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Sun Microsystems 1.0 Network Card User Manual

1. FDDI SAS FDDISAS FDDISAS FDDI SAS 7 7 r 7 To external ring optional S port S port S port S port gt A 4 A i i M port M port M port M port A port B port 2 Dual Attached concentrator k Advantages Figure 7 3 Standalone Concentrator The typical ring architecture of the FDDI network is less obvious in this topology because it exists within the concentrator itself For this reason this arrangement of stations is usually described as a tree with the concentrator as the root In the standalone concentrator configuration individual stations have less influence on the operation of the network which is controlled by the concentrator Concentrators are inherently more stable than FDDI stations They do not have monitors or disk drives are subject to more predictable SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 N lll usage and are less likely to be switched off As a result a standalone concentrator provides a more reliable network than the basic dual ring configuration described on page 70 Concentrators are equipped with built in electrical bypass facilities that isolate single station faults Unlike the station optical bypass facility described on page 62 there is no limit to the number of stations that can be bypassed using the electrical swit
2. signalling complete ACTIVE VERIFY Figure 8 1 Normal Sequence of PCM States Ring_OP Ring Operational Ring_OP shows the number of Ring_OP Ring Operational signals received This signal is generated when the station is incorporated into an operational network XmitP Transmit Packets Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of packets transmitted since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of packets transmitted since the last interrogation SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Co lll RecvP Receive Packets Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of packets received since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of packets received since the last interrogation Example Local Statistics The following output was recovered from a single attached station using the command shown A temporary fault condition was simulated by disconnecting the FDDI cable from the SunFDDI P card and then reconnecting it Start pf_stat gt lt basedir gt pf_stat pf0 1 20 Ring EC RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP Accumulated statistics gt UP ii RING_OP ACTIVE 2 26 1d UP I RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP i
3. pfl nif_request v 0xl t 0x5e0f s 10 0 d4 78 42 4d i 0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E0F 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 A522BBA1 pfl nif_response v 0xl t 0xfc00d94a s 10 0 4 8 24 5c i 0x28 004D0000 00000041 100004B8 6EAB1000 0408245C 01030001 FCOOD94A 00001000 0408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 865549E2 0049C020 F0154E4F FFFFFFFE FFFF1000 04B86EAB 01020001 FCOOD94A 00001000 04B86EAB 00000028 00010008 00001000 D478424D 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002000 200B0008 00000001 00000001 pfl nif_request v 0xl t 0x5e13 s 10 0 d4 78 42 4d i 0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E13 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 4AD75A79 f_request v 0x1 t 0x5e17 s 10 0 d4 78 42 4d i 0x28 O 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E17 00001000 D 0 pfl ni 004D000 D478424 0000120 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 DCEBADA2 fl nif_ request v 0x1 t 0x171 s 10 0 4 8 24 5c i 0x28 04DC000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 0408245C 01020001 00000171 00001000 408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100
4. A SAS SAS SAS SAS SAS SAS SAS SAS i gt i z s o i Horizontal distribution frame DAC DAC DAC DAC i i i i l l e pe l E E R ee Wh SD CE EEE CO es See arse sae ars sere sees FT RARES SES RSS Sea Pec Setar ARS PSS TE EE SE EE SAS SAS SAS JL SAS i 1 1 Intermediate distribution frame DAC HE DAC HL a Ka l 9 te T ee ER E a Care aes eee es Main distribution frame coe Si dee ae oe ee SEE aa TT Figure 7 6 Ring of Trees FDDI Network Topologies 77 78 Advantages The dual ring and the concentrators attached to it directly are called the main distribution frame Only one main distribution frame per network is allowed The second level in the hierarchy is called the intermediate distribution frame and consists of the root concentrators in each building and any stations connected to them directly The third level in the hierarchy is called the horizontal distribution frame and consists of concentrators connected to distributed stations usually through wall boxes The ring of trees configuration combines many of the advantages of the basic dual ring and the concentrator based topologies It offers good fault tolerance and is a very flexible configuration Since only a few stations the root concentrators are attached to the dual ring optical bypass switches can be used to increase the reliability of the main distribution frame as described in Optical Bypas
5. 112 Specifying the Target Station 112 Quick Dump SMT Frames 113 Single Attached Station Disconnected 114 Single Attached Station Reconnected 115 Dual Attached Station Halted 116 Dual Attached Station Restarted 116 DEPL Access to FDDI 120 DLPI Request Response Negotiation 121 SunFDDI P DLSAP Format 122 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Tables Table 5 1 Problems Installing SunFDDI P 39 Table 5 2 Problems Running SunFDDI P 40 Table 5 3 Problems Using the SNM Agents for SunFDDI P 43 Table 8 1 pf_stat States Under the ECM Heading 90 Table 8 2 pf_stat States Under the RMT Heading 90 Table 8 3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading 91 Table 10 1 Din ENP OREO Brame sc desc teeta arsed ed es nr den ane oa ee 122 xvii xviii SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Preface The SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide describes how to turn your system into an FDDI station attached to an FDDI network It is intended for experienced network administrators who are familiar with the Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 operating environment The SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter is s
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7. 2 On the client machine share the opt directory under which you installed SunFDDI P share F nfs o ro opt 3 On the console machine NFS mount the opt directory mount lt client gt opt lt mnt_dr gt 4 On the console machine run pf_install_agents mnt SUNWconn bin pf_install_agents Follow the directions in To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client on page 105 and specify lt mnt_dir gt as the current location of the SunFDDI P schemas The SunFDDI P schemas are located in the directory opt SUNWconn SUNWpf agents and the pf_install_agents script is located in the directory opt SUNWconn SUNWpf utilities Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 107 lll CO Add this line 108 On the console machine the schemas must be installed in the directory opt SUNWconn snm agents The pf_install_agents script modifies the file opt SUNWconn snm struct elements schema to add the definition for the host name or MAC address of an FDDI station If you do not run pf_install_agents on the console machine you must modify this file to add the following line to each component workstation server or router definition string 40 Name Mac Address For example if you want to specify the host name or MAC address of an FDDI interface installed in an Ultra system add the following line to elements schema Sun workstations recor
8. gt Lost_Ct 8 Frame_Error_Ratio 0 Figure 9 7 Single Attached Station Reconnected Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 115 lll CO Source of trap report gt neighbor to fault Trap indicates wrap condition gt Source of trap report gt reconnected station Trap indicates change of neighbor gt Rediscover neighbor gt Rediscover neighbor gt 116 The trap report in Figure 9 8 was generated by the upstream neighbor when a dual attached station connected directly to the FDDI ring was halted The neighbor wraps itself around the fault automatically SRF_Source 0 1 1b 8 10 92 TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 102 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 2402450560 Peer Wrap Condition Condition_State 1 PeerWrapCondition 9 Parameter_Type 0x1048 Figure 9 8 Dual Attached Station Halted The trap report in Figure 9 9 was generated by the upstream neighbor when a dual attached station connected directly to the FDDI ring was restarted It shows a change of neighbor event that occurs as the wrapped station rediscovers the neighbors to which it was connected before the fault SRF_Source rully TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 102 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 3714602392 MAC Neighbor Change Mac_Index 1 Multiple_Occurrence 0 NA_Condition 1 O
9. Use the console to create a request for data that is sent periodically to the SunFDDI P local agent This is similar to running the pf_stat 1M utility and specifying an lt interval gt and lt count gt as described in Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat on page 87 The local agent responds with the requested information which can be saved to file or displayed using the SunNet Manager Grapher Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 111 lll CO v To Use the SunFDDI P Proxy Agent pf_fddismt7_2 The SunFDDI P proxy agent pf_fddismt7_2 responds to SNM requests from the console and issues SMT Request Frames SRF to a specified target station It then returns the information received from the target station in response to the request The basic operation of the SunFDDI P proxy agent is shown in Figure 9 3 SNM console Proxy station Target station RPC request TRPC response gt SMT request gt SMT response Figure 9 3 SunFDDI P Proxy Agent v To Specify the Target Sta tion 1 Specify the target machine when you enable the SunFDDI P proxy agent in the properties window for the proxy station 2 Use the scroll bar to display the two SunFDDI P agents as shown in Figure 9 4 and enter the host name of the target station on the input line Ipstat nf_fddi nf_fddismt arbois ping rpenfs Figu
10. When you use the pf_stat command with the m option it displays information about the neighboring stations attached to the local interface pf lt inst gt and the frames received from the network For example to display information about the neighboring stations attached to the interface p 0 type lt basedir gt p f_stat m pf0 Phys Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M b43eb2 0 3 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt You can also monitor the neighboring stations dynamically active monitor by specifying the interval the elapsed time in seconds between interrogations and count the total number of interrogations The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics are displayed after every tenth interrogation For example to monitor the stations attached to p 0 once every 10 seconds for 1 minute a total of 6 interrogations type lt basedir gt pf _stat m pf0 10 6 Phys Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M c460a6d 0 3 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt M 27224 0 0 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt M 27227 0 0 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt M 27220 0 0 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt M 2722e 0 0 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt M 27223 0 0 lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr3 gt 94 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Co lll Interp
11. This chapter describes some of the common FDDI network topologies and discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of each 69 4 Basic Dual Ring Network 70 The dual ring or dual counter rotating ring is one of the simplest FDDI network topologies It clearly illustrates the distinctive ring architecture most commonly associated with the FDDI standards as shown in Figure 7 1 Each station is critical to the operation of the network therefore the basic dual ring topology is best adapted to small stable networks that are not subject to frequent reconfiguration In a dual ring network dual attached stations are connected directly to the primary and secondary rings Data and the token that controls the flow of data are transmitted in one direction on the primary ring Data flows in the other direction on the secondary ring which is used during ring initialization and as a backup in case of a ring failure FDDI DAS Advantages Secondary ring 2 lt Primary ring FDDI DAS Figure 7 1 Basic Dual Ring Network The primary advantages of the dual ring network topology are its simplicity and its ability to recover from simple station and line faults The secondary ring provides an effective backup in the event of a single failure in the ring SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 i FDDI DAS When a ring fails the pri
12. the PHYs associated with that physical attachment and controlling the optional optical bypass function within the station Fiber Distributed Data Interface A standard specified by the American National Standards Institute for fiber optic links of up to 100 Mbits s A dedicated computer that connects to two or more networks and routes packets from one network community to the other Gateways route packets to other gateways until the packets can be delivered directly to their specified destination across one physical network In general usage the term identifies any computer that transfers information between networks kilobits per second A measure of the rate of data transmission See also baud bps Bps and Mbps SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 LLC MAC Mbps NRZI 4B 5B OSI PCM PHY PMD Logical Link Control Local area network protocol functions corresponding to the OSI data link layer layer 2 but providing only service access points SAP Media Access Control Local area network protocol functions corresponding to the OSI data link layer layer 2 but providing the following 1 on transmission assembles data into a frame with address and error detection fields 2 on reception disassembles frame performs address recognition and error detection 3 links communications management millions of bits per second A measure of the rate of data transmission See also baud b
13. Do you want to install these setuid setgid files y n q y 2 Type y to accept the installation scripts with superuser permission This package contains scripts which will be executed with superuser permission during the process of installing the package Do you want to continue with the installation y n y V To Finish the Installation 1 Type q to stop pkgadd when the list of available packages is displayed again The following packages are available 1 SUNWpfr SunFDDI P Driver sparc 1 0 2 SUNWpft SunFDDI P Man Pages Utilities sparc 1 0 Select package s you wish to process or all to process all packages default all q 2 Eject the CD ROM from the CD ROM drive If Volume Manager vold is running on your machine the CD ROM is unmounted automatically when it is ejected eject cdrom Installing SunFDDI P Software 17 lll Qo If Volume Manager vold is not running on your machine unmount the CD ROM before you eject and remove the directory that you created usr sbin umount cdrom sunfddip_1_0 eject cdrom rmdir cdrom sunfddip_1_0 3 Reboot your machine YV To Check the Installation 1 Use netstat 1M to check for SunFDDI P interfaces usr bin netstat i Name Mtu Net Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue SunFDDI Interface 100 8232 loopback localhost 21 0 21 0 0 0 pf lt inst gt gt
14. If the TRT expires before the token arrives the token is considered late and the flag Late_Ct is set Only synchronous high priority traffic can be transmitted when Late_Ct is set Token Hold Timer THT The THT determines how long a station can hold a token or how long a station can transmit asynchronous traffic It is loaded with the value remaining in the token rotation timer TRT each time the token arrives Thus the faster the token rotates the more transmission time is allocated to each station If the token is delayed because the network is heavily loaded the amount of transmission time is reduced If THT expires during transmission the current transmission is completed before the token is released The interaction of these two timers causes token rotation to increase reduced transmission time per station in a heavily loaded network and to decrease increased transmission time per station in a lightly loaded network Although the FDDI standards define a medium that supports data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps this does not translate directly to an increase in overall system performance If fact it frequently transfers the bottleneck elsewhere so that the FDDI connection is not used to full capacity An FDDI ring has the potential to carry more information rather than to be a faster connection If the applications running over the network do not use the available bandwidth efficiently you will not see much improvemen
15. Index console 104 106 daemons 43 proxy agent 103 schemas 20 108 SunOS IP routing 79 SUNWn package 39 SUNWpf package 21 switches 5 symbols 51 53 synchronization 51 sys dlpi h file 120 system performance 66 T T_max parameter 65 T_opr parameter 26 65 T_Req parameter 31 T_req parameter 26 31 65 target station 104 112 token rotation time 26 31 65 TCP applications 27 high water marks 27 low water mark 28 TCP IP networks 103 tcp_recv_hiwat parameter 28 tcp_xmit_hiwat parameter 28 tcp_xmit_lowat parameter 29 technical assistance xxiv test boot 44 theoretical maximum bandwidth 24 maximum number of stations 24 throughput 24 THT 66 144 timed token rotation protocol 52 65 timing jitter 144 token 65 ring 79 153 154 rotation timer 66 Token Ring 65 total ring length 24 traffic 52 transceiver unit 6 transfer rate 66 transmission time 66 transmit packets 92 transmitters 51 trap reports 20 114 tree of concentrators 75 77 80 trees 72 troubleshooting checklist 34 TRT 66 145 TTRT 26 31 65 145 tuning high performance networks 24 the high water marks 27 the low water marks 28 the maximum transfer unit 30 the socket options 29 the target token rotation time 31 the water marks at boot 29 twisting the ring 34 types 100 types of traffic 26 U UDP applications 27 high water marks 27 low water mark 28 udp_recv_hiwat
16. le0 1500 our lan hysop 2146 0 950 1 13 0 pf0 4352 our fddi hysop pf 1086 0 907 0 0 0 2 Use ifconfig 1M to check the current state of the SunFDDI P interfaces usr sbin ifconfig pf0 pf0 flags 863 lt UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST gt mtu 4352 inet lt host_address gt netmask lt netmask gt broadcast lt ip_address gt ether lt mac_address gt 3 Use ping 1M to verify that you can send and receive data across the FDDI connection If your SunFDDI P station is attached to an active FDDI network try to access a remote station usr sbin ping hemlock pf hemlock pf is alive 18 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 3 Your SunFDDI P station should now be active and you should be able to send and receive data across an FDDI connection For optimum performance from your FDDI network you may need to tune the configurable network parameters See Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance for detailed instructions If you have problems configuring or using your SunFDDI P station see Chapter 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics for help V Unloading Drivers The driver for the SunFDDI P 1 0 adapter can be unloaded while the system is running by using the modunload 1M command If the SunNet Manager daemons are running on your system you must kill that process before you unload the SunFDDI P driver If SunNet Manager is configured and running
17. 0 If you do not specify a frame type pf_smtmon displays all the SMT frames that it receives Use Ctrl C to stop pf_smtmon To display the encoded SMT frames received by interface pf1 type lt basedir gt p _smtmon i pf1 pfl nif_ request v 0xl t 0xfc03e781 s 10 0 4 48 6f a5 i 0x28 pfi nif_ response v 0x1 t 0xfc03e781 s 10 0 4 8 24 5c i 0x28 pfi nif_ request v 0xl t 0xfc00dec6 s 10 0 4 b8 6e ab i 0x28 pfi nif_ request v 0xl t 0xfc03e787 s 10 0 4 48 6f a5 i 0x28 pfi nif_ response v 0x1 t 0xfc03e787 s 10 0 4 8 24 5c i 0x28 The elements of the SMT frames are defined as follows class_type Identifies the SMT frame class and type see page 100 v Version ID identifies the structure of the SMT information field Transaction ID used to pair SMT response and request frames s Station ID uniquely identifies the station transmitting the frame ds InfoField Length defines the length of the SMT information field SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 8 To display the SMT frames received by interface pf1 in hexadecimal format type lt basedir gt p _smtmon i pf1 x pfl nif_request v 0x1 t 0x170 s 10 0 4 8 24 5c 1 0x28 004DC000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 0408245C 01020001 00000170 00001000 0 0 408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100 00030004 0002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 76C467A0
18. 5 bob le1 gt pas T gpa nt I SS l FDDI L J i network DAC DAC 2 sam le1 2 5 sam le0 judy Figure 7 10 Routing in an FDDI Ethernet Internetwork For example in the FDDI Ethernet internetwork shown in Figure 7 10 there are parallel routes between jill and judy across relatively faster and slower networks Route 1 across FDDI link jill bob 1e0 bob pfsam pfsam le0 judy Route 2 across Ethernet link jill bob 1e0 bob lel sam lelsam le0 judy An identical number of hops between the two stations exists regardless of the route taken therefore routed may send all of the traffic across the slower Ethernet link in preference to the faster FDDI link SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 i To avoid this situation set up a static route that forces the traffic between jill and judy to pass over the FDDI link however static routing is not recommended in a network beyond a few nodes in size For efficient IP routing in large FDDI Ethernet networks use a routing package that provides routing metrics in addition to hop count for example gated public domain software available by the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science at Cornell University To improve the end to end system performance across the boundary between the networks you may need to alter the default MTU for the FDDI network see Perfo
19. 81 routing metrics 83 routing tables 37 RSAS redundant single attached station 144 S SAC single attached concentrator 56 58 69 safety notice 3 5 SAP 122 SAS single attached station 56 69 schemas 20 108 scripts examples 29 getagents 21 installation 12 16 17 pf_install_agents 20 start up script for SNM agents 21 to modify water marks 29 secondary input 57 output 57 ring 55 57 60 send buffers 25 service access point 122 setsockopt command 29 SIF 100 signal layer 51 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 simple network management protocol 103 Sin 57 single attached concentrator SAC 56 58 station SAS 1 34 56 single mode fiber 51 SMF single mode fiber 51 SMT request frame SRF 20 38 112 SMT station management 49 60 SMT station mangement 50 SNMP simple network management protocol 103 SO_RCVBUF parameter 29 SO_SNDBUF parameter 29 Sockets 25 29 solving common problems 39 Sout 57 SRF SMT request frame 20 38 112 stability 70 stable network 70 stand alone concentrator 72 start up script for SNM agents 21 static electricity 5 static routes 42 station failure 55 60 faults 62 initialization 55 management 49 50 upstream 56 wrapping 55 62 station management SMT 2 60 status information frames 100 STREAMS DLPI specification xxiii modules 27 subnetwork number 36 Sun Web site xxiv SunFDDI features 1 SunNet Manager 103
20. Ethernet packets are restricted to a maximum of 1500 octets Figure 7 7 illustrates the basic topology of a mixed FDDI Ethernet network In this example there are two FDDI Ethernet IP routers that represent the boundaries between the three networks FDDI Network Topologies 79 80 Ethernet CG eee gt j FDDI Ethernet IP router EE Ee 777777 FDDI network 3 Ethernet FDDI Ethernet IP router Figure 7 7 Basic Mixed FDDI Ethernet Topology A Tree of Concentrators in an Ethernet Network A tree of concentrators of the type described on page 77 is attached to an Ethernet network by connecting your system to the root concentrator as shown in Figure 7 8 Ethernet DAC DAC g FDDI Ethernet IP router Figure 7 8 Tree of Concentrators Attached to an Ethernet Network SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 N lll A Ring of Trees in an Ethernet Network Ethernet A ring of trees of the type described on page 77 is att
21. FDDI MAC protocol that measures the time between receipt of tokens It expires when it reaches a value that exceeds the Target Token Rotation Time TTRT TTRT Target Token Rotation Time A parameter in the FDDI MAC protocol that is negotiated by all of the stations on a ring at the time a ring is brought up FDDI uses the TTRT in conjunction with the TRT and THT to allocate bandwidth to individual stations on the ring The FDDI MAC protocol guarantees that the worst case delay a token will experience while circulating the ring will never exceed twice the negotiated TTRT Glossary 145 146 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Index Symbols Www sun com xxiv cdrom sun_fddip_1_0 directory 13 etc hosts file 15 22 etc rce2 d directory 21 etc systenfile 30 Numerics 802 3 networks 79 802 5 networks 79 A access delay 24 26 add_drv command 39 aggregate attenuation 63 ANSI FDDI standards 50 A ports 57 asynchronous service 65 traffic 65 attenuation 51 62 B backup 70 bandwidth 1 24 65 66 69 base directory installing SUNWnfr 14 installing SUNWnft 16 basic dual ring 70 battery lithium 3 bidding 65 bit stream 53 boot test 44 bridges 25 42 buffers 25 bulk data transfers 24 bus topology 79 bypass switch 62 C cable failure 55 61 keys 34 specification 2 51 card resident MAC address 35 checking the installation 19 checklist tro
22. Management SMT Figure 6 1 FDDI Architectural Model 50 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll Physical Medium Dependent PMD Layer This portion of the FDDI network model defines the physical medium used to carry the encoded digital signal It is also referred to as the media layer The PMD layer determines the characteristics of the transmitters receivers connectors and cables used to attach the FDDI station to the network SunFDDI P supports only the Multimode fiber MMF single and dual attached PMD option Multi Mode Fiber MMEF A fiber optic FDDI connection supports data transmission rates of up to 100 Mbps and because attenuation in the fiber is very low larger distances between FDDI stations are possible without the use of repeaters In addition fiber does not emit electromagnetic radiation and is electrically nonconductive Therefore it neither causes nor suffers from problems due to signal interference between adjacent equipment or cabling SunFDDI P supports 62 5 125 micrometer multimode fiber MMF Multimode fiber cannot support such large distances between FDDI stations as single mode fiber SMF which is not supported by SunFDDI P However multimode fiber is cheaper and uses lower cost terminations connectors and light sources Physical PHY Layer The physical PHY layer handles the efficient encoding and decoding of digital data It is also referred to as the
23. RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP T RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 Path disconnected gt DOWN I ISOLATED CONNEC 0 al 1 DOWN I ISOLATED CONNEC 0 0 0 DOWN I ISOLATED NEX 0 0 0 Path re established gt UP RING_OP ACTIVE 1 0 0 Ring_OP received UP T RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 Ring EC RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP Accumulated statistics gt UP ii RING_OP ACTIVE 3 29 20 UP I RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP A RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 UP T RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP Ag RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 Finish pf_stat gt UP T RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 Note the following observations regarding this example e Accumulated statistics are displayed automatically after every tenth interrogation The combination of Ring DOWN and RMT ISOLATED indicate that the station is disconnected from the network Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 93 The minimum interval of one second is not fast enough to recover and display the complete sequence of PCM states during the path re establishment phase A Ring_OP signal is received when the path is re established indicating that the ring is operational The link status indicator mounted on the SunFDDI P card displays the following sequence of events Green connected gt Amber disconnected gt Green connected Displaying Statistics from Neighboring Stations
24. SELECT on None and type the name of the host on which the files etc hosts and etc ethers are located 128 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 11 5 Click SELECT on Apply to display the Host Manager window Host Manager Hosts achilles hercules localhost papyrus Naming Service None 6 Press MENU on the Edit menu button and choose the Add Host item to activate the Add Host window re Host Manager Add Host Client Type standalone Host Name standalone IP Address diskless Ethernet Address 9221855 Timezone Region Europe Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 129 11 7 8 10 130 Press MENU on the Client Type menu button drag and release MENU to display the defaults for diskless clients Host Manager Add Host Client Type 5 diskless Host Name IP Address Ethernet Address Europe Middle Europe Timezone Region Timezone File Server papyrus fexport root GS Kelpase Root Path fexport swap 24 a sun Swap Path Swap Size megabytes Terminal Type Naming Service None Enter the host name IP address and Ethernet address of the diskless client This information uniquely identifies the diskless client on the network The six byte Ethernet MAC address has the form X X X X X X Itis stored in NVRAM on the motherboard and is displayed when the system is booted Use MENU to set the
25. Statistics When you enter the pf_stat command without the m option it displays statistics recovered from the local interface pf lt inst gt For example to display the accumulated statistics for the interface p 0 type lt basedir gt pf _stat p 0 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE Cc 16fde 18624 You can also monitor the interface dynamically active monitor by specifying the interval the elapsed time between interrogations and count the total number of interrogations This displays the incremental difference between the current state and the previous state The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics are displayed after every tenth interrogation For example to monitor the interface pf0 once every 60 seconds for 3 minutes a total of 3 interrogations type lt basedir gt pf_stat pf0 60 3 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 131a0 131aa UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Co lll Interpreting Local Statistics Running the pf_stat utility without the m option displays information about the various SMT state machines and the network to which the local station is attached Ring Ring Status The Ring status shows the current state of the physical connection to the FDDI network The following states may be returned by p
26. Timezone Region and Timezone that are relevant for your location Press MENU on the File Server menu button to display a list of available servers Drag and release MENU to specify a file server The file server is the machine from which the diskless client will receive its operating system If you are running admintool on the server it will be shown as the default SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 i 11 12 13 Specify the root and swap paths By default these paths are set to export root and export swap If you change these paths you must ensure that you have sufficient disk space in the file systems you specify Specify the size of the swap space reserved for the diskless client This is normally set to 24 Mbytes If you increase the amount of swap space reserved for the diskless client you must ensure that you have sufficient space under export swap on the server Click SELECT on the Add button to update the list of recognized hosts This creates the export file systems for the diskless client on the server and updates the relevant files for the naming service you are using The operation will take a few minutes The message operation completed appears when the list has been updated and the name of the diskless client is added to the scrolling list on the Host Manager window Host Manager Add Host Client Type diskless Host Name perseus IP Address 129 157 179 243 Ether
27. a failure occurs the SMT entities on the stations on either side of the fault reconfigure the network dynamically to isolate it In this condition the primary and secondary rings are wrapped on to each other to form a single one way ring Failed FDDI DAS x FDDI DAS FDDI DAS 60 Secondary ring lt Primary ring FDDI DAS Figure 6 8 Isolating a Single Station Failure SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 6 This failure recovery mechanism is only supported by dual attached stations and concentrators a single attached station connected directly to the ring cannot wrap around the fault because it is only connected to one ring at a time The effect of a cable or link failure on a basic FDDI network is very similar to a station failure as shown in Figure 6 9 The SMT entities on the stations on either side of the failed connection reconfigure the network dynamically so that the primary ring is wrapped onto the secondary ring FDDI DAS Failed cable FDDI DAS Secondary ring g Primary ring FDDI DAS Figure 6 9 Isolating a Single Cable Failure Wrapping occurs within the MAC layer Figure 6 10 on page 62 illustrates how the dual attached station is reconfigured to wrap the primary ring onto the secondary ring Dual attach
28. active FDDI network Blinking green In a dual ring environment this is an invalid connection In a dual homing environment this is normal The connection is in Standby mode Red Adapter fails FDDI path test Refer to Chapter 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics for more information on diagnosing problems with your FDDI network Hardware Installation 9 10 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Installing SunFDDI P Software Installation Requirements page 12 Declaring IP Addresses for SunFDDI P page 12 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P page 13 Installing SunNet Manager Agents for SunFDDI P page 20 Removing SunFDDI P page 22 This chapter assumes that you have already installed the SunFDDI P adapter card in your machine and that you are loading the software from a local CD ROM drive This chapter tells you how to install the SunFDDI P device drivers utilities and SunNet Manager agents in a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment It includes instructions on how to check your installation and how to remove the SunFDDI P software if necessary 11 3 Installation Requirements Hardware and Software Platforms SunFDDI P is designed for Sun 4u PCI based system architectures 32 Mbytes RAM minimum running a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment e Disk Space A machine with 1600 KBytes of disk space is required to install Sun FDDI P Host names an
29. administer remote machines See Solaris 2 5 Setting up User Accounts Printers and Mail Note If you are running NIS on your server you can use admintool to update the local etc hosts and etc ethers files You must merge these files manually into the NIS maps afterwards V To Introduce Diskless Clients to a Server Before you can introduce a diskless client to the network you need to know its host name IP address and Ethernet address The six byte Ethernet address is displayed when the machine is switched on Note that the Ethernet address of the client is the MAC address stored in NVRAM on its motherboard 1 Log in as a member of the sysadmin group You must log in as a member of the sysadmin group to administer remote machines Do not log in as root or become superuser Start admintool by typing usr bin admintool amp Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 127 be 11 3 Click SELECT on the Host Manager icon to display the Select Naming Service window H Host Manager Select Naming Service Naming Service Domain Nampi d Demain Name sun i SCM Use etc files on host papyrus Show All Hosts Naming Service None 4 Click SELECT on the button corresponding to the naming service used by the server to display list of available hosts If the server is running NIS click SELECT on NIS and type your domain name If the server is running NIS or is not using a naming service click
30. common problems that can occur when installing configuring or running SunFDDI P Table 5 1 Problems Installing SunFDDI P Problem Action The SunFDDI P software package SUNWpfr cannot be found The SunFDDI P man pages utilities package SUNWpft cannot be found Check that you have inserted the CD ROM in the CD ROM drive and that the CD ROM is mounted on a local directory If the Volume Manager vold is running on your machine the SunFDDI P software is located in the following directory cdrom sun_fddip_1_0 Product If the Volume Manager vold is not running on your machine you must create a directory and mount the CD ROM as described on page 13 The configuration script cannot configure the IP address What ip address do you want to use for xyz 0 0 0 0 Illegal ip address Try again Check that you have entered the valid IP address The script will keep prompting you until you enter a valid address The configuration script cannot find the hardware devices installed in the machine Check that the SunFDDI P PCI card is installed correctly and is seated firmly in the PCI slot Use the prt conf command to see if the pf card exists The configuration script cannot load the SunFDDI P driver The procedure fails with the message no available major numbers The number of major numbers that is the maximum number of device drivers that can be installed is limited to 127 This
31. error frames received since the last interrogation An error frame is defined as an SMT frame whose E error bit is set and whose E bit is first detected by the local station It does Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 95 96 not indicate the location of the cause of the error Frequent error frames can indicate a noise problem on the network either dirt optical fiber or electrical interference UTP Lost Lost Frames Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of lost frames since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of lost frames since the last interrogation A lost frame is defined as an SMT frame whose reception is aborted by the local station It does not indicate the location of the cause of the error A large number of lost frames can indicate a noise problem on the network either dirt optical fiber or electrical interference UTP SA Station Address Displays the MAC address for the local station UNA Upstream Neighbor Address Displays the MAC address for the neighboring station connected upstream on the ring from the local station DNA Downstream Neighbor Address Displays the MAC address for the neighboring station connected downstream on the ring from the local station SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Start pf_stat Accumulated statistics gt Path disconnected Path re establish
32. grep pf crw 1 root sys 11 119 lt date gt clone 0 pf Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 45 lll nN b Look in the dev directory for links to these entries ls 1 dev grep pf lrwxrwxrwx 1 root other lt date gt pf gt devices pseudo clone 0 pf 5 Create a file called etc hostname pf lt inst gt for each SunFDDI P IP interface that you configure Each file must contain the host name assigned to the IP interface These files are used to configure the interfaces when the system is rebooted If you assign the primary host name to one of the FDDI interfaces this host name must be entered in the file etc nodename 6 Use ifconfig 1M to configure the SunFDDI P IP interfaces pf lt inst gt The host name assigned to the IP interface must be entered in the NIS map NIS tables or in etc hosts on the local machine Configure the interface using an ifconfig command of the form usr sbin ifconfig pf lt inst gt plumb lt hostname gt netmask up Note that the modifier netmask takes the netmask defined in the etc netmasks file If this entry is missing you must specify the netmask explicitly using dot notation Provided the installation and configuration was successful your SunFDDI P station is now active and you can send and receive data transparently across an FDDI connection 46 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Part 2 Planning and Implementing SunFDD
33. in a Solaris 2 x environment which uses MTU path discovery check that packets are being transmitted across the bridge between the networks Many bridges do not yet support MTU path discovery and do not fragment the large packets sent by the FDDI stations In this case you may need to disable this feature on your station by typing ndd set dev ip ip_path_mtu_discovery 0 Check that the routing tables are using netstat r Check for an pf interface that shows a route to a gateway with the UG flags set If you can reach the local gateway then the problem probably lies with the IP routing Try to confirm that the remote station is configured and running and if possible try to reach the local station from the remote station If you can it indicates that the problem lies with the local IP routing Try to reach the router nearest the remote station If you can it indicates that the fault lies between the remote station and the router If you cannot try to reach a router that is closer to the local station Continue in this way until you have isolated the router that is dropping or misrouting packets If the dynamic routing protocol is not adding routes try adding a static route to the remote station This method is not recommended for large networks with a large number of nodes Running pf_stat with the m option to display information about the neighboring stations shows frequent error frames and lost frames Thi
34. on your system o ps ef grep pf_snmd kill 9 lt process IDs from above command gt modinfo grep smt modunload i lt module ID for smt driver gt oA ol ae To unload the SunFDDI P driver modinfo grep pf modunload i lt module ID for pf driver gt Installing SunFDDI P Software 19 3 Installing SunNet Manager Agents for SunFDDI P Use pf_install_agents to install the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P This script copies the FDDI schema files to the directory in which the standard agents are installed and updates the configuration files for SunNet Manager Run pf_install_agents on each SunNet Manager Console and on each SunFDDI P station you want to manage using SunNet Manager YV To Use pf_install_agents 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Start pf_install_agents by typing opt SUNWconn bin pf_install_agents 3 Type the host names of the console machine s that you want to receive SMT Request Frame SRF trap reports from the local station You can send SRF trap reports to more than one console Each console must have the schemas for SunFDDI P installed for example Enter hostnames if any to send SRF Trap reports to enter blank to terminate Host name of Console gt enter hostname opus Host name of Console gt enter hostname rigel Press Return to terminate gt enter hostname 20 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter Use
35. or Symbol Meaning Example AaBbCc123 The names of commands Edit your login file files and directories Use ls a to list all files on screen computer output machine_name You have mail AaBbCc123 What you type contrasted machine_name su with on screen computer Password output AaBbCc123 Command line placeholder To delete a file type rm filename replace with a real name or value AaBbCc123 Book titles new words or Read Chapter 6 in the User s Guide terms or words to be These are called class options emphasized You must be root to do this Shell Prompts The following table shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for the C shell Bourne shell and Korn shell Shell Prompt C shell machine_name C shell superuser machine_name Bourne shell and Korn shell Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser xxii SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Related Documents For a more detailed description of FDDI technology and the relevant FDDI protocols see these documents Title Author Publisher Part Number Handbook of Computer Communications Standards Volume 2 FDDI Technology and Applications FDDI A High Speed Network STREAMS DLPI Specification Sons 1993 Amit Shah and G Ramakrisnan Prentice Hall Inc 1994 Sun Microsystems William Stallings Macmillan Publishing Company 1987 Edited by Sonu Mirchandani and Raman Khanna John Wil
36. service access point SAP The format of the DLSAP is provider dependent Figure 10 3 shows the general format of the SunFDDI P DLSAP 6 Bytes 2 Bytes DSAP SSAP CTL ORG TYPE LLC SNAP Figure 10 3 SunFDDI P DLSAP Format Information returned by the DL_INFO_ACK primitive in response to a DL_INFO_REQ is used to specify the encoding and decoding rules to insert and extract the DLSAP for a given data link provider The information returned by the SunFDDI P device driver is shown in Table 10 1 Table 10 1 DL_INFO_REQ Frame Element Value Description dl_max_sdu 4352 bytes Maximum MTU dl_min_sdu 0 bytes Minimum MTU dl_addr_length 8 bytes Length of DLSAP dl_mac_type DL_FDDI FDDI MAC layer dl_reserved 0 Unused dl_current_state Current state of data link provider dl_sap_length 2 bytes Length of DLSAP dl_service_mode DL_CLDLS Connectionless service dl_gqos_length 0 Not supported 122 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 10 Table 10 1 DL_INFO_REQ Frame Element Value dl_qos_offset 0 dl_range_length 0 dl_range_offset 0 dl_provider_style DL_STYLE2 dl_addr_offset 76 dl_version 2 dl_brdcst_addr_length 6 dl_brdcst_addr_offset 84 Description Not supported Not supported Not supported Can be cloned Offset to address location DLPI Version 2 Broadcast address length Offset to broadcast address location Note that the value dl_sap_length is set to minus 2 which indicates that the SAP is 2 bytes beyond the
37. several IP addresses with a single SunFDDI P interface Yes To associate multiple IP addresses with a single interface type ifconfig pf0 lt ip_address_1 gt netmask lt mask gt up ifconfig pf0 1 lt ip_address_2 gt netmask lt mask gt up ifconfig pf0 2 lt ip_address_3 gt netmask lt mask gt up How many SunFDDI P 1 0 cards can I install in one machine You can install up to eight SunFDDI P 1 0 cards in one machine What kind of connector can be used to connect SunFDDI P 1 0 to optical fiber networks The connector type has been changed for SunFDDI 5 0 to an SC type connector See Chapter 2 Hardware Installation for a description of FDDI cables and connectors e What kind of optical fiber can be used to link SunFDDI P 1 0 SunFDDI P uses a 62 5 125 um standard twin optical fiber A compliant link design will have no more than 11 db of end to end loss This includes loss incurred in the fiber typically 1 2 db km the connectors typically 0 5 db connector and any bypass switches typically 2 5 db switch It also allows loss margins for source aging typically 1 to 3 db safety typically 1 to 2 db and temperature variation typically 1 db SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 A Does SunFDDI P Dual incorporate an optical bypass No You must order an optical bypass switch from a third party vendor Why does my optical bypass switch not work when I plug it in Optical bypass
38. signal layer At the transmitting end the PHY layer encodes the digital data into FDDI symbols and passes them to the physical medium dependent PMD layer for transmission At the receiving end the PHY layer decodes the FDDI symbols and passes the digital data to the medium access control MAC layer An FDDI symbol is the basic transmission unit in an FDDI network The PHY layer also provides the network synchronization mechanism It uses a distributed clocking scheme under which each FDDI station has its own local clock to synchronize the transmission of outgoing data The PHY layer extracts clocking information from incoming data as it is received FDDI Network Architecture 51 52 Media Access Control MAC Layer The Media Access Control layer specifies the access mechanism used to transmit and receive data on the FDDI network It packages digital data in frames The MAC layer specifies three classes of digital data traffic Synchronous guaranteed traffic Asynchronous priority based traffic Restricted dialogue based traffic The MAC layer uses a timed token rotation protocol that regulates how much digital data can be sent at one time This protocol ensures that the network bandwidth is used predictably and efficiently It also gives the FDDI network its distinctive ring topology The FDDI stations connected on the network use a token to control the right to transmit data for a predefined time determi
39. switches require a power cycle to be initialized Plug in the optical bypass switch switch off the FDDI station and then reboot to initialize the station See Optical Bypass Switches on page 62 for a more detailed description How can I increase the distance between two SunFDDI P stations SunFDDI P supports multimode fiber connections only This limits the maximum distance between stations to two kilometers 1 24 miles To increase the distance between stations either e Use converters from multi to single mode fiber and a single mode connection between converters e Add more nodes between the stations to act as repeaters Frequently Asked Questions About SunFDDI 139 140 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 ARP baud bps Bps CFM Glossary This glossary defines FDDI related acronyms abbreviations and terms Address Resolution Protocol A protocol used within local networks that support broadcast such as Ethernet or FDDI that binds IP addresses to MAC addresses View the current contents of a Sun machine s ARP table with the SunOS command arp a specified in RFC 826 A measure of the rate of data transfer based on the number of times per second the signal can change states on the transmission line The transmission line ordinarily uses just two signal states to indicate data transfer making the baud rate equal the number of bits per second that can be transferred See also bp
40. the B port which are identical to the ports on a dual attached station It has multiple M ports to which single attached stations are connected as shown in Figure 6 7 Dual attached concentrators and FDDI stations are often arranged in a very flexible network topology called the ring of trees This configuration is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7 FDDI Network Topologies Single attached station Single attached station SAS SAS Single attached station SAS S port Dual attached concentrator SAC Pout Sin Sout Pin Data to downstream station Data from upstream station Data to downstream station Data from upstream station fey Se de Figure 6 7 Dual Attached Concentrator DAC FDDI Network Architecture 59 6 FDDI Failure Recovery One of the primary advantages of FDDI is its ability to recover reliably from failures in stations and cables The failure mechanism is implemented and controlled by the Station Management SMT entity described in the section Station Management SMT Layer on page 52 A failure could be something as insignificant as someone switching off their workstation the ability of FDDI to recover from such an event increases the reliability of the network significantly Station Wrapping Figure 6 8 shows the effect of a single station failure in an FDDI network that comprises four dual attached stations connected in a basic ring configuration When
41. the Ring Management state machine which controls the following features and facilities e MAC availability Detection and resolution of duplicate addresses e Identification of stuck beacon and initiation of trace Table 8 2 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the RMT heading Table 8 2 pf_stat States Under the RMT Heading State Meaning ISOLATED RMT is inactive initial state NON_OP RMT is waiting for an operational ring RING_OP RMT is operating normally DETECT RMT is checking for duplicate addresses transient state during initialization SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Co lll Table 8 2 pf_stat States Under the RMT Heading Continued NON_OP_DUP RMT has detected that its address is duplicated and is initiating recovery The ring is not operational in this state RING_OP_DUP RMT has detected that the MAC address is duplicated and flagged the error The ring is operational in this state DIRECTED RMT has been beaconing for an extended period of time and is transmitting a stream of directed beacons prior to initiating recovery TRACE RMT has initiated a trace to recover a stuck beacon PCM Physical Connection Management PCM shows the current state of the Physical Connection Management state machine that controls the following features and facilities Connection initialization e Maintenance support This heading is modified
42. to load software from a CD ROM drive mounted on a remote directory see the Solaris 2 5 Software and AnswerBook Packages Administration Guide V To Load and Mount the CD ROM 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Place the CD ROM in its caddy and load the caddy into the CD ROM drive 3 Mount the CD ROM on a local directory If the Volume Manager vold is running on your machine then the CD ROM is mounted automatically under cdrom sunfddip_1_0 If the Volume Manager vold is not running on your machine create a directory called cdrom sunfddip_1_0 and mount the CD ROM manually mkdir cdrom sunfddip_1_0 usr sbin mount o ro F hsfs dev dsk c0t6d0s0 cdrom sunfddip_1_0 V To Install SunFDDI P Using pkgadd 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Start pkgada by typing usr sbin pkgadd d cdrom sunfddip_1_0 Product Installing SunFDDI P Software 13 3 Enter the number that corresponds to the package you want to install and press Return Respond to any prompts that are displayed Two packages are associated with SunFDDI P They contain the device drivers and utilities used to manage your SunFDDI P station The following packages are available 1 SUNWpfr SunFDDI P Driver sparc 1 0 2 SUNWpft SunFDDI P Man Pages Utilities sparc 1 0 Select package s you wish to process or all to process all packages default all q To Install the D
43. user by the FCC to operate this equipment DOC Class A Notice Avis DOC Classe A This Class A digital apparatus meets all of requirements the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment Regulations Cet appareil num rique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du R glement sur le mat riel brouilleur du Canada DOC Class B Notice Avis DOC Classe B This Class B digital apparatus meets all of requirements the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment Regulations Cet appareil num rique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du R glement sur le mat riel brouilleur du Canada VCCI DT BEE VCCIBBIC DUT SB RVCCIODRAMHSI YVAF YavBpLUATY a IX RR RECT CODEX FRORAMKSALET CORES PRAE RH TRAIT BY CA SNS NSAID TR LRH ICO Ba BeBe TE BG 1h HA ELA ts Le es se Bs ESS VCCI FEELS WaALTBOESF L ST ARNE EERE Ze lS EAS HRI B BEL 7e Hi T CMAICTRORT E DUAL FV EV a VY IC MEG ZT LEO KT HO PV HB to TIEL BRIR FSW FE VCCI BIZ DUT 38 fEVCCI OF BHSI PATF VYavBELOAT YY a Bild BO TFRRRE CST THSOMMICIL FOIE ZMLET COAL RARE EUR EME EE BEL 7e He BOTEN SN BR SPACED CES COMEDIE AY amp U7 ts eS Be 4 Bait takes VCC KARL THORS UML AE DUAL Fb EVay SCSI T CPI Z7ZRO ETC SB ORACRSTEMBVES RO RUBIES TEL lt BRORWS ESM Declaration of Conformity Compliance ID PCI S10 100 Product Name SunFDDI P SAS Adapter This equipment complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject t
44. your document in the subject line of your email or fax message e Email smcc docs sun com e Fax SMCC Document Feedback 1 415 786 6443 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Part 1 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P Feature Summary SunFDDI P Overview 1 Feature Summary page 1 FDDI Conformance page 2 This chapter describes the Sun FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface implementation of the FDDI protocols including a list of the ANSI FDDI standards to which it conforms See Chapter 6 FDDI Network Architecture for more information on FDDI architecture The SunFDDI P 1 0 product is a combination of hardware and software that turns your system into an FDDI station There are two hardware options SunFDDI P SAS single attached station on fiber SunFDDI P DAS dual attached station on fiber SunFDDI P is a high speed networking product that provides significantly greater bandwidth up to 10 times compared to 10 megabit Ethernet networks It is designed for Sun 4u PCI based system architectures running Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 97 SunFDDI P provides the following capabilities Implements FDDI single attached station SunFDDI P and FDDI dual attached station SunFDDI P Dual lll FDDI Conformance Provides connection to multimode fiber SunFDDI P and SunFDDI P Dual networks Supports data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps Provides power up self test and
45. 00030004 0002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 127B1D3B er OO pfl nif_ request v 0xl t 0x5elb s 10 0 d4 78 42 4d i 0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E1B 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 626FA878 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 99 100 SMT Frame Classes and Types SMT frames are used for peer to peer station to station management They are divided into classes which define the function of the frame Each class is then divided into up to three types which define whether the frame is an announcement information only a request for service or a response to a request Refer to the ANSI FDDI Station Management SMT X3 299 R7 3 Specification for a detailed description of SMT frames and their functions The pf_smtmon utility is used to monitor the following SMT frame classes NIF Neighbor Information Frames These are the most common frames displayed when you run pf_smtmon As the name suggests they carry information about a neighboring station for example address description state MAC capabilities and are used as keep alive notifications that a station is still attached to the ring and functioning An NIF frame can be an announcement a request or a response SIF Status Information Frames These frames carry more detailed information about a station SIF confi
46. 1d_UNA 0 1 1b 8 10 92 New_UNA arbois Old_DNA 10 0 4 b8 6e ab New_DNA europe Current_path 3 SMT_Address rully Event Parameter_Type 0x208f Figure 9 9 Dual Attached Station Restarted SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll MAC Address Formats The MAC address can be represented in one of two formats e Canonical format Ring format The MAC address is always displayed in canonical format by the SunFDDI P network utilities and hardware self test program It is also displayed in canonical format when you reboot your machine The SMT information displayed by SunNet Manager always shows the MAC address in ring format If you specify a target station using a MAC address instead of a host name you must enter it in ring format Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 117 118 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P 10 Developing Applications with DLPI page 120 This chapter describes how to develop your own applications running over SunFDDI P networks It assumes that you are an experienced programmer who is already familiar with the DLPI Version 2 interface This chapter provides a brief overview of each of the programming environments and concentrates on network addressing and other issues that are specific to the SunFDDI P implementation of these interfaces It does not provide a detailed specification of the i
47. Chapter 2 Hardware Installation tells you where to find detailed instructions on how to install your SunFDDI P PCI card in your machine and describes how to connect the FDDI cable Chapter 3 Installing SunFDDI P Software describes how to install the SunFDDI P device driver and utilities on machines running a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 97 environment It includes a description of the post installation scripts that configure your machine as an FDDI station Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance describes the configurable network parameters and provides general advice on how to obtain the best performance from your network Chapter 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics tells you how to detect and resolve problems with your FDDI network Part 2 Planning and Implementing SunFDDI Networks Chapter 6 FDDI Network Architecture provides an overview of the FDDI network model and describes how FDDI networks operate Chapter 7 FDDI Network Topologies describes various pure FDDI network topologies and discusses their relative strengths and weaknesses It also describes how to implement routing between mixed FDDI and Ethernet networks Chapter 8 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities describes the network utilities delivered with SunFDDI P and tells you how to use them to recover network statistics SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 UNIX Commands Chapter 9 Managing F
48. DDI Stations Using SunNet Manager describes how to install the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P and how to set up the SunNet Manager console to manage them Chapter 10 Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P describes how to create applications that run over SunFDDI P using the DLPI interface for a Solaris 2 x environment Chapter 11 Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients describes how to set up a server so that you can boot and run diskless clients over an FDDI network Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions About SunFDDI contains a list of common questions and their responses This document may not include specific software commands or procedures Instead it may name software tasks and refer you to operating system documentation or the handbook that was shipped with your new hardware The type of information that you might need to use references for includes Shutting down the system e Booting the system Configuring devices Other basic software procedures See one or more of the following Solaris 2 x Handbook for SMCC Peripherals contains Solaris 2 x software commands Online AnswerBook for the complete set of documentation supporting the Solaris 2 x software environment Other software documentation that you received with your system Preface xxi Typographic Conventions The following table describes the typographic changes used in this book Typeface
49. I Networks FDDI Network Architecture FDDI Network Model page 50 FDDI Network Architecture page 55 FDDI Failure Recovery page 60 FDDI Ring Operation page 65 FDDI Performance page 66 This chapter provides a brief introduction to the Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI and the network architecture described by the following specifications ANSI FDDI Physical Media Dependent PMD X3 166 1990 ANSI FDDI Physical Layer PHY X3 148 1988 ANSI FDDI Medium Access Control MAC X 3 139 1987 ANSI FDDI Station Management SMT X3 299 R7 3 formally R7 2 99 49 6 FDDI Network Model FDDI provides high performance multistation networking at data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps It is based on a Token Ring network architecture and provides communication over optical fiber or copper twisted pair connections The ANSI FDDI specifications define a network model that consists of the following components Physical Medium Dependent PMD Layer Physical PHY Layer Medium Access Control MAC Layer Station Management SMT Protocol Figure 6 1 shows the organization of these components and their relationship with other network protocols that use them User space OSI TCP IP DLPI interface V2 BSD ifnet Kernel space LLC Subnetwork Access Protocol SNAP Media Access Control MAC layer Physical PHY L ysical Layer Hardware Physical medium dependent PMD layer Station
50. ION Enter Selection q to quit 3 LU HD Q H Q Op 4 Type the letter of your selection Your selection will not appear on the screen It will be copied into the buffer 5 At the prompt type boot then press CTL y to paste your selection Warning Once a diskless client has been booted over the SunFDDI P interface do not move the SunFDDI P card to a different slot 134 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Frequently Asked Questions About SunFDDI A This appendix contains the responses to some of the most frequently asked questions about SunFDDI P It also contains references to more detailed information The network performance is much lower than I expected Why can t I transfer data at 100 Mbps over my FDDI connection If the applications running over FDDI don t use the available bandwidth efficiently you will see much lower performance than expected See Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance for advice on how to get the best performance from your SunFDDI P station Can I connect a dual attached FDDI station to two different subnetworks No A dual attached station must be either connected to the primary and secondary rings in a dual ring configuration or connected in a dual homing configuration See Dual Attached Station DAS on page 57 for more information Can I use a dual attached station in single attached mode Yes Simply connect one po
51. M Once installed on your machine this script sets the TCP and UDP high and low water marks each time you reboot The TCP and UDP high water marks are set to 32 Kbytes the TCP and UDP low water marks are set to 24 Kbytes You can modify the example script to enter your own values if required Tuning the Socket Options For applications that use Sockets the application developer can make more efficient use of the increased bandwidth provided by an FDDI connection by increasing the size of the send and receive buffers used by a specific application This manipulation is restricted to applications and do not affect the other socket connections Solaris 2 5 1 environments support program calls to get sockopt 3N and setsockopt 3N The options SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF are used to set the size of the TCP send and receive buffers for a specified Socket See the man page for more detailed information To optimize performance assign consistent values for the transmit and receive buffers The default value 4 Kbytes assigned to these parameters is optimized for transmitting across Ethernet connections For applications running over FDDI the send and receive buffers should be set to 32 Kbytes Improving Network Performance 29 30 MTU Path Discovery Machines running a Solaris 2 x environment support MTU path discovery which allows the optimum MTU to be negotiated Under most circumstances this ensures efficient use of the network resour
52. SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide SS amp Sun microsystems THE NETWORK IS THE COMPUTER Sun Microsystems Computer Company A Sun Microsystems Inc Business 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View CA 94043 USA 415 960 1300 fax 415 969 9131 Part No 805 0809 10 Revision A May 1997 Ory BO Please Recycle Copyright 1997 Sun Microsystems Inc 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View California 94043 1100 U S A All rights reserved This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use copying distribution and decompilation No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors if any Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX system and from the Berkeley 4 3 BSD system licensed from the University of California UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and in other countries and is exclusively licensed by X Open Company Ltd Third party software including font technology in this product is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun s suppliers RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use duplication or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 and FAR 52 227 19 Sun Sun Microsystems the Sun logo Solaris SunOS SunFDDI P and SunNet Man
53. Time 29 Tuning the Socket Options siete EL bu pot oe ae te 29 MTU Path DISCO tes etes eh mi fous 30 V To Tune the Maximum Transfer Unit MTU 30 Vv To Disable MTU Path Discovery 31 V To Tune the Target Token Rotation Time TTRT 31 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 33 Troubleshooting Checklist 00cec edie sa enessey sn nales anes 34 V To Check the Connection to the Station 34 V To Check the Connections Between Stations 34 V To Check the Link Status Indicator 34 Checking the MAC Address nnn ds hehe mms 35 V To Check the SunFDDI P Driver 36 V To Check the IP Addresses 36 V To Check the IPROUERE Lee io eae A ee 37 V To Check the Protocol Statistics 37 To Check the SMT Traffic ose e oe be tl te 38 Solving Common Problems se eve tA Neva te pee td 39 Running the Hardware Self Test Program 44 V To Run the Hardware Self Test 44 Loading the Device Driver Manually 45 vV To Configure and Load the Device Driver 45 Part 2 Planning and Implementing SunFDDI Networks 6 FDDI Network Architecture 49 Contents ix FDDI Network Models ue ecu ue ny by ee oe ds oe Physical Medium Dependent PMD Layer Physteal PHY Layer 405 rates RE ties Media Acces
54. Traps and Errors One of the most important functions of the SunNet Manager agent for SunFDDI P is to signal the occurrence of faults or errors on the network Traps are sent to the consoles that you specified when you ran the pf_install_agents script to install the agents on the client machine See To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client on page 105 for detailed instructions When a cable or station fault occurs it is signaled by the neighboring station and not by the station implicated by the fault however the information provided in the trap report sent to the console allows you to identify the probable source of the problem Faults often generate a series of trap events that are caused when the ring reconfigures itself automatically The reason for repeated errors and lost frames is more difficult to identify because the fault is signaled by the first system to receive the error frame which is not necessarily the station closest to the problem The trap report in Figure 9 6 was generated by the upstream neighbor after the cable between a single attached station and a concentrator was disconnected All MAC addresses are displayed in ring format Source of trap report gt SRF_Source rully neighbor to fault TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 101 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 3640570640 Trap indicates change of neighbor gt MAC Neighbor Change Event Parameter_Type 0x208f Mac_Index 1 Multi
55. ached to an Ethernet network by connecting your system to one of the concentrators in the main distribution frame as shown in Figure 7 9 Las FDDI L DAC network DAC 7 DAC FDDI Ethernet IP router Figure 7 9 Ring of Trees Attached to an Ethernet Network Routes in Mixed FDDI Ethernet Networks The FDDI Ethernet IP router is recognized by the IP address and host name of its FDDI interface by the FDDI network it is recognized by the IP address and host name of its Ethernet interface by the Ethernet network Note that an FDDI Ethernet router usually has the same MAC address on both networks In general stations in an internetwork can be reached via multiple routes The standard routing daemon routed included in the SunOS determines the optimum route between stations based on relative hop count and not on the speed of the interface Therefore in cases where the hop count is equal the use of the faster FDDI network is not guaranteed FDDI Network Topologies 81 82 jill Ethernet bob le0
56. addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt DNA lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt lt mac_addr3 gt Note the following observations regarding this example e Accumulated statistics are displayed automatically after every tenth interrogation The combination of Phy S NON Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities E and the loss of frame activity indicates that the station is disconnected from the network 97 8 Monitoring SMT Frames p _smtmon 98 The pf_smtmon 1M utility is an active monitor that displays the SMT frames received by the local station It is particularly useful for diagnosing communication problems with the SunNet Manager proxy agent This command must be executed as root or superuser and has the general form lt basedir gt pf_smtmon i pf lt inst gt x h lt frameclass gt i pf lt inst gt specifies the SunFDDI P interface x displays the received SMT frames in hexadecimal h displays help information including a list of valid frame classes lt frameclass gt specifies one or more SMT frame classes used to filter output If you do not specify an interface pf_smtmon returns the SMT frames received by p
57. advantages offered by the standalone concentrator described on page 72 however it allows a much larger number of stations to be connected The cumulative length of the network is increased significantly because the limitation on distance occurs between the end station and the nearest concentrator and not between the end station and the root concentrator SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Disadvantages This configuration suffers from the same disadvantages as the standalone concentrator described on page 72 The number of stations connected to each concentrator is limited by the number of M ports and the loss of a concentrator takes down all of the stations to which it is attached Ring of Trees The ring of trees is a derivative of the tree of concentrators topology described on page 75 The root concentrator is replaced by a dual ring to which dual attached concentrators are connected as shown in Figure 7 6 This topology is ideal for connecting a large number of stations in a campus or multiple building network Tree of concentrators 1 r A Tree of concentrators 2
58. age Directive 73 23 EEC EMC EN55022 CISPR22 1991 Class B EN50082 1 IEC3801 2 1991 4kV Direct 8 kV Air IEC801 3 1984 3 V m IEC801 4 1988 1 0 kV Power Lines 0 5 kV Signal Lines EN61000 3 2 IEC1000 3 2 1994 Pass Class D Supplementary Information This product was tested and complies with all the requirements for the CE Mark IS S Dennis P Symanski DATE Stephen McGoldrick DATE Manager Product Compliance Quality Assurance Manager Sun Microsystems Computer Company Sun Microsystems Limited 2550 Garcia Avenue M S UMPK 15 102 Springfield Linlithgow Mt View CA 94043 USA West Lothian EH49 7LR Tel 415 786 3255 Scotland United Kingdom Fax 415 786 3723 Tel 0506 670000 Fax 0506 760011 Contents PRCTACE en tien ea ae ee AE an yen Mae dale De Felten Sides xix Part 1 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P 1 SunFDDI P Overview esssssssssssssssecsseseses Featur Summary or ee ly INIA a a eee ane F DI Co formance s seare e ee ede E eR Sto ttl y 2 Hardware Installation Device Instances and Device Names Installation Items esse nana ae mee ed eke Installing SunFDDI P Adapter Catdsiw veuser sos Connecting Fiber Optic Cables ras cs iued ooh des titeg V To Connect the Fiber Optic Cable MIC to MIC COUDIER 2 555 kee ses men nena eE Cleaning the Fiber Optic Cables ss ex lt eudere ceca nus V To Clean the Fiber Optic Cable
59. ager are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc in the United States and in other countries All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International Inc in the United States and in other countries Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems Inc Netware is a registered trademark of Novell Inc in the United States and other countries The OPEN LOOK and Sun Graphical User Interfaces were developed by Sun Microsystems Inc for its users and licensees Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox Corporation in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry Sun holds a nonexclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface which license also covers Sun s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun s written license agreements X Window System is a trademark of X Consortium Inc THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT Copyright 1997 Sun Microsystems Inc 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View Californie 94043 1100 U S A Tous droits r serv s Ce produit ou document est prot g par un copyright et distribu avec des licence
60. ation holding the permission token completes transmission either when it has no more packets to transmit or when its right to hold the token expires It then releases the token which is now available for use by the next station on the ring In this way the permission token rotates around the ring at a rate determined by the overall target token rotation time TTRT The TTRT is established when the ring is initialized based on a bidding procedure called the claim process During the claim process each station puts in a request T_req for the TTRT The lowest bid or the fastest rotation time wins the claim process and is stored in 2 s complement form as the operating value of TTRT T_opr The maximum value of TTRT T_max allowed by the MAC layer is implementation dependent but is always in the 165 ms range SunFDDI P has T_max 167 874 ms FDDI Network Architecture 65 lll O FDDI Performance 66 The maximum time for which a station can hold the permission token and therefore the time for which a station can transmit on the ring is determined by these two station timers that work together to maintain the target token rotation time TTRT irrespective of the load on the network Token Rotation Timer TRT The TRT measures the time between successive arrivals of the token or the time taken for the token to rotate once around the ring The TRT is reset to the operating value of TTRT T_opr each time the token is received
61. boot process Ring Management The portion of CMT that monitors the MAC It provides a trace mechanism to handle the stuck beaconing condition and also detects duplicate addresses on the ring redundant single attach station An FDDI station in which single attach interfaces are paired with one active and the other a hot standby In an RSAS with connections to two different dual attach concentrators you enjoy the network availability afforded by concentrators with single attach connections plus for the RSAS itself the station availability of a dual attach station service access point A logical interface between two adjacent protocol layers such as LLC and IP single attachment station An FDDI station that attaches to a single FDDI ring as distinguished from a dual attached station which attaches to both rings in a dual ring Station Management The complete standard of PHY layer and frame based protocols to be supported by conforming FDDI stations Token Holding Timer A timer in the FDDI MAC protocol that controls the length of time a station can hold a token for asynchronous transmission The deviation of clock recovery that can occur when the receiver attempts to recover both clocking and data from the received signal The PHY specification describes a phase lock loop PLL and elasticity buffer to eliminate jitter SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 TRT Token Rotation Timer A timer in the
62. boot time n y n q y 7 Type y to use the installation scripts with superuser permission This package contains scripts which will be executed with superuser permission during the process of installing the package Do you want to continue with the installation y n y The script displays a list of the files that it installs loads the driver and configures the IP interfaces automatically If the installation is successful your SunFDDI P interfaces are now active The link status indicator diagnostic LED will be Amber if the interface is configured and no valid line state to an active FDDI network exists e Green if the interface is configured and connected to an active network To Install the Utilities man Pages and SNM Agents SUNWpft The SUNWpft package contains the SunFDDI P utilities and man pages By default the base directory lt basedir gt for this package is opt You can change the default base directory when you start pkgadd 1M with the R option This package can be installed on a server and shared between multiple machines if required An installation script is executed automatically when you install the SunFDDI P utilities and man pages SUNWp t SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 3 1 Type y to accept the installation of files with setuid setgid permission If you are installing the SUNWpft package for the first time this step will not occur
63. ces However to enable MTU path discovery to work the don t fragment bit in the packet is set which causes a problem with some bridges and routers that do not support this feature In this case packets are not transmitted across the bridge and the generated error messages as a result can be misleading Refer to To Disable MTU Path Discovery for instructions on how to accommodate bridges and routers that do not support this feature V To Tune the Maximum Transfer Unit MTU The maximum transfer unit MTU has been optimized for pure FDDI networks for FDDI P Follow these steps to change the value of the MTU ona station running SunFDDI P 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Edit the etc systen file to add the following line set pf pf_mtu lt packet_size gt The variable lt packet_size gt is set to the desired value for MTU entered in octets The default value for MTU is 4352 octets It must be in the range 512 to 4500 octets 3 Reboot the machine to apply the changes to the system Note Additionally the ifconfig 1M command can be used to change the MTU SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 HS lll V To Disable MTU Path Discovery Many bridges do not support MTU path discovery To disable this feature in order to transmit packets across a bridge type ndd set dev ip ip_path_mtu_discovery 0 MTU path discovery is re enabled each time the mac
64. chapter tells you how to optimize your FDDI network and assumes that you are familiar with FDDI network architecture and related terminology See Chapter 6 FDDI Network Architecture for a detailed description of the FDDI protocols and Chapter 7 FDDI Network Topologies for a detailed description of the FDDI network architecture Caution The procedures for improving network performance are discussed in this chapter however these should be undertaken only by experienced system administrators Tuning your network incorrectly can affect network performance adversely 23 4 High Performance FDDI Networks FDDI networks increase the potential to carry more information rather than create faster connections If the applications running over the network do not use the available bandwidth efficiently you will not see much improvement in the performance of your network by using FDDI You can obtain optimum performance by balancing the complementary objectives of maximum throughput and minimum access delay Throughput is a measure of the ring use Network efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual throughput to theoretical maximum bandwidth 100 Mbps e Access Delay is the time a station waits before it can transmit on the network This is largely dependent on how fast the permission token rotates around the ring For some applications for example bulk data transfers throughput is critical other a
65. ches in concentrators The majority of stations attached to the concentrator are single attached stations therefore only one cable is required for each station More flexibility is allowed in the physical location and wiring configuration Since the stations do not have to be attached in any fixed order and all cables return to a central concentrator this configuration is useful at sites where FDDI cable has already been installed The A and B ports on a concentrator can be used to connect it to an external dual ring configuration This is a common configuration called the ring of trees which is discussed on page 77 Disadvantages The number of stations that can be attached to a single concentrator is limited by the number of M ports This is typically in the 2 to 32 range The cost of a concentrator is significantly higher than that of a single attached or dual attached station however there are some low cost concentrators available that do not support all SMT management functions Although concentrators are more stable than FDDI stations when the concentrator goes down the entire network goes down with it FDDI Network Topologies 73 4 Concentrators with Dual Homing 74 Figure 7 3 shows two dual attached stations connected to two dual attached concentrators in a dual homing configuration In this case each dual attached station is connected to both DACs This topology is typically used for connecting critical syste
66. d IP Addresses A unique host name and IP address must be assigned to each SunFDDI P device installed in your machine If you are installing more than one interface in a single machine each interface must be connected to a different subnet of a network Declaring IP Addresses for SunFDDI P 12 You must assign a unique IP address to each SunFDDI P interface If you have more than one networking interface installed on your machine either multiple SunFDDI P interfaces or some other LAN interface for example an Ethernet interface each interface must be connected to a different subnet Before installing the SunFDDI P software update the files on your NIS NIS server to assign IP addresses and host names for the SunFDDI P interfaces that you are going to configure If you are not using a name service update the etc hosts file on each machine in the network to add the IP addresses and host names of the stations attached to the FDDI ring The installation script updates the etc hosts file on the local machine and enters the IP addresses and host names assigned to the SunFDDI P interfaces in which it is installed SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Qo lll Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P Use pkgadd 1M to install unbundled software See the Solaris 2 5 Software and AnswerBook Packages Administration Guide for detailed information on installing software products using pkgadd For detailed instructions on how
67. d component ultral string 64 tring 40 tring 40 tring 40 tring 80 tring 40 tring 40 tring 64 int string 40 U U U U U DN U ultrasparcstationl Name IP_Address User Location Description SNMP_RdCommunity SNMP_WrCommunity SNMP_Vendor_Proxy SNMP_Timeout Name Mac Address SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll Managing FDDI Networks with SunNet Manager For detailed information on how to use SunNet Manager to manage the various components of your network refer to the SunNet Manager User s Guide The SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P are used to recover FDDI statistics and SMT frame information For detailed instructions on how to interpret this data refer to the ANSI FDDI standards listed in FDDI Conformance on page 2 v To Set Up the SunNet Manager Console 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Start the SunNet Manager console and initialize the runtime management database MDB opt SUNWconn bin snm i 3 Use HeadStart to begin discovering the nodes in your network or use BasicStart to build your own database with the console s graphical editor Note that the Discover facility will only fully recognize the Ethernet 1e interfaces in your network 4 Modify the component properties of each SunFDDI P station in your network Use the scroll bar to show all of the properties associated with the station You must enter either
68. dard SNM Agents on a Client Although you can recover basic information from your FDDI station without installing the standard agents supplied with SunNet Manager you can manage your network more completely if you install these agents on each machine You must install the standard agents before installing the agents for SunFDDI P There are two ways to install the SunNet Manager agents on the client machine Install the package that contains the SunNet Manager agents and libraries on the client machine This method ensures that the system information is updated correctly and makes it easier to remove the agents and libraries if required Mount the SunNet Manager directory tree from the console machine and run getagents 8 to install the agents in a local directory This is a quick way to distribute the standard agents across a large network Both methods are described in the SunNet Manager Installation Guide SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll v To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client Host name of console gt Host name of console gt Press Return to terminate gt Use pf_install_agents to install the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P This script copies the FDDI schema files to the directory in which the standard agents are installed and updates the configuration files for SunNet Manager Run pf_install_agents on each SunNet Manager console and each SunFDDI P station you wan
69. dures for installing PCI cards It describes the convention used to assign device names to SunFDDI P adapter cards and tells you how to connect fiber optic cables Caution For your personal safety and to protect your machine please observe the following precautions when you install an PCI card in a SPARC workstation or server Before opening your machine always ensure that the power switch is off O position When the power is off the green light on the front of the machine is unlit and the fan in the power supply is not running Always take care to protect your equipment from the effects of static electricity A lithium battery is molded into the NVRAM TOD chip on the main logic board This battery is not a customer replaceable part Do not attempt to disassemble it or recharge it 2 Device Instances and Device Names Installation Items You can install a SunFDDI P PCI card in any available master PCI slot SunFDDI P supports up to four SunFDDI P PCI cards installed in one PCI and up to eight SunFDDI P PCI cards installed in one machine SunFDDI P 1 0 PCI cards are assigned device names of the form pf lt inst gt where the instance number lt inst gt is determined by the number and relative positions of the cards installed When you install a SunFDDI P card in your machine for the first time it has instance number 0 and a device name p 0 If multiple cards are installed the device name pf0 is associated with th
70. e are independent send and receive high water marks for TCP and UDP applications When the number of bytes queued exceeds the high water mark transmission is halted temporarily the backlog can be cleared The low water mark specifies the level to which the queue must drop before transmission is restarted V To Tune the High Water Mark Assign consistent values for the transmit and receive high water marks The default value 8192 assigned to these parameters is optimized for transmitting across Ethernet connections For applications running over FDDI the high water marks should be set to 32 Kbytes Use ndd 1M to change the TCP and UDP high water marks 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Use ndd get the default to check the current value of the TCP high water marks tcp_xmit_hiwat and tcp_recv_hiwat ndd dev tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat 8192 ndd dev tcp tcp_recv_hiwat 8192 Improving Network Performance 27 28 3 Use ndd set to modify the current value of the TCP high water marks tcp_xmit_hiwat and tcp_recv_hiwat For optimum performance over FDDI connections the TCP high water marks should both be set to 32 Kbytes ndd set dev tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat 32768 ndd set dev tcp tcp_recv_hiwat 32768 4 Use ndd get the default to check the current value of the UDP high water marks udp_xmit_hiwat and udp_recv_hiwat ndd get dev udp udp_xmit_hiwat 8192 ndd get d
71. e card in the lowest numbered slot the device name pf1 is associated with the card in the next highest numbered slot and so on Refer to the hardware installation manual that came with your system for instructions on how to identify the PCI slots in your machine Note For machines running Solaris 2 5 1 If a SunFDDI P PCI card is moved from its initial slot to a different one the operating system will find the device in the new slot and assume that it is a new instance of the device As a result the operating system will assign the next instance number to it and two devices will appear to be installed in the machine Before proceeding with the installation make sure you have the following items Contact your sales representative if any of these items are missing SAS or DAS SunFDDI PCI adapter FDDI converter cable MIC Media Interface Connector coupler Disposable grounding wrist strap CD ROM containing SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter software SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 No lll Installing SunFDDI P Adapter Cards AN Caution The SunFDDI P PCI card is sensitive to static electricity Always use the wrist strap supplied with SunFDDI P when handling the card and ensure that the wrist strap is properly grounded Handle the SunFDDI P PCI card by the edges and avoid touching any of the components Refer to the hardware installation manual that came with your
72. e makes allowance for the frame header and has been demonstrated to be the optimum value of MTU for pure FDDI networks see RFC 1390 Improving Network Performance 25 fragmented so that they do not exceed the MTU of the Ethernet network Some low cost bridges that do not support fragmentation will reject the 4352 byte packets Fragmenting and reassembling the packets introduces a considerable overhead that affects performance It also increases the risk of out of sequence or dropped packets Therefore if there is heavy network traffic across the bridge it may be more efficient to force the MTU in the FDDI network to be 1500 to match the MTU on the Ethernet side of the bridge This argument can also be applied to a mixed FDDI NetWare network In this case the MTU in the NetWare LAN is 4178 octets Target Token Rotation Time TTRT 26 A Caution Modifying the target token rotation time TTRT can affect network performance adversely In the worst case it can reduce network throughput to zero In general the TTRT should not be set to less than 8000 microseconds ms The target token rotation time TTRT is the key FDDI parameter used for network performance tuning In general increasing the TTRT increases throughput and increases access delay For SunFDDI P the TTRT must be between 4000 and 165000 microseconds and is set to 8000 ms by default The optimum value for the TTRT is dependent on the application and the t
73. ecimal notation 142 downstream neighbor address 96 dual ring 70 dual attached concentrator 72 concentrator DAC 56 58 59 station 51 74 station DAS 1 34 56 57 61 dual homing configuration 74 dual ring configuration 60 dynamic routing protocol 42 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 E ECF 100 echo frames 100 ECM 89 efficiency 24 efficient use of bandwidth 67 ejecting the CD ROM 17 electrical bypass 73 electromagnetic radiation 51 elements schema 108 encoded digital data 51 entity coordination management 89 error frames 95 ESF 101 examples 29 extended service frame 101 F failure mechanisms 60 fault recovery 72 faults cable 61 station 62 FDDI conformance 2 FDDI performance 66 fiber optic components 5 fibre optic cable cleaning 7 Filename Command gt pf_ smtmonutility 98 files etc hosts 15 22 etc system 30 finishing the installation 17 frame classes 98 frames 52 65 G gated daemon 83 Index gateway 142 getagents script 21 104 getsockopt command 29 guaranteed traffic 52 H handling fiber optic cable 5 Sbus cards 5 hardware options 1 self test 44 hierarchical topology 75 high priority 66 high water marks 27 hop count 81 83 horizontal distribution frame 78 host name 12 15 108 host resident MAC address 35 hubs 58 I IDPROM 35 ifconfig command 18 36 improving ring latency 24 i
74. ed gt Lost frames indicated Accumulated statistics gt Finish pf_stat Example Neighbor Statistics The following output was recovered from a single attached station using the command shown A temporary fault condition was simulated by disconnecting the FDDI cable from the SunFDDI P card and then reconnecting it lt basedir gt p f_stat m p f0 1 20 Phys Los 1 Frame Error c45d5463 27437 27427 27435 182f1 0 0 d432 2707e NO NO NO Awe qQqooo0oaqoo0o0ccorF oO wd OO P et Phys Frame Error Los c46e5ce7 27228 27230 22T 2722e 2722c 27228 24231 2722b 27227 OOG OGOOGO GOG OA GO OOO GS e E ET SA lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt SA lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt lt mac_addr1 gt UNA lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt UNA lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt lt mac_addr2 gt DNA lt mac_
75. ed concentrators wrap in a similar way In this case all of the single attached stations connected to the concentrator are also wrapped onto the secondary ring FDDI Network Architecture 61 62 Data to downstream station Dual attached station DAS Primary and secondary rings MAC wrapped within the MAC Figure 6 10 Dual Attached Station in Wrap Mode Optical Bypass Switches Station wrapping provides effective network recovery in the event of a single station or cable failure However two or more failures in the ring will isolate portions of the network as shown in Figure 6 11 This limitation can be overcome to a certain extent by fitting optical bypass switches to the dual attached stations As their name suggests these switches provide an optical connection that bypasses the station in the event of failure or if the station needs to be removed from the ring Optical bypass switches can only be used to overcome station faults they have no affect in the event of a cable fault The attenuation in an optical bypass switch is far greater than in a normal FDDI connection therefore the number of optical bypass switches that can be connected in series in a single ring is limited SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll FDDI DAS Failed FDDI DAS EX Failed cable FDDI DAS Active station Dual attac
76. entrators have diagnostic LEDs that indicate if the ring is operating correctly Check that the ring is not crossed The SunFDDI P interface pf is not displayed by netstat Check that the SunFDDI P device driver is loaded using modinfo 1M to display information about loaded kernel modules If the device driver is not loaded see Loading the Device Driver Manually on page 45 for detailed instructions The SunFDDI P interface pf is not displayed by ifconfig Check that the SunFDDI P device driver is loaded using modinfo 1M to display information about loaded kernel modules If the device driver is not loaded see Loading the Device Driver Manually on page 45 for detailed instructions The local station can reach FDDI stations located on the same subnetwork but these stations cannot reach the local station Check that the IP address and host name of the local station is entered in the NIS map or NIS tables or in etc hosts on each remote station if you are not running NIS or NIS The local station cannot reach other FDDI stations located on the same subnetwork Check that the link status indicator is green indicating that the SunFDDI P interface is attached to an active network Use ifconfig 1M to check that the SunFDDI P interface pf is up Check that the IP address and host name of the remote station is entered in the NIS map or NIS tables or in etc hosts on the local station if you a
77. er which the pf FDDI software is installed opt The SunFDDI P schemas are copied to the destination directory and the local configuration files are modified for SunNet Manager 6 Start the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P by typing sbin pf_snmd Note If you typed n in response to the question Do you want to start the SunNet Manager daemons for SunFDDI at boot time when you installed the SunFDDI P software you must start the SunNet manager agents for SunFDDI P manually each time you reboot your machine Alternatively you can install the start up script into the etc rc2 d directory cd opt SUNWconn SUNWpf utilities cp pf_fddidaemon etc rc2 d S98pf_fddidaemon Installing the FDDI Schemas on the Console If you install the SunFDDI P software on the console machine you can run pf_install_agents locally See To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client on page 105 for detailed instructions If you do not have a SunFDDI P SBus card installed in the console machine you must either copy the script and SunFDDI P schemas onto the console machine or NFS mount the pf_install_agents script from a client machine and execute it remotely SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll Y To Share pf_install_agents From a Client 1 On the client machine ensure that the NFS and mount daemons are running usr lib nfs nfs 8 usr lib nfs mountd
78. ered in the NIS map or NIS tables or in etc hosts on each remote station if you are not running NIS or NIS Check that the routing tables are using netstat r Check for an pf interface that shows a route to a gateway with the UG flags set If you can reach the local gateway then the problem probably lies with the IP routing Try to confirm that the remote station is configured and running and if possible try to reach the local station from the remote station If you can it indicates that the problem lies with the local IP routing Try to reach the router nearest the remote station If you can it indicates that the fault lies between the remote station and the router If you cannot try to reach a router that is closer to the local station Continue in this way until you have isolated the router that is dropping or misrouting packets If the dynamic routing protocol is not adding routes try adding a static route to the remote station This method is not recommended for large networks with a large number of nodes Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 41 lll QI Table 5 2 Problems Running SunFDDI P Continued Problem Action The local station cannot reach FDDI stations located on a remote Ethernet network Check that the IP address and host name of the remote station is entered in the NIS map or NIS tables or in etc hosts on each remote station if you are not running NIS or NIS If you are operating
79. ess assigned to the first SunFDDI P card installed in the system V To Change the Default MAC Address with pf_macid Use the pf_macid 1M utility to recover the card resident MAC address and then modify the system files to override the default MAC address 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Use the pf_macid 1M utility to recover the MAC address from the IDPROM on the SunFDDI P interface identified by the instance number lt inst gt lt basedir gt p _macid pf lt inst gt lt mac_address gt 3 Modify the start up file on your machine so that the MAC address is assigned correctly when the system is rebooted 86 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 8 if statement to initialize interface pf lt inst gt a Edit the etc rcS d S30rootusr snh file to add the following if statement immediately after the ifconfig command that initializes the interface pf lt inst gt If you are changing the MAC address of more than one interface add one if statement for each interface ifconfig 1 plumb if 1 pf lt inst gt then ifconfig pf lt inst gt ether lt mac_address gt fi On most systems the etc rcS d S30rootusr sh file is a hard link to the etc rootusr file 4 Reboot your machine to assign the new MAC address to the SunFDDI interface When a SunFDDI P card takes the host resident MAC address it can be swapped to another system without affecting the existing ne
80. et Network 80 A Ring of Trees in an Ethernet Network 81 Routes in Mixed FDDI Ethernet Networks 81 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities rss te ren sever eres eee 85 Changing the Default MAC Address pf_macid 86 V To Change the Default MAC Address with pf_macid 86 Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat 87 Displaying Local Interface Statistics 88 Displaying Statistics from Neighboring Stations 94 Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon 98 SMT Frame Classes and Types yx lt wacvecae sus 100 Filtering Output from pt smtmont rires 101 Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Managers RS ES rade een te 103 Installing the SunNet Manager Agents 104 Contents xi Vv To Install the Standard SNM Agents on a Client 104 V To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client 105 Installing the FDDI Schemas on the Console 106 V ToSharepf_install_ agents FromaClient 107 Managing FDDI Networks with SunNet Manager 109 V To Set Up the SunNet Manager Console 109 Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf_fddi 110 vV To Use the SunFDDI P Proxy Agent pf_fddismt7_2 112 Interpreting Traps and Errors 2 ser et nee 114 MAC Address Formats eee te nn see ne 117 10 Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P oc ves eco fans eM EE RRA RRR Eek 119 Developing Application
81. etstat 1M to check the per protocol IP TCP UDP etc statistics for errors netstat s UDP udpInDatagrams udpOutDatagrams TCP tcpRtoAlgorithm tcpRtoMax tcpActiveOpens tcpAttemptFails tcpCurrEstab tcpOutDataSegs tcpRetransSegs tcpOutAck tcpOutUrg tcpOutWinProbe tcpOutRsts tcpInSegs tcpInAckSegs tcpInDupAck tcpInInorderSegs tcpInUnorderSegs 1423udpInErrors 540 60000 38 264 38 143 36 606 292 62 SLT tcpRtoMin tcpMaxConn tcpPassiveOpens tcpEstabResets tcpOutSegs tcpOutDataBytes tcpRetransBytes tcpOutAckDelayed tcpOutWinUpdate tcpOutControl tcpOutFastRetrans tcpInAckBytes tcpInAckUnsent tcpInInorderBytes tcpInUnorderBytes Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 37 lll nN Use netstat 1M to check the driver statistics netstat k pfo ipacket x ierror y opackets z YV To Check the SMT Traffic If the target station is not running SunFDDI P it does not necessarily support the same set of SMT frames If the target station receives an SMT request for an unsupported service it issues a Request Denied Frame RDF Use pf_smtmon 1M to examine the SMT frames lt basedir gt pf_smtmon i pf lt inst gt x h lt frameclass gt 38 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 nN lll Solving Common Problems Use the information in Table 5 1 and Table 5 2 to diagnose and resolve some of the
82. ev udp udp_recv_hiwat 8192 5 Use ndd set to modify the current value of the UDP high water marks udp_xmit_hiwat and udp_recv_hiwat For optimum performance over FDDI connections the UDP high water marks should both be set to 32 Kbytes ndd set dev udp udp_xmit_hiwat 32768 ndd set dev udp udp_recv_hiwat 32768 VW To Tune the Low Water Mark By default the low water mark is set to 2 Kbytes Provided the high water mark is also tuned increasing the low water mark can improve the performance slightly The low water mark must never be set higher than the high water mark Use ndd 1M to change the TCP and UDP low water marks 1 Log in as root or become superuser SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 4 2 Use ndd set to modify the current value of the TCP and UDP low water marks tcp_xmit_lowat and udp_xmit_lowat For optimum performance over FDDI connections set the TCP and UDP low water marks to 24 Kbytes ndd set dev tcp tcp_xmit_lowat 24576 ndd set dev udp udp_xmit_lowat 24576 Tuning the High and Low Water Marks at Boot Time Each time you reboot your machine the high and low water marks are reset to their default values If you want to configure your system so that the high water marks are modified automatically each time you reboot the machine you must put these commands in a start up script An example script is locate on the SunFDDI P CD RO
83. evice Driver SUNWpfr The SUNWpfr package contains the SunFDDI P device driver and the SunNet Manager agent daemon and start up scripts By default the base directory lt basedir gt for this package is You can change the default base directory for this package when you start pkgadd 1M with the R option This package must be installed on every machine that runs SunFDDI P An installation script is executed automatically when you install the SunFDDI P device driver SUNWpfr This script checks that the hardware is installed and displays the number of SunFDDI P interfaces that it finds If there is no hardware installed the script halts the installation process without installing the software 1 Indicate whether you are installing the driver for a diskless client Type y if you want to install the driver in the export root lt client gt file system for a diskless client Type n if you are installing the driver for the machine on which you are running the script You must use pkgadd with the R option to change the base directory when you install the driver for a diskless client SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Qo lll Is this install for a diskless client n y n See Chapter 11 Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients for more information on booting diskless clients across an FDDI network The number of SunFDDI P interfaces found is displayed and you are asked how many in
84. export swap lt client gt on the server you must install the SunFDDI P device driver for the diskless client V To Install on a Client 1 Use pkgadd to install the Solaris 2 5 1 version of SunFDDI P so that it is exported to the diskless client By default the SunFDDI P software is installed under opt 2 To redirect the installation so that the package is installed in the root partition for the diskless client type pkgadd R export root lt client gt d cdrom sun_fddip_1_0 Follow the installation instructions contained in the section Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P on page 13 Booting a Diskless Client Over SunFDDI P You need to specify the SunFDDI P interface when you boot your diskless client over the FDDI network V To Boot a Diskless Client 1 Check that the server is running and that its FDDI interface is up 2 Switch on the diskless client and press L1 Stop a to halt the boot procedure Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 133 11 3 At the boot prompt type the show nets command to get a list of possible interfaces ok show nets A listing similar to the following example will be displayed pci b 2 pci a 2 pci b 4 pci l1 2 pci 0 2 pci 0 4 sbusef sbusef 00 pf 2 00 pf 2 00 SUNW hme 1 1 00 pf 2 00 pf 2 00 SUNW hme 1 1 sbf 7 0 SUNW hme 3 8c00000 sbus e 0 nf 1 7 0 sbus 3 0 nf 0 7 0 MORE SELECTIONS q NO SELECT
85. ey amp NA NA NA 800 6915 Ordering Sun Documents SunDocs is a distribution program for Sun Microsystems technical documentation Easy convenient ordering and quick delivery is available from SunExpress You can find a full listing of available documentation on the World Wide Web http www sun com sunexpress Country Telephone Fax United States United Kingdom France Belgium Luxembourg Germany The Netherlands Sweden Switzerland Japan 1 800 873 7869 0 800 89 88 88 0800 90 61 57 02 720 09 09 32 2 720 09 09 01 30 81 61 91 06 022 34 45 020 79 57 26 0800 55 19 26 0120 33 9096 1 800 944 0661 0 800 89 88 87 0800 90 61 58 02 725 88 50 32 2 725 88 50 01 30 81 61 92 06 022 34 46 020 79 57 27 0800 55 19 27 0120 33 9097 Preface xxiii Getting Help For technical assistance in the United States call 1 800 872 4786 To get the latest patches and patch revisions contact your local Sun Service provider For additional information access Sun on the World Wide Web http www sun com and select Sales amp Service gt On line support gt SunSolve Online gt Patches Sun Welcomes Your Comments xxiv Please use the Reader Comment Card that accompanies this document We are interested in improving our documentation and welcome your comments and suggestions If a card is not available you can email or fax your comments to us Please include the part number of
86. f_stat under the Ring heading up SunFDDI P interface physically connected to the active network powN SunFDDI P interface disconnected or connected to the inactive network ECM Entity Coordination Management ECM shows the current state of the Entity Coordination Management state machine which controls the following features and facilities Media availability Trace Path Test Optical Bypass optional Hold Policy optional Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 89 90 Table 8 1 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the ECM heading Table 8 1 pf_stat States Under the ECM Heading State Meaning OUT ECM is inactive and is waiting for a connect request initial state IN ECM is active normal state after successful connection request RACE ECM is propagating a trace request to the appropriate entity EAVE ECM is closing all connections prior to the station leaving the ring PATH_TEST ECM is entering a path test state following trace completion INSER ECM is sending a request to the optical bypass switch to indicate that the station is entering the ring This disengages the switch CHECK ECM is verifying that symbols are being received from the network DEINSERT ECM is sending a request to the optical bypass switch to indicate that the station is leaving the ring This engages the switch RMT Ring Management RMT shows the current state of
87. guration frames describe the station configuration for example number of ports number of MAC entities connection policy SIF operation frames describe the current status of the station A SIF frame can be either a request or a response ECF Echo Frames These frames are equivalent to ICMP ping packets and are used to test connectivity between stations An ECF frame can be either a request or a response RDF Request Denied Frame These frames are used to indicate that the request is rejected If an SMT agent such as the SunNet Manager proxy agent delivered with SunFDDI P receives an unsupported or unrecognized request it issues an RDF frame to indicate that the request is rejected An RDF frame is always a response SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Co lll ESF Extended Service Frame These frames are implementation dependent An ESF frame can be an announcement a request or a response PMF Parameter Management Frame These frames are used to access remote station attributes The Parameter Management Protocol supports both get display and set modify functions however the pf_smtmon utility can display only PMF_get frames A PMF_get frame can be either a request or a response Filtering Output from p _smtmon By default pf_smtmon displays all of the SMT frames received by the local station You can filter the output generated by pf_smtmon by specifying one or more frame classes on the c
88. hat enable a SunNet Manager console to recover basic information and network statistics In addition SunNet Manager provides a number of agents that are used to recover more detailed information from the network SunNet Manager SNMP simple network management protocol agents are used to gather information and to set parameters on remote machines SunNet Manager proxy agents are installed locally and used to recover information as if they were located on a remote machine 103 9 Installing the SunNet Manager Agents 104 You must install a SunNet Manager console or management application on your network before installing and configuring the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P Two SunNet Manager agents are provided for SunFDDI P The SunFDDI P local agent pf_fddi responds to SNM requests from the console and returns statistics gathered on the client machine These statistics are similar to those returned by pf_stat 1M See Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat on page 87 for detailed information The SunFDDI P proxy agent pf_fddismt7_2 responds to SNM requests from the console and issues SMT Request Frames SRF to a specified target station It then returns the information received from the target station in response to the request This information is similar to that returned by pf_smtmon 1M See Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon on page 98 for detailed information v To Install the Stan
89. he cable is not connected Hardware Installation 5 lll No Fiber optic cable has a limited turn radius Do not bend it in a way that could damage the fiber or cause signal loss Y D Connect the Fiber Optic Cable 1 Unpack the cable remove the plastic protective caps or plugs from each end and remove the plug from the transceiver unit on the card 2 Orient the fiber optic cable to the connector on the SunFDDI P card Most fiber optic cables have raised keys on one side of the connectors see Figure 2 2 There are also keyway notches on the inside of the connector on the card orient the fiber optic cable so that the keys on the cable connectors line up with the keyway notches on the card Also make sure to connect the cable to the proper port either Port A or Port B see Figure 2 2 Warning Not all cables have raised keys to help you orient the connection Olt Ho Figure 2 1 Aligning SC Type Fiber Optic Cable Connectors 3 Plug the cable into the card connector A click tells you that the cable is properly mated with the card connector 6 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 No lll MIC to MIC Coupler A separate MIC Media Interface Connector coupler is shipped with the SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter product to support MIC to MIC network connections Two different versions of the coupler are avai
90. he figure in the avail column tells you how much space is available in the file system For each Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 client you will require e 20 Mbytes of disk space under export root e 24 Mbytes by default of disk space under export swap In addition you require 10 Mbytes under export exec for the Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 template files Sun 4u plus an additional 15 Mbytes under export exec For example If you have five Sun 4u diskless clients running Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 you will require e 5 x 20 100 Mbytes of disk space under export root e 5 x 24 120 Mbytes of disk space under export swap e 10 15 25 Mbytes of disk space under export exec SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 11 V To Set Up a Server Follow these steps to set up a server to boot diskless clients across an FDDI connection 1 Install and configure the relevant SunOS operating system on the server so that it can be exported See the Solaris System Configuration and Installation Guide for detailed instructions on how to set up an operating system for diskless clients Check that you have sufficient space in the export root export swap and export exec file systems Install and configure the SunFDDI P driver and utilities on the server Ensure that you have an entry for the sysadmin group with a GID of 14 in the group table etc group You need this entry to use admintool to
91. hed Optical bypass HU Lb dar FDDI DAS station Pout Pin reel VS 2 ee Sin Sout Figure 6 12 Optical Bypass Switch FDDI Network Architecture Pout FDDI DAS Secondary ring lt Primary ring Figure 6 11 Dua Ring Network Divided by Two Faults Inactive station Dual attached station Sin Optical bypass The maximum number of active optical bypass switches that can be connected in a series is four This assumes that the maximum distance between stations in the ring is no more than 400m otherwise the aggregate attenuation in the ring exceeds the total optical power budget Figure 6 12 shows how connecting an optical bypass switch to a dual attached station is used to conserve the connection when the station is switched off or removed from the ring Pin Sout 63 64 Figure 6 13 shows the occurrence of two different fault conditions in an FDDI network that includes optical bypass switches The station fault is bypassed effectively to conserve the majority of the network intact however the cable fault still causes station wrapping FDDI DAS Optical bypass Failed cable FDDI DAS FDDI DAS Optical Optical bypass bypass Opt
92. hine is rebooted V To Tune the Target Token Rotation Time TTRT The target token rotation time TTRT for the network is the lowest value of T_req bid during the claim process Follow these steps to change the value of T_req bid 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Edit the etc system file to add the following line set pf pf_treq 8000 3 Reboot the machine to apply the changes to the system Improving Network Performance 31 32 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics Troubleshooting Checklist page 34 Solving Common Problems page 39 Running the Hardware Self Test Program page 44 Loading the Device Driver Manually page 45 This chapter describes how to detect and resolve common problems with your FDDI network It includes instructions on how to load and configure the SunFDDI P device driver manually if required Note that SunFDDI P supports almost all of the standard SunOS network diagnostic utilities including snoop 1M netstat 1M ping 1M and etherfind 8C For a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment the default base directory lt basedir gt is opt SUNWconn bin 33 5 Troubleshooting Checklist Use the following checklist to verify the major components of your SunFDDI P station and to check that it is installed configured and attached to the network correctly VW To Check the Connectio
93. ical bypass Secondary ring lt Primary ring Failed FDDI DAS Figure 6 13 Optical Bypass Switches used in a Network SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll FDDI Ring Operation Two types of traffic are allocated bandwidth on an FDDI ring e Asynchronous traffic unrestricted and restricted The unrestricted asynchronous service allocates bandwidth dynamically based on the timed token rotation protocol and according to the priority assigned to the traffic It does not guarantee bandwidth therefore unrestricted asynchronous traffic may be delayed on a heavily loaded network The restricted asynchronous service allocates bandwidth for extended transmission based on restricted token exchange between communicating stations During restricted transmission the timed token rotation protocol is suspended until the restricted token is released The use of the restricted asynchronous service is relatively rare Unrestricted Asynchronous Transmission The FDDI network is most commonly used for unrestricted asynchronous traffic This is the default mode for SunFDDI and is the only mode supported in a Solaris 1 x environment Access to the FDDI ring is controlled by a permission token or right to transmit The permission token is a special frame that is passed between stations Unlike the tokens used in a Token Ring network the FDDI permission token contains no additional information The st
94. interface cards is 1231176 hours This number was obtained using the standard method for calculating MTBF Why can t I connect port A to port A or port B to port B This type of configuration is forbidden by the FDDI specifications It is called twisting or crossing the ring If you connect your FDDI station in this configuration the link status indicator will remain blinking green to indicate an invalid connection See Chapter 2 Hardware Installation for a description of the different diagnostic LEDs and Chapter 7 FDDI Network Topologies for a description of the valid network configurations SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 A Why do I get the error message duplicate address or duplicate macid By default the first Sun FDDI P interface installed in the machine adopts the host resident MAC address stored on the motherboard Each subsequent SunFDDI P interface takes the card resident MAC address stored in its IDPROM e Why is performance poor when I use NFS over FDDI For a single file transfer the maximum data transfer rate is limited to 0 5 Mbytes second when writing to an NFS mounted file system and 1 5 Mbytes second when reading from an NFS mounted file system This performance limitation which affects Ethernet FDDI and any other fast network is due to the NFS version 2 protocol It will be removed by NFS version 3 Note that when several NFS operations are perfor
95. ion is down it will bring down the link between the stations If the LED is red the adapter failed the FDDI path test e If no LED is lit either the SunFDDI P driver is loaded and the interface is not configured or the driver has not been loaded a Configure the pf interface with the ifconfig 1M command of the form ifconfig plumb pf lt inst gt lt hostname gt netmask lt mask gt up e If the LED is red the SunFDDI P driver is not loaded or is loaded incorrectly a Check that the software is installed b Remove the existing version if necessary and reload the software Checking the MAC Address By default the first SunFDDI P interface installed in the machine adopts the host resident Media Access Control MAC address stored on the motherboard Each subsequent SunFDDI P interface takes the card resident MAC address stored in its IDPROM Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 35 lll nN YV To Check the SunFDDI P Driver SunFDDI interface pf lt inst gt gt Use netstat 1M to check that the SunFDDI P pf driver is installed correctly and to check for an excessive number of errors and collisions netstat i Name Mtu Net Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue lo0 8232 loopback localhost 21 0 21 0 0 0 1e0 1500 our lan hysop 2146 0 950 1 13 0 pfO 4352 our fddi hysop pf 1086 0 907 0 0 0 A sudden increase in the number of errors could indicate a noisy connec
96. ions between two ports of the same type Dual attached station DAS Pout Sin Sout Pin Data from upstream station A Data to upstream station ee eee eae Se 4 Day eh D Figure 6 5 Dual Attached Station DAS FDDI Network Architecture 57 58 FDDI Concentrators FDDI concentrators are multiplexers that attach multiple single attached stations to the FDDI ring An FDDI concentrator is analogous to an Ethernet hub The FDDI protocols define two types of concentrators e Single attached concentrator SAC Dual attached concentrator DAC Single Attached Concentrator SAC A single attached concentrator SAC is attached to the FDDI network through a single connector which is identical to the S port on a single attached station It has multiple M ports to which single attached stations are connected as shown in Figure 6 6 Single attached station Single attached station Single attached station SAS SAS SAS S port S port S port M port M port Mport eT E Single attached concentrator S port Pout Pin Data to downstream station Data from upstream station Figure 6 6 Single Attached Concentrator SAC SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll Dual Attached Concentrator DAC A dual attached concentrator DAC is attached to the FDDI network through two ports the A port and
97. lable e One with raised keys to help you properly orient the connection e One without raised keys which has specific connecting instructions Note Make sure you properly connect the coupler An improper connection will twist or cross the ring Cleaning the Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cable connectors can be cleaned if they become contaminated with dirt dust or oil which can cause signal noise on the network Hardware Installation 7 lll No v To Clean the Fiber Optic Cable 1 Gently wipe the end of the ferrule with an alcohol moistened cotton swab Figure 2 2 Cleaning the End of a Fiber Optic Cable 2 Blow clean dry compressed air around the end of the connector and around the ferrule to dislodge loose dust and grit 3 Clean the adapter by running a pipe cleaner moistened in alcohol running though it Repeat with a dry pipe cleaner 4 Dry the adapter with clean dry compressed air 8 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 No lll Link Status Indicator Diagnostic LED A link status indicator is mounted on the SunFDDI P PCI card The color of the LED indicates the current status of the connection to the FDDI network as follows e No LED lit Either the driver is loaded and the interface is not configured or the driver has not been loaded Amber Interface configured no valid line state to an active FDDI network exists Green Connection established to an
98. le attached station SAS is attached to the FDDI network through a single connector called the S port The S port has a primary input Pin and a primary output Pout Data from an upstream station enters through Pin and exits from Pout to a downstream station as shown in Figure 6 4 Single attached stations are normally attached to single and dual attached concentrators as described in FDDI Concentrators on page 58 Single attached station SAS MAC PHY y S port Pout Pin Data to downstream station Data from upstream station Figure 6 4 Single Attached Station SAS SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll Data to downstream station Data from downstream station Dual Attached Station DAS A dual attached station DAS is attached to the FDDI network through two connectors called the A port and the B port respectively The A port has a primary input Pin and a secondary output Sout the B port has a primary output Pout and a secondary input Sin The primary input output is attached to the primary ring and the secondary input output is attached to the secondary ring The flow of data during normal operation is shown in Figure 6 5 To complete the ring you must ensure that the B port of an upstream station is always connected to the A port of a downstream station For this reason most FDDI DAS connectors are keyed to prevent connect
99. loopback packet test connection not active pci pf selftest failed Return code 1 This example shows that the primary components on the board are working but that the board is not currently connected to the network 44 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 nN lll Loading the Device Driver Manually Normally the SunFDDI P device driver is loaded and configured by the post installation script which is launched automatically when the software is installed If you encounter problems when running this script or if you want to customize the installation you may need to load the device driver manually V To Configure and Load the Device Driver 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Check that there are no partially installed drivers for SunFDDI P a Check for existing SunFDDI P devices in the dev directory ls dev grep pf pf b Use rem_drv 1M to remove any installed SunFDDI P devices and remove the device directories usr sbin rem_drv pf bin rm f dev pf c Check the etc name_to_ma jor file for entries of the form pf lt num gt and smt lt num gt and remove these if they exist 3 Use add_drv 1M to inform the system about the new drivers usr sbin add_drv pf 4 Check that the device drivers have been added to the system correctly a Look in the devices pseudo directory for entries of the form ls 1 devices pseudo
100. mary ring is wrapped automatically on either side of the fault so that the primary and secondary rings are combined to form a single one way ring This mechanism is described in more detail in FDDI Failure Recovery on page 60 A dual ring network does not require a concentrator Disadvantages Although the dual ring topology is resistant to single failures in the ring two or more failures break the network into parts Small fragments of the network can still function but they are isolated from the other stations Figure 7 2 shows how two faults in a network with five dual attached stations isolates two parts of the network Cable and connection costs can be high in large installations because there are two cables between each station Failed FDDI DAS FDDI DAS U gt Secondary ring lt Primary ring FDDI DAS FDDI DAS Figure 7 2 Basic Dual Ring Network with Two Faults FDDI Network Topologies 71 4 Standalone Concentrator 72 Figure 7 3 shows multiple single attached stations connected to a single dual attached concentrator through its M ports The concentrator can also be connected to an external dual ring through its A and B ports A standalone concentrator provides a stable low cost alternative for small work groups that do not require the fault recovery facility provided by the dual ring configuration
101. med in parallel several reads and writes in parallel the aggregate throughput is much higher with FDDI than it is with Ethernet 6 How do I disable the SunFDDI P interface Use ifconfig 1M to disable the SunFDDI P interface temporarily It will be reconfigured when you reboot your machine ifconfig pf lt inst gt down To disable the SunFDDI P interface so that it is not reconfigured when you reboot the machine change the name of the etc hostname pf lt inst gt file mv etc hostname pf lt inst gt etc oldhostname pf lt inst gt How do I disable the Ethernet interface Use ifconfig 1M to disable the Ethernet interface temporarily It will be reconfigured when you reboot your machine ifconfig le lt inst gt down Frequently Asked Questions About SunFDDI 137 To disable the Ethernet interface so that it is not reconfigured when you reboot the machine change the name of the etc hostname le lt inst gt file mv etc hostname le lt inst gt etc oldhostname le lt inst gt How do I use the host name assigned to the SunFDDI P interface as the primary host name for my machine In a Solaris 2 x environment the primary host name is defined in the etc nodename file Normally this file contains the host name assigned to the Ethernet interface built in to your machine Edit etc nodename to enter the host name assigned to the SunFDDI P interface Can I associate
102. mode fiber 51 multiplexer 58 N ndd command 27 28 negotiated MTU 30 neighbor information frames 100 netstat command 18 36 network architecture 55 efficiency 24 recovery 62 reliability 60 69 size 69 topologies 59 traffic 69 NFS 106 NIF 100 NIS NIS 109 NIS NIS servers 12 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 noise causes of 7 NRZI 4B 5B 143 number of cards supported 2 4 NVRAM TOD chip 3 O one way ring 55 60 71 optical bypass switch 62 63 73 fiber 50 power budget 62 63 optimum performance 24 route 81 OSI 143 overall system performance 66 83 P packages SUNWnf 39 packet fragmentation 26 size 25 30 79 parallel routes 82 parameter management frame 101 parameters SO_RCVBUF 29 SO_SNDBUF 29 T_opr 26 T_Req 31 T_req 26 31 tcp_recv_hiwat 28 tcp_xmit_hiwat 28 tcp_xmit_lowat 29 udp_recv_hiwat 28 udp_xmit_hiwat 28 udp_xmit_lowat 29 patch revisions xxiv patches xxiv path discovery MTU 30 31 42 PCM 91 peer to peer management 100 Index permission token 24 65 pf_fddi agent 104 110 pf_fddismt7_2 agent 104 109 112 pf_install_agents 106 pf_install_agents script 20 pf_macid utility 86 pf_smtmon command 38 pf_smtmonutility 101 pf_stat utility 110 pf_stat utility 87 PHY physical layer 49 50 51 143 physical address 122 connection 95 connection management 91 delay 24 layer 49 50 51 media depe
103. ms such as file and name servers FDDI DAS FDDI DAS gt B port A port B port A port 4 A A q Y M port M port M port M port Dual attached concentrator Dual attached concentrator primary secondary A port B port A port B port g l Figure 7 4 Standalone Concentrator With Dual Homing Dual homing provides two independent data paths for each dual attached station Under normal conditions the station communicates on its primary path through the B port In the event of a cable or concentrator failure the station switches to the secondary path connected through the A port Dual homing is equivalent to the redundant single attached station RSAS configuration which was supported by SunFDDI 2 0 In the RSAS configuration two single attached interfaces are used to emulate a dual attached interface connected in a dual homing configuration RSAS is not supported by SunFDDI P 1 0 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 N lll Advantages Dual homing offers the same advantages as a standalone concentrator described on page 72 It also offers improved resistance against cable faults and concentrator failure Disadvantages The number of stations that can be attached to the concentrator is limited by the number of M ports which is
104. n routed daemon 37 increased transmission time 66 independent data paths 74 inherent redundancy 78 installation checking the 19 requirements 12 scripts 12 16 17 installing multiple cards 4 SNM agents 20 to 21 the hardware 5 to the software 13 to 18 instance names See device names 149 150 numbers 4 interference 51 intermediate distribution frame 78 IP addresses 12 15 36 routing 79 J jumpers 5 K kbps 142 kernel space 25 keying 57 keys 34 L LAN interfaces 12 Late_Ct parameter 66 latency 24 LED diagnostic 9 16 34 link status indicator 9 16 34 40 list of packages 14 lithium battery 3 LLC logical link control 143 local agent 104 110 lost frames 96 low water mark 27 M MAC 81 address 35 MAC medium access control 49 50 52 main distribution frame 78 major numbers 39 master SBus slot 4 maximizing data throughput 25 maximum bandwidth 24 length of ring 24 number of bypass switches 63 number of cards 2 4 number of stations 24 throughput 24 transfer unit MTU 25 83 Mbps 143 media dependent 49 50 51 medium access control MAC 2 49 50 52 memory 12 microprocessor speed 24 minimum requirements 12 mixed FDDI Ethernet networks 79 MMF multimode fiber 51 monitoring SMT frames 98 mount_hsfs command 13 moving PCI cards 4 MTU negotiation 30 path discovery 30 31 multicast addresses 121 multi
105. n to the Station Check that the cable connector is seated firmly into the plug on the SunFDDI P adapter card You should feel the connector click into place VW To Check the Connections Between Stations Check that the cables are connected correctly between ports of different types The keys provided with most FDDI cables will help you to avoid crossing or twisting the ring See Connecting Fiber Optic Cables on page 5 for a detailed description For single attached stations SAS cables should be connected by either SM to a concentrator or SS back to back For dual attached stations DAS cables should be connected by either AB BA dual ring or AM MS8B dual homing VW To Check the Link Status Indicator Check the status of the SunFDDI P interface by looking at the Link Status Indicator diagnostic LED mounted on the backplate of the SunFDDI P PCI card If the LED is green the SunFDDI P driver is loaded the pf interface is configured and the station is attached to an active FDDI network This is the operating state 34 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 5 e If the LED is amber the SunFDDI P driver is loaded the pf interface is configured but no valid line state to an active FDDI network exists a Check the physical connections between the station and the ring or the station and the concentrator b Check the status of the neighboring station If this stat
106. ndent 50 51 media dependent layer 49 medium 51 physical layer PHY 2 physical media dependent PMD 2 Pin 56 57 ping command 18 pkgadd command 13 14 16 pkgrm command 22 placement of stations 69 PMD 51 PMD physical media dependent 49 50 143 PMF 101 PMF_get 101 port A 136 port B 136 potential performance 24 66 Pout 56 57 power budget 62 power up self test 44 primary components 44 input 56 57 output 56 57 151 152 path 74 ring 55 57 60 priority based traffic 52 product list 1 programming interface 119 proxy agent 43 103 104 109 112 Q queues 27 quick dump 43 R R7 2 99 2 49 RARP reverse address resolution protocol 144 RDF 100 RDF request denied frame 38 43 rebooting the machine 18 receive buffers 25 receive packets 93 receivers 51 recovery 55 72 recovery mechanisms 60 62 RecvP 93 reduced transmission time 66 relative hop count 81 reliability 60 69 relocating PCI cards 4 removing the software 22 repeater 51 request denied frame 100 request denied frame RDF 38 43 required bandwidth 69 restricted token exchange 65 traffic 65 RFC 1390 25 right to transmit 65 ring 52 architecture 72 failure 70 format 114 length 24 ring management 90 ring of trees 73 77 81 ring of trees configuration 59 ring utilization 24 Ring_OP 92 94 RMT 90 root concentrator 72 77 of the tree 75 rotation time 65 routed
107. ned by the local timed target rotation timer TTRT on each station When an FDDI station completes transmission it releases the token for use by downstream stations In this way the token rotates continuously around the ring Each attachment to an FDDI network is identified by a unique MAC address The first SunFDDI P card installed in a machine takes its identity from the host resident MAC address that is stored in nonvolatile memory on the motherboard of the machine in which it is installed Each subsequent SunFDDI P SBus card takes its identity from the card resident MAC address stored in its own IDPROM Use the pf_macid 1M utility to display the card resident MAC address See Chapter 8 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities for detailed instructions Station Management SMT Layer The Station Management layer provides services to manage control and configure the FDDI network It is also referred to as the network management layer SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 6 At its lowest level the SMT protocol handles connection management CMT This includes station initialization the insertion and removal of stations on the network and connection compatibility between stations At a higher level the SMT protocol handles ring management RMT This includes the detection of duplicate addresses and the isolation of fault conditions The SMT protocol also defines the FDDI management information base MIB Thi
108. net Address 8 0 20 11 26 14 Timezone Region Europe Timezone 7 Middle Europe File Server papyrus GS Releases ir Root Path export root Swap Path export swap Swap Size 24 4 megabytes Terminal Type sun Naming Service None Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 131 11 132 V To Update the NIS Server If you are running NIS you must update the NIS map on the NIS server manually If you are running NIS or you are not using a naming service proceed to Installing the SunFDDI P Driver for a Diskless Client on page 133 1 On the diskless client s server on which you just ran admintool note the new entries created in the following files e etc hosts e etc ethers e etc timezone e etc bootparams 2 On the NIS server update the four files with the information taken from the diskless client s server 3 On the NIS server remake the NIS map by typing cd var yp make 4 Change directories to the diskless client s root file system cd export root lt client gt 5 Update the yp map for the diskless client mv var yp var yp 6 Replace the noname entry in the file etc defaultdomain with the your local NIS domain name SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 i Installing the SunFDDI P Driver for a Diskless Client After you have created the export file systems under export root lt client gt and
109. nterfaces DLPI is used to access the services of the SunFDDI P link layer of the SunFDDI P device driver in a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment without the need for specialized knowledge of the underlying protocol You can obtain a copy of the STREAMS DLPI Specification from Sun Microsystems Inc part number 800 6915 10 119 10 Developing Applications with DLPI 120 The Data Link Provider Interface DLPI version 2 enables any data link user to access the services of a data link provider without any special knowledge about the underlying protocols In addition to FDDI services DLPI supports access to X 25 LAPB LAPD ISDN Ethernet Token Ring Token Bus SDLC BISYNC and other data link protocols The DLPI header file is lt sys dlpi h gt A detailed description of the functions contained in the header is available in the STREAMS DLPI Specification DLPI defines a STREAMS message set state table and conventions that support interaction between a data link service user for example IP or ARP and a data link service provider for example the pf FDDI driver Figure 10 1 illustrates the relationship between DLPI and the layers of the FDDI protocol TCP IP Data link service users Data link provider interface DLPI V2 LLC SNAP Data link service provider Media Access Control MAC Layer Physical PHY Layer E D w Cc 5 B op Physical Media De
110. number is quickly exhausted by the large number of drivers installed in a typical system Remove an existing driver before loading SunFDDI P The configuration script cannot load the device driver Check whether the driver is already installed on the system If you removed a previous version of the package using pkgrm 1M you must reboot the system before attempting another add_drv The configuration script cannot configure the device driver The procedure fails with the message Duplicate MAC address Two or more interfaces have been assigned the same MAC address The most likely conflict lies between the first SunFDDI P 1 0 interface p 0 and one or more SunFDDI P interfaces pf1 etc installed in the same machine Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 39 lll nN Table 5 2 Problems Running SunFDDI P Problem Action The link status indicator diagnostic LED remains red Check that the SunFDDI P software is installed correctly and that the driver is loaded and configured The link status indicator diagnostic LED remains amber Check that the SunFDDI P PCI card is connected to the network The link status indicator diagnostic LED remains amber even after the local station is connected to the network and the driver is configured and loaded Check that the other end of the cable is connected and that the neighboring station or concentrator is configured correctly Some conc
111. o the following two conditions 1 This equipment may not cause harmful interference and 2 This equipment must accept any interference that may cause undesired operation In addition this equipment complies with the following requirements of the EMC Directive 89 336 EEC and Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC EMC EN55022 CISPR22 1991 Class B EN50082 1 IEC3801 2 1991 4kV Direct 8 kV Air IEC801 3 1984 3 V m IEC801 4 1988 1 0 kV Power Lines 0 5 kV Signal Lines EN61000 3 2 IEC1000 3 2 1994 Pass Class D Supplementary Information This product was tested and complies with all the requirements for the CE Mark IS S Dennis P Symanski DATE Stephen McGoldrick DATE Manager Product Compliance Quality Assurance Manager Sun Microsystems Computer Company Sun Microsystems Limited 2550 Garcia Avenue M S UMPK 15 102 Springfield Linlithgow Mt View CA 94043 USA West Lothian EH49 7LR Tel 415 786 3255 Scotland United Kingdom Fax 415 786 3723 Tel 0506 670000 Fax 0506 760011 Declaration of Conformity Compliance ID PCI D10 100 Product Name SunFDDI P DAS Adapter This equipment complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 This equipment may not cause harmful interference and 2 This equipment must accept any interference that may cause undesired operation In addition this equipment complies with the following requirements of the EMC Directive 89 336 EEC and Low Volt
112. ommand line nif sif_config sif_operat ecf rdf esf pmf_get For example To display only the RDF frames received by interface p 0 type lt basedir gt p f_smtmon rdf To display the SIF configuration and SIF operation frames received by interface p 1 type lt basedir gt p _smtmon i pfl sif config sif_operat To display the NIF frames SIF configuration frames and SIF operation frames received by interface pf1 type lt basedir gt p _smtmon i pfl nif sif_config sif_operat Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 101 102 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 9 Installing the SunNet Manager Agents page 104 Managing FDDI Networks with SunNet Manager page 109 This chapter describes how to configure and start the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P on your machine It also tells you how to use a SunNet Manager console to recover FDDI statistics from the agents To use the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P you must run SunNet Manager 2 2 or later and you must install a SunNet Manager console or management application on your network For instructions on how to install and configure SunNet Manager on the management station refer to the SunNet Manager Installation Guide All Sun 4d Sun 4m and Sun 4u systems and most other machines that connect to TCP IP networks support protocols t
113. ose shown in Figure 9 1 1994 arbors Quick Dump fddi if ifname nfo Ring_State 1 Ring Up ECM_State 1 ECM In ECM_Status Connected OBP_State 0 OBP None RMT_State 2 RMT Ring_Op CFM_State 12 CFM Thru PCM_A_State 8 PCM_A Acti ve PCM_B_State 8 PCM_B Active Recovery 35 Xmi tP 3267652 Xmi tB 2595625496 RecyP 3057228 RecvB 946139565 RFull 1 A RErr 1 A XAbort 0 Figure 9 1 Quick Dump Local Statistics 110 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll Y To Gather Neighbor Station Statistics Use the SunFDDI P local agent to recover a snapshot of the current state of the neighboring FDDI stations 1 Click SELECT on the icon for the FDDI station that you want to interrogate 2 Press MENU on the Requests menu button and release MENU on the Quick Dump item 3 Choose pf_fddi as the Agent Schema and route as the Group 4 Click SELECT on Apply to display neighbor station statistics similar to those shown in Figure 9 2 unNet Manager Console Quick Dump Report arbois Mon Apr 18 21 49 15 1994 arbois Quick Dump fddi route ifname nfo Remote_Phy_A 1 Remote_Phy_B 0 T_Max_Value 2097152 T_Max 167 77ms T_Reg_Value 100096 T_Reg 8 01ms TNEG_Value 99840 TNEG 7 99ms TVX_Value 32768 TVX 2 621mS Frames 2248622810 Error_Frames 0 Lost_Frames 4 MAC_Address arbois UNA 0 1 1b 8 10 92 DNA rully Figure 9 2 Quick Dump Neighbor Statistics Y To Request Information from the Local Agent
114. parameter 28 udp_xmit_hiwat parameter 28 udp_xmit_lowat parameter 29 umount command 18 UNA 96 unrestricted traffic 65 unshielded twisted pair 50 upstream station 56 user space 25 user configurable hardware 5 utilities pf_macid 86 pf_smtmon 38 pf_stat 110 UTP 50 V video applications 24 voice applications 24 volume manager vold 13 18 W wall boxes 78 water marks 27 Web site Sun xxiv work groups 72 wrapping 55 62 X X 3 139 1987 2 49 X3 148 1988 2 49 X3 166 1990 2 49 X3 299 R7 3 2 49 XmitP 92 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Reader Comment Card Your comments and suggestions are important to us Please let us know what you think about the SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide part number 802 6674 10 Were the procedures well documented YesQ Noa Please explain Were the tasks easy to follow YesQ NoQ Please explain Were the illustrations clear YesQ NoQ Please explain Was the information complete and easy to find YesQ NoQ Please explain Do you have additional comments about the SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide You can send detailed comments via email to smcc docs sun com or send a fax to SMCC Doc Feedback at 415 786 6443 Your Name Title Company Name Address City State Province Country Zip Postal Code Email Address Telephone
115. pendent PMD Layer Figure 10 1 DLPI Access to FDDI SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 10 DLPI primitives are defined in terms of STREAMS messages All DLPI messages are either type M_PROTO or type M_PCPROTO and contain the appropriate DLPI message structure DPLI primitives are exchanged by confirmed negotiation request primitives are issued by the user which then waits to receive an acknowledge or error response primitive from the provider This type of negotiation is illustrated in Figure 10 2 Request primitive Response primitive Data link service user Data link service provider Figure 10 2 DLPI Request Response Negotiation DLPI Connectionless Service Primitives Applications developed to run over FDDI use the DLPI connectionless service primitives which support the following set of operations Attaching a STREAM to a given addressable device Getting and setting the physical address of the attached device Binding a data link service access point SAP to the STREAM Transmitting and receiving data link frames Transmitting and receiving LLC XID TEST messages Transmitting and receiving multicast addresses Enabling physical and data link promiscuous mode Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P 121 i 10 DLPI Addressing DLPI addressing is implemented as a DLSAP data link service access point address Each DLSAP consists of a physical address plus a
116. physical address Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P 123 10 124 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients Il Setting Up a Server and Diskless Clients page 126 Booting a Diskless Client Over SunFDDI P page 133 This chapter describes how to set up a server so that you can boot and run diskless clients across an FDDI network It assumes that the server and clients are attached to the same FDDI ring Setting up a server for a diskless client running over FDDI involves these steps 1 Setting up the server so that it can export an operating system for a diskless client and installing the SunFDDI P device driver and utilities 2 Introducing the diskless client to the network 3 Installing the SunFDDI P device driver in the export root lt client gt file system for the diskless client 4 Booting the diskless client over the network 125 11 Setting Up a Server and Diskless Clients 126 When you set up a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 server so that it can export its operating system you need to know the number of diskless clients that it will serve This tells you the amount of disk space you need to reserve in the export file system Use df 1M to check the amount of space available for example type usr bin df k export Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on dev dsk c0t3d0s0 24143 17222 4511 79 T
117. ple _Occurrence 0 NA_Condition 2 Station disconnected Old_UNA 0 1 1b 8 10 92 gt New_UNA arbois addr of new neighbor gt Old_DNA europe New_DNA 10 0 4 b8 6e ab Current_path 3 SMT_Address rully Figure 9 6 Single Attached Station Disconnected 114 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 9 The trap reports in Figure 9 7 were generated when a single attached station was reconnected to the ring Trap report generated by the upstream station Source of trap report gt SRF_Source rully neighbor to fault TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 102 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 845593304 Trap indicates change of neighbor gt MAC Neighbor Change Event Parameter_Type 0x208f Mac_Index 1 Multiple_Occurrence 0 NA_Condition 2 Current neighbor gt O1d_UNA 0 1 1b 8 10 92 Old neighbor returns gt New_UNA arbois Old_DNA 10 0 4 b8 6e ab New_DNA europe Current_path 3 SMT_Address rully Trap report generated by the reconnected station Source of trap report gt SRF_Source europe reconnected station TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 1 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 2482471160 Trap indicates error condition gt MAC Frame Error Condition Parameter_Type 0x208d ac_Index 1 Condition_State 0 Frame_Ct 101367280 Frames lost during Error_Ct 0 fault condition
118. pplications for example voice or video applications are more sensitive to access delay Ring Latency Improvement 24 The ring latency is the physical delay inherent in the FDDI network It is dependent on the number of stations in the ring and the overall length of the ring The speed of the microprocessor in the FDDI station also has a significant effect on ring latency The FDDI specifications define a network that supports up to one thousand physical connections with a total ring length of 200 km 100 km per ring ina dual ring topology There are two physical connections for each dual attached station therefore in theory up to five hundred dual attached stations could be connected in a single ring In reality optimum performance is obtained by limiting the number of connections to less than one hundred stations in an unsegmented ring Performance improvements are possible by changing the topology of the network trading off the total number of stations in comparison to the overall length of the ring and selecting faster machines to act as FDDI stations However these modifications are rarely practical in an established network SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 HS lll Data Throughput Improvement The most significant improvements in throughput are achieved by maximizing the rate at which data is transferred to and from the FDDI network If you are running TCP IP or UDP IP applications you can improve thro
119. ps Bps and kbps nonreturn to zero inverted A differential encoding technique that encodes four bit data groups as five bits data plus a signal element satisfies the minimum signal transition requirements to transmit synchronization clock within the data stream Open System Interconnection The OSI model is a standard for computer communications protocols and the implementation of these protocols The model is a product of the International Standards Organization ISO and specifies a seven layer architecture with one or more protocol standards at each layer Physical Connection Management The portion of CMT that manages a physical connection between the PHY being managed and another PHY likely in an adjacent station on the FDDI network Physical Layer Protocol Performs the clock recovery and serial to parallel on receive or parallel to serial on transmit of data between the transmission medium and the MAC entity physical medium dependent Specifies the optical to electrical conversion mechanism to conform to FDDI Glossary 143 RARP RMT RSAS SAP SAS SMT THT timing jitter 144 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol A protocol used by diskless machines and their servers within local networks such as Ethernet or FDDI In a RARP exchange a diskless machine broadcasts its MAC address A boot server responds to that client with the client s IP address enabling the client to begin the
120. r s Guide May 1997 Qo lll 4 Specify the destination directory for the SunFDDI P schemas SunNet Manager looks for the schemas in the directory lt basedir gt SUNWconn snm agents The variable lt basedir gt is set to opt by default If you installed the SunNet Manager agents and libraries on the FDDI station or if you used getagents to recover the agents from the console then this directory exists Enter the base directory under which you installed the SunNet Manager agents as the destination directory for the SunFDDI P schemas What is the name of the root directory under which the SunNet Manager is installed opt 5 Specify the current location of the SunFDDI P schemas This is the base directory under which you installed the SunFDDI P software package SUNWpf using pkgadd 1M What is the name of the root directory under which the pf FDDI software is installed opt The script copies the SunFDDI P schemas to the destination directory and modifies the local configuration files for SunNet Manager 6 Start the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P by typing usr sbin pf_snmd Note If you typed n in response to the question Do you want to start the SunNet Manager daemons for SunFDDI at boot time when you installed the SunFDDI P software you must start the SunNet manager agents for SunFDDI P manually each time you reboot your machine Alternatively yo
121. r DAC Isolating a Single Station Failure Isolating a Single Cable Failure Dual Attached Station in Wrap Mode Dua Ring Network Divided by Two Faults Optical Bypass Switch Optical Bypass Switches used ina Network Basic Dual Ring Network 50 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 70 XV xvi Figure 7 2 Figure 7 3 Figure 7 4 Figure 7 5 Figure 7 6 Figure 7 7 Figure 7 8 Figure 7 9 Figure 7 10 Figure 8 1 Figure 9 1 Figure 9 2 Figure 9 3 Figure 9 4 Figure 9 5 Figure 9 6 Figure 9 7 Figure 9 8 Figure 9 9 Figure 10 1 Figure 10 2 Figure 10 3 Basic Dual Ring Network with Two Faults 71 Standalone Concentrator 72 Standalone Concentrator With Dual Homing 74 Hierarchical Tree of Concentrators 76 Rine Of Trees tey eena ne eect tg eects uct Beas rae 77 Basic Mixed FDDI Ethernet Topology 80 Tree of Concentrators Attached to an Ethernet Network 80 Ring of Trees Attached to an Ethernet Network 81 Routing in an FDDI Ethernet Internetwork 82 Normal Sequence of PCM States 92 Quick Dump Local Statistics 110 Quick Dump Neighbor Statistics 111 SunFDDI P Proxy Agent
122. re 9 4 Specifying the Target line printer status and queue info fddi interface statistics SMT v7 2 Information IP connectivity info RPC and NFS stats kernel mbufs agent vanilla snmp agent Station 112 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 CO lll Y To Gather Information from the Proxy Agent Use the SunFDDI P proxy agent to recover SMT information from one of the neighboring FDDI stations 1 Click SELECT on the icon for the FDDI proxy station that you want to interrogate 2 Press MENU on the Requests menu button and release MENU on the Quick Dump item 3 Choose pf_fddismt7_2 as the Agent Schema and one of the SMT frame types or FDDI MIBs as the Group 4 Click SELECT on Apply to display SMT information similar to that shown in Figure 9 5 ue Apr 19 22 37 14 1994 arbois Quick Dump nf_fddismt NIF FC 65 D rully S arbois Frame_Class 1 Frame_Type 3 Version_Id 1 Transaction_Id 2 Stati on_Id 0x000010000418 d58 Pad 0 InfoField_Length 40 UN_Param_Type 1 UN_Param_Len 8 UN_Reserved 0 UNA 0 1 1b 8 10 92 SD_Param_Type 2 SD_Param_Len 4 NodeClass 0 MAC_Ct 1 NonMaster_Ct 2 Master_Ct 0 SS_Param_Type 3 SS_Param_Len 4 SS_Reserved 0 Topology 48 Dupl ddress 0 FSC_Param_Type 8203 FSC_Param_Len 8 FSC_Pad 0 FSC_Mac_Index 1 FSC_Pad 0 FSC_Value 1 Figure 9 5 Quick Dump SMT Frames Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 113 a Interpreting
123. re not running NIS or NIS Running pf_stat without the m option to display information about the local station shows the ring alternating frequently between UP and DOWN Check that the link status indicator is green indicating that the SunFDDI P interface is attached to an active network Check the connections to the concentrator Some concentrators have diagnostic LEDs that indicate if the ring is operating correctly 40 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 nN lll Table 5 2 Problems Running SunFDDI P Continued Problem Action Running pf_stat without the m option to display information about the local station shows that the ring is ISOLATED Check that the link status indicator is green indicating that the SunFDDI P interface is attached to an active network Check the connections to neighboring stations or the concentrator Some concentrators have diagnostic LEDs that indicate if the ring is operating correctly Check that the neighboring stations are configured correctly If everything else seems to be working check the cable itself Fiber optic cable is fragile and should not be subjected to stress or impact If the turning curve around objects is too tight the light path is interrupted Clean the connectors The local station cannot reach FDDI stations located on a remote FDDI network Check that the IP address and host name of the remote station is ent
124. rence received including interference that may cause undesired operation Note This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense Shielded Cables Connections between the workstation and peripherals must be made using shielded cables in order to maintain compliance with FCC radio frequency emission limits Networking connections can be made using unshielded twisted pair UTP cables Modifications Any modifications made to this device that are not approved by Sun Microsystems Inc may void the authority granted to the user by the FCC to operate this equipment FCC Class B Notice This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference 2 This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation No
125. reting Statistics from Neighboring Stations Running the pf_stat utility with the m option displays information about the neighboring stations attached to the local interface pf lt inst gt Phy Physical Connection PHY shows the type of physical connection to the FDDI network This heading is modified to indicate the type of port being managed Phys single attached station port S PhyA dual attached station port A PhyB dual attached station port B The following states may be returned by pf_stat under the Phy heading State Meaning NONE Port disconnected M Port connected to Port M on a concentrator S Port connected to Port S on a single attached station A Port connected to Port A on a dual attached station B Port connected to Port B on a dual attached station Frame Frames Received Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of SMT frames received since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of SMT frames received since the last interrogation More detailed information about the SMT frames can be recovered using the pf_smtmon 1M utility described in Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon on page 98 Error Error Frames Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of error frames received since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of
126. rmance Across Bridges on page 25 or to disable the MTU path discovery feature see Improving Performance on page 27 FDDI Network Topologies 83 84 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 8 Changing the Default MAC Address pf_macid page 86 Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat page 87 Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon page 98 This chapter describes the network utilities of SunFDDI P Throughout this chapter it is assumed that you have installed the SunFDDI P software under the default base directory lt basedir gt for your operating system The default base directory lt basedir gt is opt SUNWconn bin 85 8 Changing the Default MAC Address p _macid Each attachment to an FDDI network is identified by a unique 48 bit MAC address By default the first SunFDDI P card takes the host resident MAC address which is stored in nonvolatile memory NVRAM on the motherboard of the machine Each subsequent SunFDDI P card adopts the card resident MAC address stored in its own IDPROM In general this convention is sufficient to ensure that each SunFDDI P card installed in the machine has a unique MAC address However there may be a conflict with other LAN interfaces that also take the host resident MAC address for example an Ethernet 1e interface or a SunFDDI P 2 0 bf interface In this event change the default MAC addr
127. rt to the network No overhead is incurred when you operate a dual attached station in this way 135 136 Can I use SunFDDI P 1 0 in a redundant single attached station RSAS configuration No This configuration which was supported by SunFDDI 5 0 SBus provides a redundant connection that is used in the event of a link failure The equivalent configuration for SunFDDI P 1 0 is provided by a dual attached station connected in dual homing mode See Concentrators with Dual Homing on page 74 for more information Can I use the SunFDDI P 1 0 software with a hardware interface from a third party vendor No The device driver does not support any third party hardware products Can I connect two single attached stations back to back without connecting them to a concentrator Yes This configuration is supported by the FDDI specifications You can also connect two single attached stations and one dual attached station directly in a ring but this configuration is not supported by the FDDI specifications and is not recommended What is dual homing Dual homing is a special configuration that connects a single dual attached station to two concentrators so that there is a redundant path which is used in the event of a link failure See Concentrators with Dual Homing on page 74 for more information What is the MTBF for the various SunFDDI P options The calculated mean time before fail MTBF for each of the SunFDDI P
128. s Bps kbps and Mbps bits per second A measure of the rate of data transmission See also baud Bps kbps and mbps bytes per second A measure of the rate of data transmission See also baud bps kbps and mbps Configuration Management The portion of CMT that manages the internal configuration of the station s MAC and PHY entities 141 CMT DAS dotted decimal notation ECM FDDI gateway kbps 142 connection management The portion of the FDDI SMT that manages the operation of physical layer insertion and removal and the logical connection of PHY entities to the MAC entities dual attachment station An FDDI station that connects to both primary and secondary rings a Class A station capable of dynamic reconfiguration to accommodate certain levels of failure Two rings are used to interconnect the stations so that the failure of any station or link causes the remaining stations to reconfigure the network to maintain connectivity wrapping A way of representing the 32 bit Internet address four decimal integers separated by decimal points where each integer is the decimal value of one octet of the Internet address For example the 32 bit Internet address binary 11000000 00001001 11001001 00000111 is represented as 192 9 201 7 decimal Entity Coordination Management The portion of CMT that manages the media interface to the FDDI network which includes coordinating the activity of all
129. s rieuse Oo NN SN TU oF BB N A Link Status Indicator Diagnostic LED vii viii 3 Installing SunFDDI P Software 11 Installation Requirements ion leet end ut etre 12 Declaring IP Addresses for SunFDDI P 12 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P 13 V To Load and Mount the CD ROM 13 V To Install SunFDDI P Using pkgadd 13 V To Finish theslnstallanons sis eds An uns 17 V To Check the Installation 2 ses same 18 V Unloading Diivers 3 verse eee test issue 19 Installing SunNet Manager Agents for SunFDDI P 20 WV IToUsepf_install_ agents 20 Removing S n DDI P eresia naaa terme se 22 V To Remove SunFDDI P 222 224 bre egagante ds 22 Improving Network Performance 23 High Performance FDDI Networks iso 24 Ring Latency inprovementisssss ess es da 24 Data Throughput Improvements 545 issu mass 25 Send and Receive Buffers AN evuwe Mi ME ess ane 25 Performance Across Brides sau te pb ke aidants 25 Target Token Rotation Time TTRT 26 Improving Performance iy c2i44cagctd cis ooh aan et 27 Changing the High and Low Water Marks 27 V To Tune the High Water Mark 27 To Tune the Low Water Mark 5 usine 28 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Tuning the High and Low Water Marks at Boot
130. s Control MAC Layer Station Management SMT Layer Communication Between FDDI Layers FDDI Network Architectes Rois res FODDE StAUONS ercan dns Pega ald ead dass PDDUC oncenttators s 43 434 2535 ee SN SES eles F DI Failure Recovery iepa LE Cle ek eee ee Station Wrapping Sn ha tee eet Optical Bypass Switches Lisa ede ee MU POD Ring Operation isa serres hed Reese Unrestricted Asynchronous Transmission POD Performance 1323 42 24 55435 eee aoe ee 7 FDDI Network Topologies Basic Dual Ring Netwotk sise os ee dures Advantages ERA Ne NN Pee et ALS IDISAG VATA SCS sare yee OSS ea EN Male Ot diate beh acs Standalone Concentrator oy icagiine aren EE dans Advantapesoc cco iv tags Patents tes ei Disadvanlates s cer peeve ws MA Maes Te Concentrators with Dual Homing dessus sant POV ANIARCS TD iti thaliana DORA SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Dis dvantages 2 yo uni ie keer EVE NERY pe peated 75 Tree of Concentrators 4 iis esses Bebe de Dean rene 75 POV AMAR ES tears Pike RD ER here pees atta ee 76 Dis dya t ges aid ni Sos et ble oe bint te ees 77 Ring of ITS nest RIRE Renee Ter et 77 Adyanta eS cocci e eens EE 78 Disadvantages de Ponsa dee e e ee O ae os 78 Mixed FDDI Ethernet Networks 79 FDDI Ethernet IP Router 79 A Tree of Concentrators in an Ethern
131. s Switches on page 62 The small number of stations and the increased reliability of the concentrators means that the chances of having more than three adjacent stations bypassed at one time are minimal The cumulative length of the network can be increased because the limitation on distance occurs between the end station and the nearest concentrator and not between the end station and the root concentrator Disadvantages Only the concentrators attached directly to the dual ring benefit from its inherent redundancy SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 N lll Mixed FDDI Ethernet Networks This section concentrates on the implementation of mixed FDDI Ethernet networks The same principles could be applied to mixed FDDI 802 3 and mixed FDDI 802 5 Token Ring networks FDDI and Token Ring networks are based on a ring topology Ethernet and 802 3 networks are based on a bus topology FDDI Ethernet IP Router The machines at the boundaries between the FDDI and Ethernet networks in the following examples are assumed to be Ultra systems that have at least one SunFDDI P interface and one Ethernet interface installed These machines operate as IP routers Special software is not required The combination of the SunFDDI P driver and the SunOS IP routing implementation handles the routing and relaying of packets between FDDI and Ethernet stations Note that the packets on the FDDI ring can be as long a 4500 octets whereas
132. s could indicate a noisy network For fiber connections noise is probably caused by dirt or grease on the optical surface or by a damaged cable Unshielded twisted pair is sensitive to electrical and electromagnetic interference Note that the receipt of error frames and lost frames does not give any indication of where the problem is occurring on the ring 42 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 QI lll Table 5 2 Problems Running SunFDDI P Continued Problem Action Running pf_smtmon shows the frequent occurrence of request denied frames RDF The SMT entity on one of the remote stations does not support the same set of SMT services This should not occur on a station running SunFDDI P You can use this facility to detect problems communicating with a remote station using the SunNet Manager proxy agent Table 5 3 Problems Using the SNM Agents for SunFDDI P Problem Action Cannot select pf_fddi or pf_fddismt7_2 agent for quick dump Check that the SNM agents for SunFDDI P are enabled in the properties window for the proxy station See Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf_fddi on page 110 for detailed instructions Cannot recover SMT statistics from the proxy agent The procedure fails with the error message Cannot create RPC client program is not registered Check that you specified the host name or MAC address for the target machine in the proper
133. s de pionniers de Xerox Corporation pour la recherche et le d veloppement du concept des interfaces d utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l industrie de l informatique Sun d tient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l interface d utilisation graphique cette licence couvrant aussi les licenci s de Sun qui mettent en place les utilisateurs d interfaces graphiques OPEN LOOK et quien outre se conforment aux licences crites de Sun Le syst me X Window est un produit du X Consortium Inc CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE EN L ETAT SANS GARANTIE D AUCUNE SORTE NI EXPRESSE NI IMPLICITE Y COMPRIS ET SANS QUE CETTE LISTE NE SOIT LIMITATIVE DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE L APTITUDE DES PRODUITS A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE OU LE FAIT QU ILS NE SOIENT PAS CONTREFAISANTS DE PRODUITS DE TIERS Adobe PostScript Regulatory Compliance Statements Your Sun product is marked to indicate its compliance class e Federal Communications Commission FCC USA e Department of Communications DOC Canada e Voluntary Control Council for Interference VCCI Japan Please read the appropriate section that corresponds to the marking on your Sun product before attempting to install the product FCC Class A Notice This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference 2 This device must accept any interfe
134. s is a set of managed objects and associated attributes that includes the MAC entity MAC data path PATH attachment type ATTACHMENT and port identifier PORT Communication services are used to exchange objects and information between peer SMT entities through special management frames that are carried at the same time as normal network traffic This frame based management is used to Examine and modify FDDI station configuration e Schedule synchronous guaranteed and asynchronous priority based traffic Gather network statistics Generate status reports SunFDDI P includes SunNet Manager agents that access the SMT entity to collect and return FDDI statistics to a SunNet Manager console See Chapter 9 Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager for detailed instructions on how to manage FDDI networks using a SunNet Manager console Communication Between FDDI Layers The MAC layer transfers data between peer entities in the form of frames that are encoded as FDDI symbols by the PHY layer The PMD layer transmits FDDI symbols across the network as a bit stream of light pulses for fiber connections or electrical signals for twisted pair connections The communication between layers in the FDDI architectural model is summarized in Figure 6 2 FDDI Network Architecture 53 54 Media access control MAC layer Frames Physical PHY layer Symbols Station management SMT Ph
135. s qui en restreignent l utilisation la copie et la d compilation Aucune partie de ce produit ou de sa documentation associ e nepeut tre reproduite sous aucune forme par quelque moyen que ce soit sans l autorisation pr alable et crite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence s il y ena Des parties de ce produit pourront tre deriv es du syst me UNIX et du syst me Berkeley 4 3 BSD licenci par l Universit de Californie UNIX est une marque enregistr e aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays et licenci e exclusivement par X Open Company Ltd Le logiciel d tenu par des tiers et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caract res est prot g par un copyright et licenci par des fournisseurs de Sun Sun Sun Microsystems le logo Sun Solaris SunOS SunFDDI P et SunNet Manager sont des marques d pos es ou enregistr es de Sun Microsystems Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Toutes les marques SPARC utilis es sous licence sont des marques d pos es ou enregistr es de SPARC International Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont bas s sur une architecture d velopp e par Sun Microsystems Inc Netware est une marque enregistr e de Novell Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Les utilisateurs d interfaces graphiques OPEN LOOK et Sun ont t d velopp s de Sun Microsystems Inc pour ses utilisateurs et licenci s Sun reconna t les effort
136. s with DLPI 120 DLPI Connectionless Service Primitives 121 DLPLAddre s i o an ee be ey Ev rt 122 11 Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clints sie soso orini i 125 Setting Up a Server and Diskless Clients 126 M to set Up seven o eters lates E jae aes 127 V To Introduce Diskless Clients to a Server 127 V To Update the NIS Sener ss ea eine 132 Installing the SunFDDI P Driver for a Diskless Client 133 Booting a Diskless Client Over SunFDDI P 133 Y To Boot a Diskless Client 4 244 133 A Frequently Asked Questions About SunFDDI 135 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Contents xiii xiv SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Figures Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 Figure 6 3 Figure 6 4 Figure 6 5 Figure 6 6 Figure 6 7 Figure 6 8 Figure 6 9 Figure 6 10 Figure 6 11 Figure 6 12 Figure 6 13 Figure 7 1 Aligning SC Type Fiber Optic Cable Connectors Cleaning the End of a Fiber Optic Cable FDDI Architectural Model Communication Between FDDI Layers Basic FDDI Network Architecture Single Attached Station SAS Dual Attached Station DAS Single Attached Concentrator SAC Dual Attached Concentrato
137. system diagnostic tests Provides high reliability and availability through distributed automatic recovery DAS adapter only Supports up to four SunFDDI P PCI cards installed in one PCI bus and up to eight SunFDDI P PCI cards installed in one machine Conforms to the 32 bit Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI specification for short form adapter cards Supports 33 MHz operating frequency and 5 0 volt I O signaling Supports 62 5 125 micrometer multimode fiber MMF Provides SunNet Manager agents for the effective management of FDDI stations and networks from a centralized SunNet Manager console requires SunNet Manager 2 2 or later in addition to SunFDDI P Complies with the ANSI X3T9 5 standard for single attached LAN fiber rings and with revision 7 3 of the ANSI FDDI SMT specification SunFDDI P conforms to the following standards and specifications ANSI FDDI Media Access Control MAC X 3 139 1987 ANSI FDDI physical sublayer PHY X3 148 1988 ANSI FDDI physical medium dependent PMD X3 166 1990 ANSI FDDI Station Management SMT X3 299 R7 3 formally R7 2 99 PCI Spec Rev 2 1 Part Number 802 2387 02 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Hardware Installation 2 Device Instances and Device Names page 4 Installing SunFDDI P Adapter Cards page 5 Connecting Fiber Optic Cables page 5 Link Status Indicator Diagnostic LED page 9 This chapter tells you where to find step by step proce
138. system for detailed instructions on how to install an adapter card in your machine There are no user configurable jumpers or switches on the SunFDDI P PCI card Altering any of the components on the card may affect its operation adversely and will render any product warranty void Connecting Fiber Optic Cables Note If you are connecting the SunFDDI P card to a network that has a MIC connector a converter cable is required Earlier versions of SunFDDI used MIC connectors Sun provides converter cables that enable existing MIC based networks to connect to the SunFDDI P adapter without making cabling changes Networks that have already been designed for SC connections do not need the converter cable Less than one decibel of signal integrity is lost when using the adapter Borderline applications may need to reconfigure the network directly for SC connection if the signal loss materially affects the error rate Fiber optic cable is fragile and should not be subjected to mechanical stress or impact Always observe the following precautions when handling fiber optic cable and connectors e Fiber optic cable connectors consist of a ceramic or steel ferrule through which the optical fiber passes Do not touch the tip of the ferrule as marring or depositing oil or dirt on its delicate surface will destroy its ability to transmit light e Use the protective caps provided on the fiber optic cable connectors and optic data links whenever t
139. t in the performance of your network above that of traditional Ethernet connections Among the factors that affect FDDI network performance are e Network topology SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll Network load Network efficiency Processor speed on the FDDI stations Bus architecture There are a number of ways of improving the overall performance of the network some of which are discussed in Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance However the majority of these suggestions should only be undertaken by experienced system administrators Any improvement made by modifying the actions of the FDDI network is negligible compared to what is gained by making more efficient use of the available bandwidth FDDI Network Architecture 67 68 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 FDDI Network Topologies Basic Dual Ring Network page 70 Standalone Concentrator page 72 Concentrators with Dual Homing page 74 Tree of Concentrators page 75 Ring of Trees page 77 Mixed FDDI Ethernet Networks page 79 FDDI networks can be arranged in a variety of ways depending on the placement of stations SAS and DAS and the use of concentrators SAC and DAC The optimum arrangement for a particular installation is dependent on several factors including Cost Network size Required Bandwidth Type of network traffic Fault resistance and network reliability
140. t to manage using SunNet Manager 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Start pf_install_agents by typing opt SUNWconn bin pf_install_agents 3 Enter the host names of console machine s that you want to receive SRF trap reports from the local station You can send SRF trap reports to more than one console Each console must have the schemas for SunFDDI P installed Enter hostnames if any to send SRF Trap reports to enter blank to terminate enter hostname opus enter hostname rigel enter hostname 4 Specify the destination directory for the SunFDDI P schemas SunNet Manager expects to find the schemas in the directory lt basedir gt SUNWconn snm agents The variable lt basedir gt is set to opt by default If you installed the SunNet Manager agents and libraries on the FDDI station or if you used getagents to recover the agents from the console then this directory exists a Enter the base directory under which you installed the SunNet Manager agents as the destination directory for the SunFDDI P schemas What is the name of the root directory under which the SunNet Manager is installed opt Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 105 106 5 Specify the current location of the SunFDDI P schemas This is the base directory under which you installed the SunFDDI P software package SUNWpf using pkgadd 1M What is the name of the root directory und
141. te This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures e Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna e Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver e Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected e Consult the dealer or an experienced radio television technician for help Shielded Cables Connections between the workstation and peripherals must be made using shielded cables in order to maintain compliance with FCC radio frequency emission limits Networking connections can be made using unshielded twisted pair UTP cables Modifications Any modifications made to this device that are not approved by Sun Microsystems Inc may void the authority granted to the
142. terfaces you want to configure 2 Enter a number from 1 to 16 or press Return for the default How many FDDI pf interfaces do you want to configure 3 Type the host name for which you want the interface associated What host name do you want to use for interface 1 hysop pf 4 Type the IP address that corresponds to the host name or press Return for the default IP address If an IP address is already associated with the host name either in the NIS NIS database or in the etc hosts file the script offers it as a default IP address You must assign a unique IP address to each SunFDDI P interface If you have multiple IP interfaces installed on one machine each interface must be attached to a different FDDI subnetwork What ip address do you wish to use for hysop pf lt ip_address gt 5 Repeat Steps 3 and 4 until you have assigned a host name and IP address for each SunFDDI P PCI card installed in your machine 6 Indicate whether you want the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P to start when you reboot the machine e Type y to start the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P Installing SunFDDI P Software 15 16 e Type n or press Return if you are not using SunNet Manager to manage your network if you are running SunNet Manager agents on another machine or if you want to start the SunNet Manager agents manually Do you want to start the SunNet Manager daemons for SunFDDI at
143. the host name or the MAC address associated with the SunFDDI P interface in the last field in the list of properties If you enter a host name it must be registered in the NIS NIS map or in the etc hosts file on each machine in your network If you enter a MAC address it must be entered in ring format 5 Click SELECT on the check box associated with each SunNet Manager agent that you want to communicate with the station If you enable the SunFDDI P proxy agent pf_fddismt7_2 you must also specify the host name or MAC address of the target FDDI station from which the proxy agent will request information Managing FDDI Stations Using SunNet Manager 109 lll CO Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf _fddi The SunFDDI P local agent pf_fddi responds to SNM requests from the console and returns statistics gathered on the client machine These statistics are similar to those returned by pf_stat 1M See Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat on page 87 for detailed information v To Gather Local Station Statistics Use the SunFDDI P local agent to recover a snapshot of the current state of the local FDDI station 1 Click SELECT on the icon for the FDDI station that you want to interrogate 2 Press MENU on the Requests menu button and release MENU on the Quick Dump item 3 Choose pf_fddi as the Agent Schema and if interface as the Group 4 Click SELECT on Apply to display local station statistics similar to th
144. ties window for the target station See Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf_fddi on page 110 for detailed instructions Check that the SNM daemons are started on the proxy and the target machines ps ef grep snm root lt pid gt lt date amp time gt lt path gt pf_snmd root lt pid gt lt date amp time gt lt path gt pf_snmd root lt pid gt lt date amp time gt lt path gt pf_snmd On a Solaris 2 x client you can start the SunNet Manager daemons for SunFDDI P by typing usr sbin pf_snmd Troubleshooting and Diagnostics 43 5 Running the Hardware Self Test Program If you suspect that there may be a problem with the SunFDDI P adapter card you can use the built in hardware self test to check the state of its primary components and the connection to the network V To Run the Hardware Self Test 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Halt the machine sync sync halt 3 At the boot prompt type ok test pci pf Local MAC Address 0 80 d8 10 3 ed Canonical Interrupt register read write test PASS CMT Processor read write test PASS S Port register Cest a e sas soient le ets PASS MAC register Test Laits su un se PASS DMA r gister test dise sera bs etes PASS DMA b s master test sd Done hace aye DR aus PASS Performing EDDI path test PASS Connection Management CMT test PASS Local loopback packet test PASS Network
145. tion caused by a dirty cable VW To Check the IP Addresses 36 You must assign a unique IP address to each SunFDDI P interface If you have more than one IP interface installed in your machine either multiple SunFDDI P interfaces or some other LAN interface for example an Ethernet interface each interface must be attached to a different subnetwork Use ifconfig 1M to check the IP addresses assigned to the two SunFDDI P interfaces ifconfig a pf0 flags 843 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST mtu 4352 inet 123 123 201 71 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 123212322012255 pfl flags 843 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST mtu 4352 inet 123 123 201 75 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 123 123 201 235 If the interfaces have the same subnetwork number as shown in this example you must change the IP address assigned to one of the interfaces Ensure that the IP addresses and host names for each Sun FDDI P interface are entered in the NIS map or in etc hosts on the local machine if you are not using NIS NIS SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 V To Check the IP Routing 1 Check the IP routing table using the net stat 1M command 2 netstat nr 2 Check that the FDDI subnetwork is featured in the routing table If the routing table is empty check that the routing daemon in routed is running on your machine VW To Check the Protocol Statistics Use n
146. to indicate the type of port that is being managed PCMS single attached station S port e PCMA dual attached station A port PCMB dual attached station B port Table 8 3 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the PCM heading Table 8 3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading State Meaning OFF PCM is inactive initial state BREAK PCM is starting the connection synchronization phase CONNECT PCM is synchronizing the connection end points prior to the signaling sequence NEXT PCM is transmitting PDUs prior to entering SIGNAL state SIGNAL PCM is transmitting and receiving signal bits information following a NEXT state JOIN First state in the sequence leading to a synchronized connection Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 91 92 Table 8 3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading Continued VERIFY Second state in the sequence leading to a synchronized connection ACTIVE Final state indicating that the port is successfully incorporated in the token path TRACE PCM is localizing a stuck beacon condition The normal sequence of PCM states leading to a fully synchronized connection and incorporation of the port into the token path is shown in Figure 8 1 Note that the minimum interval between interrogations is one second and that this is not always fast enough to recover and display the complete sequence of PCM states OFF gt BREAK gt CONNECT gt
147. twork However once a station starts sending packets on the network the Address Resolution Protocol ARP updates the ARP tables on other stations to include the MAC address of its interface The ES IS protocol performs the same function for SunFDDI OSI running over FDDI If you swap SunFDDI P cards that use the card resident MAC address you must wait until the ARP entries time out or remove the ARP entries from every active station manually before packets can be routed correctly Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat The pf_stat 1M utility interrogates a specified SunFDDI P interface and displays the accumulated statistics This command must be executed as root or superuser and has the general form lt basedir gt pf_stat m pf lt inst gt lt interval gt lt count gt pf lt inst gt specifies the SunFDDI P interface lt interval gt is the elapsed time in seconds between interrogations lt count gt the total number of interrogations Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 87 88 The pf_stat utility displays information using column headings that conform to SMT revision 7 3 which differ from SMT revision 5 1 and 4 2 headings in the following cases The ECM heading corresponds to the 5 1 MIM heading The RMT heading does not have an analog in SMT revision 4 2 If you run SunFDDI P at revision level 4 2 ignore any data displayed under the RMT heading of pf_stat Displaying Local Interface
148. typically between 2 and 32 Since each dual homed station requires two M ports only a limited number of stations can be connected in this way The dual homing configuration requires a minimum of two concentrators which are more expensive than single attached or dual attached stations Tree of Concentrators The tree of concentrators is an incremental expansion of the standalone concentrator topology described on page 72 Two or more concentrators are connected in a hierarchical topology with one concentrator designated as the root of the tree as shown in Figure 7 5 This topology is typically used to connect a large number of stations within a single building or office FDDI Network Topologies 75 lll N FDDI SAS FDDISAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS oe oE za i E i SAC or DAC SAC or DAC i i FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS Ly Lj 1 E i i 7 r La l l SAC or DAC SAC or DAC FDDI SAS FDDI SAS LJ gt LJ SAC or DAC Root concentrator Figure 7 5 Hierarchical Tree of Concentrators Advantages 76 The tree of concentrators configuration offers many of the
149. u can install the start up script into the etc rc2 d directory cd opt SUNWconn SUNWpf utilities cp pf_fddidaemon etc rc2 d S98pf_fddidaemon Installing SunFDDI P Software 21 3 Removing SunFDDI P If you remove the SunFDDI P hardware interfaces from your machine you also need to remove the SunFDDI P software to prevent the device driver from starting each time you reboot the machine Use pkgrm 1M to remove unbundled software from machines running a Solaris 2 x environment Refer to Installing Solaris Software for detailed information on removing software packages using pkgrm V To Remove SunFDDI P 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Use pkgrm to remove SunFDDI P The post remove script removes the modifications made to the system files and updates the package information on your machine usr sbin pkgrm SUNWpfr usr sbin pkgrm SUNWpft 3 Modify the etc hosts file to remove the IP addresses and host names for the SunFDDI P interfaces that were inserted by the post installation script 4 Reboot the machine to ensure correct system operation 22 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 Improving Network Performance High Performance FDDI Networks page 24 Ring Latency Improvement page 24 Data Throughput Improvement page 25 Performance Across Bridges page 25 Target Token Rotation Time TTRT page 26 Improving Performance page 27 This
150. ubleshooting 34 claim process 26 31 65 classes 100 cleaning fibre optic cable 7 147 148 commands add_drv 39 getsockopt 29 ifconfig 18 36 mount_hsfs 13 ndd 27 28 netstat 18 ping 18 pkgadd 13 14 16 pkgrm 22 setsockopt 29 umount 18 common problems 33 39 concentrators 58 configurations dual ring 60 ring oftrees 59 connectionless service primitives 121 connectors 51 57 fiber optic 7 34 console 104 106 copper twisted pair 50 counter rotating ring 55 70 CPU speed 24 crossing the ring 34 cumulative length 76 D DAC dual attached concentrator 56 58 59 69 daemons in routed 37 vold 18 DAS dual attached station 56 57 61 69 data link provider interface 120 data queues 27 data transfer 50 rate 2 25 declaring IP addresses 12 15 default buffer size 25 IP addresses 15 MAC address 35 target token rotation time 26 developing applications 119 device drivers 34 names 4 diagnostic LED 9 16 34 dialogue based traffic 52 directories cdrom sun_fddip_1_0 13 etc rc2 d 21 disabling MTU path discovery 31 disk space 12 diskless clients 125 displaying SunFDDI P statistics 87 distributed clocking scheme 51 distribution frame 78 DL_INFO_ACK 122 DL_INFO_REQ 122 dl_sap_length 123 DLPI 119 addressing 122 header file 120 primitives 121 specification xxiii DLSAP 122 DNA 96 document structure xix don t fragment bit 30 dotted d
151. ughput by modifying the parameters that control the rate at which these protocols transfer data to and from the SunFDDI P device driver that is between user space and kernel space Send and Receive Buffers The send and receive buffers control the maximum rate at which data is transferred between user space and kernel space by applications that use sockets The size of these buffers defines the amount of data that can be transferred at one time To optimize performance consistent values must be assigned for the send and receive buffers The default value 4 Kbytes assigned to these parameters is optimized for transmission across Ethernet connections For applications running over FDDI the send and receive buffers should be set to 32 Kbytes Performance Across Bridges The maximum transmission unit MTU for each physical layer in the network defines the maximum size in octets of the transmitted packets A larger MTU means that more data can be transmitted in a single packet a larger MTU usually means higher throughput For SunFDDI P the MTU is set to 4352 by default and for an Ethernet interface the MTU is 1500 This difference can cause performance problems in mixed FDDI Ethernet networks Packets are transmitted between the two networks across a bridge which handles the translation between the two protocols When data is transmitted across the bridge from the FDDI network the larger FDDI packets need to be 1 This valu
152. upported on Sun 4u PCI based system architectures How this Book is Organized The SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide is divided into two parts If you are unfamiliar with FDDI network terminology or if you are implementing an FDDI network for the first time read Part 2 first Part 1 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P describes how to turn your machine into a SunFDDI P station It tells you how to install and configure the SunFDDI P device driver and how to tune your FDDI station to get the best performance It also includes troubleshooting advice to help you detect and resolve problems with your FDDI network Part 2 Planning and Implementing SunFDDI Networks includes a brief overview of the FDDI protocols and describes common FDDI network topologies It tells you how to use the SunFDDI P network utilities how to use a SunNet Manager console to manage your SunFDDI P stations how to develop applications over SunFDDI P and how to boot a diskless station across an FDDI connection xix The connector type has been changed for SunFDDI P to an SC type connector If you are connecting the SunFDDI P card to a network that has a MIC connector an SC MIC converter cable is required Part 1 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P Chapter 1 SunFDDI P Overview describes the SunFDDI P 1 0 implementation of the FDDI protocols and includes a list of the specifications to which it conforms
153. ype of traffic on the network If the network load is very irregular bursty traffic the TTRT should be set as high as possible to avoid lengthy queueing at any one station If the network is used for the bulk transfer of large data files the TTRT should be set relatively high to obtain maximum throughput without allowing any one station to monopolize the network resources If the network is used for voice video or real time control applications the TTRT should be set low to decrease access delay The TTRT is established during the claim process Each station on the ring bids a value T_req for the operating value of the TTRT T_opr and the station with the lowest bid wins the claim Setting the value of T_req on a single station does not guarantee that this bid will win the claim process SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 HS lll Improving Performance The following section describes how to modify the user configurable network parameters To obtain optimum network performance you may need to tune these parameters depending on your network configuration and the type of network traffic Changing the High and Low Water Marks The maximum rate at which data is transferred between user space and kernel space by applications that use STREAMS is controlled by the high water marks These parameters define the maximum amount of data that can be queued for transmission to the TCP or UDP STREAMS modules Ther
154. ysical medium dependent PMD layer Bit stream Figure 6 2 Communication Between FDDI Layers SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 O lll FDDI Network Architecture A typical FDDI network is based on a dual counter rotating ring as illustrated in Figure 6 3 Each FDDI station is connected in sequence to two rings simultaneously a primary ring and a secondary ring Data flows in one direction on the primary ring and in the other direction on the secondary ring FDDI station Secondary ring Primary ring FDDI station Figure 6 3 Basic FDDI Network Architecture The secondary ring serves as a redundant path It is used during station initialization and may be used as a backup to the primary ring in the event of a station or cable failure When a failure occurs the dual ring is wrapped around to isolate the fault and to create a single one way ring The components of a typical FDDI network and the failure recovery mechanism are described in more detail in the following sections FDDI Network Architecture 55 56 FDDI Stations An FDDI station is any device that can be attached to a fiber or copper twisted pair FDDI network through an FDDI interface The FDDI protocols define two types of FDDI stations Single attached station SAS Dual attached station DAS Single Attached Station SAS A sing

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