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Ersatz-11 Demo V7.1 documentation (DOS)

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1. 0 refers to the delay between reading a character from the receiver buffer and getting the interrupt for the next character only if it s the second or later character of a function key sequence on an emulated VT100 all other keyboard interrupts correspond to actual asynchronous events Opcode 1 refers to the delay between writing a character to the transmitter buffer and getting the completion interrupt for emulated VT100s COM and LPT ports use real completion interrupts Similarly PC11 opcode 0 refers to how long it takes to read a character SET DISPLAY 101 from paper tape and opcode 1 refers to how long it takes to write one An LP11 has only one opcode which is 0 and corresponds to the same thing as opcode 1 ofa DL11 An RK611 has only opcodes 0 17 but the SET DELAY command defines an opcode 20 which refers to the delay between the interrupt that acknowledges reception of a head movement command which is itself delayed and the attention interrupt which signals completion of the head movement The RK11D emulation has a similar dummy opcode 10 which means the same thing and the TA11 emulation has a dummy opcode 10 which defines the delay between character interrupts within a block A KW11L has no opcodes so opcode 0 sets the delay between simulated interrupts which are used to catch up if clock interrupts are missed due to native PC file I O taking more than 16 67 ms or
2. 2 3 Configuration Ersatz 11 is configured using a text file named E11 INI which is normally kept in E11 s home directory This file may be created using any text editor It contains a series of commands which are read and processed in order every time Ell starts up Lines which start with a or character are treated as comments and ignored Each individual serial line or emulated disk or tape unit is created with a one line command Typically there will also be additional commands to define the emulated CPU model set any non standard device addresses or device types and finally the initialization file usually ends with a BOOT command which boots the emulated PDP 11 s operating system The table below summarizes which command is used to add each device type to the system The syntax of each specific command is described in chapter 10 yr device type command to create CPU SET CPU disk drive MOUNT tape transport MOUNT TTY line ASSIGN line printer ASSIGN network port ASSIGN Below is a typical E11 INI file This file is read by Ersatz 11 every time it starts up and the commands are executed in sequence as if they were typed at the keyboard Set PDP 11 44 CPU model set cpu 44 Mount disk and tape units mount du0 rsxiim dsk 16 mount dul ra81 dsk mount mm0 dump tap Installation and Configuration Add extra DL11 terminal lines and LP11 printer port assign tt1 con2 assign tt2 con3 as
3. 80 KD M8644 countdown register board command to create a DOS file device is simply MOUNT DOn since there is no particular physical PC device attached to the physical side of the emulation In E11 prior to V2 2 one DOS file device was always configured but now they must be created explicitly Normally there s no reason to have more than one so you can recreate the V2 1A behavior by simply adding MOUNT DO to your E11 INI initialization command file 9 6 IX IEU11A IEQ11A dual GPIB interface Command syntax ASSIGN IXcu NULL Special switches none The TEU11A M8648 hex Unibus SPC and IEQ11A M8634 quad Q bus boards are dual channel GPIB ports Ersatz 11 s emulation of them is currently a partial proof of concept implementation and works only with the NULL device and the LOG command SET IX controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal DEFAULT set controller type to default IEU11A for Unibus IEQ11A for Q bus TEU11A set controller type to IEUL1A Unibus TEQ11A set controller type to IEQ11A Q bus PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 7 KD M8644 countdown register board Command syntax ASSIGN KDc Special switches none The M8644 countdown register board was a special purpose device made by DEC Computer Special Systems It coun
4. Unlike many of DEC s own drives E11 implements the full 16 bit unit numbers specified by MSCP so the amount of available memory is the only limit on unit numbers 40 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices or the number of drives per controller Even so care should be taken to observe the limitations that the PDP 11 operating system imposes on MSCP configuration MSCP provides a way for the PDP 11 to find out the model name of each drive which can be one to three letters followed by two decimal digits This is largely a cosmetic feature since MSCP already has ways for the PDP 11 to find out a disk s size and whether it s fixed or removable so most of the time the name is meaningless But all the same the drive type can be set to any appropriate string using the TYPE name switch on the MOUNT command The default drive type string is RA81 for image files or the actual drive type RX50 etc for floppies In some cases the drive type is important for example some of the programs that format floppy disks on RQDX3 and RQZX1 controllers will refuse to go ahead unless they believe that the drive is an RX33 so you should use TYPE RX33 when mounting a floppy drive which is to be formatted using standard software MSCP requires that each volume except for floppy disks contain a relocation control table RCT at the end of the disk with a minimum length of one block This table is used for remapping bad blocks and making the volu
5. V4 0B 15 Oct 2004 bug fixes SET MEMORY SET CPU USERMODE SET CPU 03 V4 1 01 Sep 2005 bug fixes SET CPU PRIO DR11W KW11P and VT30 emulation Drivers for LPT port as digital I O device and PCI 11W DMA board THROTTLE pseudo driver SET TELNET BANNER file Support for extended CON screen sizes SHOW VIDEO Timer code rewritten for greater precision with Linux version using dev rtc if available V5 0 01 Feb 2006 Win32 native version CPU speedups SET CPU 74 SET CPU 60 SET CPUS n SET TELNET TERMINAL type LOG NOTIMESTAMPS ASSIGN CD x CTS x DSR a Rl x SRD x and SET equivalents Up to 8 LP11s in full version Many bug fixes V5 1 01 Aug 2007 disk and tape caching Raw BIOS hard disks and partitions Driver for DCI 4100 digital I O boards many improvements to digital I O board emulations and drivers Bit 3 Q bus adapters Newer Q Unibus adapters from The Logical Company SHOW PCI V5 2 01 Aug 2008 mouse copy paste SET SHOW PCLOG SET CPU NOMMU speedups ADDPCI SCAN Delays after bus adapter cycles Emulated DMA to I O page New mP features for PDP 11 45s FASTBUS IPL SET CPU NOSHAREDMEM V5 3 01 Sep 2009 ATTACH BCI and ASSIGN TELNET in Win32 version 64 bit memory addressing in DOS version DIR CD TYPE commands FAT file system driver in stand alone version Ethernet tunneling over UDP in Linux and Win32 versions V6 0 01 Nov 2010 OS 2 native version TCP IP stack and drivers for NICs based
6. following a controller type or interrupt priority means that pa rameter is set to DEFAULT and the displayed type or priority is the default based on the SET CPU NOJQBUS setting Similarly F following a CSR or vector value means that parameter is set to FLOATING and the value given is the one currently in use based on the system configuration The default controller types floating CSR or vector addresses and default interrupt priorities are assigned specific values only for controllers that have actually been created with an ASSIGN or MOUNT command If the controller does not currently exist then a defaulted controller type or interrupt priority will simply be listed as DEFAULT and floating addresses will be listed as FLOATING The following PC devices support SHOW A B etc floppy drives CONn COMn LPTn NE2000c PCNETc RTL8139c RTL8169c TULIPc VELOCc Examples Show a PC device E1i gt show coml COM1 PORT X03F8 IRQ4 Show a simple PDP 11 device Eii gt show tt0 TTO CON1 CSR 777560 D VECTOR 060 D PRIORITY 4 Show an auto configuring unmounted PDP 11 device El1 gt show dl0 DLAO NONEXISTENT DEFAULT CSR 17774400 VECTOR 160 PRIORITY DEFAULT Mount the device and show it under a Unibus emulation PDP 11 70 El1 gt mount d10 e11 rti1 Eli gt set cpu 70 El1 gt show dl0 DLAO RLO2 READ WRITE FILE C E11 RT11 DSK RL11 D CSR 17774400 D VECTOR 160 D PRIORITY 5
7. COM4 are serial ports AUX is a synonym for COM1 LPT1 LPT4 are parallel ports and PRN is a synonym for LPT1 For other devices a short mnemonic name is used with an optional letter identifying the controller for devices like multi port serial interfaces where a port number alone isn t enough to uniquely identify the device Note that PDP 11 unit numbers always start at 0 TTO DUO MUO etc while PC unit numbers generally start at 1 COM1 LPT1 For a very few devices both real and emulated identifying the controller and unit isn t enough since there may be multiple slaves attached to the same master unit In this case the device name is expanded to look like dev c u _s where s is the optional slave number within unit u This form is rarely used since it only makes sense on emulated Massbus tape drives with multiple slaves attached to the same formatter or on SCSI devices with multiple LUNs within the same target such as the old Adaptec ACB 4000A SCSI MFM bridge boards In any case if s is omitted as well as the preceding underscore a reasonable default is used The ASSIGN DEASSIGN MOUNT DISMOUNT and SHOW commands can usually accept a PDP 11 device name with a range of unit numbers such as DUO 3 With this syntax every unit in the range is created deleted or displayed Device names with just one command For ASSIGN and MOUNT the PC device name or filename is automatically modified for the second
8. PRIO Multiple interrupt priority levels as opposed to the PDP 11 03 s single level PSWIO PSW accessible from I O space at 17 777776 QBUS Q bus exists otherwise Unibus Affects default models and default interrupt priorities of many emulated peripherals RTIRTT RTI instruction works like RTT early CPUs RTT RTT instruction SIZE PDP 11 70 system size registers at 17 777760 2 SOBSXT SOB SXT instructions SPL SPL instruction SR Switch register display register at 17 777570 SR1 MMU status register 1 STACKLIM PDP 11 70 stack limit register at 17 777774 SUPMODE Supervisor mode SWABV SWAB instruction preserves V bit SYSID n PDP 11 70 system ID register at 17 777764 returns n when read TSTSET J 11 TSTSET WRTLCK instructions UMAP Unibus map maps 18 bit I O bus to 22 bit memory UNDOAUTO Undo mode 2 3 autoincrements on bus error etc UPCSR PDT 11 USART parameter CSR at 17 777420 USERMODE User mode or anything besides kernel mode UWIN Unibus appears in address window at 17000000 XOR XOR instruction SET DELAY device c n1 Coin SET DELAY device n Sets the number of instructions that the specified command opcodes appear to take to complete on the indicated device The device may be DELQA DELUA DL11 HOSTFILE the host file access pseudo device KW11L LP11 PC11 RC11 RF11 RK11D RK611 RL11 RP11C RSO3 or RSO4 synonyms RX11 or RX211 synonyms TA11 TC11 TMO3 TM11 or TS11 There may be
9. SCCcu 0 1 Sealevel sync async serial options TELNETc none built in Telnet servers TELSINGLE none built in Telnet servers TELCLIENT none built in Telnet clients ASYNCn On shorthand for available real serial ports PRINTn On shorthand for available real printer ports SYNCn On shorthand for available real sync ports NULL none host OS independent null device 6 1 1 Serial options common to all devices E11 has a set of serial options which are common to all serial device types and are used to set communications parameters These options may be used as either a switch with a preceding character on the ASSIGN command when the port is created or as a separate SET command any time thereafter For example ASSIGN TT1 COM2 MODE 1200 N 8 1 SET TT1 MODE 2400 E 7 1 The first command will create TT1 and attach it to COM2 The line parameters are set to 1200 baud no parity 8 data bits and one stop bit The second command will change the existing TT1 port to use 2400 baud even parity 7 data bits and one stop bit The option name may be separated from its parameters by either a or character Note that some emulated port types allow the communications parameters to be set by the PDP 11 operating system E11 allows this by default but in some cases the user may want to override the PDP 11 s parameters for example to set a port to a higher baud rate than the PDP 11 equivalent supports In this case the
10. most of the brains of the RX01 and RX02 systems are actually in the drive and DEC even documented the register fields that have to do with using double sided disks and the RT 11 V4 0 DY MAC driver includes support disabled under conditionals and with a bug at label DOXFER where R3 hasn t been loaded yet for double sided disks but it was removed in later versions E11 includes the double sided support in its emulation The SS and DS switches can be used when mounting the drive to set the number of sides and SET DYu SS or DS can be issued at any time to change it This may be necessary when swapping disks in a real floppy drive because unlike 8 drives 5 25 drives have no way of distinguishing single from double sided disks so it can t be done automatically RSTS E uses the names DX and DY interchangeably to refer to an 8 floppy drive which may be either an RX01 or RX02 This may mean that the device name needed to emulate an existing drive under E11 is different from the name that had been used to refer to the same drive under RSTS E MOUNT DY drive switches DS double sided disk RXO1 single density disk RXO2 double density disk SS single sided disk WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DY controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured ps disk in drive is double sided PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7
11. set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured Chapter 10 Commands Ersatz 11 recognizes many keyboard commands These are entered at the E11 gt prompt which appears whenever the PDP 11 is halted e g at startup but may be brought up at any time by pressing Shift Enter or Alt SysReq or by pressing the BREAK key on a serial terminal if the console terminal TTO has been ASSIGNed to a COM port The SET BREAK command can define a regular ASCII character that pops up a prompt if these methods are all inconvenient Some versions of the Windows DOS box intercept Alt SysReq but Shift Enter still works Commands and parameters and switches may generally be shortened to any unique abbreviation Note that E11 is multithreaded and PDP 11 code continues to be executed while you are entering commands at the prompt if you haven t HALTed it Ersatz 11 supports command line editing and recall at the E11 gt prompt using the VT52 VT100 arrow keys and some control characters key CTRL A CTRL D CTRL E CTRL H CTRL J CTRL K CTRL L CTRL R CTRL U CTRL W CTRL Z DEL left arrow right arrow up arrow down arrow action go to beginning of line delete character to right of cursor go to end of line go to beginning of line delete word to left of cursor delete to end of line clear screen and re display
12. 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RH11 set controller type to RH11 RH70 set controller type to RH70 VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 39 4 4 10 DS RSO3 RS04 The RS03 and RS04 are fixed head Massbus disks that hold 512 KB and 1024 KB respectively As with the RS11 these were used for swapping and other cases where speed is critical so mounting them as RAM disks would work well MOUNT DS drive switches RS03 set drive type to RS03 512 KB fixed head disk RSO3L set drive type to RSO3L 512 KB fixed head disk with interleave RSO3LA set drive type to RSO3LA 512 KB fixed head disk with interleave RSO4 set drive type to RS04 1024 KB fixed head disk RSO4L set drive type to RSO4L 1024 KB fixed head disk with interleave WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DS controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RH11 set controller type to RH11 RH7O set controller type to RH70 VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4411 DT TU55 TU56 DECtape Although it s actually 3 4 magnetic tape DECtape is block replaceable and uses a fixed number of fixed size blocks so really it behaves more like disks do than tapes It puts 578 512 byte blocks on
13. C gt install The installation program will prompt for a directory into which to install and will then extract all the E11 files from the distribution archive The files are as follows file contents E11 EXE executable E11 HLP HELP data file E11DEMO PDF this document readable with Adobe Acrobat HDx source and binaries for RT 11 HD driver DO source and binaries for RT 11 DO driver KED CMD keyscripts for using cursor keys with KED EDT XHBOOT BIN D Bit implementation of DELQA boot diag ROM PDT130 PDP D Bit implementation of PDT 11 130 driver ROM PDT150 PDP D Bit implementation of PDT 11 150 driver ROM E11 s home directory is also a sensible place to put disk image files DSK and the E11 INT initialization file see below since E11 will look there if these files aren t found in the current working directory E11 conforms to the DPMI DOS Protected Mode Interface standard which allows it to cooperate with protected mode operating systems and drivers Windows OS 2 and Linux dosemu always have a DPMI server in place when running a DOS session Under plain DOS there may or may not be a DPMI server present examples are Qualitas MAX Quarterdeck QEMM the version of EMM386 that comes with DR DOS the freely distributable CWSDPMI program which is available from the D Bit FTP server and the non commercial use only DPMIONE from Sudley Place Ersatz 11 has a built in protected mode supervisor which allows it to run on
14. DT 0 7 TC11 none always TU55 TU56 DECtape DU 0 65535 MSCP TYPE xxzyy DX 0 1 RX11 geometry switches DY 0 1 RX211 RXO1 RXO2 SS DS geometry switches FX 0 Fox 2 30 DBI geometry switches HD 0 15 virtual none file size is all that matters PD 0 1 RXT11 geometry switches QX 0 3 Terak geometry switches The geometry switches available on most models refer to CYLINDERS n HEADS n and SECTORS n which may be used to specify non standard drive dimensions This is for compatibility with some clone controllers which allowed extended or shrunken drive sizes and or untranslated SMD drive geometry to be used instead of the standard DEC geometry In some cases the PDP 11 drivers may have been patched to use the non standard geometry These switches allow duplicating that hardware configuration so that the patched drivers will run unchanged under E11 44 1 DB RP04 RP05 RP06 These are top loading 12 platter pack drives The RP04 built by Sperry and RP05 Memorex hold about 87 MB each and the same media can interchange between them the only reason for the different model numbers is that they were built by different OEMs The RP06 Memorex 677 is a double capacity version of the RP05 with a capacity of about 174 MB Up to eight drives can connect to an RH11 or RH70 Massbus channel These drives were extremely popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were commonly emulated by aftermarket controllers made by E
15. For Ethernet devices switches on the LOG command line give independent control over logging of host commands transmitted packets and received packets B 7 Loading and dumping memory The LOAD and DUMP commands may be used to transfer between PDP 11 memory and files on the host system An optional series of address ranges may be specified to do scatter gather transfers If no addresses are specified the transfer starts at the beginning of memory and goes until the end of the files for LOAD or the end of memory for DUMP 124 Switch and display registers B 8 Switch and display registers The SET SWITCH and SHOW DISPLAY commands give access to emulated switch and display registers which work the same way as those on the binary front panels on early PDP 11 models The switch display register is located at address 17777570 as long as a SET CPU SR command or some other SET CPU nn command which includes SR has been issued This provides a crude one word I O register which can be accessed by a program running in kernel mode for things like displaying checkpoint information during debugging Simple hardware can be attached to E11 s switch register and display register emulations using SET commands A display register which connects to an LPT port is available from D Bit as a bare PC board Appendix C Installable Plug ins Ersatz 11 has a built in linking loader invoked by the INSTALL command which allows plug in modules to be int
16. PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus Ss disk in drive is single sided VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured Really a drive option unit must be mounted before this option is set 42 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 4 4 15 FX Fox 2 30 drum The Foxboro Company s Fox 2 30 process control system was based on a PDP 11 15 CPU but used a Foxboro specific data bus interface DBI to connect Foxboro s own hardware to the CPU over a private bus One of these devices was a Digital Development Corporation 6200 or 7311 fixed head disk or SSDM 100 RAM disk which the Foxboro documentation calls a drum probably because some of the control electronics are inside the disk shroud which leads it to be much taller than is usual for a disk The disk was available in several configurations with a varying number of tracks 64 96 128 144 and 256 are known possibilities each containing 242 sectors of 32 bytes each There s only one disk so it must be FX0 and the size of the image file decides how many tracks exist The FX1 device is used to emulate the Foxboro paper tape reader The SET CSR value for the FX device is the base address of the DBI normally 164000 E11 emulates the registers for FX0 or FX1 or both depending on whether they ve been MOUNTed but doesn t get in the way of other DBI registers in case the
17. assuming it s a US ASCII alphabetic character 114 Keyboard Script Language MILLISECOND3 Sends the 3 digit millisecond 000 999 as read by GETTIME MINUTE2 Sends the 2 digit minute 00 59 as read by GETTIME MONTH1 Sends the 1 or 2 digit month 1 12 as read by GETTIME MONTH2 Sends the 2 digit month 01 12 as read by GETTIME MONTH3 Sends the 3 letter English month abbreviation Jan Dec as read by GETTIME NONDATA Specifies that the current key is not a data key and should not generate keyclick if E11 supports it in the future or count from a SET flag FOR n prefix NONREPEATING Specifies that the current key should not auto repeat NOREPEATS Specifies that the current key should prevent all other keys from auto repeating until it is released NUMBER string2 Acts as a normal numeric number key String2 is a two character string If CTRL is true nothing is sent Otherwise if SHIFT is true then the second character of string2 is sent Otherwise the first character of string2 is sent PASTE Pastes the text from the paste buffer as copied with COPY as if it were typed at the keyboard PRESS keyname Executes the keypress script for the specified key i e the script defined by DEFINE KEYPRESS for that key PRIMARY n Changes the screen on the primary video or only display to screen n 1 12 PROMPT Pops up an E11 command prompt The primary video display is switched to TTO s screen if
18. dd boot pt0 rt11 E 2 PDT 11 150 The PDT 11 150 is a microcomputer based on the LSI 11 chipset It has no expansion bus and uses a pair of 8085A processors to simulate the approximate equivalent of a small PDP 11 03 configuration but it could be built more cheaply and was sold as a smart terminal system for data entry etc It uses RX01 drives but instead of an RXV11 controller which would have required a Q bus it has a WD1771 floppy controller chip which one of the 8085As used to simulate an almost RXV11 like interface called the RXT11 Like the PDT 11 130 it runs RT 11 again using the PD SYS device handler with help from code in ROM which D Bit has reimplemented and is included as PDT150 PDP Also like the PDT 11 130 it supports 60 KB of memory Sample E11 INT set cpu pdtil load rom pdt150 170010 mount pd0 drive0 dsk 138 Terak 8510 a 139 mount pdi drivel dsk boot pd0 rt11 E 3 Terak 8510 a The Terak 8510 a is a desktop microcomputer with a DEC LSI 11 processor and custom Q bus cards for everything else It was produced in the late 1970s and early 1980s Instead of using a separate console terminal it has an ASCII keyboard and a video display which can simultaneously display monochrome graphics at 320x240 pixels and text at 80x24 characters using a soft reprogrammable character set It runs a customized version of RT 11 or the UCSD p System or mini UNIX E11 s Terak 8510 a emulation is new in V6 1 and is
19. if none is specified all six PCI base address registers will be used if they exist on this device The search terms are listed below Any that is not specified is wildcarded BUSDEVFN bb dd f PCI bus device function each field is a hex number or for wildcard e CLASS xxzxzz 24 bit PCI class number in hex DEVICEID xxxx 16 bit device ID VENDORID xxxxw 16 bit PCI vendor ID SUBDEVICEID xxxx 16 bit sub device ID SUBVENDORID x2xx 16 bit sub vendor ID Each PCI device has a configuration header which contains six base address registers any or all of which can describe a block of port addresses used by that device Very often only one base address register is active so there s no question where to find the port s but sometimes the block is larger than the number of working ports it contains or there are two different types of devices in the same block or there are multiple blocks and not all of them contain standard ports there may be a PCI interface chip visible in one of the blocks If ADDPCI should assume that all base address registers contain nothing but valid ports of the type it s looking for there s no need to include any base address specifications Otherwise one or more blocks of valid ports may be described with a specification s of the form BARa b c a says which of the six base address registers to check 0 5 b if specified is the hex offset from the start of the base address where the
20. path wildcard Displays a list of PC files that match the specified wildcard The listing pauses at the end of each screen Typing Q or CTRL C ends the listing carriage return advances by one line and any other character advances to the next screen DISMOUNT ddcu Dismounts the specified mass storage device see MOUNT Unit number ranges are accepted to remove multiple devices with one command DUMP switches d path filename PDP s1 e1 s2 e2 Sn en With no switches dumps PDP 11 memory to the specified PC file default extension is PDP Any number of address ranges s e may be given and data will be dumped to the file from each range in the order given in the command line The last range may have no ending address in which case file data are dumped until the end of memory If no ranges are given at all the default is to dump all of PDP 11 memory starting at 000000 With either the ROM or EEPROM switch dumps a range of ROM or EEPROM to the file The ROM EEPROM must have been created with LOAD ROM or LOAD EEPROM Only one address range may be specified It must begin at the beginning of the ROM but may end before the end of the ROM The BANKED switch can dump all of a banked ROM if only the starting address is given rather than dumping only up to the first 512 bytes in this case the starting address can be omitted too 17 773000 is the default for ROM and
21. port This is mainly useful for remote printing using network software that captures BIOS output and forwards it to a network print server For a locally attached printer it s better to use the default NOBIOS setting The SET LPTn DATAPRODUCTS command supports line printers which use the Data Products parallel interface typically using a special cable which connects the LPT port to a 50 pin Winchester connector When this command is in effect E11 implements the Data Products signal polarities and protocol using software polled I O The very first line printed may contain a junk character since the DATA STROBE signal is held asserted by the PC BIOS until E11 takes over The special cable should connect the data lines straight through the Centronics STROBE signal is connected to DATA STROBE and the Centronics BUSY signal is connected to DATA REQUEST You can make the cable yourself or you can buy a model EYN328 cable from Black Box Corporation and connect it to the end of a regular PC printer cable by using a gender changer which has two 36 pin female Centronics connectors Connector pinouts for SET LPTn DATAPRODUCTS Sealevel ports based on Zilog Z8530 Z85230 E SCC USART 57 y DATA STROBE DATAO LSB DATA1 DATA2 DATA3 DATA4 DATA5 DATAG DATA7 MSB DATA REQUEST B25 Winchester M 50 j m B D F J L N R T V X Z b n k u w E C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 Paired pins are signal return The DB25 connector
22. 0 1000 PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 9 10 1 ETHER Point to point IPL using Ethernet See discussion under DR11W XA 9 10 2 NULL Null device See discussion under DR11W XA 9 11 PP PCO0O4 paper tape punch Command syntax MOUNT PP d path filename PAP Special switches none The PC04 is a high speed paper tape reader punch interfaced to the PDP 11 through a PC11 interface This command attaches the specified PC file to the output half of the device so that data bytes sent to the punch will be written to the file instead PR PCO04 paper tape reader 83 In E11 prior to V3 0 one paper tape reader punch was always configured but now they must be created explicitly You can recreate the V2 2 behavior by adding MOUNT PR NULL to your E11 INI initialization command file and issue new MOUNT command s later to change the file s used See below for SET commands The PC11 is a combined reader punch controller so one set of settings configures both the reader and punch halves 9 12 PR PCO4 paper tape reader Command syntax MOUNT PR d path filename PAP MOUNT PR NULL Special switches none This command attaches the specified PC file or a host OS independent null devic
23. 132 column mode E11 will attempt to find a video mode which is the same height but 65 wider If no such mode is available E11 will take the closest fit which may be the same one from before the change In any case a session created with SIZE 132x24 is not the same as an 80 column VT100 which is initially in 132 column mode Sending ESC 31 to this session will not switch it to 80 column mode The SET CONn SIZE WxH command sets the default screen size for all future ASSIGN commands on that unit It may still be overridden by a SIZE switch on that ASSIGN CONn is the only device that may be used with the VT VT11 vector graphics display processor or with the VR VT30 raster graphics processor Rather than running as an emulated VT100 in text mode the way true serial devices do VT11 sessions run in graphics mode and require an SVGA card with at least 1 MB of memory See section 9 15 for details The same goes for the VR VT30 raster graphics display emulation However it doesn t need the 1024x768 graphics mode so it also works on an EGA or VGA card 6 1 3 COM ports Command syntax SET COMn PORT nnnn IRQn if needed ASSIGN ddcu COMn switches Special switches NOFIFO FIFO FIFO n The PDP 11 port is connected to the specified PC COM port Any changes to the default I O port address and IRQ settings must be made with a SET COMn PORT nnnn IRQn command before assigning a PDP 11 port to the COM port The defa
24. 16 bit input and output ports which transfer data in and out of PDP 11 memory using DMA They look more or less like a typical disk tape controller to software with the usual registers for the bus address and word count and a CSR with three function bits and a GO bit There are also three status bits which are controlled by the attached device and an attention mechanism for notifying the PDP 11 of asynchronous events They are typically used to connect high speed external devices or for high speed inter processor communications The DEC DR11W etc interface cables have a pin called Cl CNTL H or some variant which tells the DR11W whether to transfer data from memory to the external device or the other way around PC digital I O devices typically aren t able to choose the direction on the fly like this and are designed to be programmed for the proper direction before the block transfer begins Since the real DR11W doesn t work this way the PDP 11 program doesn t set the direction into the interface and anyway there s no register bit to indicate it This means that Ersatz 11 has no way of knowing the direction of transfer so it can t program the PC interface with the proper direction To work around this ASSIGN XA takes the DIRECTION rrrrrrrx switch This method assumes that for each possible combination of the three FNCT bits on the interface which are written by bits 1 3 of the DR11W CSR the direction of trans
25. ASSIGN command will fail when trying to bind the port number to the port Single port Telnet servers 59 Normally there is no reason to use more than one Telnet server so all of the relevant ASSIGN commands may have TELNETA on the right hand side or just TELNET for short since A is the default E11 provides multiple ports in case calls to one address port should go to one pool of serial ports and calls to another address port should go to another The SET TELNET BANNER command may be used to specify the name a text file which contains a login banner This banner is displayed to all incoming connections when they first connect SET TELNET NOBANNER disables any login banner which has been set which is the default condition The SET TELNET TERMINAL type command tells E11 to negotiate with the Telnet client to use the specified terminal type in cases where the client is a terminal program which can emulate multiple terminal models The default is DEC VT100 which is the official RFC designated name for the DEC VT100 terminal but many systems notably those based on Unix don t bother to follow this specification and use their own names for terminal types This command allows you to set whatever name the client will understand SET TELNET NOTERMINAL disables terminal type negotiation SET TELNETc controller parameters must be issued before the first ASSIGN that uses server c BANNER file set login banner PORT n set
26. COM port Assembly language source is included 22 Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC Paul Koning former RSTS E developer has written a very complete program named flx for manipulating files in RSTS disk images Among other things it can build a bootable disk given the files from 0 1 It s available from ftp ftp dbit com pub f1x and is written in portable C so it can be used with any emulator or with real PDP 11 disk packs on a VAX A DOS executable is included with the sources Chapter 4 Disk Devices Ersatz 11 emulates a wide variety of disk drive and controller models These are created using one MOUNT command see page 97 for each drive unit needed Generally each emulated disk unit must be connected to an emulated disk device e g a large file on the PC s disk which is at least as large as the disk it emulates The connection is device independent so any emulated disk can be connected to any of the physical disk device types that E11 supports The controller itself is created implicitly when its first drive is mounted and can be deleted by dismounting all of its drives The controller type RL11 UDA50 etc is implied by the device name used in the MOUNT command and the same device name syntax is the same as most DEC operating systems E11 has sensible defaults for all disk parameters so in most cases a MOUNT command for each unit is all that is needed If necessary the default drive parameters can b
27. DEPOSIT command The numbers are entered into consecutive words of memory starting at the specified address For convenience these commands may be abbreviated to E and D 122 Breakpoints and single stepping B 2 Assembly and disassembly The ASSEMBLE and LIST commands display or modify memory in very much the same way as the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT commands except that they accept and display assembly language source instead of octal data Both commands accept optional switches to set the virtual address space to use and if no switches are specified the default is to use the same virtual address space from the previous ASSEMBLE or LIST command The ASSEMBLE command starts the assembler at the specified address or if no address is specified the default is to continue assembly at the next address following the last line assembled by the previous ASSEMBLE command E11 prompts for each line giving the address where it will be entered into memory Entering a blank line or typing CTRL C returns to the E11 command prompt The LIST command lists eight lines of code starting at the specified address or if no address is specified then eight lines of code are disassembled following the last line displayed by the previous LIST command or REGISTER display Two addresses can be given to produce a disassembly of all code in that range of addresses B 3 Registers The PDP 11 registers may be displayed at any time using a REGISTER command R for short This di
28. Daa A ne ot ot Ek ee 24 dl Disk imiage tiles 4 4 a cyto A ee ayaa Bsn Bh Dah IS eta es ea dae 25 4 3 2 Raw SCSI disk drives s sje ewe ee a we eR ee a we ge ee eae ah 26 4 3 3 Raw BIOS disk drives and partitions ee 28 4 3 4 Raw floppy disk drives 2 2 2 6540 A ae a 29 4 3 5 Catweasel floppy disk drives ee 31 4 3 6 Raw CD ROM drives uv ek A Oe a ee ee a ee 31 Ait RAM disk drives yo vise 2 tt Godin ace es Bibb dope etd Unite ee EA 31 4 3 8 Disks with intentionally bad blocks 2 0 0 0 0 oo e 00000000004 32 4 39 Nullsdisk drives y poi hed sn a aide She lee ee cence eld Be Ge cane Skt AB bd aah dhe Bok 32 4 4 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices opsit PG ae a ERR EA Oe Gohl eee OE Sales 33 AAT DB RP04 RPO REOG wd detest fee kk ke eo Bos Le aed Eo a aa Ea eS 33 FE DE ROU RSA lt f ac A ee eee a A ere ee ae es 34 4 43 DD DE TU 58 amp a ke hed ROR MSR EE eS oe ae SREP aa 34 4 4 4 DF RF11 RS11 DDC DMS 11X SSDM 100 called RF in RT 11 35 4 4 5 DK RK02 RK03 RK05 DECpack called RK in RT 11 36 44 6 DL REO RLO 22 e EE e a a 36 LA DM RKOG6 RKOT imc A oh A ee SA a e ce a a EA 37 LAS DP RPO2 RPO hie ae A a A ee ek ew ee 37 4 4 9 DR RM02 RM03 RM05 RM80 RPO7 2 0 20002000200 000 38 44 10 8 R503 RS04 0 bb Oe eee e bod BOR he ta 39 4 4 11 DT TU55 TU56 DECtape i e paie e ate a a araa a a ih 39
29. E11 is able to auto detect is assigned an ETHn nickname which may be used in ASSIGN commmands in place of the actual device dependent name This means that on systems which have only one supported Ethernet port ETHO will work Otherwise SHOW NICS lists the possibilities 7 1 2 NE2000 NE2000 and compatibles Command syntax SET NE2000c ISA PCI AUTO PORT nnnn IRQn if needed ASSIGN ddu NE2000c proto protog protoz Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff The NE2000c device refers to a Novell NE2000 or compatible Ethernet board accessed using E11 s own internal driver This requires much less software overhead than using a DOS packet driver and common PCI boards such as those based on the RealTek RTL8029 chip are supported as well as the older ISA ones The c parameter is an optional letter specifying which NE2000 board to use default is A meaning the first or only one The port IRQ values and controller type should be set with SET NE2000c commands prior to issuing the ASSIGN command except for PCI NE2000 clones where E11 obtains the port TRQ values from the PCI BIOS By default the controller type is AUTO which means that E11 should first try to locate a PCI board and failing that should assume that there s an ISA board located at the specified port IRQ values Setting the controller type to PCI tells E11 that it s definitely a PCI board so the port
30. IRQ values are ignored the values obtained from the PCI BIOS are used instead and an error message is given if no PCI board exists A controller type of ISA tells E11 to skip the PCI probe and definitely use the supplied port IRQ values PCNET AMD PCnet PCl 67 SET NE2000c controller parameters must be issued before the ASSIGN that uses this board AUTO auto detect ISA vs PCI port type default IRQn set IRQ number 0 15 ISA port type is ISA or PCMCIA use IRQ PORT settings PCI port type is PCI obtain board information from PCI BIOS PORT nnnn set I O port address to nnnn hex SHARE enable ISA IRQ sharing must come after IRQn 7 13 PCNET AMD PCnet PCI Command syntax ASSIGN ddu PCNETc proto protoz protos Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff This driver is for NICs based on the AMD PCnet PCTI series of chips Am79C970 or similar or PCnet compatible emulated NICs available in some virtual machine supervisors 7 1 4 PKTD Packet drivers Command syntax ASSIGN ddu PKTD switches proto protoz protoz Special switches INT nn LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff The PKTD device uses a DOS Packet Driver to access the physical Ethernet board If specified INT nn gives the hexadecimal 80x86 interrupt vector to which the packet driver is attached If the interrupt vector is not given then the range of vectors from 20 to FF hex is searched until a packet driver is fou
31. LOCK switch will be useful when creating the port usually in combination with a MODE switch The SET ddcu LOCK and SET ddcu UNLOCK commands can be used to lock and unlock the port s communications parameters after the port has already been created The device independent serial ASSIGN switches are as follows CD value Sets the value of the CD carrier detect modem status signal as seen by the PDP 11 port value may be ON or OFF to force CD to appear permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value actually detected by the emulated PDP 11 port Or value may be CD which is the default setting to make emulated PDP 11 port s CD input follow the actual value of the CD pin received by the PC port CTS value Sets the value of the CTS clear to send modem status signal as seen by the PDP 11 port value may be ON or OFF to force CTS to appear permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value actually detected by the emulated PDP 11 port Or Serial options common to all devices 53 DSR value DTR value LOCK MODE bps par dbits sbits RI value RTS value SRD value STD value TTSYNC TXMAX n value may be CTS which is the default setting to make emulated PDP 11 port s CTS input follow the actual value of the CTS pin received by the PC port Sets the value of the DSR data set ready modem status signal as seen by the PDP 11 port value may be ON or OFF to force DSR t
32. MOUNT command to lock the disk against writes 4 3 1 Disk image files Command syntax MOUNT ddcu d path filename DSK switches Special switches none A disk image file contains a byte by byte image of a PDP 11 disk presumably loaded from a real PDP 11 using Kermit or DECnet or some equivalent or built using PUTR COM or FLX EXE or RT11 EXE or a similar utility see chapter 3 The file is the same size as the total capacity of the PDP 11 disk drive it replaces The file is located using E11 s usual search rules see section 1 9 for details There are two types of image files block and sector images Block images contain the disk data as it would be read in sequential block order which for most PDP 11 disks is the same as the raw device order This is the most common format and is normally used by default Sector images apply to floppy disks only RX01 RX02 and RX50 disks are organized using a soft interleave layout to increase their speed when used with controllers that have only one sector buffer The PDP 11 device handlers and or controllers for these disks handle the soft interleave so it is normally invisible to the PDP 11 user program so images made of these disks using something like the RT 11 COPY FILE DEV command will be normal block images When a block image file is accessed as a virtual PDP 11 floppy disk Ersatz 11 does the inverse of the soft interleave so that when the PDP 11 driver does t
33. PDP 11s and E11 Even if the PDP 11 didn t already have a SCSI controller it might be worth obtaining a used one if a non trivial 18 Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC 19 amount of data must be transferred unless the PDP 11 operating system is too old to support SCSI MSCP devices Adding support for it to the operating system might require a SYSGEN in some cases but for RSX BRUSYS will support a DU controller regardless of whether your usual monitor is built with the DU driver Older versions of RSTS can both backup and restore without ever booting a monitor at all and the backups are self booting and include a copy of the backup utility so restoring them on the target system is easy New versions of RSTS require that the backups be made under timesharing but they can still be restored in INIT SYS 3 2 SCSI tapes Magnetic tape can be a convenient way to import PDP 11 data to the PC as long as a PC tape drive can be found which will read the PDP 11 media The DEC TZ30 and TK50Z GA SCSI drives use TK50 tapes and a variety of companies still make SCSI 9 track tape drives These may be mounted inside E11 as PDP 11 tape drives and used directly by the emulated PDP 11 or images may be taken using D Bit s DOS SCSI tape utility available from ftp ftp dbit com pub ibmpc util st exe and the resulting TAP files may be mounted under E11 3 3 Kermit Kermit is a protocol for transferring files over serial lines It pro
34. SPC It has a 16 bit up down counter which can be programmed for one shot or periodic use It has on board crystal controlled 10 kHz and 100 kHz clocks and can also be triggered by the AC line frequency which requires a connection from the power supply to pin CE1 of the KW11P s slot or by low to high transitions on an external TTL input which is connected to spade lugs on the M7228 board The usual command to create a KW11P is simply ASSIGN KPn since there is no particular physical PC device attached to the physical side of the emulation The 10 kHz and 100 kHz clocks are derived from the PC s internal timer as is the AC line input which ticks at the frequency set by the SET HERTZ command 60 Hz by default A digital I O device name may optionally be given on the ASSIGN KP command line If it is the device s first or only interrupt input is used as the KW11P s external clock input Note that the PC device may not have a Schmitt trigger input like the real KW11P and also that it may not count the same edge The real KW11P counts on a low to high transition of the external input A trivial circuit using one or two gates of a 74LS14 will solve these problems E11 includes a limited digital I O driver for PC LPT ports which is mainly useful with the KW11P emulation A command like ASSIGN KP LPT1 will create a KW11P clock which uses LPT1 s ACK signal as its external clock input This is a TTL input which appears on pin 10 of t
35. Shows a table of all PCI devices in this system If a bb dd f bus device function value is specified as three hexadecimal numbers separated by hyphens the command shows more detailed information about that particular device SHOW PCLOG Shows the log of PC program counter values from the last 64 PDP 11 instruction fetches if enabled with SET PCLOG ON or more if enabled with SET PCLOG n Used for debugging PDP 11 code SHOW PRINTERPORTS Lists the printer ports that have been detected on this system and the host OS independent nicknames that may be used to access them with ASSIGN commands The last entry is always NULL to ensure that there s always at least one valid PRINTn unit SHOW SYNCPORTS Lists the synchronous serial ports that have been detected on this system and the host OS independent nicknames that may be used to access them with ASSIGN commands The last entry is always NULL to ensure that there s always at least one valid SYNCn unit SHOW THREADS Shows a list of all threads currently running in Ersatz 11 and a brief description of each one This command is mainly intended as a support aid when contacting D Bit for help This command gives no meaningful output unless the system is emulating a multi processor PDP 11 SHOW THROTTLE Shows the current status of the emulated CPU speed throttle See the SET THROTTLE command for more informa tion SHOW VERSIONS Shows the version numbers of Ersatz 11
36. Win32 COM devices Anything else is likely to malfunction when attached to a processor other than CPA Currently it is important that a processor be created with SET CPUS n before any devices are attached to it with MOUNT or ASSIGN commands The SET BUS x command that sets the bus must also come before the MOUNT or ASSIGN This applies even to TU58 controllers which are not actually attached to a bus but must handle events on the same CPU as the DL11 to which they are connected If this requirement is not satisfied data structures may be corrupted There are other known bugs currently it appears to be impossible to bring more than three CPUs online under E11 CON gives an offline error on whichever one you do last no matter which one it is not just CPD This is presumably because of a bug in E11 Also sometimes a CPU will halt for no apparent reason D Bit makes no commitment to fix these or any other multiprocessing specific bugs but would be very interested in hearing any input on what might be going wrong F 5 Multiple PDP 11s with non shared memory There are a few scenarios where it may be useful to have multiple PDP 11 CPUs which are completely separate This is generally no different from running separate instances of E11 under a multi tasking host OS except on DOS where there can be only one instance Creating multiple separate PDP 11s is done the same way as creating a mP PDP 11 74 system except that the SET CPU NOSHA
37. a few larger records The RAM tape will initially be empty unless it is loaded from a tape image file which is done with the LOAD d path filename TAP switch The file is located using E11 s usual rules see section 1 9 for details If this switch is given the RAM tape will be the same size as the file unless the size is explicitly set with the SIZE switch The RAM tape is loaded from the file once when the MOUNT command is issued then the file is closed Any data written to the RAM tape do not change the file from which it was loaded 5 2 4 Null tape drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu NULL switches Special switches none Null tapes are useful only as placeholders Writes have no effect and reads return tape marks 5 3 Emulated PDP 11 tape devices This section describes the emulated PDP 11 tape drive models and defines the device specific MOUNT command switches that apply to each name units controller drive volume switches CT 0 1 TA11 none always TU60 DECassette MM 0 7 RH11 RH70 TM03 TE16 TU45 TU77 SERIAL nnnn MS 0 7 TS11 etc none always matches controller MT 0 7 TM11 none software can t tell MU 0 65535 TMSCP TYPE xxxyy 5 3 1 CT TU60 DECcassette The TU60 was designed to provide cheap off line storage using ordinary audio cassette tapes The TU60 is a 51 4 box containing two tape transports and most of the control electronics connected by a ribbon cable to the TA11 c
38. a plain DOS system if no DPMI compliant memory manager is present however in this case E11 must be the only protected mode program executing on the system So if there is no DPMI host then HIMEM SYS and EMM386 EXE should be disabled in CONFIG SYS to avoid conflicts with E11 s supervisor Installation and Configuration 15 Drivers for most of the PC hardware that E11 controls are built into E11 itself so there is often no need to load any external drivers or TSR programs However there are some exceptions These are listed below along with the device emulations or drivers that may require them and examples of typical lines that would be added to the CONFIG SYS and or AUTOEXEC BAT files to load the drivers The drivers themselves are supplied by the hardware vendor and or the operating system needed by typical command line Packet Driver DELQA PCIPKT 0x60 in AUTOEXEC BAT DELUA Mouse DEVICE CAMOUSEYMOUSE SYS in CONFIG SYS VT11 or C MOUSE MOUSE in AUTOEXEC BAT CD ROM CDROM DEVICE C SBCD SBIDE SYS D MSCD001 V in CONFIG SYS and C DOS MSCDEX D MSCD001 in AUTOEXEC BAT DEVICE C SCSI ASPISDOS SYS in CONFIG SYS Whether or not the above drivers will be needed depends on the configuration of the emulated system Most common configurations don t require any of them If needed these drivers are installed by adding lines similar to the above examples to the CONFIG SYS and or AUTOEXEC BAT files using a text editor
39. and later units using sensible rules which will usually give a useful result This can be handy for things like populating a serial multiplexer 8 Filenames 1 9 Filenames A few rules apply to PC files referenced using E11 commands When a reference is made to an existing file without a drive name or directory path in the file specification E11 searches for it first in the current directory then in the directory where the E11 executable file is located under DOS V3 0 and later then in the directories listed in the PATH environment variable A filename may be enclosed in single or double quotes to allow lower case or special characters in the name however this is useful only when running on a system that supports the long filenames extended DOS calls Path elements must be separated by characters except when the file specification is enclosed in single or double quotation marks in which case either forward slashes or backslashes may be used Each command that takes a filename has a default extension which is added when none is supplied by the user Typical default extensions are ext type of file relevant command CMD command file Q d path filename CRD punched card binary image ASSIGN CD CR DSK disk image file MOUNT INI init file INITFILE switch LOG log file LOG PAP paper tape image file MOUNT PR PP PDP binary memory image LOAD DUMP TAP tape image file MOUNT TIM opcode timing file SET THR
40. any PDP 11 model using the RH11 Massbus adapter The RMO03 67 MB 5 platter pack drive RM05 256 MB 12 platter pack drive actually a modified rebadged CDC 9766 and RM80 DEC s own 124 MB Winchester disk using the same basic drive as the R80 and RA80 were considered by DEC to be too fast for plain Unibus PDP 11s really the problem was just the inadequate FIFOs on the RH11 Massbus adapter Similarly the RP07 516 MB Winchester disk manufactured by Sperry was supposed to be too fast for any PDP 11 to use at all although some users managed to get them working anyway by reformatting them to use use greater than 1 1 interleave As with the DB drives E11 allows the CYLINDERS n HEADS n SECTORS n and SERIAL nnnn switches to be used when mounting DR drives MOUNT DR drive switches CYLINDERS n set non standard number of cylinders HEADS n set non standard number of heads RMO2 set drive type to RM02 67 MB 5 platter pack drive RMO3 set drive type to RM03 67 MB 5 platter pack drive RMO5 set drive type to RM05 256 MB 12 platter pack drive RM8O set drive type to RM80 124 MB Winchester drive RPO7 set drive type to RP07 516 MB Winchester drive SECTORS n set non standard number of sectors SERIAL nnnn set drive serial number 4 decimal digits WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DR controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n
41. be used The data from the file will appear through a 512 byte window and the page which is visible is selected by the PDP 11 using the page control register PCR which for emulation purposes is considered by E11 to be part of the CPU board since in most cases it is There are two styles of page control register SET CPU KDF11 or SET CPU BDV11 selects the style used in the KDF11 on board ROM or the BDV11 boot diagnostic board SET CPU KDJ11 selects the style used in the on board ROM of the KDJ11x CPU boards The starting address for banked ROM windows is either 17 773000 or 17 765000 The windows must be 512 bytes long which is E11 s default anyway so there s no need to give the end of the address range The EEPROM switch means that the memory is actually EEPROM as used on the KDJ11x CPU boards and must go in the window starting at 17 765000 This is the default so there s no need to give any address range at all with LOAD EEPROM Note that while the memory can be written the data written are not saved to the file from which the EEPROM was loaded Regular ROM data go in the window starting at 17 773000 so this is the default for LOAD ROM ROM devices can be removed at any time using the UNLOAD command The switches and defaults are the same as for LOAD so the starting address of the ROM to remove need not be specified if the BANKED switch is used 9 3 CD CD11 punched card reader Command syntax ASSIGN CDcu d path
42. bus UNLOCK unlock MODE settings VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 6 3 5 PT PDT 11 130 TU58 This is the not quite DLV11 serial port used for the TU58 cartridge tape drive in a PDT 11 130 microcomputer see Appendix E The port differs from a regular DLV11 port in that the receive register at base 2 and the transmit register at base 6 are combined into a single read write register at base 2 The normal usage of this device is to ASSIGN PTO DD to attach it to a TU58 controller and then use MOUNT DDn commands to set up one or both TU58 units 64 Emulated PDP 11 serial devices SET PT controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal MODE 0b p d s set communications parameters PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal Chapter 7 Network Devices Ersatz 11 emulates several types of network interfaces Once again each emulated port is created with an ASSIGN command and is connected to a real PC Ethernet port DECnet is very demanding in its use of Ethernet hardware In order to avoid needing an address resolution protocol layer it modifies the port s Ethernet address to incorporate the protocol address and it also makes use of multicast addressing features These capabilities are r
43. control up to eight slaves The formatter itself uses one of the eight possible Massbus unit numbers typically 0 and the resulting two level unit selection scheme slightly complicates the device naming since it appears nowhere else As a result the most common naming convention for MMn device names uses the unit number n to refer to the slave number within the single formatter rather than the Massbus unit number which is what is referred to by the unit number with all Massbus disks and the formatter is Massbus unit 0 E11 uses an extended MM device name syntax similar to that used by RSX where each slave s device name looks like MMcu_s cis a letter indicating which RH11 RH70 controller connects to the TM03 formatter The default in this version of E11 is C the letter may change in future versions but in any case it refers to the default tape Massbus adapter at 17 772040 u is the Massbus unit number of the formatter which defaults to 0 and is in the range 0 7 sis the slave number within a TM03 formatter of the tape transport which also defaults to 0 and is in the range 0 7 If a number is present but no that number is the slave number not the Massbus unit number The effect is that if the controller letter and Massbus unit number are omitted leaving a device name like MM3 this name has the same meaning as the usual RT 11 or RSTS name which is default tape RH11 the one at 17 772040 default forma
44. diagnostics does not bear much relation to actual operation with real world software and operating systems because the diagnostics are designed mainly to detect known failure modes of real DEC hardware and not to verify new implementations 6 Device names 1 8 Device names With the exception of PC files just about every I O device used by Ersatz 11 has a device name ending in a colon This applies to both emulated PDP 11 devices and real PC hardware devices Each device disk unit serial line etc has a name that normally conforms to the following prototype dev c ul dev Alphabetic device name identifying the device type always two letters for emulated PDP 11 devices variable for PC hardware devices c Optional letter A Z identifying which of the potentially multiple controllers of the same type is control ling this particular device Specified only with controllers that can support multiple devices A reasonable default is used if it is omitted generally the first or only controller of that type The controller letter is always displayed in output from the SHOW command for devices where it is meaningful so the name given by SHOW will have the letter even if you didn t specify one In the demo version of E11 the RH11 RH70 Massbus controllers TC11 DECtape controllers and HD pseudo disks are the only controller types of which there may be more than one All other types will always use controller A so the default
45. done by giving the device name with the lowest unit number first followed immediately by a hyphen and then the highest unit number For example TT1 4 refers to TT1 TT2 TT3 and TT4 pcdev should not contain a range It should refer to the unit that goes with the lowest PDP 11 unit number This unit number is incremented automatically for the other devices in the range except for cases like TELNET and NULL where this wouldn t make sense BOOT 91 BOOT ddu switches Boots the system from the specified disk magnetic tape DECtape network device or paper tape The disk tape must have been mounted with the MOUNT command unless it is a real device attached through a bus adapter The optional switch is an OS name Useful switches are RT11 and RSTS RSX is accepted too but has no special effect This has to do with the method used to pass time and date information to a newly booted monitor RT 11 ignores the time and date passed at 005000 unless the NOP in word 000000 of the bootstrap is cleared to 0 HALT and the bootstrap is entered at 000002 RSTS uses the time and date at 001000 in a different format from RT 11 regardless of whether its NOP was cleared but later versions of RSTS save the first word of the bootstrap and execute it later so they will halt if the system was booted the RT 11 way Hence Note that the OS switches are meaningful only on block devices If you prefer to set the time and date manually th
46. done when writing a partial sector so the physical sector size is completely independent of the sector size of the emulated PDP 11 disk In particular SCSI CD ROM drives work well regardless of the drive model and so do magneto optical cartridges some of which use 2048 bytes per sector Partitions SCSI disks may be partitioned so as to emulate multiple drives using subsets of a physical disk This is especially useful now that many of the PC hard drives on the market are larger than the maximum size that most PDP 11 operating systems can handle Mounting a partition is done by using the START n and or END n switches on the MOUNT command to specify the partition s starting and ending locations on the SCSI disk The n values which may include a decimal point are specified in units of 512 byte blocks by default where block 0 is the first block of the disk Units other than 512 byte blocks may be specified by appending a suffix to the n number The table below lists the valid suffixes The suffix must be immediately adjacent to the number without intervening white space suffix unit BYTES bytes BLOCKS 512 byte blocks default KB kilobytes 2 bytes MB megabytes 27 bytes GB gigabytes 22 bytes TB terabytes 2 bytes PB petabytes 2 bytes EB exabytes 2 bytes ZB zettabytes 27 bytes YB yottabytes 28 bytes The units larger than EB are included for future expansion only as Ersatz 11 is cur
47. drive switches RKO2 set drive type to RK02 1 2 MB cartridge drive RKO3 set drive type to RK03 2 5 MB cartridge drive RKO5 set drive type to RKO05 2 5 MB cartridge drive WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DK controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 6 DL RLO1 RLO2 The RLO1 and RLO2 are top loading cartridge drives which hold 5 and 10 MB respectively DEC marketed them successfully as a replacement for the RK05 and they were extremely popular in the 1980s due to their reliability small size a 10 5 rack mount box and the relatively low price of the drives however the cartridges were expensive They turn at 2400 RPM vs 1500 RPM for the RK05 New RLO1 and RLO2 cartridges come with a bad block table written by the manufacturer in the last track which the PDP 11 operating systems are careful never to overwrite Some utilities check for this table and will complain if it is not present so be sure to get the whole disk when making image files The PUTR utility available from ftp dbit com knows how to write a null bad block track when creating an empty image file using its FORMAT RLOx command Note that the RLV12 Q bus controller adds support for 22 bit addressing using an extra register whic
48. entry points to be used by the device emulation module Typically a loaded module will uses these services to register a range or ranges of I O page addresses which it wants to handle Then whenever the PDP 11 accesses a device register in that range the user code is called to emulate the register Calls are also provided to enqueue and cancel interrupt requests and also to perform emulated DMA allocate free memory etc The programming interface is described in Appendix C Loadable modules can also provide a wide range of other services besides just emulating existing custom hardware Modules have been written which support high speed inter task communications to connect the PDP 11 system to other software running on the same PC under a multi tasking operating system extended memory for virtual arrays and access to a dual ported memory device for connecting to another processor among other things D Bit can provide programming information sample code and consulting services for users who wish to implement a custom device emulation module 9 2 ROM devices Command syntax LOAD EEPJROM BANKED d path filename PDP start end LOAD EEP ROM BANKED NULL start end Special switches BANKED EEPROM ROM E11 can simulate ROM devices either simple unbanked ones such as the M9312 bootstrap diagnostic board or banked ones like the BDV11 board or the on board ROM in the later quad height Q bus CPU modules ROM data are
49. filename TXT ASSIGN CDcu d path filename CRD BINARY ASSIGN CDcu NULL Special switches see below The CD11 is a medium speed DMA punched card reader It reads a stack of 80 column 12 row punched cards which may contain binary data or text encoded using various versions of Hollerith The ASSIGN CD command uses the same syntax as the CR11 s ASSIGN CR command except for the device name itself See below SET CD controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus REWIND rewind card deck to beginning VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 4 CR CR11 CM11 punched card reader Command syntax DO PC file access pseudo device 79 ASSIGN CRcu d path filename TXT ASSIGN CRcu d path filename CRD BINARY ASSIGN CRcu NULL Special switches see below The CR11 and CM11 are punched card readers Ersatz 11 reads the card data from a PC file which may be either in binary format if BINARY is specified in which case each 12 bit column is right justified in a 16 bit word stored in PDP 11 byte order or plain ASCII text if BINARY is omitted Text is punched on cards using one of several Hollerith codes which PDP 11 device drivers normally translate to ASCII The DEC026 DECO29 and IBM1401 switches specify which encoding the PDP 11 is expecting
50. from GetForkQel O crtn is a pointer to the completion routine to call at fork level and parm is an arbitrary 32 bit parameter which will be passed to the completion routine EnqueueFork is unusual in that it may be safely called from an interrupt service routine or signal handler NOTE on DOS systems this routine must be called with interrupts disabled and it returns with interrupts still disabled The completion routine is called in the very near future before the next PDP 11 instruction is fetched as follows void _stdcall crtn dword parm parm is the same value that was passed to the EnqueueFork call and is for user defined purposes for example it may be a pointer to per instance data so that the same fork completion routine may be used for several different devices When the completion routine is called E11 is running at main program level and all entry points are safe to call void DequeueFork E11HANDLE handle Dequeues the previously queued fork request if any which was made using the specified handle If no request had been made this call simply returns without doing anything C 5 6 PC hardware access On DOS systems it is often necessary or desirable to program hardware devices directly instead of using system calls to access them On a system running in protected mode user programs must make arrangements with the protected mode supervisor in order to access memory mapped devices or handle hardware interrupts Th
51. gives the direction of the transfer either TOPDP to transfer from the host to the PDP 11 TOHOST to transfer from the PDP 11 to the host or COMPARE to compare the two pdp11addr gives the PDP 11 buffer address either an 18 bit Unibus address for MapTransfer which goes through the Unibus map if it is present and enabled or an absolute 22 bit address for AbsTransfer which uses absolute addressing like Q22 bus or the RH70 x86addr is the 80x86 buffer address len is the length of the transfer The return value is zero on success or the number of bytes not transferred if stopped due to a bus timeout or the two s complement of this number if stopped due to a compare mismatch C 5 3 PDP 11 instruction emulation A plug in module may be used to add custom instructions to the PDP 11 architecture or provide modified versions of existing ones This is similar to what was possible using the hardware user microcode options on the LSI 11 and PDP 11 60 machines but it is much more powerful since the code doing the emulation has access to the entire host computer and operating system rather than just a PDP 11 micro machine E11HANDLE GetOpcode dword first dword count void exec void init Allocates a block of PDP 11 opcodes to be emulated by this module instead of by Ersatz 11 itself The return value is zero on failure otherwise it s a unique handle which may later be passed to RetOpcode when the instruction handler is unloa
52. into some CPU models and E11 generally uses 1 for the 50 60 Hz clock and the console SLU ports since in most systems these are physically located on the CPU card or immediately next to the CPU So most devices will use values 2 and up If two devices interrupt at the same priority level and with the same daisy chain rank E11 s policy is to acknowledge them in the order that they occurred Finally vec is the vector address through which the interrupt will be taken once it is acknowledged It must be a multiple of four The vector need not be valid except when an interrupt has actually been enqueued using Enqueuelnt so if the EnqueueInt completion routine will set the vector at bus grant time a junk value such as 1 may be used here void RetIntQel E11HANDLE handle Returns an interrupt queue element that had been obtained earlier using GetIntQel O This call is normally made as part of the D11Main exit processing If an interrupt is enqueued using this queue element it is dequeued before the element is freed void EnqueueInt E11HANDLE handle int crtn dword dword parm Enqueues an interrupt request on a previously allocated interrupt queue element This is equivalent to a Unibus device asserting its BR line and waiting for service The interrupt is only enqueued and has not yet begun processing on return because that can only happen when the emulated PDP 11 is between instructions Note that like most E11 entry points
53. is currently selected CHARSETO Character set 0 graphics is currently selected CHARSET1 Character set 1 undefined is currently selected CTRL OR of LCTRL and RCTRL CURSORKEY Cursor key mode ESC 1h EKB True 101 key Enhanced or 104 key W95 keyboard false 84 key AT keyboard GO GO character set is selected SI Gi Gl character set is selected SO INSERT VT102 insert mode is active ESC 4h L1 keyboard LED 1 is lit ESC 1q L2 keyboard LED 2 is lit ESC 2q L3 keyboard LED 3 is lit ESC 3q L4 keyboard LED 4 is lit ESC 4q LOCAL Terminal is in local mode NEWLINE Newline mode ESC 20h ONLINE Terminal is on line not in local mode SHIFT OR of LSHIFT and RSHIFT TERAK Terak keyboard TK VT52 VT52 mode ESC 21 WPS WPS terminal and LINE FEED CONTEXT keys swapped Appendix B Debugging Features Ersatz 11 provides a full assortment of debugging commands These can be useful for PDP 11 program development and can also be invaluable for troubleshooting configuration problems or for providing detailed information to D Bit when reporting a problem in Ersatz 11 itself Real PDP 11s all provide some form of programmer s console This can be either a traditional binary switches and lights front panel an octal keypad and LED display a simple ASCII console emulator program running out of ROM or the Micro ODT program implemented in microcode in systems based on the LSI 11 DCF11 and
54. it is not already there Keyboard Script Language 115 RELEASE keyname Executes the keyrelease script for the specified key i e the script defined by DEFINE KEYRELEASE for that key RSTSAMPM Sends AM or M or PM depending on the time read by GETTIME using the unusual rules used by pre V9 0 versions of RSTS E 00 00 00 00 59 99 is PM the minute starting at midnight 00 01 11 59 59 99 is AM as usual 12 00 12 00 59 99 is M the minute starting at noon 12 01 23 59 59 99 is PM as usual SCROLLBACK BACKWARD FORWARD n SCREEN Moves scrollback display backward or forward either by n line s where n is in the range 1 127 or by almost one screen SECOND2 Sends the 2 digit second 00 59 as read by GETTIME SECONDARY n Changes the screen on the secondary video display to screen n 1 12 This is useful only on systems with two video displays and performs no operation on systems with only one SELECT Begin selecting text using the mouse Text on the screen is shown in reverse video starting at the current mouse location and extending to wherever the mouse moves including into scrollback memory until a COPY command is executed typically by the MOUSERELEASE keyscript for the same button which executed the SELECT which copies the highlighted text into the paste buffer Selection is aborted and the text being selected is un highlighted if the PDP 11 sends more data to the screen while selection is in pr
55. likely to have rough edges please report any bugs Sample Terak E11 INI set cpu 03 eis fis TK takes over 177560 so move TTO out of the way set tt0 csr 177270 graphics screen on CON2 E11 console remains on CON1 assign tk con2 define key uarrow chr 26 define key larrow chr 23 define key rarrow chr 11 define key darrow chr 12 some boot blocks check ROM signature to identify controller load rom null 173000 173003 mou qx0 drive0 vol sector mou qx1 drivel vol sector switch to CON2 primary 2 boot qx0 Appendix F PDP 11 74 and PDP 11 45 Multiprocessing EXPERIMENTAL UNSUPPORTED In the late 1970s DEC built prototype PDP 11 systems which had several modified PDP 11 70 CPUs PDP 11 74s attached to a shared memory to form one large system and extended RSX 11M to support these machines this project led to RSX 11M PLUS Also the earlier PDP 11 45 had a limited ability to share its memory with another processor Ersatz 11 attempts to emulate these multiprocessor machines however this feature is completely unsupported D Bit is happy to accept comments and problem reports about E11 s multiprocessing features but makes no commitment to act on them These features are provided for experimental uses only and are not guaranteed to work reliably or at all The vestigial PDP 11 74 code that s still present in RSX 11M PLUS was written for DEC s internal testing only and is ab
56. line re type line delete to beginning of line delete word to left of cursor exit prompt and connect to TTO delete character to left of cursor move left one character move right one character move up a line in history buffer move down a line in history buffer 88 file CMD Accepts input from the specified file as if it had been typed at the E11 prompt The default extension is CMD and search rules are the same as for the E11 INI initialization file see section 1 9 Command files may be nested up to four deep Lines read from the file are not echoed ADDPCI type parameters Adds non standards compliant PCI devices to E11 internal tables so that they may be used in future ASSIGN commands This command should normally never be needed but it can be useful in cases where a PCI device is actually part of a standard class but reports itself as some other class for example if it s part of a multi I O card Each ADDPCI command searches the PCI bus for devices which fit the search criteria and adds them to the end of the COM or LPT tables as they are found So if E11 has already found COM1 through COM3 at startup and the ADDPCI command is used to find another 16550A style serial port it will be COM4 The type must be either COM or LPT and specifies which type of device E11 should assume it has found The parameters can consist of any mixture of search terms at least one is required and base address specifications
57. matter of tuning the numbers to get delays which are long enough that the system works reliably but still give good performance Ideally the PDP 11 device drivers should be updated so that they will operate correctly with infinitely fast hardware since this will allow it to get the best possible performance out of any fast PDP 11 replacement but the SET DELAY command allows the user to work around these problems without having to touch the PDP 11 software Chapter 3 Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC In order to run an exact copy of a real PDP 11 system the contents of the PDP 11 s disk s must be accessible to Ersatz 11 to be used as emulated disks In most cases this means importing a byte by byte copy of each entire disk into a large image file which is the same size as the entire PDP 11 disk Note that this is very different from importing the individual files from the PDP 11 disk In some cases the files can be reassembled into a disk image but if possible it s better to download the disk s as a single large image The fewer transformations the data go through the fewer opportunities for mistakes that could lead to file damage Getting a snapshot of a bootable disk from an existing PDP 11 into a PC file can be tricky there are many ways to do it and which choice is the best one depends on what software and hardware are available and what media or protocols the PDP 11 and PC have in common D Bit can help with
58. mode TICK Sends the timer tick number as read by GETTIME Normally this is a 2 digit number 00 49 for a 50 Hz clock or 00 59 for a 60 Hz clock but the actual number of digits is selected to fit the maximum possible timer tick number which is one less than the SET HERTZ setting TOGGLE flag Toggles a read write flag See section A 4 for a list of flag names UCMONTH3 Sends the 3 letter upper case English month abbreviation JAN DEC as read by GETTIME YEAR2 Sends the 2 digit year 00 99 as read by GETTIME YEAR4 Sends the 4 digit year 1980 2099 as read by GETTIME A 3 Key names This section defines the key names used for DEFINE KEYPRESS DEFINE KEYRELEASE commands and PRESS RELEASE statements Keycap descriptions are for US English keyboards and may differ on keyboards designed for other languages For most of these keyboards the physical layout is close to the US layout so name of the key that would be in the same position on a US keyboard should be used in script language definitions Keys labeled EKB only exist only on the 101 key Enhanced keyboard and the 104 key Windows 95 keyboard It is not considered an error to bind keyscripts to them even when only an 84 key AT keyboard is present but keyscripts for keys that are missing will never be executed key on keypad or key if present Keyboard Script Language A Z BACKSPACE CAPSLOCK CONTEXT DARROW DEL END ENTER ESC Fi F12 HOME INS
59. models of that controller and by changes in the configuration of other devices that use floating CSRs and or vectors if this controller is set to be a floating device as DUB and DYB normally are for example 4 1 Disk cache Ersatz 11 provides a built in disk cache which can be enabled individually for each emulated disk unit by adding a CACHE or CACHE n switch to the MOUNT command that creates that unit n is the amount of memory in bytes unless an optional suffix of KB MB or GB is added to be set aside for the cache This number includes all variably sized data structures so the actual amount of data that can be held in the cache will be lower The default is 16 MB The built in cache is intended mainly for the DOS version of E11 since the older DOS disk caches don t always scale well to the available RAM and hard disk capacity on modern PCs On Linux and Windows systems the host operating system already provides good disk caching so there may be no advantage to using the built in cache Some experimentation might be worthwhile though since using E11 s cache in addition to the OS supplied one may reduce system call overhead enough to be noticeable The cache is currently write through i e it does not use delayed writes Future versions may introduce write back caching with a settable delay 4 2 Padding short volumes There are different schools of thought about what an emulator should do if a disk is bei
60. of emulated DR11Ws as a point to point inter processor link between E11 systems It uses a simple private protocol details available upon request using DEC s customer protocol number so it should not interfere with most Ethernet traffic but it s really intended for point to point connections two NICs cabled directly together with no hub and uses the broadcast address at least until it discovers the other side s MAC address 9 16 2 NULL Null device Command syntax ASSIGN XAn NULL switches Special switches none Placeholder device Ignores output and all lines read as zeros 9 17 XN DN11 auto dialer controller Command syntax ASSIGN XNn pdpl1dev switches Special switches DIRECTORY d path filename TXT XN DN11 auto dialer controller 87 The DN11 is a controller for the Bell 801 automatic calling unit ACU which is a touch tone dialer that s typically paired with a Bell 212A modem etc It transmits digits and receives status using a simple parallel interface with RS232 like signal levels A DN11AA backplane accepts up to four DN11AD units each of which drives its own 801 while sharing selection interrupt hardware with the other units in the backplane The ASSIGN command specifies which PDP 11 device is dialed by this DN11 unit This is meaningful only for serial and DDCMP devices and only if they re connected to PC devices that can make outgoing connections For serial lines thi
61. ops This has the unfortunate side effect of defeating utilities which intend to skip formatting over the manufacturer s bad block list which appears on the last track of some older disk types so PDP 11 utilities will complain that the bad block file is missing even if one had been written on the disk prior to formatting In some cases the utilities are still willing to proceed after performing their own surface scan to check for bad blocks MOUNT SCSI drive switches END n units set end of partition default is rest of volume INTERVAL n set polling interval for detecting media changes START n units set start of partition default is 0 4 3 3 Raw BIOS disk drives and partitions Command syntax MOUNT ddcu B10S u p Raw floppy disk drives 29 parameter values default meaning h A Z A BIOS disk unit A first disk t 0 255 0 FDISK partition number 0 means the entire disk This command mounts an entire PC hard drive or FDISK hard drive partition as a PDP 11 disk using the PC s INT 13h hard disk BIOS to perform I O The letter u specifies which disk to use A means the first one B is the second etc and p is the partition number which is usually in the range 1 4 unless the disk uses an extended partition The lettering and numbering is intended to coincide with the scheme used by Linux s dev hd device If the partition number is 0 or is omitted the entire disk is used as one drive Enti
62. path filename DSK switch The file is located using E11 s usual rules see section 1 9 for details If this switch is given the RAM disk will be the same size as the file unless the size is explicitly set with the SIZE switch The RAM disk is loaded from the file once when the MOUNT command is issued then the file is closed Any data written to the RAM disk do not change the file from which it was loaded Note that if the RAM disk is not loaded from a file it will normally need to be initialized by the PDP 11 operating system after creation in order to have a usable file system The LOW and HIGH switches decide whether the RAM disk s memory is allocated from 32 bit address space the low 4 GB or 64 bit address space respectively The default is to use 32 bit space for RAM disks smaller than 1 GB and 64 bit space if the requested size is larger or if there isn t enough 32 bit memory available RAM disks in 32 bit space work slightly faster than ones in 64 bit space but they must be small enough to fit in whatever memory is free below the 4 GB limit of 32 bit addressing 4 3 8 Disks with intentionally bad blocks Command syntax MOUNT ddcu BAD switches pcdev Special switches LIST d path filename TXT This layer may be inserted in front of any other disk emulation to add known bad blocks to a disk This may be useful for testing error support in PDP 11 utilities or for preparing a disk image file which w
63. race conditions and stores it internally for use by HOUR2 MINUTE2 SECOND2 etc GETTIME should be executed once before any sequence of commands that sends the various date time fields This is done explicitly instead of having each individual command get the time itself before sending its field in order to ensure that all the fields are coordinated and don t contain mismatched data if the clock rolls over while the date time string is being composed Without a preceding GETTIME statement the statements that send the individual parts of the date time will send garbage HOUR1 Sends the 1 or 2 digit hour of the day 0 23 as read by GETTIME HOUR12 Sends the 1 or 2 digit hour 1 12 as read by GETTIME HOUR2 Sends the 2 digit hour of the day 00 23 as read by GETTIME HUNDREDTH2 Sends the 2 digit hundredth of a second 00 99 as read by GETTIME Keyboard Script Language 113 IF lt expri gt THEN amp statement1 amp ELSEIF lt expr2 gt THEN statement2 amp ELSE amp statement3 amp ENDIF Executes statements conditionally The expressions may be made up of any combination of read only and read write flags see section A 4 for a list of flag names the operators AND NOT OR and XOR and parentheses to override the default binary operator precedence which is NOT AND and OR XOR from highest to lowest with OR and XOR being equal If the expression after the IF is true the statement which may actually be multi
64. s usual rules see section 1 9 for details If the file does not exist it is created as a zero length file in the current working directory 5 2 2 Raw SCSI tape drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu SCSTI AJ J switches parameter values default meaning h A Z A SCSI host adapter A first HA t 0 15 0 SCSI target number 8 15 for wide devices only l 0 7 0 SCSI logical unit number LUN within target Special switches INTERVAL n sets tape change polling interval Raw SCSI tape drives may be accessed through an ASPI manager the same as with SCSI disks Almost any tape drive that allows variable length records may be used including SCSI 9 track drives There is specific support i e workarounds for firmware bugs for DEC TZ30 or TK50Z GA drives which can read and write TK50 tapes 4 mm DAT tapes work very well as do DLT tapes since they have the same semantics as 9 track and TK50 tapes but much higher capacity Older DEC Quantum DLT drives can even read TK50 tapes Some SCSI tape drives such as 8 mm drives and Travan cartridge drives do not allow data to be appended to an existing tape except at the point immediately after the very last write This is incompatible with the ANSI and DOS 11 tape labeling schemes usually used by PDP 11s which normally end a tape with two tape marks and then add files to the tape by backspacing to the point between the two tape marks if not further and writing new file headers These tape dri
65. serial or printer device can be captured to a PC file using E11 s LOG command For example LOG TTO FOO will cause all data displayed on the console terminal to be saved in FOO LOG until logging is turned off with a LOG TTO command with no filename An ASSIGN command will fail if the specified PC port doesn t exist or if the device s currently SET IRQ is already in use and not SHAREed or if the new ASSIGN command would steal TTO s device for some other port There must always be something attached to TTO since that s E11 s console terminal Note that Ersatz 11 does not flag an error if the ASSIGN command assigns a TT port to a printer or assigns an LP port to a screen even though these are usually not likely to be useful combinations The reason both port types use the same pool of devices is so that they can both access COM ports since serial terminals and serial printers are both reasonable devices LP ports attached to serial ports or video screens respond to XON XOFF flow control One good reason to ASSIGN an LP port to a VT100 session is that a LOG command will capture the output to a 51 52 Serial options common to all devices file and there s no need to actually pop up that session and see it on the screen 6 1 PC serial devices name units type switches CONu 1 12 video console SIZE WxH COMu 1 16 PC COM port FIFO n NOFIFO serial options LPTu 1 8 PC LPT port SBMIDI none Sound Blaster MIDI port
66. server to listen on TCP port number n TERMINAL type choose terminal type type 6 1 8 Single port Telnet servers Command syntax ASSIGN ddcu TELSINGLE switches Special switches BANNER d path filename TXT INTERFACE if PORT n TERMINAL type This is a single line version of the TELNET device It s mainly useful when each PDP 11 line needs to have its own port number so that a given client always connects to a particular PDP 11 line instead of taking the first available out of an emulated modem pool The switches have the same meanings as the TELNET device s SET keywords 6 1 9 Telnet clients Command syntax ASSIGN ddcu TELCLIENT switches Special switches DESTINATION IP address PORT n TERMINAL type The TELCLIENT device makes the PDP 11 port act as a Telnet client initiating a connection to a remote Telnet server The switches set the destination TP address required and port number default is 23 as well as the reported terminal type If the connection attempt fails or a successful connection closes it is retried after a short delay indefinitely so that it will work even if the PDP 11 starts up before an external terminal server has booted 60 Throttled 1 0 6 2 PC serial pseudo devices This section describes pseudo device layers which may be configured to modify the behavior of E11 s actual serial port drivers syntax type switches HAYES pcdev Hayes AT command set KERM
67. some forms of media translation call or send email for information DEC Mentec and S amp H are all now willing to sell PDP 11 OS licenses to emulator users there doesn t seem to be an issue about the lack of a CPU serial number So ordering the latest OS version is straightforward and with the right peripherals the installation kits can be booted directly by E11 and installed on emulated disk s Disk images have been successfully loaded from real PDP 11s using Kermit or Process Software TCP IP or DECnet and Pathworks or as a last resort an OS supplied DUMP command on the PDP 11 with the output captured with a PC terminal program and then massaged back into binary with a simple utility program Also PUTR available from ftp dbit com see below can build bootable RT 11 image files using a floppy disk distribution kit without the need for booting a real PDP 11 3 1 SCSI disks The easiest way of all to move any PDP 11 OS to the PC is using a SCSI disk drive If you were already using a PDP 11 SCSI controller you should be able to move the disk directly over to a PC SCSI controller and either read it into an image file using PUTR COM or use it directly using the SCSI disk support in the full version of E11 Iomega Zip and Jaz drives and Fujitsu DynaMO 3 5 magneto optical drives are inexpensive and work very well with both Ersatz 11 and PUTR COM and they provide a cheap fast easy way to transfer files or whole disks between real
68. standard device emulations into E11 when necessary E11 is intended to boot and run any PDP 11 operating system It has been tested with RT 11 all flavors RSX 11M RSX 11M PLUS RSTS E IAS TSX Plus 2 9BSD and 2 11BSD UNIX DSM 11 DOS BATCH Fuzzball BOS the Fox 2 30 OS and XXDP Emulated configuration PDP 11 03 PDP 11 04 PDP 11 05 PDP 11 20 PDP 11 23 PDP 11 24 PDP 11 34a PDP 11 40 PDP 11 44 PDP 11 45 PDP 11 53 PDP 11 60 PDP 11 70 PDP 11 73 PDP 11 74 PDP 11 83 PDP 11 84 PDP 11 93 or PDP 11 94 CPU with individually selectable features FP11 FPF11 FPJ11 etc floating point processor FIS floating instruction set option KE11A B extended arithmetic element EAE e 4 MB main memory e Many different models of disks tapes serial and network devices see tables below 2 Introduction 1 1 Emulated block device types RH11 RH70 RCI DL11 RF11 DMS 11X RK11D RL11 RLV11 RLV12 RK611 virtual RP11C RH11 RH70 RH11 RH70 TC11 UDA50 KDA50 RQDX3 RQZX1 RX11 RXV11 RX211 RXV21 Fox 2 30 DBI virtual RXT11 controller type s drive type s RP04 05 06 pack drive RS64 fixed head disk TU58 cartridge tape RS11 fixed head disks DDC SSDM 100 RAM disk RK02 RKO5 front loading cartridge drive RLO1 RLO2 top loading cartridge drive RK06 RKO7 top loading cartridge drive Ersatz 11 interface to host file system for DO SYS DOS TSK LNX TSK RP02 RP03 pack drive RM02 03 05
69. starts with the new CPUs do not get a console terminal set up for them by default so you must create one for each CPU after CPA Use a SET TTn BUS x command to tell E11 that the DL11 will be on CPx s bus and then use an ASSIGN TTn command to attach it to a terminal device As long as it s the lowest numbered TT device on that CPU s bus it will use the default console terminal addresses of CSR 17777560 and VECTOR 60 so there will be no need to set those Whenever E11 is emulating more than one CPU the E11 gt prompt changes to the name of whichever CPU is operated upon by the execution debugging commands Initially this is CPA gt but you can change it by typing the name of the CPU you want e g CPB etc Any command which works on the CPU itself is affected by this That includes EXAMINE DEPOSIT LIST REGISTER GO HALT INITIALIZE STEP etc ASSIGN MOUNT SET commands which add remove or configure peripherals are not affected by the debugger focus and may be issued at any time BOOT commands always apply to the CPU that owns the device being booted according to its SET BUS x setting 142 Il DIP11A interprocessor interrupt and sanity timer F 2 Busses Each PDP 11 74 processor has its own Unibus E11 needs to know which bus each device is on so most devices have a SET ddcu BUS x command which sets that controller to be on CPx s bus This command must be issued before the command that creates the device RSX
70. supplied by any of the supported PC serial devices but this switch makes it possible to force the signal to appear to be active if needed This switch is included for completeness only It works like the DTR and RTS switches but it controls the STD pin secondary transmit data which is pin 11 on a Bell 202 modem Since none of the supported PC serial devices drives this pin the switch has no visible effect Enables XON XOFF flow control for output from the PDP 11 This switch sets the maximum number of transmitted characters that will be buffered for transmission by that port Once the port has accepted this number of characters 54 Video consoles from the PDP 11 it waits for all of them to be transmitted before accepting more char acters This value should be set low enough to get acceptable response to XON XOFF characters it may take up to n characters for the PDP 11 to react and suspend out put but high enough to get adequate throughput The default value is 16 LA120 teleprinters are particularly sensitive to XON XOFF response time so they require a low TXMAX value TXMAX n is available only as an ASSIGN switch It may not appear in a SET command UNLOCK The opposite of the LOCK switch unlocks the port s MODE parameters so that they may be altered by the PDP 11 port on port types where this is possible such as the DZ11 and DHU11 This is the default so there s normally no reason to use it as an ASSIGN switch howev
71. the CD has been changed and the cached data should be thrown away 4 3 7 RAM disk drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu RAM switches Special switches LOAD d path filename DSK SIZE blocks LOW HIGH RAM disks may be created using regular PC memory This gives extremely fast access to disk data but has the disadvantage that all data are lost on shutdown So any needed files should be copied to permanent storage before 32 Null disk drives shutting down E11 and data may be permanently lost in the event of a power failure The maximum possible size of RAM disks depends on the amount of memory available so the SHOW MEMORY command may be useful in deciding how much space to allocate Note that the actual amount of memory needed to create a RAM disk is slightly more than the disk s raw capacity since E11 needs to maintain internal data structures related to the RAM disk and the emulated PDP 11 controller to which it is attached If no MOUNT switches are given a RAM disk is created that s the same size as the drive being emulated which is itself defaulted This size may be changed using the SIZE nm switch which sets the size of the disk to n blocks Other units besides blocks may be used by appending the unit to the number with no space in between for example SIZE 20MB sets the size to 20 megabytes The RAM disk will initially contain all zeros unless it is loaded from a disk file which is done with the LOAD d
72. the memory contents are overwritten before the breakpoint is reached STEP allows proceeding one instruction at a time If a numeric argument is specified it gives the number of steps to perform with a default of one step This command can be abbreviated to S so that it may be typed quickly For even greater convenience a key may be redefined to enter this command with a single keystroke For example def key kpplus step chr 13 This will cause a step to be executed every time the keypad key is pressed Memory mapping 123 The GO command starts execution at full speed with no breakpoints or single stepping An optional starting address may be given If it is omitted execution continues at the current PC value Unlike some versions of ODT E11 does not issue an implied INIT pulse with either the GO or PROCEED command If necessary the system may be initialized including all emulated devices and bus adapters using a separate INITIALIZE command B 5 Memory mapping E11 can display the current status of the memory management unit at any time using the SHOW MMU command There are two optional arguments the mode KERNEL SUPERVISOR or USER and the space INSTRUCTION or DATA Both may be abbreviated to one letter and the defaults are KERNEL INSTRUCTION The display for each page gives the starting virtual address starting physical address block limits access and the A accessed and W written dirty bits Also the current val
73. this one may be called only from main program level not from a hardware interrupt service routine or signal handler The EnqueueFork call provides access to E11 s internal fork queue which allows scheduling a call in the near future to a user subroutine at main program level from anywhere This call may be used in an interrupt service routine or signal handler to schedule a call to a separate user supplied routine which makes the EnqueueInt call Simple devices can simply pass NULL as the crtn parameter and any value for the parm parameter In this case the interrupt will quietly occur on its own whenever the PDP 11 lowers its priority and begins interrupt service and the vector address that was set in the GetIntQel call will be used unless it is canceled by a DequeueInt call before then Devices which need to be informed when an interrupt is actually being serviced and or need to wait until the last moment to choose an interrupt vector should pass a function pointer as the crtn parameter This is a completion routine which is called like this 130 Installable Plug ins int _stdcall crtn dword parm This routine is called just as the emulated PDP 11 is acknowledging the interrupt and preparing to fetch the interrupt service routine s address from the vector parm is the same value that was passed to Enqueuelnt It may be any 32 bit value and is there so that the same completion routine may be used for more than one de
74. through an ASPI manager which is normally supplied by the SCSI controller vendor and is loaded in CONFIG SYS Removable disks such as Iomega Zip drives or Fujitsu DynaMO magneto optical drives are supported as well as hard drives and in many cases media may be interchanged with real PDP 11 SCSI drives using controllers made by CMD and others Note that CMD MSCP controllers on real PDP 11s are often configured to deduct one block from the reported size of the disk to allow for the RCT relocation control table an MSCP data structure For compatibility with these popular controllers E11 s default operation is to do the same when mounting a raw SCSI drive as a DU device The NORCT switch may be used to override this behavior When a SCSI drive is idle E11 sends SCSI TEST UNIT READY commands at regular intervals to check for a change in online offline disk change status This is done for exact compatibility with DEC MSCP controllers and in practice it works better than some of the aftermarket SCSI controllers used on real PDP 11s which notice a disk change only the next time I O is attempted on that device The polling interval is 5 seconds by default but it can be changed using the INTERVAL n switch which changes the interval to poll every n seconds instead or not to poll at all if n is zero Disks with sector sizes other than 512 bytes are supported by E11 Data are re blocked as necessary with read modify write sequences
75. usec FILE d path filename TAP INTERVAL insts Enables or disables a throttle which can slow down the average emulated CPU speed in a fairly predictable way for compatibility with PDP 11 software which contains timing loops which are tuned for a particular PDP 11 CPU model Timing is approximate due to the added overhead of accessing the PC s clock hardware so often but it should still be possible to get close The throttling is done by inserting delays at regular intervals during simulation of PDP 11 instructions SET pcdev 103 DELAY usec sets the length of this delay to a fixed value of approximately usec microseconds FILE filename loads a table of 65 536 little endian binary 32 bit values from a 262 144 byte file each of which is the number of nanoseconds that the corresponding PDP 11 opcode should take to execute given in order from 000000 to 177777 octal Entries with values above 50 000 are currently not allowed and produce a value out of range error message INTERVAL insts sets the number of PDP 11 instructions that will be executed between delays So every insts instruction fetches there will be a fixed delay of about usec microseconds if DELAY was used or a delay computed to bring the total amount of real time that the previous insts instructions took to execute up to the sum of those opcodes entries in the table if FILE was used The ON keyword turns throttling on Throttling is also turned on implic
76. val where val is from 0 to 7 Also the current mode and previous mode may be set with CM x and PM x where z is K S or U for kernel supervisor or user mode Or the entire processor status word may be set at once with PS xx1x11 SECONDARY n Switches the session number in the range 1 12 being displayed on the secondary video monitor if any This command is equivalent to pressing Ctrl Fn on the keyboard except that it may be issued from an initialization file or serial console without requiring that key combination to be typed manually on the PC keyboard SET BREAK nnn NONE Sets the octal value of an ASCII character that can be used in place of a serial BREAK signal to pop up an E11 prompt For example SET BREAK 020 will cause any CTRL P character typed on TTO to bring up an E11 prompt The default value is NONE meaning that all ASCII characters are passed through and only a serial BREAK or a keyscript PROMPT command will bring up the prompt This command is intended for use in cases where the console TT0 has been ASSIGNed to a real serial port connected to a terminal or terminal program that has difficulty generating BREAK signals SET CLOCK 14318nnn Informs E11 of the actual frequency in Hertz as a decimal number of the PC motherboard s 14 318 MHz system clock used to derive the 50 60 Hz clock among other things This frequency is supposed to be 14318180 Hz which is what Ell assumes
77. 01 Jan 1972 so it runs out in 2016 Fuzzball has year 2000 problems but replacement modules are available from ftp dbit com to make it work until 2016 The date format could be extended to 16 bits but that would require relocating the flags that currently go in the high 2 bits of the date word and the GDAT system call would require an incompatible change to support that G 3 6 Dates in Unix Unix and Unix compatible systems normally store dates as a signed number containing the number of seconds since midnight UTC on 01 Jan 1970 The type that this value is stored in time_t is normally a 32 bit signed integer in some cases this is true even on Unix systems that run on 64 bit processors which means that this format will run out in early 2038 This limit applies both to PDP 11 Unix systems being run under emulation as well as 80x86 Unix or Linux systems being used as the host environment for Ersatz 11
78. 1 The RS11 is another fixed head disk and is a PDP 11 version of the RS08 disk for the PDP 8 It was word addressable and more popular than the RS64 as it was larger 512 KB and more reliable Due to their high speed for the time RS11s were commonly used for swapping so it may make sense to use a RAM disk to emulate an RS11 Ell allows write protecting the entire unit with the WPROT or RO switch but it does not emulate the RS11 s switch panel which allowed write protecting the disk in individual 32 KB segments The Digital Development Corporation DMS 11X controller is an extended replacement for the RF11 RS11 which uses a DDC SSDM 100 RAM drive to hold up to 8 MB of data It uses slightly different disk addressing from the RF11 and uses the unit select bits as additional track address bits so only DFO is useful Non zero unit numbers will not be accessible when emulating a DMS 11X controller A full 8 MB RAM disk may be created as follows SET DF DMS11X MOUNT DFO RAM SIZE 8MB MOUNT DF drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DF controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal DMS11X set controller type to DDC DMS 11X PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RF11 set controller type to RF11 VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 36 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 4 4
79. 1 connects the console terminal to CON1 which is the same VT100 session that E11 uses for its own command prompt The DLV11J 4 line serial card actually appears to software as four separate DLV11 ports so it can be configured in E11 using four ASSIGN commands SET TT controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DL11A set controller type to DL11A DL11B KL11 DL11E set controller type to DL11E MODE 0b p d s set communications parameters PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 6 3 3 XU DU11 DUV11 single serial line units The DU11 M7822 quad Unibus SPC and DUV11 M7951 quad Q bus board are serial line units which generally act like DL11 DLV11 ports except that they also have some synchronous capabilities which are currently only partly supported by Ersatz 11 Emulated PDP 11 serial devices 63 SET XU controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured MODE b p d s set communications parameters PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set v
80. 11fie Send and optionally rename file s to PDP 11 If pefile is a wildcard pdp11file replaces only the first matching name other wildcard matches are sent with their real names LOGOUT or BYE Shut down Kermit server on PDP 11 and log out QUIT or EXIT End use of Kermit client SET BLOCK CHECK n Set block check type to 1 2 or 3 meaning a 1 or 2 byte additive checksum or a 3 byte CRC SET FILE NAMES CONVERTED Transmitted filenames will be normalized to remove possibly controversial char acters SET FILE NAMES LITERAL Transmitted filenames will be in native format of host PC OS SET FILE TYPE BINARY Set client to transfer files in binary mode you probably also want REM K SET FILE TYPE BINARY unless the server is new enough to understand REM SET FILE TYPE BINARY which sets both the client and server at once SET FILE TYPE TEXT Set client to transfer files in text mode also use REM SET FILE TYPE TEXT or REM K SET FILE TYPE TEXT SET TRANSMIT PAUSE n Add an n millisecond delay after each CR character sent with the TRANSMIT com mand This will likely be needed to prevent overruns since TRANSMIT doesn t use flow control TRANSMIT pcfile Send text file directly with no Kermit protocol SET TRANSMIT PAUSE n may be used to add an n millisecond delay after each CR character sent LIST switches addr Disassembles eight instructions starting at the specified address if it is given or otherwise at the first address follow
81. 17 765000 is the default for EEPROM If no ending address is given the default is to dump out the whole ROM EDIT filename EXAMINE 93 Starts the text editor for editing files on the host operating system The keypad commands are a greatly simplified subset of KED or of EDT s change mode so you probably already know how to use them Press PF2 normally mapped to the keypad s key for the help screen which shows what the keypad keys do CTRL Z or GOLD 7 will bring up a command prompt which accepts command line oriented commands The most important ones are EXIT save file and exit and QUIT abandon edits and exit It s a fairly bare bones command set except for a few special purpose commands that might be useful to someone who for example is writing a PDP 11 emulator in 80x86 assembly language Highlights of editor commands e Keypad similar to KED or EDT e LOCALS similar to KED but uses a select range e FILL prefix same as FILL with no argument but preserves a prefix string on each line or adds it if missing Useful for rejustifying comment blocks in some programming languages e g FILL e INSERT filename insert a file e WRITE filename write the select range to a file e APPEND filename append the select range to a file e SET EOL CRLF uses CR LF as the end of line sequence Synonym SET EOL DOS e SET EOL LF uses LF alone as the end of line character Synonym SET EOL
82. 20 ms in 50 Hz clock mode to complete SET DISPLAY NONE SET DISPLAY PORT n SET DISPLAY LPTn If PORT is specified specifies the 80x86 I O address as an expression with the same syntax as used by the CALCULATE command of a word port which when written as a word sets the 16 bit display register Building the trivial hardware to support this is left as an exercise to the reader If a PC LPT port name is given it specifies a port which has a multiplexed LED board plugged into it and E11 will refresh each half on alternate 60 Hz 50 Hz clock ticks There s a little flicker but it works and requires no chips or power supply Just build your board so that the DO D7 lines pins 2 9 of the DB25 drive the anodes of the both the DO 7 and D8 15 LEDs through the same set of eight 100 ohm resistors since only one set of LEDs will have their cathodes grounded at a time Then add two NPN switching transistors 2N3904 etc one for each byte with the emitters grounded pin 25 each collector connected to the cathodes of all 8 LEDs for the appropriate byte and the bases connected through 1 K current limiting resistors to STROBE pin 1 for the DO D7 side or INIT pin 16 for the D8 D15 side A bare PC board is available from D Bit at cost 14 68 plus shipping for the current batch still lying around since December 1994 If NONE is specified then the current DR value is available only from the SHOW DISPLAY command the default condition S
83. 4d 12 DU MS BodISKs 4 at Rok See te E II A iS A 39 AeA O O E tee Goat ol Sed coe ae TS kk 40 44 14 DY RXO2 ERX 200 ate eee aa Rae he ee eet ee a 41 4 4 15 FX Fox 2 30 drum 2 d a e aa ee 42 4 4 16 HD Hypothetical disk odisse gh eek ha ee EA He ee ee es 42 4 4 17 PD PDT 11 150RXOL won be a a a A e 43 4 4 18 QX Terak 8510 a single density disk 2 0 0 0 0 a 43 5 Tape Devices 44 5 1 Experimental tape cach sd A a a a i e ee eee dea 44 K2 PO tape devices 22 3 29 St ew Oe a ee BS A e ee a 45 52 Tape image files e ac WE Pee ee hE a ee a A a a ee 45 5 2 2 Raw SCSI tape drives ces sma osa t 645 a 84 DR ee ee ae at 46 5 23 IRAM tape drives i isa A ane bk oS A Dae fe 2A 46 DZA Nulltape drives Len ae eg gee he Aa ee Ed ee Gb AR A gig 47 5 3 Emulated PDP 11 tape devices 47 diol CL TU60 DE Ccassette e marco a la Gy a A a aoe Bie Slee 47 5 3 2 MM TE16 TU16 TU45 TUTT o e 48 5 3 39 MS TK25 T504 TS05 TUBO gaave aa eraa a da ad 49 5 34 Mi TS03 BULO oa ka keke e di A ee bee da tad de wily 50 5 30 MU EMSCP tapear un A Gaines eed Abe ante ee an ea wa 50 6 Serial Lines 51 Gil PO serlalidevices is uo ee lo Ee ee a Be le t 52 6 1 1 Serial options common to all devices 2 e 52 6 1 2 Nideo consoles gt ary v bee ee AA eS Pbk ob a ts ae oo EAR 54 Gel 3 GOM ports Laca as ele ale dg Pod et God BR Shek reno 55 6 14 PC
84. 5 DK RK02 RK03 RK05 DECpack called RK in RT 11 These front loading cartridge drives were very popular in the 1970s thanks to their low cost and small size a 10 5 rack mount box The disks are similar to the IBM 2315 and many other minicomputer manufacturers used a similar form factor The RK02 is a rebadged Diablo model 30 low density drive and holds 1 2 MB The RK03 is a Diablo model 30 high density which holds 2 5 MB The RK05 is a DEC built media compatible replacement for the RK03 which also holds 2 5 MB It changes the disk select method to support a maximum of eight RK05 drives per controller instead of just four RK03s but can be configured to use the old scheme for compatibility with RK11C and RK8E controllers DEC also built the RK05J which is a later model of the regular RK05 and the RKO5F which has a fixed platter with twice as many tracks and acts like two RK05 drives All of these drives turn at 1500 RPM E11 does not distinguish between the RK03 and RKO5 because they have identical geometries The RK02 is no longer supported by current versions of PDP 11 operating systems It is unusual in that it stores 256 bytes per sector vs 512 for the RK03 and RK05 Be careful when using odd image file sizes with the DK emulation if you intend a disk to be used as an RKO5 but it s not quite 4800 blocks long E11 will auto detect it as an RK02 which probably isn t what you want Use an RKO5 switch to be sure MOUNT DK
85. 50 Hz KW11L mode V1 0 BETA 14 Nov 1994 more bug fixes added FP11A RK611 RK06 07 LP11 D space and supervisor mode emulation Also CALCULATE HELP INITIALIZE LOG SET SHOW CPU SET DR LPTn SET SCROLL SHOW MMU com mands VT100 graphics underline changed to EXE file ran out of space in unified code data segment in COM file V1 1 BETA 22 Mar 1995 still more bug fixes IAS finally works DELUA Ethernet emulation disk LOGging indirect command files workaround for Pentium FDIV bug help text moved to file Russian HD device and RT 11 driver PC11 display general registers on parallel port LED board V2 0 DEMO 20 Jul 1997 many bug fixes as usual limited 22 bit MMU with and without Unibus map MMU SR1 mechanized TOY clock CPU emulation extended to include 11 24 11 44 11 45 11 70 11 94 Added RXT11 RX01 RK02 RK05 RS03 RS04 TU56 TU10 TU60 TE16 TU45 TU77 device emulation Definable keyboard Loadable ROM EEPROM Many new floppy types which may now be used with any disk controller type Many intermediate V2 0x full versions were released throughout 1997 and 1998 V2 1 Full version 01 Apr 1999 runs in protected mode with full 22 bit MMU MSCP TMSCP RMxx RPxx TS11 DZ11 DZV11 DHU11 DHV11 DEQNA device emulation Support for Q Unibus bridges Boca Chase PCI FAST Digi RocketPort PCI SBMIDI serial drivers NE2000 Ethernet driver Physical port drivers for SCSI disk tape drives RAM disks tapes FLOATING address
86. 77566 send next character 001016 bne 1004 loop unless it was a NUL 001020 halt stop in that case 001022 asciz Hello there lt 15 gt lt 12 gt test string 001040 C E11 gt g 1000 Hello there HALT RO 000000 R1 000000 R2 000000 R3 000000 CM K PM K PRIO 0 R4 000000 R5 001040 SP 000000 PC 001022 N 0 Z 1 V 0 C 0 001022 add 15 ro E11 gt ASSIGN pdp11dev pcdev switches Assigns a physical PC device to emulate the specified PDP 11 serial or network device See chapter 6 for information about serial devices and chapter 7 for information about network devices pdp1idev is the name of the PDP 11 device name being created It conforms to the syntax defined in section 1 8 The first two letters define the device type and are generally the same as the PDP 11 operating system s name for that device pcdev is the name of the PC device which will emulate this PDP 11 device Within each class of peripherals serial network any PC device may be used to emulate any similar PDP 11 device The optional switches consist of keywords which begin with a forward slash character Some switches take a value which is preceded by a or character The acceptable switches vary depending on the device names used See the section describing the device for more information Most ASSIGN commands can accept a range of unit numbers in the pdp11dev device name and will create every unit in the range with one command This is
87. A SRK TDi Packetdrivers tu a oa ee BP POR SE DS AS Be ee 67 7 1 5 RTL8139 RealTek RTL8139 based PCI Ethernet boards 0 68 7 1 6 RTL8169 RealTek RTL8169 based PCI Ethernet boards 0 68 7 1 7 TULIP DEC Intel Tulip based PCI Ethernet boards o oo 68 7 1 8 VELOC VIA Velocity based PCIe Ethernet boards o 68 7 1 9 Ethernet tunneling over UDP 0 000 000 00 0000000000000 69 7 2 Emulated PDP 11 network devices 2 e 70 7 2 1 NI Interlan NI1010A NI2010A Ethernet ports e e 70 7 2 2 XE DELUA Ethernet port 200 2 ee 70 7 2 3 XH DELQA Ethernet port 71 DDCMP Network Links 72 8 1 Emulated PDP 11 DDCMP network links aaa 72 8 1 1 XD DMP11 DMV11 multidrop link o e ee 72 8 1 2 XM DMR11 DMC11 point to point link o o e e e 72 8 2 PC DDOMP drivers A a ee ee ee A EN A Ra a e bas 73 8 2 1 ASYNC Asynchronous serial ports ee 73 8 2 2 NUEL Nullodevice wna vee e ee a AA ae ee ah 73 8 2 3 SYNC EXPERIMENTAL synchronous serial ports 2 o e 73 8 2 4 TCP TCP network connection 2 0 a 74 3 2 5 UDP UDP datagrams 4 4 oo Hath heh bold onde hh abba Gb ew a paa aes 74 Miscellaneous Devices 76 9 1 Installable user written plug in emulation modules o 0 0 00 00 0000 4 76 9 2 ROM Ae vicesont
88. ATc bus PORT nnn if needed SET CATcu type if needed MOUNT CATcu d switches Special switches drive type same as for raw floppy disks The experimental Catweasel floppy driver allows reading disks using Catweasel floppy controller boards made by Individual Computers www jschoenfeld de These controllers access the disk at a very low level and can access floppy formats which the regular PC hardware can t This driver is currently read only and does not work reliably however some users may want to experiment with it 4 3 6 Raw CD ROM drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu CDROMd Special switches none The CD ROM drive whose DOS drive letter is specified by d is accessed using the DOS MSCDEX EXE or DR DOS NWCDEX EXE driver Note that this is a synchronous interface so PDP 11 emulation is stalled while reading from a CD More importantly the Windows 9x version of the MSCDEX interface refuses to access the first sixteen sectors of the disk which are unused on ISO 9660 disks but are needed on disks written in a PDP 11 disk format The workaround is to use real DOS or else use a SCSI CD ROM drive with E11 s SCSI device type DVD ROMs may also be accessed through the CDROM interface Note that the MSCDEX EXE etc interface does not provide a way for a program to detect disk changes which means that it is not safe to use the CACHE switch with the CDROM device type because the cache has no way of knowing whether
89. B of available disk space for Ersatz 11 itself plus space for all disk image files equivalent to the size of the disk drives they replace Microsoft MS DOS IBM PC DOS DRDOS Inc DR DOS FreeDOS if properly patched see ftp dbit com or a DOS session in Windows OS 2 or Linux Running Ersatz 11 under plain DOS gives better response time to external events and better access to non standard PC hardware However running in a DOS session under another operating system typically gives a dramatic increase in disk speed due to the improved disk caching So the decision of which host operating system to use should be based on the exact needs of the PDP 11 system Issues to consider when selecting the host operating system DOS itself has essentially no disk caching and the add on disk caches that are available typically do not work well with large disks and don t take advantage of the large amounts of RAM found on modern PCs However E11 s internal disk cache works well and DOS allows E11 unlimited access to special hardware such as bus adapters and it s generally very stable inexpensive and easy to install And it s small enough that in some cases an entire E11 system can boot and run from a single floppy disk Windows 95 or 98 or Me has good disk caching and doesn t interfere much with hardware access but it has a very poor task scheduler It significantly reduces the amount of CPU time that E11 gets when it is not the foregroun
90. Callee pops arguments upon return using RET n instruction e EBX EBP ESI EDI and all segment registers are preserved by callee DF is 0 on entry and must be preserved by callee Symbol names are case sensitive but are otherwise used as is no underscore prefix or nn suffix is added despite linker induced illusions to the contrary Return value if any is passed in EAX zero or sign extended as needed 125 126 Installable Plug ins C 2 Entry conditions After a plug in module is loaded and linked a call is made to its entry address with the following parameters int _stdcall DllMain unsigned long hinstDLL unsigned long fdwReason void lpvReserved This is compatible with the standard Win32 DLL entry point and this is the name of the user written routine which the C library startup code will call after its own initialization with the same parameters hinstDLL is a unique number assigned when the module is loaded It has no purpose in E11 but is part of the Win32 library startup so it is included for compatibility fdwReason is the reason for the call either 1 DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH if the library is being loaded or 0 DLL_PROCESS_DETACH if it is being unloaded lpvReserved points at the command line when loading and contains NULL when unloading The command line is whatever follows the filename in the INSTALL command if anything in DOS form i e a length byte followed by a CR terminated string This can be useful for passi
91. D Switch to a Q bus emulation PDP 11 93 and show changes Eii gt set cpu 93 El1 gt show dl0 DLAO RLO2 READ WRITE FILE C E11 RT11 DSK RLV12 D CSR 17774400 D VECTOR 160 D PRIORITY 4 D STEP count Executes the specified number default 1 of single instruction steps and displays the updated registers after each Note that if real time clock interrupts are enabled and the CPU priority is below 6 STEP will immediately enter the clock interrupt service routine instead of executing the instruction at the current PC An easy workaround is to TYPE 109 disable clock interrupts with D 17777546 0 before using STEP and then reenable them with D 17777546 100 before continuing regular execution TYPE d path filename Types the specified PC text file on the screen The display pauses at the end of each screen Typing Q or CTRL C ends the listing carriage return advances by one line and any other character advances to the next screen UNLOAD switches address Unloads a ROM or EEPROM page previously loaded with LOAD Either the ROM or EEPROM switch is required BANKED may be given to invoke the default starting addresses of 17 773000 for ROM and 17 765000 for EEPROM otherwise the starting address of the ROM must be given Appendix A Keyboard Script Language The script language used by E11 s DEFINE KEYPRESS and DEFINE KEYRELEASE commands and DEFINE MOUSEPR
92. DCJ11 chip sets Regardless of the implementation the programmer s console provides some way to examine and deposit memory inspect and modify the general registers and processor status word and control program execution E11 provides all of this functionality as well as many more features using the interactive E11 gt command prompt which can be popped up at any time by pressing Shift Enter Most of the commands related to program debugging can be abbreviated to one letter to save typing and the user can further streamline the debugging process by binding often used commands to a single keystroke using DEFINE KEYPRESS commands 120 Displaying and modifying memory Debugging commands ASSEMBLE C etc CALCULATE CM etc DEPOSIT DUMP EXAMINE FPREGISTER GO HALT INITIALIZE LIST LOAD LOG MAP PRIO PROCEED PS RO etc REGISTER SET DISPLAY SET PCLOG SET SWITCH SHOW CSR SHOW DISPLAY SHOW MEMORY SHOW MMU SHOW VERSIONS STEP Assemble PDP 11 code into memory Set condition flag value Evaluate an expression abbreviation amp Set current previous processor mode Deposit into memory or I O page registers Dump memory to a file Examine memory or I O page registers Display change floating point registers Start program execution Halt program execution Initialize CPU like RESET instruction List disassembled PDP 11 code Load a binary file into memory Log disk tape Ethernet contr
93. E IA A A eae E Ard A AO B Debugging Features B 1 Displaying and modifying memory 2 0 a 88 110 111 116 118 119 119 120 B 2 Assembly and disassembly corr A ee B 3 gt ROgisterSio jo es a eae anne A O e a le AE PAG A Ga ett B 4 Breakpoints and single stepping 2 a a a B 5 Memory mapping 3 6 4 0 A Gla a a A eo ee Ae ee LE BiG Device logein ge o erek Sebo dere Sats gag hao a bob SOR hak be Bile ee Side grandad B 7 Loading and dumping memory soo a B 8 Switch and display registers o oes aans pe ee eae a Ge ee ee eS Se Installable Plug ins C I Galling conventions 5 004 i446 eee oo eae dA Bee eR e ee ee os 72 Entry Conditions is sae w Mase RA Go hide BO A al Be ee ES O3 Exit Conditions a 4 6A eke EA eae Ge ate eae Bt R ee ey a Ge eA ee eee we a C 4 Building plug in modutles r d saan ae a eee ee oe ew Le a A Co Entry POMS oo aid Ma Pee BOS eyes Gf Gai aye Ee DSS Seed oe De ee a Says C 5 1 Ersatz ll environment 2 aas a Ga dera ae a O n ae a a a e a aE a a AAAA C 5 2 I O device emlation araale i a a n ae a ee C 5 3 PDP 11 instruction emulation a a e C 5 4 PC memory management oaoa C0 FOrke QUEUE sise eng A a Ree ea ee eee ee ee At G0 0 RO hardware access 11 hs Ste a eet ee eae bid EA A A A TCP IP Network Subsystem Microcomputers EA PD TAS T3004 amp tei So es Bh a tte ee ane Bh Er a he EH Hew A A E2 POTASO a A a A O O Rik a og ee
94. EADS n and SECTORS n switches so that the user may specify custom disk dimensions MOUNT DP drive switches CYLINDERS n set non standard number of cylinders HEADS n set non standard number of heads RPO2 set drive type to RP02 20 MB 12 platter pack drive RPO3 set drive type to RP03 40 MB 12 platter pack drive SECTORS n set non standard number of sectors SERIAL nnnn set drive serial number 4 decimal digits WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY 38 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices SET DP controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 9 DR RM02 RM03 RM05 RM80 RP07 The RMxx RP07 series are late model Massbus drives and replace and upgrade the older RP04 RP05 and RP06 drives Their capacities and programming model are slightly different from the earlier Massbus drives so they aren t exact replacements The RM02 and RMO03 are modified and rebadged CDC 9762 drives Both hold 67 MB on a 5 platter pack and media can be interchanged between the two models as well as with unmodified CDC 9762s using Emulex controllers The only major difference between the RM02 and RMO3 is that the RM02 s spindle turns at 2400 RPM rather than 3600 RPM This was done so that the RM02 would be slow enough to work with
95. ECcassette CT are both the same as the IIST and so is the priority so this is probably not a coincidence the TU60 wasn t very popular and was mainly used on low end systems so it may have been a sensible device from which to borrow the CSR vector So you ll have to move one or the other if you need CT The rest of the build save bootstrap process is the same as always unless you have errors to work out Once you have a bootable disk just boot it the same as on a single CPU system Then use the CON ONLINE CPB etc command to boot the other CPU s and bring them on line they aren t included in a CON ONLINE ALL command It normally takes a little over four seconds to bring a new CPU up because HRC s boot code includes a 4 second delay between booting the CPU and interrupting it to see if it has come up successfully The new CPU s console terminal is brought online implicitly when the CPU is started so there s no need for CON ONLINE YLB etc commands to wake up the consoles Ersatz 11 s multi processing support is fragile and it is easy to crash E11 by doing the wrong things or by doing the right things in the wrong order Most emulated devices try to be multiprocessing compatible but only a few of 144 Multiple PDP 11s with non shared memory the physical device drivers have multiprocessing support They are disk image files tape image files RAM disks RAM tapes CON terminal sessions Linux character devices and
96. EFAULT Sets the base CSR address according to the PDP 11 floating CSR rules for devices that support this scheme CSR addresses for all floating devices are recomputed every time the device configuration is changed SHOW commands will display F after an address that was chosen using FLOATING Set controller type This is mainly used to distinguish between Unibus and Q bus versions of controllers which differ in number of address bits used and whether they go through the Unibus map and in some cases in other ways as well DEFAULT means to choose a default controller type based on whether SET CPU QBUS is in effect SHOW commands will display D after a controller type which was chosen using DEFAULT Sets the disk to be single sided or double sided Real RX211s autodetect this but 3 5 and 5 25 disks don t have a separate index hole for DS disks so the number of sides must be set explicitly Sets the mode parameters for the specified port using a syntax similar to the DOS MODE command The four parameters bps par dbits sbits set the decimal number of bits per second which unlike DOS MODE may not be abbreviated so 96 really means 96 baud not 9600 a single letter indicating the parity E for even O for odd N for none M for mark S for space a decimal number of data bits 5 8 and a decimal number of stop bits 1 2 This is mainly useful for DL11 type ports where the communi
97. ELEASE definition except for the Alt Ctrl and Shift keys and the left mouse button Using the E11 INI initialization file the user may easily redefine some or all of the keyboard and or mouse as required The keyscript language is described in Appendix A and the list of key names that E11 accepts is in section A 3 DEFINE LED ledname flag Defines which flag is tracked by each keyboard LED LED names are CAPS NUM and SCROLL The flag may be the name of any flag read only or read write from the keyboard script language in which case the LED turns on when the flag is set and turns off when the flag is clear Or it may be NONE to turn the LED off permanently Flag names and meanings are described in section A 4 DEASSIGN ddu Disables the specified character or network device Deassigning TTO is not allowed either explicitly or implicitly by ASSIGNing its PC device to another PDP 11 device Unit number ranges are accepted to remove multiple devices with one command DEPOSIT switches addr val valz Deposits the word s val val etc starting at memory address addr which is forced even An error message is returned if an attempt is made to access a nonexistent CSR in the I O page bus timeout The address space to use is specified by the switch es or the space used in the last EXAMINE or DEPOSIT command is used by default if none are given See the EXAMINE command for a list of valid switches DIRECTORY d
98. ERSATZ 11 PDP 11 EMULATOR DEMO VERSION 7 1 FOR 30 DAY COMMERCIAL EVALUATION ONLY Copyright 1993 2014 by Digby s Bitpile Inc All rights reserved Release date 01 Jun 2014 Wi D Bit e 139 Stafford Road e Monson MA e 01057 e USA e www dbit com Monson MA 01057 Digby s Bitpile Inc DBA D Bit I 139 Stafford Road USA 1 413 267 4600 e11 dbit com www dbit com Copyright 1993 2014 by Digby s Bitpile Inc All rights reserved The following are trademarks of Digby s Bitpile Inc D Bit Ell Ersatz The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation DEC DECnet DECtape DECwriter DIGITAL IAS MASSBUS PDP PDT P OS Q BUS RSTS RSX RT 11 ULTRIX UNIBUS VT The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of S amp H Computer Systems Inc TSX TSX Plus Other product service and company names that appear in this document are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks and or service marks of their respective owners Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 1 Emulated block device types 2 1 2 Emulated sequential device types a a 3 1 3 Emulated serial device types 3 1 4 Emulated network device types 3 1 5 Emulated DDCMP device types ooa a 3 1 6 Miscellaneous device types a 4 LT PO hardware support sy lA A A A eee doe AE E 4 18 Device names drid ak a hore ates e Bab ROR hed a Se egies 6 TO Fil
99. ESS and DEFINE MOUSERELEASE is powerful yet very easy to use Unlike some systems where keys can have only characters or strings bound to them and mouse buttons can be reordered but not changed E11 allows the user to attach a small script to each key so that more complicated operations can be defined In particular there s nothing special about the shift keys Ctrl Alt Shift they can be redefined to be data keys and vice versa When defining a new keyscript it may be helpful to use a SHOW command to display the existing default keyscript for that key or a similar one and use it as the basis for writing the new keyscript To make the keyboard send a character or string to the system simply enclose that character or string in single or double quotes IF statements can be used to send different strings depending on the state of a variety of flags including the current state of the Alt Ctrl and Shift keys NONREPEATING and NOREPEATS commands are used in many of the default keyscripts to emulate the autorepeat behavior of the VT100 keyboard precisely NONREPEATING tells E11 that this keyscript should not be autorepeated even if the key is held down like the VT100 Esc Tab and Return keys and NOREPEATS means that while this key is pressed all other keys should be prevented from autorepeating which is what the VT100 Ctrl key does There are numerous other special purpose commands that allow such things as sending the current date and or ti
100. ET DISPLAY DR BDR RO PC Sets what register is displayed on a hardware LED display register either the parallel port kind described above or the kind that plugs into a bus slot and is addressed by a word OUT instruction By default the DR is displayed i e the last word written to 17 777570 but the BDR boot diagnostic display register i e the last byte written to 17 777524 or RO or the PC may be selected instead since the null jobs in some operating systems display a pattern in RO and the PC in some cases during a WAIT instruction The pattern may be used to get a rough idea of system load and the RO WAIT method is a standard way to display a number on the PDP 11 70 which has no display register address For completeness registers RI R5 or SP may be selected too SET HERTZ 50 60 SET HZ 50 60 Sets the frequency of the KW11L line clock startup default is 60 Ersatz 11 reprograms the PC timer chip for this rate to simulate line time clock interrupts and then maintains a count in software so that it knows when to trigger BIOS 18 2 Hz interrupts there is some jitter due to the BIOS interval being rounded down to the previous KW1IL interrupt but there is no cumulative error so the DOS clock is still correct when you exit from E11 SET IDLE DELAY n NOJRELEASE Sets the behavior when the emulated CPU is idle i e halted or executing a WAIT instruction RELEASE means to ask the host OS to release the current time sl
101. ET ddcu READONLY command and may later be write enabled again with SET ddcu READWRITE 5 1 Experimental tape cache Ersatz 11 has a built in cache for caching tape writes Like the disk cache it is enabled by adding a CACHE or CACHE n switch to the MOUNT command and again the default is a 16 MB cache Unlike the disk cache the tape cache s purpose is to speed up writes not reads SCSI tapes normally buffer all write commands so they appear to complete in a very short time Then when a tape mark is written they catch up with all outstanding writes so the write tape mark operation can take a very long time Many PDP 11 drivers use timeouts to detect broken hardware and they will report errors on these slow write tape mark operations The tape cache works around this problem by guaranteeing as long as the cache isn t full that the various types of write operations will complete within a certain amount of time If the physical tape drive gets behind then the cache will store written data in memory until the tape drive catches up reporting the fake completion of each write command just as its time quota expires Normally the tape drive will catch up quickly since the problem with modern SCSI tapes is only with the latency of certain commands not with the overall average speed In extreme cases where the drive really is much slower than the DEC 9 track drive it replaces it may be necessary to define a very large cache to e
102. G displays the logged values SET NO SCOPE Sets whether the console terminal is a scope or a hardcopy terminal for the purpose of handling rubout characters typed at the E11 gt prompt Mainly useful if the console is redirected to a COM port with a DECwriter etc plugged into it Also determines whether typing L at the command prompt will attempt to clear the screen SET SCROLL HARD SOFT Selects the mechanism used for video scrolling in emulated VT100 sessions HARD scrolling offers superior perfor mance it works by programming the video board s to change the start address of the screen each time a full screen scroll is needed but may expose problems in video virtualization in GUI DOS boxes or cause problems with TSRs that use the display SOFT scrolling does things the slow obvious way by copying the whole screen a line up on each line feed and ought to work with anything HARD scrolling is the default You should try putting SET SCROLL SOFT in your E11 INI file if your display gets scrambled a few lines into each attempted E11 session SET SWITCH n SET SWITCH PORT n If PORT is specified specifies the 80x86 I O address as an expression with the same syntax as used by the CALCULATE command of a word port which when read as a word gives the current 16 bit switch register value Otherwise PORT not specified sets the value of the emulated SR to n again as a CALCULATE style expression SET THROTTLE ON OFF DELAY
103. IT pcdev Kermit client ESCAPE nnn THROTTLE pcdev speed limiter for a PC port RXDELAY n TXDELAY n dev dev dev multiple PC ports 6 2 1 Hayes compatible dialup modems Command syntax ASSIGN pdp11dev HAYES pcdev pcswitches The HAYES pseudo device adds a layer in front of a data leads only modem which understands the Hayes AT command set and makes it appear to use the normal RS232 control and status lines Hayes style modems were very popular on personal computers but were generally not supported by PDP 11 operating systems which expect something more like a Bell 212A which gives call progress and ringing status using RS232 signals and responds to the DTR signal to answer and drop calls The HAYES layer interprets the ASCII messages from the modem and makes them appear as status signals CD RI etc sends commands to the modem when needed in response to changes in the DTR signal from the PDP 11 and inserts delays between consecutive characters sent by the PDP 11 to prevent putting the modem in command mode by accident If a DN11 auto dialer is attached to a device that includes HAYES any dialing commands the dialer processes are sent to the modem 6 2 2 Kermit file transfer protocol Command syntax ASSIGN pdp11dev KERMIT ESCAPE nnn NOSCOPE SCOPE pcdev pcswitches KERMIT adds a Kermit file transfer client to a terminal line It works the same way as the KERMIT command at
104. KPO KP9 KPENTER KPMINUS KPPERIOD KPPLUS KPSLASH LALT LARROW LCTRL LSHIFT LWIND NUMLOCK PAUSE PGDN PGUP POWER PRSCR RALT RARROW RCTRL RSHIFT RWIND SCRLOCK SLEEP SPACE SYSREQ TAB UARROW WAKE 117 ale Numeric keys top row of main keyboard Alphabetic keys Backspace key top right of main keyboard Caps Lock key Context Menu key 104 key keyboard only Down arrow key EKB only Del EKB only End EKB only Enter Esc Function keys F11 F12 are on EKB only Home EKB only Ins EKB only Numeric keys on keypad Enter key on keypad EKB only key on keypad key on keypad key on keypad key on keypad EKB only Left or only Alt key Left arrow key EKB only Left or only Ctrl key Left Shift key Left Windows key 104 key keyboard only Num Lock key Pause key EKB only N B most keyboards send the release code for this key imme diately after the press code rather than waiting until the user actually releases the key so it would not be useful to try to redefine this key as a shift key PgDn EKB only PgUp EKB only Power newer keyboards Print Screen key EKB only Right Alt key EKB only Right arrow key EKB only Right Ctrl key EKB only Right Shift key Right Windows key 104 key keyboard only Scroll Lock key Sleep newer keyboards Space bar Sys Req 84 key keyboard only Tab Up arrow key EKB only Wake newer keybo
105. ODE area node makes the device pretend to have a useless neighbor at the specified DECnet address POINTTOPOINT is the default and makes it a point to point line 8 2 3 SYNC EXPERIMENTAL synchronous serial ports Command syntax ASSIGN ddu SYNC pcdev Special switches DSR ON This driver is not yet ready for use but some users may be interested in experimenting with it The only serial ports that E11 supports that have synchronous capabilities are the Sealevel Z8530 Z85230 based boards SCC 74 UDP UDP datagrams They don t work yet D Bit would be interested in working with anyone who wants to help with testing Multidrop lines are not supported 8 24 TCP TCP network connection Command syntax ASSIGN ddu TCP a b c d remport RETRY n client ASSIGN ddu TCP interface locport SERVER server ASSIGN ddu TCP locport SERVER server is implied if no IP address This driver transfers DDCMP traffic over the Internet between cooperating emulated systems Although TCP technically supports symmetric connections both sides can try to initiate simultaneously and both will succeed that requires each side to know the other s port number and in practice most TCP based protocols use a server with a port number that s known in advance and a client that calls into that port so that s how E11 does it One system must be the client and the other must be the server This has nothing to do with DDCMP so the
106. OTTLE TXT punched card text file ASSIGN CD CR Notes 9 1 10 Notes 1 10 1 Interrupts The emulated interrupt system is somewhat complicated mainly due to some assumptions in DEC OSes particu larly RSX and RT 11 SJ about how many instructions are guaranteed to be executed after writing a command to a device CSR before the device will complete the operation and interrupt On the PC some I O may complete much faster than on a real PDP 11 and it even appears to be instantaneous with RAMdisks RAMtapes and disk tape image files under MS DOS since the I O is performed synchronously between PDP 11 instructions Unfortunately this causes trouble with some drivers that depend on being guaranteed the time to execute a certain number of instructions before the completion interrupt occurs This is not actually a bug if it works on all real PDP 11 models but it leads to incorrect operation if the emulated hardware appears to be fast enough to complete an operation before the expected minimum number of instructions is executed Under testing RSX appeared to issue WAIT instructions for TTY output which was assumed not to have completed yet a few dozen instructions after writing a character to a DL11 thus hanging the system and similarly the RT 11 SJ but not FB XM keyboard interrupt service routine runs with interrupts enabled on the assumption that another keyboard interrupt couldn t possibly happen before the current ISR finishes When this d
107. P 11 virtual address space space selects which space see table above pdp11addr is the 16 bit virtual address in that space and the low 16 bits of data are the word to write to that address The return value is 0 on success or 1 on failure int PokeB dword space dword pdpiladdr dword data Writes a byte into a PDP 11 virtual address space The parameters and return value are the same as for Poke except that only the low 8 bits of the data parameter are used long PeekCD dword pdp1iaddr long PeekBCD dword pdpitaddr int PokeCD dword pdpitaddr dword data int PokeBCD dword pdpiladdr dword data Special versions of Peek PeekB Poke and PokeB which access the current data space Execution is slightly faster than the equivalent Peek D etc calls Installable Plug ins 133 long PeekPhys dword pdpiladdr long PeekBPhys dword pdpitaddr int PokePhys dword pdpiladdr word data int PokeBPhys dword pdpliaddr word data Special versions of Peek PeekB Poke and PokeB which bypass the MMU to access 22 bit physical address space C 5 4 PC memory management void GetMemory dword size Allocates a block of PC memory size is the size of the requested region in bytes If successful returns a pointer to the block of memory Returns zero NULL on failure void RetMemory void addr Frees a block of PC memory previously allocated by GetMemory C 5 5 Fork queue There are often cases where an interr
108. PROCEED break Continues PDP 11 execution at the address currently in the program counter If break is specified then it is the virtual address of a single hard breakpoint where the PDP 11 is guaranteed to stop if an instruction fetch is attempted starting at that address regardless of what mode the computer is executing in and regardless of whether the contents of that location have changed since the breakpoint was set This can be handy for tracing code that hasn t been loaded yet Note that hard breakpoints and single stepping with the STEP command interfere with the operation of the PDP 11 T bit so don t combine them with a debugger or CPU traps diagnostic program running on the PDP 11 or you ll get strange behavior QUIT Exit the simulator closing all image and log files and resetting all devices that were in use REGISTER r val reg val flag val If r and val are given sets register r 0 7 in the current register set to contain val Otherwise displays the values of all eight registers the condition codes the current and previous processor modes and the current interrupt priority level Registers and condition code flags may also be set by typing the register name an equals sign and the new value at the command prompt Any expression that works with CALCULATE is valid in this case 98 SET CPU so for example one may type PC PC 2 The CPU priority may be set in the same way using PRIO
109. REDMEM command must be used to give each CPU private memory and since there are no IISTs each processor must be booted individually Here s a multiprocessor E11 INI file for separate CPUs Set PDP 11 45 CPU model all must be the same with private memory set cpu 45 nosharedmem Set number of emulated CPUs changes prompt to CPA gt set cpus 2 Set up console TTY for CPB set tt1 bus b assign tt1 con2 Mount disks move DKB controller to CPB set dkb bus b mount dka0 rk05a dsk mount dkb0 rk05b dsk Boot CPUs do CPA last since it will take the CTY away from E11 INI boot dkb0 boot dka0 DPDISK Dual ported disk 145 F 6 DPDISK Dual ported disk This pseudo device makes any block device appear to be dual ported so that it may be mounted on two different controllers typically an RK611 RH11 or RH70 since they supported real dual ported drives but this isn t a requirement in E11 normally attached to different CPUs of a multi processor system Normal usage is as follows mount dpdiska rsx dsk mount dba0 dpdiska0 set dbb bus b mount dbb0 dpdiskal This mounts the same image file which could also be a RAM disk or any other supported block device as DBO on both CPA and CPB Each DPDISKc controller letter is a dual ported drive which must be created first DPDISK units 0 and 1 on that controller letter are the drive s two ports which can then each be mounted on a separate emulated disk c
110. SCSI1 uses entire drive MOUNT DUO SCSI1 END 4800 uses first 4800 blocks MOUNT DUO SCSI1 START 32MB END 64MB uses second 32 MB MOUNT DUO SCSI1 START 2GB uses from 2 GB mark up to end of volume MOUNT DUO SCSI1 START 1000BYTES END 1GB OK to mix units and endpoints need not be at physical sector boundaries Low level formatting Ersatz 11 is able to perform low level formatting of SCSI disks even while the system is running The easiest way to do this is to make the PDP 11 think it s a floppy disk albeit an unusually large one using a command like MOUNT DU1 SCSI3 TYPE RX33 or MOUNT DYO SCSI3 and then use the PDP 11 operating system s utility for formatting RX33 or RX02 floppy disks These utilities generally don t mind if the floppy disk is the wrong size or takes an unusually long time to format However when formatting what looks like an RX33 floppy the DEC utilities typically refuse to go ahead with the format operation unless the MSCP controller is a RQDX3 or an RQZX1 so you should SET one of those controller types before attempting to format E11 also supports low level formatting using the write headers commands on the DB DK DM DP and DR emulations Since SCSI devices can t be formatted piece meal E11 implements this by formatting the whole volume whenever the PDP 11 does a write headers command which starts at the beginning of the disk All other write headers commands are no
111. SMIT controls logging of transmitted frames The switches may be specified when the log file is first opened or later in LOG commands with the filename parameter missing to change what is being logged without having to open a new log file If neither the filename nor any switches are specified any existing log file for that device is closed If no switches are specified when the file is first opened the default is RECEIVE TRANSMIT MAP switches addr Displays the physical address corresponding to the specified virtual address The switches to specify the virtual address space are the same as the ones used with the EXAMINE command MOUNT 97 MOUNT pdp11dev pdp11switches pcdev pdp11switches and or peswitches Mounts a PC file or device as the specified PDP 11 block device The PDP 11 disk tape controller of the appropriate type is created if it did not already exist pdp11dev is the name of the PDP 11 device name being created It conforms to the syntax defined in section 1 8 The first two letters define the controller type and are generally the same as the PDP 11 operating system s name for that device pcdev is the name of the PC device or filename to be used to emulate this particular PDP 11 drive The possible names are described in chapters 4 and 5 Switches specific to the controller type may appear either after the PDP 11 device name or after the PC device or file name and are typically used to specify the drive t
112. U11A IEQIIA KD A M8644 CDR KG 0 1 virtual KP 0 1 KW11P OA 0 3 DR11C DRV11 PP 0 PC11 PR 0 PC11 TK 0 Terak VR 0 VT30 VT 0 VT11 XA 0 3 DR11W DRV11WA XN 0 3 DN11 9 1 Command syntax INSTALL d path filename DLL Special switches none command to create LOAD ROM ASSIGN ASSIGN MOUNT ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN MOUNT MOUNT ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN ASSIGN type ROM devices punched card reader punched card reader PC file interface dual GPIB ports countdown registers communications arithmetic board programmable clock PIO digital I O paper tape punch paper tape reader bitmapped graphics display color graphics display vector graphics processor DMA digital I O auto dialer Installable user written plug in emulation modules This command allows custom user written or third party plug in emulation modules to be dynamically installed at run time This makes it possible for custom hardware to be emulated without requiring access to the Ersatz 11 source code Modules are coded in C or 80x86 assembly language and linked to produce Win32 format dynamic 76 ROM devices 77 link libraries DLL files The DLL loader is part of E11 itself rather than a service of the PC operating system so the same module format is used in the DOS Windows and Linux versions of Ersatz 11 allowing some modules to run unchanged in all environments E11 provides a wide selection of callable
113. UNIX Default is auto detected from the file read or from the host OS if creating a new file e SET SOFT TABS parm set tab stops etc for both hard tabs using the ASCII TAB character and soft tabs which are done using spaces alone Values for parm OFF disable soft tabs entirely ON enable soft tabs according to last settings used abc set tab stops at the specified columns 1 left margin EVERY n set tab stops every n columns e SET CONTROL parm set how control characters are displayed LETTER circumflex and a letter e g C for 003 SYMBOLIC default symbolic name e g lt ETX gt for 003 e ESC o check to see if the symbol under the cursor is the only occurence of that symbol name in the file e ESC r change the radix of the numeric constant under the cursor using MASM syntax Suffixes also used in response to prompts for old new radix are b o or q d or h for binary octal decimal or hex EXAMINE switches addr end Examines the word at memory address addr which is forced even If end is specified then a range of words is displayed If both are missing then the 8 words following the last location accessed with EXAMINE or DEPOSIT are displayed An error message is returned if an attempt is made to access a nonexistent CSR in the I O page bus timeout The address space to use is specified by the switch es or the space used in the last EXAMINE o
114. WRITE n 5000 Write tape mark WIM n 1000 5 2 PC tape devices As with disks E11 uses a device independent interface to connect any emulated tape drive to any real tape device This connection is made with a MOUNT command and the current configuration of an emulated tape can be displayed with a SHOW command 5 2 1 Tape image files Command syntax MOUNT ddcu d path filename TAP switches Special switches MAXRECORD n 46 RAM tape drives A tape image file contains a byte by byte image of tape data with headers and trailers on each record to maintain the blocking data from the real tape Each record looks like this LONG LEN 32 bit record length LSB first byte aligned BLKB LEN LEN bytes of data LONG LEN the length again for backspacing A tape mark appears as a single 32 bit 0 The MOUNT command for an image file may include a MAXRECORD n switch which sets the maximum possible record length that can be read or written on that unit The default is 65536 bytes El1 s memory usage may be decreased slightly by using a smaller number but data will be lost if the PDP 11 attempts to read or write records larger than the specified maximum Both ANSI and DOS 11 labeled tapes normally have a maximum record length of 512 bytes but BRU tapes and UNIX tar tapes use longer records As with disks there are also RONLY syn WPROTECT and RW switches to optionally write lock a tape drive The file is located using E11
115. a 260 tape and was very popular for off line storage in the early 1970s when hard disk space was expensive and floppy disks were not yet widely available The TU55 is a single transport drive while the TU56 has two independent transports so it takes two MOUNT DTn commands to define a TU56 That difference is invisible to the PDP 11 so there s no switch to tell them apart MOUNT DT drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DT controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 12 DU MSCP disks MSCP the Mass Storage Control Protocol is a flexible device independent protocol which allows any disk device up to 2 TB to connect to any of DEC s later computers It was used in all of DEC s PDP 11 disk controllers from the mid 1980s on DEC imposed an artificial limit of four drives per controller upon which some versions of some PDP 11 operating systems depend Also DEC wants unit numbers to be unique within a system i e if there s a unit 0 on one controller there should be no unit 0 on any other controller and the maximum allowable unit number varies from one device type to another depending on the method used to assign a unit number to a drive unit select cap for the ready light DIP switches etc
116. ailable to another processor or processors The memory controller is dual ported between its PDP 11 45 host and Unibus B The catch is that a system with split Unibusses is unable to use DMA to access its own internal memory so presumably it will also have some Unibus memory for use with its mass storage A Fastbus memory is created with the following command ATTACH FASTBUSp start end This creates a block of memory on processor CPp which is the only processor that can t access the memory by DMA covering the specified absolute address range This range must be outside of regular memory so the I O 146 IPL Internal inter processor link page will probably have to be enlarged using the IOPAGE nnnn switch on the E11 startup command line so that the desired address range begins at or above the line between plain memory and I O space The memory is attached to other processors by issuing the same ATTACH commands with the identical address range or with the address range omitted while the other processor has the debugger focus because of the CPA CPB etc commands Unlike real hardware E11 allows the same memory to be visible to more than two processors If the very first ATTACH command gives one processor in the FASTBUSp device name but is issued while another processor has the debugger focus then the memory is connected to both processors and no further commands are necessary F 9 IPL Internal inter processor link E11 incl
117. an arbitrary number of parameters of the form c n or c n where c is the octal opcode for the command or for all commands for this device and n is the decimal number of PDP 11 instructions to delay before signaling completion of the command The reason that device commands such as read sector on an RX02 or transmit character on a DL11 delay signaling completion by raising a ready flag and or triggering an interrupt instead of completing right away which would seem natural in an emulator is that some OS software contains assumptions that at least a certain number of instructions are guaranteed to be executed before a device is able to interrupt even when interrupts from that device are enabled The default interrupt delays are set for the worst case so that each one is long enough to avoid any known or suspected problems with DEC OS software The SET DELAY command may be useful in cases where your OS needs a longer delay than the default or in cases where your OS s treatment of a device is clean and you can gain a noticeable I O speed increase by setting all the delays for that device to 1 or in cases where you re debugging OS software and want to test against variety of interrupt rates Note that some devices don t have numbered command opcodes per se but the SET DELAY command syntax requires one anyway for consistency and pseudo opcode numbers are assigned if necessary On DL11 SLUs opcode
118. ard in a single dual height module It is much simpler than the DELUA and has a completely different programming model It has a 4 KB boot diagnostic ROM which can be copied into PDP 11 memory The ROM contains a boot program which can downline load the PDP 11 over the network using the MOP load dump protocol D Bit s own MOP boot program is supplied in the XHBOOT BIN file which E11 locates using its usual search rules see section 1 9 A BOOT XHn command will cause this program to be downloaded from the emulated DELQA and the PDP 11 operating system will be booted over the network assuming a MOP load server is present which has the appropriate load images Note that the MOP load dump protocol depends on using the Ethernet addresses of both the client and server machines rather than a higher level media independent protocol address so it does not work through routers The client and server must be on the same Ethernet segment SET XH controller parameters BOOT ddcu os boot from specified device on reception of MOP boot packet DELQA only BOOT DISABLED disable remotely initiated boot default CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DEQNA set controller type to DEQNA DELQA set controller type to DELQA default PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector addres
119. ards 118 Keyboard Script Language In addition to the above the following keywords define keys that don t exist on most keyboards for completeness in case they are useful on special purpose keyboards KEYOO KEY55 KEY56 KEY59 KEY5A KEY5E KEY5F Sends scan code 00 hex Sends scan code 55 hex Sends scan code 56 hex unmarked key on some keyboards made by Focus Sends scan code 59 hex Sends scan code 5A hex Sends scan code 5E hex syn for POWER Sends scan code 5F hex syn for SLEEP Mouse button names may be used only in DEFINE MOUSEPRESS and DEFINE MOUSERELEASE commands LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT X1 X2 Left mouse button Middle mouse button if any Right mouse button Extra button on some mice Extra button on some mice The double click triple click and scroll wheel events are used in DEFINE MOUSEPRESS only DOUBLELEFT DOUBLEMIDDLE DOUBLERIGHT DOUBLEX1 DOUBLEX2 TRIPLELEFT TRIPLEMIDDLE TRIPLERIGHT TRIPLEX1 TRIPLEX2 WHEELDOWN WHEELLEFT WHEELRIGHT WHEELUP A 4 Flags Double click on left mouse button Double click on middle mouse button if any Double click on right mouse button Double click on X1 Double click on X2 Triple click on left mouse button Triple click on middle mouse button if any Triple click on right mouse button Triple click on X1 Triple click on X2 Scroll wheel etc down one detent Scroll wheel etc up one detent Scroll wheel etc left one detent Scroll wheel etc rig
120. are replacement for PDP 11 minicomputer systems When running on typical PC hardware it substantially outperforms any PDP 11 model ever produced by DEC outpaces all known aftermarket clone CPUs and is the fastest PC to PDP 11 software emulator available at any price Yet it is the most inexpensive PDP 11 replacement product on the market The achievable performance continues to increase as new 1A32 compatible CPUs are released so future upgrades are possible without requiring that a new PDP 11 CPU board be purchased The emulated system is configured using simple commands allowing the flexibility to duplicate almost any existing system easily The configuration of the emulated system can be changed at any time even while the system is running Wherever possible E11 provides useful defaults to simplify the configuration process It will choose between Q bus and Unibus controller models depending on the emulated CPU type and will auto compute floating CSR and vector addresses for devices that use them It also chooses the default interrupt priority level according to the CPU type since in many cases the Q bus version of a peripheral interrupts on level 4 even though the original Unibus version uses level 5 In all cases these defaults can be overridden with SET commands Ersatz 11 emulates the entire PDP 11 system in software including most standard disks tapes serial devices and network interfaces Facilities are provided to integrate non
121. arely used with protocols other than DECnet and D Bit has found that many drivers supplied by hardware vendors appear to have been tested and debugged only against TCP IP v4 stacks The calls that have to do with multicast address lists and changing the Ethernet address may not work properly and at worst may crash the system when called In many cases there are several different packet drivers available for the same board so if you run into trouble an Internet search may turn up a better driver for your board E11 s built in NE2000 AMD PCnet PCI RealTek RTL8139 RealTek RTL8169 DEC Tulip and VIA Velocity drivers have been tested extensively and support all needed features including setting the Ethernet address maintaining the multicast address list and controlling the filters for the promiscuous and receive all multicasts modes Extensive logging is available for network devices When applied to Ethernet interfaces the LOG command can log any combination transmitted data received data and device commands Each network port is created by an ASSIGN command ASSIGN pdp11dev pcdev switches This creates a PDP 11 network device named pdp11dev see valid PDP 11 device names below which communi cates with the real network using the specified PC network port The switches are usually defined by the individual PC network device drivers but the LOCK and MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff switches are common to all PC network devices LOCK loc
122. artup The default is whatever the screen size was when E11 was started Display a simple list of switches and their meanings and exit without starting E11 Read the specified initialization command file instead of E11 INI Enlarge the I O page past the usual 8 KB size with nnnn specifying the decimal number of kilobytes This is mainly useful with customer written loadable device emulation modules which act like RAM windows and is equivalent to the Unibus fence feature of some PDP 11s that have 22 bit memory addressing Set the maximum possible emulated memory size of the PDP 11 to nnnn decimal kilobytes By default this maximum is 4088 KB If this amount is not available E11 settles for whatever it can get rounded down to a multiple of 8 KB as long as it s at Installation and Configuration 17 least 8 KB This switch allows you to conserve memory when emulating a PDP 11 with less memory than E11 s default NOINITFILE Do not process the E11 INI initialization command file When configuring the system for the first time it is best to exactly duplicate the system which is being replaced There may be a strong temptation to expand the system now that PDP 11 peripherals are effectively free for the asking But such changes can cause conflicts with existing software which may contain hard coded device names or other hidden assumptions about the system configuration These problems may be avoidable if system expansion is po
123. at location 173002 containing something other than 000340 for booting to work MOUNT QX drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET QX controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal Chapter 5 Tape Devices The full range of standard PDP 11 magtape drives and controllers can be emulated under Ersatz 11 Tape drives are configured in the same way as disks with a MOUNT command to set up each emulated tape unit The defaults for controller and drive parameters also work the same way as disks with the controller model based on the emulated CPU type and the CSR and vector computed according to floating address rules if necessary However the default tape drive models are essentially chosen arbitrarily since unlike disks there s no point in trying to guess the drive model based on the size of the PC file or device that s being used to emulate a tape drive because the amount of data on a tape is variable anyway In any case the default drive and controller parameters can be overridden with MOUNT switches and SET commands the same way they can with disks The RONLY syn WPROTECT switch may be specified on any MOUNT command to lock the tape against writes A drive may be write protected after it is mounted using a S
124. by default but if your PDP 11 OS s clock gains or loses time at this setting due to the oscillator frequency being slightly off you can use SET CLOCK to make slight changes and E11 will adjust its math accordingly The correct value can be determined experimentally or measured using test equipment this would require a very accurate frequency counter to be useful though Setting values wildly different from 14318180 may produce unexpected results SET CPU item item This command changes the emulated CPU type either by changing to a new model all at once or on a feature by feature basis Each keyword enables a particular feature or disables it if preceded by NO Any number of keywords may be specified in one line and they are applied left to right For example SET CPU 44 NOFPP will create a PDP 11 44 and then delete its floating point processor This gives you the ability to roll your own CPU which need not correspond to any actual existing PDP 11 model Changing the CPU s type while it is running will work but is likely to crash the PDP 11 operating system under some cases SHOW CPU displays the current settings of all options E11 does not really emulate cache memory since that would greatly slow down emulation rather than speeding it up Maintenance features such as write wrong parity are not emulated either since again they would needlessly add huge overhead and anyway since the data paths being tested by these m
125. by the PC s interval timer it uses rather odd numbers since its master clock is the 14 31818 MHz ISA bus clock fed into a divide by 12 counter so E11 programs it as close as possible to the right value and then uses fractional math to decide when to insert leap ticks so that the average rate will be exactly 50 or 60 Hz In practice this is not perfectly accurate because many or most PCs don t have a very accurate 14 31818 MHz clock to begin with So their clocks tend to gain or lose time regardless of what applications software or operating system is running E11 s solution to this is the SET CLOCK command which allows adjustment of the actual master clock frequency value which can be specified in 1 Hz increments which E11 uses to calculate the interval clock divisor and schedule leap ticks There s no need to actually measure the master clock frequency on the PC s motherboard simply experimenting with values can greatly improve the accuracy and of course letting the system run for a while and then checking its clock will allow you to figure out the exact drift G 3 Year 2000 issues Ersatz 11 has no year 2000 issues of its own It does very little manipulation of dates and when dates are handled internally it uses 16 bits to hold the year which is enough to last until the year 65 535 AD However problems do occur when translating dates to and from the formats required by the various PDP 11 operating systems the PC operating syste
126. calculation DEFAULT controller types PDP 11 23 53 73 83 84 93 CPU types added Demo Lite versions have a subset of these features V2 1A 01 Oct 1999 concatenated image files to form one large disk CDROMx driver other minor improvements and bug fixes V2 2 01 Apr 2000 DH11 DM11BB DR11C VT11 Interlan NI1010A NI2010A emulation FIS instruction set KE11A B EAE mini assembler Hardware drivers added or extended for DCI 1300 digital I O boards SVGA graphics ISA RocketPorts BCI 2004 BCI 2104 bus adapters multiple physical serial devices SCSI disk partition ing added Most disk write headers commands perform low level format Documentation overhauled V3 0 01 Oct 2000 Linux version released DMS 11X RAM disk SET THROTTLE Data Products printer support PCI LPT cards configurable interrupt priorities Additional SET CPU options to support early CPU models V3 1 01 Jul 2002 Telnet server TU58 cartridge tapes Demo version for Linux expanded limits on Demo Lite versions V4 0 01 Apr 2004 flat 32 bit version DJ11 M8644 countdown register emulation command line editing recall DOS version adds drivers for RocketPort Universal PCI boards RealTek RTL8139 Ethernet ports and autosizing in CDROM so DVDs work too Win32 style PE EXE format DLLs supported V4 0A 01 Jun 2004 bug fixes for new flat version Experimental Catweasel floppy driver Win32 style DLL support improved and documented 12 History
127. cations parameters are not set by software for mux ports any parameters set with SET MODE will be overridden by the values written to the mux by the driver in the PDP 11 OS unless they are locked with the LOCK option Note that the set of valid baud rate values depends on the hardware emulating that port If the value specified is not available E11 will use the closest rate the device supports Sets the interrupt priority to n 4 7 Sets the interrupt priority to DEC s default value for this controller type In many cases the original Unibus version of a controller uses priority 5 but the Q bus equivalent uses priority 4 since early LSI 11 CPUs didn t have a multi level priority system When set to DEFAULT the priority will normally be automatically reduced to 4 when emulating a Q bus CPU This is true even on devices which were available from dDEC only for Unibus since there may have been aftermarket Q bus versions which used priority 4 Write protect a disk or tape unit Write enable a disk or tape unit Rewind the paper tape or card deck so that subsequent input will start over at the beginning of the file Sets this Massbus adapter specified by controller letter unit number is unimportant to be an RH11 18 bit addressing goes through Unibus map if one is configured with SET CPU UMAP Sets this Massbus adapter to be an RH70 22 bit absolute addressing RHBAE RHCS3 registers exist SHOW ASYNCPORTS 105 VECTOR nnn Sets th
128. choice of which is which doesn t matter The client side uses the syntax in the first ASSIGN command above to specify the remote IP address and port number that it will connect to The RETRY n switch specifies the number of seconds between attempts in case the connection fails The default is 30 The server side may use either of the other two command formats The SERVER switch may be left off if there s no IP address given since in that case E11 knows it has to be a server 8 2 5 UDP UDP datagrams Command syntax ASSIGN ddu UDP interface n a b c d remport POINTTOPOINT point to point default ASSIGN ddu UDP interface n CONTROL multidrop control station ASSIGN ddu UDP interface n a b c d remport TRIBUTARY n multidrop tributary station The UDP driver sends DDCMP messages as UDP datagrams It has the advantages over TCP that there s no difference between clients and servers there s no connection to keep alive and because of those multidrop is easy E11 s implementation of DDCMP over UDP currently cheats slightly and doesn t actually perform DDCMP polling There s no need for it since line sharing is already done as needed by the UDP IP Ethernet protocols any station may send a message whenever it wants The most common configuration so it s the default is a point to point connection which is compatible with the DMR11 This version of the ASSIGN command gives the addresses of the local an
129. ck SHOW CPU Shows emulated CPU type number of emulated CPUs if greater than one and emulated core size along with breakdown of features as well as the CPU type of the host processor SHOW CSR addr Shows the name of the device register at the specified octal I O page address SHOW DELAY device Shows the currently active list of interrupt delay counts for the specified device starting with the delay for opcode number 0 See SET DELAY for details SHOW DEVICES Displays a list of all emulated PDP 11 devices in the current configuration SHOW DIGPORTS Lists the digital I O ports including LPT ports that have been detected on this system and the host OS independent nicknames that may be used to access them with ASSIGN OA or ASSIGN XA commands The last 106 SHOW NICS entry is always NULL to ensure that there s always at least one valid DIGn unit SHOW DISPLAY Shows the current value of the display register last value written to 17 777570 SHOW GPIBPORTS Lists the GPIB IEEE 488 instrument bus ports that have been detected on this system and the host OS independent nicknames that may be used to access them with ASSIGN IX commands The last entry is always NULL to ensure that there s always at least one valid GPIBn unit Actually for the time being NULL is the only GPIB device SHOW HERTZ SHOW HZ Shows the current frequency in Hz of the emulated KW11L line clock The default is 60 SHOW IDLE Shows t
130. ck of I O page CSR registers which had previously been allocated using GetCSRBlock This is normally done as part of the cleanup in the module s D11Main exit handling Future accesses to the I O page addresses covered by the GetCSRBlock call will cause emulated bus timeouts Installable Plug ins 129 E11HANDLE GetIntQel dword level dword rank dword vec Allocates an interrupt queue element A module which needs to deliver emulated interrupts to the PDP 11 must allocate one interrupt queue element for every possible interrupt that can be outstanding at one time This normally means one queue element for each interrupt vector that the device uses This function returns zero on failure otherwise the return value is the queue element s handle which is a number used to identify the queue element in other calls to E11 level is the interrupt priority level which must be in the range 4 7 This corresponds to the Unibus BR and BG lines or their Q bus equivalents and is the same as the priority that would be set using a priority jumper plug on a typical Unibus peripheral card rank is the daisy chain rank within a given priority level and indicates the device s distance from the CPU on this priority level Since the emulator has no physical daisy chain it s generally not possible to know what other devices this one should go between so the daisy chain rank is just a rough guess The value 0 is reserved for the PIRQ feature that s built
131. d or full screen window and often fails to deliver clock interrupts to E11 so the PDP 11 s clock can appear to stop Even if E11 is in the foreground window Windows will occasionally suspend E11 s execution for several seconds to perform housekeeping functions which degrades response time and causes the PDP 11 clock to lose time 13 14 Installation and Configuration e Windows NT 2K XP Vista 7 has good disk caching and a true pre emptive scheduler but it has very bad DOS emulation and 64 bit versions have none at all All accesses to hardware are intercepted and virtualized by the operating system not accesses just to devices that are being shared with other programs As a result there s no way to access Ethernet ports or raw SCSI disk tape drives or bus adapters or anything else besides the basic core PC peripherals screen keyboard display COM LPT ports etc Also Windows isn t very reliable about delivering clock interrupts to E11 so the PDP 11 clock loses time e OS 2 has excellent disk caching for native partition types a true pre emptive scheduler good DOS emula tion and allows E11 s built in device drivers free access to hardware The disadvantages of OS 2 are that it can be difficult to obtain although eComStation is readily available not well supported by IBM and has poor caching of FAT partitions 2 2 Installation Installation is very straightforward Simply download the installation program and type
132. d customers of the earlier 555 TU55 TU56 DECtape drives which were very popular TU58 drives are normally attached to a DL11 DLV11 serial line unit and this is what DEC s OS supplied drivers expect However there s no reason why a TU58 can t be attached to any type of serial line so E11 allows emulated Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 35 TU58s to be mounted on any of its emulated serial ports This means that creating a TU58 involves two or three steps an ASSIGN command to attach the DD device to a serial line and one or two MOUNT commands to attach block devices to TU58 units 0 and or 1 For example ASSIGN TT1 DDA MOUNT DDAO UNITO DSK MOUNT DDA1 UNIT1 DSK This would attach the first TU58 controller DDA to a DL11 port TT1 appears by default at the CSR and vector addresses expected by DEC s TU58 drivers and then attach files to each of the two transports on that TU58 The ASSIGN and MOUNT commands may be given in any order Note that the command to boot from this combination is BOOT TT1 not BOOT DDAO since TT1 is the device whose registers must be controlled to make the drive boot The BOOT command supports drive 0 only MOUNT DD drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DD controller parameters NEW new firmware MRSP with bidirectional flow control OLD old firmware RSP flow control from PDP 11 to TU58 only 444 DF RF11 RS11 DDC DMS 11X SSDM 100 called RF in RT 1
133. d remote ports Each side gives its own port number and optional interface name first and the other side s IP address and port number second For multidrop connections one system is a control station for one or more tributaries With real DDCMP these systems share one wire ORed line and the control station determines whose turn it is to transmit With UDP there s no need for that but one system is still designated as the control station for the others The ASSIGN command that sets up the control station doesn t give the destination address since there s more than one i e one for each tributary These are added after the port has been created using a separate SET command for each UDP UDP datagrams 75 tributary SET ddu TRIBUTARY n DESTINATION a b c d remport Tributaries each have an address which is a number from 1 to 255 decimal This number is specified in the ASSIGN TRIBUTARY n command which creates the tributary and the same number must be used in the SET ddu TRIBUTARY n command which tells the control station how to find that tributary Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Devices This chapter describes devices which don t fit into any of the major categories covered in the preceding chapters This includes graphics displays paper tape I O and the interface to the PC s native file system Miscellaneous PDP 11 devices name unit s controller none CD 0 CD11 CR 0 CR11 CM11 DO 0 3 virtual IX A 0 1 IE
134. d version of TMSCP There are no drive type switches because each controller model supports only one drive type anyway so the drive type can be controlled implicitly by changing the controller type with a SET command The TK25 is a cartridge tape while the others are 9 track magtapes but they all look similar from the PDP 11 operating system s point of view DEC s earlier controllers support only one drive per controller so PDP 11 operating systems normally use the unit number to distinguish between separate controllers Like later controllers E11 allows up to 8 units per controller so E11 uses the controller letter to distinguish between multiple controllers the same as with most other device types This means that when emulating a typical DEC system with one unit per controller drives that the operating system calls MS0 MS1 and MS2 will be called MSAO MSBO and MSCO by E11 since they re the first and only slaves on three separate controllers This issue arises only when there is more than one MS style tape drive which is rare MOUNT MS drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET MS controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal DEFAULT set controller type to default TU80 for Unibus TSV05 for Q bus EXTFEAT enable extended features NOEXTFEAT disable extended features PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for U
135. ded If the range of opcodes conflicts with existing PDP 11 instructions or other loaded plug ins whoever requested each opcode last will be the one called when it gets executed by the PDP 11 Installable Plug ins 131 first is the first opcode value to be intercepted and passed to this handler count is the number of opcodes to be intercepted starting with that value exec and init are subroutines which E11 will call when appropriate as follows void _stdcall exec dword opcode This routine is called by E11 any time an opcode is executed which is in the range from first to first count 1 opcode is the actual opcode used and may be used for the handler s internal dispatch table switch statement etc This routine does whatever processing is required to execute the instruction and uses other calls defined below to read and write PDP 11 registers and memory space void _stdcall init void This routine is called any time the PDP 11 is initialized through a RESET instruction INITIALIZE command etc void RetOpcode E11HANDLE handle Returns a block of PDP 11 opcodes previously allocated using GetOpcode This call is a normal part of D11Main exit processing word GetReg dword regnum Reads the value of one of the eight PDP 11 registers in the current register set regnum gives the register value 0 5 for RO R5 6 for the SP and 7 for the PC The return value is the 16 bit register value void SetReg dword regnum dword valu
136. del so that PDP 11 drivers can be written which require far less memory than MSCP drivers An RT 11 driver HD MAC is included with E11 and one for Fuzzball is available from ftp dbit com MOUNT HD drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET HD controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 43 4417 PD PDT 11 150 RX01 The RXT11 single density 8 floppy controller in the PDT 11 150 microcomputer see Appendix E is just different enough from the RXV11 to be incompatible with regular RX01 software so E11 provides it as a separate emulated controller type MOUNT PD drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET PD controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 18 QX Terak 8510 a single density disk The Terak 8510 a s single density 8 floppy controller uses media compatible with the DEC RX01 but has a different programming model Multi controller boot blocks detect the controller type by looking for a boot PROM so there must be a ROM image
137. dll name foo dll file foo library e11 1ib To build a DLL with Digital Mars C available from www digitalmars com runs under Windows compile and link as follows e g to build FOO DLL from FOO C dmc mn WD foo c el1 1lib kernel32 1lib C 5 Entry points This section defines all of the callable Ersatz 11 entry points They are grouped roughly by function Most of these calls may be safely made only from main program level i e not from an interrupt service routine signal handler or non mainline thread Exceptions are noted in the entry point descriptions below An include file and import library for Watcom C or Digital Mars C are available from D Bit Defined data types are as follows E11HANDLE is a 32 bit token used by E11 internally word is an unsigned 16 bit value dword is an unsigned 32 bit value Pointers are normally 32 bit flat addresses DLLs are considered to be trusted so E11 does not check parameter values and crashes are possible if bad numbers are passed C 5 1 Ersatz 11 environment This section describes calls which obtain information about the environment where the plug in module is running unsigned long E11Version void Returns the Ersatz 11 version number as follows MAJOR 256 MINOR MAJOR is the major version number as an integer and MINOR is the minor version number in hundredths 0 99 void GetItem const char itemname Gets a pointer to a constant data structure or string which cor
138. doesn t have enough ground pins to have one for each signal pin so you should connect all of DB25 pins 18 25 to the return signals from the other connector Regardless of the access method LPT output is passed transparently so you ll need to make sure that your OS and printer agree on whether lines end in lt CRLF gt or just lt LF gt and on whose responsibility it is to expand tabs and form feeds SET LPTn controller parameters must be issued before the ASSIGN that uses this port BIOS use BIOS calls for I O instead of driving hardware directly DATAPRODUCTS use Data Products protocol instead of Centronics IRQn set IRQ number 0 15 NOBIOS use E11 s internal driver for I O instead of BIOS calls NOIRQ use polled I O instead of interrupts PORT nnnn set I O port address to nnnn hex SHARE enable ISA IRQ sharing must come after IRQn 6 1 5 Sealevel ports based on Zilog Z8530 Z85230 E SCC USART Command syntax SET SCCc PORT nnnn IRQn if needed for ISA boards ASSIGN ddcu SCCcu Special switches none The SCC driver is for synchronous asynchronous ports based on the Zilog Z8530 SCC or Z8520 ESCC chips Currently this means e Sealevel ACB 56 ISA e ACB MP LPCI PCI e ACB 232 LPCI PCI SET SCC controller parameters must be issued before the ASSIGN that uses this port IRQn set IRQ number 0 15 PORT nnnn set I O port address to nnnn hex SHARE enable ISA IRQ sharing must come after IRQn 58 Telne
139. e Sets the value of a PDP 11 register regnum is the register number 0 7 the same as for GetReg and value has the value to store there in its low 16 bits dword GetPSW void Reads the zero extended value of the processor status word void SetPSW dword value Sets the value of the processor status word to value long Peek dword space dword pdpitaddr Reads a word from a PDP 11 virtual address space space selects which space to use and is one of the following 132 Installable Plug ins 0 KD kernel data space 1 KI kernel instruction space 2 SD supervisor data space 3 SI supervisor instruction space 6 UD user data space 7 UI user instruction space 8 D current data space 9 I current instruction space 10 PD previous data space 11 PI previous instruction space pdpiiaddr is the 16 bit virtual address to read within that space On success the return value is the data word in the range 0 177777 octal If the read fails due to an odd address MMU error or bus timeout 1 is returned Note that the return value is a signed 32 bit number so that the 1 error indication can be distinguished from a valid data value of 177777 octal long PeekB dword space dword pdpiladdr Byte version of Peek reads a byte from a PDP 11 virtual address space Return value is the 8 bit byte sign extended to a 32 bit number or else 1 the in case of an error int Poke dword space dword pdpitaddr dword data Writes a word into a PD
140. e so multi volume backups may not be possible because the EOT status won t be reported until some number of records after the actual EOT marker by which time there may not be enough space left before the physical end of tape to finish off the volume However once the cache has seen the EOT marker on a given tape it remembers its position i e the number of records and or tape marks from BOT to where the EOT marker was reported by the drive and automatically reports EOT status on delayed writes if they are after this position This will be reliable unless the tape is backspaced and rewritten with differently sized records so that the number of records and or tape marks from BOT to EOT is substantially different from what it was the first time EOT was detected In any case this all refers only to writing reading is done in real time so the EOT status always comes straight from the drive The cache has defaults for the maximum time allowed for each type of operation which can be modified with additional switches to the MOUNT command to match the expectations of a specific PDP 11 tape driver Each switch specifies the maximum amount of time in milliseconds which that operation may appear to take to execute Setting a parameter to O disables caching for that operation so it will occur in real time and the cache will report completion whenever the physical tape drive does tape command switch default value Erase 3 gap ERASE n 5000 Write record
141. e to the input half of the PC11 PC04 so that input bytes will come from the file The BOOT PR command supports binary executable tape images written in the Absolute Loader format e g by the LINK LDA command in RT 11 The SET PR REWIND command will reset the tape to begin reading at the beginning of the file on the next access In E11 prior to V3 0 one paper tape reader punch was always configured but now they must be created explicitly You can recreate the V2 2 behavior by adding MOUNT PR NULL to your E11 INI initialization command file and issue new MOUNT command s later to change the file s used SET PR controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus REWIND rewind tape to beginning VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 13 TK Terak bitmapped graphics display Command syntax ASSIGN TK CONn Special switches none The Terak 8510 a s most notable feature is a bitmapped 320x240 graphics display superimposed on an 80x24 text display 640x240 pixels with the character generator in RAM See Appendix E for a sample initialization file for emulating a Terak system The graphics display also includes hardware to emulate the standard 177560 60 console DLV11 port The receive half of the port is real and is connected to the Terak keyboard The transmi
142. e I O page which is within the range passed to GetCSRBlock This is equivalent to a Unibus DATT bus cycle PDP 11 busses do not distinguish between byte and word read cycles a word is always read and if it s a byte instruction then the CPU chooses the proper byte out of that word addr is the absolute 22 bit address of the I O page location to be read and the function s return value is the 16 bit word to be passed back to the PDP 11 void _ stdcall dato dword addr dword value dword datob As above but called when a byte or word is being written to an I O page register in the range covered by the GetCSRBlock call This is equivalent to a Unibus DATO or DATOB bus cycle addr is the absolute 22 bit I O page address as above value is the 16 bit word to be written or if it s a byte write it s two side by side copies of the 8 bit byte being written datob distinguishes between word and byte writes 0 means word DATO 1 means byte DATOB void _stdcall init dword addr Called on every RESET instruction or on console INITIALIZE commands etc This is equivalent to a Unibus INIT pulse The device emulation code should perform whatever initialization would be appropriate for a bus reset addr is the base 22 bit address that was passed to GetCSRBlock and is supplied in case the same handler routine is used for more than one device so that it can tell them apart void RetCSRBlock E11HANDLE handle Returns a blo
143. e ance ye on End TerakiSoL0 a dde de AAA e il A Pal 8 ate PDP 11 74 and PDP 11 45 Multiprocessing EXPERIMENTAL UNSUPPORTED F 1 CPUs and console terminals 2 a a a 125 125 126 126 126 127 127 128 130 133 133 134 136 138 138 138 139 140 ZA ABUSES A Spee a A A A DA o 142 F 3 I DIP11A interprocessor interrupt and sanity timer o 142 F 4 Configuring RSX 11M PLUS for multiprocessing a 143 F 5 Multiple PDP 11s with non shared Memory 144 F 6 DPDISK Dual ported disk 00 0 000000000000 00000004 145 F 7 DPTAPE Dual ported tape 145 F 8 FASTBUS Fastbus memory on detachable Unibus segment o 145 F 9 IPL Internal inter processor link 146 Dates and Times 147 EL BootinS fo ease Ad A A A A AOE Bete Sry eh sealed ode ES 147 G2 PO Clock tl Ate oie E ee ae eee O Fe is ayes Bp as LE AP See ee E 147 G 3 Year 2000 1SSUES de he ek te Me ete es Go ee en BR et Th ee ar Sg Oe ed PAS 148 Gad KDIITE TOY clock e ee Bae Bo GRR a A ee wee ey ee 148 G 3 2 Dates in RT 11 and TSX Plus e 148 Gua Dates in RSX x 3 4 ee doe A wwe a Se ee he hae ee Pk Ree ey 149 G34 Datesin RSVS B 2 3 tb Oe a oe A ee ee 149 G3 0 Dates in Fuzzballia taco as Ee eS ee a EA a a ee 149 G 3 6 Dates m lix cn ae ee A A A ee el ee a ee a ee ee nSt 149 Chapter 1 Introduction Ersatz 11 is a softw
144. e base vector address to nnn octal VECTOR DEFAULT Sets the base vector address back to the default address for this device useful if it had been changed with an earlier SET command SHOW commands will display D after an address which was chosen using DEFAULT VECTOR FLOATING Sets the base vector address according to the PDP 11 floating vector rules for devices that support this scheme Vector addresses for all floating devices are recomputed every time the device configuration is changed SHOW commands will display F after an address that was chosen using FLOATING SHOW ASYNCPORTS Lists the asynchronous serial ports that have been detected on this system and the host OS independent nicknames that may be used to access them with ASSIGN commands The last entry is always NULL to ensure that there s always at least one valid ASYNCn unit SHOW BDR Shows the current value of the boot diagnostic display register last value written to 17 777524 SHOW BREAK Shows the octal ASCII value of the character that can be used in place of a serial BREAK signal to bring up the E11 prompt The default is NONE meaning that only a genuine serial BREAK signal or PROMPT keyscript command normally generated with Shift Enter will bring up the prompt and all ASCIT characters are passed through SHOW CLOCK Shows the current assumed frequency in Hz of the PC motherboard s 14 318 MHz clock used to generate the KW11L KW11P 50 60 Hz clo
145. e is the size of the window in bytes The return value is the non zero flat 32 bit base virtual address of the window on success or zero NULL on failure Once mapped this window may be used like any other block of memory void RetPhysWind void addr Frees a physical address window that was obtained earlier with GetPhysWind addr is the flat 32 bit virtual address returned from GetPhysWind Appendix D TCP IP Network Subsystem Ersatz 11 includes its own simple TCP IP networking layer which must be enabled before the TELNET TELSINGLE TELCLIENT or UDP devices will work It uses the standard E11 Ethernet device drivers that are described in chapter 7 In the most common case there is one Ethernet port and it s started as follows net start ether 0 dhcp etho ether O is the networking layer s name for the first Ethernet interface and eth0 is the nickname for the first or only Ethernet port that E11 is able to auto detect The dhcp keyword means that Ersatz 11 will contact a DHCP server over the network to obtain an IP address net mask and default route This takes a few seconds Any outgoing TELCLIENT connections will be deferred until an interface is up which has a route to the destination If there is no DHCP server available a command like this must be used net start ether 0 10 2 0 6 mask 255 0 0 0 ethO There is currently no way to add routes manually so in this case communication will be l
146. e overridden using MOUNT switches and the default controller parameters can be overridden using a separate SET command which may be given before or after the drives are mounted The defaults are as follows defi controller model based on SET CPU QBUS setting SET ddc model e g SET DUA RQDX3 controller DEC default addresses SET ddc CSR xxrrrrw VECTOR yyy CSR vector floating addresses are calculated auto matically if appropriate interrupt DEC default values SET CPU QBUS set SET ddc PRIORITY n priority ting drive model based on size of container file MSCP TMSCP drives TYPE type switch e g TYPE RD54 non MSCP TMSCP drives type switch e g RKO6 write protection disabled WP or RO switch A drive may be write protected after it is mounted using a SET ddcu READONLY command and may later be write enabled again with SET ddcu READWRITE After a drive is mounted a SHOW ddcu command e g SHOW DUAO will display the actual drive parameters for that unit as well as the controller parameters for the controller to which it is attached The controller CSR vector 23 24 PC disk devices interrupt priority and type i e controller model can be changed explicitly at any time with a SET command If these parameters are defaulted their actual values can also be changed implicitly at any time by a change in the SET CPU setting which can make a defaulted controller type switch between the Unibus and Q bus
147. e same IRQ line at once This hardware is relatively rare so most devices do not support this option Note that without this hardware no more than one device may be actively using the ISA IRQ at the same time So for example if you have a mouse attached to COM1 using IRQ4 and it has been initialized by a mouse driver E11 will not be able to use COM3 if it also uses IRQ4 An error message will be given if you try to issue an ASSIGN command for COM3 SET commands are parsed left to right and ISA IRQ sharing is disabled by an IRQn keyword so the SHARE keyword must appear to the right of the IRQn keyword or on a subsequent SET command PCI IRQ sharing works differently from ISA IRQ sharing and does not need to be enabled explicitly with a SET command 104 SET ddcu SET pdp11dev Sets parameters for the specified PDP 11 device Possible parameters are as follows BOOT option CSR nnnnnn CSR DEFAULT CSR FLOATING ctrltype DS SS MODE PRIORITY n PRIORITY DEFAULT READONLY READWRITE REWIND RH11 RH7O Selects whether incoming MOP boot frames will be honored Specifies either the BOOT command parameters or DISABLED default to disable network initiated booting Sets the base CSR address to nnnnnn octal Sets the base CSR address back to the default address for this device useful if it had been changed with an earlier SET command SHOW commands will display D after an address which was chosen using D
148. e the default MAC address should be overridden using the MAC switch using a unique 6 octet value unique on the linked LANs anyway whose first byte has binary 10 in the low two bits i e the second hex digit of the first pair is 2 6 A or E to specify that it s a unicast address as opposed to multicast and it s locally administered not part of a globally unique block assigned to a vendor by the IEEE 70 Emulated PDP 11 network devices 7 2 Emulated PDP 11 network devices This section describes each PDP 11 network device type emulated by Ersatz 11 name units controller Nlu 0 1 Interlan NI1010A NI2010A Unibus Q bus Ethernet XEu 0 3 DELUA Unibus Ethernet XHu 0 1 DELQA Q bus Ethernet 7 2 1 Nl Interlan NI1010A NI2010A Ethernet ports The Interlan boards were early Ethernet interfaces and have a simpler programming model than DEC s own Ethernet boards Fuzzball and UNIX contain Interlan drivers They were available in both Unibus NI1010A and Q bus NI2010A versions and the Q bus version could be switched between 18 and 22 bit addressing By default E11 chooses the NI device type based on the SET CPU QBUS setting SET NI controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal DEFAULT set controller type to default NI1010A for Unibus NI2010A_Q22 for Q bus NI1010A set controller type to NI1010A NI2010A_Q18 set controller type to NI2010A with Q18 addressing NI2010A_Q22 set controller typ
149. e to NI2010A with Q22 addressing PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 7 2 2 XE DELUA Ethernet port The DELUA is a Unibus Ethernet board in a single hex height module It is a compatible upgrade to the DEUNA which is made up of two hex height modules and is slower and consumes more power It is a sophisticated board which offloads a lot of processing from the PDP 11 The board contains its own echo server for the ECT loopback protocol 90 00 and generates system ID packets both automatically on a timer and in response to requests from other nodes It also maintains a counters page with transmit receive statistics SET XE controller parameters BOOT ddcu os boot from specified device on reception of MOP boot packet BOOT DISABLED disable remotely initiated boot default CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DEUNA set controller type to DEUNA DELUA set controller type to DELUA default PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured Emulated PDP 11 network devices 71 7 2 3 XH DELQA Ethernet port The DELQA is a Q bus Ethernet bo
150. e transfers over the virtual serial line between the console terminal and the emulated PDP 11 as if the console were a free standing terminal program on the PC The client should be generally familiar to anyone who s used a typical Kermit program It s somewhat bare bones in terms of command line features but the protocol implementation is thorough and includes sliding windows and long packets Kermit may be useful as a last ditch method of file transfer for systems where direct insertion extraction of files into from the disk image s is not practical and no driver is available for the host file access device DO CD dir or CWD Change PC directory CONNECT or blank line Connect to PDP 11 in pass through mode FINISH Shut down Kermit server on PDP 11 GET filespec pcfilespec Receive file s from PDP 11 with optional renaming HELP command Display help information on Kermit commands RECEIVE pcfile Receive and optionally rename file from PDP 11 REMOTE CD dir or CWD Change PDP 11 directory LIST 95 REMOTE DIRECTORY filespec Display a directory of PDP 11 files REMOTE KERMIT cmd Execute arbitrary command on server REMOTE SET FILE TYPE BINARY Sets both client and server to transfer files in raw mode all bytes unchanged REMOTE SET FILE TYPE TEXT Sets both client and server to transfer files in text mode line endings lengths may be converted as needed REMOTE SPACE filespec Show disk allocation SEND pcfile pdp
151. ector address to be auto configured 6 3 4 YZ DZ11 DZQ11 DZV11 4 8 line serial multiplexers This series of boards is essentially a compressed version of the old DJ11 multiplexer Some confusion about port numbering is possible because the early non FCC Unibus cabinet kits supported 16 lines even though the DZ11 boards only had 8 lines each so it takes two boards to drive all 16 lines of the distribution panel This is outlined below model interface distribution panel DZ11A R5S232 16 lines only 8 work DZ11B R5S232 none adds 8 more ports to DZ11A DZ11C 20 mA 16 lines only 8 work DZ11D 20mA none adds 8 more ports to DZ11C DZ11E RS232 DZ11A DZ11B 16 working lines DZ11F 20mA DZ11C DZ11D 16 working lines The Q bus versions DZQ11 and DZV11 support only 4 lines instead of 8 The DZQ11 is a newer dual height version of the quad height DZV11 SET YZ controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DEFAULT set controller type to default DZ11 for Unibus DZQ11 for Q bus DZ11 set controller type to DZ11 Unibus 8 lines DZQ11 set controller type to DZQ11 Q bus 4 lines DZV11 set controller type to DZV11 Q bus 4 lines LOCK lock MODE settings against changes by PDP 11 MODE 0b p d s set communications parameters PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q
152. ed the address range must be exactly 512 bytes long and must begin at one of the addresses given above If EEPROM is specified the starting address must be 17 765000 so this address will be used by default otherwise 17 773000 96 MAP is the default Otherwise if only the starting address is given the size of the ROM depends on the size of the file If an ending address is given the file must be large enough to fill that address range LOG ddcu d path filenamel LOG switches Logs the activity of the specified PDP 11 device to a file The default filename extension is LOG For character devices all output sent to that device is logged For all others commands sent to the device are logged to the file with a timestamp on each one If no filename is specified any existing log file for that device is closed The available switches are as follows APPEND appends to an existing log file rather than replacing it LAST n limits the log file to only the last n lines of log data or possibly fewer if that many lines won t fit in the internal buffer NOBUFFERING disables multi line buffering so that the internal log buffer is flushed to the file after each line feed character This causes increased disk activity especially when combined with LAST but can be useful in diagnosing a crash NOTIMESTAMPS omits the timestamps on each command This can be useful when using a file compare utility on log files from
153. egrated with E11 at run time This makes it possible to implement custom devices and or instructions using 80x86 assembly language Watcom C or Digital Mars C without requiring a custom version of Ersatz 11 or access to its source code A plug in module is in the 32 bit portable executable DLL format which is the standard executable file format for Windows N T and Windows 95 and later and is supported by standard linkers Ersatz 11 provides no op stubs for a number of Win32 calls so that the regular Windows library start up module supplied with Watcom C or Digital Mars C will run unmodified The supplied stubs are only enough to start up the C code without errors but they don t provide Windows system services In particular anything which uses malloc will not work use GetMemory instead There is no difference in the file format or command syntax needed to load an instruction emulation plug in as compared to a device emulation plug in A plug in s purpose is defined by the calls it makes Also there is no need to split multiple device or instruction emulations into separate modules they can be combined into one C 1 Calling conventions As is traditional with Win32 DLLs Ersatz 11 plug in modules must use _ stdcal1 calling conventions when calling API entry points and these conventions are also used when Ersatz 11 is calling user code These are as follows Caller pushes arguments right to left before making NEAR call
154. en the switch is not needed RSX doesn t have a way to pass the time and date to a fresh monitor so you ll have to use F12 with a TIM command or else use the TOY TSK program available on ftp dbit com to read the TOY clock which can be enabled on any emulated CPU type by putting ASR as the last item on the SET CPU command line Recent RSX 11M PLUS versions have a built in TIM SYN command to do this which works if the CPU type is PDP 11 93 or PDP 11 94 There is also a HALT switch which tells E11 to go as far as loading block 0 into core and setting up the registers but to stop there This can be handy for debugging boot blocks The BOOT PR command expects a tape image in absolute binary format as produced by the LINK LDA command under RT 11 CALCULATE expr amp expr synonym Calculates the value of a 32 bit expression and displays the result in octal decimal hex ASCII and radix 50 The operators are unary C where C means logical complement and with the usual precedence amp and are the bitwise AND and OR operators and have the same precedence as and respectively Numbers are either octal digit strings or decimal if they contain 8 or 9 or end in or hex if preceded by X or radix 50 triplets if preceded by R General register contents may be specified using the names RO R5 with a suffix to indicate the other register set when emulating a PDP 11 wi
155. enames 4 acs cx oa A Badd ee go eS ub he eae he and BK EAE A RAS ee a 8 PMO IN OLES Bas Su a s Texel Ge AA A ee de ES oe Bs Ala dee IA ti 9 TAO nterrupts n sano wig e dd Bt dr do Mag Mell Ge Se e Sorat dd eed e Pte be A 9 1 10 20 Host Systems 20 soe eta Beh a ee ae rae ae Se OA oe ta a a 9 1 10 3 Copyright and licensing ai Sape oh ded e n ee a ia 10 LIR Acknowledgments s 3 3 694 45 aie a a a oe A A E a as 10 112 HIStory i eae e te E De aE e A A ele er O A ee a Se 11 2 Installation and Configuration 13 2 1 System requirements sexys a as a we e a a 13 2 2 Installation a a ed A A a ee eek ie ag 14 2 3 Configuration 42 3 2 hated A A O od ee 15 3 Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC 18 daly SCSI A A A A AA A A E a a E 18 3 2 SODIDADes id ees A e A A IA eee A tds 19 deo Kermit A A AAA A ee ee ee GG A A oe A dd A 19 dido Etherneta asit aa Pade dg OP a A Ee we Bb SRO hele ee Bil lee gr ged 19 3 5 ASCI serial dump 2 046 2p 3445 Oce eee pee eth eo kaw eo Pee ee oa Boa eed 20 316 Oystem speciiG NOLES 2 Frb 4 4 nasa dio ie Rok Gee wea ae le Sa Goa a sale a 21 Oe te WUUTGIOS se eect hos Se eae MM At A we eS tt As By bales ony deck tet ean Ton Saat ot te eater geod A ARTS hee A 21 4 Disk Devices 23 dll Disk Cached ok aot A ets cn BO ede Ged ed ee oe Sd 24 42 Padding Short volumes a w tics A AAA A ts ua a Bae es Ate oe te aes 24 AS PEM diskdevicesrt a Belen kan se ee hse pee ce Rk eek He oe ait
156. er it may be useful as a SET keyword once the port has been assigned The sections that follow describe each physical PC serial or serial like device that E11 supports along with the command syntax needed to use them as emulated PDP 11 serial ports As with disk and tape units the ports are created on a line by line basis so there is no need to use the same kind of physical port for all emulated ports of a given type Also serial multiplexers can be sparsely populated Only one port needs to be created for the whole emulated multiplexer to exist Missing ports will simply throw transmitted data away and will never receive any input 6 1 2 Video consoles Command syntax SET CONn SIZE Wxd if needed SET CONn termtype if needed ASSIGN ddcu CONn switches Special switches NODOUBLE NOREPLY SIZE WxH The specified PDP 11 terminal port is connected to one of twelve simulated VT100s that can normally be put up on the screen by pressing Alt and the function key corresponding to the screen number F1 F12 The default terminal type is a VT100 with the advanced video option AVO installed Available terminal types are VT100 the default VT100_NOAVO a VT100 with no AVO VT101 like VT100_NOAVO but with slightly different autowrap behavior and VT102 like VT100 but with a third style of autowrap behavior as well as a few new commands mainly for inserting deleting characters and lines Note that the screens assigned to F11 a
157. ese calls accomplish this and they should be used instead of the equivalent DPMI calls in case E11 is running stand alone without a DPMI server under its own built in protected mode supervisor because in this case the INT 31h calls will not work void GetHWIntVec dword irg word sel dword offs Retrieves the current value of a hardware interrupt vector as a 16 32 FAR pointer irq is the IRQ number 0 15 note that this is not the same as the INT vector number since the INT numbers used depend on how the supervisor has programmed the 8259A interrupt control units sel is a pointer to a 16 bit word where the vector s current code selector will be stord and offs is a pointer to a 32 bit doubleword where the current offset will be stored Installable Plug ins 135 void SetHWIntVec dword irg dword sel dword offs Sets a hardware interrupt vector to point at the given 16 32 FAR code address irq is the IRQ number 0 15 see above sel is the new 16 bit code selector to use and offs is the new 32 bit offset to use Upon a hardware interrupt this interrupt service routine is entered with a FAR interrupt stack frame so after interrupt service is complete it should return as follows STI re enable interrupts IRETD return The STI instruction may seem redundant because the IRETD will already restore the interrupt flag value off of the stack which must have been 1 or the interrupt wouldn t have occurred but it is necessary in case the
158. ex SHARE enable ISA IRQ sharing must come after IRQn 6 1 7 Telnet servers Command syntax SET TELNETc BANNER d path filename TXT INTERFACE 7 PORT n TERMINAL type if needed ASSIGN ddcu TELNETc Special switches none The PDP 11 port is connected to the host side of an internal Telnet server which is built into Ersatz 11 This allows users to connect their terminals to the emulated PDP 11 over the Internet using a Telnet client which appears to the PDP 11 as a regular serial port Each Telnet server can have an arbitrary number of PDP 11 ports assigned to it Incoming Telnet connections are assigned to free PDP 11 ports out of the pool which were attached to that Telnet server with ASSIGN commands The ports are chosen based on the order in which the ASSIGN commands were given so that a new connection will go to the earliest unused port By default E11 Telnet servers are set up to receive connections on TCP port 23 the Telnet port on all interfaces Both of these parameters can be changed with SET commands before the first ASSIGN which refers to that Telnet server An interface name of means to accept connections on any interface Setting a specific interface name e g eth0 makes the server listen for connections on that interface only The TCP port number may be set to any non zero value It is important to make sure that no existing server in the system already owns that port number Otherwise the
159. fer is always the same The zxxxzrrx string contains one letter for each possible function opcode 0 7 The letter is I if that opcode indicates an input transfer from the external device to the PDP 11 or O if the opcode means DMA output from the PDP 11 to the device For function codes that are never used the setting does not matter It may take some experimentation and or test equipment to determine the correct directions if the DR11W driver source code is not available since unfortunately there s no way for E11 86 XN DN11 auto dialer controller to auto detect this SET XA controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DR11B set controller type to DR11B DR11W set controller type to DR11W DR11W_NOEIR set controller type to DR11W with error information register disabled DRV11B set controller type to DRV11B DRV11WA set controller type to DRV11WA DRV11WA_Q18 set controller type to DRV11WA with Q22 bus address extension register disabled PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 9 16 1 ETHER Point to point IPL using Ethernet Command syntax ASSIGN XAn ETHER etherdev switches Special switches none This interface is provided for using a pair
160. ff the end of the disk which results in a controller specific I O error or may not use all of the disk In particular writing a blank file system with an OS specific initialize volume command will result in a directory structure that doesn t match the actual volume size Care should be exercised to avoid trouble Like disk types are of course not a problem so for example MOUNT DXO B RX01 will mount a real RX01 disk to be used as an emulated RX01 disk The HD device works with any size device so all floppy types may be mounted on HD if you have the HD SYS device handler under RT 11 If the disk already has a correct directory structure to match its actual size and is mounted to emulate a device of at least that size most operating systems that use device independent file system formats will be able to read and write the disk correctly For example if you initialize an RX23 floppy with RT 11 directory structure using the PUTR utility under DOS and then MOUNT DLO A RX23 in E11 using the 1 44 MB RX23 disk to emulate a 5 MB RLO1 pack RT 11 will be able to access all files on the disk and can write new files without data corruption Only the RT 11 INITIALIZE and SQUEEZE commands need to be avoided in this case Most of the floppy disk formats supported by E11 are exact equivalents to PC formats Not all of them were ever supported by DEC for use on PDP 11s in particular but some were supported by aftermarket cont
161. g a display list held in PDP 11 memory and refreshing each vector many times per second It can be used with a DEC model 375 light pen and an LK40 ASCII keyboard In order to emulate a VT11 E11 requires a Super VGA graphics card with a VESA BIOS and at least 1 MB of video memory The VT11 is assigned to one of the twelve possible virtual console sessions so it can be popped up with an Alt function key just like an emulated VT100 session except of course that it runs the display in graphics mode If a mouse is present it is used to emulate the DEC model 375 light pen The crosshairs indicate the mouse position continuously since a mouse can t be lifted away from the screen like a real light pen so the left mouse button is used to indicate whether a light pen hit should be allowed to register The PC keyboard takes the place of the LK40 keyboard on a GT40 system so all keyboard input typed to a VT11 session is sent to T TO SET VT controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 16 XA DR11W DR11B DRV11WA DRV11B digital I O ports Command syntax ASSIGN XAn ETHER etherport switches ASSIGN XAn NULL switches Special switches DIRECTION zrxxxxxx The DR11W DR11B DRV11WA and DRV11B are DMA I O boards which provide
162. generic port s start s default is 0 ports start at the beginning of the block And c is the number of generic port s found at that address the default is however many fit into the rest of the block If the command succeeds in finding new ports they will be immediately visible using SHOW COM or SHOW LPT and may be used in ASSIGN commands Example ADDPCI COM VENDORID 8086 DEVICEID 9999 BARi 4 This looks for PCI devices with the specified PCI vendor and device IDs and assumes that each board found contains four 16550A style COM ports in its BAR1 address block 90 ASSIGN ASSEMBLE switches addr Starts the mini assembler at the specified address in the specified address space syntax and defaults are the same as for the LIST command E11 will prompt with the address and you can type in lines of PDP 11 assembly code which E11 will translate to machine language and deposit into PDP 11 memory at that address E11 keeps prompting for more lines at updated addresses until the user enters a blank line or types CTRL C The syntax is a subset of the standard MACRO 11 syntax Simple expressions are allowed in operands but there is no symbol table macro processor or conditional assembly Only the BYTE WORD BLKB BLKW ASCIT and ASCIZ pseudo operations are supported Example Eli gt a 1000 001000 mov 1022 r5 point at string 001004 tstb 177564 is port ready 001010 bpl 1004 spin until it is 001012 movb r5 1
163. h makes it incompatible with DEC s floating CSR rules for the second and later controller since the rules pre date the RLV12 s introduction and expect an RL11 or RLV11 controller to fit in four words of space on the I O page This can cause unexpected CSR conflicts on systems with a second RLV12 controller plus other floating devices An explicit SET DLB CSR command may be needed MOUNT DL drive switches RLO1 set drive type to RLO1 5 MB cartridge drive RLO2 set drive type to RL02 10 MB cartridge drive WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 37 SET DL controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus DEFAULT set controller type to default RL11 for Unibus RLV12 for Q bus RL11 set controller type to RL11 Unibus RLV11 set controller type to RLV11 Q18 RLV12 set controller type to RLV12 Q22 with BAE register VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 4 4 7 DM RK06 RK07 The RK06 and RKO7 are top loading twin platter cartridge drives with capacities of about 13 and 27 MB respec tively They were mounted on free standing low boy cabinets and were sort of a poor man s Massbus drive Even the geometry and regis
164. has a corresponding parameter for each device called the URM or Unibus Run Mask It s expressed variously as an octal number which represents a binary bitmap with bit 0 CPA bit 1 CPB etc or as the name of the CPU e g CPA CPB etc E11 will accept either notation The fact that RSX always uses Unibus in its nomenclature is simply because the PDP 11 74 is a Unibus machine As far as E11 is concerned they could just as easily be Q busses Most devices are on bus A by default The exceptions to this rule are the KW11L line clock and the DIP11A IIST device There s one KW11L per CPU and it s always on its host CPU s bus and DIP11A IISTs are useful only in a multiprocessing system so they default to HO CPA I1 CPB since that s how most users will use them To avoid causing confusion to users who aren t using the multiprocessor feature the bus is not shown by SHOW commands unless a SET CPUS 2 or higher command is in effect or the bus is other than A The default CSR vector values are assigned on a per bus basis so the first device of a given type on a given bus always gets the first default CSR vector values even if it s not the first device of that type in the entire system In particular the DIP11A TIST devices typically all use the same CSR vector address but each one is on a different bus You can always override a device s CSR vector values with a SET command F 3 Il DIP11A interprocessor inte
165. he LPT port s female DB25 connector The ground leads are pins 18 25 SET KP controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ6 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 82 PP PCO04 paper tape punch 9 10 OA DR11C DRV11 digital I O ports Command syntax ASSIGN OAn ETHER etherport switches ASSIGN OAn NULL switches Special switches INDELAY n OUTDELAY n The DR11C M7860 quad Unibus SPC and DRV11 M7941 dual Q bus card are simple programmed I O boards which provide unidirectional 16 bit input and output ports two general purpose control outputs and two inputs which can be used for status and or to generate interrupts They do not use DMA and are commonly used for connecting to simple external devices or for relatively low speed inter processor communications The INDELAY n and OUTDELAY n switches on the ASSIGN command may be used to slow down port access to accommodate slow external hardware n is the number of microseconds to delay before reading the input lines or after writing the output lines These may also be used as INDELAY n and OUTDELAY n options on a SET OA command line SET OA controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal INDELAY n set delay before reading in usec 0 1000 OUTDELAY n set delay after writing in usec
166. he PDP 11 s data to disk In practice no problems have been observed but trouble is theoretically possible so care should be taken The floppy disk support controls the hardware directly so as long as the PDP 11 is done with the disk it s OK to take it out of the drive Also the emulator has no control over Green PC BIOSes or power saving operating systems which spin down hard drives after a specified period of inactivity this is especially common on laptops When E11 accesses the drive after it s been shut down the system will pause several seconds while it spins the drive back up During this period E11 is not running so the simulated PDP 11 may drop incoming characters but not necessarily E11 maintains a small FIFO buffer on each line at interrupt level and its clock will lose a few seconds If this is a problem you may have to disable this BIOS feature 4 3 2 Raw SCSI disk drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu SCSI h t switches parameter values default meaning h A Z A SCSI host adapter A first HA t 0 15 0 SCSI target number 8 15 for wide devices only l 0 7 0 SCSI logical unit number LUN within target The host adapter and LUN are normally defaulted so for example SCSI6 refers to SCSI device 6 on the first or only SCSI adapter Special switches INTERVAL n sets disk change polling interval START n and END n define partition boundaries Raw SCSI disk drives 27 Raw SCSI disks may be accessed
167. he SET IDLE setting either RELEASE release the host CPU when idle or NORELEASE keep polling until there is something to do SHOW KEYPRESS keyname SHOW KEYRELEASE keyname Shows the keyscript currently bound to the keypress or keyrelease event for the specified key if one is defined See section A 3 for key names SHOW LED ledname Shows the name of the flag from the keyboard script language whose value is being tracked by the specified LED or NONE if the LED has been disabled LED names are CAPS NUM and SCROLL See section A 4 for a list of flag names SHOW MEMORY Shows the amount of PC memory used by Ersatz 11 how much of that memory is emulated PDP 11 memory and how much PC memory is free Free memory must be available in order to use the ASSIGN DEFINE KEYPRESS LOG or MOUNT commands SHOW MMU KERNEL SUPERVISOR USER INSTRUCTION DATA Shows the current mapping registers for the specified space Defaults are KERNEL and INSTRUCTION space SHOW MOUSEPRESS keyname SHOW MOUSERELEASE keyname Shows the keyscript currently bound to the press or release event for the specified mouse button if one is defined See section A 3 for key names SHOW NICS Shows the list of network interface cards available on this system ETHn nicknames are displayed for each port SHOW PCI 107 These may be used in ASSIGN commands as possibly shorter synonyms for the indicated internal port names SHOW PCI bb dd f
168. he interleave the blocks come out in the correct order However if the image is taken using special software such as the COPFLP MAC program available from ftp dbit com or on a non DEC computer it may be more natural for the image file to be in raw sector order i e starting with track 0 sector 1 then track 0 sector 2 track 0 sector 3 etc In this case Ersatz 11 should not alter the interleave and in fact it should do the interleave itself if the file is mounted as something other than a virtual floppy drive since PDP 11 drivers for other devices don t do the floppy style interleave By default Ersatz 11 guesses whether a file is a block or a sector image based on the file size size bytes type 256 256 RXO1 sector image 512 512 RX02 sector image 1 025 024 RX03 DS RX02 sector image anything else block image Block images of RX01 02 03 disks are slightly smaller because the interleave scheme leaves out track 0 so they can be distinguished by size alone unless padding was added during transfer or something else altered the file size RX50 image files are the same size either way since the RX50 soft interleave scheme uses all sectors of the disk So by default they are assumed to be block images The defaults may be overridden with the BLOCK and SECTOR switches on the MOUNT command Since DEC s 8 floppy interleave scheme doesn t use track 0 data from this track do not normally appear in a block image f
169. he type set for that drive in the PC s BIOS setup The default for each drive may be changed using a SET command so that future MOUNT commands using that drive won t need a switch to set the floppy drive type For example SET B RXO1 overrides the value in the BIOS setup so that future MOUNTddcu B commands will access the drive as an 8 SS SD drive This command is normally just a convenience however a real DEC RX50 drive or some other quad density drive like a Tandon TM100 4 attached to the PC floppy controller is a special case which requires e g a SET A RX50 command before use This is because the RX50 switch on the MOUNT command assumes the RX50 disk is mounted in a 1 2 MB drive which turns at a different speed from a true RX50 30 Raw floppy disk drives or QD drive and thus requires a different data rate to access the same data As shown in the table above most drive types support one or two smaller disk formats in addition to their own This means that any disk type supported by a given drive type may be inserted at any time with no need to re MOUNT the drive E11 will automatically detect the format of the new disk and adjust to the new geometry Capacity changes are passed along to emulated PDP 11 controllers that understand them i e the DU DY and HD controllers Note that confusion is possible if a floppy disk has a different total number of blocks than the device being emulated The PDP 11 OS may try to access areas o
170. hexadecimal rather than octal the transfer will go faster since each word is displayed as only four characters instead of six On an RSX system this can be done with the following commands gt INS DMP gt DMO ddu DEV LOCK V if ddu is the system disk gt MOU ddu FOR if ddu is not the system disk gt DMP TI ddu BL 0 WD The file produced by capturing the output from the above command can be translated back into a binary disk image using the HEX2DSK program available from ftp ftp dbit com pub ibmpc util Source code is included so the program can be modified for other dump display formats if needed RT 11 has a DUMP TERMINAL command which is similar to RSX s DMP command but gives a different output format Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC 21 Since there is no error detection at all disks transferred in this manner should be downloaded twice and the resulting files should be compared as a test to make sure the dump wasn t corrupted by line errors or buffer overruns 3 6 System specific notes RT 11 is the easiest operating system to transplant For one thing an RT 11 Kermit server is available at ftp ftp dbit com pub pdp11 rt11 kserve mac which is able to download an entire raw disk image over a serial line This can take a long time but it just about guarantees that the configuration will be duplicated exactly just don t forget to type SET FILE TYPE BINARY and REMOTE SET FILE TYPE BINARY to make
171. ht one detent The keyboard script language has a number of boolean flags which may be used in keyscripts and DEFINE LED commands They are broken into two groups read write flags and read only flags Keyboard Script Language 119 A 4 1 Read write flags Read write flags can be tested or modified by keyscripts Their values may be used in IF expressions or DEFINE LED commands or they may be changed using SET CLEAR and TOGGLE statements The descriptions below are only defaults used by E11 s initial keyboard definitions the user is free to redefine them at will CAPS EDITBACKUP FLAGn LALT LCTRL LSHIFT NUM RALT RCTRL RSHIFT SCROLL Caps Lock state EDT KED editor direction maintained by default keyscripts for keypad 4 and 5 true BACKUP false ADVANCE User defined flags n 1 4 reserved for user keyscripts Left or only Alt key state Left or only Ctrl key state Left Shift key state Num lock state Right Alt key state Right Ctrl key state Right Shift key state Scroll lock state any change sends XOFF or XON A 4 2 Read only flags Read only flags can be tested by keyscripts but not modified This means they may be used in IF expressions or DEFINE LED commands but not in SET CLEAR or TOGGLE commands The values are maintained and updated by E11 itself ALT OR of LALT and RALT APPKEYPAD Applications keypad mode ESC CHARSETA Character set A UK is currently selected CHARSETB Character set B US
172. ice This way E11 won t hog 100 of the host CPU s time for no reason However in OS 2 s DOS box this is taken as a sign that E11 will be idle for some time so its priority gets 102 SET THROTTLE reduced as a result so this option should not be used in OS 2 NORELEASE means E11 should just keep looping until there s something for it to do DELAY n causes a n millisecond delay each time there s nothing else to do which reduces the load on the PC operating system at the expense of increased response time SET KEYBOARD NO SWAP SWAP sets the keyboard handler to exchange the functions of the Caps Lock and left Ctrl keys for people who don t like the IBM Enhanced Keyboard NOSWAP sets the handler back so that the keys work as marked The swap is made upstream of the keyscript interpreter so CAPSLOCK and LCTRL execute each other s KEYPRESS and KEYRELEASE scripts when the keys are swapped SET MEMORY nnnn Sets the size of emulated PDP 11 memory nnnn is the number of kilobytes of memory anything from 8 up to 4088 or the limit specified by the MEMORY n switch when E11 was started SET PCLOG ON OFF n Enables or disables logging of the PC program counter register s value before each PDP 11 instruction fetch at a slight speed penalty Used for debugging PDP 11 code By default the last 64 fetches are logged SET PCLOG n enlarges this to any power of two that will fit in available memory and implies SET PCLOG ON too SHOW PCLO
173. ile However some non standard software may need to use track 0 so the RX11 RX211 and RXT11 emulations relocate it beyond the end of the block image if the file is enlarged by the size of one cylinder to be the same size as the equivalent sector image file Use BLOCK to specify that it s still a block image in spite of being the size of a sector image In this case it may be more natural to use a sector image but E11 supports either 26 Raw SCSI disk drives scheme type base size bytes extra size bytes RX01 252 928 3 328 RX02 505 856 6 656 RX03 1 011 712 13 312 If the base file sizes are used these files work as regular block images and track 0 does not exist Any attempt to write track 0 is a no op and any attempt to read track 0 returns hex E5 in every data byte as if the disk were freshly formatted Note The Demo version of E11 limit the combined size of all image files to 256 MB E11 versions prior to 2 0 did not have this restriction but they are no longer supported by D Bit Disk caching done by the host system Ersatz 11 has no control over any caching of disk writes that the host operating system may do so it is important that you QUIT out of the simulator to make sure all the pseudo disk files get closed properly rather than simply switching the computer off after shutting down your PDP 11 operating system Otherwise there is the possibility that a write back disk cache might not have written all of t
174. ill later be transferred to a real disk that has bad blocks The LIST switch gives the name of a text file which contains the list of block numbers separated by white space and or newlines for all the bad blocks Any attempt to read or write those blocks will return a device dependent I O error through the emulated disk controller 4 3 9 Null disk drives Command syntax MOUNT ddcu NULL switches Special switches SIZE blocks Null disks are useful only as placeholders They appear to be the specified size the default size matches the emulated drive type but reads return zeros and writes have no effect Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 33 4 4 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices This section describes each PDP 11 disk drive type that Ersatz 11 emulates and defines the device specific MOUNT command switches that apply to each emulated disk type name units controller drive volume switches DB 0 7 RH11 RH70 RPO4 RPO5 RPO6 SERIAL nnnn geometry switches DC 0 3 RC11 geometry switches DD 0 1 DL11 none always TU58 DECtape II DF 0 7 RF11 geometry switches syn RF DK 0 7 RK11D RKO2 RKO5 syn RKO3 geometry switches syn RK DL 0 3 RL11 RLO1 RLO2 geometry switches DM 0 7 RK611 RKO6 RKO7 geometry switches DP 0 7 RP11C RPO2 RPO3 geometry switches DR 0 7 RH11 RH70 RMO2 RMO3 RMO5 RM80 RPO7 SERIAL nnnn geometry switches DS 0 7 RH11 RH70 RSO3 L A RSO4 L geometry switches
175. imited to the local network segment There is also no working loopback device These issues will be addressed in future versions of Ersatz 11 Network commands subject to change in future versions NET START ETHER n DHCP pcdev NET START ETHER n a b c d MASK w x y 2 pcdev Starts up an Ethernet interface for use with the TCP IP stack The logical interface names start at ETHER 0 The IP address and netmask may be specified explicitly or if DHCP appears instead E11 will contact a DHCP server to get this interface s address information NET SHOW KNOWN LINES Lists all currently defined TCP IP lines NET SHOW LINE ETHER n 136 NET SHOW ROUTES Shows information about the specified line including DHCP lease status NET SHOW ROUTES Shows the routing table 137 Appendix E Microcomputers Ersatz 11 can be configured to emulate the following PDP 11 based microcomputers E 1 PDT 11 130 The PDT 11 130 is a microcomputer based on the LSI 11 chipset built into a modified VT100 terminal with a dual TU58 cartridge tape drive below the screen It supports up to 60 KB of memory which is unusual for a system with no MMU It runs RT 11 and accesses the TU58 tape using the PD SYS device handler which relies on code in ROM to do the actual I O D Bit s own reimplementation of this ROM is included as PDT130 PDP Sample E11 INI set cpu pdtil load rom pdt130 170010 mount dd0 drive0 dsk mount ddi drivel dsk assign pt
176. ing the last one disassembled by the most recent LIST or REGISTER command The address space to use is specified by the switch es or the space from the last LIST command is used if none are given The default for LIST is set to CURRENT INSTRUCTIONS after each register dump either from a REGISTER command or from the register display from a STEP command or CPU halt See the EXAMINE command for a list of valid switches LOAD switches d path filename PDP s1 e1 s2 e2 Sn en With no switches loads the specified PC file into PDP 11 memory default extension is PDP Any number of address ranges s e may be given and data from the file will be loaded into each range in the order given in the command line The last range may have no ending address in which case file data are loaded until end of file is reached If no ranges are given at all the default is to load the file at 000000 This command may be useful with binary files produced by Strobe Data Inc s PDPXASM cross assembler With either the ROM or EEPROM switch creates a ROM EEPROM page and loads its contents from the file The ROM contains a linear copy of the file contents unless the BANKED switch is also given in which case it is banked through a 512 byte window at either 17 773000 or 17 765000 using the page control register see the PCR option under SET CPU Only one address range may be given If BANKED switch is specifi
177. interrupt handler is running in ring 3 under a DPMI server In this case the IRETD instruction has insufficient privilege to modify the interrupt flag but this does not result in a trap to the supervisor So the virtual interrupt flag remains clear and interrupts are still disabled However the STI instruction does trap to the supervisor so that it can be emulated and the supervisor will set the virtual interrupt enable flag On DPMI systems that run at ring 0 and on E11 s built in supervisor which runs at ring 0 most of the time the STI is harmless since all it does is set the IF flag ahead of time There is no danger of stack overflow due to the interrupt routine recursing because STI wouldn t actually set IF until after the next instruction executes and since that s the IRETD the routine has already been exited by that time void GetPhysWind dword base dword size Allocates an address window to a memory mapped device Since protected mode systems normally run with paging enabled it is generally not safe to assume a 1 1 relationship exists between virtual and physical addresses The exception is devices located in the low 1 MB of the memory space This area is identity mapped so there is no need to map a window to devices located there using any flat pointer is sufficient If you call GetPhysWind with a base address below 1 MB it will simply return the same address base is the 32 bit physical base address of the device and siz
178. ion There is no limitation on hobby personal use of this demo package Commercial use is defined as anything having to do with the operation of a for profit business Older versions of Ersatz 11 V1 1A and earlier had no such limitation on use so this notice does not apply to them however they are no longer supported by D Bit This demo version of Ersatz 11 is available from www dbit com Introduction 5 The emulator speed depends on the application and the host system In general E11 on any speed Pentium III Pentium TV or Athlon runs on the order of ten to twenty times the speed of a PDP 11 93 E11 s disk I O is much faster than that of real PDP 11s especially when run under an operating system which provides good disk caching The FP11 floating point processor emulation currently requires a math coprocessor which is built into all current 80x86 CPUs anyway If the PC has none then the emulated PDP 11 will have no FPP either Intel Pentium CPUs that have the floating point divider bug are detected and a workaround is used to get correct results at a slight speed penalty for DIVF DIVD only The FIS emulation does not require a math coprocessor The system has been tested under the XXDP diagnostic monitor It passes the KD11EA diagnostics DFKAA DFKAB and DFKAC and the FP11A diagnostics DFFPA DFFPB and DFFPC It does not work with MMU diagnostics due to the absence of the maintenance mode It has been found that passing or failing DEC
179. ion uses interlocked memory access MARK instruction PDP 11 60 MAS instruction maintenance alignment shift as no op PDP 11 70 microprogram break register at 17 777770 PDP 11 60 MED instruction maintenance examine deposit as no op MFPT instruction returns n in RO PDP 11 60 MNS instruction maintenance normalization shift as no op PDP 11 60 MPP instruction maintenance partial product as no op Memory system error address register at 17 777740 2 Memory system error register at 17 777744 PDP 11 45 55 70 style memory management traps 3 bit ACF Memory management unit MFPD MFPI MTPD MTPI instructions 22 bit MMU must use UMAP too if emulating Unibus CPU Maintenance register at 17 777750 If n lt 16 KDJ11x style maintenance register which reads n as model code in bits 7 4 Tf n 44 PDP 11 44 style MR and if n 70 PDP 11 70 style MR MFPS MTPS instructions Odd address trapping Parity ECC memory CSR address at 17 772100 KDF11 BDV11 page control register and read write register if s KDF11 or KDJ11 CSR page control register if z KDJ11 at 17 777520 2 Working A bit bit 7 in MMU PDRs PDP 11 45 50 55 and PDP 11 70 only 100 SET DELAY PDRW Working W bit bit 6 in MMU PDRs All PDP 11 MMUs have this bit but if the PDP 11 operating system doesn t need it disabling it may yield a small improvement in emulation speed PIRQ PDP 11 45 style 7 level software interrupts
180. ios alee Dae EO ee ea ER ey AS GL A Re a e 77 9 3 CD CD11 punched card reader ee 78 9 4 CR CR11 CM11 punched card reader 2 2 ee 78 9 5 DO PC file access pseudo device a 79 9 6 IX IEU11A IEQU1A dual GPIB interface uaaa 9 7 KD M8644 countdown register board e 9 8 KG KG11A communications arithmetic board o o 9 9 KP KWIIP programmable clock o 9 10 OA DR11C DRV11 digital I O ports 0002 ee ee 9 10 1 ETHER Point to point IPL using Ethernet o e e e 910 2 NUEL Nolsdevice Ze scan na s u A E LI DA A IA Sain 9 11 PP PCO4 paper tape punch ee 9 12 PR PC04 paper tape reader 9 13 TK Terak bitmapped graphics display e 9 14 VR VT30 color graphics display processor e 9 15 VT VT11 vector graphics display processor 2 0 9 16 XA DR11W DR11B DRV11WA DRV11B digital I O ports 9 16 1 ETHER Point to point IPL using Ethernet o e 916 2 NULL Null device rsss ty eus he bah eee DAS AA A SP EA 9 17 XN DN11 auto dialer controller 00000000000 000000000000 10 Commands A Keyboard Script Language A 1 Default keyboard layout daole aa aa Ea OE a E A ALR RE E A E E NE a A 2 Keyboard script statement descriptions 0 ee AS Key names e bd
181. is always the only choice u Optional unit number identifying the device default is the first unit on the controller The unit number should be omitted when referring to the controller as a whole e g SET commands The two letter device names for emulated PDP 11 devices are taken from the names used by the popular PDP 11 operating systems Where possible synonyms are available to ensure that the device names will be familiar to users of each operating system For example DELUA ports may be referred to using either the RSTS RSX name XE or the RT 11 name NU and similarly RK05 disk units may be called DK or RK However E11 uses a more consistent naming system than these operating systems do since the first two letters of a PDP 11 device name always depend on the controller type In some cases this leads to differences for example TTu or KBu which is a synonym refers specifically to a DL11 DLV11 serial port while in RSX and RSTS all terminal ports are mapped to one of these names regardless of the port type But in E11 a serial port located on a DZ11 DZV11 is always YZcu As a result the device names used by El1 s command language may not necessarily be identical to those used by the operating system for the same devices The device names for PC hardware are the same as those used by DOS for those devices that actually have names in DOS So CON refers to the first video session COM1
182. is way However it s not uncommon with newer boards for COM3 to use IRQ5 and COM4 to use IRQ2 or IRQ9 really which is effectively the same on an AT by default 6 1 4 PC line printer port Command syntax SET LPTn PORT nnnn IRQn NOIRQ NOJB10S DATAPRODUCTS if needed ASSIGN ddcu LPTn switches Special switches none The PDP 11 port is connected to the specified PC LPT port The default port addresses for the LPT ports including PCI printer interface boards are obtained from the BIOS when E11 starts up Any changes to these default I O port address and IRQ settings must be made with a SET LPTn PORT nnnn IRQn command before assigning a PDP 11 port to the LPT port Some LPT ports do not work well with interrupts For example if there are multiple ISA LPT ports they may all try to drive IRQ7 at once or it s possible that a printer may not generate the ACK signal correctly In many cases this problem can be circumvented by using the SET LPTn NOIRQ command before assigning the port This tells E11 to use timers and polled I O for printer output which works well with most late model printers However some older printers with less buffering may experience very poor performance with this setting printing only one or two dozen characters per second With these printers it is best to resolve the IRQ problem and use interrupts Printers may also be accessed using the PC BIOS by issuing a SET LPTn BIOS command before assigning the
183. itches are both optional If either is omitted then serial data pass at full speed in the corresponding direction 6 2 4 Multiple physical ports on one emulated line Command syntax ASSIGN ddcu dev devo deun A single emulated PDP 11 serial line may be connected to two or more physical serial ports as described in section 6 1 by giving multiple physical port names in the ASSIGN command separated by plus sign characters Any data transmitted over that PDP 11 port will be copied to all of the physical ports Input received on any of the physical ports will be mixed together and will go in the PDP 11 port s receiver Similarly the emulated modem control signals will be driven in all of the physical ports however incoming modem status signals will be sampled only on the first port dev The physical port names may be any mixture of PC serial devices In most cases there is no reason to connect two physical ports to the same emulated port so this feature will not be used by most users but it can be useful for logging purposes or to provide duplicate command terminals so that a system may be controlled from more than one place The NOREPLY switch may be useful on CONn sessions in order to prevent E11 s VT100 emulation from replying to a what are you escape sequence in cases where the emulated line is shared with a real terminal which will try to reply simultaneously Example ASSIGN TT1 COM1 CON2 This command wil
184. itly when the DELAY usec and or INTERVAL insts parameter s is are given The OFF keyword turns throttling off and allows PDP 11 instruction emulation to proceed at the maximum possible speed This is the default setting SET pcdevcu Sets parameters for the specified PC device with the optional controller letter and or line number given using the usual device name syntax see section 1 8 SET commands for real PC devices must be issued before the first ASSIGN or MOUNT command which uses that PC device The PC device names are the same as those used on the right hand side of an ASSIGN or MOUNT command The rest of the command line consists of keywords appropriate to that device type The valid SET parameters for each PC device type are listed in the section that describes that device Multiple keywords may be specified on the same SET command they will be processed in left to right order The following SET parameters are common to many PC devices IRQn Sets the IRQ number 0 15 used by an ISA or PCMCIA board to generate interrupts PORT nnnn Sets the base I O port address in 80x86 I O space used by the board Numbers are hex by default as long as they start with a digit 0 9 An expression may be used the same as with CALCULATE SHARE Specified after an IRQn parameter SHARE means that the device has special ISA IRQ sharing hardware as documented in the IBM AT Technical Reference Manual so that more than one device may use th
185. k to tape and then restore the tape on the PC assuming you have suitable tape drives on both Stand alone BRU a k a BRUSYS is the easiest way to do this After copying the entire disk to tape build a bootable BRUSYS tape for E11 HELP BRU STAND under RSX will tell you how Then use PUTR COM to build a blank disk image file of the appropriate type and boot E11 from the BRUSYS tape with the empty disk image file mounted Once BRUSYS has started you can physically switch tapes or else pop up an E11 prompt and MOUNT the first backup tape if you re using tape image files Then run FMT if needed and BAD on the blank disk and finally run BRU to restore the tape If you want to use tape image files instead of using a real tape drive required on E11 Lite since it doesn t support SCSI tapes you can use D Bit s DOS SCSI tape utility available from ftp ftp dbit com pub ibmpc util st exe to copy between real tapes and E11 tape image files 3 7 Utilities PUTR COM a companion program to E11 is available from ftp ftp dbit com pub putr and knows how to read and write RT 11 and RSTS E and DOS BATCH volumes on a variety of media as well as how to read RSX volumes It can write blank container files with the serial numbers and empty bad block data filled in correctly and format many types of DEC floppies and SCSI disks too which can be useful with any OS It can also read and write TU58 DECtape II tapes if the drive is connected to a PC
186. keystroke The default keyscript for the F12 key sends the current time and date in a format accepted by recent versions of RSX so it may be pressed in response to the date time prompt at system startup See Appendix A for information on keyscript commands and type SHOW KEY F12 at the E11 command prompt to see how the existing binding works Newer versions of DEC operating systems have support for the KDJ11E TOY clock which E11 emulates using the host operating system s clock For example the RSX TIM SYN command will read the RSX time from the PC and TIM SETTOY will set the PC clock from the RSX time These commands work only if RSX has detected a KDJ11E based CPU i e PDP 11 93 or PDP 11 94 however E11 can add the TOY clock to any CPU emulation by adding ASR to the end of the SET CPU command since the TOY clock is accessed through the Additional Status Register A TOY TSK program is available from ftp dbit com which has SYN and SETTOY switches which work just like the TIM command but with no restriction on the CPU type and it doesn t have the year 2000 problem that TIM SYN did in earlier versions of RSX G 2 PC clock PCs don t have a 50 60 Hz line frequency clock so E11 simulates the KW11L style clock by reprogramming the PC s crystal controlled interval timer for 50 or 60 Hz the SET HZ command selects which frequency the default is 147 148 Dates and Times 60 Hz These speeds can not be produced precisely
187. ks the port against letting the PDP 11 change its Ethernet address Allowing the Ethernet address to be changed causes problems with some external network drivers and or protocol stacks DECnet requires this ability though MAC specifies an Ethernet address to use as the port s default instead of the value stored in its address PROM The DELUA DEUNA and DELQA DEQNA interfaces can boot the PDP 11 over the network from a MOP Load Server This is initiated with the BOOT XEn and BOOT XHn commands These interfaces can also make the PDP 11 boot from the network or a local device when triggered remotely e g with DECnet s NCP TRIGGER NODE node command if this is enabled with a SET ddu BOOT ddcu os command 65 66 7 1 PC network devices NE2000 NE2000 and compatibles name type switches NE2000c NE2000 clone LOCK MAC PCNETc AMD PCnet PCI LOCK MAC PKTD Packet Driver INT vv LOCK MAC RTL8139c RealTek RTL8139 based PCI board LOCK MAC RTL8169c RealTek RTL8169 based PCI board LOCK MAC TULIPc DEC Intel Tulip based PCI board LOCK MAC VELOCc VIA Velocity based PCIe board LOCK MAC UDP Tunneling over UDP LOCK MAC NULL none host OS independent null interface 7 1 1 ETHn shorthand for other interface names ASSIGN ddu ETHn proto protoz protos Special switches depend on actual port driver used ETHn is shorthand for any of the other network drivers listed below Each port that
188. l connect TT1 the second emulated DL11 port to both COM1 the first PC serial port and CON2 the video session which can be popped up with Alt F2 Output sent to TT1 will appear on both COM1 and CON2 and input typed at either port will be received by TT1 62 Emulated PDP 11 serial devices 6 3 Emulated PDP 11 serial devices This section describes each PDP 11 serial device type emulated by Ersatz 11 name units controller notes LPu 0 3 LP11 LPV11 TTu 0 15 DL11 DLV11 KBu and YLu are synonyms XUu 0 1 DU11 DUV11 YZcu 0 7 DZ11 DZQ11 DZV11 6 3 1 LP LP11 LPV11 line printer ports These ports connect a single line printer using device registers which look similar to the transmitter half of a DL11 DLV11 serial line unit They normally use a Data Products compatible parallel interface to connect to the printer Converter boxes are available from Black Box Corporationto allow connecting such a line printer to a PC RS232 serial port SET LP controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal MODE 0b p d s set communications parameters PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 6 3 2 TT DL11 DLV11 single serial line units These are the standard single line serial ports Every PDP 11 has at least one which is used for the console terminal By default Ersatz 1
189. line printer port oe vie Boe See Ae eA kha ep Peek he oS ESS 56 6 1 5 Sealevel ports based on Zilog Z8530 Z85230 E SCC USART 0 0 57 6 1 6 Sound Blaster MIDI port 2 ee 58 6 1 7 Telnet Servers a me ed A a Be a Sure ee A ee ee a Sees 58 6 1 8 Single port Telnet servers e 59 61 9 Telnet clients i atei munnin A Sake eee od A aN a a 59 6 2 PC serial pseudo devices i e es eb eR a a 60 6 2 1 Hayes compatible dialup modems 2 00000 eee es 60 6 2 2 Kermit file transfer protocol 2 0 60 6 23 Throttledil O s2 io 4 44 3 ee ey weak oe Sala AAA RA E ERA 2S 60 6 2 4 Multiple physical ports on one emulated line 0 0200200000008 61 6 3 Emulated PDP 11 serial devices 2 62 6 3 1 LP LP11 LPV11 line printer ports 0 0 00 02 0004 62 6 3 2 TT DL11 DLV11 single serial line units 2 ee 62 6 3 3 XU DU11 DUV11 single serial line units o e e 62 6 3 4 YZ DZ11 DZQ11 DZV11 4 8 line serial multiplexers o o 63 6 30 PT PDT TUI A A A ee ee ee ea ae 63 7 Network Devices 65 aL PO MEGWODKsCE VICES s dia aniren A RA O SP lye Ble a ot amp ane dO Go 66 7 1 1 ETHn shorthand for other interface names 1 0 0 000000000002 2a 66 7 1 2 NE2000 NE2000 and compatibles 2 0 0 20 0000000000000 0000 66 123 PENE AMD PC POL siaaa ea ae ee ok Be GR RA lo ae a ay 67 TA
190. loaded from the specified binary file which is located using E11 s usual search rules see section 1 9 Using NULL as the filename reads all zeros and can be handy for making place holders for missing devices on the I O page More than one ROM device can be loaded for example the individual 128 byte device bootstraps in a M9312 style ROM board or the on board equivalents in a PDP 11 24 or PDP 11 44 CPU can be loaded from separate files with separate commands For linear non banked ROMs a starting address in the I O page must be specified The data from the file will appear starting at that address If an ending address is specified the file must be at least long enough to reach that address If no ending address is given the length of the emulated ROM is the same as the length of the binary file A M9312 style bootstrap diagnostic ROM board can be configured and started with the following commands E11 gt LOAD ROM DIAGBOOT ROM 17765000 E11 gt LOAD ROM RLO2BOOT ROM 17773000 E11 gt LOAD ROM MSCPBOOT ROM 17773200 E11 gt G0 165020 000000 000000 000000 000000 78 CR CR11 CM11 punched card reader This is just an example of what can be done Normally there would be no point in using the M9312 boot ROMs since E11 contains its own bootstraps for all bootable devices that it emulates Anyway there may be legal problems with copying those ROMs into image files since they are copyrighted by DEC For banked ROMs the BANKED switch must
191. m and the KDJ11E TOY clock Also the YEAR2 keyscript command sends only 2 digit years but it s there for the specific purpose of working with non Y2K compliant PDP 11 software If the PDP 11 software can handle 4 digit dates use YEAR4 instead which is what s used in the default keyscript for F12 anyway G 3 1 KDJ11E TOY clock The Dallas Semiconductor DS1215 clock chip used in the KDJ11E battery backed time of year TOY clock contains only two digits for the year Therefore it inherently suffers from the year 2000 bug and so must any accurate emulation of it including the one in E11 otherwise it would be incompatible with PDP 11 software designed for the real thing However this is not as bad as it might seem Since the TOY clock is used only to hold the current time the only ambiguity that the PDP 11 software has to resolve is what century it is now This is as Opposed to dates held in databases file system timestamps etc which can represent past and future dates and so must not be ambiguous The latest versions of most PDP 11 operating systems have been updated to use a 100 year window when interpreting the year read from the TOY clock For example 80 99 can be taken to mean 1980 1999 and 00 79 would mean 2000 2079 Future PDP 11 operating system releases can move this window at this point 00 99 might as well mean 2000 2099 so this scheme can be extended indefinitely Recent versions of RSX 11M PLUS cleverly use the TOY clock s da
192. m the deprecated version of DDCMP V3 03 that it uses The DMC11 hard ware architecture was almost immediately re released as the KMC11 which is a general purpose communications coprocessor whose microcode is loaded into RAM at runtime 72 PC DDCMP drivers 73 8 2 PC DDCMP drivers Since DDCMP is carried over normal communications lines E11 can support it by inserting a DDCMP layer between the emulated PDP 11 device and one of the usual communications devices It can also layer the DDCMP protocol on top of TCP connections or UDP datagrams name type switches ASYNC async serial line none NULL null device NODE area node POINTTOPOINT SYNC experimental sync serial line none TCP TCP connection RETRY UDP UDP datagrams CONTROL POINTTOPOINT TRIBUTARY n 8 2 1 ASYNC Asynchronous serial ports Command syntax ASSIGN ddu ASYNC pcdev Special switches DSR ON This layer works with any serial port supported by E11 It interoperates nicely with DECnet RSX s async DDCMP implementation The PDP 11 operating system may wait for DSR to come on before it s willing to use the port so the DSR ON switch may be a handy workaround if your null modem cable doesn t include all lines Multidrop lines are not supported 8 2 2 NULL Null device Command syntax ASSIGN ddu NULL Special switches NODE area node POINTTOPOINT This is a placeholder device which allows a DDCMP port to be brought up with no hardware N
193. mat the same as was commonly used in CP M systems The RX01 is a dual drive system If only one of the two units is MOUNTed the other one will still appear to be there since the RX11 RXV11 controller has no way of reporting whether a drive is present or not but any attempts to do I O to the missing drive will return error status E11 can read and write actual RX01 floppy disks using an 8 drive attached to a PC floppy controller with an adapter such as D Bit s FDADAP board which supports single density Emulated PDP 11 disk devices 41 MOUNT DX drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DX controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 4414 DY RX02 RX03 The RX02 is a double density follow on product to the RX01 It holds twice as much data per disk and also uses DMA instead of programmed I O to copy between PDP 11 memory and the on board sector buffer so there s less CPU overhead DEC apparently planned a double sided upgrade which became commonly know as the RX03 but was never actually released However there are connectors for the extra heads on the drive s controller board
194. me appear to be error free Since all current PC disk media except floppy disks provide some form of invisible bad block remapping of their own they are already error free so there is no real need for this feature Some aftermarket SCSI controllers provided a one block RCT anyway by deducting one block from the reported size of the volume E11 can be set to do the same thing using the RCT switch This is the default for SCSI disks but it can be overridden using the NORCT switch MOUNT DU drive switches NORCT don t deduct one block for relocation control table RCT deduct one block for relocation control table TYPE xxxyy set drive type to zzxyy 1 3 letters 2 digits WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DU controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DEFAULT set controller type to default UDA50A for Unibus RQDX3 for Q bus KDA50 set controller type to KDA50 PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RQDX2 set controller type to RQDX2 RQDX3 set controller type to RQDX3 RQZX1 set controller type to RQZX1 RUX50 set controller type to RUX50 UDA5O set controller type to UDA50 UDA5OA set controller type to UDA50A 4413 DX RX01 The RX01 is a single sided single density floppy disk drive which uses 8 disks with the standard IBM 3740 for
195. me in a variety of formats popping up the E11 command prompt and switching the video display to show another session Multiple statements in a single key definition may be separated by or characters and count as one statement for the purposes of the IF ELSEIF ELSE ENDIF construct If a line ends with amp with no white space following it is continued on the next line and any characters after the first that is not inside single or double quotes are considered a comment and are ignored up until the trailing amp if one is present This should be familiar to BASIC PLUS users A 1 Default keyboard layout The keypad layout generated by E11 s predefined keyscripts may take a little getting used to but it s intended to be familiar if your fingers are already comfortable using KED or EDT on a real VT100 Just don t look at the keypad the keys are where you expect in spite of having the wrong labels Similarly the CTRL characters on the main keyboard are in the same places as on a VT100 including the non alphabetic ones e g CTRL SPACE generates NUL CTRL generates RS etc The backspace key generates DEL because that s what DEC operating systems normally use Use CTRL H to get a backspace character Line feed is CTRL J and on 104 key keyboards it s 110 Keyboard Script Language 111 also the context menu key next to the right hand Ctrl key The keypad digits and key wo
196. mulex SI etc E11 allows the CYLINDERS n HEADS n and SECTORS n switches when mounting these drive types to support cases where the PDP 11 drivers have been patched to support extended or untranslated drive geometries using SMD drives on aftermarket controllers Also the SERIAL nnnn switch sets the drive serial number 34 Emulated PDP 11 disk devices MOUNT DB drive switches CYLINDERS n set non standard number of cylinders HEADS n set non standard number of heads RPO4 set drive type to RP04 87 MB 12 platter pack drive RPO5 set drive type to RP05 87 MB 12 platter pack drive RPO6 set drive type to RP06 174 MB 12 platter pack drive SECTORS n set non standard number of sectors SERIAL nnnn set drive serial number 4 decimal digits WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DB controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RH11 set controller type to RH11 RH7O set controller type to RH70 VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 2 DC RC11 RS64 This is a very early drive with one to four fixed platters and fixed heads yielding high speed but very low capacity 128 KB per platter It s useful mainly as a swap device so using a RAMdisk to emulate it is a good choice There are few if any surviving units today and no current PDP 11 o
197. n12 Esc NumLock ScrLock SysReq CON3 CON4 cons CON6 Default keypad layout on 101 Default keypad layout on IBM F keys on IBM and 104 key keyboards AT 84 key keyboards AT keyboards A 2 Keyboard script statement descriptions string Sends the specified string The string may be any combination of double quoted strings string single quoted strings string and single ASCII characters CHR n all concatenated with plus signs Note that PDP 11 serial ports normally have only one or two characters worth of input buffering and E11 currently buffers 32 characters per port in addition to that this number may increase in the future so it is not possible to send 112 Keyboard Script Language arbitrarily long strings AMPM Sends AM or PM depending on whether the time read by GETTIME is before or after noon ANSWERBACK Sends the answerback string defined on the SET UP B screen using Shift A BREAK Sends a BREAK i e a NUL character with a framing error to the PDP 11 CLEAR flag Clears a read write flag See section A 4 for a list of flag names COPY Copies the currently selected text see SELECT etc into the paste buffer where it can be be pasted with PASTE DAY1 Sends the 1 or 2 digit day of the month 1 31 as read by GETTIME DAY2 Sends the 2 digit day of the month 01 31 as read by GETTIME GETTIME Reads the current date and time as an atomic operation to avoid
198. nd F12 are not accessible on the old 84 key AT keyboard unless other keys are redefined to reach them When one screen is being displayed on the PC screen the others up to 11 are maintained invisibly in memory so they will be up to date whenever another Alt Fn keypress switches the screen to display one of the hidden sessions This is only the default behavior of the function keys If they are redefined using DEFINE KEYPRESS commands then other keys will need to be defined to switch displays using the PRIMARY n and SECONDARY n keyscript commands If there are two video adapters on the PC e g an SVGA and a Hercules monochrome card then one VT100 session may be displayed on each Using the default keyscripts the Alt function keys choose which of the 12 possible screens is displayed on the primary monitor and the Ctrl function keys choose which is on the secondary monitor Note that it is not possible to display the same session on both monitors at once If this is attempted then whichever monitor was previously showing that session switches to displaying the lowest numbered available screen which is not already being displayed COM ports 55 NODOUBLE disables the display of double wide or double high characters On an EGA VGA SVGA in text mode E11 will allocate pairs of unused character generator cells for defining double size versions of regular characters but there aren t enough unused cells for every possible character so thi
199. nd that isn t already in use by another simulated Ethernet port A list of hex 16 bit DIX protocol numbers up to ten total may be specified in network byte order e g IP is 0800 in which case E11 asks the packet driver to pass only frames of those types This may allow E11 to coexist with other protocol stacks running on the same PC as long as they each use different sets of protocol numbers and neither one needs to change the port s physical address after the other is loaded and in any case it may be helpful for shielding the PDP 11 operating system from unwanted broadcast traffic DECnet requires the ability to change the address it wants the physical address to be based on the protocol address to avoid the additional overhead of performing address resolution over the network as TCP IP does so in general running DECnet under E11 will require either that no other network software be running on the same interface or that you install a second Ethernet board for E11 s exclusive use This is because the packet driver refuses to change the physical address once the board is already in use so as not to surprise protocol stacks that were already running when the change was made and thought they knew their own address Freeware packet drivers for a wide variety of Ethernet interfaces are available via anonymous FTP from many sources including ftp crynwr com and are typically included on the driver disk that comes with the adapter Ersatz 11 requi
200. ng CSR addresses etc or other configuration information to the installed module For example INSTALL FOO DLL CSR 164000 will result in lpvReserved pointing at the following in E11 s own scratch memory which will be re used after the initialization routine returns BYTE 11 length of string ASCII CSR 164000 the string itself BYTE 15 always ends with carriage return D11Main returns 1 TRUE for success or 0 FALSE for failure in which case E11 will issue an error message C 3 Exit conditions Since the loading of a plug in module and whatever calls it makes are completely unrelated in E11 E11 has no idea what resources have been allocated by a particular module so it doesn t automatically free them when that module exits e g due to a QUIT command Therefore each module must keep track of its resources and free them when they are no longer needed The library shutdown call to D11Main is a good time to release any unneeded resources C 4 Building plug in modules All C source files should include a include e11 h line at the beginning The E11 H header file and E11 LIB import library are available from D Bit To build a DLL with Watcom C available from www openwatcom org runs under MS DOS or Windows or OS 2 compile and link as follows e g to build FOO DLL from FOO C wcc386 bt nt bd s foo c wlink foo Installable Plug ins 127 This requires a FOO LNK linker script as follows system nt_
201. ng emulated using an image file or raw real drive which is smaller than that disk so it s settable One of these switches may be added to any disk MOUNT command NOPAD Don t pad short images up to the size of the emulated disk Any attempt to perform I O beyond the end of the image file or raw device will give an I O error This is the default PAD NULL Pad the image up to the emulated size with null space Reads beyond the end of the physical disk will return zeros and writes are ignored PAD RAM EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE Pad the image up to the emulated size with a partial RAM disk This may be useful for systems which use the latter part of a disk as swap space This is an experimental feature and may have bugs 4 3 PC disk devices The MOUNT command establishes a connection between an emulated PDP 11 disk drive unit and a PC file or device which will be used to hold the actual disk data Generally this file or device must be at least as large as the PDP 11 disk unit that is being emulated E11 supports several different forms of physical media to be used for emulating disks The connections are made on a per unit basis so it is possible to mix units attached to different types of physical media within the same emulated PDP 11 disk controller The supported types of physical media Disk image files 25 are described below along with the syntax of the MOUNT command for each type The RONLY syn WPROTECT switch may be specified on any
202. ngle density disks and is supported by E11 In addition to the PC formats and 8 workalike formats E11 also supports several 5 25 formats RX50 disks are supported using a 1 2 MB drive RX52 is E11 s name for double sided RX50 disks which were never sold by DEC but may have been planned for the Professional series at least MY is the device name for the DS DD 5 25 disks used on the Russian DVK x PDP 11 clones The low level format is the same as the RX52 but there is no software sector interleave MX disks are not able to be supported by the PC disk controller so E11 can t use them E11 can format all the disk types that it supports Usually the easiest way to get at this feature is using the set density command of the RX211 controller which can be executed by running FORMAT SAV under RT 11 using commands like FORMAT DYO or FORMAT DYO SINGLE or the SPEC function under RSTS E11 chooses which of the formats supported by a given floppy drive type to use based on the size of the emulated disk it uses whichever format is the same size as the emulated volume being formatted or the next larger format if there s no exact match Catweasel floppy disk drives 31 Ersatz 11 also supports the format floppy disk commands of the RQDX3 and RQZX1 controllers so utilities that would work with those controllers will work with E11 4 3 5 Catweasel floppy disk drives Command syntax SET C
203. nibus BIRQ4 for Q bus TQK25 set controller type to TQK25 Q22 TK25 controller TS11 set controller type to TS11 Unibus TS04 controller TSUO5 set controller type to TSU05 Unibus TS05 controller TSVO5 set controller type to TSV05 Q22 TS05 controller TU80 set controller type to TU80 Unibus TU80 controller M7454 module VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured 50 Emulated PDP 11 tape devices 5 3 4 MT TS03 TU10 The TU10 is a vacuum column tape drive which interfaces to the PDP 11 through a classic Unibus interface made up of a number of flip chip modules on a wire wrap backplane The TS03 actually a rebadged Kennedy 9700 is a very small tension arm drive which uses up just 10 5 of height in a rack and uses a physically smaller controller made with higher density modules However they both look the same to software so there are no drive type switches to distinguish them The 7 track version of the TU10 is not supported MOUNT MT drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET MT controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 5 3 5 MU TMSCP tapes TMSCP the Tape Mass Storage Control Protocol is a device independent protocol for c
204. ns it pauses its own execution if necessary until all the CPUs it s interrupting have also executed N instructions On a quiet SMP PC with one real 80x86 CPU for each emulated PDP 11 CPU and no active tasks besides E11 this pause will normally be short or nonexistent But this method means that ITWAK will always succeed even on a heavily loaded single CPU host PC The default value of n has worked in testing but if necessary it may be changed with the SET DELAY DIP11A 0 n command Configuring RSX 11M PLUS for multiprocessing 143 SET II controller parameters BUS x set home bus segment to CPx CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ6 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal F 4 Configuring RSX 11M PLUS for multiprocessing These instructions are for RSX 11M PLUS V4 6 Other versions are likely to have differences which you ll have to figure out As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter this feature is unofficial and is not supported in any way by Mentec or any of DEC s incarnations Not only is it unsupported but there has never been much hardware to test it on so the configuration tends to be fragile and you need to make careful choices and you may need to solve some problems with the automatically generated build scripts If at all possible you should probably try to install completely fr
205. nsure that timeouts never occur NOTE The tape cache has passed all internal testing at D Bit but as it is a new feature as of V5 1 with an 44 PC tape devices 45 unproven record in the outside world we recommend that it be used only when necessary to prevent timeouts If possible make duplicate copies of tapes in TAP files until you are confident that the tapes are reliably coming out the same as the files Note that because the cache works by reporting successful completion to the PDP 11 of write operations that haven t completed yet and may not even have started write errors and or end of tape status may not be reported at the expected time When an error occurs in a delayed write the cache starts a 30 second timeout If the PDP 11 attempts more tape I O during that period the cache returns the error in response to the new I O operation If not a message which includes ASCII BEL characters to attract attention is displayed on the console TT0 The error message is also stored so that it will be included in the output from the SHOW command for the emulated PDP 11 tape unit which had the error This makes it possible to see the specific type of error if it has scrolled off the screen Similarly the cache may not find out about end of tape status until after it has already told the PDP 11 that the write completed without EOT status There is no way around this if the first time the EOT marker is seen is during a write from cach
206. nterface 1 5 Emulated DDCMP device types port pels DMP11 DMV11 multidrop network link DMR11 DMC11 point to point network link 1 6 Miscellaneous device types Introduction port pals CD11 CR11 CM11 virtual TEU11A IEQUA M8644 CDR KG11A Kw11P DR11C DRV11 Terak VT30 vr11 DR11W DR11B DRV11WA DRV11B DN11 1 7 PC hardware support punched card reader punched card reader PC file interface dual GPIB ports countdown registers communications arithmetic board programmable clock programmed digital I O board bitmapped graphics display color graphics display vector graphics processor DMA digital I O board auto dialer controller e Block devices disk image files raw SCSI disk drives raw floppy drives raw CD ROM drives RAM disks Catweasel floppy drives e Tape devices tape image files raw SCSI tape drives RAM tapes Sound Blaster MIDI ports Velocity packet drivers Character devices Emulated VT100 on SVGA can flip between up to 12 virtual screens COM LPT Network devices NE2000 clones RealTek RTL8139 RealTek RTL8169 AMD PCnet PCI DEC Tulip VIA This is a stripped down demonstration version of Ersatz 11 which when used for commercial purposes may only be installed for an evaluation period limited to 30 days After this time commercial users must either buy E11 either the Lite or full version or delete all copies of the demo version in their possess
207. o TQK50 Q22 TK50 controller TQK70 set controller type to TQK70 Q22 TK70 controller TUK50 set controller type to TUK50 Unibus TK50 controller Chapter 6 Serial Lines E11 has flexible support for serial and line printer devices As with disks and tapes any supported PC serial device may be used to emulate any emulated PDP 11 character device and once again E11 chooses sensible defaults for the controller types and CSR vector addresses based on the emulated CPU type and the configuration of floating devices so in many cases no SET commands will be needed Each serial line is created with an ASSIGN command TTO the system console is connected to CON1 the first emulated VT100 session displayed on the PC video display when E11 starts up but it can be reassigned to any other screen or serial port with an ASSIGN TTO command If it is assigned to an RS232 serial port the E11 prompt can no longer be popped up using Shift Enter because this key combination does not correspond to any ASCII character that could be sent over a serial line So by default a BREAK condition on the console serial port will bring up the E11 gt prompt If this is inconvenient the SET BREAK command can be used to define one ASCII character which will cause the prompt to pop up For example putting a SET BREAK 20 command in the E11 INI initialization file will make the prompt pop up whenever CTRL P is typed on the console terminal Output to any
208. o appear permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value actually detected by the emulated PDP 11 port Or value may be DSR which is the default setting to make emulated PDP 11 port s DSR input follow the actual value of the DSR pin received by the PC port Sets the state of the DTR data terminal ready modem control signal value may be ON or OFF to force DTR to be permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value selected through the emulated PDP 11 port Or value may be DTR which is the default setting to make the real DTR pin track the value of the emulated DTR signal from the emulated PDP 11 port Locks communication mode parameters baud rate data bits etc against being changed by the PDP 11 port This is useful for setting a port that has programmable parameters e g a DZ11 line to a non standard speed without having the PDP 11 op erating system set it back to a lower speed when initializing the emulated side of the port Sets communication mode parameters to the values specified Bps is the number of bits per second the range of allowable values depends on the specific serial hardware Par is the parity specified as one letter Even Odd None Mark Space not all serial hardware supports all types Dbits is the number of data bits generally 5 8 although some PC port types can only do 7 8 Sbits is the number of stop bits 1 2 on most ports 2 actually means 1 5 if dbits is 5 If no MODE s
209. ocity based PCle Ethernet boards Command syntax ASSIGN ddu VELOCc proto protoz protos Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff This driver supports NICs based on the VIA Velocity series of Ethernet chips VT6130 Ethernet tunneling over UDP 69 7 1 9 Ethernet tunneling over UDP Command syntax ASSIGN ddu UDP localport aaa bbb ccc ddd remoteport proto protoz protoz Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff This pseudo device works as a point to point connection passing Ethernet frames over the Internet by encapsulating them inside UDP messages The command line parameters specify the local UDP port number and the IP address and UDP port number of the remote socket This is mainly intended for attaching E11 machines to the HECnet a worldwide hobbyist DECnet through a remote machine running Johnny Billquist s bridge program E11 will act as if there s a virtual Ethernet segment containing only a single PDP 11 and a PC running bridge with the bridge configured to link that segment to the specified remote system The virtual Ethernet port s default MAC address is always the same which is fine if the PDP 11 is running DECnet and will immediately change the MAC address at startup to a new one based on the machine s DECnet address Otherwise the address could conflict with other E11 machines since bridge makes it seem as if they re all on the same physical Ethernet In this cas
210. odes are all different on a PC PDP 11 diagnostic software would not gain any useful information by exercising them So for these cases E11 s emulation is limited to creating the appropriate registers in the I O page so software can read and write them without losing data or receiving unexpected bus timeout errors Note that if RSTS E sees a parity CSR or KTJ11B maintenance CSRs it attempts to exercise them giving a fatal error if they do not work To avoid this problem the CPU configuration given by SET CPU 94 has NOKTJ11B and NOPARCSR by default as a workaround These CSRs may still be enabled for software that needs them with SET CPU 94 KTJ11B PARCSR however both RT 11 and RSX11M will work with the default setting SET CPU options number Set all CPU options to match PDP 11 number model Recognized values are 03 04 05 syn 10 15 syn 20 23 24 34 35 syn 40 44 45 syn 50 or 55 53 60 70 73 74 SET CPU ASH31 ASR CB CCR CD CDR n CHR CHRNZ CMDR CPUERR CSM DESTFIRST DSPACE DUALREGSET EAE EIS EIS16 FIS FPA FPBACKOUT FPP HALT4 IOPAGE4 JMP4 JMPPLUS2 KTJ11B LDUB LKS LKS7 LOCKASRB MARK MAS MBR MED MFPT n MNS MPP MSEA MSER MMTRAPS MMU MMU22 MR n MXPS ODD PARCSR PCR 2 PDRA 99 83 84 93 94 J11 CPU bug with 31 bit shifts using ASH ASHC KDJ11E additional status register TOY clock etc Cache bypass bit in Unibus map registers Cache control register a
211. oes happen the ISR recurses and the characters are put in the buffer in reverse order which was happening with VT100 keypad keys in early versions of E11 The solution to these problems is to use a queueing system so that the interrupt and in many cases the transfer itself doesn t occur until a pre set number of instruction fetches after the instruction that started the transfer The default delays are intended to be adequate for most users However when troubleshooting with custom operating systems this is a good place to experiment if E11 appears to work with your application using certain emulated devices but not others Much less trouble has been experienced with disks and tapes so by default most of them are set to execute all functions in one instruction time The RSX MSCP initialization sequence is an exception so the default delays are tuned appropriately The RK11 handler in DOS BATCH requires an unusually slow disk controller so in order to use that you must first issue a command like SET DELAY RK11D 8000 to make all RK11D disk commands take 8000 instruction fetches to complete For reasons given above the character at a time devices have larger default delay counts RK05 06 07 seek completion attentions may be delayed still further beyond acknowledging the seek command so as not to confuse overlapped seek drivers However you ll get faster results using a non overlapped driver if one is supplied with your OS Since all your emulated di
212. ogress SELECTWORD Select the word at the current mouse location SELECTLINE Select the entire line including a carriage return character at the end at the current mouse location SET flag FOR n Sets a read write flag See section A 4 for a list of flag names If the FOR n modifier is given it means that the flag is set for the specified non zero number of data keystrokes and then automatically clears after the script for the nth keystroke is executed This is used for the prefix keys common on non English keyboards and can also be useful for disabled users Note that the current key the one whose keyscript contains this SET FOR n command counts from the total unless a NONDATA statement is part of its definition Example using SET to redefine the right hand Alt key as an acute accent prefix key which makes the vowel keys send the ISO Latin 1 codes for the same letters with acute accents when pressed immediately afterwards 116 Keyboard Script Language DEFINE KEYPRESS RALT SET FLAG1 FOR 1 NONDATA DEFINE KEYPRESS A IF FLAG1 THEN LETTER CHR 193 ELSE LETTER A ENDIF DEFINE KEYPRESS E IF FLAG1 THEN LETTER CHR 201 ELSE LETTER E ENDIF DEFINE KEYPRESS I IF FLAG1 THEN LETTER CHR 205 ELSE LETTER I ENDIF DEFINE KEYPRESS O IF FLAG1 THEN LETTER CHR 211 ELSE LETTER 0 ENDIF DEFINE KEYPRESS U IF FLAG1 THEN LETTER CHR 218 ELSE LETTER U ENDIF SETUP Enters exits SET UP
213. oller commands to a file Translate virtual address to physical address Set processor priority Proceed with execution with an optional breakpoint Set processor status word Set general register value Display general registers and PSW fields Set up hardware display register Enable disable PC logging on each fetch Set up switch register real or virtual Display name of any I O page register Inspect value of display register Show E11 memory usage Display MMU maps Show version numbers of E11 and host OS Execute one or several single program step B 1 Displaying and modifying memory 121 Memory may be displayed or modified one word at a time using the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT commands Both can accept switches that define the virtual address space to use If no switches are specified the default is to use the same space as the previous EXAMINE or DEPOSIT command Any switch used on either command sets the default for both commands These commands can also operate on multiple memory words Normally when only one address is specified the EXAMINE command will display just one word but if a starting and ending address is specified that entire range no matter how large is displayed on the terminal If an EXAMINE command is given with no address whatever it displays eight words starting at the word following the last EXAMINE command Multiple words can be entered into memory by simply entering more than one number following the address in a
214. om scratch from a Mentec distribution tape rather than trying to merge multiprocessor support into an existing system The fewer parameters you change at once the better The first thing you need to do is to edit 200 200 JSGNPREFIX CMD comment out SETF M PRO by putting before it and uncomment SETT M PRO before doing your SYSGEN When you ve done this suddenly SYSGEN will know all about multiprocessor systems and will ask you many more questions when you run it The important answers are e Number of CPUs obviously e IST the default CSR vector addresses are OK but see below e MK11 MKA11 memory boxes you must define at least one even though E11 doesn t specifically emulate them E11 s memory is non relocatable and always on line e Don t specify XX as your crash device or you ll get an undefined global e Don t include XDT You can define other peripherals as usual It will include a lot of RH70 Massbus adapters without asking you which is fine It s up to you whether you put devices on them or use some other kind of disks tapes Be careful when including TMSCP tapes MU since RSX s default vector for a TMSCP controller is 260 which is the same as the IIST so you should set one of them to something else MU is easier to move since its vector is set in software so you won t need to add a SET MU command to your E11 INI file Similarly the default CSR and vector for the TA11 TU60 D
215. on PCnet PCI Tulip RTL8139 and Velocity chips in DOS and stand alone versions Ethernet booting DELQA emulation was DEQNA TELS INGLE and TELCLIENT LOG NOBUFFERING and LOG LAST n OpenGL graphics driver and new installer for Windows and OS 2 V6 1 01 Dec 2012 EDIT MAC on all network devices was just UDP PT and SET CPU PDT11 for PDT 11 130 150 emulation TK and QX for Terak 8510 a emulation SET THROTTLE FILE file LASTSIMI LARYEARBEFORE yyyy V7 0 31 Oct 2013 E11 s 20th birthday CD11 CR11 DMR11 DMC11 DN11 DU11 IEU11 framework only and KG11 emulations HAYES OSPRINT and SCC drivers Unit number ranges VT100 smooth scroll SET UP mode and scrollback buffer VT101 and VT102 emulation NULL devices for most device types ASYNCn DIGn GPIBn PRINTn and SYNCn host OS independent nicknames Increased use of helper threads LOG PC Disk logging calculates starting block numbers LoadModule GetSymbol UnloadModule plug in calls V7 1 01 Jun 2014 DMP11 DMV11 emulation TCP UDP transport for DDCMP devices Kermit clients BAD DPDISK and DPTAPE drivers NOPAD PAD NULL and PAD RAM SET PCLOG n Chapter 2 Installation and Configuration 2 1 System requirements Installation of Ersatz 11 requires the following Intel 80x86 compatible PC with 80386 or later CPU At least 6 MB of available system memory any additional memory may be used for RAM disks tapes and disk tape caches 2 M
216. onnecting arbitrary tape drives to any of DEC s later computers It doesn t particularly reduce the amount of implementation specific quirks that must be dealt with tapes never had anywhere near the amount of device specific details as disks do to begin with but it provides symmetry with the MSCP protocol for disks and some systems are able to capitalize on this by sharing code between the disk and tape drivers DEC generally didn t have more than one tape drive per TMSCP controller but as with MSCP disks E11 has no such artificial limits However this means it may be possible to configure a system which is incompatible with the PDP 11 operating system s TMSCP driver so it is best to define a separate controller for each drive anyway As with MSCP disks the TYPE xxxyy switch sets the unit type name which may be up to three letters and up to two decimal digits The default is TU81 MOUNT MU drive switches TYPE xxxyy set drive type to zxxyy 1 3 letters 2 digits WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET MU controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR FLOATING set CSR address to be auto configured DEFAULT set controller type to default KLESI for Unibus TQK50 for Q bus KLESI set controller type to KLESI Unibus TU81 controller PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus TQK50 set controller type t
217. ontroller F 7 DPTAPE Dual ported tape This is just like DPDISK but for tapes F 8 FASTBUS Fastbus memory on detachable Unibus segment The PDP 11 45 PDP 11 50 and PDP 11 55 are sometimes described as having dual Unibusses What this actually means is that any internal MS11 A B C semiconductor memory which is connected to the CPU s private Fastbus is presented as a Unibus slave for NPR purposes through a separate pair of Unibus in out slots Unibus B while core memory or any kind of standard Unibus memory appears on the regular I O bus Unibus A with all of the system s other Unibus peripherals including the three quad SPC slots in the CPU backplane itself Normally this is all connected together as one Unibus using an M9200 jumper in the A B positions of slots 26 and 27 of the processor backplane but it need not be The internal semiconductor memory may be separated in which case it is not available for NPRs from peripherals on Unibus A This separate Unibus B can be connected to a separate DMA only bus using an M9300 to grant NPRs in place of a processor for use e g on the Unibus B side of an RH11 Massbus adapter Or the Unibus B connections can be used to make the internal memory act as a slave device to an entirely separate processor such as Unibus A of another PDP 11 45 In this way a multi processor system can be built where each processor makes a portion the Fastbus part of its memory av
218. ontroller which is an M7892 quad SPC containing a dumb interface Under the CAPS 11 cassette programming system the TA11 TU60 could be used as the system s only mass storage 48 Emulated PDP 11 tape devices device It uses programmed I O rather than DMA so tape data bytes are transferred one at a time Unlike other tape devices the TU60 requires the PDP 11 to know the record length ahead of time when reading a record and gives an error if the PDP 11 attempts to read more or less than the correct number of bytes The LOG CTn command may be used to find out whether a PDP 11 program is trying to read the wrong record size The TA11 TU60 cassette tape system requires a mandatory load point gap i e tape mark on all tapes E11 simulates this internally so that the load point gap does not appear on the physical medium This allows the emulated TU60 general access to tapes that may have been created using some other device or emulated device where an extra tape mark at BOT would violate the labeling standards MOUNT CT drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET CT controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 5 3 2 MM TE16 TU16 TU45 TU77 These tapes all use the TM02 or TM03 Massbus tape formatter to
219. pack drive RM80 RP07 Winchester RS03 RS04 fixed head disk TU55 TU56 DECtape RA60 RA70 73 RA80 82 RA90 92 RC25 RD31 32 RD50 54 RX33 RX50 MSCP disk RX01 8 SS SD floppy RX02 8 SS DD or DS DD floppy DDC 6200 drum actually a fixed head disk Ersatz 11 hypothetical disk with simplified interface for HD SYS RX01 8 SS SD floppy PDT 11 150 microcomputer 1 RL211 was used as a marketing name in systems with RLO2 drives but is the identical controller to the RL11 2 RK711 was used as a marketing name in systems with RKO7 drives but is the identical controller to the RK611 Introduction 3 1 2 Emulated sequential device types controller type s drive type s TA11 TU60 DECassette dual cassette tape RH11 RH70 TMO03 TE16 TU45 TU77 Massbus magtape drive TS11 TSU05 TSV05 TS04 TS05 TU80 magtape drive M7454 TQK25 TK25 cartridge tape drive TM11 TS03 TU10 magtape drive KLESI TQK50 TQK70 TU81 TK50 TK70 TMSCP tape PC11 PC04 high speed paper tape reader punch 1 3 Emulated serial device types DL11 DLV11 single serial line unit LP11 LPV11 line printer interface DU11 DUV11 async sync serial line unit DZ11 DZQ11 DZV11 serial PIO multiplexer PDT 11 130 serial line for TU58 1 4 Emulated network device types port pe NI1010A NI2010A Interlan Unibus Q bus Ethernet interface DELUA DEUNA Unibus Ethernet interface DELQA DEQNA Q bus Ethernet i
220. perating system version is known to support it although earlier versions of RSTS did as did DOS BATCH Since there is only one possible drive type no switches are required to select it MOUNT DC drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DC controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 43 DD DL11 TU58 The TU58 is a small one or two transport cartridge tape drive It is attached to the PDP 11 using a serial port and communicates using RSP Radial Serial Protocol or MRSP Modified RSP in later drives It uses cartridges which are physically similar to DC2000s but hold only 256 KB each using DEC s proprietary format DEC introduced the TU58 because they wanted to have a low end storage peripheral which was cheap enough well about 1800 cheap by DEC s standards and at least it didn t require its own controller card that they could expect customers all to buy one Then DEC would be able to get away with shipping diagnostics microcode and small software updates on just one medium instead of having to make everything available on all types of media in use at the time TU58s were plentiful but deathly slow and low in capacity DEC called the drives DECtape II in the hope that the name would remin
221. ple statements separated by or characters following the THEN is executed and after that execution then skips to after the ENDIF Otherwise the expression following the ELSEIF if any is similarly tested followed by any successive ELSEIFs if the first fails Finally the ELSE clause if any is executed if no ELSE IF was true This is pretty much the same as FORTRAN 77 or any language with block structured IFs The ELSEIF keyword is provided as a convenience to avoid excessive nesting IF a THEN amp ze ELSEIF b THEN amp y amp ELSE 8 z amp ENDIF is equivalent to IF a THEN amp ze ELSE IF b THEN y amp ELSE z amp ENDIF amp ENDIF LASTSIMILARYEARBEFORE year Changes the year stored by the last GETTIME to the last year before year that had all the same days of the week as the current year The idea is that a LASTSIMILARYEARBEFORE 2000 command may be used to run a non Y2K safe PDP 11 operating system and still get the correct day of the week in listings reports etc LETTER string1 Acts as a normal alphabetic letter key String1 is a one character string If CTRL is true stringl is sent with the high 3 bits set to 0 Otherwise if CAPS or SHIFT is true then string1 is sent with bit 5 set to 0 Otherwise stringl is sent with bit 5 set to 1 This has the effect of converting it to lower or upper case as appropriate and converting it to the correct control character if CTRL is true
222. r DEPOSIT or MAP command is used by default if none are given Switches 94 KERMIT switch space CURRENT Current CPU mode specified by PSWi5 14 PREVIOUS Previous CPU mode specified by PSW13 12 KERNEL Kernel mode SUPERVISOR Supervisor mode USER User mode INSTRUCTIONS I space within one of the above modes DATA D space within one of the above modes PHYSICAL Physical 22 bit address space default if MMU disabled Note that the address space switch es if any must be given before the address expression on the command line to avoid ambiguity since the switch character is used for division in expressions FPREGISTER r v v2 v3 val Sets or displays the FPP registers ris the FP accumulator number 0 5 and v v4 are two or four 16 bit octal words to write in the register sorry not decimal If no arguments are given then the octal contents of all six ACs are given along with octal displays of the FPS FEC and FEA and also a bit by bit display of FPS GO addr Starts the machine at the specified address or at the address currently in the program counter if none is given HALT If the machine is running halts it and displays the registers Otherwise a no op HELP command Explains use of Ersatz 11 commands Just type HELP for a list INITIALIZE Initializes all emulated I O devices disables the MMU sets the CPU mode to kernel KERMIT Brings up a Kermit client for performing fil
223. r Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 14 VR VT30 color graphics display processor Command syntax ASSIGN VR CONn Special switches none The VT30 Colour Mimic Diagram Display System is a simple display list based raster graphics device built by DEC CSS in Reading UK It is a Unibus device mounted in a 5 25 high external box It displays 8x8 characters from a software character generator on a 64x36 grid yielding 512x288 pixels displayed on an attached PAL monitor E11 requires an EGA VGA or SVGA with at least 256 KB of memory to emulate the VT30 The VT30 screen can be popped up with an Alt function key just like a VT100 session SET VR controller parameters COLOR color monitor default CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal GRAYSCALE gray scale monitor for future expansion currently always white MONOCHROME monochrome monitor black or white only PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 9 15 VT VT11 vector graphics display processor Command syntax ASSIGN VT CONn XA DR11W DR11B DRV11WA DRV11B digital I O ports 85 Special switches none The VT11 vector graphics display processor consists of three hex height boards in a 4 slot backplane It maintains the picture on a VR14 or VR17 monitor by constantly scannin
224. re partitions can be cumbersome to set up or move but the performance is good since all sectors are contiguous and the maximum size is very large so this can be an easy way to get around file system size limitations NOTE This is a brand new feature of E11 as of V5 1 and has had very little testing Please use it with caution especially if the disk is shared with non E11 partitions since unexpected problems could result in data loss in other partitions Make frequent backups and don t use it at all in cases where data corruption would be unrecoverable 4 3 4 Raw floppy disk drives Command syntax SET d type if needed MOUNT ddcu d switches Special switches drive type one of the following switch drive type size in blocks disk types RX01 5 25 or 8 SS SD 494 RXO1 RX02 5 25 or 8 SS DD 988 RX01 RX02 RX03 5 25 or 8 DS DD 1 976 RX01 RX02 RX03 RX23 3 5 1 44 MB 2 880 RX23 RX24 RX24 3 5 720 KB 1 440 RX24 RX26 3 5 2 88 MB 5 760 RX23 RX24 RX26 RX33 5 25 1 2 MB 2 400 RX33 RX50 RX52 RX50 5 25 SS DD 800 RX50 RX52 5 25 DS DD 1 600 RX50 RX52 MY 5 25 DS DD 1 600 MY Russian PDP 11 clones Floppy disk drives may be used to emulate any block replaceable device supported by E11 d is the drive letter i e A or B for the first or second floppy drive A command switch specifies the drive type the default type is RX23 RX24 RX26 or RX33 depending on t
225. real DBI is connected to E11 through a Unibus adapter The register at 164000 contains status bits for each of the devices plugged into the DBI E11 emulates this register as needed and if a Unibus adapter is present it combines the emulated status bits with the ones from the real DBI MOUNT FX drive switches WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET FX controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR7 for Unibus BIRQ7 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 4 4 16 HD Hypothetical disk This is a hypothetical disk device which exists only in Ersatz 11 Its original definition was based on reverse engineering the HD_SYS EXE device emulation that came with the so called Russian LSI 11 2 emulator which used to be floating around the Internet so that E11 would be able to boot disk images intended for that emulator However that emulation was not very useful since it apparently had no provision for interrupts or memory beyond 64 KB or drives bigger than 32 MB The current emulation has been extended to support 22 bit addressing up to 16 drives of up to 2 TB each and it uses interrupts to signal completion so the system doesn t have to stall during I O The main reason it s interesting is that it supports variably sized devices like MSCP does but with a much simpler programming mo
226. rently limited to using disks whose capacity in bytes can be expressed with a 64 bit number i e below 16 EB If START n is omitted the emulated drive starts at the beginning of the disk If END n is omitted the emulated drive ends at the end of the disk The value given in the END switch is actually the first location following the partition so that the difference between the END and START values is equal to the length of the partition If both switches are omitted the emulated drive uses the entire disk 28 Raw BIOS disk drives and partitions E11 does not allow partitions to overlap each other If a MOUNT command would mount a partition that covers a part of the disk which is already in use by another existing mounted partition the emulated device or devices already attached to the other partition s will be implicitly dismounted and an informational message will be displayed for each If a partition is defined which begins beyond the end of the disk no error message is given but the emulated drive will have a size of zero bytes Partitions are re evaluated each time a disk change occurs in a removable drive So on multi density drives whose capacity depends on the size of the disk which is inserted partitions may be placed such that they have zero size when a small capacity volume is mounted but their size will become non zero if a large capacity disk is inserted in the same drive MOUNT examples using partitions MOUNT DUO
227. res packet drivers that conform to version 1 09 or later of the packet driver specification as published by FTP Software 68 VELOC VIA Velocity based PCle Ethernet boards 7 15 RTL8139 RealTek RTL8139 based PCI Ethernet boards Command syntax ASSIGN ddu RTL8139c proto protog protos Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff The RTL8139c device controls a 10 100 MBPS PCI Ethernet card based on the RealTek RTL8139 series of chips using E11 s internal driver The c parameter is an optional letter specifying which RTL8139 board to use default is A meaning the first or only one 7 1 6 RTL8169 RealTek RTL8169 based PCI Ethernet boards Command syntax ASSIGN ddu RTL8169c proto protog protos Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff The RTL8169c device controls a 10 100 1000 MBPS PCI Ethernet card based on the RealTek RTL8169 series of chips using E11 s internal driver The c parameter is an optional letter specifying which RTL8169 board to use default is A meaning the first or only one 7 1 7 TULIP DEC Intel Tulip based PCI Ethernet boards Command syntax ASSIGN ddu TULIPc proto proto protos Special switches LOCK MAC aa bb cc dd ee ff This driver is for NICs based on the DEC Intel Tulip series of chips DC21140 etc or Tulip compatible emulated NICs available in some virtual machine supervisors 7 1 8 VELOC VIA Vel
228. responds to the supplied ASCIZ item name If the item is undefined then NULL is returned This allows checking for arbitrary E11 features which may be present in particular versions without needing specific knowledge of ranges of Ersatz 11 versions 128 Installable Plug ins C 5 2 1 O device emulation The most likely purpose for a plug in module is to emulate a peripheral device In order to do this it must be able to intercept reads and writes to its I O page registers and must be able to interrupt the emulated PDP 11 and or perform DMA to and from PDP 11 memory The next few calls accomplish these functions E11HANDLE GetCSRBlock dword first dword count word dati void dato void init O Allocates a block of control status register locations on the I O page to be emulated by this module The return value is zero on failure otherwise it s a handle which may later be passed to RetCSRBlock to release the block of addresses first is the absolute address of the first CSR to allocate and is represented as a 22 bit even number even if the current CPU emulation is set for a smaller address space count is the count of registers i e the number of words of I O space to allocate starting at that address dati dato and init are pointers to functions which E11 will call according to what the PDP 11 code does word __stdcall dati dword addr Called whenever the PDP 11 or console EXAMINE command etc reads a byte or word on th
229. rk as marked you must be in Num Lock mode to get this on 84 key keyboard it doesn t matter on 101 or 104 key keyboards The keys around the top and right edges of the keypad are not as marked but correspond to the PF1 PF4 hyphen comma and ENTER keys of the VT100 The comma key is missing unless you have an 84 key AT keyboard CVT Avant Prime and Avant Stellar and Northgate Omnikey 102 keyboards which were all apparently designed by the same person have an key where the VT100 comma belongs but unfortunately there is no way for software to distinguish it from the key on the main keyboard so E11 can t use it as a comma so F8 must be used instead To get the normal function of the Num Lock key and Esc Scroll Lock and Sys Req on an 84 key AT keyboard press Alt Ctrl or Shift at the same time it doesn t matter which The VT100 keypad hyphen comma period and ENTER keys are also available as the F6 F8 F9 and F10 keys see below On an IBM AT 84 key keyboard which has the F keys stacked vertically this gives the same layout as the right hand edge of a VT100 keypad If your keyboard has an F12 key pressing it will send the current date and time in the format hh mm ss dd mmm yyyy unless you DEFINE it to do otherwise This is intended to be useful when starting an RSX or IAS system CON1 CON2 CON3 f CON4 cons CONS cony CONS Default F keys on 101 and 104 key keyboards cong CON10 _ co
230. rollers The RX01 02 03 formats use 1 2 MB disks specially formatted by E11 or the PUTR utility to have the exact same geometry as their 8 counterparts The RX01 format is in fact identical to the IBM 3740 format used on DEC s 8 disks so if a Shugart style 8 drive is attached to the PC floppy disk controller using a special cable or D Bit s FDADAP floppy disk adapter board see http www dbit com fdadap html1 it will be possible to read write format real RX01 disks DEC uses a modified MFM format for RX02 disks which the PC hardware is incapable of using so E11 substitutes the IBM System 34 compatible format for the RX02 RX03 workalike disks The RX01 format is not guaranteed to work on either 5 25 or 8 drives because most current PC floppy controllers don t have a working single density mode the PC BIOS is hard coded for double density so manufacturers have dropped support for unneeded features However some floppy controller chips made by SMC Goldstar and Western Digital are known to work with single density mode These chips usually contain 37C65 in the part number and use a 16 32 MHz clock plus a 9 6 MHz clock rather than the single 24 MHz clock used by many other controllers so it may be useful to shop for a floppy controller board that has two crystals on it instead of one in the absence of better information The CompatiCard IV controller formerly made by Micro Solutions Inc works with si
231. rrupt and sanity timer Command syntax ASSIGN IIn Special switches none The DIP11A IIST device is the device used by CPUs in a multiprocessor system to interrupt and or boot other CPUs and also to inform the rest of the system when one of the CPUs has crashed It uses a serial bus with an M8717 interface card in each processor Since the system uses one common memory for all CPUs there s no need for the IIST to be very complicated it just makes other CPUs interrupt and it s up to the operating system to set up its internal tables to show what the interrupts mean RSX does this by setting bits in a CPU s MPTAB slot The bit values are defined in 11 10J MPTBL MAC The RSX SITWAK routine in 11 10 IISRV MAC uses a software polling loop to wait until the target CPU s have accepted their interrupt s and returns an error mask if they don t all respond in time A limit of 64 K loop iterations was generous on real hardware where all CPUs are running continuously at the same speed and the IIST is a BR6 device so its interrupts are usually serviced immediately but it can cause problems running under emulation on a multitasking host operating system where threads can pause for many milliseconds at a time any time there are at least N 1 active threads on a PC with N CPUs E11 s workaround is to start counting PDP 11 instructions executed after a CPU sends interrupt s to other CPU s Once the interrupting CPU has executed N instructio
232. s means any real serial port that has the HAYES layer in front of it The DN11 will dial the real modem in this case The TELCLIENT device can also be dialed by a DN11 For DDCMP network devices the DN11 works with real asynchronous synchronous ports which again must be behind a HAYES layer or with UDP or TCP connections If the DN11 is connected to a PDP 11 device which can t usefully dial out dialing has no effect The DIRECTORY switch gives the name of a text file which translates between the telephone number sent to the DN11 and the actual telephone number or network address to used Each line of the file has the telephone number to replace an equals sign and the string to use as a substitute for making the actual connection Blanks are ignored as are and characters in the phone number and everything after a or is a comment Whatever s to the right of the equals sign is used for making the connection For HAYES this is just another telephone number but it can include things like which adds a delay in the ATDT command which can t be sent by a DN11 For network connections it s the remote network address of the form a b c d port Sample directory file dialed actual 800 258 1710 192 168 1 99 1134 547 4005 10 1 0 6 23 411 127 0 0 1 32767 SET XN controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT
233. s to nnn octal VECTOR FLOATING set vector address to be auto configured Chapter 8 DDCMP Network Links The Digital Data Communications Message Protocol DDCMP was used extensively in DECnet LANs and WANs especially in the days before Ethernet arrived and took over LANs Although it can be implemented in software it s normally handled by dedicated microprocessors either in point to point links or with multidrop systems where a control station has multiple tributaries 8 1 Emulated PDP 11 DDCMP network links The available DDCMP device types are name units controller XDu 0 1 DMP11 DMV11 multidrop link XMu 0 1 DMR11 DMC11 point to point link 8 1 1 XD DMP11 DMV11 multidrop link The DMP11 M8207 YA hex Unibus SPC with M8203 universal line unit and DMV11 M8053 or M8064 quad Q bus interfaces are multidrop or point to point synchronous DDCMP links The DMP11 is the same hardware as the DMR11 with different firmware while the DMV11 is an entirely new implementation based on the 6510 microprocessor on a single board with the modem built in 8 1 2 XM DMR11 DMC11 point to point link The DMR11 M8207 RA hex Unibus SPC with M8203 universal line unit and the earlier DMC11 M8200 hex Unibus SPC with M8201 or M8202 line unit are point to point synchronous DDCMP links which support local hardwired or remote modem connections at speeds up to 1 MBPS The microcode is in ROM which meant the DMC11 was never upgraded fro
234. s works well only when only a small number of double sized characters are displayed or actually when there aren t too many different characters on the screen at once which is usually not a problem with login banners etc When the available cells are exhausted regular sized characters are used and the resulting mixture can be difficult to read NODOUBLE forces the display to use only regular sized characters double spaced as needed to prevent this The NOREPLY switch means that this emulated VT100 should not transmit any automatic replies to control sequences sent by the PDP 11 This can be handy if you re using the multiple physical ports feature and want to make sure that only one of the ports answers when you do something like SET TERM INQUIRE The SIZE WxH switch sets the size of the text screen to W columns by H lines E11 chooses the available text mode which is closest to this requested size The actual text modes available on this system depend on the display adapter s and may be displayed with SHOW VIDEO If a video mode other than the standard IBM modes is requested while E11 is running in a Windows DOS box E11 will call the VESA SuperVGA BIOS to switch modes and Windows will switch the window to full screen because Windows s VGA emulation does not include VESA modes The selected window size applies to what would normally be a VT100 in 80 column mode If the emulated VT100 receives the escape sequence to switch to
235. several more centuries by allowing the 10s digit to take on the value of characters which follow 9 in the ASCII code G 3 4 Dates in RSTS E RSTS E uses the same date format as the old DOS BATCH system This consists of the number of years since 1970 times 1000 decimal plus the day within the year 1 January 1 stored as a 16 bit word In older versions of RSTS E this word was signed so its maximum usable value was 32365 or 31 Dec 2002 Again year 2000 problems with INIT SYS s time date parser prevented getting even that far Newer versions of RSTS E have changed to using an unsigned date word negative values were never allowed anyhow so now it lasts until 31 Dec 2035 Unfortunately RSTS E s extension to the date format is not applicable to the few remaining DOS BATCH systems since DOS BATCH uses the sign bit of the date word in directory entries to flag a file as contiguous so it s not available for expansion of the date word Multiplying the year offset by 1000 makes for very sparse usage of the available date word values so there is room for expansion of the date format using day within year values from 367 to 999 if that ever becomes necessary but updates to PDP 11 software will be required G 3 5 Dates in Fuzzball Although the Fuzzball operating system emulates the RT 11 system calls it actually uses its own 14 bit date format internally instead of RT 11 s format This is encoded as the number of days since
236. sign 1p0 1pt1 Define 8 line DZ11 serial mux using Comtrol RocketPort PCI Rocket and DZ ports match 1 1 in this example but it s OK to mix and match on a per line basis Lite and Demo versions don t support Rocketports so use CON assign yza0 7 cont Define DELUA Ethernet port using RealTek RTL8139 based Ethernet board assign xe0 rt18139a Boot MSCP disk unit O and switch keyboard to PDP 11 console boot dub Control returns to the next line when the user presses Shift Enter or the system halts on its own e g SHUTUP TSK quit The boot command starts the PDP 11 operating system and directs keyboard input to the PDP 11 system console The user can press Shift Enter at any time to pop up an E11 command prompt where additional commands may be entered interactively If there are unread lines remaining in E11 INT i e following the boot command they will be read at that time In this example the program will exit immediately when Shift Enter is pressed because it causes the quit command to be read There are a few more basic options which are entered as switches on the E11 startup command line rather than being contained in the E11 INI initialization file CONSIZE WxH HELP syn INITFILE file INI TOPAGE nnnn MEMORY nnnn Set the default size for all CON screens including the one implicitly ASSIGNed to TTO at st
237. sks will typically be on one physical PC disk with only one head carriage there s nothing to overlap anyway 1 10 2 Host systems D Bit occasionally receives inquiries from users who want Ersatz 11 to be ported to architectures other than the 80x86 There are no plans to port E11 to other processors Besides the expense and difficulty of moving software between radically different host systems D Bit is considers its ability to provide adequate customer support to be of primary importance and this would not be possible if there were too many different versions of E11 Rather than produce poorly supported versions of E11 for a myriad of host systems which provide more hindrance than help to the task of emulating a PDP 11 system D Bit has chosen to focus its efforts on the 80x86 architecture under Linux OS 2 Win32 and DOS This hardware has the best price performance ratio of anything currently available it s what the vast majority of E11 customers are already running anyway and its programming architec ture lends itself well to efficient PDP 11 emulation The supported operating systems are inexpensive and easy to install some more than others and they provide a good set of helpful services to E11 but also allow easy access to hardware so that Ersatz 11 has the control it needs adequate DOS emulation is available in a variety of other operating systems so that again most users already have a system which is capable of running E11 10 No
238. so that E11 will do the inverse ASSIGN CR NULL gives a card reader that s always at the end of the deck SET CR controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR6 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus REWIND rewind card deck to beginning VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal The following ASSIGN switches apply to both CD and CR ASSIGN CD CR unit switches 026 syn for DEC026 029 syn for DEC029 1401 syn for IBM1401 ANSI syn for DEC029 it s really the ANSI variant BINARY binary file otherwise ASCII DECO26 use 029 keypunch code DECO29 use 026 keypunch code DEC1401 syn for IBM1401 EOFCARD include virtual EOF card default IBM1401 use 1401 keypunch code NOEOFCARD empty hopper when end of file reached NOTABS disable tab expansion TABS tabs every 8 columns default TABS n tabs every n columns TABS FORTRAN tabs using FORTRAN rules for columns 6 7 9 5 DO PC file access pseudo device Command syntax MOUNT DOn Special switches none DO refers to the DOS file device This is a pseudo device which allows privileged PDP 11 programs and or device drivers to read and write native PC files from within the emulated PDP 11 It is compatible with the supplied DO SYS device driver for RT 11 and the DOS TSK program for RSX which is available from ftp dbit com The
239. solutely completely unsupported by Mentec HP Compaq or DEC Please do not contact them about anything having to do with PDP 11 multiprocessing The RSX multiprocessing code and documentation are there only because there was never any reason to rip them out but multiprocessing was never officially supported A PDP 11 74 multiprocessor system consists of the following e 2 4 PDP 11 74 CPUs e one or more MKA11 shared memory boxes e DIP11A TIST interprocessor interrupt and sanity timer device e console terminal for each CPU e peripherals as usual Below is a simple multiprocessor E11 INI file Get decent response even w o enough host CPUs set idle release 140 CPUs and console terminals 141 Set PDP 11 74 CPU model cpu 74 Set number of emulated CPUs changes prompt to CPA gt ae cpus 2 Set up console for CPB set tt1 bus cpb assign tt1 con2 Set up IIST ports using default BUS settings of IIO CPA II1 CPB assign ii0 1 Mount disk and tape units mount du0 rsxiimp dsk mount mu0 dump tap boot dub F 1 CPUs and console terminals The SET CPU 74 and SET CPUS n commands are used to set up the processors themselves You must use both commands in either order A SET CPU 74 command alone will just give you a single PDP 11 74 CPU The SET CPUS n command n is from 1 to 4 changes the number of CPUs in the system When you add CPUs the new ones come up halted Unlike CPA the main CPU that E11
240. splays all of the registers and PSW flags at once Individual registers may be displayed using commands like amp R3 Any value that is displayed by the REGISTER command may be set using the same keywords as is used in the display For example if the register dump includes C 1 and PM U to indicate that the carry flag is set and the previous mode is user it is possible to clear the carry flag by typing C 0 or change the previous mode to supervisor by typing PM S And of course the general registers may be changed with commands such as R3 100 or even SP SP 4 The FP11 floating point processor state may be inspected using the FPREGISTER command However it is less flexible than the regular REGISTER command all register values are displayed and set using octal numbers The SET PCLOG ON command can be used to log the PC value before each instruction fetch at a slight speed penalty The last 64 values may be shown at any time using SHOW PCLOG This can be very useful for tracing the events leading up to a trap or halt B 4 Breakpoints and single stepping The PROCEED command takes an optional numeric argument which is a PC value PDP 11 instruction execution will halt whenever that address is reached This is done using address comparison rather than by depositing anything into memory regular PDP 11 debuggers do breakpoints by inserting a BPT instruction into memory which means it works even if
241. stponed until after the existing system is brought up as is Note that some operating systems do little or no autosizing and may have problems if the hardware being emulated by E11 differs from the one for which the operating system was generated In particular you may run into trouble if your OS depends on any static memory allocation if E11 is emulating a different amount of memory than what the system expects or if it is built for Q22 I O and E11 is emulating a PDP 11 44 with Unibus map registers or anything like that Also the routine in RSX 11M PLUS that counts the number of registers in an RH70 depends on PDP 11 70 autoincrement semantics and will get the wrong answer if you set the CPU type to PDP 11 44 This normally causes no problems since real PDP 11 44s can t have RH70s but this and other impossible situations can be easily created in E11 One thing to watch out for is that some software has hard coded assumptions about how fast the hardware operates in relation to the CPU See section 1 10 1 for a discussion of interrupt timing This can lead to strange behavior such as devices that simply hang or supposedly I O bound tasks that consume 100 of the CPU These problems can generally be solved by experimenting on the relevant emulated devices with the SET DELAY command If the system doesn t operate correctly with the default delay counts but springs to life when they re increased to large numbers then it s just a simple
242. sure both participating Kermits agree not to try to treat the binary data as text Failing that you can use KSERVE or any of several other file transfer methods to download the individual files still in binary mode into a PC directory Then use D Bit s PUTR program available at ftp ftp dbit com pub putr to build a blank RT 11 disk image copy the files into it be sure to use PUTR s COPY B command to copy in binary mode and make the disk bootable with PUTR s BOOT command Note The RT 11 DL and DM device handlers expect to find a bad block replacement table in block 1 of a disk If something else is there like the pack label in Files 11 and RDS 1 1 and later or the master file directory in RDS 0 0 they will replace blocks at random and you ll get a corrupted disk image So either modify your Kermit etc to use the appropriate SPFUN instead of READ or don t use RT 11 programs to read non RT 11 disks RSTS images can be assembled from individual files using Paul Koning s freely available flx program see below All you need to build a bootable pack are the files from SY 0 1 fix knows how to do the HOOK operation and make the pack bootable RSX is more difficult to move since currently there is no DOS software that knows how to build a bootable disk from its component files If you don t have an easy way to take a raw snapshot of the whole disk K11 TSK currently can t do it the best bet is to dump the dis
243. t half is designed to work with a software terminal emulator If a character is written to the transmit buffer register at 177566 an interrupt normally to vector 164 happens immediately The interrupt service routine reads the character back out of the 84 VT VT11 vector graphics display processor transmit buffer at which point the port signals completion the same way a DLV11 does by setting the ready bit in the transmit CSR at 177564 and interrupting through vector 64 if interrupts are enabled Meanwhile the interrupt service routine for vector 164 takes care of updating the screen Since the DLV11 like port uses the same addresses as TTO E11 s console terminal a SET TTO CSR nnnnnn command should be issued to move TTO to a non conflicting address before ASSIGNing TK TK s CSR VECTOR settings are for the DLV11 like console port The CCSR address is for the 4 KB character memory window switchable between the page buffer and the character generator with a CSR bit and the GCSR address is for the graphics controller s three registers SET TK controller parameters CCSR Ennnnnn set character buffer CSR address to nnnnnn octal CSR Ennnnnn set DLV11 CSR address to nnnnnn octal EVECTOR nnn set terminal emulator vector address to nnn octal GCSR nnnnnn set graphics controller CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 fo
244. t 17 777746 Cache disable bit in PDRs KDJ11x configuration display register at 17 777524 n is 8 bit DIP switch value Cache hit register at 17 777752 If CHR is present reads as non zero PDP 11 44 cache memory data register at 17 777754 CPU error register CSM instruction requires SUPMODE to work Evaluate destination operand first in dual operand instructions with mode 0 source Effect is to use incremented decremented value of register as source with mode 2 5 destination using same register or PC 2 for mode 07 source and mode 67 or 77 destination Split I D space Dual register set KE11A B Extended Arithmetic Element Extended integer Instruction Set EIS instructions with odd destination set condition codes based on 16 bit result Floating Instruction Set FIS option for PDP 11 35 40 and LSI 11 Floating point accelerator sets KDJ11x MR bit indicating FPJ11 present J 11 SR1 behavior autoinc dec is always undone on aborted FPP instruction FP11 floating point instruction set HALT in user mode traps to 4 instead of 10 I O page is only 4 KB with MMU disabled for PDT 11s JMP Rn or JSR Rn traps to 4 instead of 10 JMP R and JSR X R jump to incremented value of R R 2 KTJ11B Unibus adapter maintenance registers PDP 11 60 LDUB instruction load microbreak register as no op LKS clock status register at 17 777546 Bit 7 monitor of LKS clock status register is mechanized ASRB instruct
245. t servers 6 1 6 Sound Blaster MIDI port Command syntax SET SBMIDI PORT nnnn IRQn if needed ASSIGN ddcu SBMIDI switches Special switches none The PDP 11 port is connected to the MIDI port on a Creative Labs Sound Blaster 16 compatible sound board This allows connecting electronic musical instruments synthesizers etc to the sound board using a special cable The default I O port address and IRQ settings are taken from the BLASTER environment variable 330 IRQ5 are used if this variable is not defined Any changes to these defaults must be made with a SET SBMIDI PORT nnnn IRQn command before assigning a PDP 11 port to the MIDI port The communications parameters are not changeable on a MIDI port The Sound Blaster MIDI port supports interrupt driven I O only when receiving characters so E11 must use polled I O to transmit This means that PDP 11 emulation may stall for up to one character time while the port driver is waiting to start a new character transmission so the SBMIDI port should not be used on systems where there are other real time tasks running This has nothing to do with emulated interrupts provided for PDP 11 software those work in both directions but transmitting a character can stop all PDP 11 instruction execution for several hundred microseconds SET SBMIDI controller parameters must be issued before the ASSIGN that uses this port IRQn set IRQ number 0 15 PORT nnnn set I O port address to nnnn h
246. tains four separate channels of 16 bit counters each of which counts down every millisecond and can be configured to cause an interrupt upon reaching zero The command to create a countdown register board is simply ASSIGN KDc since there is no particular physical PC device attached to the physical side of the emulation On the real device the interrupt vector and priority were settable for each channel so E11 has separate SET commands for each unit number even though the four units are otherwise considered to be a single device SET KD controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR4 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal KG KG11A communications arithmetic board 81 9 8 KG KG11A communications arithmetic board Command syntax ASSIGN KGc Special switches none The KG11A arithmetic option M7251 quad Unibus SPC is a simple coprocessor that helps with block checks used in communications mainly CRCs Since there s no PC device associated with it the command to create a KG11A is just ASSIGN KGc It does not use interrupts SET KG controller parameters set CSR address to nnnnnn octal 9 9 KP KWI11P programmable clock Command syntax ASSIGN KPn digital I O device Special switches none The KW11P M7228 is a programmable clock on a quad Unibus
247. te protocol and can com municate only with other computers running RTEFTP however it s fast very easy to set up and can transfer raw disks e JSA Stackware a commercial TCP IP package for RSX is available from JSA It provides Telnet and FTP access in both directions Process Software s TCP IP package for the PDP 11 is also a commercial product available from Process Software www process com DECnet DOS and Pathworks for DOS are no longer available but they were able to connect to DECnet hosts So if you already have one of these packages it may be useful for transferring disks Some of the above programs are not able to transfer entire raw disks over the Ethernet In this case the same workarounds as used with Kermit transfers may be applied to copy raw disks to files and then transfer the files 3 5 ASCII serial dump Most DEC operating systems provide a utility typically named DUMP or DMP which can dump a file or device out to the terminal in octal or hexadecimal If this program is used to dump out the entire disk a PC terminal program can be used to capture the output and it can be translated back to a binary disk image on the PC This should only be used as a last resort because there s no error checking or correction and the transfer is very slow because of the inefficient encoding and extra header trailer address information that s normally displayed with each block If possible the transfer should be done using
248. ter layouts are similar to Massbus but there are only two platters one timing surface three data surfaces the disks turn at only 2400 RPM and the control bus is serial rather than parallel The drives could be dual ported but this configuration was rare MOUNT DM drive switches RKO6 set drive type to RK06 13 MB cartridge drive RKOT7 set drive type to RK07 27 MB cartridge drive WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET DM controller parameters CSR Ennnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 44 8 DP RP02 RP03 These are top loading 12 platter pack drives originally designed to be used with the PDP 10 series but adapted for the PDP 11 The RP02 holds 20 MB per pack while the RP03 holds 40 MB RT 11 can t use a whole RPO3 at once due to the RT 11 file structure s limit of 32 MB per volume so it makes an RP03 look like two 20 MB disks Although these were fairly early drives and weren t very widely used the programming model is straightforward and as a result aftermarket controllers that emulate them using SMD drives are common Some of these controllers supported special drive geometries to give extended capacity and or use the untranslated SMD sector addressing In order to emulate these configurations E11 supports the CYLINDERS n H
249. tes 1 10 3 Copyright and licensing Ersatz 11 is Copyright 1993 2014 by Digby s Bitpile Inc All rights reserved Distribution of this document and or the INSTALL EXE auto installing executable file demo version only in unmodified form without charge is allowed pursuant to the usage restrictions given at the beginning of this document Anything else is strictly forbidden 1 11 Acknowledgments D Bit would like to thank the many people who provided technical help and debugging input Bob Supnik formerly of DEC and Alan Sieving of QED provided valuable details of poorly documented PDP 11 instruction set semantics Many people have helped debug Ersatz 11 with their configurations Frank Borger s U Chicago work with RT 11SJ and IAS has been particularly impressive as have Paul Koning s Dell insights into RSTS and Eduard Vopicka s Prague University of Economics and John Shilling s JSA help with RSX The late Chip Charlot formerly of Mentec and Dave Carroll of Mentec have provided invaluable technical help and encouragement Johnny Billquist was very helpful with getting the PDP 11 74 emulation working with RSX and in debugging the DELUA emulation and the PSW T bit History 11 1 12 History 31 Oct 1993 development started V0 8 BETA 29 Mar 1994 initial release V0 9 BETA 05 Jul 1994 many bug fixes mainly trap handling MMU emulation DIV instruction and VT100 reverse video added RX211 emulation multiple DL11s and
250. th dual register sets or SP or PC R or PS means a er the processor status word and something of the form a means the ASCII value of the character a E11 can accept expressions in most of the commands or switches which take numeric arguments The default radix depends on the particular command or switch C etc Changes the default PC disk drive to the one specified CD d path Changes the current directory on the PC or displays the current directory if none is given DEFINE KEYPRESS keyname statement DEFINE KEYRELEASE keyname statement DEFINE MOUSEPRESS buttonname statement DEFINE MOUSERELEASE buttonname statement Defines the action taken when the specified key or mouse button is pressed or released Keyboard operation is defined using a simple script language which allows the user to bind a small script to any possible keypress or keyrelease which is executed whenever that key is pressed DEFINE KEYPRESS or released DEFINE KEYRELEASE The mouse uses the same keyscript language defined using the DEFINE MOUSEPRESS MOUSERELEASE commands 92 EDIT When E11 is first started the keyboard is initialized with a set of scripts which define the action of a VT100 like keyboard with a US English layout Just like user definitions these default scripts may be displayed with the SHOW KEYPRESS MOUSEPRESS and SHOW KEYRELEASE MOUSERELEASE commands By default most keys do nothing on release and have no KEYR
251. the E11 gt prompt but it may be added to any serial line not just the console terminal The ESCAPE nnn switch gives the octal ASCII code for the character which escapes from pass through mode to the Kermit prompt The default is 35 CTRL Expressions are accepted so ESCAPE 0 amp 77 may be a slightly easier way to remember how to set up CTRL O as the escape character for example SCOPE default and NOSCOPE set the editing style so that rubout characters will be handled correctly on video or hardcopy terminals respectively 6 2 3 Throttled I O Command syntax Multiple physical ports on one emulated line 61 ASSIGN pdp11dev THROTTLE RXDELAY r TXDELAY t pcdev pcswitches The THROTTLE pseudo device adds a throttle to another serial device setting a limit on the rate at which characters are transmitted and or received It is an intermediate layer between an emulated PDP 11 port and an actual PC port and this is reflected in the command syntax used to configure it In the ASSIGN command the THROTTLE keyword and its switch es go between the emulated PDP 11 device name and the physical PC port name The ASSIGN command as shown above creates a PDP 11 serial device and connects it to a PC serial device and times all I O to ensure that transmitted characters go out at least t milliseconds apart and that received characters are seen by the PDP 11 hardware at least r milliseconds apart The RXDELAY and TXDELAY sw
252. the host operating system and any other relevant interfaces SHOW VIDEO Shows video adapter parameters Displays the types of the primary and secondary display adapter boards For SuperVGA boards with a VESA BIOS shows the VESA BIOS Extensions version number and the vendor string For EGA VGA and SuperVGA boards lists all the text mode screen dimensions available on this particular board These are the dimensions which may be used on an ASSIGN CONn SIZE WxH or SET CONn SIZE WxH command or in an E11 CONSIZE WxH switch Note that in order to detect the text modes and version vendor information E11 must call the VESA BIOS which will cause Windows to switch the DOS box to full screen mode if E11 is running in a DOS Window This happens the first time this command is typed or whenever a CON screen is put into a text mode other than the standard IBM EGA VGA modes SHOW ddcu 108 STEP Shows the configuration of the specified PDP 11 or PC device The actual data shown are dependent on the device type in general the display contains the information that can be SET for that device e g controller type interrupt priority or CSR vector addresses and for PDP 11 devices the name of the PC file or device attached with ASSIGN or MOUNT is shown Not all devices support SHOW Unit number ranges are accepted in PDP 11 device names to show multiple devices with one command In the output from a SHOW ddcu command D
253. tion by using PDP 11 system utilites such as RT 11 s COPY FILE DEV command to copy an entire raw disk into a file on another larger disk and then use Kermit to download that file Or if no larger disk is available it may be possible to break the disk into several pieces each small enough to fit into the free space on another disk and copy them to files one at a time sending each to the PC via Kermit and then deleting it 3 4 Ethernet Ethernet can be a very effective way to transfer PDP 11 data to a PC Unfortunately Ethernet hardware is not nearly as common on PDP 11s as it is on PCs but used Q bus Unibus Ethernet boards are available very cheaply 20 Transferring the PDP 11 Operating System to the PC from used equipment dealers So if the PDP 11 has software support for an Ethernet board it may be worth buying one just to transfer the disks The main problem with using Ethernet on PDP 11s is the availability of compatible protocols If a PDP 11 operating system supports Ethernet it usually uses DECnet while PCs are more likely to support TCP IP However software to support either protocol is available on both PCs and PDP 11s it s just a matter of getting it e Alan Baldwin s excellent free TCP IP packages for RT 11 and TSX Plus are available via FTP from shop pdp kent edu e Megan Gentry s RTEFTP RT 11 Ethernet file transfer program is available from ftp ftp std com pub mbg pdp11 rt11 too1s rteftp It uses its own priva
254. tter 0 slave 3 Meanwhile additional fields may be supplied to identify any of the 64 possible slaves on any of the currently 3 possible Massbusses so MMA2_5 refers to the first RH11 TM03 formatter 2 slave 5 This same name format may also be used in any other E11 command e g BOOT LOG that takes a device name The MOUNT MM command has switches to identify the drive model but their only effect is to set the value of the drive type register From a PDP 11 software point of view all drives attached to a TM03 formatter look the same the only difference is speed There is also a SERIAL nnnn switch which sets the value of the drive serial number register Emulated PDP 11 tape devices 49 MOUNT MM drive switches SERIAL nnnn set drive serial number 4 decimal digits TE16 set drive type to TE16 45 IPS NRZI PE TU45 set drive type to TU45 75 IPS NRZI PE TU77 set drive type to TU77 125 IPS NRZI PE WPROTECT enable write protection syn RONLY SET MM controller parameters CSR nnnnnn set CSR address to nnnnnn octal PRIORITY n set interrupt priority to n 4 7 PRIORITY DEFAULT set interrupt priority to default BR5 for Unibus BIRQ4 for Q bus RH11 set controller type to RH11 RH7O set controller type to RH70 VECTOR nnn set vector address to nnn octal 5 3 3 MS TK25 TS04 TSO5 TU80 These drives are microcomputer controlled and have a programming model which is like a simplifie
255. two runs to look for differences This switch has no effect on character devices since they never log timestamps PC includes the value of the PDP 11 program counter when the command was initiated LOG ddcu d path filename LOG switches where dd is LP or TT Logs all output to the specified character device in the specified file LOG ddcu d path filename LOG switches where dd is CT DB DR DC DF DK DL DM DO DP DS DT DU DX DY HD II IX KD KG KP MM MS MT MU PD or XU Logs commands sent to the TA11 RMxx RPxx RC11 RF11 RK11D RL11 RK611 host file device RP11C RS03 04 TC11 MSCP controller RX11 RX211 HD SYS EXE pseudo controller DIP11A TEU11A M8644 KG11A KW11P TM03 TS11 TM11 or TMSCP controller RXT11 or DU11 to the specified file The unit number is insignificant except for Massbus devices which effectively have separate controllers for each unit all commands to the controller are logged regardless of the currently selected unit LOG XEn d path filename LOG switches LOG XHn d path filename LOG switches LOG NIn d path filename LOG switches Controls logging of Ethernet events If a filename is specified then the log file is opened These devices support additional switches specifying which events are to be logged NO COMMANDS controls logging of port commands NOJRECEIVE controls logging of received frames and NO TRAN
256. udes a virtual inter processor link device which can connect two emulated DR11C DRV11 or DR11W DRV11WA ports to each other for very high speed communication between processors of a multi processor system The typical usage is as follows assign xa0 ipla0 set xal bus b assign xal iplal In this example XAO is on processor CPA by default and XA1 is explicitly put on CPB Each IPLc controller letter represents a link and units 0 and 1 are the two endpoints of that link Appendix G Dates and Times Ersatz 11 has several features that facilitate passing date and time information back and forth between the host system and the PDP 11 operating system The PC clock can be read or written from the PDP 11 and E11 can simulate a software bootstrap of RT 11 and RSTS E so that these systems will pick up the current time as if they were started with a warm boot from a monitor that was already running G 1 Booting RT 11 and RSTS E both have methods for discovering whether they were software booted from another running RT 11 or RSTS E monitor and if so they can inherit the time and date from that monitor E11 s BOOT command can simulate this situation If you use it with a RT11 or RSTS switch it obtains the current PC date and time and passes them on to the PDP 11 operating system E11 s keyscript language has commands which allow composing a time and or date string in almost any format so that it may be entered with a single
257. ues of MMRO through MMR3 are displayed MMR3 is omitted if the current CPU emulation doesn t include MMR3 The MAP command may be used to compute a physical address given a virtual address It takes the same switches as the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT commands to give the mode and space parameters for the virtual address It displays the resulting 22 bit physical address as if it had been processed by the MMU during a PDP 11 instruction However like the EXAMINE and DEPOSIT commands the MMU s status is not affected by this command so the A bit will not be modified in this page s PDR and no MMU abort will occur if the page is marked no access or the address is outside of the range of valid blocks in that page The SHOW CSR command displays a one line description of an emulated CSR on the I O page given its address It works only on devices which are currently configured B 6 Device logging Although the controller LOG commands are provided mainly as an aid to reporting Ersatz 11 problems to D Bit they can be invaluable to users who are debugging device drivers or boot blocks When logging is enabled for a given disk tape or network controller every command issued to that controller by the PDP 11 is recorded in the log file with a time stamp Other parameters such as buffer addresses and lengths unit numbers disk addresses and tape record lengths are recorded too and for some devices the command s completion status is saved as well
258. ult values for each port including most 16550A style PCI serial ports are obtained from the BIOS when E11 starts up The baud rate number of data bits etc for a COM port may be set with a MODE switch see section 6 1 1 for more information These parameters may also be changed using a SET command once the port is assigned to a PDP 11 device The NOFIFO FIFO and FIFO n switches control usage of the receive FIFOs on the 16550A etc UART chips used in almost all current PC COM ports These FIFOs greatly reduce interrupt traffic and enabling them normally increases the maximum throughput of the system however they can make input appear bursty 56 PC line printer port especially at low baud rates NOFIFO disables the receive FIFOs FIFO enables them and FIFO n enables them only when the baud rate is at least n The setting is FIFO 4800 by default for ports that have FIFOs ports that don t are always set to NOFIFO regardless of the switch given SET COMn controller parameters must be issued before the ASSIGN that uses this port IRQn set IRQ number 0 15 PORT nnnn set I O port address to nnnn hex SHARE enable ISA IRQ sharing must come after IRQn The default IRQ for COM ports is IRQ4 if the I O port address is 300 hex or more or IRQ3 for 2FF hex or less These defaults have been traditional since IBM XTs were the standard and most multi I O boards will be set up th
259. upt service routine or signal handler which is entered asynchronously needs to switch to main program level This may be because it needs to call code which is non reentrant such as the majority of E11 entry points or it needs to perform processing which would take too long to be done at interrupt level E11 does this by enqueueing requests for callbacks and then processing them at fork level which is what the main program switches to whenever E11 is between PDP 11 instructions and there are items in the fork queue Callbacks are made serially one at a time until the fork queue is empty Many PDP 11 operating systems have a similar concept so this may be familiar E11HANDLE GetForkQel void Allocates a queue element which can be used to enqueue requests for callbacks at fork level One queue element is required for every possible request that can be outstanding at one time The return value is a non zero handle to the queue element on success or zero on failure void RetForkQel E11HANDLE handle Frees a fork queue element that was obtained earlier from GetForkQel If a request is currently enqueued it is dequeued before the queue element is flushed This routine would normally be called during the module s 134 Installable Plug ins D11Main exit processing void EnqueueFork E11HANDLE handle void crtn dword dword parm Enqueues a request for a callback at fork level handle is the queue element handle returned
260. ves may be used only in cases where there will be no need to append additional files to the tape after it is written for example when making a backup of an entire disk into a single save set As with raw SCSI disks E11 sends SCSI TEST UNIT READY commands to tape drives at regular intervals to check for a change in online offline tape change status The polling interval is 5 seconds by default but it can be changed using the INTERVAL n switch which changes the interval to poll every n seconds instead or not to poll at all if n is zero 5 2 3 RAM tape drives Command syntax Null tape drives 47 MOUNT ddcu RAM switches Special switches LOAD d path filename TAP SIZE blocks RAM tapes may be created using regular PC memory just like RAM disks Use SHOW MEMORY to see how much memory is available E11 uses 1 MB 1 048 576 bytes by default but a different number of blocks may be specified using the SIZE n switch Other units besides blocks may be used by appending the unit to the number with no space in between for example SIZE 100MB sets the size to 100 megabytes As with RAM disks the actual amount of memory needed to create a RAM tape is slightly more than the tape s raw capacity due to overhead for internal data structures The memory allocated is shared between tape data and record length information so data stored in many short records will require more memory than the same amount of data stored in
261. vice The routine should do whatever processing its emulated device would do at bus grant time Its return value is the actual vector address to interrupt through which need not be the same as the value passed to GetIntQe1 or 1 if the interrupt should not be taken after all a Unibus passive release Very few devices need this routine An example would be certain models of the 50 60 Hz line clock which clear the monitor flag in bit 7 of the CSR whenever the interrupt request is granted If a NULL pointer is passed instead of a completion routine address E11 will just interrupt as usual using the vector address that was already set void DequeueInt E11HANDLE handle Dequeues an interrupt request which was scheduled using the EnqueueInt call This is generally done on bus resets or any time the emulated device s status is changed so that a previously enqueued interrupt will not happen after all handle is the handle of the interrupt queue element to dequeue as returned from GetIntQel O It is perfectly safe to call this routine if no interrupt was actually enqueued in this case it will simply return without doing anything However the handle parameter must be valid since unpredictable behavior will result if it is not long AbsTransfer dword func dword pdpiiladdr void x86addr dword len long MapTransfer dword func dword pdpiiaddr void x86addr dword len Performs DMA between 80x86 memory and emulated PDP 11 memory func
262. vides very good reliability and requires no special hardware but it can be slow At 9600 baud with the default Kermit protocol parameters no long packets or sliding windows binary file transfers can take almost an hour per megabyte This may be acceptable if the system has small disks or the transfer can be performed over a weekend or during some other time when the PDP 11 is not busy with other work Kermit protocol support is included in most terminal programs and Kermit software is available at little or no cost for most computers and operating systems including the following PDP 11 versions e KSERVE D Bit s server only Kermit for RT 11 available from http www dbit com pub pdp11 rt11 kserve mac e K11 Columbia s official PDP 11 Kermit program supports all major DEC Mentec S amp H operating systems see http www columbia edu kermit pdp11 html e KRT Billy Youdelman s version of K11 enhanced for RT 11 and TSX Plus also at http www columbia edu kermit pdp11 html It s very important to issue SET FILE TYPE BINARY commands to the Kermit programs at both ends before beginning a Kermit transfer of a PDP 11 disk The other settable Kermit parameters are less critical as they mainly affect the speed with which the transfer will proceed Of the above Kermits only KSERVE is able to download an entire raw disk The others can download files but not entire raw disks In some cases it may be possible to get around this limita
263. witch is specified newly ASSIGNed ports are initialized by default to 9600 baud no parity 8 data bits 1 stop bit i e MODE 9600 N 8 1 Sets the value of the RI ring indicator modem status signal as seen by the PDP 11 port value may be ON or OFF to force RI to appear permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value actually detected by the emulated PDP 11 port Or value may be RI which is the default setting to make emulated PDP 11 port s RI input follow the actual value of the RI pin received by the PC port Sets the state of the RTS request to send modem control signal value may be ON or OFF to force RTS to be permanently asserted or deasserted regardless of the value selected through the emulated PDP 11 port Or value may be RTS which is the default setting to make the real RTS pin track the value of the emulated RTS signal from the emulated PDP 11 port Some newer modems use the RTS signal incorrectly to mean ready to receive and if it is not asserted they will refuse to send data to the PC The RTS ON switch circumvents this problem Other possible solutions include using a specially wired modem cable to hold RTS asserted or using the AT amp R1 modem command to change the modem s behavior This switch is included for completeness only It works like the CD etc switch but it controls the SRD signal secondary receive data which is pin 12 on a Bell 202 modem This signal is rarely used and is not
264. y of the week field to figure out what century this must be so there s no need for a 100 year window G 3 2 Dates in RT 11 and TSX Plus Older versions of RT 11 used only 5 bits to store the year as the number of years since 1972 This format stopped working on 01 Jan 2004 and the older RT 11 versions V5 6 and earlier have year 2000 problems too so they had already stopped working correctly anyway Newer versions of RT 11 adapt two previously unused bits in the date word to extend the year offset to 7 bits which will last until 31 Dec 2099 RT 11 V5 7 is the first version that fully implements this change in all utilities as well as the monitor TSX Plus V6 50 also supports the 7 bit year field so when installed on top of RT 11 V5 7 it too will last until 31 Dec 2099 Dates and Times 149 G 3 3 Dates in RSX RSX s internal date format uses a 16 bit word to hold the number of years since 1900 This format will last for many millennia and it s unusual in that it allows going back all the way to 1900 so that dates in the low 2000s really are ambiguous when expressed in only two digits Current versions of RSX accept four digit years in user commands and process them correctly but older versions are limited to two digit years which are all assumed to be in the 1900s Also the Files 11 ODS 1 disk structure used by RSX and TAS uses only 2 digit years stored as ASCII digits rather than binary values Newer versions of RSX extend this format for
265. ype in case the controller supports more than one drive type If no drive type switch is specified the default type is usually based on the size of the PC device All emulated controller types support the RO NLY syn WP ROTECT switch which has the same pressing the WRITE PROT etc button on a real drive and works even in cases like the RX01 where the real hardware had no write protection facility A RW switch exists for completeness and allows read write access to the device which is the default behavior See chapters 4 and 5 for more information Just like ASSIGN MOUNT commands also work with a range of unit numbers in pdp11dev If the PDP 11 device name ends with a low high range of unit numbers i e two numbers separated by a hyphen every unit in that range is created at once Again pcdev should have only the unit number of the first unit in the range for devices where that makes sense and the number will be incremented automatically for every device or filename in the range For devices that don t have unit numbers like RAM and NULL all the units come out the same PRIMARY n Switches the session number in the range 1 12 being displayed on the primary or only video monitor This command is equivalent to pressing Alt Fn on the keyboard except that it may be issued from an initialization file or serial console without requiring that key combination to be typed manually on the PC keyboard

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