User Manual
Contents
1. 1 1 Rationale behind the tool Lack of baseline data and design parameters characterising rural wastewater in the Nile delta is seen as a major gap in the development of sound sanitation strategies for settlements under 5 000 inhabitants Such data is usually made up of the characteristics and quantities of the wastewater to treat be it in the form of sewage or septage However Nile delta ezbas and villages are very heterogeneous which prevents the definition of values applicable to all settlements instead developing a baseline data in this context means understanding current sanitation practices the factors influencing the quantities and characteristics and the extent of this influence For this reason the ESRISS project decided to undertake a thorough analysis of the sanitation related flows blackwater greywater animal manure within Nile delta settlements with the following objectives 1 Identify quantify and characterise the sanitation related flows 2 Understand the factors influencing wastewater quantities and characteristics 3 Develop a model of the sanitation related flows in Nile Delta small settlements in order to be able to compare sanitation system scenarios based on the Material Flow Analysis approach MFA 4 Estimate the nutrient flows nitrogen and phosphorus in the perspective of an optimal nutrient reuse in agriculture 5 Develop a tool which will help designers and consultants to estimate quickly the quan2. greywater and liquid manure which do not end up into the sewer network Non sewered Flows FACTSHEET Village a Sheet FACTSHEET Village synthesises all the information about the village which has been computed from the field work results the factsheet consists of four different categories i General characteristics ii Inhabitants iii Water supply and iv Sanitation system This sheet mainly features the results from the calculations Compsheet1 b Sheet Non sewered Flows provides information about e Septage the quantity is roughly estimated based the frequency of emptying of bayaras and the number of trips per emptying event e Greywater which is not discharged in sanitation system consists of the greywater still ending in a drain canal and on the streets Liquid animal manure not discharged in sanitation system consists of the liquid manure discharged on fields in a drain canal and on the streets The characteristics of the septage and liquid manure are taken from the baseline data whereas the characteristics of the greywater are calculated through the MFA model May 2014 Page 5 of 5 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss Interview Guide for Village Authorities and Representatives Jala First Contact Visit 5 5 Jgi Contact Philippe Reymond ESRISS project coordinator 0106 483 43 14 philippe reymond eawag ch Materials
3. leading an association organising special activities religious leaders etc iae is d Ael ibas gli all cle A Lala saxo cll al AY Gal ellie 10 Are there NGOs in the village A Water User Association Aixam 3 CA jill L Asa 11 What type of non domestic building s are there in the village Where do they discharge wastewater C sla s ills Ba gall jia AI gl gil a Us Number amp discharge place Bayara Sewer Pipe to drain 5 4c alila Health centre i School Aaa Mosque 12 Are there small industrial activities e g milk factories cattle or poultry farms fou 5 Ax lia All daa 13 How many cattle does one household have on average Do they live in the house a separate building or outside cols 58 al GUT gant 53 Lass 555 115 Gul gal ore Nee 14 Do farmers use manure and animal urine in their fields SJ gist eu Ask for contact number A jill lea YI pS I col gf Stoel cy 4 v 26 05 2014 Page 2of2 ESRISS Project e awag dus aquatic research www sandec ch esriss Household survey questionnaire c3 Contact Philippe Reymond ESRISS project coordinator
4. 0 Present value according to water meters Avg building with sewer L cap d 107 12 L cap d Std building with sewer L cap d 78 12 Estimation to be only considered for villages which are already served with a sewer network Performance of the water supply system Estimation of water supply performance Bad n Estimation for the selected sanitation system Complaint about water supply 60 20 based on the common situation and the House with water interruptions 52 21 performance of the water supply L cap d Frequency of interruptions week 5 7 11 Estimation to be considered for villages which Duration of interruptions hours 8 0 8 currently rely on bayaras or for sewered villages with a low reliability of water meter readings Default 89 L cap day Figure 4 Box featuring the different water consumption information 9 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss The estimation of the current water consumption is based on two water meter readings done with a minimum interval of one week The sheet CompSheet1 computes the water consumption per capita for each building It should be noted that malfunctioning of a high proportion of water meters as well as intentional by passing of the water meter through a second pipe system may lead to aberrant results The aberrant values 20 L cap d and gt 800 L cap day not taken into account Field work shows that there is high vari
5. Flows LCompSheeti lt CompSheet2_ lt Figure 1 Excel sheets forming the model 6 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 2 Treatment of the field data The information collected on the field has to be entered in the model through two Excel sheets Step 1 and Step 2 the first one for the information collected from the Village Council the village authorities and the personal observations the second for the results of the household surveys The format in which to enter the data is always indicated in the Excel sheets it has to be taken with care as the model ignores the data in the wrong format All the entered information are treated in the first computation sheet 5 1 which consists Computation of the different parameters based the answers of the Village Council village authorities responsible of sewer maintenance and personal observations e Statistical analysis of household survey results and computation of valid answers e g proportion of farmers in the village water consumption average number of cow per people 2 3 Crosscheck and estimation of the most sensitive parameters While data is collected from different sources it is probable that different values are given for the same parameter by different stakeholders a most common example being the number of inhabitants A crucial step in order to get accurate values is to crosscheck the dat
6. Household Survey Sheet STEP 2 Household survey Enter the results of the household survey while taking care of the following Pay attention to units e g frequency needs to be given in week Put the results in the requested formats e g Y N means that you should put a Y or N in the case means that you have to put a number o If there is no answer in a question e g people did not know the answer did not want to answer leave the case empty o Do not leave the case blank when an answer is zero instead put O e g no children no cattle o If the answer is approximate then write the average value e g 10 12 cows becomes 11 cows o When a house has more than one water meter put the sum of both readings the details can be written in a comment b Crosschecking the sensitive parameters 1 hour Sheet STEP 3 Crosscheck and Estimation look at each box one for each sensitive parameter and compare the different data displayed in order to determine the most realistic value for the future situation Instructions are given below each box in order to help checking the consistency of the different data and estimate the most suitable value for each parameter o For each parameter a default value is given which consists of an estimation after construction of a sewer network In case a village is already served by a sewer network most of the values can be derived from the househ
7. directly into the drain pipe to drain are not sewered Figure 3 features the corresponding box in the Excel model The default value corresponds to the typical situation found in sewered villages If the studied village is already served with a sewer network the selected value should be the results from the HH surveys otherwise it will be the values of the planned situation 8 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss Discharge place Bayaras Sewer Pipetodrain n Household surveys 4 96 0 23 Village authorities 10 90 0 Planned situation 5 95 0 Default 5 95 0 100 Figure 3 Box featuring the different sanitation systems 2 3 3 Water consumption Two different perspectives are used for the estimation of the drinking water consumption as shown in Figure 4 i the consumption based on two water meter readings done with a minimum interval of one week and b an estimation based the common situation based on the choice of the sanitation system selected in the previous box and the performance of the water supply system A Current water consumption Common situation Water consumption n Median L cap d 74 12 Average L cap d 107 12 Standard deviation L cap d 78 12 Water consumption vs sanitation syst Estimation of the water consumption Avg building with bayara L cap d Hn 0 Std building with bayara L cap d HHH
8. e Quantity of liquid manure produced per cow and the time that cattle spend in the fields The constant parameters do not need to be measured again and they are directly derived from the baseline data cf Baseline Data Report The most sensitive of the variable parameters are those which need to be studied on a site specific basis as shown in this manual and whose assessment is described and supported in this tool 2 4 3 Precision of the estimation The precision of the model is computed based on its application to the four studied villages Two different types of sampling were made morning samples in two villages and full day sampling in two others The results of the full day sampling were directly compared to what was predicted by the model The results from the morning sampling were adjusted with factors computed based on the ratio between the average concentrations during the morning and the average daily concentrations Table 3 and Figure 10 show that the model matches the measured values with a difference lower than 3096 and even less than 2096 for the flow The sampling campaign shows that the variation of concentration from one to another day from the same outlet is also around 3096 Table 3 Comparison between sewage characteristics estimated by the model and the measurements o 236 249 Sampling 00 257 276 Dit 8 10 131 119 268 176 Sampling 10 111 272 216 Dif 1 7 1 18 Ma 10 15 11
9. in sewage i the morning peak and ii the unclogging peaks The morning peak reflects the higher domestic water consumption at the beginning of the day as well as the discharge into the sewer system of liquid manure manually emptied from the stables see also section 2 3 4 The characteristics of this peak were estimated by using the peak factor measured in Fisha el Safra during a full day sampling campaign on a sewer network collecting wastewater from around 250 inhabitants Table 4 The sampling consisted of composite samples for each 1h30 The main peak occurs in the morning and a lower peak occurs in the afternoon or beginning of evening Table 4 Morning peak factors measured during the sampling campaign E 1 14 14 14 the E15 Beside the morning peaks unclogging peaks occur at any moment of the day or night They are caused by the sudden unclogging of a blockage in the network All the accumulated sludge of the past days reaches the outlet in a short time This leads to sudden high concentrations which could not be computed by the model Table 5 provides the factors calculated based on two sets of three samples which were taken during unclogging events Table 5 Unclogging factors measured during the sampling campaign Based on measurements during two different unclogging events 18 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 3 Potential developments Above all the model need
10. this semi structured interview guide and detailed satellite images of the village from Google Earth Questionnaire for village authorities Omda Sheikh el Balad 5 Ati 1 How many inhabitants how many households how many buildings QS aac Pa ga gall 2 General sanitation situation ell ios all sll a Bayaras and or sewer system s C 5 af 3 b Any problems linked to sanitation Cl 3 Groundwater table X gall bleal gusia 4 Location of drains and canals on the map Al AM aal y g jill ass 5 If there is a sewer Jus dla GIS l a How many systems L Al axe aS b Identify the locations of the main lines and exit points on the map Alay AJ want How many households are connected If not why 3l Y GS 13 Gall ala gall aS d When wasthis system built and by whom Cost per household construction amp maintenance LADU Arill US 4465 f Problems with the network s ASSI cilia g Which material for the pipe ela Aaa aal GLI Le h Who is responsible for the maintenance take the contact 41 402 241 If there bayaras cs Js 3 OS 15 a Bayara emptiers how many trucks public private origin As GY 4355 ud GL je axe eS b Contacts of the bayara emptiers Qo a ji c Location of disposal points map ahb A le c pall eius d Fr
11. time consuming and expensive Instead the tool relies on the extensive data baseline developed by the project cf ESRISS Baseline Data Report and requires the input of a minimal number of qualitative data to estimate values corresponding to the village under investigation This tool is a result of the Egyptian Swiss Research on Innovations in Sustainable Sanitation ESRISS www sandec ch esriss a parallel research component of the World Bank funded Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project ISSIP the ESRISS Project is led by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag in partnership with the Egyptian Holding Company for Water and Wastewater HCWW and financed by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs Seco 1 2 Components of the tool The tool consists of the following components e A step by step procedure on how to carry out the assessment of the initial situation in the field in Appendix e Clear guidance on which stakeholder to meet and which relevant data to get with the support of ready made interview guidelines and survey questionnaires in Appendix e Excel sheet based model which upon entering the site specific data provides automatically the range of wastewater quantity characteristics to be expected including the flow BOD COD TS TSS TN and TP It also delivers a factsheet for the village under investigation and an estimation of the residual flows
12. 0106 483 43 14 philippe reymond eawag ch ESRISS pall seil og gall inal pial gal Guha gill Team members 33 elec Person interviewed 42154 cu 511 25 41 Questionnaire 28 Surname l Date e Family eal Start time call c Household head End time By ge Spall Coordinates Clas Duration Latitude vsti bs Longitude Johil Ls Interview completed ai Ja Version 18 11 2014 Page 1of 4 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS gailai How many households there your building Xll u pus aac aS How many people live in your building laa u al aae aS Total Adults 18 and older men Qu Adults 18 and older women Children Boys girls What is the main occupation source of income f Aia gll put Farmers glz Shop owners dJa ellus Workers builders plumbers amp iSl dle Civil servants ah To what type of sanitation system you connected 52 Ja sall c gills Sewer network ja 494 Bayara Trench 8 Pipe directly to drain C paill Lll 8 piles Gull If only sewer go to section B1 1 cll caa po 4604 bii jl If only bayaras go to sectio
13. 8 2 3 3 siR AEA aAA 9 2 3 4 Liquid animal manure oases sees ssscesssseesesseceesseceessseeessssesssssecsasecsssssesusssesesssecsssssesessseseesseeeseeees 11 2 3 5 Groundwater interaction ierit 12 2 3 6 Discharge location of 13 2 4 RESULT ESTIMATION OF WASTEWATER QUANTITY AND CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH A SIMPLIFIED MFA MODEL 14 2 4 1 MEA MOdel 14 2 4 2 Simplification of the model identification of the constant 15 2 43 Precision of the estimation 16 2 44 Calculation of the PCQKS cccccscscccsesseesesscceesssscesssseessssecsessecsesseesessssesessecsasecsesseeeseseeeeseeeees 18 3 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 5222 25 e ea eno eo sonne eere oe aano ao oce e a een neo ca e obo saa aane 19 4 20 APPENDIX 21 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE TO USE THE TOOL INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR VILLAGE AUTHORITIES AND REPRESENTATIVES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 2 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 1 Introduction to the tool
14. A Model Based Tool to Quantify Characterise Wastewater in Small Nile Delta Settlements User Manual Philippe Reymond amp Colin Demars imption the parameters to 6 should already have precise Household surveys Water consumption n Fair Bad Nb of cattle Village authorities apa aa Onsite sanitation ND of ate Planned situation Average L cap d 2 Sewer network L cap d mo Nb of cattle Standard deviation L cap d 2 of house Selected value Water consumption vs sanitation syst Avg building with bayara L cap d Std building with bayara L cap d 0 Present value according to water meters Avg building with sewer L cap d 8 Std building with sewer L cap d Estimation to be only considered for villages which Performance of the water supp Estimation of water supply performance Bad n Complaint about water supply water interruptions p ESRISS Egyptian Swiss Research i Innovations i in Sustainable Sanitation Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Conf d ration suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra e awa Swiss Confederation aquatic research Federal Department of Economic Affairs Education and Research EAER 2 State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO 4 August 2014 Picture on the cover page Household survey Beheira Governorate OColin Demars How to quote this report Reymond Ph Demars C 2014 A Model Based Too
15. Sampling amp 10 17 12 Dif 2 096 11 9 833 757 1629 1083 Sampling 823 605 1 499 1 366 Dif 1 25 9 21 Ma 251 231 474 18 Sampling 17 467 405 Dif 156 21 16 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss The concentration of TP and TSS measured by the MFA are reduced by a factor of 0 7 in order to fit the sampling results Indeed these estimated concentrations were systematically higher than the one from the sampling results see MFA report Villages Perfect correlation 300 250 4 200 150 Measured concentration mg L Measured concentration mg L 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 5 10 15 20 MFA concentration mg L MFA concentration mg L COD 2000 5 1600 8 1200 400 800 200 400 Measured concentration mg L Measured concentration mg L 0 400 800 1200 1600 2 000 0 200 400 600 800 MFA concentration mg L MFA concentration mg L Figure 10 Comparison of the concentrations of TN TP COD and TSS measured with those estimated by the MFA model 17 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 4 4 Calculation of the peaks Two types of peak concentrations were identified
16. a for the most sensitive parameters which have been computed in CompSheet1 and delivered side by side in the Excel sheet Step 3 for comparison The most sensitive parameters are the number of inhabitants the water consumption the type of sanitation system s the interaction with groundwater the liquid manure production and discharge location and the discharge point s of greywater Step 3 allows to easily compare the different values and choose the most suitable one for each of these parameters In what follows further guidance and explanations are provided for each of the sensitive parameters When the crosschecking process does not allow to get consistent results further interviews need to be carried out in order to get more precise data These can be done during the second visit in the village dedicated to the second water meter readings 2 3 4 Number of inhabitants Three different sources of information are used to estimate the number of inhabitants in the selected villages e The official data a census was done in all villages mainly in 2006 the actual number of inhabitants is computed with the growth rate entered in Box 4 Personal observations the default value is set at 1 9196 as in the 7 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss Code of Practice NB it appears that the official data often do not match reality e The estimation from the village authorities Sheikh el Balad o
17. age characteristics are numerous and difficult to measure and result in high variations cf ESRISS Baseline Data Report Thus septage could not be included in this tool within the timeframe of this project it would be however a very useful further development if the concept of septage treatment plant is validated by the authorities THIS MODEL IS AN OPEN SOURCE ENTERPRISE ANY FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OR APPLICATION IS WELCOME AND ENCOURAGED FEEDBACK IS HIGHLY APPRECIATED FOR ANY FEEDBACK OR QUESTIONS PLEASE CONTACT gch demars colin amp gmail com philippe reymond eawa Kawm Abu Khalifa a small settlement in Beheira Governorate picture Ph Reymond 5 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 Model description The model consists of an Excel file to be downloaded at www sandec ch esriss which e Treats automatically the field data e Eases the crosschecking of the sensitive parameters leading to realistic estimations of these parameters in the future when the village under investigation will be served by a functioning sewer network e Estimates the future wastewater quantity and characteristics by processing the parameters computed selected in the previous steps through a material flow analysis model The procedure on how to make the assessment of the initial situation how to collect the data and how to enter it in the Excel model is described in the Ste
18. ation of water consumption within the same village therefore the default value of the water consumption is the median of the sample and not the average The median is the middle number in a sorted list of numbers as shown in Figure 5 Median 4 LIL Figure 5 Illustration of the median 50 below 50 above The validity of the current water consumption is checked by observing the standard deviation of the results and comparing the median with the average A distinction is made in the Excel sheet between the water consumption computed for houses with on site sanitation system and the one connected to a sewer network In the case of a village which is currently served by on site sanitation systems or dysfunctional sewer network s the current water consumption will increase if the village get connected to a proper sewer network In order to estimate the water consumption after the construction of a proper sewer network the model relies on the data baseline common situation and the performance of the water supply system in the village Table 1 synthesises the data baseline It shows that in households with an onsite sanitation system bayara the tap water consumption is lower as people tend to reduce the amount of water consumed in order to decrease the bayara emptying frequency cf ESRISS Baseline Data Report On the contrary in villages with sewer networks the water consumption is higher
19. but can be limited by a poor water supply In the model the water supply is considered as bad if more than 50 of surveyed people are complaining about interruptions and if there are on average more than two water supply interruptions per week Table 1 Estimation of daily water consumption 60 L cap d 60 L cap d 110 L cap d 90 L cap d 10 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 3 4 Liquid animal manure The material flow analysis shows that the number of cattle per inhabitant and the discharge location of liquid manure can have a big influence on the amount of nitrogen COD and TSS in the wastewater cf ESRISS MFA Report It varies from one village to the other and needs to be deduced on a site specific basis The model synthesises the information regarding cattle and manure in the box feature in Figure 6 The number of cattle usually varies between 0 05 to 0 5 animals per inhabitants Regarding the discharge location the study shows that when a village is sewered most of the liquid manure ends up in the network In villages with a person responsible for the sewer maintenance this amount can be lowered to an average of 10 in certain villages due to the establishment and enforcement of a rule forbidding this practice Disposal in the street is less than 2096 in villages equipped either by onsite sanitation or with a sewer network On average an animal spends 2796 of its ti
20. ch data is in a wrong format would be an added value So far the model discard such values without the user being warned 19 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss This model is an open source enterprise Any further development improvement or application is welcome and encouraged Feedback is highly appreciated For any feedback or questions please contact philippe reymond eawag ch demars colin gmail com 4 References e Reymond Ph Demars C Papangelou A Hassan Tawfik M Hassan K Abdel Wahaab R Moussa M 2014 Small Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta Baseline Data and Current Practices 27 edition Eawag Seco HCWW Switzerland Egypt e Reymond Ph Papangelou A Demars C Hassan Tawfik M Ulrich L Abdel Wahaab R 2014 Modelling Small Scale Sanitation in the Nile delta A Material Flow Analysis with Nutrient Reuse Perspective Eawag Seco HCWW Switzerland Egypt These reports as well as the model Excel file can be downloaded at www sandec ch esriss 20 September 2014 ESRISS Project www sandec ch esriss APPENDIX 21 September 2014 ESRISS Project e awag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss A Model Based Tool to Quantify and Characterise Wastewater in Small Nile Delta Settlements STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE 1 Field work a Meeting at the Village Council 1 hour b Interviews
21. eone from the Village Council to come along which eases the first contact in the village b Interview with village authorities and the person responsible for sewer maintenance 1 hour Meet the local authority Sheikh el Balad Omda If the village does not have any of them find an influent and helpful villager Interview him using the semi structured interview guidelines for Village Authorities and Representatives in the Appendix of the Manual and at www sandec ch esriss In case of a village already served by a sewer network and if existing meet the person responsible for sewer maintenance who can provide more precise information about the sewer network c Household surveys 4 hours May 2014 The household survey questionnaire is provided in the Appendix of the Manual and at www sandec ch esriss Ask the local authority Sheikh el Balad Omda or influent villager to identify and propose a set of households where to start the survey These households should represent different main occupations levels of income and social status After 5 to 10 surveys when villagers are more familiar with the procedure and the members of the study team select houses randomly making sure that the buildings are located in different parts of the village Try to have someone from the village to accompany you during the surveys this will be helpful to gain the trust of villagers At least 25 interviews are needed to have a representative ove
22. equency of emptying ja axe e Costfor desludging cost per trip is there any difference in the price according to the season Sass gall caus ule cass Ja sia 5 4465 f Price difference between public and private truck s 1 2251 SL 1 s 3 What happens if someone cannot afford emptying Y add lUa jl Gas h Is there someone in the village who builds bayaras A GIL uis dla Ja v 26 05 2014 Page 1072 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss i Cost to build bayara Bly eli a Le j How are bayaras constructed watertight or not lining bottom measures to improve infiltration Ase Yi cas k Do farmers use wastewater from the bayaras in their fields Cpe c a Dill pads Ja 6 Quality of drinking water supply network pressure quantity quality everybody connected Ac 3 240 Sall us Baia ca US 7 What are the main professional occupations of the inhabitants QUAM Cail sli ale 8 Arethere significant differences in the inhabitants income and social status Say ill Mal aal s 3 Ja If yes what are the different categories Le axi S cil jl GIS 131 9 Arethere any community members who play a special role in this village Examples
23. er infiltration can be deducted from the residual flow in the middle of the night from 2 to 5 am Figure 7 features the corresponding box in the Excel model Estimated infiltration Infiltration rate 0 Depth of the sewer network and groundwater table Depth of groundwater table m Depth of the outlet of the sewer network m 2 Default value Figure 7 Box featuring the estimation of in exfiltration rates in the Excel based model 12 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 3 6 Discharge location of greywater The type of sanitation system has an influence on where greywater is disposed of People who rely on an onsite sanitation system tend to decrease the load of wastewater ending up into the bayara in order to reduce the emptying frequency and thus tend to discharge greywater on the street or into a drain Laundry and dishwashing often occur outside keeping a big part of greywater out of the sanitation system The model estimates the percentage of greywater ending in the sanitation system based on these observations as shown in Figure 8 The default values are those estimated by the model Discharge location of greywater Estimation based on the percentage of sewer network coverage and the baseline data Default value Figure 8 Box featuring the estimation of the proportion of the greywater ending up in the different discharge locations 13 Se
24. l to Quantify and Characterise Wastewater in Small Nile Delta Settlements User Manual Eawag Seco HCWW Cairo All documents of the ESRISS Project can be downloaded at WWW SANDEC CH ESRISS ESRISS Project www sandec ch esriss A Model Based Tool to Quantify and Characterise Wastewater in Small Nile Delta Settlements USER MANUAL 1 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE codcconsesnteseedetvasectcescssseessscesesancoosnssecvecsecseecesses 3 1 21 RATIONALE BEHIND THE TOOL 3 1 2 COMPONENTS OF THE TOOL cea bk ando nao da deo re oaa Ebo usada 4 1 3 APPLICATION 4 2 MODEL DESCRIPTION e 6 221 STRUCTURE OF THEIMODEL 2 251 93 1i once eS Fe DENTES ss DEREN S HERE ERE 6 2 2 TREATMENT OF THE o on oa nuno o en onn ent o Fa bano a ea ER EA SHARE Xo ER PA ERRARE SER 7 2 3 CROSSCHECK AND ESTIMATION OF THE MOST SENSITIVE 8 enne 7 2 3 1 Number of inhabitants eiiis 7 23 2 Sanitation System
25. lture the surface waters canals drains the soil groundwater and the atmosphere The MFA model equations can be found in the hidden column in CompSheet2 and details can be found in the MFA report The original model was simplified by identifying which parameters were constant in all villages The constant parameters are further described below 14 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss _ System boundary _ OED Liquid Animal Manure Figure 9 MFA model of sanitation flows in Nile Delta ezbas 2 42 Simplification of the model identification of the constant parameters A good way to simplify a model is to identify which parameters are constant from one village to the other and which ones vary from place to place Parameters which can be considered as constant were identified based on literature review results from the field surveys interviews observation sampling campaigns and a sensitivity analysis as described in the MFA Report The complete list can be found in CompSheet2 of the model The most important constant parameters are e The concentrations of nutrients COD and TSS in the flows entering the system i e blackwater greywater and liquid manure volume of blackwater 15 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss e proportion of greywater produced in the bathrooms in comparison to the total amount of greywater
26. me in the field therefore we assume that about this percentage of liquid manure always ends up in the fields cf Baseline Data Report 4 LIQUID MANURE Nb of Cattle Discharge location of liquid manure n 1 Nb of cattle per cap HH surveys 0 29 23 Forbidding rule of discharging liquid NO Nb of cattle per cap Vil auth 0 15 manure the sewer network Nb of cattle per cap Common situation 0 05 0 5 of house with cattle 91 23 Sewer Other n 1 HH surveys 0 65 35 20 Common situation Village with sewer network 0 10 70 30 90 Village with sewer network 0 10 90 Village with bayara 20 0 80 t With a forbidding rule to discharge liquid manure in the sewer network 1 Selected value 0 29 cow cap Selected value 65 35 100 Default value 0 29 Default value 0 65 35 100 Figure 6 Box featuring the different information related to cattle and liquid manure disposal When the liquid manure collection hole in the stable is not directly connected to the sanitation system it can contribute to higher concentrations of COD and nutrients during the morning peak flow as most of the women empty these holes manually at more or less the same time On the contrary if a stable is connected to the sewer network the liquid manure discharge into the sewer system will be better distributed in time thus reducing the peak The effect related
27. n B2 C2 1 c3 5 ly adi 3 B1 BLACKWATER SEWERS For how long have you had a sewer connection S a 2 pall chal Ain Do you face any problem with the network f c sl gi da How often does clogging occur week f GMS Gall Casi u bye aS How much do you pay per month for the maintenance of the network CG pall s Childe eill i aS Version 18 11 2014 Page 2 of 4 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss E BLACKWATER BAYARAS e bal 7271 Do you face problem with the bayara 5 dal gi If yes What kind of problems open ended 5 Does infiltration or exfiltration take place lal ull gb Ce dla a Winter Summer 5 How often the is emptied every x day What is the difference em ial between winter and summer es gall caus ule da Teill ais 5 ya eS How many trucks are filled on average each time flan gh Lag 34 US L e Gls pall aac 46 How much do you pay per month for the emptying 5 lull amp 25 lee US eS C ANIMALS MANURE Explain relation to wastewater management 5 135 sil Gili How many cows do you f GS oil gall ase eS Is there a collection tank or hole for the liquid manure manual emptying
28. old survey results o If the information is not sufficient to choose consistent values clarifications may be requested or additional household survey can be done during the second reading of water meters o It is possible to estimate a future situation by changing the selected values e g by entering the future population number or the future water consumption May 2014 Page 4 of 5 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 3 Results 3 1 Wastewater quantity and characteristics Once that all values are selected in Step 3 the model calculates the wastewater quantity and characteristics including the precision range of the estimations RESULT WW characteristics Sheet RESULT Wastewater characteristics provides a The estimation of the daily average concentrations b The precision of these estimations i e a realistic range in which the real values will be comprised c An estimation of the wastewater characteristics during the daily peak in the morning This peak flow is caused by a higher domestic water consumption in the morning These concentrations are calculated through the MFA model Compsheet2 which take the parameters computed in Compsheet1 and crosschecked in Sheet STEP 3 3 2 Village factsheet and non sewered flow characteristics The model provides extra information in two separate sheets a a factsheet about the village and b an estimation of the sanitation related flows septage
29. or is it directly evacuated through a pipe 65 Ja ASSAI ASSAI ull Gia g Uil araail cle y Alia If presence of a tank How often are you emptying the tank sle 5 5 ai 5 aS What is the final destination of the liquid manure f Sil gull ode Bayara Trench 5 Sewer network pgm Canal Drain including pipe to drain C jb de jill Street gil Fields iat Version 18 11 2014 Page 3 of 4 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss DRINKING WATER SUPPLY 5 How many water meters for the house Glalac aae aS Is there any kind of problem with the water supply pall What kind of problems CASA us Us Interruptions frequency time week and duration hour Sehl Usi lUa Ja f oll 5 Ae La Sy fe Gl ya aae Pressure good bad al eiua lica GS Do use an engine to pump the water F ola Ja Bad taste smell FIRST READING OF THE WATER METER ldi alae Number of people connected to this water meter alae ael SECOND READING yill all Number of people connected to this water meter crosscheck during second water meter reading Seal Sul MOBILE NUMBER Jak gall Version 18 11 2014 Page 4 of 4 The ESRISS project deal
30. p by Step Procedure provided in the Appendix and the Excel file itself The following sections describe the different components of the model and how it works 2 1 Structure of the model The model consists of nine Excel sheets as shown in Figure 1 The ntroduction sheet explains briefly the rationales of this model such as described in this manual Step 1 and Step 2 are the two sheets where the field data is entered Step 3 is where the data from various sources are crosschecked in order to define the most realistic value for each key parameter The sheet RESULT delivers the main result of the model the expected wastewater quantity and characteristics The sheets FACTSHEET Village and Non Sewered Flows deliver secondary results of the model a factsheet gathering the relevant information for the village under investigation and an estimation of the quantities and characteristics of the septage greywater and animal manure which do not enter the sewer network thus ending up directly in the environment CompSheet1 and CompSheet2 are the two calculation sheets behind the model CompSheet1 is where the field data is treated whereas CompSheet2 hosts the simplified Material Flow Analysis MFA model These two sheets should not be touched except if the user wants to adapt the model to his her own conditions Introduction Stepi Generalinfo Step2 Household Survey Step3 Cross RESULT WW characteristics FACTSHEET Vilage Non sewered
31. ptember 2014 ESRISS Project eawag www sandec ch esriss aquatic research 2 4 Result estimation of wastewater quantity and characteristics through a 2 4 1 simplified MFA model Once the selected values for each sensitive parameter are entered the tool calculates the expected wastewater quantity and characteristics through a simplified material flow analysis MFA adapted from the more extensive MFA model of Nile Delta villages cf ESRISS MFA Model Report The computed fluxes are the flow volume the COD the total suspended solid TSS the total nitrogen TN and the total phosphorus TP In addition the BOD and TS are calculated based on the BOD COD respectively TSS TS ratios from the data baseline The amount of greywater liquid manure and household wastewater disposed of outside of the sewer network is also computed The MFA model The material flow analysis MFA consists in measuring all the sanitation flows i e all the inputs to the sanitation system the outputs and what happens in between within a defined system boundary here a Nile Delta village the model is illustrated in Figure 9 The model entails 9 processes and 27 flows Processes within the system boundary are the household wastewater collection the non domestic wastewater collection the onsite sanitation storage system cesspits bayara trenches the liquid manure collection and the sewer network s The processes outside the system are the agricu
32. r Omda e The estimation based on the number of houses counted on satellite images e g Google Earth and the average number of inhabitants per house as obtained through the household survey Figure 2 features the corresponding box in the Excel model The default value for the current population is the personal estimation Most of the time the data coming from the personal estimation are more accurate than from the two other methods The model also computes the population at the planning horizon according to the selected value for the current population and the planning horizon and growth rate entered under Personal observations in Step 1 1 NUMBER OF INHABITANTS Current situation Personal estimation 3256 cap Official based on census and growth rate 3490 According to village authorities 2500 3000 cap Current population 3256 cap Default 3256 cap Population at planning horizon Planning horizon 2020 Estimated growth rate 1 9196 Estimated population at planning horizon 3647 cap Selected value 3256 cap Default 3256 cap Figure 2 Box featuring the different sources of demographic information 2 3 2 Sanitation system The percentage of buildings connected to bayaras to a sewer network or directly connected to a drain through a pipe is computed based on the results of the household survey and the estimation from the village authorities The model considers that the houses discharging wastewater
33. r meters 1 hours At least one week after the household surveys the village has to be visited a second time in order to read the water meters again This is necessary for computing the drinking water consumption This field trip is also the opportunity to get clarifications if needed about incoherent information and or do complementary household surveys 2 Computer work An Excel based model is provided in which the collected data can be easily entered The model helps to crosscheck the data collected and estimate the future situation The model is sequenced in three steps corresponding to three sheets to be successively filled in as shown below the yellow cells signal where data should be entered The model is based both on the existing data baseline and on the Material Flow Analysis model MFA developed by the ESRISS Project cf MFA Report It is described further in the User Manual to be downloaded at www sandec ch esriss The procedure is the following Step1 General info a Entering data in the model 3 hours Sheet STEP 1 General information Enter the information collected from o The meeting at the Village Council May 2014 Page 3 of 5 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss o The interview with the village authority Sheikh el Balad or influent villager and the person responsible for sewer maintenance The personal observations o The planned system Step2
34. rview of the situation A questionnaire should take less than 10 minutes which allows to realise all of them in about 4 hours Advice to carry out the surveys o Always ask the question without giving a possible answer in the question Take only the answer from the man woman you are interviewing The answers from other villagers have to be ignored o No answer is better than a wrong answer when there is a doubt concerning the accuracy or honesty of the interviewee leave the case blank and go to another question Page 2 of 5 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss o Do not hesitate to ask a question again in other words and sentence structure in order to confirm the answer o In case that a family leaves in several buildings e g courtyard make sure to consider the data for one building only Identify each house on a satellite map e g on Google Earth in order to be able to locate them during the second visit when the second water meter readings are taken d Personal observations 1 hour Personal observations are to be made while walking in the village during the household surveys It consists in observing existing infrastructure and practices o Hotspots and problems related to wastewater management o Sewer outlets and septage discharge points o Confirmation of the information collected during the interviews surveys and localisation on the map Second reading of wate
35. s to be applied to more villages in the Nile Delta in order to provide more evidence of its validity and further calibrate it if needed Ideal cases for validation are i villages where a sewer network is existing and where it is possible to take representative samples at the outlet in order to validate the model estimations or ii villages that are about to be served by a sanitation project so that the estimated design parameters can be quickly verified after implementation Then it is recommended to validate it for the other regions of Egypt starting with Upper Egypt where conditions are slightly different than in the Nile Delta The model can also be used in other countries in the MENA region and beyond The ambition is that it can be adapted to help planners and engineers working on small scale sanitation systems in any region worldwide This model is the result of the combination and simplification of the materials developed by the ESRISS team during the four year project in Egypt Simplification of such a complex system as rural sanitation is complicated and the estimation methods presented here intend to generalise as well as possible with the limited amount of baseline data available Further studies could target the optimisation of these methods In particular the estimation of the water consumption based on the quality of the water supply frequency and length of the interruptions pressure could be refined This is a key aspect as i
36. s with the sanitation planning gap in Nile Delta villages which cannot be connected to large centralised treatment plants Led by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Sandec in partnership with the Egyptian Holding Company for Water and Wastewater HCWW and funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO it aims to provide baseline data policy recommendations and planning tools for the scaling up of small scale sanitation in Egypt WWW SANDEC CH ESRISS Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Conf d ration suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra aWa Swiss Confederation OOO aquatic research Federal Department of Economic Affairs Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO
37. t is the most sensitive parameter and water meters are not always available It goes along with a clearer definition of what is a bad fair water supply i e in which conditions it can be assumed that people are able to use as much water as they want to Besides it would be relevant to make more investigation on peak flows with a focus on 24 hour sampling campaigns Another further development concerns the estimation of septage faecal sludge characteristics Due to the high variability of septage and the limited data baseline it could not be integrated within this model However with the rise of the concept of septage faecal sludge treatment plant which would contribute significantly to pollution reduction with a lower investment from the government the estimation of design parameters for such plants could become a crucial issue in a near future Further work on the user interface could be done The model allows to estimate the wastewater quantity and characteristics both in the current situation and in future scenarios The differentiation between the present and future situation could be improved Currently this is done by letting the user selecting present or future values in Step 3 Entering data in the model is quite straightforward However the user needs to be systematic and stick to the defined data formats The comments in the Excel sheet are here to help the user However the development of a system which indicates to the user whi
38. tity and characteristics of the raw wastewater to be treated on a site specific basis Points 1 and 2 are developed in the ESRISS Report Small Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta Baseline Data and Current Practices whereas Points 3 and 4 are developed in the ESRISS Report Modelling Small Scale Sanitation in the Nile delta A Material Flow Analysis with Nutrient Reuse Perspective both to be downloaded at www sandec ch esriss The tool presented here is the result of the combination and simplification of the materials developed by the ESRISS team during the four year project in Egypt Its purpose is to help designers and consultants to estimate quickly max 3 days the quantity and characteristics of the raw wastewater to be treated on a site specific basis in settlements of up to 5 000 inhabitants without industry served or to be served by a sewer network It is a planning tool which permits to estimate the wastewater quantity and characteristics both in the existing situation and in future scenarios for example in order to anticipate the sewage characteristics in villages not yet served by sewer networks The tool allows to predict village specific design parameters without taking any samples Sewage sampling was recognised as a bottleneck as it is very difficult 3 September 2014 ESRISS Project e awag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss often even impossible to be able to get representative samples in all case it is
39. to manual emptying is taken into account by displaying a remark next to the daily peak flow results in the Result Excel sheet When less than 50 of the liquid manure is manually emptied the remark indicates that the peak concentration should be lower When more than 50 of the liquid manure is manually emptied the remark indicates that the peak concentration should be higher 11 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss 2 3 5 Groundwater interaction The depth of the ground water level can be considerably high in certain villages up to a few dozen centimetres below surface leading to a significant groundwater infiltration into the sewer network if it is not watertight which is common thus resulting in the dilution of wastewater with groundwater In case of a really high depth of the groundwater table some exfiltration of sewage into the soil could occur however this process has been considered non existent in the model The estimation of the infiltration groundwater to sewer phenomenon is difficult The model proposes an estimation based on the difference between the groundwater level and the depth of the sewer network outlet as shown in Table 2 The infiltration rate should not be higher than 3096 of the flow Table 2 Estimation of infiltration 2596 10 50 20 75 30 In an ideal case where the outlet of a functioning sewer network be observed the amount of groundwat
40. which do not enter the sewer network septage greywater and liquid animal manure The tool is based both on the baseline data gathered within the ESRISS project and the Material Flow Analysis model In the two first steps the site specific data collected from the Village Council village authorities households sanitation stakeholders and personal observation are entered in the model which treats the data automatically The model then helps the user to cross check the different data for each sensitive parameter in order to predict the more realistic value when the village will be served with a sewer network thus it is not a black box but a decision making support Based on that it calculates the range of values to be expected for the main design parameters 1 3 Application The model has been applied and calibrated in four villages with existing informal sewer networks in Beheira Governorate cf ESRISS MFA Report Further application is recommended in order to strengthen it further and to adapt it to other contexts for example Upper Egyptian villages 4 September 2014 ESRISS Project eawag aquatic research www sandec ch esriss This model does not allow to estimate the quantity and characteristics of septage in case of non sewered village It only provides an estimation of the quantity of residual septage to be treated and give the average septage characteristics measured by the ESRISS team The factors influencing sept
41. with village authorities and person responsible for the sewer maintenance 1 hour Household surveys and first water meter readings 4 hours Personal observations 1 hour Second reading of water meters 2 hours 22 CO UU work a Entering data in the model 3 hours b Crosschecking the sensitive parameters 1 hour 3 Results Wastewater quantity and characteristics gt Village characteristics 1 Field work The field work allows to get first hand information about the village and get support from influent people It consists of meeting at the Village Council interviews of the village authorities Omda or Sheikh el Balad and the person responsible of sewer maintenance if existing and surveys with a representative number of households Personal observations are also needed for crosschecking purposes The field work has to be done in two steps the first step lasts about a full day and the second one second reading of water meters about one hour and has to be carried out at least a week after the first step May 2014 Page 1 of 5 ESRISS Project eawag www sandec ch esriss aquatic research a Meeting at the Village Council 1 hour Meet the Village Council of the selected village Explain the project Ask for the official number of inhabitants census data in the village and the date of the last census Take the contact information of the village authority Sheikh el Balad or Omda It is recommended to ask som
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