Spring Switzerland GmbH 2000 User's Manual
Contents
1. 4H emacs stud itu dk H X Buffers Files Tools Edit Search SHL Help fun ged m n if m 0 then n else ged n mod m m llrote users nh SML gcd sml J Figure 3 The Emacs editor with an SML program gH emacs stud itu dk Til Buffers Files Tools Edit Search Complete In Out Signals Help else ged n mod m m at f SML L8 C0 Bot closing file tmp ml12185XWY val it unit xmosml Inferior ML run L7 C2 Bot Figure 4 The SML session window Meta az means hold down the Alt or Alt function key and press the key z Ctrl a means hold down the Ctrl key and press the key x This a brief step by step guide to editing programs 1 Start Emacs by use of the emacs button in the button bar An empty Emacs window called scratch appears Move the cursor to the Emacs window and click the left mouse button to select this window Do not type your program in the scratch window 2 To create an SML program buffer for a program called gcd sm1 type Ctrl x Ctrl1 f then gcd sm1 then press return Alternatively use the Files menu If the file gcd sm1 exists on disk already it is loaded into Emacs Otherwise a new empty buffer is created The suffix sm1 is important it puts the buffer in Sml mode 3 Type and edit your program in the SML program buffer Editing commands are described in the reference card 4 Type Ctrl x Ctrl s to save the program in a f2. to start the editor Emacs you choose the category Anvendelser 3xwindows gives you a menu with the currently running applications and your six vir tual desktops A virtuel desktop is a screen where you can have windows The phys ical screen shows one virtual desktop at the time You can for instance start Emacs in the desktop Kilde kildekode and Netscape in the desktop Net netv rk You can then switch between the desktops Kilde and Net and at any time you will either see Emacs or Netscape Having more than one desktop is new to most Windows users and some people find them annoying that is only uses one desktop containg all windows try it out and do what is best for you The virtual desktop Dok is an abbreviation for dokumentation and Test for afpr vning Folder starts the application KFM Handbook where you can minipulate folders and files similar to the file manager in Windows Screen and circuit board opens the KDE Kontrolcenter where you can set various sys tem parameters Book opens KDE hj lp You can find information on how to use the KDE desktop envi ronment and information on most GNU related applicatoins such as Emacs To get information about GNU related applications choose System GNU info contents Cross performs log out Pressing the left mouse key creates the Exit dialog box where you click on Log af Padlock is used for locking the screen DO NOT USE IT IT DOES NOT WORK
3. down while the cursor is placed in the title bar or Ctr1 Alt left mouse button clicked A window can be resized if the left mouse key is kept pressed down while the cursor is placed in one of the corners of the window Pressing the maximise button resizes the window to extend over all of the screen while pressing it once more gets the window back to the previous size Pressing the minimize button shrinks the window to a small icon which is placed in the task bar The task bar is located at the top left corner see Figure 2 A minimized window is restored by click ing on the programs icon in the task bar Pressing the sticky button sticks the window to the desktop such that the window will stick on the desktop when you change virtual desktop as selected by Net Dok Kilde Test Div 1 and Div 2 The close button is used to terminate the task in the window in a orderly fashion A dead window can be killed by selecting Luk in the system menu move cursor to the system menu button in the upper left corner press down the left mouse key move to Luk in the menu and release the key Konsol EF emacs n Konsol Ph Xdvi file Figure 2 A task bar 4 Printing Printers are located in various rooms use the URL http localhost 631 printers to see which printers are available and where they are located You can also choose the item Printere in the menu found by pressing the Book and button on the b
4. that is with login nh your e mail address is nh itu dk You start a session by logging in at a PC and you terminate the session by logging out Logging in comprises the following steps 1 If the PC is running Windows then restart the machine that is activate Shut Down in the Start menu Type linux when the Lilo prompt appears 2 Wait for the log in box on the screen If the log in box doesn t appear then mail sysadm itu dk and report the problem 3 Move the cursor to the log in box and type your user id terminated by return Then type your password terminated by return Note that the system does echo your password using asterisks 4 The desktop appears on the screen and the log in is completed A session should always be terminated by logging out You are NOT allowed to try to monopolize the PC by locking the screen You do not need to turn off the PC 2 Executing commands via the button bar The desktop environment consists of a button bar to the left and a task bar at the right of the button bar The button bar provides an easy way for executing some commonly used commands programs The picture at the right shows the button bar A button is activated by clicking on the button moving the cursor to the button and pressing the left mouse key K opens a menu similar to the start button in Windows From the menu you can start various applications The applications are grouped in categories for instance
5. AND WILL LOCK THE SCREEN FOREVER Net Dok Kilde Test Div 1 Div 2 are used to shift the physical screen between the six virtual desktops Screen and shell creates a console window running a shell The window can be used to type any UNIX command similar to the DOS shell window in Windows Gnu starts the editor program Emacs in a new window Emacs can be used for editing programs and both Java and SML compilers can be invoked from inside Emacs N starts Netscape in a new window Netscape is used to find and display information stored on the World Wide Web Book and opens a menu with various links to ITU documentation including printer status A Gnu is a large African antelope see http www geocities com RainForest Canopy 9882 animalofthemonth html 4 im oO oOo z s a Tzek es e wsl close button system menu button maximise button sticky button ape an minimise button CST aone Figure 1 A window 3 Windows and icons A window displays a separate dialogue with the operator A window in a data bar has the general lay out as shown in Figure 1 with a system menu button a sticky button a title bar a minimise button a maximise button and a close button located at the top of the window A window is selected and gets into the foreground when the the left mouse key is click ed in the window A window can be moved around on the screen if the left mouse key is kept pressed
6. Star Trek on steroids The feel can also be adjusted to your personal preference 12 More about Linux If you seek more information about Linux searcing the Internet is a good starting point Another excellent source of information is the Linux User Groups LUG s Located in Copenhagen we have a very large LUG Skane Sj lland Linux User Group SSLUG www sslug dk We also have a LUG at ITU www2 itu dk linux If you are interested in Linux you should look at these two URL s At www sslug dk you also find an introductory text to Linux Linux Friheden til at v lge mandatory reading if you are new to Linux You can get Linux free from many different companies ITU also has a Linux distribution based on RedHat Below we give a few URL s to some of the most popular suppliers of the Linux operating system Red Hat www redhat com Debian www debian org SuSE www suse com A lot of books exists on using Linux All larger bookstores have them 13 User guides and HOWTO s can be found on http howto linuxberg com General computer and Linux related news on http www slashdot org Danish user groups The Skane Sjellands Linux User Group SSLUG has a lot of material on their web site They also run mailing lists newsgroups where new bies can get friendly help with all aspects of Linux They also maintain a very nice user guide it is available on their website SSLUG http www sslug dk Linux F
7. These notes explain how to use Linux at the ITU data bars at ITU Spring term 2000 Using Linux at the ITU data bars Department of Information Technology Technical University of Denmark Michael R Hansen J rgen Arendt Jensen Morten Olsen and Hans Rischel The IT University of Copenhagen Niels Hallenberg Anders Steen Rasmussen and Peter Sestoft ITU has many data bars located in the buildings at Glentevej 65 and Glentevej 67 At Glentevej 65 we have a data bar in room 0 05 At Glentevej 67 we have data bars in the following rooms 1 03 1 30 and 2 47 All PC s have Windows NT and Linux RedHat 6 1 installed This note describes how to use Linux Linux is different from the usual Windows system on PC s Linux belongs to the UNIX family of operating systems which are widely used at universities Contents 1 8 9 Logging in Executing commands via the button bar Windows and icons Printing Running Java programs Running SML programs 6 1 SML system functions File directories and paths Star Office BIFX 10 Some useful UNIX commands 11 Desktop enviroments in the data bars 12 More about Linux 10 12 13 1 Logging in The access to the computers in the ITU data bar system requires a user id login and a password You will get your user id and password on a sheet of paper which is issued by the ITU administration Your user id login and e mail address minus itu dk are the same
8. cises which contains two IAIEX documents ex1 tex and ex2 tex etc References to a file is made relative to the current directory Hence if DBD has been selected as the current directory then the file ex1 tex in the exercises subdirectory is specified by the path exercises ex1 tex while the file HelloWorld java is specified by a path using the parent directory symbol Gp HelloWorld java Other users may read the file ex1 tex by using a path containing the user name preceded by a tilde character unless reading by other users has been prohibited nh DBD exercises ex1 tex Notice that in Linux the file system is case sensitive that is the file name DBD and dbd refers to two different files To change current directory use cd To get a file listing in the current directory use 1s 8 Star Office Star Office is a free office system similar to Microsoft Office To use Star Office you must first install it You install it by choosing Star Office in the menu Anvendelser found by pressing the K button This will start the installation You are prompted to make a local or a network installation you choose a local installation When Star Office is installed you start Star Office by choosing the same menu item that is Star Office in the menu Anvendelser Typing soffice amp inan Xterm does also start Star Office 9 BIFX You can also use 4TRX to type set documents This document is ty
9. grep search file for pattern regular expression sort sorts textfiles head prints first 10 lines of file tail prints surprise last 10 lines of file a2ps pretty prints ASCII files on a printer actually a PostScript file i generated and sent to a printer we counts lines words letters in a file Redirection of input or output To redirect the input or output for a program invoked by a command you use lt and gt For example to redirect the output from a directory listing command 1s to outputfile you would do the following ls gt outputfile To redirect the input from a file you use lt Pipelines Pipelines allow you to let the output of one program be used as input to another program This is done in a command line containing several commands separated by bar characters Each bar denotes a pipeline which pipes the output of the command to the left of the bar to the input of the command to the right of the bar Example let s assume that you have created a program that outputs textlines and you want to see the first 15 lines containing the word helloworld you would execute the following myprogram grep helloworld head n 15 11 Desktop enviroments in the data bars The graphics subsystem in Linux is an implementation of The X Window System or just X for short It implements the basic graphic and windowing primitives and it is totally network transparent unlike the graphics system of anothe
10. ile on the disk Alternatively use the Files menu 5 To load the program into an SML session type Ctrl c Ctrl b inthe SML program buffer Press return twice to answer the questions M1 command mosmlandAny args This creates an SML session and loads the program into the SML session 6 Type Ctrl c Ctrl s to see the output from the SML session The SML session will be in a new window named mosnil as in Figure 4 on page 6 7 Resize and move the Emacs window as described in Section 3 to make the two Emacs buffers gcd sml and mosm1 larger You can left click on the buffer you want active 8 If the program has syntax errors or type errors the SML session prints messages about them Use Ctrl c to move the cursor to the position where an error has been located on PC s with danish key layout the character is the upper case of the key gt just to the left of the backspace key Edit the program to correct the errors When you have finished correcting the errors go back to step 4 above Typing Ctrl c Ctrl b again will load the corrected program into the existing SML session and SML prints the types of the functions and values defined 9 Select the SML session buffer mosm1 window by moving the mouse to the buffer and click the left mouse button Enter some expressions to test your program for instance gcd 34 2 To go back to the SML program buffer gcd sm1 move the mouse to the buffer and click the left mouse butto
11. mode id type value exception compile string gt unit compile unit U sml or U sig Fail load string gt unit Load unit and any units it needs Fail loadOne string gt unit Load unit only Fail printVal tansy ta Print value on stdOut printDepth int ref Limit printed data depth printLength int ref Limit printed list and vector length quit unit gt unit Quit the interactive SML system system string gt unit Execute operating system command use string gt unit Include file in program verbose bool ref Permit feedback from compile The entities printDepth printLength and verbose are set by an assignment that is the assignment printLength 100 ensures that the response from SML will print the first 100 elements of a list 7 File directories and paths nh DBD gcd sml Gp exercises notes HelloWorld java HelloWorld class exl tex ex2 tex Figure 5 Possible file organisation for a user nh Files on disk are organised in directories A directory may contain subdirectories which gives a tree structure on the set of files The private files for a user nh may be structured as shown in Figure 5 This user has a home directory nh containing subdirectories Gp for the course Grundl ggende Pro grammering and DBD for files related to the course Design af brugergr nseflader og data The home directory contains furthermore a SML program gcd sml1 while the directory DBD contains a subdirectory exer
12. more information by using the on line documentation Online documentation The online manual page system is a standard Unix feature which you may use if you need information about a particular command For example to get a description of the Unix command 1s type man ls in an console window Use the spacebar to move a page forward in the text and use the arrow keys for scrolling Type q to quit the manual page 10 Changing password At the beginning you get a password which has been generated automatically This must be changed to one you invent yourself Creating and removing directories cd move to another directory mkdir create new directory rmdir remove directory pwd show path to current directory Using files cp copy file chmod change protection of file find find files locate find files based on a database much faster than find less display contents of file ls list attributes of file s mv rename file rm remove file Processes ps display current processes kill kill process free reports the amount of free memory Using floppy disks You may copy files to from a floppy disk in DOS format using the below commands The floppy disk unit on the PC is called a mcopy copy file to from floppy disk mdir display directory on floppy disk mdel delete file on floppy disk mformat format floppy disk 11 Manipulation of text files diff compares two files and reports the differences
13. n 10 When you have finished editing and testing terminate the SML session by typing Ctrl c Ctrl d in the SML session buffer mosm1 11 To print out the program or the output from the SML session select the appropriate buffer and activate Print buffer or Postscript Print buffer in the Tools menu move the mouse to Tools at the top of the window press down the left mouse button keep the button pressed down move the cursor to the wanted item and release the button The default printer is p165 To choose another printer use the menu Choose Printer in the Tools menu 12 To terminate Emacs type Ctrl x Ctrl c or press the close button in the window cf Sec tion 3 If you have not saved your program file it will ask Save file to which 6699 you should answer y Key kombinations like Ctrl c Ctrl b for sending a program to the SML compiler are specific for the sml mode of Emacs which is activated by the extension sm1 of the file name An overview of these special functions can be found in the Sm1 menu click on Sm1 in the Emacs window If you get into a mess with Emacs try Ct rl g once or twice to interrupt it If this does not help type Ctrl x Ctrl c or press the close button in the window to terminate Emacs and answer any questions it asks 6 1 SML system functions This section describes a selection of built in functions for controlling the Moscow ML compiler in interactive
14. pe set using TEX You use Emacs to edit your ATEX document and then the program latex to compile it into a device independent file dvi As with Java and SML files Emacs also has a mode for typing ATEX documents More information on using IATEX can be found in the note The Not So Short Introduction to IATRX2e found on URL http www itu dk intranet sysadm cdroms sir To try out IATEX type in the following in an Emacs buffer named text tex documentclass a4paper article usepackage english babel 4H emacs stud itu dk AEX Buffers Files Tools Edit Search LaTeX Conmand Help jentclass a4paper article e english se latint a begin document This document is type set with LaTex end document Figure 6 A ATEX buffer in Emacs usepackage latinl inputenc begin document This document is type set with LaTex end document To compile the document type Ctrl c Ctrl c and answer the questions If errors occur then type Ctrlt c Ctrl 1 to view the compiler messages Correct the errors and type Ctrlt tc Ctrltc again On succesful compilation you can view the document typing Ctrl c Ctrl c again and press return 10 Some useful UNIX commands The commands described in this section are executed by typing text lines in a console window see Sections 2 and 3 The descriptions are brief just giving the name of the command and a one line explanation but you have easy acess to
15. r well known operating system This means that you can run an entire session or just a single application on any other computer in the data bar system from a PC in the data bar A window manager works on top of the graphics subsystem and it implements the lay out of windows borders buttons etc how to move windows around how to use menus and so on The term desktop enviroment covers X a windowmanager and a suite of utilites configuration programs games editors and so on 12 KDE The K Desktop Enviroment This is one of the most mature and full featured desktops available for Linux The developers of KDE seem to have been inspired by MS Windows quite a bit and KDE is nauseatingly alike it Of course if you use MS Windows at home you should feel quite at home in KDE Using so called themes you can change the look of windows borders backgrounds ect giving opportunity for countless hours of fun doing window shopping KDE is the default window manager in the data bars WindowMaker WindowMaker is a window manager with a twist It is designed to be like OpenStep NextStep the famous operating system and computer that unfortunatly failed back in the eighties The look and feel is quite different from the other but very effective GNOME GNu Object Model Enviroment GNOME was originally created because of some licence problems concering KDE GNOME is much more configurable that KDE and can be made to look like
16. riheden til at v lge http www sslug dk linuxbog Getting Linux on your own machine The data bar machines is running a customized version of Redhat 6 1 If you want to get Linux on your home PC there are several options It is possible to buy it at Polyteknisk Boghandel where you will get a nice manual and other goodies Sometimes the computer magazines includes a CDROM with Linux on and the IDG booklets also include a CDROM It is also possible and legal just to burn a copy of someones CD You can borough a CD ROM at ITU with an updated RedHat 6 1 Linux It s no problem if you want to use other distributions than Redhat the only difference is that some files and scripts relating to the administration of the machine can be placed different Linux can coexist with MS Windows on the same machine and can read both FAT32 and NTFS 14
17. utton bar see Section 2 A printer is named pXXX where XXX is the room number where you find it e g printer p165 is located in room 1 65 We also have copy machines that can be used as printers They are named cXXX Currently the copy machines cannot be used for printing but this feature will be enabled in the future 5 Running Java programs Editing and running Java programs can be done with Emacs Given that your Java program resides in an Emacs buffer typing Ctrl c Ctrl c will compile the program and Ctrl c Ctrltr will execute the compiled program A more detailed description on compiling and executing Java programs can be found in the document Ops tning af PC found at the URL http www itu dk intranet sysadm cdroms sir Documentation opsaetWindows pdf 6 Running SML programs With Emacs you can edit your SML program in one window and run an SML session in another window Emacs provides simple commands for SML program layout for loading the program into the SML session and for repeating entries in the ML session Emacs is a powerful editor once you have learned to use it but the commands may appear strange at first The menus however make use of Emacs easier An overview of Emacs commands is found in the GNU Emacs Reference Card see http www itu dk intranet sysadm cdroms sir Documentation refcard pdf The composed keys Met a zx meta x and Ct rl xz control z for arbitrary key x are made as follows
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