Thermal remote sensing of active volcanoes : a user's manual
Contents
1. 591 606 623 625 627 639 646 651 661 666 669 680 684 688 7172. 13 125 130 146 150 153 155 155 166 183 212 248 274 274 275 292 317 322 324 331 33 346 367 373 377 404 407 408 410 411 413 413 419 432 447 453 453 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 Contents Vents and fumarole fields Explosive eruptions Thermal waveforms associated with bomb dominated emission Slope of the waveform and velocity Response time and slew rate Radiometers versus imagers 9 Broad band thermal imaging cameras 9 1 9 2 93 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 9 10 Therma camera general texts The hand held thermal camera Thermal camera applications in volcanology history and classification Measurement principles Deployment principles making the measurement Methodologies Methodologies II temperature measurements Methodologies II dimensional and volume mass measurements Surveillance and monitoring End note Appendix A Collation and summary of satellite volcano radiometry a literature data base Appendix B Estimation of solar zenith angle and contribution of reflected radiation to at satellite radiance Appendix C TM class sensors Appendix D AVHRR class sensors Appendix E GOES class sensors Appendix F Scan and satellite location geometry Appendix G Automated volcano hot spot detection worked example Appendix H Optical pyrometers Appendix I Thermal camera options References Index vii 462 475 483 494 495 498 500 500 501 527 539 584
3. THERMAL REMOTE SENSING OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES A User s Manual ANDREW HARRIS Universit de Clermont Ferrand Il Universit Blaise Pascal CAMBRIDGE EE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Acknowledgments 0 Introduction Background motivation and essential definitions 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 Part I 1 Remote sensing of terrestrial volcanic hot spots a brief history Thermal remote sensing What it is and what we have Reviews to date and the value of thermal remote sensing Thermal remote sensing of volcanic hot spots on other planets Aim and use of this book Structure and content of this book Supporting material and companion texts Waveband definitions A final note hot spots and thermal anomalies what do we mean Introduction and underlying principles History of thermal remote sensing of active volcanism 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 Nimbus Surtsey and subsequent work A history of satellite infrared sensors A history of the discipline Ground based and airborne sensors Thermal remote sensing of active volcanism principles 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 The Planck Function Wein s Displacement Law and Stefan Boltzmann Emissivity Atmospheric effects Brightness temperature and surface temperature how to obtain surface temperature Summation page ix U 11 1 15 16 16 21 23 27 42 54 70 70 78 90 109 111 vi Contents 3 Satellite orbits and sensor r
4. esolution 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 Part Il Orbits and temporal resolution The sensor the basic acquisition system Spatial resolution Spectral resolution and response Selection of an appropriate sensor Space based volcano radiometry 4 The mixed pixel the dual band technique heat loss and volume flux 4 1 4 2 4 3 44 4 5 The problem of the thermally mixed pixel The dual band method Three component solutions Heat flux Mass and volume 5 Hot spot detection 5 1 5 2 53 5 4 5 5 5 6 Detection by eye Detection physical basis Automated hot spot detection algorithms How can we detect eruption termination Cool anomalies Operational volcano hot spot detection systems 6 Mapping classification time series and profiles 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 Part III Hot spot maps Hot spot classification Types of time series Time series generation Case studies Trends and smoothing Spatial profiles Use of multiple platform data for validation Inventories the current status of satellite remote sensing Ground based volcano radiometry and thermography 7 Broad band radiometers I instrumentation and application 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 Detector types Broad band radiometers capabilities and operation Review of radiometer measurements of volcanic phenomena Permanent deployment 8 Broad band radiometers II data collection and analysis principles 8 1 Lava flows and lakes 113 1
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