User Guide for Thermo-RESI - Georg-August
Contents
1. lt dezimal fraction Please insert the emissivity of the surface of the animal dezimal fraction gt 6 78 insert the shortwave reflectivity animal dezimal fraction insert the relative humidity air z Fig 1 The terminal with 18 types of input data 4 Daily metabolical heat production Heat in Watt per m animal surface area For a European type dry cow of 600 kg a standard value is 98 W m for the same cow producing 20 Liter of Milk per day the value is 166 W m2 on the basis of 773 27 kJ kg d M etabolizable Energy ME ME values for Burkina Faso differ between 470 to 750 in the dry season and reach up to 900 in the rainy season For the dry season values for the Daily metabol heat production M consequently start at about 100 W m for animals of 250 or 300 kg and go up to 155 W m for animals of 350 kg 5 Weight of the animal As average for Burkina Faso a weight of 300 kg can be taken for a European type cow the value is 600 kg The weight serves as well as the basis for the calculation of the surface area of the animal User Guide for Thermo RESI 4 6 Orientation towards the direction of South The degree of the body main axis towards south determines the amount of direct sunlight on the animal surface at different times of the day 7 Wind speed Higher wind speeds trigger cooling by convection and evaporation The minimum wind speed for the program is 0 1 m s 8 Cloud cover The degree of cloud2. The model was validated with data from two field campaigns in Burkina Faso during the rainy and the dry season in 2010 and 2011 Many thanks to Dietmar Fellert and Barnab Bayel for doing this essential work Thanks as well to Oleg Panferov for worthful discussions about micrometeorology and about the program structure Thanks to Eva Schlecht and Zampaligre Nouhoun from Subproject VIII of ALUCCSA for providing data about fodder intake and itineraries of cattle and for sharing their broad knowledge on ruminants Finally thanks a lot to GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit formerly GTZ for financing the whole ALUCCSA project The program Thermo RESI was completely programmed by Johannes Merklein in Fortran 95 The program is based on the model developed by McGovern amp Bruce 2000 with a number of modifications and adaptations by Johannes M erklein e McGovern R E Bruce J M 2000 A Model of the Thermal Balance for Cattle in Hot Conditions agric Engng Res 77 1 81 92 The recommended input data originate from the following sources e Input data 4 amp 5 McGovern amp Bruce 2000 E Schlecht amp Z Nouhoun personal communication e Input data 10 11 13 amp 17 McGovern amp Bruce 2000 e Input data 18 D Fellert amp B Bayel personal communication User Guide for Thermo RESI 8 APPENDIX A Validation example 1 The Real colour picture the infrared pict
3. a portable small programm ca 300 kB that can easily be used on every Microsoft Windows operating system Even on older computers a model run with output data should not need more than 10 seconds of time The model can be started by double clicking the exe file Kuh exe German for cow Following this a terminal is opening automatically In this terminal the input data has to be given by the user After writing each type of input data the Return button on the keyboard has to be pressed to go on After the last type of input data the program starts to calculate the output Finally the output will be shown in the terminal as well Parallel to this process input and output data are written to file Thermo RESI txt in the same folder as the exe file Caution the name of the txt file has to be changed after a model run otherwise the next model run overwrites the data that is written in the file 3 Input data The model allows the user to define 18 types of input data The data is partly concerning properties of the animal and partly concerning properties of the surroundings and the weather compare Fig 1 1 Air temperature The model is tested for air temperatures equal or higher than 26 C User Guide for Thermo RESI 2s 2 Date The date shall be given in Julian days which is the number of the day in the year 1 January is day No 1 3 Time The minutes should be given in the dezimal form e g 12 30h equals 12
4. coverage influences the incoming short wave radiation and the long wave radiation balance 8 okta is equal to a fully cloud covered sky 9 Direct shading Direct shading by trees or buildings significantly reduces the amount of heat reaching the animal Without any shading the input value is 0 10 Coat thickness The standard input value is 0 01 m 11 Maximum sweat rate The maximum sweat rate is decisive for the potential cooling by evaporation Zebu cattle reach values up to 900 g m2 h European breeds of cattle have sweat rates between 140 and 300 g m h reaching 440 g m h in the utmost case 12 Water supply Only if the water supply is fully sufficient 100 the animal can cool efficiently by respiration and evaporation 13 Specific heat This value determines the effectiveness of increasing the temperature of the whole animal body The standard value Is 3 4 k kg K 14 Geographical latitude The latitude together with the day of the year and the time of the day determines the amount of direct solar radiation 15 Albedo of the surroundings The short wave reflectivity of the surroundings The standard value is 0 25 16 Emissivity of the animal surface The long wave emission factor The standard value is 0 98 17 Shortwave reflectivity The shortwave reflectivity albedo differs with the colour of the animal fur Dark brown to black animals have a value around 0 12 white light Zebu cattle reach values up to 0 51 18
5. m s 7 0 1 0 5 0 1 Cloud cover okta 0 0 0 Directshading dez fract O Of Of oO Coat thickness m Max sweat rate g m h 900 400 220 S220 Water supply 100 100 100 100 Spec heat kJ kg K E E E Geog Latitude deg 13 Albedo of surround dez fr os os os os Emiss of surface dez fract Shortwave refl dez fract 0 12 02 025 012 Relative humidity ee eee ee Tab 1 For each of the 4 cases explained in the text this table shows an example input data set The model distinguishes between 4 different cases of interaction between the animal and the climatic conditions At the end of the output according to these cases 4 different types of comment will appear CASE 1 The animal is well adapted to the climatic conditions and feels comfortable CASE 2 The animal suffers from slight heat stress The respiration is shallow and fast Additional cooling like direct shadow could be necessary if the situation does not change CASE 3 The animal suffers from strong heat stress The respiration is deep and fast Additional cooling like direct shadow should be provided soon User Guide for Thermo RESI ye CASE 4 The body core temperature is increasing with dTb Deg C per hour CAUTION Cattle can not survive a prolonged rise of body temperature of more than 2 3 Deg C Possibly the animal is not adapted to these climatic conditions 5 Acknowledgements and References
6. 5 or 12 45 equals 12 75 Thermo RESI Energy Budget of Burkina Faso Ruminants Burkina Faso Germany joint research project ALUCCSA University of Goettingen 2611 Se sis sis sis sis sis sis is sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sia sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sia sia sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sis sia sia sis sis sis sis sia g Please insert the following parameters to describe the state of your cattle and the surrounding weather conditions Your Input and Output Data are as well written to File Thermo RE I txt Please insert the air temperature Degree gt 46 Please insert the date Cin Julian days gt 7H Please insert the time of the day Cwith dezimal minutes Flease insert the daily metabolical heat production W m animal surface 66 Please insert the weight of the animal kg gt Ab Please insert the orientation of the animal to the direction of south Cdeg gt Please insert the wind speed m s H i Please insert the cloud cover 8 8 okta gt Please insert the direct shading e g by trees dezimal fraction Please insert the coat thickness m A Please insert the max sweat rate qg m2 h 41460 How sufficient is the water supply of the animal gt HH Please insert the Spec heat of the animal tkd kg K gt G 4 Please insert the geographical latitude deg gt 2 Please insert the albedo of the surrounding
7. Deg gt 40 82866 Kody temperature Th Deg G7 39 AHHH Increase of body temperature dIb Deg C 6 8H6HQHQHE HH The animal is well adapted to the climatic conditions and feels comfortable User Guide for Thermo RESI 10 C Model structure The model is based on the interaction of micrometeorological and physical elements which are presented in an overview in Fig 1 The essential area for the interaction between these elements is the transition zone Skin Coat Coat surface Boundary Layer Free air not presented in Fig 1 A basic flow chart of the inner program structure is shown in Fig 2 Fig 1 Elements of the Ar numini e ei D i energy budget of ruminants All the elements in the figure are part of the model except the excrements Cooling by Meta Air temperature e Meme heat pro iji Nae Elements of the Fodder a energy budget Flow chart of program structure Fig 2 Flow chart of the program structure of Thermo RESI Resp D Respiratory need of Balance heat flow additional through coat by adap C cooling Qp tation of coat temp cooling Increase min evaporation Adapt heat upto Emax production
8. HHH Water supply x3 166 6888 Spez heat of the animal tkd kg K gt 3 466006 Geog latitude Deq gt 13 6808H Albedo dez fraction 4 250008 Emmisivity deze Fraction gt 6 980608 Reflection dez fraction gt 6 566808 Relative Humidity x gt D 7H6H08 Fig 1 top left Real colour picture of a light brown white animal Fig 2 top right Input data with the measured conditions at the site of the cattle at 13 10 h Fig 3 left Infrared picture of the same animal as in Fig 1 Fig 4 bottom Output data of the model Coat temperatures for dark black cattle like in Validation example 1 can reach more than 57 C under these midday ee conditions F fa 25C OUTPUT DATA of RE I Air temperature Ta Deg 36 94008 Metabolic heat production M Wem2 gt 166 6688 Increase in Metab heat production dM CWem2 gt 8 4HRRHRHE HR Body tissue resistance Ib m2 KYW 1 56808HHE f2 Respiration heat Qr Wem2 gt P s Breaths per minute rr 14 44168 Heat flux of the body Ob CWem2 gt vr 262 76 Heat stored in the body Ghl CWem2 6 8Q60HHHE H8 Evaporation of skin Es Wem2 gt 69 77441 Skin temperature Ts Deg G7 37 79470 Convective heat C Wem2 gt i i 4675 Long wave radiation Len Wem2 gt 148 2965 Short wave radiation Rn lt hem 235 2346 Heat Flux through coat c Werm2 gt 7 488376 Energy balance at coat surface Qc2 CWem2 gt gt 6 5199591 Coat temperature Tc
9. Relative humidity The Relative humidity determines the potential and the actual cooling by respiration and evaporation Values for Burkina Faso in the dry season change from about 20 in the early morning to about 5 in the early afternoon 4 Output data The output data encompass different data for energy storage energy fluxes and temperatures inside and outside of the animal The main cooling mechanisms are respiration and evaporation see Fig 2 Generally the food intake can be reduced as well 1 Air temperature The air temperature is the same as you have provided in the input data User Guide for Thermo RESI 5 2 Metabolic heat production M and increase of Metabolic heat production dM If the body core temperature Tb of the animal does not rise M is the same as you have provided in the input data If the temperature rises the provided M is increased by dM in the next output line as enhanced body temperature triggers the metabolism of the body The output M shows the sum of the input M and dM dM means in fact that increased Tb causes even additional heat stress for the animal 3 Body tissue resistance Ib expresses the resistance against the heat flow from the body core to the skin 4 Respiration heat Qr and Breaths per minute rr Breaths per minute and the tidal volume per breath not shown in the output are increased by the animal for cooling in two steps to two different breathing modes first with slight heat stress
10. User Guide for Thermo RESI Energy Budget M odel for Ruminants in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Germany joint research project ALUCCSA ADAPTATION OF LAND USE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Georg August University Gottingen Department of Bioclimatology January 2012 M Sc Johannes Merklein User Guide for Thermo RESI a CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Operating the model 3 Input data 4 Output data 5 References and Acknowledgements 6 Appendix A Validation example 1 B Validation example 2 9 C M odel structure 10 a BN N NI oo 1 Introduction Adaptation to Climate Change which is often linked to higher temperatures and less preci pitation is a challenge to the whole biosphere Globally this may lead to shifts in the distribution and abundance of animal and plant species Concerning human agriculture and livestock husbandry species and breeds of livestock which are nowadays well adapted to the local climate conditions may suffer strongly from changed conditions in the future The model Thermo RESI was especially developed to assess the suitability of cattle breeds living under warm hot conditions in countries like Burkina Faso to adapt to even hotter or dryer climate conditions At the same time it is as well possible to test cattle breeds which are nowadays mainly kept under temperate climate conditions for their general suitability to adapt to warm hot conditions 2 Operating the model Thermo RESI is
11. f2 Respiration heat Qr CWem2 gt 21 283349 Breaths per minute rr 14 44188 Heat Flux of the body Qb CWem2 gt To 616668 Heat stored in the body Ghi Wem2 gt 8 HHKHRHHHEtHH Evaporation of skin Es CWem2 gt 59 30339 Skin temperature Ts Deg 3 37 78294 Convective heat G CWem2 gt 49 48730 Long wave radiation Len Wem2 gt iY4 8587 Short wave radiation Rn W m2 gt 266 4425 Heat Flux through coat Qc Hrm 186 71921 Energy balance at coat surface Qc2 Hm gt 17 98353 Coat temperature Tc Deg G3 39 65885 Body temperature Th Deg 3 39 6008 Increase of body temperature dIb Deg C 8 860QHQHE H4 The animal is well adapted to the climatic conditions and feels comfortable User Guide for Thermo RESI 9 B Validation example 2 The Real colour picture the infrared picture and the meteorological data are from the village of Sokouraba Central Burkina Faso 16 M arch 2010 The coat temperature from the model output matches very well the temperatures of the animal on the infrared picture Air temperature Deg gt 36 948068 Date Julian day 75 HAHAH Time Chour 13 158668 Met heat production Wem2 gt 166 6688 Weight kq gt 368 666 Orientation to south Deg gt 6 8R8HHHKHE HH Wind speed m s gt i HAHAAH Cloud cover cokta 6 6008Q6HE 6H Direct shading tdez fraction gt 6 6HQHQ6HHE HH Coat thickness mo 9999998E 83 Max sweat pate Cqg m2 h 7H
12. rs from strong heat stress The respiration is deep and fast Additional cooling like direct shadow should be provided soon Fig 2 Output data with comment on the heat stress situation of the animal Fig 2 is the output to the input data in Fig 1 7 Evaporation from the skin Es Es transports energy in the form of latent heat from the skin to the air Es can not exceed a maximum rate dependent on the maximum sweat rate in the input 8 Skin temperature Ts Ts is kept stable as long as the animal is able to keep Tb stable If Tb rises Ts rises too User Guide for Thermo RESI 6 9 Convective heat C Long wave radiation Lrn Short wave radiation Rn and Energy balance at coat surface Qc2 The sum of C Lrn and Rn results in the value of Qc2 a minus sign of these values shows heat flows leaving the body of the animal 10 Heat flux through coat Qc Qc is the heat balance between the skin and the coat surface It is dependent of the skin temperature Ts and the coat temperature Tc For the right heat balance of the animal Qc has to be equal to Qc2 within a narrow margin 11 Body temperature Tb and Increase of body temperature dTb The standard value for Tb is 39 C dTb shows the increase of Tb within 1 hour of time Air temperature C UJ oo UJ UJ Date Julian day gt 120 gt 715 Time dez We 12 5 13 1 Metab heat prod W m Weight kg O E E E Orientation to South deg 0 0 0 Wind speed
13. the breathing becomes very fast and more shallow Second with strong heat stress the breathing becomes slower again but faster than the basic mode together with very deep breathing The combined cooling effect of breaths per minute and tidal volume is expressed in the respiration heat Qr 5 Heat flux of the body Qb Qb M dM Qr 6 Heat stored in the body Gb1 Gb1 is 0 if the body core temperature Tb is stable at 39 C If Tb rises the following equation applies 0 M Qr Es Qc Gb1 The equation expresses that all energy fluxes to or from the skin must balance to 0 OUTPUT DATA of RESI Air temperature Ta Deg G2 46 HAHAAH Metabolic heat production M CWem2 gt 166 6608 Increase in Metab heat production dM CWem2 gt 8 86HRHRKE HH Hody tissue resistance Ib m KEW 1 56H8HHHE f2 Respiration heat Qr Wem2 gt 2 77988 Breaths per minute rr 6 22564 Heat flux of the body Qh Wem2 gt 76 72106 Heat stored in the body Ghi CWem2 gt 8 8QHQHHHE H8 Evaporation of skin Es Weems 244 4288 Skin temperature Ts Deg G3 3749115 Convective heat C Cuma gt 35 18939 Long wave radiation Lrn CWe m2 gt 197 2716 Short wave radiation Rn Wem2 gt 368 9547 Heat flux through coat Qc Wem2 gt 147 7876 Energy balance at coat surface Qc2 Wem2 gt 146 4943 Coat temperature Tc Deg G 5H 86698 Body temperature Th Deg G 39 6608 Increase of body temperature dIb Deg CC 6 6H8H0HHE HH The animal suffe
14. ure and the meteorological data are from the village of Sokouraba Central Burkina Faso 16 March 2010 The coat temperature from the model output matches very well the temperatures of the animal on the infrared picture Date Julian day gt 75 6668 Time Chour gt 4 160608 Met heat production Wem2 gt 166 6688 Weight kg gt 368 HBG Orientation to south Deg gt 48 BHRKRRRRE HH Wind speed ms 6 168068 Cloud cover Cokta gt 6 46060 HHE HH Direct shading tdez fraction gt S 8AHAKRLE f2 Coat thickness mo 9 9999998E 83 Max sweat rate Cqg m2 h2 700 HHH Water supply x3 166 HAH Spez heat of the animal kJ kg K gt 3 406008 Geog latitude Deg gt 13 8608 Albedo Cdez Fraction 8 250600 Emmisivity Cdez fractions 6 980008 Reflection Cdez fraction 6 158008 Relative Humidity x3 14 80008 e b NY K Air temperature Deg G2 20 5 5888 ba I Eau y se a Fig 1 top left Real colour picture of a brown black animal Fig 2 top right Input data with the measured conditions at the site of the cattle at 8 08 h in the morning Fig 3 left Infrared picture of the same animal as in Fig 1 Fig 4 bottom Output data of the model 22 49 C lr 1 OUTPUT DATA of RESI Air temperature Ta Deg C3 26 5588 Metabolic heat production M Hem 1486 BAR Increase in Metab heat production dM CWe m2 gt 8 660HHHHE HH Body tissue resistance Ib m2 K W gt 1 5688HHHE
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