window is printed otherwise only the window s content is printed Imported Modules FileSystem System Toolbox 80 Example MODULE PrintExample demonstrates the access to the printer FROM Printer IMPORT OpenPrinter Reset ClosePrinter PrintScreen PrintWindow WriteString WriteLn Write IMPOR
107. n an even address assignment compatible with all types of size 2 SYSTEM Procedures ADR v the address of type ADDRESS of the variable v which may be of any type ASH x n x 2 n_ Arithmetic shift x by n places n gt 0 generates a left shift and n lt 0 a right shift The result type is the same as the type of x COM x binary complement of x The result type is the same as the argument type INLINE n put n into the instruction stream n must be a constant LSH x n logical shift x by n places n gt O generates a left shift and n 0 a right shift The result type is the same as the type of x MSK x n x MOD 2 n in the proper sense of modulo arithmetic returns the rightmost n bits of the variable x n must be a constant in the range 1 32 The result type is the same as the type of x REG n the value of the MC68000 register n n must be a constant in the range 0 15 the D registers are numbered from 0 to 7 DO D7 and the A registers from 8 to 15 AO A7 The result type is LONGINT ROT x n rotate x by n places n gt O rotates left whereas n lt 0 rotates right The result type is the same as the type of x SETREG n x load x into the MC68000 register n If x is a simple type of size 4 bytes the value is loaded if x is a string or a procedure the address is loaded n must be a constant in the range O 15 specifying the register D registers are numbered from 0 to 7 DO D7 and A registers from 8 to
108. n in the program text and find the reason for the program running into this error The debugger maps the machine state in binary form into a form more easily understood by the programmer Because during the mapping that the compiler performs information is lost the debugger needs to be given program text and additional compilation information The compiler generates not only a code file but also a reference file containing information like variable names types declaration levels addresses and such The debugger also needs the source file to show the programmer the error position in the program text It is important to 36 recognize that the debugger does not have to look at the machine code it is static and known anyway The debugger is only interested in the data they are dynamic and only known at program execution time The debugger is in contrast to the compiler not a translator but an interpreter of the machine s state in binary form as the mapping process is continuous and interactive 5 2 Starting the Debugger If your program runs into an execution error an alert box is displayed by the Macintosh as follows Halt in module Buggy Program counter at offset 3AH Index ar value out of range Execution stopped Fig 5 2 Runtime Error The box shows the type of error the module the error occurred in and the relative address in that module in form of a hexadecimal number You have three options enter the debugger abort the
109. n the bound checks and the exit code of procedures Floating Point arithmetic with the Floating Point Processor The most important improvement is the cooperation with the Floating Point Processor The internal representation of the types REAL and LONGREAL corresponds to the IEEE standard 754 for single and double precision floating point numbers Thus REAL and LONGREAL data are stored in memory as 32 bit single precision or 64 bit double precision items respectively These are the main floating point formats and should satisfy the requirements of most calculations involving real numbers Within the Floating Point Processor however expressions are computed with maximum precision in the extended 80 bit floating point representation The strong typing is 102 maintained within expressions REAL and LONGREAL and constants of these types are not compatible within expressions and must not be intermixed On the other hand it is worthwhile to notice that REAL values are assignment compatible to the type LONGREAL The monadic Floating Point Operations Beside the standard operations of sign inversion and absolute value supplementary monadic operators are implemented by means of pre defined functions exported from the module SYSTEM These mathematical functions are generic they apply to the class of floating point operand types Thus the legal arguments for these functions are either of type REAL or LONGREAL and the type of the result is the sam
110. nd REAL values into the corresponding long forms LONGINT and LONGREAL and vice versa the functions LONG and SHORT are introduced as standard procedures Furthermore the type LONGINT is now accepted for the control variable in a FOR statement or the case expression in a CASE statement Strings The assignment a s where a is a character array and s a string literal is acceptable if the length of s is strictly less rather than less or equal to the number of elements in a This ensures that a string is always terminated by a OC character The later is also true for open array parameters ARRAY OF CHAR and ARRAY OF BYTE the value of HIGH now points to the index position of the OC character as in Oberon Type transfer functions and VAL Type transfer functions are eliminated from the basic language repertoire They can be obtained through the use of SYSTEM V AL In contrast to the language report in 4 VAL is deleted from the set of standard procedures and appears with a modified semantic as member of the module SYSTEM SYSTEM V AL T x is a replacement for the unchecked type transfer function T x The idea behind this change is to ensure that machine dependent type transfers are explicitly referred to in the program and are thus readily located as in Oberon The class of unsigned types The types BYTE WORD and LONGCARD belong to the class of unsigned types AII these unsigned types are exported from the module SYSTEM Note th
111. nd is not modified the length of constant strings is known anyway Occurs str start substr Checks if substr occurs as a substring of str starting at the character position start or more to right The procedure returns the index of the first character of the substring in str if its found otherwise last is returned str is a VAR parameter for speedup reasons only it is not modified Insert str at ins Inserts the string ins into str left to the character position at If the resulting string would be longer than the array str it s clipped If at gt Length str blanks are inserted in str If at last then ins is appended to str Append str ins This equals a call Insert str last ins 83 InsertCh str at ch Works exactly as Insert but there s only a single character inserted OC is considered not to be a character AppendCh str ch This equals a call InsertCh str last ch Delete str start length Deletes a substring in str starting at character position start with length length If start is greater than Length str nothing happens Copy dest source start length Copies a substring from source starting at character position start with length length to the string dest If start and length denote non existing characters i e characters to the right of the last one these non existing characters are ignored If the reulting strin
112. newest MacMETH shell extra resources will have to be added in a separate step Note that an only partly linked application will search for any missing module according to the default search strategy i e it will look for the configuration file User Profile and interpret the herein specified paths to search for the yet outstanding program parts Once linked applications can still be executed from within the MacMETH shell e g by specifying them in the Menu section of the configuration file For instance you could link the compiler into a standalone application and still be able to use it from within the MacMETH shell 42 6 2 The Decoder The program Decode disassembles an object file The program reads an object code file and generates a textfile with mnemonics for the machine instructions It respects the structure of the object file as generated by the compiler The program prompts for the name of the input file Default extension is OBM Example in gt Buggy OBM Input from user is in boldface Buggy OBM The decoder displays all files it reads with the tag Then it asks for an output file out Buggy DEC Furthermore it asks you whether or not it shall include the relative PC values and the hexadecimal representation of the code it also asks whether or not the source of the Modula 2 program shall be inserted in the output file at the appropriate locations full decode Y N ESC Y include source Y N ESC Y B
113. ngular area of width w and height h with lower left corner at window coordinates x y filled with color c The following colors may be displayed white c 0 light grey c 1 grey c 2 dark grey c 3 black c 4 CopyArea u sx sy dx dy w h Copies the rectangular area at window coordinates sx sy into the rectangle at dx dy Both areas have width w and height h and lie in the same window u Write u ch WriteString u str Writes the character ch string str in window u starting at the current pen position The pen position is changed IdentifyPos u x y To given screen coordinates x y the window u containing these coordinates and the corresponding window coordinates are identified The window coordinates are returned in x and y these parameters are modified Imported Modules MathLib System Toolbox Windows 69 Example MODULE GraphicExample draws Sierpinski curves in a graphic window FROM GraphicWindows IMPORT Window OpenGraphicWindow CloseGraphicWindow Clear SetPen TurnTo Move IMPORT TextWindows VAR i x y INTEGER Ww Window V TextWindows Window Length ARRAY 1 5 OF INTEGER PROCEDURE Line Dir Len INTEGER BEGIN TurnTo w Dir 45 Move w Len Length i END Line PROCEDURE B Level INTEGER FORWARD PROCEDURE C Level INTEGER FORWARD PROCEDURE D Level INTEGER FORWARD PROCEDURE A Level INTEGER BEGIN IF Level gt 0
114. nking process easily during further development cycles During all subsequent application linking you may then answer the linker s request for a resource file by pressing RETURN instead of ESC Note the linker checks the presence of the mandatory resources If the linker detects a missing resource leading to a non executable or fatally crashing program it lists and marks the always mandatory resources Any linked application accepts the configuring specifications contained in the standard configuration file An application looks in the same folder as it resides for a configuration file named User Profile The found specifications e g as made in the section Traps or SANE will have exactly the same effect on the program behavior as if the unlinked program would be executed from within the MacMETH shell If there is no configuration file available the application will configure itself according to a safe strategy This strategy depends on the current hard and software and is described in Chapter 1 4 Applications may also be linked in the query mode Since the linker accepts as a master object file also applications the query mode allows to replace modules already linked into an application with newer implementations In particular this is also the case for the module System Thus older applications not running on newer Macintosh models e g the Quadra models may be easily updated by relinking them and using the default resource fork from the
115. numeration types Environment Examples File Object Reference Source Symbol Resource File menu FileSystem Fink arithmetic Floating Point Forward references FPU traps FullMenu section Hierarchical file sytem see also Path Implementation Index Input Output Keyboard Launch Linker Linking Linking applications Logbook on Terminal OUT Macintosh Toolbox 115 Index 30 5 9 22 110 3l 105 3 4 22 29 31 38 108 29 10 17 92 29 24 89 24 25 23 24 29 3 8 9 23 101 105 5 22 44 46 72 46 103 50 92 4 50 94 29 3 35 101 42 52 8 16 22 110 4 5 9 22 110 29 13 35 5 7 8 9 25 49 4 13 23 24 25 39 45 4 23 24 35 22 23 24 35 4 23 24 25 45 41 7 8 10 14 23 38 44 4 26 45 61 9 30 6 9 30 75 101 102 29 6 7 104 110 5 7 8 110 3 23 30 31 86 104 108 25 27 29 31 32 4 23 45 61 71 89 10 22 64 66 39 3 13 23 25 39 40 40 41 90 56 83 98 MC68020 MC68040 MC68881 2 MC68020 Compiler Menu Menu entry Module key Mouse Mouse buttons Multifinder Path Path name Print Printer Procedure Chain CODE Declaration of Function Standard SYSTEM Profile Program execution ReadProfile Restrictions Runtime Error Support SANE SANE section Selector box Sets Signature Special keys Standard Compiler Standard Editor Storage Allocation String Subranges Syntax
116. nversions string conversions from and to numbers 7 2 CursorMouse mouse handling and cursor tracking 7 3 Dialog creation and handling of dialog boxes 1 4 Eventbase simple event scheduler 7 5 EV24 asynchronous interface to Macintosh modem port 7 6 FileSystem basic file input output procedures Td FileUtil additional file routines 7 8 GraphicWindows graphic window handling 4 9 InOut simple handling of formatted input output 7 10 LongMathLib MathLib mathematical functions for LONGREAL and REAL 7 11 Menu command selection from menus 7 12 Printer basic printer output procedures 7 13 Storage memory allocation deallocation 7 14 String string handling 7 15 System runtime support and loader 7 16 Terminal Terminalln TerminalOut screen oriented basic input output procedures TAT TextWindows text window handling 7 18 Windows general window handling 7 19 7 2 Conversions This module provides a set of procedures for converting numbers and addresses to strings and vice versa Definition Module 46 DEFINITION MODULE Conversions Th Wolf 15 Jul 88 Conversions from numbers to strings PROCEDURE CardToString CardNo CARDINAL Digits Length Base CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE IntToString IntNo INTEGER Digits Length Base CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE AddrToString Address ADDRESS Digits Leng
117. nverted to CARDINAL as in procedure Conversions StringToCard ReadWrd w Reads a WORD from the file in If in is open Done NOT in eof if in is not open i e if the input stream is assigned to the keyboard Done FALSE Write ch Writes the character ch to the current output stream When this is assigned to the terminal window the following characters are interpreted BS 10C Setsthe writing position one character backwards LF 12C Sets the writing position to the same column in the next line FF 14C Clears the terminal window CR 15C_ Sets the writing position at the beginning of the current line DEL 177C Sets the writing position one character backwards and erases the character Besides these lay out characters it is left undefined what happens if non printable ASCII characters and non ASCII characters are written out WriteString s Writes the string s to the current output stream usually this is the terminal window The string either fills the whole ARRAY OF CHAR or is terminated by a NUL character OC WriteInt i n 13 Converts the INTEGER 1 to a string and then writes this string to the current output stream The number is written right adjusted in a field holding n characters If the field is too short to hold the number s character representation it s filled with before writing and Done is set to FALSE but there s one exception if n 2 0 the number is written regardless
118. o other applications Menus MODULE TextExample Topics Writing in text windows Mouse tracking MODULE WindowExample Topics Restoring windows MODULE ToolboxDemo Topics Accessing the Macintosh Toolbox Code procedures MODULE InlineDemo Topics Low level Programming with INLINE 30 42 51 55 57 63 69 74 78 80 84 88 94 97 98 100 112 Appendix E Using MEdit as the Alternate Editor What is MEdit MEdit 1 79 is a general purpose text editor which conforms with the Apple user interface guidelines Its macro capability makes it especially helpful for programmers MEdit is launched by the Edit2 command see Chapter 1 4 Alias section in User Profile and Chapter 3 7 Starting the Alternate Editor via Edit2 What does MEdit MEdit will load by default the standard macro file Macros see Fig El which is in your MacMETH folder This macro file expands the capabilities of MEdit concerning programming in Modula 2 and its integration into the MacMETH environment The very first time you start MEdit the configuration macro will be executed Please follow the configuration dialogue by entering your last and first name and click OK for all the rest of the dialogue If you don t complete this dialogue you are unable to switch back and forth between the MacMETH shell and MEdit H e Macros Fig El The macro file You can execute macros via the MEdit menu Macros Each entry in this
119. odule providing basic sequential file access A description of this module is included in the Modula 2 manual 1 Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE FileSystem W Heiz 4 Feb 86 A Fischlin 1992 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT WORD TYPE Response done notdone File RECORD refNum volRef INTEGER firstPos lastPos curPos LONGINT res Response eof dirty BOOLEAN nameString ARRAY 0 63 OF CHAR buffer ARRAY 0 1024 1 OF CHAR END PROCEDURE Lookup PROCEDURE Close PROCEDURE Delete PROCEDURE Rename PROCEDURE SetPos PROCEDURE GetPos PROCEDURE Length PROCEDURE ReadWord PROCEDURE WriteWord PROCEDURE ReadChar PROCEDURE WriteChar PROCEDURE LastlOErr VAR f File filename ARRAY OF CHAR new BOOLEAN VAR f File VAR f File VAR f File filename ARRAY OF CHAR VAR f File highpos lowpos CARDINAL VAR f File VAR highpos lowpos CARDINAL VAR f File VAR highpos lowpos CARDINAL VAR f File VAR w WORD VAR f File w WORD VAR f File VAR ch CHAR VAR f File ch CHAR INTEGER TYPE FType ARRAY 0 3 OF CHAR PROCEDURE SetDefltFileType type creator FType PROCEDURE SetCompFileTypes compCreator sbmType obmType rfmType FType PROCEDURE ResetDefltFileTypes PROCEDURE SetBrowsingLookupMode activate BOOLEAN PROCEDURE GetBrowsingLookupMode VAR activate BOOLEAN END FileSystem Explanations Lookup f filename new
120. og New dialog 50 50 400 200 Define dialog items Button dialog Quit TRUE 90 10 Quit Button dialog Cancel FALSE 250 10 Cancel Boolean dialog Check CheckV alue 10 100 Check Box RadioValue Button2 Enumeration dialog Radio RadioValue 200 100 0 20 Radio Button 1 Radio Button 2 TextValue This is an example String dialog Text TextValue 10 50 364 StaticString dialog Sample Dialog 150 150 Underline Dialog defined display it and monitor user s actions REPEAT LOOP IF UserAction dialog Theltem THEN IF Theltem Quit OR Theltem Cancel THEN EXIT ELSIF Theltem windowltem THEN Beep 5 END IF END IF END LOOP Close dialog UNTIL Theltem Quit Dispose dialog END DialogExample 56 7 5 EventBase Module EventBase provides a simple scheduler intended to allow arranging a Modula 2 program on the Macintosh as a collection of event handling subroutines This module is conceptually built on top of the Macintosh Toolbox Event Manager and its main goal is to support the decomposition of an otherwise tremenduously large CASE statement for event handling into independent modules A typical Macintosh application program is event driven It decides what to do from moment to moment by asking the Event Manager for events and responding to them one by one in whatever way is appropriate Inside Macintosh About the Toolbox Event Manager Definition Module DEFINITION MO
121. ols 3 2 M2Lib 3 2 M2BaseLib 3 2 All the 4 entries in the last example are relative folder names it is advisable to use relative paths as this keeps your file names small and allows you to move or copy your Modula 2 development directory freely without having to adapt any path specifications Some applications limit the maximum file name length to 64 characters There is no limit on the path list length in the User Profile The Traps section The MacMETH system catches all traps which occur during the execution of a MacMETH pro gram and displays the standard MacMETH error box see Fig 5 2 allowing you to choose between entering the debugger continuing or aborting program execution In the Traps section you may specify which traps should be caught and which not There are six entries in this section All Arithmetic FPU F Line System and Break Any of these traps may be either enabled on or disabled off If the whole section is omitted in the User Profile traps are installed according to a machine specific default strategy i e they are mostly caught All Usually All is set to on meaning that all traps are caught according to the subsequent specifications by MacMETH If you change the setting to off no traps are caught and all other entries in this section are skipped i e all other entries are valid only if AII is enabled Trap numbers 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 28 29 30 31 3
122. on if dx 0 you ll get a column of radio buttons vertical if dy 0 the result will be a row of radio buttons horizontal v should be set to the value of the enumeration corresponding to the radio button initially set The number n of radio buttons is specified by the button string str The syntax of such a button string is the following ButtonString RadioButton RadioButton l RadioButton Character The item number rbut designates the whole group the numbers rbut 1 rbut n designate the buttons themselves Boolean d chbox v x y str Defines a check box in dialog d it s item number is returned in chbox The lower left corner of the check box is at coordinates x y the initial value of v is set to TRUE meaning that the check box initially is checked The string str is written to the right of the check box 54 String d textno v x y w Defines an editable text field in dialog d with lower left corner at coordinates x y and width w enabling the user to modify the string v v should contain the initally displayed string The item number of the text field is returned in textno Number d n v x y w base LongNumber d n v x y w base Defines an editable field in dialog d with lower left corner at x y and width w The number v is displayed according to the given base if base is negative the number will be displayed signed base should be in the range 16 2 or 2
123. on specifies the name of the application which constitutes the alternate editor as a parameter to the supervisor program Edit2 Example recommended default Alias Edit2 is MEdit 1 79 10 1 5 A Sample Edit Compile Run Debug Session The numbers in the text correspond to the numbers in the graphic Fig1 1 1 Start the system by double clicking the MacMETH application Select Compile from the File menu The compiler requests a file name Enter Buggy MOD and press lt RETURN gt The compiler detects errors in the program Leave the compiler by typing lt RETURN gt and select Edit from the File menu The editor suggests the last compiled file Buggy MOD for editing Press RETURN to accept the default file name The editor points with the caret to the erroneous position and displays the error message in the lower window Correct the error leave the editor by clicking into the window s close box and enter the compiler again The compiler suggests Buggy MOD for compiling Press RETURN to accept the default file name The compiler generates 110 bytes of native MC68000 code in one pass Leave the compiler and select Execute from the File menu Select Buggy OBM from the file box using the mouse A runtime error occurs Select Debug using the mouse The debugger displays five windows with source text error postion marked procedure call chain module list and local global variables with name type and value H
124. ons THEN Option key and mouse button pressed reactivate own cursor SetPattern OwnCursor ELSIF ML IN Buttons THEN Only mouse button pressed reactivate standard arrow cursor ResetPattern END IF END LOOP ResetPattern END CursorExample 52 7 4 Dialog This module provides a collection of procedures for dialog management enabling you to work with dialogs without using resources Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Dialog Ch Widmer 29 J un 88 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT BYTE WORD CONST noDialog 0 last Dialog 8 windowltem 0 TYPE Dialog noDialog lastDialog Item INTEGER TextStyle Bold Italic Underline Outline Shadow Plain EnumType BYTE NumberType WORD PROCEDURE New VAR d Dialog x0 yO w h INTEGER PROCEDURE Dispose VAR d Dialog PROCEDURE Open d Dialog PROCEDURE Close d Dialog PROCEDURE UserAction d Dialog VAR item Item BOOLEAN PROCEDURE Button d Dialog VAR p Item default BOOLEAN x y INTEGER s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Enumeration d Dialog VAR r Item VAR v EnumType x y dx dy INTEGER s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE Boolean d Dialog VAR c Item VAR v BOOLEAN x y INTEGER s ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE String d Dialog VAR t Item VAR v ARRAY OF CHAR X y W INTEGER PROCEDURE Number d Dialog VAR n Item VAR v NumberType X y w base INTEGER PROCEDURE LongNumber d Dialog VAR n Item
125. or REAL The resulting value must be in the INTEGER or in the REAL range respectively the number of bytes used in memory for x which can be a variable or a type The result type is compatible to INTEGER and CARDINAL Real number x truncated to its integral part of type INTEGER The resulting value must fit in the range of the INTEGER s Long real number x truncated to its integral part of type LONGINT The resulting value must be in the range of type LONGINT 28 The Module SYSTEM Explicitly system dependent features are imported from module SYSTEM Although it lies in the nature of this module that there cannot be a standard for its contents it typically exports the type ADDRESS which is compatible with all pointer types The type BYTE represents the basic unit of addressable storage SYSTEM Types ADDRESS a variable of this type holds an MC68000 address The type s size is 4 All integer arithmetic operators apply also to operands of this type which is compatible with all pointer types The arithmetic for this type is unsigned Furthermore type ADDRESS POINTER TO BYTE Hence the type ADDRESS can be used to perform address computations and to export the results as pointers to values of type BYTE BYTE uninterpreted byte the smallest addressable unit of storage assignment compatible with all types of size 1 byte Note that ARRAY OF BYTE is compatible with everything WORD uninterpreted word 2 consecutive bytes o
126. ordType SetType PointerType ProcedureType qualident enumeration SubrangeType IdentList ident ident qualident ConstExpression ConstExpression ARRAY SimpleType SimpleType OF type RECORD FieldListSequence END FieldList FieldList IdentList type CASE ident qualident OF variant I variant ELSE FieldListSequence END CaseLabelList FieldListSequence CaseLabels CaseLabels ConstExpression ConstExpression SET OF SimpleType POINTER TO type PROCEDURE FormalTypeList C VAR FormalType VAR FormalType qualident IdentList type qualident ident ExpList 1 expression expression SimpleExpression relation SimpleExpression m NEP lt gt lt lt gt gt IN l term AddOperator term pU TOR factor MulOperator factor x DIVIMODIANDI amp number string set designator ActualParameters expression NOT factor factor qualident element element expression expression ExpList assignment ProcedureCall IfStatement CaseStatement WhileStatement RepeatStatement LoopStatement lForStatement WithStatement EXIT RETURN expression designator expression designator ActualParameters nun statement statement nmt character
127. os u line col After a call to this procedure line and col contain the current writing position within u SetPos u line col Sets the current writing position in window u to line line and column col AssignScrollAction u scroll v h Enables the scroll bar s of window u If v TRUE the vertical scroll bar will be enabled if h TRUE the horizontal scroll bar will be enabled if both v and h are TRUE both scroll bars will be enabled Then the procedure scroll is assigned to window u This procedure will be called when the user changed the position of the slider the white rectangle in one of the installed scroll bars SetScrollBars u v h Sets the position of the sliders in the installed scroll bars The values of v and h have the following meaning v 0 gt v 999 gt h 0 gt h 999 gt The slider in the vertical scroll bar is shown at the top of the bar The slider in the vertical scroll bar is shown at the bottom of the bar The slider in the horizontal scroll bar is shown at the leftmost position of the scroll bar The slider in the horizontal scroll bar is shown at the rightmost position of the scroll bar AssignCloseProcedure u close Enables the close box of window u and assign the procedure close to the window The procedure will be called when the user clicks the close box i e when he wants to close the window ReadString u s WriteCard u x n etc All
128. ously linked module Example as an application with the signature MyAp by using MacMETH s resource fork Master object file Example OBM A input from user in boldface Signature gt MyAp Resource file gt Examples Example R escape use default resources Copying resources from linking program MacMETH 3 2 Old bundle for signature ETHM removed Application decoupled from MacMETH Linking application Examples Example signature MyAp Example Terminal Terminalln TerminalOut FileSystem EventBase EventBase OBM linked according to default strategy EventBase Application Examples Example linked End of linkage The resulting application is named Example extension OBM stripped and is immediately ready for execution completely independent from MacMETH The linker supports more elaborate application development for instance if you wish to develop an application with its own desktop icons etc In this case you will have to add additional resources by using resource editing tools such as ResEdit Anonymous 1991 5 Alley amp Strange 1991 6 Proceed as follows once linked open the application by ResEdit to add the extra resources Make sure you leave the resources copied by the linker in the application Once your extra resources have been added you may find it useful to store all resources in a separate file preferably with the default extension R e g named Example R This will allow you to repeat the li
129. processor A brief description of the extensions introduced by the MC68020 Compiler which is called Compile20 is given below You start the compiler by selecting Compile20 from the MacMETH menu Now the Macintosh presents the following screen image HCceSu020 Modula 2 Compiler W2 6 7 ETH Zuerich HH HS HH 29 May 92 in Fig Al Screen Image of the MC68020 Compiler The basic implementation Chapter 4 also applies to the MC68020 Compiler The implemented language is the same as in the basic MC68000 MacMETH version there are the same standard types the same standard procedures and the same differences and restrictions The sizes and alignments of data types for global data local data parameters and function results have not been changed and remain the same as in the MC68000 version of the compiler Thus variables intentionally are not longword aligned Data is still word aligned for compatibility with already existing environments and systems e g the MacMETH Library Loader Debugger and the Macintosh Toolbox Improvements to the MC68020 The new addressing modes of the MC68020 are generated whenever a real gain in speed is achieved compared to the simple MC68000 addressing modes The use of the scale factor in indexed addressing modes will speed up the access to array elements For LONGINT arithmetic the long form of the multiply instruction and the long form of the divide instruction are introduced Further improvements concer
130. r A6 the 32 mark pointer MP which points to the so called procedure mark Local data are accessed with negative offsets parameters with positive offsets relative to the mark pointer The procedure mark needs 3 longwords on the stack one for the return address and one for the dynamic link to the procedure mark of the calling procedure Global procedures further have to save the current static base while nested procedures need access to variables which are declared on static intermediate procedure levels This is enabled by the static link which refers to the procedure mark of the enclosing procedure on the next lower static level The static link is set up by the calling procedure Global Procedures Nested Procedures high memory function result parameter 1 high memory function result parameter 1 parameter n 12 A6 dynamic link dynamic link Asem gt local variable 1 local variable n local variable n lt A7 SP gt low memory low memory Fig 4 7 System Stack and Procedure Mark Register Allocation the compiler manages the MC68000 Registers as follows Scratch Registers are never reserved and therefore free at any time Pool D Registers are reserved and assigned by the compiler for the evaluation of arithmetic expressions and for index calculations Pool A Registers are reserved and assigned by the compiler for address computations and in particular for base addresses of arrays
131. r it ATA 61 Library Modules continued ds PLL UID EE CE 64 79 Ape WOO SS tati 67 TAO MO Ms o Rete sect Wah E E E dodi essi eate tl 71 TAL Lon MALE MAD beati eta aaa Pa aie redox 75 1 12 NMI pei ccs E E EE ea ia da dtd se A ed ES 76 TE PANET aliis esi E 79 DAA Storage uei qoot A a datei ed dace Cet diabetes 8l AE Oye S EELHL Satoshi esame dise EN 82 Plor Sy SUS MM M C C 85 7 17 Terminal TerminalIn TerminalOut seen 89 PLS Text WIDOOWS o eral ok 91 A NWA DOW ct a pps De ea a Nad os Sa ET AEE EC 95 8 Accessing the Macintosh EOO BOX as 98 Appendix A The MC68020 Compiler Compile20 eee 101 Appendix B The Alternate MacMETH Compiler Version 3 3 sss 105 Appendix C The Syntax of the User Profile icu eed dba 110 Appendix D List of All Example Modules esee nnne 111 Appendix E Using MEdit as the Alternate Editor eere 112 1 Introduction and Startup Guide 1 1 Introduction This manual describes the implementation of the Modula 2 development system MacMETH It is neither a reference manual nor a course about programming in Modula 2 refer to 1 for an introduction to the language MacMETH has been developed in the group Institut f r Computersysteme ETH Z rich in co operation with the Rechenzentrum ETH Z rich and the Fachgruppe System kologie Systems Ecology ETH Z rich The primary goal was
132. rates a so called module key This key is unique and is needed to distinguish different compiled versions of the same module The module key is written on the symbol file and on the object file For an implementation module the key of the associated definition module is adopted The module keys of imported modules are also recorded on the generated symbol files and the object files Any mismatch of module keys belonging to the same module will cause an error message at compilation or loading time WARNING Recompilation of a definition module will produce a new symbol file with a new module key In this case the implementation module and all units importing this module must be recompiled as well Recompilation of an implementation module does not affect the module key Compilation Options The compiler optionally generates various redundancy checks They can be enabled or disabled for each compilation by appending option characters to the source file name The occurrence of an option character signals the inverse of its default value r array index subrange and pointer checks default on V integer arithmetic overflow check default off Examples Name MOD v all checks on Name MOD vr integer arithmetic overflow checks on You also may specify any of these two compiler options in the source of a Modula 2 program This is done by inserting the following comments in the source file R enables array index subrange and pointer c
133. re for lexical comparison of strings as the con ventions about lexical ordering highly depend upon the language used and on the application that needs lexical comparison So if you need it you ll have to program it yourself Imported Modules None 84 Example MODULE StringExample shows the use of the string procedures FROM String IMPORT last Length Occurs Copy FROM InOut IMPORT termCH WriteString WriteLn ReadString VAR PathName ARRAY 0 63 OF CHAR FileName ARRAY 0 31 OF CHAR PROCEDURE SplitPath VAR Path ARRAY OF CHAR VAR Name ARRAY OF CHAR splits a complete file name Path into the actual path and the file name with the extension The path is returned in Path the file name in Name VAR i j INTEGER BEGIN SplitPath Find last in the path i 1 WHILE i lt Length Path DO Length s HIGH s j i i Occurs Path i 1 END WHILE INC j Copy Name Path j last Path j OC Quicker than Delete Path j last END Split Path BEGIN StringExample LOOP WriteLn WriteString Enter a complete file name including the path ReadString PathName IF termCH lt THEN WriteString escape EXIT END IF SplitPath PathName FileName WriteLn WriteString The path name is WriteString PathName WriteLn WriteString The file name is WriteString FileName WriteLn WriteLn END LOOP E
134. read procedures work just the same way as those from module InOut but you may not open a file to read from input is always from keyboard The output of the read or write procedures e g the echo in a read procedure or the output of a write procedure always goes to the window specified by the variable u Imported Modules EventBase System Terminal Toolbox Windows 94 Example MODULE TextExample demonatrates the use of text windows FROM TextWindows IMPORT Window OpenTextWindow CloseTextWindow WriteLn WriteString Writelnt Write IdentifyPos FROM CursorMouse IMPORT GetMouse ML MM VAR Buttons BITSET X y col line INTEGER Ww Window BEGIN OpenTextWindow w 5 5 502 315 TextWindow Demo WriteString w Press the mouse button WriteLn w WriteLn w LOOP GetMouse Buttons X y IF MM IN Buttons amp ML IN Buttons THEN EXIT ELSIF ML IN Buttons THEN IdentifyPos w x y line col WriteString w You pressed the mouse button at position Writelnt w x 3 Write w Writelnt w y 3 WriteString w on the screen WriteLn w WriteString w i e in line Writelnt w line 2 WriteString w and column Writelnt w col 2 Write w WriteLn w WriteLn w END IF END LOOP CloseTextWindow w END TextExample 7 19 Windows 95 Library module for handling windows on the display A description of a similar implementation on the Lilith computer is include
135. rminal OUT Therefore the file Terminal OUT can be considered as the real logbook of the most recent session on the Terminal window To activate the version of your choice do the following procedure open the folder MBase2Lib and select your version duplicate and rename it to Terminal OBM this is the relevant name requested by the system programs and the loader Hint use Finder s Get Info command to identify and check the version 7 17 3 Terminal The module Terminal contains all procedures of the modules TerminalIn and TerminalOut Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Terminal W Heiz 12 Dec 85 C Vetterli 26 Feb 86 PROCEDURE BusyRead VAR ch CHAR PROCEDURE Read VAR ch CHAR PROCEDURE Write ch CHAR PROCEDURE WriteString string ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE WriteLn END Terminal Imported Modules TerminalIn TerminalOut Toolbox 91 7 18 TextWindows Library module for writing non proportional text into a window Text windows may be operated as scrolling displays or as forms with positioning A description of a similar implementation on the Lilith computer is included in report Nr 56 of the Institut f r Informatik ETH Z rich Author J rg Gutknecht Title System Programming in Modula 2 Mouse and Bitmap Display Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE TextWindows C Vetterli 1 J ul 86 IMPORT Windows VAR Done BOOLEAN Done previous operation was executed successfully
136. rocedure will be called when restauration of the window becomes necessary AssignEOW Action u eowproc Assigns the procedure eowproc to window u This procedure will be called when the writing position reaches the end of the window i e the lower right corner ScrollUp u Scrolls the content of window u one line up DrawTitle u title Changes the title of window u to title The string is written centered in the title bar of the window DrawLine u line col Draws a horizonatl or vertical line in the window u Tine 0 a vertical line at position col is drawn col 0 a horizontal line at position line is drawn If line or col denote positions not within the window s boundary or if both line and col are not zero or if both are zero Done FALSE SetCaret u on If on TRUE the caret text insertion mark text cursor is displayed in window u at the current writing position It ll stay visible until the next call to SetCaret with on FALSE which makes it disappear from the window Invert u on If on TRUE subsequent output will be displayed in inverse mode white on black otherwise all output will be displayed in normal mode black on white 93 IdentifyPos u x y line col To given screen coordinates x y the corresponding character position within window u is returned If x y denotes a location outside the window s rectangle line 0 and col 0 GetP
137. s pre linked Edit standard editor Sara pre linked Edit2 alternate editor pre linked ErrList DOK list of compiler error messages Link application maker linker Print print utility ReadProfile process the previously edited configuration file Unload unload all currently loaded modules UnmarkErrs unmark compiler errors in source code pre linked The folder M2BaseLib contains the object and symbol files of modules which are fundamental and essential for the proper running of the system programs Two files with extension OBM object file and SBM symbol file exist for each module mentioned below except for the module System Conversions string conversions from and to numbers CursorMouse mouse handling and cursor tracking EventBase simple event scheduler FileSystem basic file input output procedures FileUtil additional file routines InOut simple handling of formatted input output MacSystem reference file for the Quickdraw objects Menu command selection from a menu Printer basic printer output procedures Storage memory allocation deallocation System MacMETH runtime support including the loader Terminal screen oriented basic input output procedures TerminalIn screen oriented basic input procedures TerminalOut screen oriented basic output procedures TextWindows text window handling Windows window handling This folder also contains the file MacSystem RFM the reference file for all Quickdraw objects see Inside Mac
138. s word boundary Data Allocation allocation of data is sequential variables are allocated in the order of their textual occurence from higher to lower memory addresses This principle applies to local data parameters and global data as well Global Data in contrast to conventional compilers global data is allocated from higher to lower memory The first 2 bytes in the global data block are reserved for initialization They contain a flag which indicates whether or not a separate module is already initialized Global data are addressed relative to a dedicated address register Address Register A4 called the static base SB Parameters for a value parameter the aligned size is allocated on the stack a multiple of 2 and the supplied value is copied This is also true for a structured value parameter For variable parameters 4 bytes are allocated on the stack They contain the address of the supplied variable For variable and value open array parameters 6 bytes are allocated on the stack They contain the address of the supplied array and its high index bound If the array is supplied as a valueparameter it is internally copied by the procedure into its local data area Local Data System Stack the data stack of the MC68000 processor is growing by decrementing the system stack register Address Register A7 the stack pointer SP Local variables and parameters on this stack are addressed relative to a dedicated register Address Registe
139. s Error and Illegal Instruction traps which are highly system and hardware dependent If System is set to on MacMETH will catch these traps if it is disabled the trap requests are passed to the Macintosh operating system Note that the Access Fault Trap 2 is installed only if the System version 7 0 or if the MMU lt MC68851 Trap numbers 2 3 4 Break If Break is enabled the MacMETH system catches all traps triggered from the programmer s interrupt reset button or from break points set within the debugger If Break is disabled MacMETH won t do anything it ll just hand the trap over to the Macintosh system Trap numbers 28 29 30 31 32 33 Example recommended for execution of code compiled with Compile Traps All on Arithmetic on FPU off F Line on System on Break on Defining the File menu with the Menu or FullMenu section Using the Menu section MacMETH allows you to include MacMETH compiled Modula 2 programs as additional menu entries in the File menu While Edit Compile Execute and Quit constitute two permanent blocks in the File menu the additional entries are located just between the two fixed parts and are separated by the dotted lines see Fig la The character acts as a delimiter between successive entries in the Menu string If such an additional entry is selected the program is loaded including all imported modules and executed on top of the MacMETH shell
140. s operate on the default port modem or if there have been initializations of other ports on the last initialized one This port is subsequently referred to as actual port Write ch Sends the character ch to the actual port Read ch Reads a character ch from the actual port If there s currently no character waiting to be read the procedure waits until a character was received BusyRead ch got As Read but when there s no character waiting to be read at the actual port the procedure immediatly returns with got FALSE and ch undefined If there s been a character waiting ch contains this character and got TRUE The following three procedures operate on the port specified in their parameter lists This port should be initialized by a call to Initialize before calling any of the three procedures below WritePort p ch Writes the character ch to port p ReadPort p ch Reads the character ch from port p If there s currently no character waiting to be read at port p the procedure waits until a character was received BusyReadPort p ch got As ReadPort but when there s no character waiting to be read at port p the procedure immediatly returns with got FALSE and ch undefined If there s been a character waiting ch contains this character and got TRUE CloseEV24 Closes all open serial links Imported Modules DeviceMgr System Toolbox 61 T FileSystem Library m
141. save the current mode for later restoration Imported Modules System Toolbox Example MODULE FileExample this program copies the file Example TXT into the file Copy BAK demonstrates the access to text files FROM FileSystem IMPORT File Response Lookup Close ReadChar WriteChar VAR f g File ch CHAR BEGIN Open existing file f Lookup f Example TXT FALSE IF f res done THEN Create new file g Lookup g Copy BAK TRUE IF g res done THEN Copy f to g LOOP ReadChar f ch IF f eof THEN EXIT END WriteChar g ch END LOOP Close g ELSE File g could not be created disk full END IF Close f ELSE File f could not be opened not existent END IF END FileExample 64 7 8 FileUtil This module provides a lot of additional useful routines operating on files Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE FileUtil C Vetterli 22 May 88 A Fischlin 1992 FROM FileSystem IMPORT File IMPORT System TYPE Path System Path FType ARRAY 0 3 OF CHAR ReadProc PROCEDURE VAR CHAR WriteProc PROCEDURE CHAR VAR termCh CHAR last entered character by given read procedure PROCEDURE ExtLookup VAR f File fname ARRAY OF CHAR new BOOLEAN VAR ok BOOLEAN VAR curPath Path p Path in ARRAY OF CHAR VAR out ARRAY OF CHAR from ext ARRAY OF CHAR VAR to ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE GetCurrentPath PROCEDU
142. stem MacMETH also supports a program stack A program may call another program which will be executed on the top of the calling program After termination of the called program control will be returned to the calling program For more details refer to chapter 7 16 module System 4 5 The Implemented Language Standard Constants FALSE TRUE NIL Standard Types BOOLEAN a variable of this type assumes the truth values FALSE or TRUE These are the only values of this type The size of BOOLEAN is 1 byte CHAR type CHAR is defined according to the ISO ASCII standard with ordinal values from 0 to 255 The type is represented within 1 byte The compiler accepts character constants in the range OC 377C BITSET the type BITSET is defined as SET OF 0 15 The size of this type is 2 bytes Note that sets obey the Motorola numbering conventions for bit data 0 corresponds to the ordinal value 1 INTEGER a variable of type INTEGER assumes as values the integers between 32768 and 32767 The type s size is 2 The arithmetic is signed and overflow is checked whenever the corresponding compiler option is on CARDINAL a variable of type CARDINAL assumes as values cardinal numbers between 0 and 65535 2 bytes The arithmetic for this type is unsigned and overflow is not checked REAL a variable of this type assumes as values the single precision real number represented in 4 bytes The value range expands from 3 40E38 to 3 40E38 L
143. stem program Edit2 see folder M2Tools is to facilitate the starting of the alternate editor from the MacMETH shell Edit2 plays the role of a bridge between the MacMETH environment and the alternate editor First the program Edit2 inspects the User Profile for a valid Alias section and saves the alias name Second if your program contains errors Edit2 inserts error marks in the source file specified by the most recent compilation Finally Edit2 launches the application with the corresponding alias name for example MEdit 1 79 Now the source file of your program is automatically opened and presented in the front window When the alternate editor application terminates a transfer back to the original application takes place and the MacMETH shell is resumed Under Multifinder or System 7 it is also possible to reenter the MacMETH shell by a single command from within MEdit Launch M2 shell 1 The following 2 preconditions must be asserted for Edit2 1 the presence of an Alias section in the configuration file is mandatory when the supervisor program Edit2 is called 2 the application to launch e g MEdit 1 79 and its associated files e g the file Macros have to reside in the same folder as the MacMETH shell WARNING MacMETH and MEdit are different applications they do not really share the files Therefore the processed files must always be closed before quitting the application MEdit otherwise MacMETH would not be a
144. t s always ended by a OC except when the whole array is occupied by the number s character representation If ok TRUE the string contains thenumber s character representation otherwise it contains Length At the REAL and LONGREAL conversion routines Digits has a slightly different meaning It specifies the maximum number of significant digits after the decimal point that will be displayed before the decimal point there s always just one digit 48 If at the fixpoint conversion routines the number is too large to fit into the specified field it s converted into it s exponential representation by a call either to RealToString or to Long RealToString The procedures CardToString IntToString AddrToString and LongIntToString convert the number the following way If Base 16 a H is appended to the number s character representation If Base 2 8 a B is appended to the number s character representation If Base 2 2 a 96 is preceeding the number s character representation If the number is negative the comes before the sign If Base 10 the string contains only the number s character representation itself REALs and LONGREALs are always converted to decimal representation Base 10 For all procedures of the form StringToNumber the following rules apply str is the input string It s a VAR parameter for speedup reasons only and is not modified If the characters in str don t
145. teString This is an example program for module Menu WriteString ierboeoeecioererererbororereriorooererereeet WriteLn END AboutThisProgram BEGIN MenuExample InstallAboutProc About MenuExample AboutThisProgram SetMenu 1 Example Disable menu 2 Quit Q SetMenu 2 Menu 2 Enable item below J ust for fun MenuEnabled TRUE ItemEnabled FALSE Checked FALSE LOOP GetMenuCmd Command Done IF Done THEN IF Command menulD 1 THEN CASE Command menuCmd OF 1 IF MenuEnabled THEN DisableMenu 2 SetText 1 1 Enable menu 2 ELSE EnableMenu 2 SetText 1 1 Disable menu 2 END IF MenuEnabled MenuEnabled 2 EXIT END CASE ELSE Command menulD 2 CASE Command menuCmd OF 1 IF ItemEnabled THEN Disableltem 2 3 SetText 2 1 Enable item below ELSE Enableltem 2 3 SetText 2 1 Disable item below END IF ItemEnabled ItemEnabled 2 Is not possible because item 2 is always disabled 3 Checked Checked Markltem 2 3 Checked END CASE END IF Command menulD END IF Done END LOOP END MenuExample 79 7 13 Printer The module Printer contains procedures to write characters and screendumps to the printer Definition Module DEFINITION MODULE Printer C Vetterli 18 Mar 87 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS PROCEDURE Reset PROCEDURE Write ch CHAR PROCEDURE WriteString str ARRAY OF CHAR PROCEDURE WriteL
146. th Base CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE LongintToString LongNo LONGINT Digits Length Base CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE RealT oString RealNo REAL Digits Length CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE LongRealT oString LongRealNo LONRREAL Digits Length CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE RealToFixString RealNo REAL Digits Length CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE LongRealToFixString LongRealNo LONGREAL Digits Length CARDINAL VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR VAR ok BOOLEAN Conversions from strings to numbers PROCEDURE StringToCard VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start Base CARDINAL VAR CardNo CARDINAL VAR ok BOOLEAN 47 PROCEDURE StringTolnt VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start Base CARDINAL VAR IntNo INTEGER VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE StringToAddr VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start Base CARDINAL VAR Address ADDRESS VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE StringToLonglInt VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start Base CARDINAL VAR LonglntNo LONGINT VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE StringToReal VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start CARDINAL VAR RealNo REAL VAR ok BOOLEAN PROCEDURE StringToLongReal VAR str ARRAY OF CHAR Start CARDINAL VAR LongRealNo LONGREAL VAR ok BOOLEAN END Conv
147. to the field length The conversion is done as in Conversions IntToString WriteCard c n Works exactly as Writelnt but here a CARDINAL is converted and written WriteOct c n Works as WriteCard but the number is converted to base 8 instead of base 10 The number s character representation is followed by B WriteHex c n As WriteOct but conversion to base 16 is done The number s character representation is followed by H WriteWrd w Writes the WORD w to file out If out is not open Done is set to FALSE ReadLongInt i Works as ReadInt but the string read is converted to LONGINT you probably imagined it as in Conversions StringToLongInt WriteLongInt i n Works exactly as WriteInt but here a LONGINT is converted and written Conversion is done as in Conversions LongIntToString ReadReal r Reads a string and converts it to REAL If the string doesn t contain the character representation of a real number Done FALSE Conversion is done according to the syntax given in module Conversions procedure StringToReal WriteReal r n Writes the real number r right adjusted in a field of length n to the current output stream as in Conversions RealToString ReadLongReal r Works exactly as ReadReal but here the string is converted to LONRREAL The syntax is the same too WriteLongReal r n Works exactly as WriteReal but here a LONGREAL is converted and written
148. tring m ARRAY OF CHAR VAR p Str255 VAR i INTEGER BEGIN i 0 WHILE i lt HIGH m m i OC DO p i 1 m i INC i END p 0 CHR i END ModulaToPascalString PROCEDURE CalledByToolbox BEGIN INLINE 048E7H 01F38H MOVEM L A2 A4 D3 D7 SP save regs your statements INLINE O4CDFH 01CF8H MOVEM L SP A2 A4 D3 D7 rest regs END CalledByToolbox END ToolboxDemo MODULE InlineDemo H Seiler 15 Mar 87 FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS INLINE REG SETREG PROCEDURE InlineDemo1 p q LONGINT LONGINT demonstrates the access to parameters and the function result without explicit knowlegde of the offsets produced by the compiler CONST DO 20 D1 1 BEGIN SETREG DO p SETREG D1 q INLINE 4680H 4681H 8081H RETURN REG DO END InlineDemo1 PROCEDURE InlineDemo2 p q ADDRESS LONGINT copy the bytes from p to q until a zero byte is found and return the number of bytes copied CONST DO 20 AO 28 Al 9 BEGIN SETREG AO p SETREG A1 q SETREG DO REG AO0 INLINE 12D8H 66FCH RETURN REG A0 REG DO END InlineDemo2 END InlineDemo 101 Appendix A The MC68020 Compiler The MC68020 Compiler The standard MacMETH Modula 2 Compiler has been extended for the MC68020 and higher processors Code produced by the MC68020 Compiler will run on hardware platforms equiped with the MC68020 MC68881 the MC68030 MC68882 or the MC68040
149. uggy RFM Buggy MOD Typing ESC to any of these questions leaves the program without generating an output file The intended usage of this program is to check the compiler after modifications of the code generation however this program may be used also to learn about code generation In production there is no need to know the code generated by the compiler Example Input Object file of the module Buggy and possibly the source file of Buggy see Fig 5 3 Output Decoded object file full decode and include source both answered with Y MC68020 68881 Modula 2 Decoder V 2 6 ETH Zuerich CM VC 1 May 89 HEADER Key Name B928 03AD A7F8 Buggy Version 0 CodeSize 110 DataSize 42 ConstSize 0 Procs 1 Mods 2 MPORT Key Name 0000 0000 0000 System CODE MODULE Buggy W Heiz 4 Apr 86 less acce date 0000 4E71 NOP 0002 4E71 NOP 0004 2F0C MOVE L Ad A1 0006 287A FFF8 MOVEA L 8 PC A4 Jabs 00000000 000A 4E56 0000 LINK W A6 0 000E 08EC 0000 FFFE BSET B 80 2 A4 0014 6706 BEQ B 8 Jabs 0000001C 0016 4E5E UNLK A6 0018 285F MOVEA L A7 A4 001A 4E75 RTS 001C 266C 0008 MOVEA L 8 44 A3 0020 2653 MOVEA L A3 A3 43 0022 4E93 JSR A3 0024 6000 0028 BRA W 42 abs 0000004E VAR x CARDI NAL ARRAY 0 10 OF BOOLEAN PROCEDURE P i CARDINAL p BOOLEAN BEGIN led egeo tops 0028 2F0C MOVE L A4 AT 002A 287A FFD4 MOVEA L 44
150. ument type if x is a lower case letter the corresponding capital letter else the same letter the character with ordinal number x The type of x must be an integer type v v 1 The type of v must be scalar DEC v n implements v v n v v n v must be a set and n compatible with the base type of the set X a value of an integer type represented as a REAL value x a value of an integer type represented as a value of type LONGREAL terminate program execution and display the standard MacMETH error box high index bound of array v For an open array parameter the result type is INTEGER otherwise the result type is equal to the index type of the array v v v 1 The type of v must be scalar INC v n implements v v n v v n v must be a set and n compatible with the base type of the set x of INTEGER or REAL type extended to the long value of type LONGINT or LONGREAL respective the maximum value of type T which must be either a scalar type or type REAL or LONGREAL the minimum value of type T which must be either a scalar type or type REAL or LONGREAL returns x MOD 2 z 0 of type BOOLEAN x must be an integer type ordinal number of x in the set of values defined by the type T of x which must be a scalar type The resulting value must be a positive INTEGER and the result type is INTEGER x of type LONGINT or LONGREAL shortened to the corresponding short form of type INTEGER or REAL The result
151. value Background if there s none ActualSize u w h Returns width w and height h of window u SetWindow u Sets the window u as the current port See also Inside Macintosh ResetWindow This procedure resets the current port to the window it was set to before the last call of SetWindow AssignScrollAction u p vh Installs scroll bars in window u enables them and also installs the scroll procedure p If v TRUE a vertical scroll bar is installed if h TRUE a horizontal one is installed if both v and h are TRUE both scroll bars are installed The procedure will be called after the user moved the slider the white rectangle in one of the scroll bars Imported Modules EventBase System Toolbox 97 Example MODULE WindowExample general window demo refreshing windows FROM Windows IMPORT Window PlaceOnTop FROM Terminalln IMPORT Read IMPORT TextWindows IMPORT GraphicWindows VAR ab Window Ok BOOLEAN ch CHAR PROCEDURE RestoreGraphic w Window BEGIN GraphicWindows Circle w 150 150 100 END RestoreGraphic PROCEDURE RestoreText w Window BEGIN TextWindows SetPos w 10 2 TextWindows WriteString w This is an example for restoring windows END RestoreText BEGIN GraphicWindows OpenGraphicWindow a 0 0 300 300 Graphic RestoreGraphic TextWindows OpenTextWindow b 20 20 300 300 Text TextWindows AssignRestoreProc b RestoreText REPEAT PlaceOnTop a
152. with the module SYSTEM is a normal Modula 2 module consisting of a definition and an implementation part A minimal MC68000 implementation of System for example typically provides the Halt mechanism the 32 bit integer arithmetic procedures and the floating point arithmetic procedures If MC68040 code is executed see Appendix A however only the Halt mechanism of System is needed the emulators for LONGINT REAL and LONGREAL arithmetic are not called anymore The Implementation of REAL Arithmetic as mentioned above the MC68000 chip doesn t supply instructions needed to implement the REAL arithmetic of Modula 2 Therefore the standard MacMETH Compiler which generates native MC68000 code will emulate the missing operations in software There exist two different approaches to solve this problem for single precision 32 Bit REAL the so called Fink arithmetic on one hand and an interface to the SANE package on the other hand When you turn off the switch alwaysSANE in the SANE section of the User Profile the simple but fast Fink arithmetic is selected When using Fink arithmetic however the control of exceptions and the results generated in exceptional cases are not consistent with the different Floating Point Processors of Motorola Turning alwaysSANE on in the User Profile will select the SANE emulator SANE arithmetic is slower but the results are more precise in 80 bit extended precision and the control of exceptions and the halt disa

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