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User manual MAVI -- Modular Algorithms for Volume Images

1. a Fi G_poisson G poisson T m iz e G functions 2D f G functions 3D g J functions 2D h J functions 3D g Functio g Functi T S 4 QS ET di NC a g_poisson cee i g functions 2D j g functions 3D Figure 54 Summary statistics for the point field realizations shown in Figure 53 10 3 Mesh Export For segmented MONO images this module offers surface meshing mesh simplification and export Meshing generates a representation of the image data by a triangulation of the surface of the foreground The original mesh is based on the adjacency system and subdivides each surface pixel into several triangles This initial mesh has to be simplified Mesh Export unites nearly co planar triangles to a user defined proportion of the initial triangle number while preserving the topology of the foreground Finally the mesh is exported as STL file binary can be compressed as GZ MAVI user manual 1 1 5 Mesh Vis 10 4 Mesh Vis This function adds interactive visualization to the functionality of Mesh Export It can only be used together with Mesh Export and offers e Import a surface mesh in STL format binary or ASCII can be compressed as GZ Visualize as surface mesh edge mesh or point cloud Rotate Zoom Move Rotate automatically adjustable tracking shot Simplify the mesh in individual steps to a user defined numb
2. 0 2008 33 8 1 6 Close AllDocuments a len 23 6 1 7 QUIE MAVIi sa sese edra dex EORR X OR ERG 33 PEP EE E 34 oL E G De see anene rE 34 8 2 2 AUIOCIOO aaa a 36 8 2 3 Extract by label 36 O24 AI 36 ASES AS AAA 37 Ou o AE sse vu 33 399 932949915599 25 M9 37 82 X ODUSL its redes dass nee ee MUR SS 37 8 2 8 Spread e sux bee Pees eee bees See ees 37 8 2 9 u slZ6l xsuckedeck X3 e2 3 993233X 5 38 MAVI user manual II Contents TE 39 8 2 11 Complement a 39 8 2 12 Complex Conjugate a a a 40 8 2 13 Mask Image 2 40 E ee ee 41 8 2 15 UnaryOperations oll 42 8 2 16 Binary Operations 008 43 8 3 Segmentation 0 0000002 eee 44 8 3 1 _Binarization 45s ee ae eee eS HRB RE KH 44 8 3 2 Hysteresis thresholding 45 ee ee ee ee ee 46 peewee ee beaweueeeu es 47 9 2 5 LADGING xs ee oor o ho om oo RR OE OE SHEE OS 47 TTC 47 8 3 7 Watershed Transformation Preflooded 48 aa aa ERE 54 rosa asa 55 pee ee ee aaa 56 SOS Mego eek bode ee eee es ee eee So 56 8 4 2 Morphology oen 56 8 4 3 Distance Transformation 62 8 4 4 Geodesic Iransformation les 65 TTC 72 MAVI user manual III Contents 627 6 COCOS m xx Rae wee ee O ee a 73 8 4 7 HllHole enn 73 8 4 8 Extract HIlls ao oaa aa a xd 73 8 49 Ex
3. 45 61 Table 8 Size parameter and corresponding approximate diameter of the SE Approx Ball provided for 3D morphological transformations in the case of an isotropic lattice example Dilation The value of the pixel covered by the central pixel of the element is set to the maximum gray value of all pixels covered by the structuring element mask Dilation can be used to remove small disturbances i e holes within the objects or to connect interrupted objects For MONO images Dilation increases the number of foreground pixels and thus object size or volume of the foreground For gray value images Dilation is a maximum filter and thus the image becomes brighter See Figure 30 for an example Name Description Parameters Square square parallel to the coordinate axes side length Size Rectangle rectangle parallel to the coordinate axes side lengths SizeX SizeY Line line parallel to one of the 4 discrete directions given by the length Size rectangular lattice Custom Minkowski sum of segments in the 4 discrete directions given lengths of the segments by the rectangular lattice Table 9 Structuring elements for 2D morphology All size parameters are in pixel units MAVI user manual D 8 Morphology 30 Struct Element Cube Parameters ea Figure 29 Dialog box for defining a structuring element for morphological trans formations Opening Opening is an Erosion followed by a Dilation It can be used to
4. 72 topology preserving 72 thresholding Toggle Mapping Erosion Dilation Toggle Mapping Opening Closure topological core tortuosity geometric total curvature density 80 81 transfer function 100 triangulation tutorial adaptive h extrema pal cell reconstruction closed foam fiber orientation fiber reinforced composite mean cell size open foam orientation tensor particle separation porosity two point correlation function 93 Ultimate Dilated Set 68 Ultimate Eroded Set Unary Operations view filter image attributes 98 slice active window volume rendering 98 blending clipping isosurface light 103 transfer function 100 volume SRI fraction 80 of an object of convex AE an object 85 of foreground B0 total 80 volume data import 28 Volume Rendering View 98 Selection 104 voxel 6 Watershed Transformation Preflooded White Top Hat width of an object workflow MAVI user manual 1 2 5 INDEX first typical MAVI user manual 1 26
5. remove small objects to reduce edge deformation or to interrupt thin connections between objects while keeping the remainder of the image unchanged In the case of gray value images Opening reduces noise and enhances image contrast See Figure 31 for an example Closure Closure is a Dilation followed by an Erosion It can be used to remove small disturbances i e holes within the objects or to connect interrupted objects while keeping the remainder of the image unchanged Gray value images appear blurred after a Closure See Figure 3 1 for an example White Top Hat the opened image from the original one White Top Hat can be used to remove large objects from the image To determine an adequate structuring element try opening the image with an element that removes the small objects completely Black Top Hat the original image from the closed one Black Top Hat can be used to emphasize holes within the objects or small background areas in the image Algebraic Opening The image isjopened with respect to line segments in all the discrete directions as structuring element The union of all opening results is MAVI user manual D 9 Morphology b Erosion d Original e Erosion Figure 30 Erosion and Dilationjexamples The structuring element Approx Ball of Size 3 was used in all cases the algebraic opening For gray value images this translates to the pixelwise maximum of the opening results The SE
6. 3D electron density files 31 avs M dicom data Fraunhofer rek xm GeoDict volume data image raw data image stacks mrc 31 integral of curvature of an object 86 integral of mean curvature 80 density 80 fractal dimension 80 of an object 85 integral of total curvature interface 2 intrinsic volumes Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation invert 39 J function 112 K function 112 L function label image extract object from 36 prepare for visualization remove objects from Labeling 47 labeling by reconstruction lattice anisotropic 6 isotropic 6 lattice spacing 6 lattice spacings correct length of an object MAVI user manual 1 22 INDEX lengths of projections 80 local pore size thickness thresholding local thresholding Magnitude of Fast Fourier transformation main menu Analysis Spectral Methods File Export Import Help Manipulation 34 Binary Operations Segmentation 44 Cell Reconstruction Particle Separation Transformation Distance Transformation Filter Geodesic Transformation Morphology 56 Spectral Transformation View main window 2 Map Subfield Feature To Image 74 Map Subfield Fiber Directions To maxima Image Mask Image Mask with Cylin der material density regional 65 Maxima Imposition Maximum mean chord length of an object 86 mean chor
7. Export dialog for Field Features and Subfield Features as CSV MAVI user manual 3 2 Edit Header Finally there are export functions for rotation means of analysis results e Rotation Mean of Image Data as CSV Text e Rotation Mean of Covariance as CSV Text e Rotation Mean of Bartlett Spectrum as CSV Text 8 1 3 Edit Header This function allows to set or change image meta information as shown by Image attributes see Section for a list of fields When saving the image as IASS or IASS GZ this meta data Is stored too The pixel spacings in the header dialog can be given in micrometers default meters millimeters or nanometers In the file header however it will always appear in meters Make sure the are set correctly as all measurements by functions like or Object Features from the Analysis menu use these spacings 8 1 4 Close View Closes the current view If it is the only view on the respective document then the documentitself is closed 8 1 5 Close Document Closes the current document together with all view windows associated with the document 8 1 6 Close All Documents Closes all documents listed in the document view together with all view windows associated with these documents 8 1 7 Quit MAVI Closes MAVI together with all open documents MAVI user manual 3 3 Manipulation 8 2 8 2 1 Manipulation Crop The manipulation menu contains tools to manipulate the observation windo
8. Switch to tomographical view h y y e a MONO image default b Tomographic view c MONO image materialographic d Materialographic view Figure 46 View filters for MONO images in the Slice View Volume Rendering View step by step 1 Start the Volume Rendering View the corresponding window opens Figure 48 a 2 Check the position of your sample w r t the view 3 Change the background color to check whether imaging artefacts or noise might disturb the final rendering Figure 48 b 4 Adapt the transfer function to the gray value distribution in your image Adjust the red green blue and alpha channels Figure 48 b O s are black and background 1 s are white and foreground Switch to materialographical view 5 Save the thus derived color table in between 6 Use reset to return to the initial settings if needed 7 Adapt the blend scale Figure 48 c 8 Adjust the lights Figure 48 d with the help of the light source positions if needed Figure 48 e Volume Rendering View toolbar The Volume Rendering View window has its own menu Its icons allow to move rotate zoom the visualized image The view control window now contains now tools and functions relevant for the Volume Rendering View On the top left side of the widget the F button starts animation of the image rotating about the X axis Another click on that button stops the animation Moving the scrollwheel on top of the wi
9. The button resets the current view to a zoom level of 100 while the button zooms to the maximum keeping the current slice completely visible For 2D images these are the only buttons present in the toolbar For 3D images the first five buttons control what the slice viewer actually shows Clicking one of the first four buttons to the left maximizes the corresponding view window Clicking on the fifth button will restore the standard slice view layout with the four windows Ala i T T The ld Y y la buttons facilitate navigation through the image The index of the slice visible in the currently activated slice view is displayed You MAVI user manual 9 6 Slice View can scroll through the stack of slices either by moving the slider underneath the display or by clicking the up or down buttons The buttons with one arrow move on by one slice and the buttons with two arrows move by ten slices The 5 button offers the chance to disconnect the slice slider from the update of the slice It is relevant when working remotely only By default it is set to connect If it is turned to disconnect ls the slider can be moved to the desired slice without updating the view The view is not updated until the slider is disengaged Slice View Control Window The view control window contains several tabs containing further functions to control and modify the view windows A tab can be activated simply by clicking on it The Inf
10. a Reduce noise by applying Transformation Filter Median filter Use global thresholding Segmentation Binarization wit threshold 98 to binarize c Apply the Transformation Distance TransformationjEuclidean Distance Transformation on the background no edge treatment exact values Transform the resulting float values into integers by Manipulation with Output type 8bit integers Grayvalue characteristic linear and Spread from grayvalue range of interest not ticked d Smooth the image by Transformation Geodesic e om an choosing H Maxima 26 Neighborhood Dynamic 3 at O and 11 at maximum Add the value 1 to all pixels by ManipulationjUnary Operations Use Manipulation Complement to invert the binary image obtained in step 3 e Use this binary image to mask the smoothed lifted distance image Choose Manipulation Mask Imagejand the result from as image that should be masked These three step ensure that the foam structure has everywhere in the image strictly lower gray values than the pore space Invert by ManipulationijComplement to turn the cell centers into local minima f Apply Segmentation Watershed Transformation with 26 neighborhood g Return to the mask image 8 mask the watershed result with this h MAVI user manual 2 0 Closed cell zinc foam c binarized a a original 3 F ow a d distance transform e mask f inverted smoothed distance transform g wa
11. ble 2 mean chord lengths mean mean of the 13 mean chord lengths structure model index shape factor 9 Table 11 Field Features measured for 3D images The density of the integral of mean curvature My yields the specific fiber length Ly Ly 4My r 6 MAVI user manual 80 Field Features Comparison of the generalized projection lengths in the coordinate directions can reveal dilation or compression of a fibrous structure The ratio 2projection length projection length projection length 7 equals 1 for an isotropic structure variations indicate dilation or compression in z direction Of course these characteristics are meaningful for fiber structures only The mean chord lengths MIL in the 13 discrete directions are deduced from the areas of projection via MIL Vy projection area 8 The structure model index SMI a shape factor for components can be derived from volume fraction specific surface area and density of the integral of mean curvature 11 SMI 12VyMy St 9 It assumes values O for ideal planar structures 3 for spherical cylinders and 4 for non overlapping balls The following Table lists the Field Features measured for 2D images together with their description and the unit they are measured in Name as in attributes view total area A of the image foreground and background area of foreground area density area fraction A4 foreground area A boundary length bound
12. flooding the image until the basins attain the minimal pixel number 2 assigning all pixels associated to a specific basin the highest gray value present in that basin and 3 using the resulting image as input for the Watershed Transformation MAVI user manual 48 Watershed Transformation Preflooded sa Binarize Onginal Contral Slice number Lower threshold e Upper threshold 150 Logarithmic scale v Whole Image Histogram Mean 145 033 Standard deviation 55 8358 Otsus Threshold Dk Cancel Figure 22 Binarization dialog window MAVI user manual 49 Watershed Transformation Preflooded Figure 23 The principle of hysteresis thresholding illustrated by a 1d example dark gray foreground due to pixel value higher than higher threshold T light gray foreground due to being connected to dark gray area and pixel value higher than lower threshold 77 white background u Seamentation Parameters KT Coefficient 02 Window Size 7 ELSE Figure 24 Niblack Segmentation dialog window MAVI user manual D 0 Watershed Transformation Preflooded c Correct d Under segmentation Figure 25 Niblack over and under segmentation For Coefficient 0 5 over segmentation occurs Areas which clearly belong to the background are assigned to the foreground For Coefficient 0 1 a good segmentation result is achie
13. there are three scrollwheels which rotate the displayed image about the three different axes The first one rotates the image view about the X axis the second one about the Y axis and the third about the Z axis Volume Rendering View control window On the lower left hand side of MAVI s main window there is a toolbox containing different advanced tools to modify the visual appearance of the rendered image Transfer function The first and most important entry in the toolbox is the transfer function editor controling how the gray values of your image are MAVI user manual 1 00 Volume Rendering View Color table Gray Scale resets the display to gray scale default 3 12 Bit Gray shows only the first 12 bits of the pixel gray values Scale for GRAY16 images where not the full 16bit gray value range is used like in some images from com puted tomography has no effect on GRAY8 images 12 Colors for for a better display of label images assigns one of label images 12 colors to each label adjoining labels receive dis tinct colors 125 Colors for for a better display of label images assigns one of BE EEBNBIENEDN label images 12 colors to each label adjoining labels receive dis tinct colors Power Spectrum power spectrum false color palette from blue to red blue red Power Spectrum power spectrum false color palette from blue to red red blue Rainbow rainbow false color palette Red Scale Green Scale
14. Existing control points for the selected channel can be moved any time Right mouse click removes control points The transfer function can be reset to identity using the Reset button The Save table button saves a created transfer function in color table ct format The Load table button opens a file dialog to load previously saved transfer functions color tables Blending On the bottom of the transfer function editor a spinbox allows to choose a blend mode Default is normal blending adjusting transparency to alpha value Alternative blend modes are MIP maximum intensity projection and X ray The first one maps the pixel with the largest gray value the brightest pixel to the destination pixel the latter accumulates the values of successive pixels generating an X ray like visualization Both methods create very bright highly oversaturated images The saturation can be scaled by reducing the Blend scale with the slider on the bottom of the transfer function editor Isosurface editor The isosurface editor allows to define a threshold value to set pixels to totally transparent A 0 You can choose if the values below above or exactlythe same as the threshold should be set to transparent by clicking on one of the three radio buttons below the function widget This is useful if the object in your image has a fuzzy environment which should not be displayed It is also possible to set these black environment
15. For 2D images it just shows the image the coordinate axes and a scale For 3D images it provides three view windows showing 2D slices orthogonal to the coordinate axes and a fourth window holding a cuboid illustrating the location of the slices within the 3D image Exactly one of the three view windows Is active at a time Activation Is indicated by a yellow star in the lower left corner of the view window see Figure 43 MAVI 1 4 1 NiFoamd2Biiass Slieeview gt E Fue Manimpulation segmentation Transformation Analysis View Help aoe Eg Hg foeni Stconew hig Pos X Fos Y Pos Z Mouse postion 13 258 GB free Figure 43 MAVIS Slice View for a 3D image MAVI supports realistic representation of lanisotropic grids that is if an image has different spacings along the coordinate axes this will be reflected in the representation Figure 44 illustrates this using the example from Figure 43 with different spacings MAVI user manual 9 D Slice View AAT A monn ann ses A ssim ATA al gr air ma Hir iEn B Slowey me Mess ET d al nice m rein Mon ies F Elk sa 2 Figure 44 MAVI s representation of a 3D image with anisotropic spacings e Views Control Toolbar The toolbar control or E the view windows offers functionality to You can zoom in to or out of the currently activated slice view by clicking on one of the aja buttons
16. Fraction Profile as CSV Optionally a mask image can be provided In that case the area fraction is obtained as area of foreground within mask divided by area of mask in the current slice This allows e g to quantify changes of material density within a complex shaped part For 2D images the Area Fraction Profile yields the profile of line fractions That is the length fraction of section lines covered by foreground MAVI user manual 83 Grayvalue Profile 8 5 6 Grayvalue Profile The Grayvalue Profile calculates for gray value images the mean gray value in each slice in the coordinate directions Strong or systematic changes indicate global gray value fluctuations either due to imaging artefacts like beam hardening or due to structural inhomogeneities like layers or a gradient The Grayvalue Profile can be exported as a CSV file via File Export Grayvalue Profile as CSV Optionally a mask image can be provided In that case only the gray values of those pixels are averaged that are foreground in the mask image For 2D images the Grayvalue Profile yields the mean gray value in each line in the coordinate directions 8 5 7 Granulometry This function performs a fast exact spherical granulometry transform on MONO images The user defines whether foreground default or background are analyzed The spherical granulometry assigns each pixel the diameter of the largest ball completely contained in the foreground or backg
17. Map Subfield Feature To Image dialog to select a feature whose value will be written to a new image MAVI user manual Analysis 8 5 Analysis Quantitative geometric analysis of components or objects in images forms the core of MAVI This submenu offers a wide variety of analysis functions starting with basic gray value and ending with Integrated Plugins offering user friendly short cuts for complex image processing chains for Particle Separation and Cell Reconstruction Based on efficient algorithms for determining the intrinsic volumes or their densities the Field Features Subfield Features and Object Features yield geometric characteristics for components of microstructures or objects like particles or pores or fibers For special classes of structures the Open Foam Features Sub Field Fiber and Geometric Tortuosity yield mean characteristics of open foams local fiber orientations and a means to quantify how warped the pore space is The Subfield Features as well as Area Fraction Profile and rofile allow to detect and quantify inhomogeneities Moreover spectral analysis functions like Covariance and Bartlett spectrum are available 8 5 1 Image Statistics Image Statistics shows the gray value histogram of the image as well as minimum maximum and mean gray value and the standard deviation The histogram can be exported in CSV format by clicking on the Export button 8 5 2 Rotation Mean The r
18. Scale Blue Scale Settings Slice Show Whew Filter Slice Show Views Filter View Filter a Info tab b Settings tab c Slice Show tab d View Filter tab Figure 45 The tabs in the View Control Window of the 8 6 2 Image Attributes View In addition to the actual pixel gray values an image in MAVI contains various attributes which can be viewed by clicking on Image Attributes View Moreover Analysis results like Field Features or Object Features will be mage Attributes in CSV visible here It is however not possible to copy data trom the View window Image attributes and features can instead be format via File Export 8 6 3 Volume Rendering View Volume Rendering View allows visualization of MONO and GRAY8 3D images The Volume Rendering View window opens in the central workspace when the function is chosen via the View menu The corresponding list entry consisting of the view icon the view label and an additional description appears in the view navigator window MAVI user manual 98 Volume Rendering View Info Info Settings Settings Slice Show Slice Show View Filter View Filter Tomographical View A binarization filter is applied to the original binary image with values D and 1 Materialographical View 4 binarization filter is applied to the original binary image with values D and 1 4 O s are white and background 1 s are black and foreground amp
19. a starting point to get into MAVI e give the experienced user detailed information on the algorithms used e provide a reference for finding the appropriate processing chain for a particular problem MAVI user manual 1 MAVI versions and licensing models 2 MAVI versions and licensing models 2 1 Demo version A demo version of MAVI is available via center column first item in download list The demo version is fully functional except all functions for saving or exporting image or analysis data being disabled The image size you can work is restricted to 128 pixels however The Import Image Raw Dataldialog offers the possibility to Crop such a sniplet out D image data of your 2 2 Full license MAVI s current licensing model is a single user floating license controled by an USB dongle To run a fully licensed MAVI you need this special dongle the matching license file and the MAVI installer Windows or rpm Linux Please contact maviQitwm fraunhofer de to get information on how to obtain them If the dongle or a valid license file is missing MAVI issues a warning and proceeds in demo mode 3 Framework MAVI has a multi document interface which allows for processing of multiple documents at the same time The application main window provides menus a toolbar several docking windows and a statusbar surrounding a large central workspace see Figure 1 The main menu provides access to the algorithms Se
20. be both clustered and regular Think of clusters centered at the vertices of a grid or small grid like structures forming larger clusters Therefore the range or distance r has to be considered too Table 20 below summarizes the rules of thumb Point field type EG J s Poisson F G J 1 g9 1 F gt G J gt 1 9g lt 1 F GiJ 1 g 1 Regular Clustered Table 20 Point field statistics indicating clustering regularity or independence Figure 53 shows realizations Poisson point fields and typical examples of a clustered and a regular point field Figure bA4 provides the summary statistics for these realizations e E d Poisson 3D e Mat rn Cluster 3D f SSI 3D Figure 53 Realizations of random point fields in 2D and 3D Mat rn Cluster is clustered SSI is regular in the sense that the points observe a minimal distance See 4 for more mathematical background MAVI user manual 1 1 4 Mesh Export Function F F tion F F ti Y d d A Fi 3 d f Y 1 7 7 u u j Vy Y y ER A f J Z P 3 J di gt y ye P Epoisson f Y poisson y B a K functions 2D b K functions 3D c F functions 2D d F functions 3D G Function G Function J F ti J F ti m 7 J l r4 o o
21. d Color type correct Figure 11 Importilmage Raw Data dialog Dicom Data In the open file dialog see Figure 1 2 a choose either a DICOM header file of type DIC or DCM or a DICOM dump file of type TXT and click Open A list of available 2d image files will be shown see Figure 1 2 b The number of files selected should coincide with the number given in the DICOM header file However in most cases MAVI Is able to open and display the DICOM data correctly even if that is not the case In the preview dialog check if all data are correct and click Open to accept see Figure 1 2 c The tags found in the DICOM header are shown in the table at the top For details on a specific entry simply click on it The information will then be shown in the lower right window The window in the lower left corner shows a preview of a slice of the actual 3D image To check the number of 2D files belonging to the DICOM dataset is given in the Section Count entry of the tag table MAVI user manual 2 9 Import Essential info Dimensions X Y Z image size in pixels Order specifies whether dimensions are given depth first DHW or width first WHD Color Type supported are MONO GRAY8 GRAY16 GRAY32 and FLOAT Treat Data As Signed Data check if image data contains negative gray values Swap Data Endianness check if byte order of the image data is big endian e g coming from a SUN or Power PC system button remains in active if MAVI fails to interp
22. d orientation tensor diagonal entry in y e orientation tensor yy colored f orientation tensor profile plot direction Figure 9 Slices through the GFRP image illustrating the tutorial steps MAVI user manual 2 3 Sintered copper 7 4 Sintered copper This tutorial shows how to separate interconnected particles in order to analyze them indivdually The sample provided by Institute of Materials Science at University of Dresden was obtained by computed tomography at the BAM with a pixel spacing of 14m see 9 for more background information Figure 1Ojillustrates the tutorial steps using x y slice 125 1 2 3 Load sO060 1ass gz a Before starting to work on the sintered copper the balls have to be separated from the cylindrical crucible holding them This can be easily achieved choosing the lower gray value threshold for Segmentation Pinarization sppropriaty as the aluminium crucible is darker has lower gray values than the copper balls Figure 2 a shows how this is appears in the Segmentation Binarization preview window structure Control Slice Sliders Old size New size physical size NA ancel a Binarization dialog b Crop dialog Since there is much space without any information in the resulting image crop by Manipulation Crop with parameters choosen as in the dialog displayed in Figure 2 b The resulting image should now have a size of 333x333x230 pixels An att
23. files The CSV files use the semicolon as separator the decimal separator is the decimal point Additionally comment lines marked by a can appear at the beginning of the CSV file The following export functions for image data are available Image as CSV Text Image as Fraunhofer GeoDict Volume GDT Image as Fraunhofer Raw Volume REK Image as AVS Data Image as Raw Data Note that all four image formats store the pixel spacings but no other image The CSV files contain nothing but the gray values For the two generic exporting functions Export Image as CSV and Export Image as Raw Data the gray values of the image s pixels are written to the file with the X coordinate running the fastest and the Z coordinate the slowest That is pixel 1 0 0 is written before pixel 0 0 1 For MAVI coordinate system see Section 4 The following export functions for analysis results are available Image Atrributes as CSV Text Field Features as CSV Text Area Fraction Profile as CSV Text Grayvalue Profile as CSV Text Granulometric Data as CSV Text Object Features as CSV Text Open Foam Features as CSV Text Geometric Tortuosity as CSV Text Sub Field Fiber Directions as CSV Text The export function for the tectus choice between global and local features that is between and Subfield Features see the dialog in Figure 13 below Export field r Expert subfiekds Export profiles Figure 13
24. foreground component by computing the Field Features 8 Export the analysis results using File Export 9 Import the csv file into your preferred statistics package like Excel or R Ensure that is used as separator and as decimal point Further processing segmentation and analysis steps will follow depending on the application The tutorials presented in the following Section 7 cover the most common cases from Transformation Filter oy one of the binarization methods MAVI user manual 1 4 Tutorials 7 Tutorials This section offers several step by step tutorials for frequently occuring analysis tasks MAVI user manual 1 5 Open cell nickel foam 7 1 Open cell nickel foam This tutorial consists of two parts The first one demonstrates how to measure mean features of an open foam like porosity specific surface area or mean cell size based on the original gray scale image obtained by computed tomography CT In particular the tutorial shows all processing steps neccessary before the actual analysis The second part of the tutorial shows how to measure the empirical size distribution of the foam cells by image analytical cell reconstruction 7 1 1 Porosity and model based mean cell size Figure e shows slices from the reconstructed CT image of an open cell nickel foam 1 Clearly the structure does not fill the image but is surrounded by a lot of empty space along the image borders These empt
25. images in MAVI The supported 2D file types are BMP TIFF PNG PBM PGM PXM JPG and JP2 for 2d data 3D TIFF does not contain information about the pixel spacing in z direction Therefore please use FilejEdit header to insert the correct pixel spacings Otherwise all Analysis results tor this image will have pixel as base unit Save Image This function saves the current image as IASS IASS GZ or 3D TIFF in case it is a 3D image and as PGM BMP or TIF in case it is a 2D image The path suggested for saving is the one used for the last opening of a file Image meta data as available via Edit header is saved in IASS GZ only To save a slice of a 3D image as a 2D image there are two options 1 Save the selected slice using the Save current slice view option from the Settings toolbox of the view control window of the Slice View This saves the view to the slice not the slice data itself 2 Crop the slice of thickness one pixel from the 3D image Use and choose explicitly 2d Image in the file type entry of the dialog This option works for slices in the XY plane only MAVI user manual 2 Import 8 1 1 Import AVS Data The AVS field data is assumed to be given by two files a data file of type DAT or REK and an ASCII description file of type FLD which specifies the name of the file containing the actual image data and defines the structure of the AVS field Input for ImportiAVS Datalis just the FLD file Thi
26. latter the Particle Features work on label images as generated e g by Labeling Particle Separation The following characteristics are provided by the Particle Features e length width and thickness derived from the sorted edge lengths of the minimal volume bounding box cuboid e maximal diameter e maximal local thickness e elongation and elongation index The results can be exported as CSV Combined with the Object Features these features enable easy classification of particles into the classes grain chip and fiber See for details 10 2 Point Field Statistics On the basis of the Object Features this module offers additionally functions for analyzing the spatial arrangement of the found objects To this end summary statistics for random point fields from spatial statistics are computed for the object centers Suppose the object center s to form a realization of the random point field with distribution P and expected point density A The statistics provided in the module are e Ripley s K function K r mean number of r close pairs of points 1 o AVolume B Expectation 3 n Ball z r x EPNB e function L r normalized version of K K r L r 8 Volume Ball o r MAVI user manual 1 1 2 Point Field Statistics e empty space function F r distribution function of the distance of an arbitrary point to the next object center F r P enBall o r 0 z 0 e nearest neighbor
27. lengths are controled by the Line parameter input in pixel In the case of an isotropic lattice the line segments are approximately Line pixels long In the case of an anisotropic lattice the segment lengths are approximately Line average of spacings Algebraic Closure The image is closed with respect to line segments in all the discrete directions as The intersection of all closing results is the algebraic closure For gray value images this translates to the pixelwise minimum of the closing results The SE lengths are controled by the Line parameter input in pixel In the case of an isotropic lattice the line segments are approximately Line pixels long In the case of an anisotropic lattice the segment lengths are approximately Line average of spacings MAVI user manual 60 Morphology b Opening c Closure d Original e Opening f Closure Figure 31 and Closure examples The structuring element Approx Ball of Size 3 was used in all cases Morphological Gradient The eroded image is subtracted from the dilated image The morphological gradient emphasizes edges of a thickness given by the structuring element Morphological Mean The morphological mean acts essentially like the common Mean Filter It is however a generalization in the sense that it averages the gray values of all pixels covered by the structuring element instead of just using a cubic filter mask Besides being more flexible the morph
28. pixel values Binarization is a prerequisite for measuring geometric characteristics of structural components like the Field Currently available binarization methods are global thresholding hysteresis thresholding 1 and local thresholding according to Niblack 8 and Sauvolal 16 Segmentation methods for identifying foreground regions are labeling and the watershed transformation Input data for labeling is a MONO image while the watershed transformation expects gray valued input The output images contain discrete label values identifying connected regions These are needed to compute geometric features of objects like the Object Features Integrated plugins combine several single functions to offer complex functionality at one click For separation of touching particles like the grains of a powder or for the reconstruction of cells of an open cell foam Labeling will fail as the objects are connected in the binary image A combination of the Euclidean Distance Transformation with the Watershed Transformation will however do the job provided n be prevented without destroying the structural information Section 4 2 6 An example is given in tutorial 7 1 2 In most analyses segmentation is performed rather early within the processing chain For very noisy images some sort of smoothing usually Transformation Filtering should be applied before segmenting 8 3 1 Binarization Global thresholding is the simplest binarizati
29. pixels for which no feature data is available This will happen whenever the image s side lengths are not an integral multiple of the subfields side lengths Usually you should leave this option enabled 8 4 14 Map Subfield Fiber Directions To Image This function will be selectable for images for which you have previously computed the Sub Field Fiber Directions The measurement to be visualized can be chosen via a dialog in a similar manner as described for Map Subfield Feature To Image MAVI user manual 7 5 Map Subfield Fiber Directions To Image Filtered Original Control Volume Border Spherncity Minimum Yolurne piel number Physical pur AY 43985 Y 1190220408 Maximum Volume piel number H fis7e17 4 4 26505e 08 Show Slice Number of removed objects bh Number of remaining objects A Figure 37 Object Filter dialog window MAVI user manual 7 6 Map Subfield Fiber Directions To Image poe surrace rracrai dimension E Ll3gps total volume 2 94876e6 10 H Volume 4 Bubfield Features 0 0 100 Select Feature Parameters 0 0 25 10 0 58 Select Feature Volume porosity A MEE lil EE 0 100 0 0 100 1q M Crop result Cancel 0 100 2 0 100 530 0 100 75 0 25 0 0 25 100 0 25 25 0 25 50 0 25 75 0 50 0 0 50 100 0 50 25 0 50 50 0 50 751 0 75 0 Figure 38
30. Blue Scale Table 18 Color tables in the Color tables are applicable to gray scale integer valued image only that is to images of type GRAY8 GRAY16 or GRAY32 mapped onto the displayed colors red green and blue RGB and the alpha A channel The RGB channels are separate functions mapping a gray value to the corresponding color channel These three fundamental colors are mixed to generate the pixel s color The alpha channel governs the transparency of the pixel that is how much of the pixel behind that pixel is visible Initially the transfer function is the identity function resulting in a gray level visualization with decreasing transparency Black source pixels are mapped to be fully transparent and white source pixels to appear totally opaque non transparent In the background of the function widget the gray value histogram of the image is shown To modify the transfer function first select one of the channels red green blue and alpha below the function widget Clicking on the function graph creates a MAVI user manual 1 01 Volume Rendering View Left button vertical horizontal Right button vertical horizontal Table 19 Axis and button relation in rotation mode new control point which can be moved to modify the run of the curve The rendered image is updated each time the mouse button is released In case the update fails then change the blend mode shortly and return to your previous blend mode
31. Open Foam Features sampled Roughly speaking large objects not hitting the boundary are hard to observe Once this unlikely event happens a high weight is assigned to this object total volume volume of window eroded by bounding box of object 14 This factor appears as weight Miles Lantuejoul in the For border intersecting objects it is O When estimating moments etc from the object features sum all values multiplied by the weight Subsequently normalize by dividing by the sum of the weights see Section 5 2 6 8 5 9 Open Foam Features The are mean characteristics of open foams calculated from the using a model assumption The typical cell of the open foam is assumed to be up to a scaling factor the same as the typical cell of one of the 5 choosable models The Laguerre tessellation models are generated by a Poisson Voronoi b Hardcore Voronoi c Laguerre cv 0 2 d Laguerre cv 2 0 e Weaire Phelan foam Figure 41 Models used by the Open Foam Features a d random tessella tion models force biased packings of balls The ball volumes follow a log normal distribution with low 0 2 and high 2 0 coefficient of variation cv respectively See 18 and Section 7 6 for theoretical background Open Foam Features can be measured from 3D MONO images only The foreground should represent the strut system of an open foam That is the structure is supposed to have no closed walls and the struts have to be cl
32. Quantitative analysis of microstructures A AZ MAVI Modular Algorithms for Volume Images User manual February 4 2014 Fraunhofer Institut f r Techno und Wirtschaftsmathematik ITWM Abteilung Bildverarbeitung Fraunhofer Platz 1 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany maviQitwm fraunhofer de Contents Contents 1 MAVI s purpose and scope 1 2 MAVI versions and licensing models 2 2 1 Demo version 0 0000 2 ee 2 A as uomo ov eRe RR ESUREG T RSS 2 3 Framework 2 4 Fundamental concepts 6 4 1 ImagesinMAVM o o 6 4 1 1 Image attributes 6 4 1 2 Imagetypes 2 6 22222 o or o o 1 4 2 MAVI coordinate system 2 2 20 08 7 4 3 Discrete connectivity by adjacency systems 7 4 4 Directions given by the cuboidal lattice 2 Ls 8 45 Edgetreatments 0 0000 0220 ae 9 5 First analysis 13 6 The typical MAVI workflow 13 7 Tutorials 15 7 1 Open cell nickel foaM ooo aaa 16 7 1 1 Porosity and model based mean cell size 16 MAVI user manual Contents a 16 aria daras REB 20 7 3 Glass fiber reinforced composite 22 TTC 24 Reference manual 26 Hel ooo 2392999594495 995925455599599 95955 27 oO AMD P343 4 399 533 9342 9 9 ac 28 Glad TUEXDON bu 55 eee 573 sean m ee ae 22 O15 ruitideddell p s hee Genes B XX Be35 9943 3 33 a roda a ero 33 8 1 5 CloseDocument
33. ained by Labeling or Watershed Transformation to the number N given by the user in order to facilitate the Values N gt 20 are not recommended See The labels are assigned in turns and spread to GRAY8 That is if an object had label M in the input image it is assigned the new label M mod N 1 x 256 N 1 Note that this is a helper function for visualization purposes only Do not base any analysis on the result of this function as different objects are assigned equal labels 8 2 11 Complement This function assigns to each pixel its complementary pixel value which is obtained by subtracting the current value from the maximum of the gray value range given by the image type The complement of a MONO image simply swaps fore and background see Figure 18 c and d For an 8 bit gray value image the largest possible pixel value is 22 1 255 A pixel value of 12 will be converted into 255 12 243 by Complement See Figure 18 a and b for an example MAVI user manual 3 9 Complex Conjugate c Binarized original d Complement Figure 18 Example for Complement acting on gray value or binary MONO Images 8 2 12 Complex Conjugate This function computes the complex conjugate of a COMPLEX image that is it assigns each pixel with complex value z x i x y the new value z x i x y 8 2 13 Mask Image To mask an image means to select certain areas of the image and discard the rest a
34. an be calculated on the cell system The cell reconstruction process is applied to the open nickel foam and zinc tfoam examples pu P p rp oye ll al qq qo p D wi A AAA AAA A AAA A AAA A A A 8 5 10 Geometric Tortuosity The geometric tortuosity of a porous medium is the ratio of the length of the shortest path between two points within the foreground component to their Euclidean distance All algorithms measuring the geometric tortuosity are based on the concept of geodesic distance of two foreground pixels 19 It s the length of the shortest digital path connecting the two pixels and not leaving the foreground component MAVI measures on MONO images for each coordinate direction the ratio of geodesic and Euclidean distance of border foreground pixels to the opposite image border The geometric tortuosity is then calculated by a weighted averaging of all such ratios More precisely the ratios are squared and weighted by the frequency of their occurence MAVI user manual 89 Sub Field Fiber Directions The results can be exported as a CSV file via File Export Tortuosity as CSV 8 5 11 Sub Field Fiber Directions The Sub Field Fiber Directions estimate the distribution of the local direction in the typical point of a fiber system Contrary to the majority of the Analysis functions they operate on GREY8 images Images to be analyzed should contain a randomly distributed fiber system and the fibers shou
35. apping References 120 MAVI user manual V MAVI s purpose and scope 1 MAVI s purpose and scope MAVI is a software for processing and analysis of volume images as produced e g by micro computed tomography It is a laboratory tool intended to complement any device for 3D image acquisition MAVI is particularly suited for quantitative analysis of materials microstructures like fiber reinforced composites foams non woven concrete powders Due to its modular design and the universal basic geometric concepts used MAVI is capable to deal with three dimensional images of other structures like bone or snow too MAVI focuses on the characterization of the complex geometry of microscopically heterogeneous structures Volume surface integrals of curvature and Euler number are determined for the whole structure or isolated objects Anisotropies and preferred directions are not only found but their strength is measured too Special functions have been tailored for the analysis of open foams or fiber reinforced composites Metrology in the sense of dimensioning of parts and comparison between actual and nominal dimensions of a part is not in MAVI s scope MAVI s analysis core is complemented by various image processing and segmentation techniques 2D slices provide fast visual control of processing steps while the volume rendering yields a spatial visualization This handbook intends to e give the non expert user
36. arameter Area Threshold is either to exploit knowledge about the material to find a lower bound for the cell volume or to use the meanl cell volume from the Divide by the volume of one pixel 515253 Where s1 so 83 IS the spacing vector to get the mean cell volume in pixel Depending on the structure use 10 40 of that value The only drawback of the Preflooded Watershed Transformation is that it slows down considerably for large regions and a high Area Threshold In that case Cell Reconstruction by Complex Morphology is the best alternative Its parameter DynamicH is however harder to choose DynamicH is related to the diameter of the cells To get a rough estimate for the parameter for open foams use the mean cell diameter from the Open Foam Features d Divide by the spacing d s as the dynamic is given in pixel units Estimate visually or using the mouse slider in the Slice View the radius of the largest cell R in pixel This value is mapped to the value 255 by the following the Euclidean Distance Thus a starting value for the dynamic is 10 4076 of For closed cell structures the MIL obtained by the Field Features on the can be exploited Again it has to be divided by the spacing and the effect of the Spread has to be taken into account A starting value for the dynamic is now 1 2 of 255 MIL R s MAVI user manual 54 Particle Separation 8 3 9 Particle Separat
37. arger than Size see Table 8 for the approximate diameters For morphological transformations with balls of intermediate diameters please use alternatively the Euclidean Distance Transformation Note that Approx Ball of Size 2 is nothing but the cube of Size 2 Structuring elements can be chosen via the dialog box shown in Figure Erosion The value of the pixel covered by the central pixel of the element is set to the minimum gray value of all pixels covered by the structuring element mask Erosion can be used to remove small objects to reduce edge deformation or to break thin connections between objects For MONO images Erosion reduces the number of foreground pixels and thus object size or volume of the foreground For gray value images Erosion is a minimum filter and thus the image becomes darker See Figure 30 for an MAVI user manual 5 7 Morphology Description cube parallel to the coordinate axes side length Size cuboid parallel to the coordinate axes side lengths SizeX SizeY SizeZ Approx Ball rough approximation of a ball Size Line line parallel to one of the 13 given by the length Size cuboidal lattice Custom Minkowski sum of segments in the 13 discrete directions lengths of the segments given by the cuboidal lattice Table 7 Structuring elements for 3D morphology All size parameters are in pixel units Size 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Diameter 2 31 11 00 16 26 25 00 26 56 35 22 44 00
38. ary length density specific boundary length total length per area lengths of projections in the 8 discrete directions integral of total curvature integral of Gaussian curvature total curvature density integral of total curvature V Euler number Euler number w r t 6 1 adjancency system Euler density Euler number A mean chord lengths mean chord lengths in 8 discrete directions mean chord lengths mean mean of the 8 mean chord lengths Table 12 Field Features measured for 2D images Remark 5 Both field features and object features are based on the intrinsic volumes Nevertheless the total values of e g volume or surface area in the field features might differ from those obtained by the object features This is MAVI user manual 81 Subfield Features due to the fact that the latter are measured just for the present object while MAVI implies the whole space to be filled with an on average similar structure when measuring the Field Features of the foreground Field features and object features coincide if you ensure that the foreground does not intersect the image border e g by Manipulation Pad iing Precision of the Field Features measurement There is a variety of sources for measurement errors when determining the Field Features starting with the imaging conditions continuing with discretization effects and finally binarization It is therefore impossible to quantify the overall measurement error However there are s
39. asic procedure always reaches stability in the sense that the resulting image can no longer be modified after a finite number of steps The reconstruction by dilation of a mask image from a marker image is defined as an iteration of geodesic dilations of the marker image with respect to the mask image stopped as soon as stability is reached see Figure 36 To compute the by Dilation in MAVI the marker image has to be selected The dialog helps in choosing the mask image which has to be of the same type and pixelwise greater than or equal to the marker image The reconstructed image is pointwise less than or equal to the mask image and greater than or equal to the marker image Self Dual Reconstruction This function reconstructs the marker image f by self dual geodesic transformation with respect to the mask image g Depending on the local relation of the pixel values in marker and mask image the pixel is assigned the value of the Reconstruction by Erosionjor the by Dilation MAVI user manual 69 Geodesic Transformation The self dual reconstruction is defined by RIUS a iff glo RUD 0 l RF x otherwise Here R f denotes the reconstruction by dilation of f w r t g and R f the reconstruction by erosion of f w r t g Self dual reconstruction can ease segmentation in particular in cases where contrast and noise are of the same magnitude To achieve this use a strongly smoothed version of the original image
40. base unit for all features is one meter the only exception to this rule is an image without pixel spacings see 4 1 1 In this case the base unit is one pixel The following Table 11 lists the Field Features measured for 3D images together with their description and the unit they are measured in Name as in attributes view total volume V of the image foreground and background volume of foreground volume density surface surface density surface fractal dimension area of projections orientation distribution of surface nor mals integral of mean curvature integral of Germain s curvature M integral of mean curvature density My M V integral of mean curvature fractal di box dimension related to M mension volume fraction Vy foreground volume V area of the inner surface S specific surface area Sy S V box dimension related to S perpendicular to the 13 directions Table relative frequencies E quy ee pl qp M AA Al Al A ee AAA lengths of projections on lines in the 13 normal directions Table 3 orientation distribution of fibers edges relative frequencies specific fiber length fiber aspect ratio integral of total curvature integral of Gaussian curvature total curvature density integral of total curvature V Euler number for all neighborhoods Euler numbers w r t 26 14 1 14 2 and 6 adjancency systems Euler density Euler number V mean chord lengths mean chord lengths in 13 directions Ta
41. ce or to zoom out to see more of the slice at a reduced size respectively The crop control panel in the bottom right part of the crop dialog window provides additional control facilities and some information about the cropping process Slice sliders XY plane XZ plane YZ plane Allow to move through the image in Z Y and X directions respectively You can change the slice number by moving the sliders or by changing the numbers in the spinboxes type new number or click on the small arrows Old size Shows the original dimensions of the image and the original size of the image in megabytes New size Interactively shows the size of the marked part and Its expected size in megabytes MAVI user manual 3 4 Crop 128 x 128x 128 Size 2 00 MB Ex Ex 118 Expected size 0 87 MB 1944 8 x 1944 8 x 2607 8 um Figure 14 Crop dialog window Physical size Interactively shows the expected physical dimensions of the marked part in micrometers Note that cropping a 3D image to a new image size of 1 in one coordinate direction still results in a 3D image For slices in the XY plane conversion to a 2D image can be achieved by Save Image with 2d Image as target file type For differently oriented slices the Save current slice view option from the Settings toolbox of the view control window of the Slice View can be used MAVI user manual 3 D AutoCrop 8 2 2 AutoCrop Images of type can be cropped automatically Choose a minimu
42. considered The dialog offers the same choice of transformations as for the H Extrema the and two parameters for the dynamic the Dynamic at O and the Dynamic at maximum where maximum is the largest possible value in the range of the image type The dynamic is interpolated linearly between these two values This is illustrated in Figure 34 Adaptive H Minima can save the separation of foreground or background objects if Particle Separation and Cell Reconstruction fail due to strongly diverging sizes of the particles or pores respectively For an example of a practical application see the Tutorial 7 2 Minima Imposition This function helps to remove irrelevant minima as e g due to noise It requires two input images a MONO marker image marking relevant dark image regions and an image on which the minima are imposed A suitable marker image can be obtained from the second image by an appropriate transformation such as Regional Extrema The Minima Imposition preserves or creates image minima at the locations indicated by the markers and removes those not corresponding to a marker The MONO marker image has to be selected while the second image is chosen via the dialog Minima Imposition is useful for preprocessing to prevent oversegmentation by the Watershed Transformation provided the marker image contains a nucleus of every segment See Figure 35 for an example MAVI user manual 6 6 Geodesic Transformation Deman
43. contact distribution and can be used to investigate correlations in the spatial arrangement of components see 14 Euclidean Distance Transformation This function computes the exact or squared Euclidean distance of each background pixel to the closest foreground pixel or of each foreground pixel to the closest background pixel of a MONO image For an example see Figure The dialog offers the choice of computation on background or foreground pixels the choice of anjedge treatment and whether squared rather than exact Euclidean distance values are stored in the result image Normally the algorithm results in a FLOAT image If the input image contains no spacing information or all spacing entries are set either to O or 1 the type of output image can be specified additionally If GRAY32 is chosen then the result image contains squared rather than exact Euclidean distance values If FLOAT is chosen then the result can be either the squared or exact Euclidean distance image This implementation will be replaced by the Euclidean Distance Transformation Voronoi algorithm MAVI user manual 62 Distance Transformation Euclidean Distance Transformation Voronoi algorithm This alternative implementation to Euclidean Distance Transformation based on 7 provides faster computation of the Euclidean distance image The choice ofledge Itreatments is however currently restricted to NET and EMB Discrete Distance Transformation This functio
44. cribed in 10 Note that all measurements rely on local 2x2x2 pixel configurations only and do not require a surface meshing Edge effects therefore occur at the last slices of the image only These border configurations are treated differently such that the final results are free of edge effects Generalized projections onto one and two dimensional subspaces are computed as intermediate steps of the measurement of the integral of mean curvature and the surface area respectively Here generalized means measured with multiplicity as illustrated in Figure 39 below These generalized projections e _ e Figure 39 Generalized projection of a bent curve The length of the projection of this curve onto the x axis is a b c The length of the generalized projection is however a 3b c since all three layers contribute carry information about anisotropies and preferred directions Discrete distributions of the fiber direction in the typical fiber point and of the surface normal direction in the typical surface point can be deduced They are concentrated on the respective set of 13 discrete directions given by the lattice unit cell see 4 4 Tables 2 and 3 and represented in the output of the field MAVI user manual 7 9 Field Features features by the weights for these directions For special cases of microstructures the field features have to be interpreted as appropriate the Open Foam Features are provided as special function The
45. d 26 adjacency system see Figure 3 for a sketch For 2D images MAVI uses the 4 6 1 6 2 and 8 adjacency systems MAVI user manual 7 Directions given by the cuboidal lattice 4 4 D gt ce gt D gt D gt c gt c gt DS e La e 9 d c Ci a c e e p e c n e EJ gt S e o e e e e e ca e o 4 o 0 4 E a a a 6 adjacency system b 14 1 adjacency system D gt ce gt ce gt l a gt ce gt ce gt e e 9 eu e c c ce e m c c nm c e eo eo 4 e e e Qi c a a n a e q e 41 G8 c 14 2 adjacency system d 26 adjacency system Figure 3 3D agjacency systems direct neighbors green of the central pixel blue There is no overall best adjacency system see for a rigourous proof It is important to be consistent in particular to segment using the same adjacency system as used later on e g for a connectivity analysis When aiming at separating image components the 6 or 4 adjacency systems are a better choice than the 26 or 8 adjacency systems respectively It s exactly the other way round when the goal is to preserve thin connections Directions given by the cuboidal lattice The unit cell of the cuboidal lattice determines a number of discrete directions MAVI uses two sets of 13 3D or 8 2D directions for morphological transforms and some global analyses provided by the Field Features and Subfield One set of 13 directions in 3D is given by lines connecting vertices of t
46. d lengths 80 81 medial axis Mesh VIS Export 54 mesh neg UE visualization 113 meshing MIL 80 Miles Lantuejoul correction weight minima regional 65 Minima Imposition 66 minimal volume bounding box 112 Minimum Minkowski functionals 79 morphological black top hat 59 closure dilation erosion 57 opening 58 white top hat 59 Morphological Gradient Morphological Mean morphology geodesic 65 Multiply 43 Multiply by Value 42 nearest neighbor distance distribution function 112 neighborhood 7 discrete graph NET TO Niblack Segmentation no edge treatment object bounding box 85 center diameter diameter of equal volume ball 86 labeling 47 Object Features Object Filter 74 offset MAVI user manual 1 23 INDEX of an object 35 36 of image Open Foam Features Open Image 27 Opening opening algebraic curve Or orientation distribution of fibers 89 tensor 90 orientation analysis tutorial 22 orientation tensor tutorial 22 Otsu s threshold 45 Pad 36 paircorrelation function 112 particle separation tutorial Particle Features Particle Separation by complex morphology by preflooded watershed by smoothing pattern sectrum PER periodic 10 Phase of Fast Fourier transformation pixel 6 gray value pixel spacing 6 pixel spacings corr
47. dget zooms in and out On the right hand side of the zoomwheel there is a group of three buttons which select the action to be performed when the user moves the mouse over the render area with a mouse button pressed The e button rotates the image around different axes depending on the mouse button that is pressed The different I MAVI user manual 99 Volume Rendering View Info Info Settings Settings Slice Show Slice Show View Filter View Filter Color View Color View e Gray Scale Gray Scale 12 Bit Gray Scale e 12 Bit Gray Scale 12 Colors for label images 12 Colors for label images 125 Colors for label images 125 Colors for label images Power Spectrum blue gt red Power Spectrum blue red Power Spectrum red blue Power Spectrum red blue Rainbow Rainbow Red Scale Red Scale Green Scale Green Scale Blue Scale Blue Scale a GRAY8 image b Gray scale view c GRAY8 image 12bit mode d 12bit view e GRAY8 image f GRAY8 image blue to red mode Figure 47 View filters for GRAY8 images in the axes with their corresponding buttons are listed in the following Table 19 The v button moves the image inside the render area The button zooms in and out of the image when the mouse is moved in vertical direction with the left mouse button pressed This is the same operation as possible using the upper scrollwheel On the bottom of the render widget
48. distance distribution function G function G r distribution function of the distance of an object center to the next object center G r P N Ball o r 0 4 BJO 4 J function J r 1 G r 1 F r e paircorrelation function g r roughly the probability density of K The results can be exported as CSV The points of a Poisson point field are independently identically unitorm distributed without interaction among each other Their number is Poisson distributed The Poisson point field often serves to compare observed point patterns to it If there is interaction between the points one usually describes it as clustering in case of attraction or regularity in case of repulsion For 2D Poisson point fields it holds that K r mr Lr a F r 1 exp Arr Ge IU ana tous Jo 1 r 1 4 ko amt Le r a F r 1 exp z Amr G r F r andthus J r 1 gir 1 In a Poisson point field the points are independent thus counting neighbors of a point of the field is just the same as counting neighbors of an arbitrary point Hence G F and J 1 In a clustered point field a point of the field has more close neighbors than an arbitrary one Thus G gt F and J lt 1 In a regular point field a point of the field has less close neighbors than an arbitrary one Thus G lt F and J gt 1 MAVI user manual 1 1 3 Point Field Statistics Note however that a point field can
49. e View parameter editor Determine the position of the object to be rendered setting the Rotate Local and Rotate Global parameters see Figure 5 fa Useful to recover exactly the same view angle when renderings of two different images shall be comparable The Render Window parameters control the size of the 2D image holding the rendering result if it is saved see Figure 51 b Preferences editor You can customize the rendering process and enable disable debugging information in the preferences editor Draw bounding box enables disables the display of the yellow bounding box and the green direction indicator Draw scale enables disables the display of the along the axes of the bounding box Draw red green enables a red green pseudo 3d rendering mode which must be viewed with red green goggles Note that the rendering performance will be lower in this mode because the image has to be drawn twice in one render pass MAVI user manual 1 03 Volume Rendering View Selection Draw proxy geometry disables texture application and draws the underlying geometry used by the render algorithm Enable progressive refinement temporarily shrink the image when rotating Set Background Color opens a color editor window to choose a new background color Set Boundingbox Color opens a color editor window to choose a new color for the bounding box Set Label Color opens a color editor window to choose a new color for the axe
50. e The user specifies the e Cylinder radius pixel and e Cylinder center pixel in the dialog box Moreover the user decides whether the reulting image keeps the size of the original one or is reduced to the bounding box of the cylinder by the New image size parameter Cylinder Mask Original Parameters Slice number interaction mode Cylinder radius Cylinder carte cantar X cantar Y Mew image siza original size Ok Cancel Figure 21 Mask with Cylinder dialog box 8 2 15 Unary Operations Unary operations derive the new image from the original one by pixelwise calculating the new gray value from the old one The following operations are available e Add Value e Subtract Value e Multiply by Value e Divide by Value The second value is given by the user via the dialog Unary operations cannot be applied to MONO images For gray value images the pixel values are truncated if the result of the chosen operation exceeds the MAVI user manual 42 Binary Operations gray value range defined by the image type 8 2 16 Binary Operations A binary operation is a calculation which takes pixel values from two different images at the same spatial location and writes the resulting value to the output image before proceeding the next location within both input images For example you can add two images and the value at a location in the resulting dataset will contain the sum of both values at the correspondin
51. e Anal Stereol 28 2 77 92 2009 J Ohser C Redenbach and K Schladitz Mesh free estimation of the structure model index Image analysis and stereology 28 3 179 186 2009 J Ohser and K Schladitz 3d Images of Materials Structures Processing and Analysis Wiley VCH Weinheim 2009 S Osher and L Rudin Feature oriented image enhancement using shock filters SIAM J Numer Anal 7 919 940 1990 A Rack L Helfen T Baumbach S Kirste J Banhart K Schladitz and J Ohser Analysis of spatial cross correlations in multi constituent volume data Journal of Microscopy 232 2 282 292 2008 C Redenbach A Rack K Schladitz O Wirjadi and M Godeharat Beyond imaging on the quantitative analysis of tomographic volume data Int J Mater Res 2 217 227 2012 J Sauvola and M Pietik inen Adaptive document image binarization MAVI user manual 1 1 8 REFERENCES Pattern Recognition 33 225 236 2000 17 K Schladitz C Redenbach T Sych and M Godehardt Model based estimation of geometric characteristics of open foams Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 2010 Accepted 18 K Schladitz C Redenbach T Sych and M Godehardt Model based estimation of geometric characteristics of open foams Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability pages 1 22 2011 19 P Soille Morphological Image Analysis Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 1999 20 D Stoyan W S Kendall and J Mec
52. e Sections for detailed descriptions of the groups MAVI user manual 2 Framework Figure 1 MAVI s main window Manipulation Segmentation e Analysis e Help A menu entry is active i e can be chosen by clicking on it only if the corresponding function can be applied to the selected image that is if the image is of a valid gray value type and size The toolbar E E B Bi B 4 4c i I offers control functionality for the current view window For more details please refer to the Section The central workspace contains all view windows available in the application Each view is associated with a specific document and displays its content The E Cas fda MAVI user manual 3 Framework foremost view of the workspace is assigned to the active document All operations will be applied to this document Activate a window by clicking on It or its symbol in the view navigator window It is possible to have different kinds of views for one document at the same time By default each view is maximized That means the view fills the complete workspace when it appears for the first time Navigation in the view navigator window by cursor is not possible Under Windows operating systems this can however easily be done using Ctrl and Tab keys The titlebar Wam er of a view window consists of the view icon on the left hand side which provide
53. ect 33 Point Field Statistics 112 pore size local 84 post classification 104 Power Spectrum ppi value 89 pre classification preferred directions Prepare label image for visualization quermass integrals 79 quit 33 raw data import 28 RDE Reconstruction by Dilation 69 Reconstruction by Erosion 68 REFL 10 reflective reflective double edge 10 Regional Extrema render engine Rotation Mean rotation mean of autocovariance of Bartlett spectrum of covariance Sauvola Segmentation 47 save slice 27 Save Image 27 Self Dual Reconstruction 69 separation of particles tutorial 24 shading correction 22 shape factor isoperimetric Shrink 37 size of an object 85 86 Skeleton 72 Analyzer 73 skeleton bisector function classify wae medial axis Slice View SMI 80 spacing 6 Spacings correct spectral transformations MAVI user manual 1 24 INDEX spectrum Bartlett 94 pattern power sphericity Spread stack import 30 status of an object 85 STL 113 structure model index 80 structuring element Approx Ball 56 subfield 89 Subfield Features Subtract Subtract Value support 111 surface area 80 density 80 fractal dimension 80 surface area of an object 85 of convex hull of an object 85 System Info thickness local 84 of an object 112 thinning
54. ed TIFF PGM PBM PXM JPG and JP2 The images must all be of equal dimension Otherwise the import will aborted MAVI user manual 3 0 Import a Select header b Select slices c Preview dialog Figure 12 Importing DICOM data selecting a DICOM header file selecting slice images and chekcing the import via the preview After importing the image stack please use Edit header in the File menu to insert the correct pixel spacings Otherwise all Analysis results will be in pixel Fraunhofer GeoDict Volume GDT Loads the specified file and sets the pixel spacings correctly Fraunhofer Raw Volume Data REK Loads the specified file and sets the pixel spacings correctly Note that the Fraunhofer Raw Volume Data is based on a coordinate system different from MAVI This results in the data being flipped along the Z axis 3D Electron Density File MRC The user has to specify the file and to input the pixel spacings Just a subset of the various possible MRC file format versions is supported The pixel grey value type has to be e little endian and e 8 bit unsigned or e 16 bit unsigned and signed or e float In all other cases MAVI will not recognize your MRC file Then please use Importilmage Raw Data MAVI user manual 3 1 Export 8 1 2 Export This submenu offers functions for exporting saving image data in a choice of image formats or as CSV comma separated value and analysis results as CSV
55. empt to binarize by Segmentation Binarization with lower threshold value 150 shows a quite rough structure see Figure 2 b Therefore choose the previous image after cropping and apply Transformation Filter Median Filter on it Choose Double Reflective Edge as Edge Treatment and a Filter Size of 3 Now binarize the result by segmentation Pinarzation with lower threshold value 150 Figure 10 C The resulting surface is much smoother MAVI user manual 2 4 Sintered copper and the image is suitable for particle separation 6 MAVI provides automatic particle separation in the Segmentation menu Apply Particle TLEN 2 Preflooded Watershed with an area threshold of 20 Figure 10 7 Compute the Analysis Obica Features for the result Do not exclude the background If the Object Statistics are computed does not matter If you postprocess the analysis data externally 8 Export the Object Features using Object Features as CSV from the Export submenu of the File menu 9 Import the csv file into your preferred statistics package like Excel or R Ensure that is used as separator and as decimal point Plot the 41 IH frequency of some statistics e g Diameter Figure 10fe Note that in this particular case noledge correction is needed as all balls are completely contained in the image a original b cropped C binarized Histogram of diameter of corresponding balls Diamet
56. ensor now yields the principal fiber direction This principal direction is however only meaningful if the fiber system features a preferred direction at least locally in the subvolumes If the fibers are isotropically distributed then the three eigenvalues coincide The more anisotropic the fiber system gets the stronger differ the maximal and the minimal eigenvalue 3 and l respectively Thus a measure for the degree of anisotropy is 1 4 s 16 This expression assumes values between 0 and 1 where O corresponds to an ideal isotropic fiber distribution 1 to either all fibers being parallel to the main fiber direction or all fibers being parallel to a plane MAVI user manual 91 Sub Field Fiber Directions The Sub Field Fiber Directions yield the following information for the whole field and if applicable for each subfield If subfields have been specified the Anisotropy value 16 Eigenvalues of the ori lg gt la gt l4 entation tensor Orientation tensor 3x3 symmetric matrix Mean fiber direction eigenvector to 5 princial fiber direction Status Warns about numerical problems e g due to the subfield not containing any pixels belonging to the fiber system Should state OK Table 17 Sub Field Fiber Directions results Averaged Profile holds additionally the characteristics from Table 8 5 11 averaged over all subfields in the same layer That is for each coordinate direction the characteri
57. equivalent to the torus we get O if the object has two caves we get Euler number 2 and if it has two tunnels one obtains 1 Euler number and the integral of total curvature carry the same information about the object They differ by the constant factor 47 Additional characteristics for 3D objects like length width and thickness or elongation are contained in the module Particle Features For 2D objects MAVI determines the following characteristics MAVI user manual 8 5 Object Features Name as in attributes view center central pixel of bounding box diameter of corresponding ball diameter of equal volume ball diameters Euler number lengths of projections on lines in the 13 normal directions Table 3 w r t 14 1 adjancency system integral of mean curvature integral of Germain s curvature M integral of total curvature integral of Gaussian curvature no of voxels object offset on border shape factor 1 shape factor 2 shape factor 3 size status surface area number of the object O refers to background lower left front corner of bounding box indicates whether object touches image border sphericity 12 13 edge lengths of bounding box if not OK a numerical problem occured e g due to the object being too small area of inner and outer surface surface of convex hull Surface area of convex hull formed by planes per volume pendicular to the 13 normal directions Table 3 vol
58. er mm d particle separation e diameters frequency plot Figure 10 Slices through the sintered copper image illustrating the tutorial steps MAVI user manual 2 D Reference manual 8 Reference manual MAVI user manual 2 6 File 8 1 File The File menu provides load and save function for MAVI s native 3D image data format iass or iass gz and various 2D image formats as well as generic import and export nodes for 3D image data either given as a block of raw data or as a stack of 2D images The Export submenu subsumes various functions for saving Analysis results When opening or importing a file MAVI chooses the last path used for opening or importing as default path The last path used in a specific MAMI session will be stored and used in the next session If you work with the demo version of MAVI MAVI restricts the size of the images you are able to work with to 128 pixels It is nevertheless possible to open pen parts of larger images by cropping them to at most 128 pixels All save and export functions are however disabled in the Remark 2 mage meta data as available via Edit header is completely loaded and saved when using MAVI s iass or 1ass gz formats When importing or exporting other image data formats make sure to provide and store essential meta data respectively Check the description of the functions for details Open Image This function opens IASS and IASS GZ files and 3D TIFF files as 3D
59. er of triangles or to a user defined degree of co planarity Smooth the mesh e Export the current view screenshot e Export automatic rotation or tracking shot as key frames 10 5 Gray Value Mapping In computed tomography images high gray values correspond to a high physical density of the material The Gray Value Mapping helps to check the homogeneity of a material density variations like inclusions or condensations can be visualized The plugin offers a representation with iso lines where the iso levels correspond to the deviation from the mean density It is possible to specify the size of the filter mask and a mask image to exclude background or certain inclusions The view and the palette can be saved The filter mask should be chosen slightly bigger than the diameter of negligible structures in the image such as small inclusions that you do not want to visualize MAVI user manual 1 1 6 Gray Value Mapping Zoom In Zoom Qui X Draw Iso Lines X Draw Image Values save this Slice Save Palette 72 Preterences Mean Grey Value 130 Iso Lines from Mean Grey Value IB 0 Figure 55 Gray Value Mapping window MAVI user manual 1 1 7 REFERENCES References 1 2 3 4 LLL 5 LLL 6 Ld 7 8 A 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 J Canny A computational approach to edge detection EEE Trans Pattern A
60. es often at the cost of blurring edges whereas edge detection filters are used to emphasize edges of an object or within complex structures The filter masks are all cubic in pixels no matter how the image spacings are set Table 6 lists the filters provided by MAVI A Morphological Mean filter with larger and more flexible filter masks is available in the Morphology submenu Laplace Filter 2 is a modifies edge detection filter setting former background pixels to O edge pixels to the largest possible value and foreground pixels to a gray value halfway in between Rank order filters sort the N or N values of the pixels covered by the filter mask by size and assign the value at the desired rank from this list to the pixel considered The median is the value at the central position N 2 4 1 or N 2 1 for 2D and 3D respectively 8 4 2 Morphology Morphological transformations modify the image content with respect to a given structuring element The structuring elements SE available in MAVI s Morphology submenu are listed in Tables 7 and 9 for 3D and 2D images respectively The structuring element is centered at its central pixel or in the lower left front one of a set of central pixels Note that this can cause shifting for instance when a cube of even edge length is used repeatedly For an isotropic lattice the SE Approx Ball is a linear combination Minkowski addition of line segments of length Size parallel to the 3 coordi
61. est eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix H x at x is interpreted as the local direction 11 12 v3 in pixel x Finally the result is restricted to the pixels belonging to the fiber system using either a mask image provided by the user or an automatically computed mask image The former is specified by the user via the dialog Figure 42 while the latter is obtained by global thresholding see 8 3 1 The threshold according to Otsu is multiplied by 1 25 default or a user defined value Remark 10 The rational behind the increased threshold is the observation that the resulting directional distribution is not heavily distorted if the cores of the fibers are regarded only MAVI user manual 90 Sub Field Fiber Directions select fiber radius ur m pin Evaluated area from S O pixel tof piii F Select sabfeld sire ases ma pel mp pta Bl m pl Sep tare Dx y rz m Advanced options r m Jo sosmekas2 23 Ej pk cancel Figure 42 Sub Field Fiber Directions dialog for entering the fiber radius and an optional mask image The averaged outer product of the components v1 vo v3 is an estimator for the so called second order orientation tensor widely used in simulation of materials properties in order to incorporate anisotropic local behaviour aij v z v a 15 x image and fiber system The eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue l3 of the orientation t
62. f as mask image g as provided by the Morphological Mean filter or an MAVI user manual 0 Geodesic Transformation O maskimage O maskimage O maskimage ra markerimage 8 ra markerimadge r3 markerimade 5 E A E E Z E H 3 b 3 3 f 0 gt 3 5 9 e 5 3 5 o 5 o EE 4 4 5 10 15 20 25 piel a Marker and mask O maskimage O maskimage O maskimage a rao markerimage r3 markerimade e rao markerimage Ex od E Be Be Be m m m 5 o 5 3 5 2 L L L a a a 5 10 15 20 25 pinel d Geodesic dilation 2 O maskimage O maskimage O maskimage rao markerimage r3 markerimadge S r3 markerimadge Ex E od Be Be Be E mL E E m 2 d a 2 S s 2 m m m Y L L La a i 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 zh piel pinel pinel g Geodesic dilation 5 h Geodesic dilation 6 i Reconstructed image Figure 36 Reconstruction by Dilation illustrated by a 1D example The shaded image in i is the resulting reconstructed image MAVI user manual 7 1 Spectral Transformation 8 4 5 Spectral Transformation This submenu provides a fast Fourier transform for 3D images as well as It s inverse The fast Fourier transform allows to determine second order characteristics describing fluctuations of microstructures like the Autocovariance fast and efficiently Fast Fourier Transformation Fast Fourier transformation of the inpu
63. f the gray values remains the same in relation to the value range Thus Convert preserves the full image information and keeps the relations between gray levels as intact as possible see Figure 17 for a sketch Here dynamic range denotes the difference between maximum and minimum gray value in the image while gray value range refers to the difference between maximum and minimum possible gray values determined by the image type e g 255 for GRAYS images is a simple transformation of the image type Depending on the user s choice the gray values are transformed linearly logarithmically or following the square or root functions Spreading transforms the dynamic range that is the range from minimum to maximum value present in the input image to the full value range of the output MAVI user manual 3 Equalize 8 2 9 Equalize image Spread preserves all image information i e it does not cut off any values It may however transtorm different gray levels onto the same one when spreading down e g from GRAY16 to GRAY8 images After spreading the full value range of the resulting image will be used For example when a GRAY8 image is spread to GRAY16 the smallest value in the original will be assigned a zero and the largest value in the original image will be assigned the value 21 1 Equalization is a method that can be used to enhance the contrast of an image In MAVI equalization to an output image type diffferent from
64. f the product of the Fast Fourier Fast Fourier of image a and the Complex Conjugate of the Transformation of image b High gray values in the resulting image indicate strong similarity in the structures of the input images Covariance Rotation Mean Rotation mean of the Covariance a one dimensional function giving as ith value the average covariance at distance Smin d Where Smin is the minmum of the lattice spacings in the coordinate directions Shortcut for Rotation Mean applied to the Covariancel saving computation time and memory The parameter d is determined by the user with values 1 default or 0 25 For details see Section The result can be exported using File Export Rotation Mean of Covariance as CSV Autocovariance The autocovariance of an image is the of this image with itself that is the Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation of its Power Spectrum MAVI user manual 9 3 Spectral Methods The autocovariance of a MONO image yields an unbiased estimator for the covariance of the foreground seen as realization of a spatially homogeneous random closed set see 5 It is called two point probability function or two point correlation function too Autocovariance Rotation Mean Rotation mean of the Autocovariance a one dimensional function giving as ith value the average autocovariance at distance Smind where Smin is the minmum of the lattice spacings in the coordinate directions Shortcut for Rotation Mea
65. g locations in the two input images Images must be of equal type and dimensions If the resulting pixel value is greater than the maximum or lower than the minimum of the given value type the resulting value is set to the maximum respectively the minimum In order to link two images of different gray value type Cast the one with the smaller gray value range to the type of the other image The following binary operations are avallable Add pixelwise sum of the gray values for MONO images equivalent to the logical operation Or Subtract pixelwise difference of the gray values for MONO images A and B equivalent to the logical A And B Minimum pixelwise minimum of gray values for MONO images equivalent to the logical operation And Maximum pixelwise maximum of the gray values for MONO images equivalent to the logical operation Or And pixelwise logical and on GRAY value images pixelwise minimum Or pixelwise logical or on GRAY value images pixelwise maximum Multiply pixelwise product of the gray values Absolute Difference absolute value of the pixelwise difference useful for comparison of images MAVI user manual 43 Segmentation 8 3 Segmentation Segmentation refers to two tasks finding the component or image segment of interest in a gray scale image and identifying connected objects or regions We call the first task binarization as the output image is binary MONO i e it contains only zeros and ones as
66. ge in within the range of the only Padding a 2D image can result in a larger 2D image if rows are added in X and Y directions or in a 3D image if slices in Z direction are added too MAVI user manual 3 6 Shrink 8 2 5 Shrink 8 2 6 Cast 8 2 7 Convert 8 2 8 Spread This function reduces the size of an image by virtually decreasing the lateral resolution The reduction factor can be set for each coordinate direction separately The new image size in the respective coordinate direction is the old image size divided by the reduction factor In the case of a 3D image the value of a pixel in the resulting image is the average of all pixel values within a cuboid of size ReductionFactorX x ReductionFactorY x ReductionFactorZ of the input image For a 2D image the resulting value Is the average of all pixel values within a rectangle of size ReductionFactorX x ReductionFactory Cast changes the gray value type of the image by simply casting each pixel value to the target gray value type When casting down to a smaller gray value range this results in a loss of image information since values exceeding the new gray value range are truncated For example when casting to GRAY8 each pixel with a value smaller than 1 is assigned O as new gray value while each pixel with an original value greater than 255 is assigned 255 IConvert ng is a linear scaling of the gray values from one gray value range to another where the dynamic range o
67. gned view becomes active and is moved to the foreground of the workspace The view control window provides several functions and information for the current view Its content is different for different kinds of views See Sections for details on the particular view types and Figure 45 for the view control window of the MAVI user manual 4 Framework s060 paired 4 s060_label iass 5 Volumerendering 200x200K200 int bpp G s060 label iass 5 Attributeview 13 image Arribes View at s060 mee cup ims 2 Mona a Docking Edge b View Control Figure 2 MAVI s framework Docking Edge and View Control Window MAVI user manual 5 Fundamental concepts 4 Fundamental concepts To take advantage of MAVI s full potential a basic understanding of the following concepts is needed However the material presented here is certainly not exhaustive Thus references to the relevant literature are provided for the user interested in more background information 4 1 Images in MAVI MAVI is built on the idea of pixels or voxels being the vertices of a grid and holding information on the image content as gray values More precisely let L 51 52 53 Z be a three dimensional cuboidal lattice with lattice spacings 1 82 83 gt 0 For data from micro computed tomography it holds usually that 1 9 3 and with a slight abuse of notation one speaks of an isotropic lattice Analogously lattices with different
68. he lattice unit cell 3 coordinate directions 6 face diagonal directions 4 space diagonal directions as specified in the following Table 2 For an illustration see Figure The spacing vector s1 sa s3 is the one introduced in 4 1 above The second set of 13 directions in 3D used by Field Features and Subfield Features are the normal directions to planes defined by vertices of the unit cell In the case of an isotropic lattice the two sets of directions coincide just the MAVI user manual 8 Edge treatments Direction vedor description 00 parallel to the x axis 01 parallel to the y axis 02 parallel to the z axis 03 51 52 0 52 s face diagonal 04 51 9 0 s 83 face diagonal 05 51 0 53 y s s face diagonal 06 51 0 3 st 8 face diagonal 07 0 52 53 s 83 face diagonal 08 0 sa 53 s 83 face diagonal 09 51 52 53 4 52 85 83 Space diagonal 10 51 52 53 4 51 s 83 space diagonal 11 s1 82 83 Y s 85 s Space diagonal 12 51 82 83 Y s 5 s2 space diagonal Table 2 Discrete directions given by the unit cell of the cuboidal lattice order differs However for anisotropic lattices this does not hold and therefore the normal directions are listed in Table B below For 2D images the 8 directions 4 coordinate directions and 4 diagonal directions are given by their angle to the x axis in radia
69. int of branches junction point of face and branch inner point of face edge point of face 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 junction point of faces Table 10 Classes of points specified by Skeleton Analyzer and cor responding colors used for their representation 8 4 12 Object Filter The Object Filter allows to remove objects from a label image as generated by Labeling or Cell Reconstruction from the Segmentation menu The removal decision is based on one or a combination of the following three characteristics of an object its volume its shape factor f sphericity and whether or not the object touches the image border Thus calculation of the Object Features is a prerequisite for applying the Object Filter to obtain the geometric information for the objects In the Object Filter dialog window use the slider Show slice to view a representative cross section Choose the removal criterion to be applied by clicking on the appropriate tab then adjust the parameters as described in the following The result is immediately visible in the preview box labeled Filtered For Volume Use the sliders labeled Minimum Volume and Maximum Volume to set lower and upper volume bounds respectively For Border Select only border objects and only non border objects to keep the specified objects For MAVI user manual 74 Map Subfield Feature To Image Sphericity Use the Minimal Shape Factor Sphericity and Maximal Shape Fac
70. ion The separation of touching particles uses the same algorithmic ingredients as the Cell Reconstruction The major difference is that the Euclidean Distance is applied to the foreground of the input MONO image instead of the background Particle Separation by Smoothing uses the Binomial Filter to smooth the distance image before the Watershed Transformation The only parameter to be set is the size of the filtermask Particle Separation by Complex Morphology uses the H Maxima option of H Extrema to suppress regional maxima The dynamic is user defined See for details on the choice of the parameter uses the Preflooded to prevent oversegmentation It takes as input parameter the minimal number of pixels that a particle has to contain See 8 3 8 for details on the choice of the parameter Tutorial 7 4 describes the separation of sintered copper particles step by step MAVI user manual 55 Transtormation 8 4 8 4 1 Transformation Filter Filters replace the value of a pixel by combining the pixel values in a neighboring region given by a filter mask or structuring element The filter function can be a linear combination of input values linear filter or a more general non linear function Filtering is typically used in the initial steps of the processing chain for denoising smoothing and contrast enhancement to facilitate segmentation or analysis at later stages Smoothing filters help to denoise imag
71. is menu can be applied a The glass fibers are known to have a cross section diameter of approximately 101m Thus the fiber radius is 1 2 pixels Select 6e 06 6 107 5m 61m corresponding to 2 pixels b Tick Select subfield size Enter 135e 06 135 10 95m 135um corresponding to 45 pixels for x accept this value for y and z too c Tick Advanced options Change the Otsu factor from its default value of 1 25 to 1 0 Due to the shading correction Push OK This step takes a couple of minutes Use MEME visualize the rheological etfects Select the Orientation tensor yy This is the diagonal entry of the orientation tensor in y direction a23 from 15 Tick Crop result Push OK d A color view filter would increase the visual effect However to apply a the resulting GRAYF image has to be Manipulation to 8bit integer gray values Now apply the Power Spectrum blue gt red e color table Return to the attributes view and File Export Sub Field Fiber Directions as CSV MAVI user manual 2 2 Glass fiber reinforced composite 10 Import the csv file into your preferred statistics package like Excel or R Ensure that is used as separator and as decimal point Plot Orientation tensor xx Orientation tensor yy Orientation tensor zz over slice position f b opened c shading corrected 00 02 04 0 6 0 8 10 12 14 slice postion on x axds mm
72. ke Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications Wiley Chichester 2nd edition 1995 21 O D Trier and A K Jain Goal directed evaluation of binarization methods EEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 17 12 1191 1201 1995 22 Y F Tsao and K S Fu A parallel thinning algorithm for 3 d pictures CVGIP 17 315 331 1981 23 Vecchio K Schladitz G Godehardt and M Heneka 3d geometric characterization of particles applied to technical cleanliness Image Analysis and Stereology 31 3 163 174 2012 24 L Vincent and P Soille Watersheds in digital spaces An efficient algorithm based on immersion simulation EEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 13 6 583 598 1991 25 P Zamperoni Methoden der digitalen Bildsignalverarbeitung Vieweg Braunschweig 1991 MAVI user manual 1 1 9 Index Sub Field Fiber Directions 89 About Absolute Difference Adaptive H Extrema 66 Add 43 Add Value 42 adjacency system Algebraic Closure 60 Algebraic Opening And 43 anisotropy degree of Approx Ball 56 area density 81 of an object 86 of foreground of projections 80 total 81 Area Fraction Profile 83 Autocovariance Rotation Mean AutoCrop avs data import 28 Bartlett Spectrum Rotation Mean From Autocovariance on a binarization Binary Operations Black Top Hat boundary length density 81 of an objec
73. l maxima of the Discrete Distance ITransformation on the foreground MAVI user manual 6 Geodesic Transformation a Marker b Original c Minima imposed d Watershed on b e Watershed on c p Mask Image e with Binarization Figure 35 Minima Imposition used as preprocessing for Watershed Transfor Ultimate Dilated Set This transform finds the central regions of the connected components of the background of the MONO input image The Ultimate Dilated Set is generated by successive dilations of the input image tyoe MONO using the structuring element given by the chosen neighborhood Each time a dilation step would remove a connected component of the background the remainder of this connected component is kept That is the Ultimate Dilated Setlis the union of all first pixels of background connected components that appear during successive dilations of the input image The ultimate dilated set coincides with the regional maxima of the Discrete Distance Transformationjon the background Reconstruction by Erosion A reconstruction by erosion is a special form of a geodesic erosion and involves two input images A mask image and a marker image Both images must be of equal size and the mask image must be pointwise less than or equal to the marker image MAVI user manual 68 Geodesic Transformation The geodesic erosion of the marker image with respect to the mask image is obtained as follows First the marker i
74. l of Gaussian curvature number of the object O refers to background Pixel lower left front corner of bounding box true false indicates whether object touches image border Pixel edge lengths of bounding box if not OK a numerical problem occured e g due to the object being too small Table 14 Object features measured for 2D images describe various aspects of deviations from spherical shape The shape factor fi is often called sphericity Examples for some simple objects and the theoretical values of the shape factors 1 3 for them are given in Table 15 More shape information can be derived e g from the ratio of the volumes of an object and its convex hull or the ratio of minimal and maximal diameter ball prolate soheroid long short axis as 2 1 oblate soheroid long short axis as 2 1 cylinder height diameter as 1 2 cylinder height diameter as 1 1 cube cuboid length depth height as 1 2 3 0 62 Table 15 Isoperimetric shape factors Examples Edge correction When determining distributions of characteristics like volume or diameter of objects in an image objects intersecting the boundary should not be included However bigger objects have a higher probability of intersecting the boundary than smaller ones The Miles Lantuejoul weight corrects boundary effects caused by this size dependent sampling Each object is assigned a weight proportional to the reciprocal of its probability of being MAVI user manual 8
75. ld have a larger gray value than the matrix or pore space pixels Furthermore the fibers should have an approximately constant and known radius These assumption are in particular fulfilled by CT images of glass fiber reinforced composites A typical example is discussed in 7 3 Remark 9 Sub Field Fiber Directions do NOT support 2D images The Sub Field Fiber Directions can operate on the whole image as need Featureslor on subvolumes of user defined size as the Subfield Features When calling the Sub Field Fiber Directions the user has to specify the radius of the fibers in meters see the dialog in Figure 42 The fiber diameter should be resolved with 5 10 pixels The function proved however to work at the absolute minimum of 3 pixels per fiber diameter too see the tutorial 7 3 The Sub Field Fiber Directions calculate the local fiber direction in each pixel without segmentation of individual fibres MAVI uses the method based on the Hessian matrix of second order partial derivatives of the gray values as described in 15 The gray value image is smoothed by a Gauss Filter with parameter adjusted to the fiber radius Subsequently the Hessian matrix H x of second order gray value derivatives of the smoothed image is calculated in each pixel x The eigenvectors of H carry information about directions of the fiber system at x The least gray value variation is expected along the fibre Thus the eigenvector corresponding to the small
76. lly If your image is of type GRAY16 try using the 12 Bit Gray Scale More general Manipulation Equalize the gray value histogram tested the FieldFeatures ObjectFeatures using a cube parallel to the coordinate directions Why is the surface area measured by MAVI too small This is due to MAVI minimizing the mean error in general position See the Remark at the end of Section B 5 8 for details measured both the FieldFeatures and the ObjectFeatures for my MONO image Why do the results for the surface area and the integral of mean curvature differ This is due to the different treatment of edge effects See the Remark at the end of Section 8 5 8 for details When I m connected to a machine running SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 using ssh MAVI crashes with a segmentation fault This is an OpenGL library driver problem on machines running SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 with servicepack O and servicepack 1 It is fixed with servicepack 2 so please update the remote machine to servicepack 2 An easy workaround if you can not update set LANG to en ENutf8 MAVI user manual 1 1 1 Optional modules 10 Optional modules The following modules are not part of MAVI under the standard full license They can be added on user s demand In that case they are integrated completely within MAVI s framework 10 1 Particle Features This module adds analysis options for image objects exceeding the range of functionality of the Object Features As the
77. m pixel distance to the image border and a minimal grayvalue MAVI cropsjthe image such that each pixel with a grayvalue greater than the given minimal one has at least the given distance to the border in the cropped image 8 2 3 Extract by label 8 2 4 Pad This function transtorms a gray value image into an image whose foreground consists of all pixels with the chosen gray value or label in the original image The user chooses for the resulting image either the type MONO or to preserve the original image type In the first case the foreground pixels get value 1 while in the latter they keep their original gray value In particular it is possible to extract the background label 0 too Extracting the background from a label image and preserving the image type results in label 1 for the new foreground see Figure 15 for an example Extract Label Parameters Label which should be extracted Size of Result Image Original Size v Type of Result Image Image Type Mono v Ok Cancel a Dialog b Before extracting O c After extracting O Figure 15 Extract by label dialog window and effect of extracting label O from a label image Pad embeds the image into a larger image by adding slices at the borders The number of slices to be added to each side of the image as well as the gray value for the new pixels can be specified in the padding dialog Note that the dialog will allow to choose the value to embed the ima
78. ma H Maxima transformation reduces the number of regional minima maxima of an image by use of a contrast criterion It suppresses all minima maxima whose dynamic is smaller than the threshold Dynamic to be set by the user This transformation is well suited to prevent oversegmentation in the Watershed Transformation and one option for smoothing in the and Particle Separation algorithms MAVI user manual 6 D Geodesic Transformation The Extended H Minima Extended H Maxima extracts connected regions surrounding the local minima maxima It is equivalent to applying Extremajto the result of H Minima H Maxima In the MONO output image all pixels belonging to an H Minimum H Maximum are set to foreground while all the other pixels are set to background The H Concave option subtracts the H Minima transformed image from the input image The H Convex transformation is the of the input image and its H Maxima Adaptive H Extrema The Adaptive H Extrema compute regional extrema of an image under a gray value dependent contrast constraint and modify the image by use of the computed regional extrema Adaptive H Extrema is a modified version of H Extrema with a different contrast criterion More precisely the Adaptive H Extrema adapt the Dynamic parameter to the total height in the gray value relief whereas in the H Extrema transformations the Dynamic is a constant independent of the actual gray value of the extremum currently
79. mage Is eroded and then the pointwise maximum of the resulting eroded image and the mask image is taken Thus the resulting image is forced to remain above the mask image The iteration of this basic procedure always reaches stability in the sense that the resulting image can no longer be modified after a finite number of steps The reconstruction by erosion of a mask image from a marker image is detined as an iteration of geodesic erosion of the marker image with respect to the mask image stopped as soon as stability is reached To compute the Reconstruction by Erosion in MAVI the marker image has to be selected The dialog helps in choosing the mask image which has to be of the same type and pixelwise less than or equal to the marker image The reconstructed image is pointwise greater than or equal to the mask image and less than or equal to the marker image Reconstruction by Dilation A reconstruction by dilation is a special form of a geodesic dilation and involves two input images A mask image and a marker image Both images must be of equal size and the mask image must be pointwise greater than or equal to the marker image The geodesic dilation of the marker image with respect to the mask image is obtained as follows First the marker image is dilated and then the pointwise minimum of the resulting dilated image and the mask image Is taken Thus the resulting image is forced to remain below the mask image The iteration of this b
80. mbedded The image is embedded into background the background value is set by the algorithm The image data Is extended periodically The image data is extended by reflection on the border pixels The image data is extended by reflection outside the image bor ders i e border pixels are repeated Periodic Reflective Reflective Double Edge Table 4 Edge treament options for image transforms MAVI user manual 1 0 Edge treatments Figure 4 Discrete directions given by the unit cell of the cuboidal lattice anual 1 1 Edge treatments m 12 n Coordinate system Figure 5 Discrete normal directions given by the unit cell of the cuboidal lattice First analysis 5 First analysis In order to facilitate the very first steps with MAVI this section describes step by step how to solve a very simple yet typical analysis task Determining the specific surface areajof a closed cell metal foam 1 Start MAVI The window is empty except for the title bar the main menu and the status bar on the bottom Open the demo image AlFoam128 iass by choosing Open Image from the File menu MAVI opens a dialog for specifying path and file name The Slice View now shows the first slice in each coordinate direction Clicking into one of the three views and subsequently moving of the slider in the toolbar above enables navigation through the slices Choosing oi the Segmentation menu opens a dialog box with preview tor cho
81. meter R normalizes the variance In MAVI it is always set to half of the image s gray value range that is R 128 for GRAY8 and R 2 32768 for GRAY16 images For FLOAT images f R is set to max f min f 2 For negative Coefficients c the local threshold is now close to the local mean in high contrast areas and significantly above the local mean in low contrast areas Labeling assigns to every connected object in a MONO image a certain gray value which is unique for each object By default the image foreground is labeled However the user can switch to labeling the background by un ticking the corresponding box MAVI s labeling is based on Labeling by Reconstruction from 25 An example is shown in Figure The result of the labeling might depend on the chosen adjacency system see Section 4 3 for the list of options If the structure is sufficiently well resolved and smooth it does not matter which adjacency system is assumed However if one desires to keep thin not well resolved structures connected the 26 adjacency system should be used in 3D 8 in 2D while the 6 and 4 adjacency systems are preferrable when touching object are to be separated The number of objects found is visible in the Info tab of the Window and stored in the image header s history entry The gray value type of the labeled image is automatically adapted to the number of objects found 8 3 6 Watershed Transformation The watershed transformation segme
82. mse i MAT Minimo Of dynamec H lo Pare ide an Cira Of lanirea H E sina y Dynamic H Kirie vob of Dynamic H fo preserge extremam n casa e H Eateena z D marre at O 0 mr Siap og Gray Value ol Extremum Figure 34 Calculation of dynamic h in Adaptive H Extrema Maxima Imposition This function helps to remove irrelevant maxima as e g due to noise It requires two input images a MONO marker image marking relevant bright image regions and an image on which the maxima are imposed A suitable marker image can be obtained from the second image by an appropriate transformation such as Regional Extrema The Maxima Imposition preserves or creates image maxima at the locations indicated by the markers and removes those not corresponding to a marker The MONO marker image has to be selected while the second image is chosen via the dialog Ultimate Eroded Set This transform reduces the connected components of the foreground of the MONO input image to their central regions The Ultimate Eroded Set is generated by successive erosions of the input image type MONO using the structuring element given by the chosen neighborhood Each time an erosion step would remove a connected component the remainder of this connected component is kept That is the Ultimate Eroded Set is the union of all last pixels of connected components that disappear during successive erosions of the input image The ultimate eroded set coincides with the regiona
83. n Segmentation Transformation Analysis ala Q ma os c 58 d 135 Figure 49 Example effect of isosurface threshold Pixels with gray value below the threshold are completely transparent MAVI user manual 1 06 Volume Rendering View Selection a Enable clipping c Rotate sample d Rotate sample e Move plane f Move plane Figure 50 Volume Rendering View enabling and positioning of clipping plane MAVI user manual 1 07 Volume Rendering View Selection View Parameters View Parameters Rotate Local E Fotate Local m No Bs mussssm Mo Bo MN H ii H ii Rotate Global Rotate Global x x z 0 le Z Render Window Width HH Height HE Offs X med wr TT EJ a Rotate parameters b Render window Figure 51 Volume Rendering View view parameter settings MAVI user manual 1 08 Volume Rendering View Selection A Ele Manipulation Segmentation Transformation Analysis Yiew Help Beispiel Pre Post 3060 mono crop lass N LE Q mem Q EELA mM a Pre classification b Post classification Figure 52 Volume Rendering View effect of choosing pre or post classification when rendering a label image Post classifica
84. n applied to the Autocovariance saving computation time and memory The parameter d is determined by the user with values 1 default or 0 25 For details see Section EE The result can be exported using File Export Rotation Mean of Autocovariance as CSV Bartlett Spectrum The Bartlett spectrum of a MONO image is basically the Fast Fourier Transformation of the Autocovariance of that image its the counterpart to the covariance in frequency space and contrary to the Power ISpectrum not distorted by the image size It solely captures fluctuations of the analyzed microstructure Bartlett Spectrum Rotation Mean Rotation mean of the Bartlett ISpectrum a one dimensional function giving as ith value the average Bartlett Spectrum at distance Smind where Smin is the minmum of the lattice spacings in the coordinate directions Shortcut for Rotation Mean applied to the Bartlett ISpectrum saving computation time and memory The parameter d is determined by the user with values 1 default or 0 25 For details see Section The result can be exported using File ExportiRotation Mean of Bartlett Spectrum as CSV Bartlett Spectrum From Autocovariance The Bartlett Spectrum can be calculated directly from the Autocovariance If the latter has already been computed Bartlett Spectrum From Autocovariance saves time and memory MAVI user manual 94 View 8 6 8 6 1 View Slice View The slice view Is the standard view in MAVI
85. n computes for each background pixel in a MONO image its distance to the closest foreground pixel w r t the chosen discrete metric See Figure 32 for the choices and Figure 33 for an example a Manhattan b Maximum c Euclidean Figure 32 Discrete metrics visualized by equal radius spheres Manhattan or city block metric shortest paths with steps only in the directions of the coordinate axes Maximum metric shortest paths with steps only in the coordinate direc tions The discrete Euclidean sphere is shown for comparison In analogy to the discrete Manhattan and maximum metrics MAVI can also measure discrete distances with respect to the 14 1 and 14 2 adjacency systems That is MAVI measures the length of the shortest discrete path from a background pixel to the closest foreground pixel that is connected with respect to the given neighborhood MAVI user manual 6 3 Distance Transformation Ms a Original b Manhattan c Maximum 14 1 14 2 f Euclidean Figure 33 Distance transformation results for various choices of the metric The brighter the pixels the higher the distance values MAVI user manual 64 Geodesic Transformation 8 4 4 Geodesic Transformation In contrast to the morphological operations operating on an input image together with a certain structuring element geodesic transformations use two input images of the same size The basic procedure is as follows a morphological operation tha
86. n via cell reconstruction Now the Object Features compute a variety of geometric characteristics of the reconstructed cells To export them choose Export Object Features as CSV form the File menu Import the csv file into your preferred statistics package ail U IH like Excel or R Ensure that is used as separator and as decimal point Make sure to correct forledge effects when estimating means standard deviations or other moments of the respective distributions MAVI user manual 1 Cell size distribution via cell reconstruction a original c binarized d labeled e crumbs removed f closed g background labeled h inner pores removed Figure 6 Slices through the open nickel foam image illustrating the tutorial steps MAVI user manual 1 8 Cell size distribution via cell reconstruction a cells reconstructed Figure 7 Slice through the open nickel foam image after cell reconstruction MAVI user manual 1 9 Closed cell zinc foam 7 2 Closed cell zinc foam This tutorial shows how to reconstruct foam cells if the cell size varies strongly A closed cell zinc foam sample is used The 3D image data set was obtained by computed tomography at the BAM line of BESSY The pixel spacing is 5 5um Both sample and image data are courtesy of the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Figure 8 uses x y slice 126 to illustrate the tutorial steps 1 2 3 4 Load kombin172 171 orig iass gz
87. nalysis and Machine Intelligence 6 PAMI 8 679 698 1986 M Frigo and S G Johnson FFTW 2 1 3 the fastest Fourier transform of the West http www fftw org 1998 M Frigo and S G Johnson FFTW An adaptive software architecture for the fft In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing volume 3 pages 1381 1384 May 1998 J Illian A Penttinen H Stoyan and D Stoyan Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns Statistics in Practice Wiley Chichester 2008 K Koch J Ohser and K Schladitz Spectral theory for random closed sets and estimating the covariance via frequency space Adv Appl Prob 35 603 613 2003 C Lang J Ohser and R Hilfer On the analysis of spatial binary images Journal of Microscopy 203 303 313 2001 C R Maurer and V Raghavan A linear time algorithm for computing exact Euclidean distance transtorms of binary images in arbitrary dimensions EEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 25 2 265 270 2003 W Niblack An introduction to digital image processing Prentice Hall 1986 M N the K Pischang P Ponizil B Kieback and J Ohser Study of particle rearrangements during sintering processes by microfocus computer tomography uct In Proc World Congress PM2004 Powder Metallurgy Vienna October 17th 21st 2004 J Ohser W Nagel and K Schladitz Miles formulae for Boolean models observed on lattices Imag
88. nate directions length Size 4 2 in the 6 directions defined by the face diagonals of the lattice unit cell and length Size 4 3 in the 4 directions defined by the space diagonals of the MAVI user manual D 6 Morphology Mask values or function Smoothing filters Mean Filter mean of all values Binomial Filter convolution of 1D filters with entries re at distance k from center normalized by 2 WV 1 22 N 1 Weighted Mean Filter 1 center 2 6 4 neighbors 1 all others 0 normalized by 8 6 Weighted Mean Filter 2 center 4 3 6 4 neighbors 2 all others 1 normalized by 36 15 Gauss Filter center 4 6 4 neighbors 1 2 all others 0 1 normal ized by 10 16 Edge detection filters High Pass Filter center 26 8 all others 1 normalized by 26 8 Laplace Filter 1 center 6 4 6 4 neighbors 1 all others 0 normalized by 1 Laplace Filter 2 center 7 5 6 4 neighbors 1 all others 0 normalized by 2 Nonlinear Filters Alpha Trimmed Mean Filter 3 mean after removing top and bottom alpha portion from sorted value list alpha 0 mean aloha 0 5 median filter Median Filter core median Table 6 Filters in MAVI with their masks values and parameters Mask size Is the edge length of the cubic square filter mask in pixels The values in braces refer to the 2D version if this differs from 3D lattice unit cell The diameter of the resulting approximate ball is therefore considerably l
89. ns 4 5 Edge treatments Image transtorms like filters or morphological transtorms have to apply some kind of edge treatment for determining the new values of the pixels at or close to the image borders The following table lists the different edge treatments offered by MAVI s algorithms The initials are those appearing in the image history see The choice of available edge treatments depends on the respective algorithm Remark 1 The edge treatments given here refer to image transforms only See Section for the edge correction options of the analysis algorithms MAVI user manual 9 Edge treatments 00 normal to xy plane normal to xz plane normal to yz plane normal to plane cutting 4 vertices normal to plane cutting 4 vertices normal to plane cutting 4 vertices 01 02 eo 1 NTE 52 51 0 Vv ai m 52 51 O y se normal to plane cutting 4 vertices normal to plane cutting 4 vertices normal to plane cutting 4 vertices s283 5183 8182 182 8153 s283 normal to plane cutting 3 vertices 5953 8153 8152 A S182 s183 s2583 normal to plane cutting 3 vertices 8253 153 182 8983 normal to plane cutting 3 vertices 5253 183 8182 s283 normal to plane cutting 3 vertices 152 8153 s182 183 Table 3 Discrete normal directions given by the unit cell of the cuboidal lattice Edge Treatment No Edge Treatment No edge treatment employed E
90. nts a gray value image by simulation of flooding the image starting at the smallest gray values following 24 Where waters from two sources would collate a watershed is set Watersheds get label 0 while each basin is assigned a specific label The watersheds separate the basins That is the basins are not connected with respect to the chosen adjacency system An example is shown in Figure 27 MAVI user manual 47 Watershed Transformation Preflooded The watershed transformation is an essential ingredient for cell reconstruction as performed by the integrated plugins for this task as well as in the step by step tutorials for the open nickel foam and the In the same way the watershed transformation is used by the integrated plugin for particle separation Usually when applied to gray value images the waterhed transformation results in strongly over segmented images A way to avoid over segmentation is to use the instead For other strategies see the integrated plugins for 8 3 7 Watershed Transformation Preflooded Preflooding is a method to avoid over segmentation in the Watershed When flooding the image at each step the number of pixels in the created basins is checked If it is below the minimal pixel number specified as Area Threshold in the dialog the basin is blocked from creating watersheds It will be integrated into a larger basin instead An example is shown in Figure 28 This procedure is equivalent to 1
91. o tab contains information on the current view window such as location of slices and mouse position within the image see Figure 45 a The Settings tab Figure 45 b contains the functions Reset window undoes any translations magnifications or changes of background color on the currently activated view window Set BG Color offers a choice of background colors via a color selection dialog Save current slice view saves a 2D image of the current slice view in the active view window including the view filter if applicable but not the zoom Available file types are BMP PNG and XPM An additional dialog offers the possibility to decide whether a scale should be drawn into the 2d image The Slice Show tab provides automatic scrolling through the slices of a 3D image in the current view window see Figure 45 c Adjust the scrolling speed in the Delay field The animation will start in the currently activated view window and can be shifted to another one by simply clicking into the desired window Using the Create Movie button an animated walk through the image in the direction given by the active view window can be saved On Windows operating systems an avi file is created On Linux operating systems a dialog pops up allowing to save the slices as bmp or png Tiles to a designated directory A Windows compatible avi can then be created using the following expression on the command line mencoder mf bmp mf fos 12 o output avi ovc lavc lavc
92. ological mean filter allows for filter mask sizes up to 128 pixels Moreover it is much faster for large filter masks Toggle Mapping Erosion Dilation Toggle mapping by erosion dilation or the morphological shock filter enhances edge contrast by applying pixelwise Erosion or Dilation The actual transformation applied at the current pixel is chosen such that the result differs the least from the original input MAVI user manual 61 Distance Transformation image Toggle Mapping Opening Closure Toggle mapping by opening closure enhances image contrast by applying pixelwiselOpening or Closure The actual transformation applied at the current pixel is chosen such that the result differs the least from the original input image 8 4 3 Distance Transformation Distance transformations usually assign each background pixel in a MONO image the distance to the foreground The distance information can be used to speed up successive morphological Dilations with balls of varying radius as structuring elements Taking ajglobal threshold in the distance image is equivalent to a dilation by a ball w r t the chosen metric Moreover the Euclidean distance transformation is an essential ingredient for Cell Reconstruction and Particle Separation where it serves as input for the Watershed Transformation The Euclidean Distance Transformation is not just a valuable processing tool but a means for analysis in its own right as it yields the spherical
93. ome rules of thumb Specific surface area as well as the density of the integral of mean curvature are accompanied by the respective so called fractal dimensions These values indicate resolution dependence of the measurements That means if the surface fractal dimension is larger than 2 2 then the resolution of the image was not sufficient to measure the specific surface area properly The same holds true for values of the integral of mean curvature fractal dimension deviating significantly from 1 Large differences of the Euler numbers with respect to the different discrete neighborhoods are another indicator for the resolution being not sufficient for the Euler number measurement on the given structure If you are nevertheless sure that the resolution was good enough then apply a smoothing operation before or after segmentation Robustness of the field features decreases with their dimension The values for volume fraction or specific surface area can still be trusted even if the integral of mean curvature fractal dimension is 2 or the Euler numbers differ strongly On the other hand if the surface fractal dimension is 2 5 then not only the measured specific surface area but also the integral of mean curvature and the Euler number should be regarded with suspicion 8 5 4 Subfield Features The Subfield Features calculate the Field Features locally thus allowing to quantify structural differences within one sample without cutting up
94. on method and based on the idea that the component of interest can be identified solely based on its brightness This is for instance surely fulfilled in the case of the CT image of a porous structure The binary image with values g is created from the original image with gray values f by comparing the value of each pixel with the lower and the upper threshold values TE 1 if lowerthreshold lt f x lt upperthreshold HZ A 0 otherwise The thresholds have to be determined either interactively by the user usually with the help of the gray value histogram of the image and visual feedback or MAVI user manual 44 Hysteresis thresholding by a threshold selection scheme Slicewise both histogram uu pii are available within the Binarization dialog window see Figure 8 3 1 Checking the Whole Image Histogram box induces MAVI to calculate the gray value histogram of the whole image This also activates the Otsu s threshold button to be used to let MAVI suggest a lower global threshold according to Otsu s method Otsu s threshold maximizes the variance of gray values between the two classes created while keeping the variance within the classes as small as possible Ios asap Fla lt T Ment fl TI E T Variance f x f z lt TH Variance 1 f x f x E Step by step the binarization works as follows 1 Use the slider Slice number until a representative slice through the image is shown 2 The histogram of the cu
95. opts vcodec wmv1 The View Filter tab provides filters to modify the color representation of an image in the Slice View Figure 45 d Applying a view filter does not change the actual pixel values of an image but simply offers another way of looking at the data See Figures 46 and 47 for examples of view filters and their effect As can be seen in Figure gray values may be difficult to distinguish visibly In such a MAVI user manual 9 Image Attributes View case a false color representation adds clarity and information can be extracted more easily from the image on a visual basis Table 18 lists the color tables available for viewing gray scale images For COMPLEX images the view filter tab provides the choice between real and imaginery part For images of type GRAYF float the pixel values are mapped to an integer gray value range that can be displayed Info Settings Slice Show Yiew Controls Yiew Controls l View Filter Info Info iew Controls Info Color View e Gray Scale No of Labels settings Fos 4 0 127 j Settings i Rezet window Fos Y Of 12 Slice Show Set EG Color Delay 5Oms Save current slice view Start Cua Mose Draw scale 12 Bit Gray Scale 12 Colors for label images 125 Colors for label images Power Spectrum blue gt red Pos Of 12 Mouse position Power Spectrum red gt blue Rainbow Red Scale Green
96. osed Hollow struts or isolated closed walls should therefore be closed or removed respectively using morphological transformations 8 4 2 Remark 8 Open Foam Features do NOT support 2d images The scaling factor can be deduced from the strut length density total strut length per unit volume or the density of the Euler number see for details In a simulation study the Euler number based scaling proved to be more precise than the strut length based one It is therefore now the default scaling used by MAVI user manual 88 Geometric Tortuosity MAVI The strut length based scaling is included for backward compatibility only Cells mean cell volume mean number of cells per unit volume mean number of cells per unit length ppi value pores per inch mean cell surface area mean cell diameter mean cell chord legth mean number of faces per unit volume mean face diameter mean face area mean number of edges per unit volume mean edge diameter mean edge circumference mean edge cross section area length density of the edges mean number of nodes per unit volume m Table 16 Characteristics calculated by the Open Foam Features The Open Foam Features compute mean values of the cells faces and edges of the foam structure in the image In order to analyze properties of individual cells or to estimate empirical distributions the cells have to be reconstructed by an image analytical Cell Reconstruction Subsequently the Object Features c
97. osing a global gray value threshold Ticking Whole image histogram activates the button Otsu s threshold Clicking that one in turn yields a lower threshold of 34 OK closes the dialog and creates a new image appearing in the document list as AlFoam128 1ass 2 Now the Field Features from the Analysis menu can be applied and the view switches to an attribute view Extending the attributes tree by clicking the Field Features and the Surface entries now shows the specific surface area surface density measured in 1 m 6 The typical MAVI workflow The typical workflow contains a lot more steps and is sketched in the following 1 2 Import image data using File Import Either the file type needed is listed there or the generic importing functions Image Raw DatalorllImage Stack have to be used Check whether the pixel spacings are set correctly by DAE or Attributes View and extending the spacings subtree there Correct the spacings if needed using FilejEdit Header MAVI user manual 1 3 The typical MAVI workflow 3 Navigate through the data sets using the slice views or the Slice Show to get an impression of the structure Use different view filters if needed 4 Reduce the observation window to the region containing structural information by Manipulation 5 Remove noise using e g the E 6 Segment the component of interest from the Segmentation menu 7 Obtain global geometric characteristics of the
98. otation mean of an image is a one dimensional function giving as ith value the average value of all pixels at the following distance from the image center iSmind Where Smin min sy 2 83 5 denotes the minimum of the llattice spacings in the three coordinate directions The user defined parameter d controls how fine the rotation mean is discretized The default value d 1 results in a bin width of one pixel for an isotropic lattice while d 0 25 samples the distances four times finer Note however that for distances smaller than 2smin this fine sampling is impossible due to lack of values MAVI user manual 7 8 Field Features 8 5 3 Field Features Field features measure geometric characteristics of the foreground of MONO images It is not neccessary that the foreground consists of isolated and topologically simple objects It is however assumed that the foreground pixels form a discrete representation of a subsample of a macroscopically homogeneous microstructure That is the structure extends beyond the image without changing its average properties The field features are essentially the intrinsic volumes and their densities also known as Minkowski functionals or quermass integrals For a mathematical definition of the field features and their interpretation for constituents of macroscopically homogeneous microstructures see Chapter 5 The algorithm for measuring the field features goes back to 6 and is comprehensively des
99. pixels to transparent by using the transfer function editor and modifying the alpha channel But this is the faster method Clipping editor The clipping editor enables a clipping plane cutting the image and providing a view of the interior of your image see Figure IbO a With the three scrollwheels it is possible to rotate the plane around all three axes If MAVI user manual 1 02 Volume Rendering View the View aligned clipping plane button is checked the clipping plane always faces towards the view direction To change the clipping direction you can either 1 rotate the object using the M button in the toolbar Figure C or 2 deactivate the View aligned clipping plane button and choose the plane s direction using the X Y Z axis wheels Note that activating the View aligned clipping plane button again changes back the chosen plane direction is reset To change the clipping plane s position w r t the image move the cutting plane through the image with the position slider at the bottom Figure 50 d and e Note that this position slider can be used to generate frames for a movie showing the successive cutting of the structure too Light editor Enable lighting to emphasize the 3D effect Color nuances can be enhanced by modification of the light color Showing the light position can help fine tuning The threshold controls the degree to which the light is absorbed by the structure within the imag
100. ret the data as ASCII Treat Data As ASCII interpret input stream as ASCII Header Length length of the header in bytes usually correctly filled in by MAVI once the Dimensions have been entered Data Length length of the data in bytes usually correctly filled in by MAVI Original Locality swap coordinate axes if needed Crop For large data sets it might be sensible to crop before actually Importing Offset defines the new lower left front corner of the image w r t the original data Size defines the size of the part of the image to be imported The memory requirement is shown in the lower part of the dialog window Header Fields Spacing set the Description allows to enter image meta information like Creator detailed Description and processing History Table 5 Parameters of the Importilmage Raw Data dialog After importing the spacings of the resulting 3D image should be checked Otherwise all Analysis results may be incorrect Image Stack This generic importing function loads 3D image data provided as stack of 2D slices In the section dialog use the Shift key to select the desired 2D image files Alternatively try Ctrl A to select all and remove the unwanted ones using Ctrl Press OK to load the files in ascending alphanumerical order Supported file types are BMP uncompressed TIFF PGM PBM PXM JPG and JP2 All of the selected files must be two dimensional and in one of the supported formats BMP uncompress
101. rising from the Fast Fourier Transformation range just 2 components O background 1 foreground foreground and background 8 bit integer gray values 10 255 16 bit integer gray values 10 65 535 MONO GRAYS GRAY 16 GRAY32 GRAYF COMPLEX 32 bit integer gray values 10 4 294 967 295 floating point gray values approx 1 17e7 3 40e single IEEE754 precision complex floating point gray values approx 1 17e7 3 40e single IEEE754 precision for both real and imaginary components Table 1 MAVI s image types 4 2 MAVI s coordinate system MAVI has a right handed coordinate system and the origin 0 0 0 is interpreted to be the lower left front corner of the cuboid representing the observation window see also When importing image data MAVI assumes the data to be X local if not explictely stated otherwise by the original image format That is the data is read with the X coordinate running the fastest and the Z coordinate the slowest resulting in e g pixel 1 0 0 being read before pixel 0 0 1 4 3 Discrete connectivity by adjacency systems Usually discrete neighborhood graphs are used to define how the pixels of an image are connected However in 3D neighborhood graphs do not yield a unique description anymore Therefore MAVI uses adjaceny systems consisting of vertices edges faces and cells instead For 3D images the adjacency systems described in are used 6 14 1 14 2 an
102. round respectively and covering the pixel It thus yields the local structure thickness or size or the local pore size More precisely let X be the structure to be analyzed B the ball of radius r and X o B the morphological of X with B The granulometry distribution function E 1 Vy CX O Bay2 a L W x d gt 0 yields a volume weighted generalized size distribution It can be measured from the MONO image representing X as foreground by successive morphological openings with growing balls until all foreground pixels have disappeared Finally each pixel x is assigned the diameter of the ball used as structuring element in the step where x disappeared for the first time The resulting image is called ultimately opened or granulometry image For the actual calculation a more efficient algorithm based on the medial axis coinciding with the crest lines of the Euclidean distance image is used Results are the granulometric curve also called pattern spectrum or a GRAYF image holding the local sizes diameters The granulometric curve is the MAVI user manual 84 Object Features histogram of the volume weighted size distribution Peaks in this curve indicate the predominant structure or pore size Results can be saved using File Export Granulometric Data as CSV Remark 6 This algorithm s run time depends highly on the local structure thickness or pore size and can increase to an impracticable length Consider alternative
103. rrent slice is displayed in the Information box Switch to the histogram of the whole dataset by checking Whole Image Histogram 3 Switch to Logarithmic scale for the gray value axis in the Histogram plot by pushing the respective button in case the gray value histogram is hard to read due to the huge number of dark pixels 4 Use the sliders to set Lower threshold and Upper threshold respectively The result is immediately visible in the Preview box 5 Adjust the sliders until the slice preview Is satisfying 6 Verify that the selected thresholds are suitable for the other slices using the Slice number slider again 7 Click OK to apply the selected thresholds to the whole dataset Remark 3 The interval defined by upper and lower threshold is half open including the lower but excluding the upper one That is to select exactly the pixels with value e g 128 you need to choose lower threshold 128 and upper 129 8 3 2 Hysteresis thresholding Hysteresis or double thresholding 1 transforms a gray value image into a MONO image by a two step procedure A lower and an upper threshold value T lt Ty are input First a simple global thresholding 1 with Ta as lower and the maximal gray value as upper threshold is applied Subsequently the foreground is enlarged according to the following rule For each pixel neighboring a foreground pixel it is checked whether its value exceeds the second lower threshold T The new value of
104. s a window menu when clicked the name of the view window and three control buttons on the right hand side The window menu allows you to close resize and move the window The El and El buttons minimize and miximize the window respectively and the 21 button closes it If the last view window of a document is closed the document is closed too When a window is maximized the view icons and the control buttons are displayed on the left and right hand File Manipulation Segmentation Transformation Analysis View Help side of the menu bar In this case the o button turns into a El button which restores the original size of the window when clicked At startup the MAVI framework has two windows docked on the left border of the workspace a view navigator Figure 21b on the top and a view control window below The windows can be moved around by using the mouse on the docking edge Figure 21a If the window is not docked to a side of the workspace then it becomes a floating standalone window By clicking on a docking window or on the menu bar with the right mouse button you obtain a control list of all available docking windows which allows to activate and deactivate them The view navigator window shows a list of all available views A list entry consists of the view icon the view label and an additional description provided by the view The active entry is marked by a different background color When an entry is selected the assi
105. s background The areas to be selected are specified by the foreground of a second image called the mask The binary operation Mask Imagelis active only if a MONO mask image is currently selected The image on which the operation will be applied can then be selected via the dialog Only images having the same size as the mask image can be chosen A very simple example of Mask Imagel is shown in Figure 19 The original MAVI user manual 40 Mask with Cylinder image is masked by the image having a white rectangle in the foreground Both images are of type MONO The foreground of the result image contains only those pixels of the original image that were covered by the white rectangle of the mask image For MONO images Mask Imagel is equivalent to a pixelwise logical And a Original b Mask c Result Figure 19 Mask Image simple example Figure 20 shows a more realistic example application of Mask Image Tomographic reconstruction artefacts are removed from the image background by applying Binarization followed by Mask Image a Original b Mask c Result Figure 20 Mask Image realistic example 8 2 14 Mask with Cylinder In order to facilitate analysis of the full volume for cylindrical samples MAVI offers this special function for defining and applying a cylindrical mask The MAVI user manual 41 Unary Operations cylinder s base is parallel to the coordinate plane given by the currently activ
106. s due to the intermediate colors obtained by interpolation see Figure 52 Thus pre classification should be chosen in cases where crisp jumps between colors are desired MAVI user manual 1 04 Volume Rendering View Selection Ele Meripuidion Segmentation Iumdemeten inays Yew Hep l m5 amm RQ OW Ge x z ron M d Bepsel Vehumefiercderinc ew Window 1 FL d Orere terca 1260 GB tee a Start uaa ial Ele Manipulation Segmentation Innslemmation Analysis Yew Help l a B amm a Aga s IET d E Bepsel 1 Vehumefierederinc Vere Wind 1 Q mutet vine terce b Change background color adapt transfer function 141 gU F e Mamquiien Segmentation Tusitematan Anahysis View Help aa Y Veg QE eu x A o O A a i CE Borage _ 1 Vohemeferctoring Vere Wow i ssw d Add light J 141 o Ta r Ete Moses fegmeuton Jundormeren Malus Yow Lido 17 a B a ms 1a ego a a E zm E e zc 9 Sort M Peteercer GB tee c Change blend scale 141 ETOY OY Fae Monipuiation Segmerasion Tundemeten Ansys ew Map j 17 eG a m s A A C82 C2 Co C9 E A AAA 9 mr Padres ues Y Gate Lera pecu e Fine tune light Figure 48 Step by step volume rendering MAVI user manual 1 05 Volume Rendering View Selection L1 Manipulatio
107. s is one of various possible representations of AVS field data For more information see www avs com Image Raw Data MAVI is capable of importing a large number of additional formats given they are saved to disk uncompressed This is done generically meaning that virtually any file saved in such a format can be opened in MAVI The user has to specify a few parameters to help MAVI understand the format structure Such an initially unsupported format type is referred to as Raw Data files Common file suffixes for raw data files are RAW BIN VOL REC and REK Select the desired file and accept A dialog will appear giving options to fine tune the import process MAVI guesses the parameters However as shown in Figure 11 a this first guess is very likely to be wrong In particular MAVI s guess for the image size is based on the assumption of a cubic observation window Now the user should provide step by step more information until the preview window shows a reasonable content Parameters include the image dimensions image color type image orientation data format and the image header size To change a parameter activate the checkbox next to it Once a parameter is active MAVI no longer tries to guess its value If values contradicting previous input or the data are specified MAVI marks the respective input parameters with a red See Figure 1 1 b for an example These values have to be corrected before importing the image Once
108. s labels 0 x y z and the scale limits At the bottom of the editor widget there is another tab which shows a list of all the OpenGL extensions your graphic card supports This is useful for debugging purposes but there is nothing to adjust here The best rendering procedure for your graphic card is chosen automatically 8 6 4 Volume Rendering View Selection This function offers a choice of render engines to be employed in the rendering process Before opening the Volume Rendering View a dialog showing the render engines available for your graphics card is opened The 3D T CG render engine only uses memory of the same size as the image data It is the best choice if light effects are nor required For GRAY8 and label images Pre Classification or Post Classification can be chosen Pre Classification means that the RGBA value of a pixel in the visualization is obtained by first applying the transfer function which assigns RGBA color values to the image pixels and then interpolating the resulting RGBA values of the surrounding image pixels With Post Classification the gray value of the visualization pixel is interpolated from the gray values of the surrounding image pixels and then the transfer function is applied to obtain the corresponding RGBA value Usually post classification creates more realistic smooth renderings However for label images post classification causes artifacts along the borders of the labeled object
109. s like the Euclidean Distance Transformation if diameters larger than 200 pixels are expected 8 5 8 Object Features An object in a 3D image is a connected component representing for instance a particle a pore a cell or a fiber Object Features can be applied to MONO images or label images as obtained by a Labeling or the Watershed In the first case the foreground is treated as the one and only object In the case of a label image the geometric characteristics of each of the objects are computed The volume is measured by simply counting the pixels of the object For details on the measurement method for the intrinsic volumes refer to the Field Features section The following Table 8 5 8 lists the features measured for objects in 3D images together with their description and the unit they are measured in The bounding box is the smallest cuboid with axes parallel to the coordinate axes and containing the object For an object with volume V the diameter d of the equal volume ball is just d Y 6V r 10 Note that the diameters of an object in the 13 normal directions Table 3 coincide with those for its convex hull formed by planes perpendicular to those directions The Euler number is a topological characteristic The following examples illustrate its meaning The Euler number of an object having no holes caves and tunnels is 1 if the object has a hole then its Euler number is 2 if the object is topologically
110. spacings are refered to as anisotropic lattice MAVI s core analysis functions as well as essential transforms like the Euclidean distance trantorm work for image data with pairwise different lattice spacings e g from so called FIB tomography too However filters as well as morphological transforms are pixel based and thus do not correct for anisotropic lattice spacings 4 1 1 Image attributes An image is not just described by its pixel s gray values MAVI stores the following image attributes in the image header Creator A string containing information about the image creator Description A string containing information about the content of the image History A string summarizing the transtorms applied to the image Offset A triple of integer values allowing to relate to some global coordinate system Spacing A triple of floating point values describing the physical size of pixel spacings or edges in m The image header entries will either be created when loading an image from a file 8 1 containing the respective information or can be edited by the user via the Edit Header function Before applying analysis functions it should always MAVI user manual 6 Image types be ensured that the image spacings are set correctly If no spacing is set the base unit for all measurements is Pixel 4 1 2 Image types So far MAVI deals with scalar images only The only exception from this rule are COMPLEX images as a
111. stics are averaged over all subfields with the same respective coordinate If subfields have been specified MAVI offers the possibility to visualize selected fiber measurements using from the Transformation menu Results can be saved using File Export m MAVI user manual 92 Spectral Methods 8 5 12 Spectral Methods Second order characteristics describe fluctuation of microstructures They as well as their counterparts in frequency space can be measured from 3D images of the microstructures The fast Fourier transform allows to determine these quantities like the covariance function fast and efficiently Convolution The convolution is a local moving average operation involving two images where the second image serves as a filter mask For each pixel in the first image the second image is shifted so that its origin is located at the given pixel and the average is computed over all pixels covered by the second image For calculation of the average pixel values in the first image are weighted by the corresponding values in the second image The convolution of two images is equal to the Inverse Fast Fourier of the product of their Fast Fourier Transformations Accordingly the implementation of the convolution in MAVI is based on Fourier methods using the FFTW 3 0 1 library 3 Both images have to have the same dimensions Covariance The covariance of two images a and b is basically the Fast Fourier Transformation o
112. t 86 Cast Cell Reconstruction by complex morphology by preflooded watershed by smoothing 54 center of an object 85 86 close Clos all documents document view ure closure colo Complement algebraic 60 r table Complex Conjugate 40 connected components connectivity discrete Convert 37 Convolution 93 coordinate system 7 Covariance Rotation Mean Crop crop automatically CSV file Cut Hills cylindrical sample 41 demo version 2 diameter of an object 85 B6 of equal area circle 86 dicom data import Dilation directions discrete 8 120 54 154 INDEX discrete normal 9 Discrete Distance Transformation 63 distance transformation L Lex Chamfer discrete Euclidean Manhattan maximum 63 w r t adjacency system 63 Divide by Value 42 double thresholding 45 dynamic dynamic range edge correction effect edge treatment embedded no periodic reflective reflective double edge 10 edit header 33 EMB T0 embedded 10 empty space function 112 ee Erosion Euclidean Distance Transformation 62 Euclidean Distance Transformation Voronoi algorithm 63 Euler number 80 density 80 of an object export 31 analysis data 31 CSV files image data Extended Hyd Extended H Minima 66 Extract by label 36 E
113. t image Uses FFTW 3 0 1 2 Results in a COMPLEX image Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation Inverse of the Fast Fourier Operates on input images of type COMPLEX Uses FFTW 3 0 1 2 Results in a GRAYF image Power Spectrum Power spectrum of input image Uses FFTW 3 0 1 2 Results in a FLOAT image Use Power Spectrum Logarithmic to obtain a result in logarithmic scale Magnitude Magnitude of Fast Fourier Transformation of the input image Uses FFTW 3 0 1 2 Results in a GRAYF image Use Magnitude Logarithmic to obtain a result in logarithmic scale Phase Phase of Fast Fourier Transformation of the input image Uses FFTW 3 0 1 2 Results in a GRAYF image Use Phase Logarithmic to obtain a result in logarithmic scale MAVI user manual 2 Cut Hills 8 4 6 Cut Hills 8 4 7 Fill Holes The hills of an image are its regional maxima not connected to the image border The Cut Hills transform removes them by setting them to the lowest gray value they are connected to The actual hills of the image can be obtained using Extract Hills or by subtracting the transformed image from the original one The holes of an image are its regional minima not connected to the image border The Fill Holes transform removes them by setting them to the highest gray value they are connected with The actual holes of the image can be obtained using Extract Holes or by subtracting the original image from the transformed one 8 4 8 Ex
114. t is erosion or dilation by the elementary isotropic structuring element is performed on the first image and it is then forced to remain either above or below the second image New algorithms are created by choice of suitable pairs of input images and iterated application of this basic procedure All algorithms in this submenu are based on 19 Regional Extrema A regional minimum maximum of a GRAY8 or GRAY16 image is a connected component of pixels of constant gray value such that any path to a pixel of a lower higher gray value includes at least one pixel of a higher lower gray value The algorithm computes either Regional Minima or Regional Maxima The adjacency system defining the connectivity of the extrema components is chosen by the user too The resulting MONO image has the regional minimum maximum pixels as foreground and all the other pixels as background H Extrema The H Extrema function computes regional extrema of an image under a contrast constraint and modifies the image by use of these regional extrema An important concept in the context of regional extrema is that of depth or The dynamic of an image minimum maximum is the minimal height one has to ascend descend to get from the given minimum maximum to another minimum maximum of lower higher gray value The dynamic of the global minimum maximum of the image is just the difference between maximal and minimal gray value in the image The H Mini
115. tershed transform h masked watershed transform Figure 8 Slices through the closed zinc foam image illustrating the tutorial steps MAVI user manual 2 1 Glass fiber reinforced composite 7 3 Glass fiber reinforced composite This tutorial shows how to analyse the fiber orientations in a fiber reinforced composite The sample provided by Institut f r Verbundwerkstoffe IVW Kaiserslautern features long fibers and a fiber volume fraction above 50 The 3D image data set with a pixel spacing of 3 0um was obtained by computed tomography at the IVW as well Figure 9 illustrates the tutorial steps using x y slice 250 1 2 Load GF60 crop512 1ass gz a Explore the gray value distribution by the The global decline of the mean gray value in y direction will cause global thresholding methods to fail Therefore a so called shading correction will be performed in the following steps Create a strongly smoothed version of the input image by ee choosing Cube as structuring element 3D Struct Element with size 60 b Subtract the smoothed image from the original one by returning to the Original image and applying Manipulation Binary Operations Subtract Choose GF60 crop512 1ass gz 2 as second image tor Subtracting the subtrahena The resulting image is much darker as gray value dynamic gets lost however the mean gray value in y direction changes only mildely now Check using the again c Now the from the Analys
116. the respective image As the Field Features the Subfield Features are measured on the foreground of MONO images The square 2D or cubic 3D subfields of user specified size form a tiling of the image That is subfields do not overlap and pixels at the image edges not being covered are not taken into account MAVI user manual 82 Area Fraction Profile The side length of the subfields needs to be specified by the user in units of meters see Figure 40 Select subfield size X 0 00015 m pixel y m pixel zi m pixel step size x y Z m Figure 40 Subfield Featuresi dialog for specifying the subfield size For a list of the resulting measurements in each subfield see the Field Features In the resulting view each subfield can be found by the coordinate of its first point in pixel Subfield Feature results can be saved using Field Features as CSV from the Mum and visualized using Map Subfield Feature To Image from the Transformation menu 8 5 5 Area Fraction Profile For macroscopically homogeneous microstructures the volume fraction coincides with the area fraction in a 2D slice Conversely changes of the area fraction indicate inhomogeneities reveal layered structures or structures with a gradient The Area Fraction Profile calculates for MONO images the area fraction of each slice in the coordinate directions The results can be exported as a CSV file via File Export Area
117. the current pixel is one if this condition is fulfilled and zero otherwise This is repeated as long as MAVI user manual 4 5 Niblack Segmentation the foreground still grows see Figure 23 for a sketch of the algorithm Hysteresis thresholding yields smooth connected foreground components without emphasizing noise 8 3 3 Niblack Segmentation Global thresholding fails whenever noise is strong compared to the image content or when the image features global gray value fluctuations as due for instance to a strongly absorbing material in CT or to the tilted electron beam in FIB tomography Local thresholding can overcome this disadvantage of global thresholding by spatially varying the gray value threshold t x uc l 1 if f x gt t x 2 0 otherwise Niblack s algorithm 8 deduces the local threshold t x for the current pixel x from gray value mean and variance within a cubic window W x centered at x apes 1 Tx Meany o f x C Variancey f x 3 0 otherwise The window size edge length is a parameter of the method and should be chosen according to the size of objects or the structure The choice of the parameter c depends on the noise In c 0 2 was recommended However that study was restricted to character recognition and thus it can hardly be generalized In most cases the parameters have to be determined by trial and error which is time consuming and should therefore be tried on a small but representati
118. the input image type is possible too Equalize uses a transfer function which is derived from the image s Hence the output of equalization depends on the image content Usually contrast will be enhanced in the resulting image That is structures that were hardly visible before may appear much brighter after equalizing However equalization tends to emphasize noise too Figure 16 shows how Cast and Equalizelaffect a GRAY8 image Figure 17 visualizes the difference of and n a Original b Cast c Spread linear Ill l L J i f 8 d Transfer function e Equalize Figure 16 Changing of image types by an example Shown are the images gray value histograms and the transfer function for Equalize MAVI user manual 3 8 Prepare label image for visualization 0 2 54 0 2151 L dl J z aie GRAY T4 GRAY 16 D I D i k HA E C C 3 ol D A lo 23 1 0 38 1 N aT GRAYB M L Lom V GRAYB A A e r 12 a 2 l 0 ZU L Aa Li J I GRAY A2 GRAY 17 3 0 2 1 0 2 yp J i a Figure 17 Visualization of the difference of Spread and Convert Spread always uses the full target gray value range whereas the converted image occupies the same proportion of the gray values of its range as the original did 8 2 10 Prepare label image for visualization Reduces the number of labels in images obt
119. the preview shows the desired image Figure 1 1 d click Open The parameters and their meaning are Summarized in Table 5 Please make sure to fill in the pixel spacings correctly as all Analysis results will be based on the spacings Please note that the base unit in MAVI is always m The spinbox allowing to change the unit is just provided for convenient input of very small nominal resolutions After importing the raw image data pixel spacings can still be corrected using Edit header in the File menu MAVI user manual 2 8 Import 7 Order Image And Data Type 7 Color Type Treat Data As Signed Data 7 Swap Data Endianess E Treat Data As ASCII 7 Order Image And Data Type E Color Type Treat Data As Signed Data 7 Swap Data Endianess 7 Treat Data As ASCII Fill in known parameters step by step unti the Preview Fill in known parameters step by step until the Preview desired image can be seen in desired image can be seen in Image And Data Type Y Color Type 7 Treat Data As Signed Data Swap Data Endianess F Treat Data As ASCII Fill in known parameters step by step unti the Preview Fill in known parameters step by step until the Pre desired image can be seen in Preview de desired image can be seen in so a e c Size correct
120. tion generates un wanted grayish color artifacts at the surfaces of the spheres MAVI user manual 1 09 Help 8 7 Help 8 7 1 System Info Pops up a window with essential information on e Operating system OS e processor s CPU e memory RAM e graphics card GPU Please provide this information e g via a screen shot when asking for e mail support at mavi itwm fraunhoter de 8 7 2 Help Assistant 8 7 3 About The Help Assistant provides the complete MAVI user documentation handbook this document online Clicking the respective button opens a separate window enabling navigation via content tree and index as well as a key word search Pops up a window with essential information on the version of MAVI you re running Please provide the full information in the Version Info tab e g via a screen shot when asking for e mail support at mavi itwm traunhoter de MAVI user manual 1 1 0 Frequently Asked Questions 9 Frequently Asked Questions Where do report problems with MAVI Please report all bugs problems and feature wishes to maviQitwm fraunhofer de Please always attach the Version Information from the plugin tab in the Help dialog and the logfile mavi log in XBHOME ITWM linux or ApplicationData ITWM windows The slice view is black but there should be objects structure If your image is a labeled one obtained by labeling or the watershed transformation try setting the color filter manua
121. tor Sphericity to set lower and upper boundaries for the shape factor Adjust the parameter settings until the preview result is satisfying Click OK to apply the selected values to the whole dataset The volume values in the spinboxes are in pixels the numbers marked Physical are in cubic micrometers In the lower right corner of the dialog window you can find information about the number of removed remaining objects Remark 4 Note that removing all boundary objects using the Object Filte distorts subsequent statistics on geometric characteristics of the remaining objects as the remaining non border objects form a size biased sample This is due to the fact that large and long objects are more likely to be cut by the image border and thus to be discarded Statistics on geometric characteristics should rather be based on the Object Features measured on the unfiltered label image together with a treatment for edge effects see Section 8 5 8 8 4 13 Map Subfield Feature To Image This function is selectable for images for which the Subfield Features have previously been computed Choose the feature of interest from the dropdown list and click OK The result is a new GRAYF image containing the numerical value of the selected feature as pixel gray value in each subfield square for 2D data cube for 3D data The option Crop result in the dialog see Figure 38 allows to adjust the size of the resulting image such that it does not contain
122. tract Hills The hills of an image are its regional maxima not connected to the image border Extract Hills deduces the hills of the image by subtracting the Cut Hills transformed image from the original one 8 4 9 Extract Holes 8 4 10 Skeleton The holes of an image are its regional minima not connected to the image border Extract Holes deduces the holes of the image by subtracting the original image from the Fill Holes transformed one The skeleton of an object in a MONO image is obtained by thinning the object while preserving its topology It is a connected set of faces and branches and contains important information about the geometric structure of the object The current algorithm is a sequential version of 22 and has been adapted to the other adjacency systems In the dialog the following parameters can be specified Neighborhood adjacency systems w r t which the topology is preserved Skeleton Type can be either medial surface in which case the skeleton will be a connected set of surfaces or medial axis MAVI user manual 3 Skeleton Analyzer Branching factor is used to control the preservation of end points 8 4 11 Skeleton Analyzer The Skeleton Analyzer assigns every Skeleton pixel a gray value representing the point class it belongs to The classes their labels and the corresponding color used in the are listed in Table 10 isolated point inner point of branch branch end point junction po
123. tract Holes llle 73 8 4 10 Skeletonl 22er 73 TEE TAE 74 8 4 12 Object Filter 2 o o e 74 8 4 13 Map Subfield Feature To Image 75 8 4 14 Map Subfield Fiber Directions To Image 75 8 9 Analysis uox Re dU E ERE X ars 78 8 5 1 Image Statistics 78 8 5 2 Rotation Mean xe ee wih e e BX be oe X33 78 8 5 3 Field Features ee ee 79 8 5 4 Subtfield Features llle 82 8 5 5 Area Fraction Profile 83 8 5 6 Grayvalue Profile o o 84 8 5 7 Granulometry 0 0 0 0 000000 2 ee 84 8 5 8 Object Features o o e 85 8 5 9 Open Foam Features 88 8 5 10 Geometric lortuosity 2 0 0 02 00 0004 89 8 5 11 Sub Field Fiber Directions 2 2 90 8 5 12 Spectral Methods 2 004 93 a ee ee eee ee 95 MAVI user manual IV Contents 8 6 1 Slice View a 8 6 2 Image Attributes View 8 6 3 Volume Rendering View 8 6 4 Volume Rendering View Selection BI System Info sas Sez ee 8 7 2 Help Assistant lis 8 73 About 9 Frequently Asked Questions 10 Optional modules 10 1 Particle Features lll 0 10 2 Point Field Statistics 2 10 3 MeSEDO e os ux EEG a E 10 4 Mesh Vis ox eee eee ee Ee 10 5 Gray Value M
124. ume of convex hull volume of convex hull formed by planes perpen dicular to the 13 normal directions Table 3 weight Miles Lantuejoul edge correction factor Table 13 Object features measured for 3D images Remark 7 When measuring the Object Features MAVI minimizes the mean discretization error for an object in general position Therefore the quality of the measurements can not be judged by comparing to theoretical values for objects in a particular position In particular the surface area and the integral of mean curvature of a cube parallel to the coordinate axes are underestimated while they are overestimated for the same cube rotated e g by 20 about the z axis flipped and rotated by 20 about the z axis again Isoperimetric shape factors The isoperimetric shape factors fi 6VnV vV 3 11 fo 48r V M 12 fa 4nS M 13 are derived from the intrinsic volumes see Field Features These shape factors are normalized such that f fo fa 1 for a ball Deviations from 1 thus MAVI user manual 86 Object Features Name as in attributes view area boundary length center central pixel of bounding box diameter of corresponding cir diameter of equal area circle cle diameters Euler number integral of curvature mean chord length no of pixels object offset on border size status lengths of projections on lines in 8 directions w r t 6 1 adjancency system integra
125. ve sub volume created by Manipulation first In the dialog shown in Figure 24 the user has to specify the Window Size corresponding to the number of pixels to inspect in each direction from the current pixel Thus the resulting cubic window has the side lengths 2 Window Size 1 This parameter should be adjusted to the approximate size of the image features to be segmented The second parameter Coefficient is the c from 3 and governs over and under segmentation see Figure 25 In the current version no edge treatment is implemented Thus the resulting MONO image will have a black border exactly Window Size pixels wide Local binarization is available for all image gray value types including FLOAT However for FLOAT images the option Use fast implementation must be ticked Note that the result of Cast to FLOAT followed by Niblack Segmentation can differ from the local binarization of the original GRAY8 or GRAY16 image in some pixel values due to rounding effects MAVI user manual 46 Sauvola Segmentation 8 3 4 Sauvola Segmentation J w 8 3 5 Labeling In images with large low contrast regions Niblack s local thresholding tends to emphasize noise or low frequency variations due to the low local gray value variance An empirical modification by J Sauvola and M Pietik inen solves this problem if f z gt Meanw f z c Meanyy 2 f x 4 Variancew s f z 1 otherwise 4 The additional para
126. ved For Coefficient 0 1 under segmentation occurs Areas clearly belonging to the foreground are assigned to the background MAVI user manual 51 Watershed Transformation Preflooded a MONO input b Labeled result Figure 26 Labeling example a Original b Watershed result Figure 27 Watershed Transformation example MAVI user manual 5 2 Watershed Transformation Preflooded a Input b Watershed result c Watershed result Figure 28 Effect of Watershed Transformation Preflooded b was obtained from a by a simple Watershed Transformation Over segmentation is clearly visible in b but can be avoided by preflooding as can be seen in c MAVI user manual 5 3 Cell Reconstruction 8 3 8 Cell Reconstruction In the reconstruction of cells different methods can be used to prevent over and undersegmentation uses the to smooth the distance image before the The only parameter to be set is the size of the filtermask uses the H Maxima option of the H Extrema transformation to suppress regional maxima In the dialog the s to be set Finally exchanges the for the one It takes as input parameter the minimal pixel number that all regions created by the watershed transform have to contain Cell Reconstruction by Smoothing is the fastest choice However this simple gray value smoothing works rarely Cell Reconstruction by Preflooded Watershed works much better A good way to choose the p
127. w of an image and switching the coordinate axes Moreover a node for masking an image with a MONO image is provided This menu provides basic unary and binary operations to be applied pixelwise e g for combining or comparing images The complement turning local minima into maxima and vice versa is an indispensable tool when feeding distance data to the Watershed Transformation Cropping an image means to decrease Its size by cutting off slices In the MAVI cropping dialog three slice views are visible orthogonal to each of the three coordinate axes The part of the image to be cut out can be specified either using the sliders beside and below these views or by changing the image size in each of the coordinate directions given in the number boxes next to the sliders The intervals defining the cropping limits are half open including the lower but excluding the upper boundary That is to select exactly e g slice number 128 you need to choose lower boundary 128 and upper boundary 129 The remaining part of the image is marked in red The rectangle is filled iff the current slice intersects the new smaller image too If a particular image size after cropping is desired then 1 first type in the upper bounds 2 activate the last one of them by clicking into one of the the slice views and 3 position the marked cuboid by moving the centers of the sliders The buttons e and QJ allow to zoom in to get a close up view of the image sli
128. xtract Hills Extract Holes extract object extrema regional 65 Fast Fourier Transformation inverse fiber M tutorial reinforced composites Field Features precision of file lass lass gz STL Fill Holes Filter Alpha Trimmed Mean 57 Binomial 57 Gauss High Pass Laplace Mean Median Weighted Mean 57 filter 57 edge detection 57 morphological mean morphological shock nonlinear smoothing view 100 foam cell reconstruction open cell mean characteristics Frequently Asked Questions 11 1 G function 112 Gaussian curvature 86 geodesic reconstruction 68 69 GeoDict volume data import 31 Geometric Tortuosity 89 global thresholding MAVI user manual 1 21 INDEX Granulometry 84 granulometry spherical 84 gray value histogram 78 rotation mean 78 type change 37 38 types 7 Gray Value Mapping 114 Grayvalue Profile 83 H Concave H Convex H Extrema adaptive 66 H Maxima H Minima Help Assistant 110 hills cut extract histogram history 6 holes extract fill homogeneity Hysteresis thresholding lass file image 6 attributes 6 view COMPLEX creator 6 description 6 GRAY16 GRAY32 GRAY8 header 6 edit set entries MONO 7 size change 34 36 37 decrease Increase type change Image Attributes View Image Statistics import
129. y areas affect the Field result and therefore have to be removed using Manipulation 2 Segmentation Binarization with Lower Threshold 70 and Upper Threshold 256 segments the solid component 3 Some small foreground components not connected to the solid structure are left Segmentation Labeling identifies them Manipulation Extract by label label with label 1 yields a binary image without these crumbs 4 Now the AnalysisiField Features yield porosity specific surface area and various other global characteristics 5 The mean cell size is deduced from the Euler number density and a mild model assumption 18 Thus the pores inside the struts have to be closed To this end Transformation Morphology with structuring element Cube and size 3 fills the small holes inside the edges of the foam 6 Another Labeling this time applied to the background apply to foreground NOT ticked and Extract by label with label 1 Now field Features ane from the Analysis menu yield porosity and specific surface area and mean cell size respectively 7 1 2 Cell size distribution via cell reconstruction In order to deduce empirical distributions of cell characteristics the pore space has to be divided To this end apply Segmentation Cell Reconstruction by Complex Morphology to the result of Section shown in Figure 6 h Use Dynamic 19 to obtain the cell system as shown in Figure 7 MAVI user manual 1 6 Cell size distributio

User manual MAVI -- Modular Algorithms for Volume Images

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