Exakta VX IIa Operating Instructions
Contents
1. Please open these two pages to the left that they may be visible and you may always be able to refer to one of the illustrations while studying the text All the parts important for operating the EXAKTA VX bear the same numbers as you will see in the text 14 129 15 Fig 1 HH Important camera parts M O C 0 B 0 0 NM 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 ES y www ll ioe ww dg button for opening camera back also see Fig 4 camera back lock operated by button No 1 shutter release knob swivelling shutter release lock neck strab eyelets exposure counter knob for setting exposure counter film transport and shutter winding lever rewinding stud fast speed setting knob for to 1000 SEC T and B finder hood and Penta Prism release X electronic flash contacts reflex finder hood cover of hinged focusing magnifier focusing magnifier folded down handle of No 13 back wall of finder hood with rear frame of sport finder finder hood catch slow speed 1 12 sec and delayed action 1 5 6 sec with delayed time setting knob How to use EXAKTA Xa 35mm Contents Page A To open and shut the back cover suuuu 5 B To open and shut the finder hood ssuusu 6 C Shutter and film transport scossa osin ishida is 7 D The lens of the EXAKTA and instructi2. as Y 100 so L 2n 2 34 b Open flash technique Connect cable cord to F contact and set shutter to 1 5 seca For use with small short burning flash bulbs Amplex Dura Flash General Electric Westinghouse Philips Shutter setting Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure not exposure Type speed TYPE speed TYP speed TYPE speed TYPE speed speed flash flash flash flash flash duration duration duration duration duration ljsec No 3 lh No 5 Mos IEAS ha Nes zoo PESI a c Open flash technique Connect cable cord to X contact and set shutter to sec or a slower speed For use with all flash bulbs on the market For American flash bulbs please note the following data Amplex Dura Flash General Electric Westinghouse Philips Shutter setting Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure not exposure Type Speed TYPE speed TP speed TYPE speed TYPS speed speed flash flash flash flash flash duration duration duration duration duration Yssec and SM 1 29 SM 1 2 IPH SM Mo SN mo PF 1 soo longer No 5 t i No 5 s PH 5 tiss No 5 Y oo PF 5 Yo INo 22 1 39 Ne 22 1 59 PH22 1 5 No 22 1 5 PF 60 2 5 No 50 4 No 50 1 5 PH50 1 5 No 50 1 95 PF100 1 45 35 For best results with the flash bulb synchroniza tion the Ihagee flashg
3. We repeat concisely the phases as follows 10 Fast speed exposures of to 1 999 sec Lift fast speed knob 8 turn it in the direction of the arrow make it snap into position when expo sure time and red mark are opposite each other Long exposure times T and B Lift fast speed knob 8 turn it in the direction of the arrow make it snap into position when TorB have come to the red mark B shutter remains open only as long as shutter release knob 3 is being pressed T shutter opens by the first pressure on the release knob 3 and is closed by a second pressure Slow speed exposures of sec up to 12 sec Wind shutter swing around film transport lever 6 as far as the stop set fast speed knob 8 on T or B as described above wind slow speed knob 17 as far as it will go lift knob 17 turn it until black figure and red mark are opposite each other make knob 17 snap into position Self timer with delay of 13 sec for exposures of up to 6 sec Wind shutter set fast speed knob 8 on T or B as described above wind slow speed knob 17 as far as it will go lift knob 17 turn it until selected red figure and red mark are opposite each other make knob 17 snap into position Self timer with delay of 13 sec for exposures of down to r999 sec Wind shutter set fast speed knob 8 for the selected exposure time e g 5p sec wind slow speed knob 17 as far as it will go lift knob 17 tu
4. further information we recommend the following 1 Macrophotography Photomicrography 2 The Ihagee Vielzweck Multicombination 3 The Ihagee Kolpofot Our Works will be pleased to place these booklets at your disposal if desired EXAKTA Kleinbild Fotografie by Werner Wurst The authoritative complete instruction book Published by W Knapp Halle Saale EXAKTA Makro und Mikro Fotografie by Georg Fiedler An indispensable guide for two of the most important spheres of EXAKTA VX photography Published by W Knapp Halle Saale EXAKTA Tips by Werner Wurst A short preliminary study dealing with the main points in EXAKTA VX photography Published by Heering Verlag Seebruck Chiemsee Liebe zur EXAKTA by Heinz M ller Brunke A picture book with 128 first class photos by the distinguished photographer Published by Verlag Bruckmann Munich These books are available only in German at special book stores 59 IHAGEE CAMERAWORKS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT DRESDEN GERMANY CAMERA WORKS Printed in Germany Form 360 c 10 5704 Ag 10 0119 57
5. the lens should be stopped down thereupon To avoid the necessity of moving the camera from the taking level in order to stop down the aperture the pre set diaphragm has an extra stop ring for the diaphragm e g f 8 which can be set in advance On the majority of these lenses you press back and turn the knurled stop ring Fig 15 behind the diaphragm ring until the aperture required is opposite the red mark Then let the knurled ring spring back The diaphragm ring now stops fast at the pre set aperture and may be turned back to this point without visual control after focusing at full aperture Other lenses function similarly except that the knurled ring has to be pressed forward As a logical continuation in the development of the pre set diaphragm several of the EXAKTA VX lenses have been equipped with the automatic diaphragm pre setting device a great advantage if you consider that releasing the shutter automatically closes down the diaphragm to the pre selected aperture The automatic diaphragm has to be wound up as shown in Fig 16 Move the lever under neath the lens to the right seen in viewing direction With the lens at full aperture the spring device clicks in and the lever automatically jumps back to its original position 15 The winding up process may take place a before selecting the diaphragm stop In this case the diaphragm is at full aperture and remains so while the preselecting ring 24
6. 5 When replacing the finder hood insert it carefully in a perpendicular direction and press it down until the click of the catch is heard Do not apply force 20 Weak sighted persons may or may not use their spectacles for focusing with the finder hood F How to use and exchange the Penta Prism The EXAKTA VX is a two system camera because focusing systems are interchangeable as the circumstances may require As described in the preceding Section E the finder hood can be removed and replaced by the Penta Prism Fig 27 This Special Prism 43 also see Fig 1 the most important supple ment of the EXAKTA VX is supplied separately as an accessory and is foremostly designed for sports shots fast moving subjects press work etc With the Penta Prism inserted the camera is held at eye level Fig 26 and the object to be photo graphed is viewed straight through the finder To take hori zontal pictures keep the camera with its back 40 against your forehead as Fig 28 shows advantage this way the camera can be operated fast and the lens comes to lie higher when you are forced to photograph over a crowd etc The Penta Prism always shows an upright and laterally correct reflex image which corresponds to nature in all details regardless whether it is a vertical or horizontal picture Fig 29 The image in the Penta Prism moves in the same direction as the object Therefore with the camera at eye level it is easy to follo
7. Ring For the minimum extension of 5mm a Two in One Ring a is available Fig 48 It is made as one piece The lens is inserted into the front bayonet watch the red dots just as with the camera and with the back bayonet the ring is inserted into the camera the same way as a lens The extension next in lenght is 10mm It is obtained by the two Bayonet Rings b To insert the lens 43 and the Bayonet Rings together with the lens into the camera do as described before The two Ba yonet Rings contrary to the Two in One Ring can be separated by unscrewing For more extension the regular Extension Tubes are screwed between the Bayonet Rings The shorter the focusing distance the longer the extension see the following tables The Extension Tubes are available in 3 lengths 0 5 cm 1 5 cm and 3 cm c d e They are available together with the two Bayonet Adapter Rings as a complete set The Two in One Ring a is sold separately The effect of the extension increase is seen on the reflex ground glass Focusing and composing of the image is therefore easy this is the main advantage of the single lens reflex camera The use of extensions requires increase of the exposure time as per the following Formula Total extension image distance 2 b 2 exposure increase therefore Lens focal distance f Explanation When using extensions the total extension is the distance between lens diaphragm plan
8. ample If the speed shall be 1 sec for an aper ture of f 8 it will be 1 sec for f 11 or pp sec for f 5 6 Reduction of lens aperture higher figures produces increase of depth of field Not only the main subject focused at but also points in front of it and behind gain in sharpness Another detail of the depth of field scale 22 on the EXAKTA VX lens On either side of the middle mark there is a diaphragm scale On one side you read from which distance sufficient sharpness can be expected and on the other side the distance is recorded up to which the sharpness will reach depth of field range The respective distance is opposite the diaphragm Fig 15 14 stop needed If on one half of the scale the aperture chosen comes to lie behind the infinity sign co proceeding from the middle the sharpness will extend to infinity Example see Fig 14 Lens set at 4 m diaphragm stop 8 range of sharpness from about 2 60 to 8 m using a lens with f 5 cm For a lens with f 5 8 cm the depth of field ist somewhat smaller lens set at 4 m diaphragm stop 8 range of sharpness from about 2 80 m up to about 7 50 m see Fig 15 These distances are measured from the film plane of the EXAKTA VX to the subject Some lenses of the EXAKTA VX are pro vided with a device to pre set the diaphragm The image on the ground glass screen becoming dark when the diaphragm is stopped down focusing should always be done at full aperture and
9. as a high precision focal plane shutter In order to study its working observe the camera opened from behind When removing the lens see Section D page 13 you will on releasing see the mirror swinging up under the finder hood that no stray light may get into the interior of the camera The ground glass image therefore is not visible unless after picture taking the shutter has been wound again The focal plane shutter of the EXAKTA VX is remarkable by its great variety of exposure With the fast speed knob 8 Fig 10 the exposures of 1 1999 Fig 9 Do 7 Fig 10 up to sec are set The figures engraved are fractions of seconds 25 1 5 50 1 55 sec etc To set lift the knob 8 and turn it in the direction of the arrow till the selected exposure time is opposite the red mark on the immo vable interior disk Then let the knob 8 snap down In the same way set the shutter for B and T To release Fig 11 press knob 3 which also has threads for a cable release The release knob may be protected against unin tentional tripping by the swivelling shutter release lock 3a important for transporting as well as for storing the camera To free the release knob for exposing the lock has to be swung up If knob 8 is set on B the shutter opens upon pressure on the release knob 3 remains open as long as the knob is pressed and closes as soon as the pressure ceases When knob 8 is seton T the shutter
10. d the automatic diaphragm when adjusted clicks in at the widest aperture and only at the moment the shutter is being released the diaphragm springs back to the pre set stop As long as the automatic diaphragm is not wound up the diaphragm can at any time be set to the desired stop by actuating the setting ring 24 whereupon the reflex image in the EXAKTA VX will immediately reveal the change in brightness and depth of field 17 E How to use and exchange the finder hood A bright ground glass image is visible in the finder hood 11 of the EXAKTA VX Because it is magni fied on the ground glass to a high degree critical focusing is easy For additional accuracy in focusing whenever required the built in magnifier 13 is used Move the button 14 upwards along the guide slot in the finder hood frame Fig 17 while gently holding your thumb on the finder hood front wall To bring the built in magnifier back to its neutral position move button 14 downwards with your index finger The excellent definition of the ground glass image facilitates composing and determination of the picture While stopping down the diaphragm you can even observe the varying effect of the depth of field Focusing should always be done at full lens aperture and the diaphragm stopped down after wards The reflex image in life colors renders the exact effect of the final color photograph Normally the EXAKTA VX is held at chest level Fig 18 Il
11. d remove the cartridge containing the exposed film Do the same if a piece of the film e g after the 10th 15th or 20th exposure shall be removed from the EXAKTA VX in order to be developed You must of course again fasten the fore end of the unex posed film either on the take up spool or in a take up cartridge When cutting off film parts from a take up spool you must of course go into the darkroom in order to remove the exposed part of the film Being precision built as mentioned in the beginning the EXAKTA VX requires good care besides right handling which needless to say applies also to the accessories For all that is so far essential see Section L page 55 It is highly recommended for every owner of an EXAKTA VX to care for these few rules 32 J Flash technique The EXAKTA VX Ila has three synchronized contacts for flashlight exposures One contact X for open flash with flash tubes and flash bulbs two contacts M and F for the use of flash bulbs at short shutter speeds The flash bulb synchronization M and F is adjusted according to the firing delay of the flash bulbs The M contact closes the circuit approximately 15 milliseconds before the first shutter curtain opens the shutter The light curve of certain flashes will thus coincide with the travelling of the shutter This contact is used for synchronizing flash bulbs with a longer flash duration e g General Electric Westinghouse Philips PF 45 E This synchr
12. diate action All mechanical parts for picture taking are operated with the camera in the case The camera is fastened to the case by a retaining screw and the EXAKTA VX can when in the case also be screwed on a Fig 44 38 tripod The neck strap of the Everready Case makes it easy to carry the camera with you When you wish to take the camera with you without the case you fasten a neck strap or a cord to the neck strap eyelets 4 Many Special Lenses can be used in the EXAKTA VX instead of the normal lens Fig 45 The normal lens is removed from the camera as described and the special lens inserted into the bayonet mount The EXAKTA VX has the great ad vantage that when using special lenses no special viewfinders or tables are needed You focus all the time on the Reflex ground glass just the same way as with the normal lens There is no diffe rence in exposure time with special d lenses as compared with the normal lens a at identical diaphragm openings ge Expose always as per the aper ture setting of the lenses rela tive apertures The distances engraved on the setting sca les of the lenses are measured from the film plane of the EXAKTA VX to the subject 39 focal length 40 mm angle of field 55 focal length 150 mm angle of field 16 focal length 500 mm angle of field 5 Characteristics Short focal distance large field of view Covers larger area but every thing appears smal
13. e the control disk 19 Fig 36 page 28 and the axle of the film transport lever 6 turning Fig 40 While rewinding the axle of the take up spool turns in opposite direction of the lever 6 Once the film rewound the rewinding axle stops rotating As soon as the stud 7 has sprung back into its original position the Fig 38 30 Fig 39 film can be advanced as usual Now open the EXAKTA VX see Section A pull out the film rewinding knob 37 remove the cartridge containing the exposed film see Fig 41 Press the exterior ring of the rewinding knob 37 against the camera b When using a take up cartridge If the exposed film is wound into a cartridge instead of onto the take up spool rewinding is not necessary As soon as the film is all used up and the film transport lever 6 cannot be moved any more the film is cut off with the built in knife 34 Loosen the knife release 35 by turning it to the left It is fastened on one end of a thin bar on the other end of which the cutting knife 34 is fixed If you draw out the knife release 35 from the camera body about 4cm Fig 42 the film cutter 34 crosses the film track and cuts off the film strip Afterwards push the knob 35 back into the camera by turning it to the right With two blind exposures the filmend is drawn into the Fig 40 31 cartridge so that even the last exposure will be safe from light Now open the camera as described before an
14. e the middle of the normal lens and film plane film gate 33 which is the image distance b The focal distance f of the normal lens is 5 or 5 8 cin Devide the higher number by the lower and the quotient is to be multiplied by itself Example A set of Bayonet Rings and all 3 Tubes with a lens of 5 cm give together 11 cm The lens has 5 cm focal distance 11 5 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 4 84 or rounded up x 5 exposure increase For instance the exposure meter indicate 1 sec as for this example the exposure time 5 X 5 1 sec 44 For lenses with a focal distance of 5 cm With the preceding tab les it is easy to determine Situs Increase Subject Image Scale of Re Exposure distance cm distance cm production Factor the increase of exposure 5mm 55 0 5 5 0 1 12 time the distances and 10mm 30 0 6 0 02 1 4 15 mm 21 7 65 03 17 the scales for close ups Dl 20 mm 17 5 70 0 4 2 0 i a an 15 0 75 05 23 All these tables contain atb dorb ic4d 30mm 13 3 8 0 0 6 2 6 calculated values which atb c d 35 mm 12 1 8 5 0 7 2 9 y bikso mese 4 mm 11 3 9 0 0 8 32 may differ a little from the a b e or b c e 5 mm 10 6 9 5 0 9 3 6 E atbtcte 50mm 100 10 0 1 0 40 real values for the respec btd e 9 5 10 5 1 1 44 tive focal lengthsinconse btetdte 92 11 0 1 2 48 quence of generally admis For lenses with a focal length of 5 8 cm sible tolerances in lens making Exte
15. ent magnifica tion for resuming visual observation see Fig 51 Microscope Attachment Type 2 in Quick Change Mount Fig 50 Contrary to the Micro scope Attachment Type 1 where the top and bottom parts are connected by a hinge both these parts of Type 2 can be separated The camera comes on the top part as described In order to 47 Fig 49 fasten the bottom part to the microscope loose the Quick Change Mount and thus sepa rate the top from the bottom part Fig 51 Loose the knurled screw and lift the top on this side out of its mount so that you may draw it from under the two latches on the opposite side After removing the ocular from the microscope push the bottom part over the microscope tube replace the ocular into it and fasten the bottom part on the notch ring by turning to the left The top part of the microscope attachment with the camera is inserted into the Quick Change Mount First shift the conus under the two latches then let it slide in on the opposite side Finally by tightening the screw secure the top part in the mount safely Fig 52 The top part conus of Type 2 of our micro scope attachment is also adaptable to the modern microscopes Remove the tubes and the eye piece from the microscope and insert instead the EXAKTA VX with the top part Fig 51 48 only of the micro attachment into the change mount of the microscope s tube support Fig 53 It is also possible to take macro
16. et diaphragm AD Automatic diaphragm Extension Increase for Close ups at shor test distances Macro photos is effected with the EXAKTA VX by the simplest possible means Aset of Bayonet Adapter Rings and Tubes are inserted between the camera body and the lens Fig 47 A Close up Bellows Attach ment is used for continuous extension increase see special instruction about our Viel zweck Multi Combination The back Bayonet Ring has a Clamp Ring serving the follo wing purpose When using the Bayonet Adapter Rings and Tubes of the EXAKTA VX in different combinations the lens is often turned around its axis so that the lens scales are hard to read The difficulties in working resulting from this fact can be avoided as follows Turn loose only the tube that is screwed into the back Bayonet Ring until the lens scales are in the position desired Fig 47 42 e g pointing upwards the other tubes must remain screwed together tightly Then screw the Clamp Ring of the back Bayonet Ring tightly against the Tubes next to it so that the whole combination gets secured against any accidental displacement When inserting the back Bayonet Ring into the camera the Clamp Ring must be fully screwed on the Bayonet Ring In order to remove the whole set of tubes and Bayonet Rings from the camera screw on the Clamp Ring tightly to the front When remo ving the whole combination you have to grasp also the Clamp
17. focusing systems reflex finder hood and Penta Prism permit to utilise all the advantages of the single lens reflex camera and of the camera with eye level rangefinder guaranteeing full success through adaptability to every photographic work The EXAKTA VX is a high precision camera and meets all requirements if it is correctly operated from the beginning Before trying picture taking please study carefully the instructions how to use your new camera You will render yourself the best service when doing so avoiding later mistakes and any possible damage of the camera mechanism We are glad that you have selected the EXAKTA VX for your work and we wish you all success with this new camera Please stay always in contact with your photodealer that he may keep you informed about the progress in our manufacture We ourselves are also at your disposal whenever you need help or advice in special problems as to the EXAKTA VX IHAGEE CAMERAWORKS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT DRESDEN GERMANY Before loading the EXAKTA VX be thoroughly acquainted with the empty camera Train yourself to master the shutter opening and closing the camera composing and critically focusing the pic ture with the finder hood as well as with the Penta Prism When doing so handle the camera as if it were loaded Only after having attained a complete mastering of the camera load it with film For practi sing we advice to use an old or an exposed film Fig 5 A To ope
18. formation The Stereo Attachments are screwed into the front mount of the lenses and fixed by turning the stop ring in the opposite direction as soon as the separation line runs exactly perpendicular i e parallel with the longitudinal sides of the images 18 x 24 mm On the ground glass you already see two rectangular partial images Perpendicular setting is facilitated by watching the ground glass The limits of application of the two Stereo Attachments must be carefully followed When taking close ups of from 0 15 to 2 m distance the narrow space between the prism systems of the small attach ment is sufficient whereas pictures of from 2m distance up to co require the larger attachment 52 in order to obtain the necessary three dimensional effect When using the Stereo Attachments the exposure time is to be increased 1 5 times Because the two pictures stand side by side you can use the EXAKTA VX in the horizontal position only The stereo photos are always upright In order to be able to pre judge the effect of the future stereo photo on the ground glass you insert into your EXAKTA VX the mentioned stereo viewfinder Stereflex instead of the reflex finder hood or penta prism attachment The stereo viewfinder may also be used to view the finished transparencies For this purpose the ground glass magnifier must be removed from the stereo viewfinder by taking hold of it on the longitudinal sides and lifting it out Then a specia
19. ge is strictly identical with the future photo graph Therefore the ground glass image is the decisive factor in successful picture taking compo sition framing critical focusing lens aperture even the degree of brightness of the ground glass image permits to determine the exposure time fairly accurately If there is no image visible in the finder hood the filmtransport lever 6 is to be wound once clockwise as far as it will go Fig 8 Don t let recoil the lever but retard the retrograde movement with your left thumb Attention Film transporting and shutter winding are in order if the film transport lever 6 automatically springs back into neutral position If stuck halfways it must never be forced back otherwise the mechanism will be damaged Besides it is impossible to release the shutter even if the release knob 3 has been unlocked at any inbetween position of the film transport lever 6 see page 8 This is a security against partial double exposures resulting from incomplete film transporting It does not matter if the shutter remains wound up for a longer period ER Fig 7 Fig 8 Before closing the finder hood 11 make sure that the critical focusing magnifier 13 is in its neutral position Section E Fold the two side walls of the finder hood in either order then the back wall 15 and finally the front cover until it snaps into position Fig 9 C Shutter and film transport The EXAKTA VX h
20. he normal exposure time Red filters light 8 times the normal exposure time The Lens Hood Fig 60 is far more important than generally believed It protects the lens not only from frontal stray light when photographing against the sun but also in every case against stray side light and glares thus adding to the contrasts in the picture The lens hood is pushed on the lens front mount or on the front ring of the filter mounts Soft focus Disks are creating atmosphere and therefore in high esteem The bright areas appear slightly over emphasized towards the darker areas and help to get sunny atmosphere in the photo The disks are also pushed on the lens front mount Polarizing Filters have the purpose to make disappear in the photos light reflections from glossy surfaces glass surfaces of liquids paint etc The light striking upon the glossy surfaces which radiates in all directions is when reflecting reduced in its oscillations and is swinging in one direction only This polarized light can be eliminated by a Polarizing Filter when photographing in a certain angle to the reflecting surface for glass about 35 Push the Polarizing Filter on the lens mount and turn it until you see that the reflexes disappear on the ground glass Changing the camera position can either improve or make worse the troublesome reflexes Photograph therefore only in an oblique angle to the subject Experiment with the camera position and that of the Polariz
21. ht from the beginning the difference in price not being very considerable Fig 54 The Penta Prism permits to change the ground glass lens with little effort grasp it by the open spaces of the longitudinal sides taking it out Therefore it is necessary to procure a lens alone Fig 55 of the desired type Fig 53 50 The following special glasses are available a Reflex finder hood with ground glass and clear center spot of 3 or 10 mm diameter both with hairline cross in the clear center spot b Reflex finder hood with ground glass fully clear and hairline cross c Lens for the Penta Prism with ground glass and clear center spot of 3 or 10 mm diameter both with hairline cross in the clear center spot d Lens for the Penta Prism fully clear with hairline cross Custom Made Glasses for technical photos archi tecture reproductions etc can be manufactured according to your wishes e g with etched rectangles cm or mm graduations etc Please apply to our Service Departement In order to facilitate focusing with the Penta Prism use the Distance Meter It shows halved images of the subject in one measuring range When focused inaccurately the image parts are displaced against each other when focused critically they are seen exactly matching each other Focusing requires a wide lens aperture no less than 1 5 6 The Stereo Attachments for the EXAKTA VX Fig 56 are for taking three dimensional stereo pho
22. ing Filter examining 57 the ground glass and change them until you get a maximum in elimination of the light reflexes Because of its dim yellow coloring the Polarizing Filter requires twice the normal exposure time Special literature will give you further detail With metallic surfaces there is no light polarization and the filter gives no effect e g with polished metallic surfaces silvered mirrors etc L Careful handling of camera and lens Camera with inserted lens or protective cover ought always to be kept if possible in the Everready Case or wrapped in a piece of dustproof cloth All accessible parts should be kept clean and if neces sary dusted off with a soft camel s hair brush The film track with film guides 32 film chambers 30 and 39 camera back 40 with film pressure plate 41 should always be cleaned Occasionally the mirror of the EXAKTA VX must be dusted off delicately with a soft hairbrush The EXAKTA VX must be protected against dust sand etc as well as against moisture of any kind Never touch with the fingers the glass surfaces of the lens finder hood and Penta Prism attachments If necessary lenses and other glass surfaces may carefully be cleaned with a very soft piece of not ravelling out linen i We strongly advise against tampering with the camera mechanism under any circumstances Repairs should whenever possible be submitted to the expert mechanicians in our works 58 If you are desirous of
23. is being set The diaphragm does not close down to the pre selected stop before the shutter is actually being released b after selecting the diaphragm stop In this case the diaphragm is closed down to the pre selected aperture but will open the moment the automatic presetting device is being wound up snapping Fig 16 in at the widest aperture Picture composition and sharp ness have to be adjusted with the lens wide open On de pressing the release knob 24c belonging to the lens in front of the shutter release knob 3 on the camera you automatically close down the diaphragm to the pre selected aperture where upon the shutter is immediately released To make sure that the plunger of the lens release 24c will push the shutter release knob 3 far 16 enough into the camera you may find it necessary to adjust it to the proper length This is done by removing the lens from the camera and turning the plunger as required with a screw driver The lens release knob 24c is equipped with a thread to accept a wire release Adjustment of the iris diaphragm on these lenses takes place as follows Press diaphragm setting ring 24 in the direction of camera body and rotate it until the desired number stands against the red mark Then let the diaphragm ring 24 jump back to its original posi tion The larger apertures permit setting also between two diaphragm numbers half a stop larger or smaller As already mentione
24. ith a protective cover which is put into the bayonet mount to protect it from dust The front of the lens should be protected by a lens cover which of course must be taken off before picture taking When removing the lens press the bayonet catch 27 towards the lens Fig 13 Turn the whole lens to the left frontal views Then two red marks 21 and 26 are opposite each other one on camera body the other on the lens Lift the lens from camera When inserting a lens the procedure is reversed After putting the lens 25 into the bayonet mount red marks 21 and 26 are opposite each other turn it to the right until the catch 27 snaps into position For critical focusing turn the distance ring until the subject appears needle sharp on the focusing screen in the finder hood 11 Then you have the lens to subject distance on the meter or feet scale of the distance ring 23 opposite the red mark Fig 14 15 By turning the knurled aperture setting ring 24 the diaphragm is adjusted Turn the ring to the left or to the right until the stop re quired is opposite the red mark The figure on the ring indicates the effective lens opening i e Fig 13 13 Fig 14 low figures 2 2 8 3 5 4 etc large aperture short exposure time high figures 22 16 etc small aperture long exposure time Stopping down one number requires doubling ex posure time stopping up one number cuts the ex posure time in half Ex
25. l 29 and replace it with an empty but unobjectionable cartridge Open the cartridge and fix film end to the spool see Fig 31 Then place the cartridge so that the fork of the film transport lever 6 engages the bar inside of the spool and the film is wound up emulsion side inwards Illustration 35 shows the way the film must take To control the film transport there is the control disc rotating film speedometer marked by a red cross 19 The cross turns when the spool of the cartridge rotates Fig 36 To assist your memory there is on the slow speed knob 17 a film speed indicator film speed recorder 18 On the EXAKTA VX Ila this indicator has been adapted to suit international film gradations It should be set immediately after film loading being rotatable in anticlockwise direction Fig 36 28 by means of its milled edge It is engraved with various numeral values ranging from 6 to 400 and with four alphabetical characteristics The numerals refer to the sensitivity of black and white films e g 100 100 ASA 17 17 10 DIN etc where as the letters have the following meaning C black Color reversible film for daylight C red Color reversible film for artificial light NC red Color negative film for artificial light NC black Color negative film for daylight According to the film you have in your camera set the respective numeral or letter opposite the triangle V engraved on the covering plate Y
26. l transparency frame which we deliver together with the Stere flex is pushed on from outside making snap in the smal pivots into the slits of the springs The IHAGEE Vielzweck Multi combination Fig 58 by its variety of combinations opens further new possibilities in photographing The 4 Fig 58 E Vielzweck enables you to obtain without difficulty reproductions with lower an dupper light miniature transparencies difficult micro and macro pictures a s o Please see for details in our booklet Interesting Photos easily obtainable and inthe directions for use The Ihagee Vielzweck The Kolpofot is a part of the Vielzweck It is especially used in medical photography For further details we refer to the special booklet The Ihagee Kolpofot Accessories The Prism View finder Eyepiece Fig 59 facilitates focusing by eliminating stray side light from the finder You can concentrate upon the reflex image and securely press the camera with the eye piece against your face Weaksighted persons may insert a corrective glass corresponding to their spectacles into the mount of the eyepiece thus focusing with out any other visual help For vertical expo sures therefore the view finder eyepiece may be rotated by 90 degrees The Giant Release Button Fig 60 is screwed into the shutter knob 3 or 24c Fig 1 enlarging its surface so that you may release more easily and securely
27. ler and more distant Recommended for Architecture interiors reproduc tions in galleries shooting from shore distance Recommended for Picture taking under poor light conditions and very fast exposures with artificial light lt WK Fig 46 Characteristics Long focal distance small field of view Covers smaller area but every thing appears larger and nearer Recommended for Sports animals portraitures photos of far away objects with telescopic effect better perspective 41 The following special lenses are available for the EXAKTA VX Wide angle Lens see picture at left above page 40 Name of lens Speed Focal length langle of field Diameter of mm the mount mm Wide angle lens Jena Flektogon 12 8 35 62 51 Primagon 45 35 63 51 Wideanslo Jena T fj45 40 57 51 Ultra high speed Name of lens Speed Focal length Angle of field Diameter of mm the mount mm Night lens JenaB PD 1 1 5 75 32 60 Long focus and Telephoto Lenses see pictures below page 40 Name of lens Speed Focal length Angle offield Diometer of mm the mount mm Night lens Jena B PD 1 1 5 75 32 60 Jena Bm 1 28 80 30 51 Trioplan 2 1 D 128 100 24 51 Long focus lens Jena Tr PD 1 4 135 18 51 Telemegor E 1 5 5 180 14 51 Telemegor Po Has 300 8 85 Telemegor PD 15 5 400 amp 85 Tele lens Jena 1 8 500 5 80 PD Pre s
28. lustration 19 shows how to hold it when the built in magnifier is used When holding the camera at eyelevel vertical pictures at right angles can be taken with the finder hood Fig 20 so that the photographer can work without being observed Fig 21 The Penta Prism see Section F permits vertical pictures in direct vision showing an upright and laterally correct image Fig 17 18 Fig 22 Control of the ground glass image is also possible when holding the camera above your head taking it upside down and looking up into the finder hood Fig 22 Work this way when shooting from behind a wall over a crowd etc The finder hood 11 can also be converted into a frame finder Fig 23 Bring the focusing magnifier 13 into working position swing the protective cover 12 upwards look into the rectangular opening of the finder hood back wall 15 Fig 24 The rear picture frame must exactly be limited by the frame in the front part of the finder hood then the image visible in the frame finder corresponds to the future photo graph This method is recommended for sport shots etc unless the Penta Prism is used but can not be applied for picture taking at distances shorter than about 3 m because of parallax The measurements of the sportfinder fit only lenses of 50 mm and 58 mm For interchanging the finder hood 11 must be closed Move down the finder hood release 9 and lift the closed finder hood Fig 2
29. n and shut the back cover Hold the camera Fig 4 with your left hand With the right pull out the button 1 and lock it in this position by short turn to the side Pull away the hinged back cover 40 from the camera body with your right index on the camera back lock 2 Fig 5 The back cover 40 is attached to the body by a hinge When loading the EXAKTA VX don t shift the opened cover towards your body because when doing so the hinge may be damaged When closing the back cover 40 take care that it engages correctly the groove in the camera body Press the cover 40 slightly against the camera body Turn the button 1 to the left or right until it snaps into position Thus the back cover is locked again safely If desired the back cover can be separated from the camera open the cover pull out the removable pin 19a Fig 1 see also Fig 6 In this respect too the EXAKTA VX meets all individual requirements When the back separated from the camera is put on again and closed take care that the grooves of the back and the body are fitting Insert the pin into the hinge as figure 6 shows and you have the back hinged again Fig 6 B To open and shut the finder hood Press knob 16 and the finder hood 11 opens automatically Fig 7 For a detailed description of its use and the various possibilities for observing the image see chapter E page 16 We mention here its most important features only The ground glass ima
30. nston 1 Subject Image Scale of Re Exposure xrenponcincreste distance cm distance cm production Factor Thesetables nevertheless 73 1 6 3 0 09 12 serve well to find the ex 285 pas 1e tensions needed for cer 22 6 7 8 0 35 1 8 i The iven 192 3 043 Az tain work Th data giv bid orb e rd 30 mm 17 0 8 8 0 52 2 3 are for the lenses with the Re ad e 7 en 122 Hi bts 2 helical focusing mount set a bteorb c e 45 mm 133 10 3 0 78 32 infini abbicte 50mm 125 108 0 86 35 a infinity ed Inter ed Haas iocos sr 55 mm 119 11 3 0 95 3 8 mediate values are found b etdte 60 mm 11 4 11 8 1 03 41 by critical refocusing at shorter distances With more tubes you may extend these tables accordingly and magnify pictures as far as practically possible Extension increase Two in One Ring a No 146 Tube 0 5cm c No 142 Set of Bayonet Rings b No 138 Tube 1 5cm d No 143 Back Bayonet Ring with Clamp Ring Tube 3 0cm e No 144 Subject distance distance from about lens diaphragm plane Middle of the lens to subject Image distance extension increase distance from the middle of the lens lens diaphragm plane to the film plane film gate 33 Scale image ratio e g 0 8 1 cm of the subject becomes 0 8 cm on the film The Autocouple Extension Release Fig 47 In order to maintain the quick readiness for action of the EXAKTA Varex with lenses having the automatic diaphragm setting device als
31. o when using intermediate rings you will need the Ihagee Autocouple Extension Release The insertion of Bayonet Rings and Tubes for close up work naturally interrupts the direct connection of the release knobs see pages 16 17 This connection is restored in quite a simple manner by the Autocouple Extension Release Precise instructions for using this acces sory equipment are supplied with each unit The Two Microscope Attachments Fig 49 and 50 are for installing the EXAKTA VX on a monocular microscope with tubes of 25mm diameter With either attachment the camera is put over the tube of the microscope after removing the camera lens and operating with the microscope 46 eye piece and objective sometimes with the objective alone see Fig 53 Then focusing is easy and simple with the reflex system Microscope Attachment Type 1 with hinged clamp Fig 49 To fix the camera to the top part of the attachment put the Bayonet Ring into the camera bayonet the same way as a lens In order to connect the whole combination camera and attachment with the microscope first remove the ocular from the microscope tube Then put over camera and attachment replace the ocular into the draw tube and fasten the microscope attachment to the microscope tube by a slight turn of the clamping screw With the hinge the camera can always be tilted to the side when photographic work shall be interrupted or to change the eye piece for a differ
32. onization allows for short shutter speeds down to 1 j sec see table a The F contact closes the circuit approximately 11 milliseconds before the shutter is fully opened This contact is designed for the small short burning flash bulbs e g Amplex No 5 Dura Flash No 5 General Electric PH 5 Westingshouse No 5 Philips PF 5 The shutter has to be set to sec see table b The X contact permits the use of all types of flash bulbs with a flash duration of sec and longer In this case the shutter speed is determined by the flash duration of the flash bulb see table c The X contact is also intended for the synchronization of flash tubes see page 38 Please refer to the following tables for information regarding the use of particular flash bulbs in connection with the flash contacts on the EXAKTA VX lla 33 Should you meet with any difficulty when using flash bulbs for instance faulty contact in the lamp base etc remove the flash bulb after the shutter has traveled its course Do not insert a new lamp before the shutter has been rewound In fact changing of lamps must take place only with the shutter wound up Tables explaining the three Flash Contacts of the EXAKTA VX Ila a Full synchronization Connect the cable cord to the M contact EXAKTA VX lla Amplex Dura Flash General Electric Westinghouse Philips shutter set at No 31 No 31 PH 31 No 31 PF45E 211000 7 s 4 F 00 H H oy oF
33. ons for focusing 13 E How to use and exchange the finder hood 18 F How to use and exchange the Penta Prism 22 G To load the EXAKTA VX u u nen an 25 H To change fllims cocidos ces ls en oe 29 E Flsshitechnigae usa as rogos aet tips EA see 33 K EXAKTA accessories 0 cee eee 38 L Careful handling of camera and lens 58 Some details in the illustrations may slightly deviate from the execution of the cameras and accessories themselves The 35 mm EXAKTA VX Ila 24 x 36 mm is the latest in development of our well known Kine Exakta first 35 mm single lens reflex camera This camera offered ground glass focusing with 35 mm miniature photography so highly esteemed by beginners and experts using one lens only for the reflex image and the picture The EXAKTA VX lla is built on the same basic principle of the single lens reflex It has internal y asmall movable mirror which reflects the picture by the taking lens on the reflex focusing screen until pressing the shutter release knob In this manner only can the reflex image always fully correspond with the final photograph the EXAKTA VX is parallax free so that you may rely with confidence on the ground glass image when choosing the subject and focusing critically Though the first Kine Exakta was a very versatile camera it is in this respect much surpassed by the Two System Camera EXAKTA VX The interchangeable
34. opensafter pressure on the release knob 3 and remains open till the release knob 3 is pressed again Fig 11 These two settings B and T are used for long time exposures over 12 seconds because the time setting work of the EXAKTA VX allows for exposure times up to 12 seconds see below Longer exposure times than 12 sec are controled by counting the seconds or with a watch In this case you must defi nitely use a tripod camera retaining screw 42 on camera base or place the camera on a stable sup port table wall etc whereas fast exposures of down to 1 1999 sec are possible as hand held shots With the slow speed knob 17 it is possible to set exposure times longer than sec 17 Fig 12 The fractions of seconds e g 1 5 sec are indicated on the slow speed knob 17 as fractional numbers while all the whole numbers mean full seconds e g 1 1 sec 2 2 sec etc The black figures are for exposures immediately after releasing The red marks however indicate that the shutter opens about 13 seconds after releasing the self timer permitting yourself to step in the picture In other words the photographer operating the camera can take a picture of himself The time regulation mechanism and the self timer of the EXAKTA VX lla function practically free from noise and must be operated strictly as follows a Set the fast speed knob 8 on T or B b Before handling the slow speed knob 17 cock the sh
35. ou can then always see which film was placed into the camera even in cases of longer intervals between snapshooting Two examples Kodak Super XX with Asa 100 the 100 of the film speed recorder stands against the triangle V Anscochrome daylight film the black C of the film speed recorder stands against the triangle V H To change films a When using the take up spool One film length of 1 60 m will generally take more than 36 exposures Even if the exposure counter 5 points to 36 one dash before 1 one or two more exposures can be made until the film transport lever 6 cannot be wound any more Here it can happen that the lever 6 gets stuck midway In this case the film rewinding stud 7 must be depressed and the film 29 Fig 37 transport lever 6 swung around to the stop The lever 6 can now return into its neutral position and the stud 7 automatically springs up again as soon as the pressure ceases Film rewinding is done as follows Hold the camera with your left hand and press down the stud 7 during the whole rewinding process Fig 38 With your right index finger press in the central part 38 of the film rewinding knob 37 as far as it will go Fig 39 Now the fork of the film rewinding knob catches the bar of the film spool and by uniformly turning the rewinding knob 37 the film is rewound into the original cartridge You can observe that the film rewinds all right when you se
36. photo graphs applying the lower magnifications and using the microscopic objective alone the Microtars are especially qualified for this pur pose For Macrophotography and Photomicro graphy the Close Up lens attachment will be used for better focusing and observing instead of the finder hood or Penta Prism The Close Up attachment is fitted with an EXAKTA lens or the additional lens which serve as a magnifier More details are given in our special instruction booklet Macro Micro photos Special Types of Focusing Glasses When taking micro photographs it is often desi rableto examinetheimageon agroundglass and at the same time focus critically through a clear center spot directly from the microscopic image That is easily possible with the alternative focus Fig 52 49 ing systems of the EXAKTA VX because you can have ground glasses with clear center spots both for the finder hood and the Penta Prism However since you may not intend to use all the time a ground glass with clear center spot when taking other photos we offer these special ground glasses separately In the reflex finder hood the ground glass is on the bottom of the solid condensor lens which can be removed from the finder hood by loosening the two fastening screws The desired special focusing glass can then be in serted However for convenience sake we would recommend purchasing a complete extra finder hood with the special glass rig
37. rn it until any red figure preferably 1 5 sec and the red mark are opposite each other make knob 17 snap into position 11 Before each exposure move around film transport lever 6 all the way as far as it will go See Sec tion B paragraphs 1 and 2 Fig 8 This winds the shutter the film is advanced by one frame and the mirror is lifted again so that the reflected image is visible For picture taking in sequence it is important that fast speed knob 8 may be operated immediately after moving the film transport lever 6 Therefore please note that the knob 8 can be set before and after winding the shutter Because film advance and shutter winding are coupled double exposure is normally impossible If however double exposures for certain purposes are wanted then in such exceptional cases the shutter can be wound without transporting film After the first exposure turn the fast speed knob 8 with thumb and index of your left hand in the direction of the arrow without lifting it until you feel it click while thus winding the shutter the knob 8 intends to snap back You must there fore while turning hold the knob 8 firmly During intervals between exposures the release knob 3 may be protected by swinging the release lock 3a over the knob 12 D The lens of the EXAKTA and instructions for focusing The lenses 25 of the EXAKTA VX are interchangeable The camera should always be kept with the lens inserted or w
38. t the spool see Fig 30 To load the camera do as follows Open the back as described in Section A Pull out the film rewinding knob 37 rigorously as far as it will go Place the cartridge with the unexposed film into the film chamber 39 Return the film rewinding knob 37 into position if necessary by slightly turning its rim 25 TSS Fig 32 Attention By any means don t press the central part of film rewinding knob 38 otherwise the film transport will be stopped When loading we recommend removing the take up spool 29 from the camera Fig 32 for fastening the film end to it Take the film end protruding from the cartridge under the holding spring of the take up spool 29 in the film chamber 30 and Push it securely the emulsion side of the film facing the lens as shown in Fig 31 Conduct the film across the film track with the two film guides 32 and replace the take up spool into the camera Take care that the fork of the film transport lever 6 engages properly the bar in the hole of the spool It is also possible to fasten the film on to the take up spool without removing the spool from the camera whereby the holding spring must lie upwards Fig 32 When you fasten the film end to the take up spool 29 place the camera if possible on a solid surface and make sure that the camera back is not hanging down KES Fig 33 26 Fig 34 Thefilm must run perfectly straight and flat on
39. the film track and engage properly both sprock ets 31 Fig 33 Again Make sure that the cogs of the film transport sprockets engage both sides of the film perforation Close and lock the back cover 40 see Section A Before closing be sure that take up spool and film are in proper position Now two blind exposures are to be made Open finder hood 11 as described in Section B If there is no image visible in the finder hood move around film transport lever 6 till the stop Release by pressing the shutter release knob 3 the first blind exposure Wind 6 and release again second blind exposure Wind film transport lever 6 athird time as far as it will go an unexposed film piece is brought into position before the film gate 33 ready for the first real exposure after the film frames exposed when you loaded the camera have been taken up Fig 35 27 Finally set exposure counter 5 Turn the little knob 5a of exposure counter 5 with your left index finger see Fig 34 in the direction of the arrow until you will see a dash before No 1 The image counter counts each picture after the exposure therefore points to 1 after the first exposure Now the camera is ready for picture taking If you prefer not to rewind the exposed film into the cartridge after the last 36th exposure but to take it up in another cartridge the procedure is the same as des cribed above Remove take up spoo
40. tos The large Stereo Attachment makes it possible to take pictures at a distance of from 51 co infinity down to 2 meters the small one to take such photos at a distance of from 2m down to 0 15 m Both these Stereo Attachments are made to be screwed into the front mount of the normal lenses focal distance of 5cm and 42 or 32 mm front mount When ordering indicate the lens you have The three dimensional effect is brought about similarly to the human eye by two pictures one showing a little more of the left hand side of the subject the other somewhat more of its right hand side With a Stereo Attachment one basic picture of the subject is reproduced simultaneously twice by two separate prism systems The image of 24 x 36 mm gives two upright pictures 18 x 24 mm covering 15 x 22 mm Fig 57 The right picture is reflected into the lens by the left prism and the left picture by the right prism crosswise When printing or enlarging the negatives you don t have to switch the two pictures Transparencies made from the stereo photos can be observed with our Sterescopic Viewfinder Stereflex see Fig 56 or in other stereoviewers It is also possible to project the transparencies with a special Stereo projector or by a miniature projector fitted with a stereo projection attachment and to view them stereoscopically three dimensionally through available polarizing spectacles On request our Service Department will give further in
41. un Fig 42 is available It con sists of a battery case ser ving as handle flash lamp holder with spring locking device suited for all bulb sizes and all bases of flash bulbs reflector and con necting cord The battery case accepts the capacitor cartridge KR 2 which has to be loaded with a normal 22 5 volt battery Make sure that the poles are accurately placed We advise checking proper functioning by means of a test lamp X contact F contact 36 Fig 43 37 The Electronic Contact makes it possible as the name says to use the EXAKTA VX lla also with electronic units Fig 43 For this purpose there is the third socket X on the EXAKTA VX lla This socket accepts the cable cord of the electronic unit Electronic flashes are ignited at shutter speeds of sec or longer The flash tube synchronization closes the circuit after the first shutter curtain has crossed the entire film gate The effective exposure time is determined by the flash tube and is usually 50 to 1 50 Sec depending on the type of flash tube which is fast enough to catch subjects moving with extreme speed Simultaneously with an electronic flash on the X contact one flash bulb can be ignited on the M or F contact should this be considered necessary for any special task K EXAKTA accessories The EXAKTA Everready Case Fig 44 is designed for protecting and easily transporting the camera which is kept always ready for imme
42. utter by swinging around the film transport lever 6 as far as it will go Then firmly turn the slow speed knob 17 clockwise as far as it will go in this way winding the time regulation Fig 12 mechanism If you have used a shorter exposure time before the mechanism has run down a little only You must not be irritated by this fact but in any case the resistance is to over come which is caused from an additional spring and the last bit must be rewound vigorously as far as it will go c Only after winding lift the outer ring of the slow speed knob 17 turn the ring until the speed selected is opposite the red mark of the middle ring and let snap the outer ring of the knob 17 into position d Black figures immediate exposure red figures exposure with 13 seconds delay self timer If you wish to use one of the fast speeds of 1 2 down to 3 1999Sec by means of theself timer delayed action release do as follows shutter must be cocked a Set fast speed knob 8 on the speed selected e g 1 55 sec b Wind slow speed knob 17 as far as it will go and set it on any red figure preferably on 1 5 sec After releasing there is a delayed exposure after 13 seconds with exposure time set on knob 8 The speed regulating mechanism and the self timer function as mentioned above practically free from noise We strongly recommend to practise shutter handling until you become fully acquainted with it
43. w moving objects If during rapidly moving 22 23 J Fig 28 sport events 1 999 sec of the focal plane shutter is not sufficient the EXAKTA VX can while focusing be moved with the action of the object That is also possible with longer exposure times up to 4 199 sec In this case the background it is true becomes blurred but the object shows an excellent definition despite fastest movement To install and remove the Penta Prism 43 proceed as with the finder hood 11 see Section E Make sure that the Penta Prism is inserted in its place in a strictly perpendicular position Never use force Weak sighted persons will focus best with the Penta Prism by using long distance glasses A rotatable view finder eye piece is available for the Penta Prism see page 52 into which a suitable eye glass can be inserted by an optician for critical focusing without further help Fig 29 24 Fig 30 G To load the EXAKTA VX The EXAKTA YX takes standard 35 mm film in cartrig des with up to 36 exposures 1 x 1 in 24x 36 mm on a strip of the usual length of 5 ft 5 in 1 60 m The film is available in either factoryfilled cartridges or empty car tridges are loaded with refill film or bulk film For further details ask your photo dealer The take up spool for the EXAKTA VX does not require special trimming of the film end When using an empty film cartridge for taking up the film tongue must be trimmed to fi
44. while wearing gloves with fingers numb from cold 55 Color Filters The purpose of filters in black and white photography is to render the colors of the subject to be photographed in the grey tone values corresponding to the impression upon the human eye the film reacting on several colors differently from the human eye The color of the filter appears brighter and the complementary color darker in the final positive e g a yellow filter will produce tones of a lighter grey for the yellow areas and darker grey tones for the blue areas of the object be cause to the human eye yellow appears to be the lightest and blue the darkest color Thus the blue sky will appear darker in the picture and the white clouds will create a good contrast Here the light conditions and the color sensitivity of the films play an important part For more detailed infor mation consult the technical literature The filters are pushed on the lens front mount Their mounts are shaped to accept also a push on lens hood or a soft focus disk The color filters are absorbing cer tain parts of the light therefore an increase of ex posure time is necessary when using them 56 Yellow filters light and medium require about 2 4 times the normal exposure time Yellow filters dark 5 times the normal exposure time Yellow green filters light 3 times the normal exposure time Green filters medium 4 times the normal exposure time Blue filters light 2 times t
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