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Intel 9800758-02 Webcam User Manual

1. CHAPTER 1 PAGE INTRODUCTION TO BASIC 80 Operating System Interface 02008 1 1 Invoking BASIC 80 eeeeeee 1 1 Manipulating Files from BASIC 80 1 2 Listing the Directory of a Disk 1 3 Renaming a File oos supuiud aie tee ees 1 3 Changing File Attributes 00 1 3 Deleting a Pie cu uw koe OV ae ote a arg 1 3 Loading a Program 2 eee eee eee eee ee es 1 4 Saving a Program osse dere w VEU Ar eee asa 1 4 CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE ELEMENTS InstFuctionS o sso outa a es RES MEREES MESS 2 1 COMMANGS Ac 32400 en otis te eb Rm ee dd ae 2 1 Statements s eesse ciuma cm hatte art s wa tare 2 1 EUIS c 4 vites dre aie REE QURE abu odes 2 5 Representing Data 0 cc eee ee ee eee ee 2 5 Synta exo Reo dia seco SN EN RC NAE M pues 2 5 Numeric Data osos wes eS bia Polus s uode fe ioa 2 5 Constants cesses odo duae abs e dcr XR Reed aa 2 6 Integer Constants 2 eur eR re 2 6 Decimal Integer Constants 2 6 Hexadecimal Integer Constants 2 6 Octal Integer Constants 2 7 Single Precision Floating Point Constants 2 7 Double Precision Floating Point Constants 2 7 Variables cid oten irai See eee ted Carew RS 2 7 Strine Data tes weaken cade rod E Vy ame va 2 8 String Constants s coocas ev E ek ERU RE ER 2 8 String Variables 0 2 2 0 eee eee 2 8 Converting Data 0c ee ee
2. ment and the NEW and EXIT commands close all disk files After closing a file you can open it again for input or output with the same or a different file number 5 3 Disk File Input Output Random File I O Random I O requires a bit more care and coding than sequential I O but is more flexible because you can move back and forth within a disk file These are the key differences e To get data from random disk files to BASIC 80 variables and vice versa you must understand how BASIC 80 uses I O buffer space e Random I O operations GET and PUT always read or write all 128 bytes of a floppy disk sector You must specify how this 128 byte string is divided into fields and assigned to string variables e Because all data in random files is treated as string data you must convert strings that represent numbers into numeric values if you want to do any calculations with them Likewise if you want to write a numeric value to a ran dom file you must first convert it to a string Special functions are provided to do this e You must use special assignment statements to put a string variable into an I O buffer This is due to the fact that the fields you define in an I O buffer are of fixed length the special assignment statements accommodate variables that are longer or shorter than the specified field e Unless you simply want to read or write records in sequence you must specify which record you want to read or write I O Buf
3. LEN The string function LEN X returns the length in number of characters of string X All characters are counted including non printing characters and blanks LEN string expression 10 X JOHN J JONES 20 PRINT LEN X 30 END RUN 13 Ok LOC The LOC function has two uses When used with a random file LOC returns the current sector number The current sector is defined as the last sector that was read or written If no sectors have been read or written LOC returns to 0 When used with a sequential file LOC returns the number of sectors read or written to since the last OPEN statement was executed on that file LOC file number 10 OPEN R 3 F1 RANDOM 20 GET 3 44 30 PRINT LOC 3 40 END RUN 44 Ok LOF The LOF function returns the number of sectors in a random file When LOF is used with a sequential file it returns the number of data sectors 128 bytes per sector in the file LOF file number PRINT LOF 4 33 LOG The LOG function returns the natural logarithm of the argument The calculation is performed in single precision LOG expression 10 INPUTA 20 B LOG A 30 PRINT A 40 END RUN 2488 7 81924 Ok BASIC 80 MID The MID X L J function examines string X and returns the rightmost characters starting at pointer I I and J are integers in the range 1 255 If argument J is specified J characters are returned starting at position I If I is
4. BASIC 80 Language Elements Functions Functions are built in routines that return a value based on the argument or arguments supplied They can be used to form expressions with either commands or statements BASIC 80 includes both numeric and string functions Table 2 3 lists the BASIC 80 functions In addition to these up to 10 user written functions can be defined with the DEFFN statement Representing Data The instructions described in the previous topics tell BASIC 80 what to do to carry out these instructions you must also provide data in a specific fashion Intel BASIC 80 includes constant and variable values in either numeric or string format allows these values to be grouped into arrays provides for conversion from one data type to another and allows these values to be combined into expressions using arithmetic relational and logical operators Syntax BASIC 80 accepts instructions and data in a specific format This format called syntax must be followed to obtain useful predictable results BASIC 80 syntax is a superset of ANSI Minimal BASIC syntax The table below describes the meta language elements used to illustrate BASIC 80 syntax Table 2 4 BASIC 80 Metalanguage Elements An instruction that requires no argument is RESTORE shown by itself in uppercase letters If an argument must be provided the descrip GOTO line tion of the argument in lowercase letters POKE address value follows the instruction
5. INPUT Closes one or more files Identifies values that can be assigned with a READ statement Defines a user written function Defines variable names starting with the given letter as double precision floating point Defines variable names starting with the given letter as integer Defines variable names starting with the given letter as single precision floating point Defines variable names starting with the given letter as string variable names Defines non BASIC subroutine Allocates space for array variables Concludes program Simulates errors with given error number Allocates space in random file buffer Creates a loop Retrieves data from disk file Transfers execution to subroutine Transfers execution to line number When the expression specified is true the statement executes if false a second statement executes 1 Prompts for terminal input in program 2 Reads data from sequential file Assigns value to variables CLOSE 3 DATA 9 0 JUNE 33 DEF FNRT R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 DEFDBL R Z DEFINT I N DEFSNG B H X Y DEFSTR K O DEFUSR 0 4E00H DIM char 25 10 25 END ERROR 12 FIELD 3 20 AS A FORI 1TO5STEP 5 NEXT GET 2 4 GOSUB 550 GOTO 400 IF A gt B THEN 250 ELSE PRINT gt INPUTA B C INPUT 1 A B C LET A 52 BASIC 80 LINE INPUT LSET ON ERROR ON GOTO ON GOSUB OPEN OPTION BASE OUT POKE PRINT PR
6. Ok STOP The STOP statement halts program execution and prints a BREAK IN line number message Following this BASIC 80 is in the command mode After execution of a STOP program variables may be changed or printed and if the program is not changed execution may be resumed with the CONT command The END statement also halts execution but does not print a BREAK IN line number message and closes any open file STOP 320 PRINT END OF PROGRAM 330 STOP RUN END OF PROGRAM BREAK IN 330 Ok SWAP The SWAP statement exchanges the values assigned to any two variables or string variables provided that they are of the same type SWAP variable1 variable2 110 IF X Y THEN SWAP X Y 120 PRINT NEW VALUE OF X IS X AND Y ISNOW Y TRON TROFF The two program tracing commands TRON and TROFF respectively enable and disable the trace function in program execution When enabled the number of each line is printed as it is executed enclosed in square brackets These commands can also be used within programs to selectively enable and disable tracing 6 23 Commands and Statements 6 24 TRON TROFF 10 INPUT A B C 20 PRINT A B C 3 30 END TRON OK RUN 10 42 48 45 20 45 30 30 18 12 20 Ok WAIT The WAIT statement instructs BASIC 80 to monitor incoming bytes from a specified port These bytes are tested with a mask byte which is an integer expres sion in the range 0 to 255 The resu
7. These routines can also reside in PROM For ease of use dedicate one or more PROMs and their sockets to this purpose In this way you can burn different subroutines as different needs arise without altering the addresses of the routines Changing routines becomes as simple as changing PROMs Adding PROM Based BASIC 80 Programs to a Configuration You can also burn BASIC 80 programs into PROM with the ISIS II BAPROM util ity program BAPROM converts BASIC 80 programs saved in ASCII format with the SAVE filename A option into relocatable object module format You can save these modules from either ISIS II or RMX 80 BASIC 80 They can then be linked if needed located burned into PROM and then run with the PRUN command If you wish to add USR routines or source files created by BAPROM to a given con figuration you can add the object modules to the LINK command there is no automatic way however to communicate the starting addresses to BASIC 80 You must use the PUBLICS option of LOCATE and check the LOCATE PRINT file to find starting addresses You can also execute a BASIC 80 program immediately upon restart To do this you must change the constant BOPRUN in BASCM ASM to the address of the BASIC 80 program stored in PROM Here s an example 1 Convert START BAS into START OBJ with the BAPROM program 2 Add START OBJ to the LINK command in the GBASIC CSD module 3 Change BQPRUN DW 0 to EXTRN START BQPRUN DW STA
8. struction line use the X subcommand 40H Enter X 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE PRINT UNDEFINED SET M Enter new text at the cursor A B ESC L 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE PRINT UNDEFINED SET A B S Subcommand The S subcommand examines characters to the right of the cursor to find the nth occurrence of the specified character where n is an integer in the range 1 to 255 the default is 1 This subcommand skips the first character to the right of the cursor and searches printing all characters encountered When the nth occurrence of the speci fied character is found the cursor stops at the character If the nth occurrence of the specified character is not found the cursor stops at the end of the line The syntax of the S subcommand is integer S character The S subcommand can be used with an example to find the nth occurrence of the specified character Suppose we want to move the cursor to the space occupied by the 3rd letter E in line 40 40 E Enter SSE 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE E At this point the other editing subcommands may be used K Subcommand The K subcommand functions like the S subcommand except that it deletes all characters passed over until the nth occurrence of the specified character The deleted characters are enclosed in backslashes The syntax of the K subcommand is integer K character The K subcommand may be used on our example It will eliminate all text up to
9. 1 To print the name 40 PRINT N BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Disk File Input Output It s not quite so simple to print or do calculations with numeric values from random I O files however because they are represented as strings You must convert each string that represents a number to its corresponding numeric value either integer single precision floating point or double precision floating point The CVI CVS and CVD functions respectively perform this conversion Assume that there is an additional 2 character field following the 9 character social security number that represents the number of hours worked in the previous week The following statements open the file define the fields read the first or next record and increment the variable HW by the number of hours worked 10 OPEN R 3 F IPERSON 20 FIELD 3 20 AS N 9 AS SS 2 AS H 30 GET 3 40 PRINT N SS HOURS CVI H 50 HW HW CVI H 60 PRINT TOTAL HOURS HW The two characters defined as H are converted to an integer To convert a string to a numeric variable the number of string characters must equal the number of bytes required to store the corresponding numeric data type Integer CVI 2 bytes Single precision value CVS 4bytes Double precision value CVD 8 bytes If the number of string characters represented by the argument of the function is fewer than required an ILLEGAL FUNCTION CALL error message is printed and execution
10. 2 You must also assemble BASCM ASM the BASIC 80 configuration module and BQMEM ASM the memory allocation module If these modules need to be changed to fit your configuration you can edit them with the ISIS II Text Editor 3 You must then use the appropriate GBASIC CSD file with SUBMIT which will LINK and LOCATE the proper modules and their library references Figure F 5 lists a GBASIC CSD module that you could use with the PROM based con figuration specfied in figure F 4 F 9 RMX 80 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 ASM80 F0 BASCM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOLIST NOSYMBOLS ASMB80 F0 BQMEM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOLIST NOSYM BOLS LINK amp F1 RMX820 LIB START amp F0 BASCM OBJ amp F0 RMXBAS LIB amp F1 MTI820 LIB amp F1 MTO820 LIB amp F1 RMX820 LIB amp F1 DFSUNR LIB amp F1 UNRSLV LIB amp F1 PLM80 LIB amp F0 BQMEM OBJ TO F1 BQBAS LNK MAP PRINT F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBAS LNK TO F0 RMXSYS MAP PUBLICS PRINT F1 LOC LST CODE 0H STACKSIZE 0 START 0H PURGE DATA 7800H Figure F 5 Sample GBASIC CSD Module for PROM Based RMX 80 BASIC 80 Configuring PROM Based RMX 80 BASIC 80 With or Without DFS If you do not need DFS facilities PROM requirements are reduced by 7K bytes and RAM requirements are reduced by 1 6K bytes You can configure without DFS by 1 Setting DFS to 0 in BQOPS ASM before assembling BASCM ASM and BQMEM ASM 2 Excluding the DFS libraries from GBASIC CSD as in figure F 5
11. ASCII and followed by a Control Z PRUN address PUT The PUT statement transfers data from the previously formatted random file buffer to the specified disk sector The PUT statement requires the file number assigned when the random file was opened and the sector the data goes to If no sector number is specified and no data have been written to the disk the first disk sector is written to If data have been written to the disk the number of the last sector written increments and the next sector is written to The sector number may not exceed 2048 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements PUT file number sector number 10 OPEN R 1 Ft FILE 1 20 FIELD 10 AS A 30 INPUT A 40 PUT 1 1 50 CLOSE 1 60 STOP RUN A STRING Ok RANDOMIZE The RANDOMIZE statement prompts the user for a new random number seed for the random number function RND If the RANDOMIZE command is not given within a program the same sequence of random numbers will repeat each time any program is run RANDOMIZE expression If the optional expression is included its value becomes the new seed and no prompt is issued 10 RANDOMIZE 20 A RND 30 IFA 5 THEN PRINT HEADS 40 IF A gt 5 THEN PRINT TAILS RUN Random number seed 0 65529 123 TAILS Ok READ The READ statement sequentially assigns values found in the accompanying DATA statements to the variables specified If more DATA fields are read than
12. F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBAS LNK TO F0 BQ10P TWO MAP PUBLICS PRINT F1 LOCA LST amp CODE 8000H STACKSIZE 0 DATA 426AH LINK F0 BQ10P ONE PUBLICS F0 BQ10P TWO TO F1 BQBAS LNK amp MAP PRINT F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBAS LNK TO F0 BQ10P ONE MAP PRINT F1 LOCB LST PUBLICS amp CODE 0 STACKSIZE 0 START 0 DATA 3CO00H Figure F 7 GBASIC CSD SUBMIT Module for iSBC 80 10 PROM Based BASIC 80 F 11 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 12 Configuring DFS on an iSBC 80 10 If you re using DFS with a PROM Based BASIC 80 on the iSBC 80 10 you must add a line of code to the GBASIC CSD module distributed on diskette This code specifies use of the iSBC 201 202 204 or 206 disk controller For the iSBC 201 202 or 206 add F1 DIO810 LIB VIOHD1 amp For the iSBC 204 add F1 DIOS810 LIB VIOHD4 amp just before the line F1 DFSUNR LIB amp in the GBASIC CSD module The BQMEM ASM module contains code that polls the interrupt lines to find the interrupt from the disk drives Be sure this polling is initiated refer to the RMX 80 User s Guide iSBC 80 10 System Clock The iSBC 80 10 does not have an on board clock You should include the dummy clock routine CLOCK OBJ when configuring an iSBC 80 10 BASIC 80 This routine has two side effects 1 With the full terminal handler you may have to type a character before the RMX 80 BASIC 80 sign on message prints 2 There is no disk drive time out If you reference a drive
13. If an argument is optional the description of RESUME line number the argument is enclosed in brackets SAVE filename A If more than one type of argument can be PRINT expression variable specified the choices are separated by ver tical lines If an argument can be repeated three dots READ data data signify repetition ON variable GOSUB line line Numeric Data BASIC 80 accepts numeric values as either constants or variables Within these two categories there are three types of representation integer single precision floating point and double precision floating point Using the DEFINT DEFSNG or DEFDBL statements you can define a range of letters to signify integer single precision floating point or double precision floating point numeric variables If you don t define numeric type you can specify it with a one character suffix when you use the variable or constant letter name If you don t specify numeric type the default is single precision floating point as if a DEFSNG A Z instruction had been given Table 2 5 summarizes the characteristics and methods of specifying numeric data types Language Elements 2 6 Constants Constants are numeric values that do not change during program execution A con stant can be a decimal integer hexadecimal integer octal integer single precision floating point number or double precision floating point number Table 2 5 Numeric Data Types Inte
14. NECESSARY IF MAILED IN U S A i INTEL CORPORATION 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 408 987 8080 Printed in U S A
15. The DFS modules RORNMX RQDELX RQOPNX and RQATRX will be unresolved externals but they present no difficulties Configuring a PROM Based BASIC 80 For An iSBC 80 10 A Based System In a typical iSBC 80 10 A configuration the memory allocation would look like this refer to the iSBC 80 10 and iSBC 80 10A Hardware Reference Manual On board PROM OK to 8K On board RAM 15K to 16K iSBC 016 RAM 16K to 32K iSBC 464 32K to 57K System PROM is discontiguous making linking and locating the configuration module more difficult Follow these steps 1 Edit the BQOPS ASM module to specify the desired options A sample iSBC 80 10 module is listed below CPU SET 10 MODEL OF CPU BOOTED SET 0 1 IF BOOT VERSION ELSE 0 TERMH SET 0 1 FOR FULL TH 0 FOR MINI RATE SET 7 BAUD RATE FACTOR CONTR SET 204 CONTROLLER NUMBER DFS SET 6 NUMBER OF DFS FILES OPEN AT ONCE UIO SET 0 1IF USER I O DRIVERS ELSE 0 NFILES SET 6 TOTAL FILES HIRAM SET O07FFFH HIGHEST RAM LOCATION BOTMEM SET 0H BOTTOM OF BOOT LOADER RAM Figure F 6 BQOPS ASM Module for PROM Based iSBC 80 10 BASIC 80 F 10 RMX 80 BASIC 80 2 LINK RMX810 LIB START BASCM OBJ and as many DFS and terminal handler system modules as will fit on on board PROM into one module Don t worry about unresolved external references these will be resolved in step 6 3 LOCATE the module LINKed in step 2 with CODE 0 and DATA 3CO0H This specifies that the program starts in PROM a
16. This function may only be used with the PRINT statement If the expression rounds to a value less than 1 TAB 1 results If the expression rounds to over WIDTH value TAB expression MOD width results TAB expression 10 FOR I 1TO 4 20 PRINT TAB i I 30 NEXTI RUN 1 Ok TAN The TAN function returns the tangent value of the argument The input is given in radians The calculation is performed in single precision TAN expression 10 INPUT A 20 PRINT TAN A 30 END RUN 41 160656 Ok USRn The USRn function is used to reference a user defined assembly language PL M 80 or Fortran 80 subroutine The DEFUSRn statement specifies the starting address for the corresponding USRn subroutine The argument n may be any integer from 0 to 24 if no argument is given 0 is assumed The type character indicates the type of the result If none is indicated the result must be returned as an integer in registers H and L Functions Functions BASIC 80 Only integers can be used as arguments other variables must be passed by reference This is done with the VARPTR function which returns the address of the specified variable USR S I 96 n parameter Here is an example of how the USRn statement is used 10 CLEAR 1000 ODFFFH 20 DEFUSR4 0E000H 30 A A STRING 40 A 1E4 50 A 14D 3 60 A 12 70 B USR 4 VARPTR A VARPTR K1 VARPTR R VARPTR LA Arguments are returned in a simila
17. 30 PRINT A B 40 PRINT SQR B A 50 STOP 100 IF ERR lt gt 11 THEN 130 110 B 1 120 RESUME 130 ON ERROR GOTO 0 RUN 2 0 2 Illegal function call in 40 Ok The error routine lines 100 130 sets B to 1 when the divide by zero error occurs but allows other errors to interrupt operation in a conventional way The non fatal floating point overflow and divide by zero errors are trapped like other errors No messages are displayed in this case and the results of the calcula tions are undefined 4 3 Error Handling Error Simulation BASIC 80 provides a statement that can simulate any errors which produce an error code When the ERROR statement is encountered during program execution BASIC 80 acts as if the specified error had occurred The example below demonstrates how ERROR can be used to test an error handling routine 10 ON ERROR GOTO 70 20 INPUTA 30 B A 3842 40 PRINT B 50 GOTO 20 70 IF 11 ERR THEN PRINT Division by zero 80 RESUME NEXT If line 40 is replaced with 40 ERROR 11 Program control transfers to line 70 regardless of the result of the operation in line 30 Restarting Program Execution You can restart program execution after it has halted with the RUN or CONT instruction and after an error in an ON ERROR routine with the RESUME instruction Remember that RUN sets all variables to zero RUN restarts program execution at the lowest numbered line of a program if no line number is specified or at
18. 5 7 6 11 STEP 6 7 STOP 6 22 SWAP 6 23 WAIT 6 24 STEP 6 7 STOP 6 22 string 2 8 arrays 2 10 constants 2 8 data 2 8 functions ASC 7 1 CHR 2 9 7 2 FRE 7 5 HEX 2 9 7 6 INSTR 7 7 LEFTS 7 7 LEN 7 8 MIDS 7 9 BASIC 80 OCTS 2 9 7 9 RIGHTS 7 10 SPACES 7 11 STRINGS 7 12 STR 7 13 VAL 7 14 operators 2 12 variables 2 8 STRINGS 7 12 string to numeric conversion 5 6 CVD 5 7 7 3 CVI 5 7 7 3 CVS 5 7 7 3 subroutines BASIC GOSUB 6 8 ON GOSUB 6 14 RETURN 6 21 non BASIC calling E 1 DEFUSR E 2 6 4 preparing E 1 USR E 3 7 13 VARPTR E 2 7 14 SWAP 6 23 TAB 7 13 TAN 7 13 THEN 6 9 trace facility 4 3 TROFF 4 3 6 23 TRON 4 3 6 23 underflow error message 4 1 A 1 user defined functions DEFFN 6 3 subroutines DEFUSR E 2 6 4 USR E 3 7 13 VARPTR E 2 7 14 USR E 3 7 13 VAL 2 9 7 14 variables 2 7 block assignment statements 2 8 DEFDBL 2 5 6 4 DEFINT 2 5 6 4 DEFSNG 2 5 6 4 DEFSTR 6 4 numeric 2 7 string 2 8 type conversion functions 2 8 CDBL 2 9 7 2 CINT 2 9 7 2 CSNG 2 9 7 3 type suffixes 2 6 double precision floating point 2 6 integer 2 6 single precision floating point 2 6 string 2 8 VARPTR E 2 7 14 WAIT 6 24 WIDTH 6 24 BASIC 80 Reference Manual ntel 9800758 02 REQUEST FOR READER S COMMENTS The Microcomputer Division Technical Publications Department attempts to provide documents that me
19. A Character length of X Current record number in random file X Sectors read or written since last OPEN in se quential file X Number of records in random file X Number of data sectors in sequential file X Natural log of X J characters starting atl of string A 8 byte string equal to double precision floating point variable X 2 byte string equal to integer variable X 4 byte string equal to single precision floating point variable X Octal equivalent of decimal argument Single byte from memory location X Position of cursor after last PRINT Rightmost 1 characters of X Single precision random number between 0 and 1 Sign of X Sine of X String of I spaces String of X spaces Square root of X String equal to X Character X Y times or the first character of A Y times Spaces to X position on terminal Tangent value of X References user subroutine 0 to 24 Numerical value of X Memory address of X DSKF X A EOF X ERL ERR EXP X FIX X FRE X HEX X INP X INPUTS X Y INSTR X Y INT X LEFT A X LEN X LOC X LOF X LOG X MID A I J MKD A MKIS A MKS A OCTS X PEEK X POS dummy argument RIGHTS X 1 RND SGN X SIN X SPACES I SPC X SQR X STR X STRINGS Y X STRINGS Y 6 A TAB X TAN X AX USR 12 A1 A2 VAL X VARPTR X
20. Altering BASIC 80 Workspace The BASIC 80 workspace stores the current BASIC 80 program variables con stants file buffers strings It should be as large as is practical Table F 2 Sample Configuration Memory Requirements RMXBAS LIB BOOTCM OBJ BASCM OBJ BQMEM OBJ BQBMEM OBJ Note 1 BQMEM ASM allocates DFS memory areas and the BASIC 80 workspace DFS requires 700 bytes plus 400 bytes per DFS file An additional 80 bytes are required for the controller stack on a non boot loaded DFS system On a boot loaded system BQBMEM ASM allocates controller stack area The BOMEM ASM module contains two labels BOSMEM and BQEMEM These labels correspond to the starting and ending addresses of the BASIC 80 workspace The distributed code is written to make the greatest possible area of memory available as workspace e BQMEM OBJ is the last module linked so the starting address of the workspace is at the top of all data areas BOSMEM uses this address e ASEG and ORG force the controller addressable areas if DFS is specified and boot loader code in a boot loaded system to the top of memory A variable FREE addresses the last free byte below these FREE is used by BOMEM Note the boot loader work area RQPOOL is re used by BASIC 80 If you wish to fix the BASIC 80 work area to a specific length or location BQSMEM and BQEMEM must be modified accordingly If you want to reserve free memory for BASIC 80 to POKE data into you need to know th
21. BASIC 80 REFERENCE MANUAL Manual Order No 9800758 02 Copyright 1978 1979 Intel Corporation Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara California 95051 Additional copies of this manual or other Intel literature may be obtained from Literature Department Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 The information in this document is subject to change without notice Intel Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document Intel Corporation makes no commitment to update nor to keep current the information contained in this document Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuitry other than circuitry embodied in an Intel product No other circuit patent licenses are implied Intel software products are copyrighted by and shall remain the property of Intel Corporation Use duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions stated in Intel s software license or as defined in ASPR 7 104 9 a 9 No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of Intel Corporation The following are trademarks of Intel Corporation and may be used only to describe Intel products i iSBC Multimodule ICE Libra
22. EXIT 6 7 KILL 1 3 6 10 LIST 6 10 LOAD 1 4 6 11 MERGE 6 12 NEW 6 12 NULL 6 13 PRUN 6 18 RENAME 1 3 6 20 RUN 6 21 SAVE 1 3 6 22 TROFF 4 3 6 23 TRON 4 3 6 23 W AIT 6 24 WIDTH 6 24 constants 2 6 double precision floating point 2 7 hexadecimal 2 6 integer 2 6 octal 2 7 single precision floating point 2 7 CONT 6 2 CONTROL A 3 3 C 1 CONTROL C 3 1 C 1 CONTROL I 3 1 C 1 CONTROL O C CONTROL Q C CONTROL R C CONTROL S C CONTROL X 3 2 C 1 converting data see data conversion functions COS 7 3 CR 3 1 3 2 CSNG 2 9 7 3 CVD 5 7 7 3 CVI 5 7 7 3 CVS 5 7 7 3 1 1 1 1 DATA 6 3 data numeric 2 5 arrays 2 9 constants 2 6 double precision floating point 2 7 hexadecimal 2 6 integer 2 6 octal 2 7 single precision floating point 2 7 variables 2 7 string 2 8 arrays 2 10 constants 2 8 variables 2 8 data conversion functions 2 9 CDBL 2 9 7 2 CHR 2 9 7 2 CINT 2 9 7 2 CSNG 2 9 7 3 CVD 5 7 7 3 CVI 5 7 7 3 CVS 5 7 7 3 HEX 2 9 7 6 MKEDS 5 8 7 9 MKIS 5 8 7 9 MKSS 5 8 7 9 OCTS 2 9 7 9 STRS 2 9 7 13 VAL 2 9 7 14 Index 1 Index Index 2 DEFDBL 2 5 6 4 DEFFN 6 3 DEFINT 2 5 6 4 DEFSNG 2 5 6 4 DEFSTR 6 4 DEFUSR E 2 6 4 DELETE 6 5 DIM 2 9 6 5 dimensioning 2 9 numeric arrays 2 9 string arrays 2 10 DIR 1 3 6 6 disk file I O 5 1 CLOSE 5 3 6 2 OPEN 5 1 6 14 random 5 4 FI
23. and tells you the requirements and procedures for generating disk based or ROM based versions of RMX 80 BASIC 80 It is recom mended that you refer to the RMX 80 User s Guide and RMX 80 Installation Guide for supplementary information What is RMX 80 BASIC 80 The RMX 80 BASIC 80 Interpreter iSBC 802 runs under the RMX 80 Real Time Multi Tasking Executive With RMX 80 BASIC 80 you can easily use the powerful computational and input output capabilities of the iSBC 80 Microcomputer System and apply them to solving a wide range of application problems The iSBC 802 software package gives you RMX 80 BASIC 80 in two forms First BASIC 80 modules coded to run as tasks under RMX 80 are supplied on both single and double density diskettes You can edit these modules with the ISIS II Text Editor or CREDIT and combine them with RMX 80 and user application tasks You use the Intellec Development System to create a version of RMX 80 BASIC 80 tailor made for your iSBC based microcomputer system This first configure your own option requires you to have a copy of the RMX 80 software and be familiar with its use The portions of this appendix that describe how to configure your own RMX 80 BASIC 80 system will therefore make frequent references to the following publications RMX 80 User s Guide manual order no 9800522 RMX 80 Installation Guide manual order no 9803087 01 Second if you want an instant on BASIC 80 system and have no
24. cursor Spaces are counted as characters If there are less than n characters to the right of the cursor just the remaining characters are deleted The argument n is an integer in the range 1 to 255 and the default value is 1 The deleted characters are printed enclosed by backslashes i e characters The syntax of the D subcommand is integer D In the example below line 40 returned a SYNTAX ERROR message when the pro gram ran BASIC 80 displays the error message and enters the Edit Mode By press ing the space bar the text of line 40 is displayed character by character until the incorrect character is encountered 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 OR ELSE NULL SET 40 IF A gt B THEN 1208 The command 3D press 3 then D results in 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 NORN B 3 3 Entering and Editing L Subcommand The L subcommand prints the rest of the original line and waits for further editing subcommands The cursor is to the left of the first character You can use the L sub command to display previously edited text and restart editing at the beginning of the line 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE NULL SET 40 E I Subcommand The I subcommand inserts characters after the last character typed Each character typed after typing I is inserted at the current cursor position To end insertion press the ESCAPE key To end insertion and leave the Editing Mode press the Carriage Return key Characters may be deleted when using the I
25. expression greater than O and less than or qual to 6 is preceded by a sign and is used to reference the file in I O transactions Only six files may be open at one time Note that SAVE LOAD DSKF DIR and MERGE all require a file so a maximum of five files may be open before they are executed BASIC 80 buffers files so if CI is opened for input BASIC 80 will wait for the first line of console input OPEN type file number filename where type is a string expression equal to O IT or R In the example below the file SYSLIB is opened as a random I O file with number 4 OPEN R 4 SYSLIB BASIC 80 Commands and Statements The example below shows a typical use of OPEN in an I O program See Chapter 5 for further details of disk random I O 10 OPEN R 3 F1 PERSON 20 GET 43 1 30 FIELD 43 20 AS N 9 AS SS 40 PRINT N SS RUN JONES JOHN J 517317010 OPTION BASE The OPTION BASE command is used to begin indexing of arrays at 1 or 0 By specifying an argument of O or 1 you can begin all arrays at O or 1 If present OPTION BASE should precede all DIM statements and array references If OP TION BASE 1 is not specified O is the default value OPTION BASE 0 1 OUT The OUT statement writes the specified value to the specified I O port The value is an integer expression in the range O to 255 OUT port number expression This example rings the bel
26. file from writing or deleting or renaming by enabling the write protect attribute and you can later disable this attribute to alter or delete the specified file The formats for these two operations are given below You can also enable or disable other file attributes with the ATTRIB command Refer to the ZSIS II User s Guide File Control Commands for information on using ATTRIB with system format and invisible attributes To protect a file from writing deletion and renaming ATTRIB Fdrive number filename W1 To write to delete or rename a previously protected file ATTRIB Fdrive number filename W0 AUTO The AUTO command automatically generates a line number at the beginning of each line when you are entering a program The first operand specifies the number of the first line entered after the AUTO command the second which is optional specifies the increment Both operands default to 10 AUTO first line increment To number lines starting with 10 in increments of 10 AUTO To number lines with an increment of 50 starting with line 300 AUTO 300 50 If AUTO generates a line number that already exists in the program the generated number is followed by an asterisk To erase the existing line enter CR to leave that line in the program enter Control C to stop the AUTO process CLEAR The CLEAR command sets all variables arrays and function definitions to zero and closes
27. followed by the drive number BASIC 80 assumes drive 0 if you don t specify DIR NAME EXT RECS LENGTH ATTR ALPHA 31 3728 ATTRIB 38 4677 BASIC 178 22571 COPY 64 7967 DCOPY 32 3961 DELETE 37 4501 DIR 46 9 28 DSORT 11 1264 EDIT MAC 9 469 INDEX I 46 5669 NED 79 469 RENAME 21 2438 Renaming a File The RENAME command lets you change the name of any file from an old filename to a new filename The directory listing also changes to the new filename In the ex ample below file F1 PROG changes to F1 MYPROG RENAME F1 PROG to F1 MYPROG Changing File Attributes With the BASIC 80 ATTRIB command you can protect a file from overwriting deletion or being renamed by setting the write protect attribute W If you set the invisibility attribute I the file will not appear when the directory is listed If you set the format attribute F the file will copy to a disk formatted with the IDISK or FORMAT commands The system attribute S makes the specified file copy to a disk when the disk is formatted by the FORMAT command or copied with the COPY command For each attribute the format is X0 if the attribute is disabled X1 if it is enabled where X is either W I S or F The format of ATTRIB is ATTRIB filename X0 I X1 Deleting a File If you want to get rid of a file or program you can use the KILL command to delete it and rem
28. function returns the sign of the specified expression If the expression is greater than 0 SGN returns 1 If the expression is 0 SGN returns a 0 If the expres sion is less than 0 SGN returns 1 SGN expression 10 INPUTA 20 LET B 3 14159 SGN A 30 PRINT B 40 END RUN 44 3 14159 OK RUN 1 512 3 14159 OK RUN 20 0 Ok SIN The SIN function returns the sine value of the argument The input is given in radians The calculation is performed in single precision SIN expression 10 INPUTA 20 PRINT SIN A 30 END RUN 28 989358 Ok SPACE The SPACES function returns a string of spaces equal to the value of the integer expression NOTE SPACES returns an actual string SPACES integer expression 10 A 1 20 PRINT QUESTION A SPACE 10 THEORY 30 PRINT 40 PRINT SPACE 21 TEXT 90 END RUN QUESTION 1 THEORY TEXT Functions Functions BASIC 80 SPC The SPC function returns a string of spaces n characters long when used with a PRINT statement as in the example below SPC unlike the SPACES function does not return an actual string only a series of spaces It may only be used with a PRINT statement SPC integer 10 PRINT 20 PRINT SPC 10 Question 1 PRINT PRINT 30 PRINT SPC 15 How many states are there in binary logic PRINT 40 INPUT A PRINT PRINT 50 IF A 2 THEN PRINT Correct ELSE GOTO 750 SQR The SQR function return
29. halts If the string variable is longer than required the extra characters are ignored Writing to a Random 1 0 File To store data in a random disk file you follow the same sequence of OPEN and FIELD statements as when reading from a random disk file The PUT statement writes the 128 bytes of the I O buffer to the disk file The FIELD statement however defines fixed length fields in the I O buffer To get the data to be written to disk into the I O buffer there are two special assignment statements LSET and RSET LSET left aligns a variable in the buffer field and RSET right aligns it In both cases if the variable is shorter than the field it is pad ded with ASCII blanks 20H if the variable is longer than the field it is truncated For example assume you have opened a file for random I O assigned it file number 3 and defined the first 20 characters as N You must use LSET or RSET to place values in the buffer 10 OPEN R 3 FEIPERSON 20 FIELD 3 20 AS N 30 LSET N A 40 PUT 3 1 This technique may be used for storing variables for use in another program linked to the first program with the RUN statement see description of RUN chapter 6 Whatever the length of A its leftmost 20 characters are now identified as N If A is less than 20 characters long the remaining characters of N are set to ASCII blanks 20H Statement 40 writes all 128 bytes of the I O buffer to disk file number 3 5 7 Di
30. instead of the INPUT statement shown the following statement was executed LINE INPUT 2 R The value of R would be R1 200 R2 2200 R3 10000 This statement is useful for reading from a file that consists of lines not individual data values such as lines from an ASCII saved BASIC 80 program file or a docu ment created with the ISIS II text editor The INPUTS function reads the specified number of characters from a sequential file 10 OPEN 4H Ft MONTHS 20 PRINT INPUTS 3 1 30 CLOSE t 40 END This program reads the first 3 characters from the file F1 MONTHS and prints them If you execute line 20 again INPUTS will read the next 3 characters When you read the last value from a file an end of file flag is set to 1 This flag can be tested with the EOF function If you try to read data from a disk file after the end of file flag is set BASIC 80 issues an INPUT PAST END message and execu tion halts To prevent surprises you can test for an end of file with the EOF func tion and then branch to an appropriate routine 250 IF EOF 1 THEN 300 300 CLOSE 1 310 PRINT END OF INPUT DATA Closing a Sequential File Once you read or write the desired data from or to a sequential file you must close the file This can be done in several ways The CLOSE command closes one or more files CLOSE 1 2 5 If you enter CLOSE with no file number all open files are closed The END state
31. length Hexadecimal and octal integer representation combined with bitwise Boolean logical operators make sophisticated mask operations easy A full range of string functions is available to provide flexibility in manipulating character data The disk I O features include not only the ability to read from and write to disk files but also the ability to create rename change the attributes of delete and list the directory of disk files without returning to the operating system BASIC 80 requires an Intellec or Intellec Series II microcomputer development system with at least 48K RAM and ISIS II operating system version 3 4 or later Operating System Interface You can invoke BASIC 80 from ISIS II or configure RMX 80 BASIC 80 in PROM for boot loading upon restart Once BASIC is running you have access to many of the disk file handling functions as well as the ability to load and save programs Invoking BASIC 80 Once you configure RMX 80 BASIC 80 you will always enter BASIC 80 upon restart 1 1 Introduction to BASIC 80 To invoke BASIC 80 from ISIS II enter the name of the file that contains the BASIC interpreter Options also allow you to specify the name of a file that contains a program to be loaded after BASIC 80 is running and upper memory limit for BASIC 80 s work area The format of the command is BASIC filename MEMTOP address is the ISIS II command prompt It is displayed automatically before you ent
32. need for addi tional software routines you can use the predefined RMX 80 BASIC 80 configura tion This configuration includes three parts e The executable object module RMXSYS supplied on both the single and double density diskettes e Two boot strap PROMs that load RMXSYS into the iSBC memory e Acable that connects the iSBC 204 disk controller to the bulkhead connector on any Intellec disk drive chassis With this predefined version you have a version of RMX 80 that appears on RESTART on your iSBC hardware configuration You need only make the necessary hardware connections and BASIC 80 is ready to run You should be aware of the major differences between RMX 80 based BASIC 80 and ISIS II based BASIC 80 These are e Configuring the RMX 80 modules determines how much memory will be available to the BASIC 80 interpreter and the program source The sample con figuration provides 8 4K bytes of memory space e You must also specify the number of files available to BASIC 80 when you configure the RMX 80 modules The sample configuration supports 6 open files at once F 1 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 2 e With RMX 80 BASIC 80 you can create BASIC programs and program them into PROMs for permanent reference e You can configure RMX 80 to execute a PROM resident BASIC 80 program immediately on restart e If you wish to interrupt program execution when BASIC 80 expects input from the console you must enter CONTROL C followed by
33. of the array BASIC 80 follows row major order To code in 8080 8085 assembly language you must know the Intel format for representing integer single precision floating point and double precision floating point numbers Figure E 1 shows these representations HIGH LOW ADDRESS SGN 15 BITS OF DATA ADDRESS INTEGER REPRESENTATION 2 BYTES 16 BITS LOW ORDER BYTE FIRST RM 8 EXPONENT BITS 23 MANTISSA BITS SINGLE PRECISION FLOATING POINT REPRESENTATION 4 BYTES 32 BITS LOW ORDER BYTE FIRST SIAN 11 EXPONENT BITS 52 MANTISSA BITS DOUBLE PRECISION FLOATING POINT REPRESENTATION 8 BYTES 64 BITS LOW ORDER BYTE FIRST Uu 4 LENGTH ADDRESS STRING DESCRIPTOR REPRESENTATION 8 BITS STRING LENGTH 16 BITS STRING ADDRESS DATA DATA DATA DATA STRING DATA REPRESENTATION 8 BIT BYTES Figure E 1 Internal Representation of Numbers and Strings E 3 Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines BASIC 80 Some Real Examples The three sample programs provided in Figures E 2 E 3 and E 4 show how the same subroutine adding three integer arguments can be coded in FORTRAN 80 PL M 80 and 8080 8085 assembly language Notice that each program requires three parameters Once you have processed your subroutine through the PL M 80 or FORTRAN 80 compilers or through the 8080 8085 assembler you can convert it to absolute object code and place it in memory with the LOCATE command You must give the filename of your relocatable code file and
34. or array reference DIM variable integer integer variable integer integer In the example below A is a single precision array with 21 elements indexed with a value of from 0 to 20 I is an integer array with 13 times 14 182 elements S is a three dimensional string array with 125 elements DD is a singly dimensioned double precision array with 22 elements 10 DEFINT I N 20 DIM A 20 12 13 S 4 4 4 DD 21 6 5 Commands and Statements 6 6 DIR The DIR command displays the names number of blocks and length in bytes of the files saved on the specified disk If no drive number is specified the default is drive 0 DIR may be used as a command or as a statement DIR drive number EDIT The EDIT command is used to modify single program lines In this mode you have a selection of editing subcommands that facilitate character insertion deletion and changing These subcommands and their uses are explained in Chapter 3 Entering and Editing BASIC 80 The EDIT mode is entered automatically when a syntax error prevents program execution It can also be entered when entering text by typing Control A or it may be entered by typing EDIT line number Refer to Chapter 3 Entering and Editing BASIC 80 EDIT line number The period is used to represent the last line changed listed or that contained an error END The END statement halts program execution and returns to BASIC 80 comma
35. returns the number of free bytes in string storage space FRE X X PRINT FRE X 22490 Ok 7 5 Functions 7 6 BASIC 80 HEX The HEX X function returns a string of hexadecimal digits which represents the hexadecimal value of the integer argument In BASIC 80 integers are from 32768 to 32767 but 8080 8085 memory addresses go from 0 to 65535 decimal HEX will handle arguments in both ranges correctly HEX expression PRINT HEX 1 HEX 65535 Returns FFFF FFFF HEX expression 10 PRINT TYPE THE NUMBER OF BYTES OF SPACE 20 PRINT NEEDED FOR YOUR PROGRAM IN DECIMAL 30 PRINT 40 INPUTA 90 A HEX A 60 PRINT YOU LL NEED A BYTES INP The INP function returns the value of a byte from the input port specified by the expression The expression must be an integer expression in the range 0 255 INP expression 50 IF INP A 12 THEN PRINT FORM FEED 60 IF INP A 7 THEN PRINT BELL INPUTS The INPUTS function reads to a specified number of characters from a specified se quential file In the example below you can type in any ten or more characters from the console into sequential file 42 The CI specifies console input Line 20 prints the first 10 characters of file 2 and CLOSE concludes the reading of the data INPUTS treats Carriage Return like any other character INPUTS characters filenumber 10 OPEN I 2 Cl 20 PRINT INPUTS 1
36. sions are A NAME NAME IF B1 gt R THEN B1 R R I S 1 t DONE BASIC 80 CHAPTER 3 ENTERING AND EDITING PROGRAMS With BASIC 80 you can create new programs by entering statements line by line or you can access saved programs from disk storage If you re using ISIS II BASIC 80 you can use the ISIS II BASIC 80 Text Editor to alter new or saved instruction lines RMX 80 BASIC 80 does not have a Text Editor The following topics show how to use BASIC 80 programming features and the ISIS II BASIC 80 Text Editor to aid program development Entering Instruction Lines When you invoke BASIC without specifying a file name there is no program to run The system is ready to accept commands or program statements A statement con sists of a line number from 0 to 65529 followed by the language elements program statement constants variables operators functions etc If you type a line number alone after a line with that number has been entered with text that line is deleted You can enter statements in any order To review the statements in a program use the LIST command It displays the statement in numeric order You can have BASIC 80 provide line numbers starting at a given number with a given increment by using the AUTO command After you enter the AUTO com mand BASIC displays the line number and waits for you to enter the statement When you end the statement with a carriage return CR it prints
37. the Ist occurrence of P and print backslashes 40H Enter 1KP MON IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE li Enter L 40 PRINT UNDEFINED SET A B Entering and Editing BASIC 80 3 6 C Subcommand The C subcommand changes the next n characters to the specified character s If no integer is specified the character immediately to the right of the cursor is changed The syntax of the C subcommand is integer C character character In our previous example line 40 was reduced to 40 PRINT UNDEFINED SET A B This can be changed to print REDEFINED SET with C Move the cursor to 40 PRINT Bi Enter 2C RE L 40 PRINT REDEFINED SET A B 40 BH Q Subcommand The Q subcommand restores the original line as it was prior to editing and leaves the editing mode Note that if an instruction is edited with Q the changes are lost This subcommand returns the user to the command mode without executing an edited command This subcommand only works when editing program lines A Subcommand The A subcommand restores the original line and prints the original line number below Editing is restarted This subcommand only works when editing program lines When the A subcommand is used with the previous example the result is 40 PRINT UNDEFINED SET E Enter A L 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE NULL SET 40 E E Subcommand The E subcommand exits the editing mode The edited line replaces the original line When
38. the E subcommand is used with the previous example the result is 40 PRINT UNDEFINED SET The E subcommand is entered Carriage Return A Carriage Return exits the editing mode and prints the rest of the line being edited The edited line replaces the original line CHAPTER 4 ERROR HANDLING If you enter improper instructions syntax or formats BASIC 80 issues an error message This chapter explains what these errors mean how they may be trapped with the ON ERROR statement and pinpointed with the TRON TROFF ERR and ERL instructions and how errors may be simulated with the ERROR statement BASIC 80 Error Messages When BASIC 80 encounters an error in a program it displays an error message Appendix A lists the error messages and error codes and describes their meaning These errors stop program execution You can use the BASIC 80 editor at this point to correct obvious errors add error trapping instructions or use the trace facility Syntax Error Messages If BASIC 80 detects a syntax error it stops program execution displays an error message and enters the Edit Mode 10 LETA 20 PRINTA RUN SYNTAX ERRORIN10 108 You can now change line 10 as described in Chapter 3 To leave the Edit Mode without making any changes and to preserve the variable values in the program type Q If you enter any other editing subcommands including Carriage Return variable values are lost Overflow Underflow and Divi
39. variable name is one or more characters the first of which must be a letter followed by If more than two characters are entered as a variable name onlv the first two are read String variables can contain strings of from 0 255 characters When you first invoke BASIC 80 however there is only storage space for 100 characters The CLEAR command must be used to increase the amount of available string space Here are some examples of assignments to string variables A Enter next data string B 40 1 7234E 3 NAMES Warren Mark Evan BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Language Elements Converting Data It is sometimes useful to convert one type of data into another BASIC 80 suppoi these conversions with the HEX OCT CHR STR VAL CVD CVI CVS CDBL CSNG CINT MKS MKD and MKIS functions The HEX and OCT functions return a string of hexadecimal and octal digits respectively that represent the numeric argument The STR function returns a string of decimal digits that represent the decimal value of the argument The VAL function returns the numeric value of the string argument if the string is a number CHR returns the ASCII equivalent of an integer argument between 0 and 255 The CVI CVS and CVD functions convert a given string into integer single preci sion floating point or double precision floating point numeric values respectively These functions are used to retrieve numeric values from the inp
40. 0 2 30 CLOSE 2 40 END RUN 1234567890 CR 1234567890 BASIC 80 INSTR The INSTR function searches for the first occurrence of the second given string within the first given string and returns the first position of the second string as an ordinal number The optional argument an expression I greater than 0 and less than 255 starts the search at I characters The INSTR function returns a 0 under three conditions if I is greater than the length of the first string if the second string can not be found in the first string or if the first string contains no characters INSTR I string expression string expression 10 A RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE 20 B zz R 30 PRINT INSTR A B 40 PRINT INSTR 3 A B 50 END RUN 1 13 Ok INT The INT function returns the largest integer value less than or equal to the specified expression The sign of the returned value is the same as the sign of the specified expression INT expression 10 INPUTA 20 B INT A 30 PRINT A 40 END RUN 18 0427 18 OK RUN 234 98 235 LEFTS The string function LEFTS XS I evaluates the string X and returns the leftmost I characters Dis an integer in therange 0 255 LEFT string expression expression 10 X WHITE SMITH JONES BLACK GREEN 20 Y LEFT X 11 30 PRINT X 40 PRINT Y RUN WHITE SMITH JONES BLACK GREEN WHITE SMITH Ok Functions Functions 7 8 BASIC 80
41. 0 PRINT Az 5A Bz 5B Cz C 90 RESULT USR 1 A B C 100 PRINT A B C RESULT 110 END BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements DELETE The DELETE command removes specified instruction lines from program text A single line or block of lines may be deleted as shown in the syntactic format and example below Instruction lines prior to and including the specified line may be deleted by adding a dash before a line number When deleting a range of lines the line numbers specified as end points must exist If not an error results DELETE line number line number line number line number 10 PRINT CHR 12 20 PRINT PRINT PRINT 30 REM THIS PROGRAM FINDS THE AVERAGE 40 REM OF THREE NUMBERS 50 INPUT A B C 60 PRINT A B C 3 70 END DELETE 40 OK LIST 90 INPUT A B C 60 PRINT A B C 3 70 END OK DELETE 70 OK LIST 50 INPUT A B C 60 PRINT A B4 C 3 Ok DIM The DIM statement defines the number of elements in an array variable If an array variable is not dimensioned before it is referenced a default value of 10 is assumed as the maximum possible subscript range for each dimension in the reference If given DIM statements must allocate space before you refer to the arrays they dimension since once an array is dimensioned these dimensions cannot be changed If an OPTION BASE n statement is used in the program to specify starting points for arrays it should precede the first DIM statement
42. 5 functions 2 3 ABS 7 1 ASC 7 1 ATN 7 1 CDBL 2 9 7 2 CHR 2 9 7 2 CINT 2 9 7 2 COS 7 3 CSNG 2 9 7 CVD 5 7 7 3 CVI 5 7 7 3 CVS 5 7 7 3 DSKF 7 4 EOF 5 3 7 4 ERL 4 2 7 4 ERR 4 2 7 4 EXP 7 5 FIX 7 5 FRE 7 5 HEXS 2 9 7 6 INP 7 6 3 BASIC 80 INPUTS 7 6 INSTR 7 7 INT 7 7 LEFTS 7 7 LEN 7 8 LOC 7 8 LOF 7 8 LOG 7 8 MIDS 7 9 MKDS 5 8 7 9 MKIS 5 8 7 9 MKSS 5 8 7 9 OCTS 2 9 7 9 PEEK 7 10 POS 7 10 RIGHTS 7 10 RND 7 10 SGN 7 11 SIN 7 11 SPACES 7 11 SPC 7 12 SQR 7 12 STRINGS 7 12 STR 2 9 7 13 TAB 7 13 TAN 7 13 USR E 3 7 13 VAL 2 9 7 14 VARPTR E2 7 14 GET 5 6 6 8 GOSUB 6 8 GOTO 6 9 hexadecimal constants 2 6 HEXS 2 9 7 6 I O functions CVD 5 7 7 3 CVI 5 7 7 CVS 5 7 7 EOF 5 3 7 4 LOC 5 8 7 8 LOF 5 8 7 8 MKDS 5 8 7 9 MKIS 5 8 7 9 MKESS 5 8 7 9 IF THEN ELSE 6 9 INP 7 6 INPUT 5 2 6 9 INPUTS 7 6 integer constants 2 6 variables 2 7 INSTR 7 7 instructions 2 1 intrinsic functions 2 3 INT 7 7 KILL 1 3 6 10 language elements 2 1 LEFTS 7 7 LEN 7 8 LET 6 10 LINE INPUT 5 2 6 10 Index LIST 6 10 LOAD 1 4 6 11 LOC 5 8 7 8 LOF 5 8 7 8 LOG 7 8 logical operators 2 10 AND 2 11 EQV 2 11 IMP 2 11 NOT 2 11 OR 2 11 XOR 2 11 LSET 5 7 6 11 MERGE 6 12 MIDS 7 9 MKDS 5 8 7 9 MKIS 5 8 7 9 MKSS 5 8 7 9 NEW 6 12 NEXT 6 13 NULL 6 13 n
43. 6 If the GET com mand is issued for a sector that has not yet been written buffer contents are undefined and there is no error message However if no greater record has ever been PUT or GET the file will be extended GET file number record number 10 OPEN R 43 F1 PERSON 20 GET 3 1 30 FIELD 3 20 AS N 9 AS SS 40 PRINT N SS RUN JONES JOHN J 517317010 Ok GOSUB The GOSUB statement transfers program control to the line number specified as an argument This line number is typically the first line number of a subroutine that is used several times during a program The RETURN statement transfers control back to the first instruction that follows the last GOSUB statement executed GOSUB line number 10 INPUT A 20 IF A gt 0 THEN GOSUB 100 ELSE PRINT A MUST BE 50 30 GOTO 10 100 PRINT SQR A0 SIN A TAN A 110 RETURN BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements GOTO The GOTO line number statement transfers execution of instruction lines from the current line to the line number specified There is no provision for a return to the branching point GOTO line number GO TO line number _ The GO TO in line 270 causes a jump to line 100 250 IF EOF 6 THEN 300 260 PRINT FILE STILL CONTAINS DATA 270 GOTO 100 300 PRINT FILE F IS OUT OF DATA 310 END IF THEN ELSE The IF THEN ELSE statement evaluates the given logical expression and executes the THEN instruction if true the EL
44. AVED RETURN ADDRESS 8888 C 39 END USRAS H PUBLIC SYMBOLS USRASM C BBG ERTERHAL SYMBOLS USER SYMBOLS ADDDE C ABIE RETADR D 8888 ASSEMBLY COMPLETE NO ERRORS USRASM C BBB8H Figure E 2 8080 8085 Assembly Language Program E 5 Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines BASIC 80 E 6 PL M 8H COMPILER ISIS II PL M 8H V3 1 COMPILATION OF MODULE PLMMODULE OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN F1 USRPLM 0BJ COMPILER INVOKED BY A PLM8H FI USRPLM PLM 1 PLMSHODULE D0 2 1 USRPLM PROCEDURECPRESULT PARGA PRRGB PARGCO 3 2 DECLARE CPPRESULT PARGA PARGB PARGCO ADDRESS 4 2 DECLARE CRESULT BASED PRESULT ARGA BASED PARGA ARGB BASED PARGB ARGC BASED PARGC ADDRESS RESULTzARGAR ARGB ARGC END USRPLM END PLM MODULE N O08 CA e RN MODULE INFORMATION CODE AREA SIZE BB32H sab VARIABLE AREA SIZE ABAH 8D MAXIMUM STACK SIZE BBB4H 4D 11 LINES RERD PROGRAM ERRORCSO END OF PL H 8H COMPILATION Figure E 3 PL M 80 Program FORTRAN COMPILER FUNCTION IRTNCIARGA IRRGB IARGCO IRTN IARGA IARGBtIARGC RETURN END A 0 No MODULE INFORMATION CODE AREA SIZE BBH2DH 450 VARIABLE AREA SIZE BBHH8H 80 MAXIMUM STACK SIZE BUH4H 40 4 LINES READ B PROGRAM ERRORCSO IN PROGRAM UNIT IRTN TOTAL PROGRAM ERRORS END OF FORTRAN COMPILATION Figure E 4 FORTRAN 80 Program APPENDIX F RMX 80 BASIC 80 This appendix describes the differences between the RMX 80 version of BASIC 80 and the ISIS II version
45. CR 3 1 Entering and Editing BASIC 80 3 2 In the Command Mode the RUBOUT key deletes the last entered character each time you press it and backspaces the cursor on a CRT On a teletype or with RMX 80 BASIC 80 RUBOUT echoes the last entered character If you then press CR the program statement is entered without the rubbed out characters If you enter new characters and then press CR the new characters appear in the line Suppose you enter 52 instead of 55 To erase the 2 press RUBOUT 30 A B 52 E 30 A B 5 M If you press RUBOUT again the 5 is deleted 30 A B M To change 52 to 37 press RUBOUT twice then 3 7 30 A B 52 W 30 A B E 30 A B 37 E When using the Edit Mode RUBOUT works somewhat differently Refer to the Editing Program Text Section for details Control R displays the line as corrected still waiting for more input 30 A Bxx 522537 Control R A B 37 To cancel a line simply press Control X Editing Program Text Intel ISIS II BASIC 80 has an Editing Mode used to change individual characters or entire lines The Editing Mode has its own set of subcommands and syntax Table 3 1 briefly describes each of the subcommands If an illegal character is entered the terminal beeps and the character is ignored Table 3 1 BASIC 80 Editing Subcommands To delete text integer D To insert text i character character To delete all characters to the right of the cursor H character characte
46. DATA 1 7 IS EQUAL TO 1 7E0 40 FOR I 1 TO3 50 READ X A Y 60 PRINT X A Y 70 NEXT RUN 10 IS LESS THAN 77 44 IS GREATER THAN 32 1 7 IS EQUAL TO 1 7 Ok DEF FN X The DEF FN X statement defines arithmetic or string functions for later use in pro gram text The name given to the function must be FN followed by a valid variable name The variable s given are the arguments used within the function Any one line expression can be used User defined functions can be of any type arithmetic or string and any number of arguments are allowed The correct number of parameters must be specified when the function is referenced within a program Functions may not be redefined DEF function name variable variable expression The rules for function name are the same as for variable name 10 DEF FNAC X 1 2 3 14159 X 20 FORX 1TO 10 30 PRINT FNAC X 40 NEXT X 50 END RUN 159155 31831 477465 63662 95776 954931 1 11409 1 27324 1 4324 1 59155 Commands and Statements DEFSNG DEFDBL DEFSTR DEFINT The DEFSNG DEFDBL DEFSTR and DEFINT statements are used to specify that a given block of letters will designate a specific data type when used as the first letter of variable names The DEFSNG DEFDBL DEFSTR and DEFINT statements specify single precision floating point double precision floating point string and integer representation respectively Blocks of letters are specified accordi
47. DEFINT DEFSNG DEFSTR DEFUSR DELETE DIM DIR DSKF EDIT ELSE END EOF EQV ERASE ERL ERR ERROR EXIT EXP FIELD FIX FN FOR FRE GET GOSUB GOTO HEX IF IMP INP INPUT INPUT INSTR INT KILL LEFT LEN LET LINE LIST LOAD LOC LOF LOG LSET MERGE MID MKD MKI MKS MOD NEW NEXT NOT NULL OCT ON OPEN OPTION OUT PEEK POKE POS PRINT PRUN PUT RANDOMIZE READ REM RENAME RENUM RESUME RESTORE RETURN RIGHT RND RSET RUN SAVE SGN SIN SPACES SPC SQR STEP STOP STR STRINGS SWAP B 1 APPENDIX C BASIC 80 COMMAND CHARACTERS BASIC 80 has certain single control characters characters produced by pressing the letter and the CONTROL key simultaneously that cause something to happen immediately These characters are listed below To edit the last line entered CONTROL A To halt program execution and return to command level CONTROL C To tab across the line CONTROL I To resume program execution after it is stopped by Control S CONTROL Q To halt program execution until Control Q is entered CONTROL S To erase the current line CONTROL X To retype the current line CONTROL R To disable display to the terminal until CONTROL O is given again or the program runs to completion CONTROL O C 1 APPENDIX D ASCII CODES Table D 1 ASCII Code List Dems Oc Hexadecimal character Beam Octal Wevadosimal Grace 00 64 40 Oco 40 01i CD cTO0o
48. ELD 5 4 6 7 GET 5 6 6 8 I O buffers 5 4 LSET 5 7 6 11 PUT 5 7 6 18 reading 5 6 RSET 5 7 6 11 writing 5 7 sequential 5 1 INPUT 5 2 6 9 INPUTS 7 6 LINE INPUT 5 2 6 10 PRINT 5 2 6 16 reading 5 2 writing 5 2 divide by zero error message 4 1 A 1 double precision floating point 2 7 DSKF 7 4 EDIT 3 2 6 6 editing program text 3 2 editing subcommands 3 2 A 3 6 YOrArmHON www Pu www tA ALALA I OUT AWA X 3 4 ELSE 6 9 END 6 6 entering and editing 3 1 AUTO 3 1 CONTROL A 3 3 C 1 EDIT 3 2 6 6 RENUM 6 20 WIDTH 6 24 entering instruction lines 3 1 EOF 5 3 7 4 ERL 4 2 7 4 ERR 4 2 7 4 error codes 4 1 A 1 handling 4 1 CONT 4 4 6 2 ERL 4 2 7 4 BASIC 80 ERR 4 2 7 4 ERROR 4 4 6 6 NEXT 6 13 ON ERROR GOTO 4 2 6 13 RESUME 4 4 6 21 TROFF 4 3 6 23 TRON 4 3 6 23 messages 4 1 A 1 simulation 4 4 tracing 4 3 trapping 4 2 EXP 7 5 expressions 2 12 numeric 2 12 string 2 12 EXIT 6 7 FIELD 5 4 6 7 file handling commands system commands 1 2 ATTRIB 1 3 6 1 DIR 1 3 6 6 KILL 1 3 6 10 LOAD 1 4 6 11 MERGE 6 12 RENAME 1 3 6 20 SAVE 1 3 6 22 disk file I O commands CLOSE 5 3 6 2 OPEN 5 1 6 14 random FIELD 5 4 6 7 GET 5 6 6 8 LSET 5 7 6 11 PUT 5 7 6 18 RSET 5 7 6 11 sequential INPUT 5 2 6 9 INPUTS 7 6 LINE INPUT 5 2 6 10 PRINT 5 2 6 16 FIX 7 5 FOR NEXT STEP 6 7 FORTRAN 80 subroutines E 1 FRE 7
49. ERROR GOTO 200 200 PRINT ERROR ERR AT LINE ERL 210 PRINT 220 RESUME NEXT RETURN The RETURN statement is placed at the end of a subroutine and transfers program control back to the instruction line immediately following the last GOSUB or ON GOSUB statement executed RETURN 50 GOSUB 200 60 PRINT TYPE NEXT NUMBER 200 IF A gt 100 THEN PRINT OUT OF RANGE 210 IF A lt 0 THEN PRINT A MUST BE gt 0 220 A 1 B B1 230 PRINT 240 PRINT YOUR NEW FIGURE IS 5 A Commands and Statements RUN The RUN command starts the execution of a program or a set of programs If you enter RUN alone it executes the current program starting at the lowest line number If you enter RUN followed by a line number it executes the current program start ing at the specified line number If you enter RUN followed by a string variable representing a file name it looks for a file with that name on disk loads its contents into memory and executes the program starting at the lowest line number With the latter form an F may be added to leave files open Otherwise they are closed Files can be left open only if the program was saved in non ASCII format The RUN command erases all variables before executing the program RUN line number string expression F The RUN command may also be used as a program statement to chain programs together The form of the RUN command that performs this function is line number RU
50. F 2 is a listing of the GBOOT CSD module used with the BQOPS ASM module in figure F 1 The DATA location and the BOTMEM address must be the same If your hardware configuration uses an iSBC 80 20 or iSBC 80 10 each occurrence of 830 should be changed to 820 or 810 After you have generated the boot loader it should be burned into PROM and inserted into your CPU board See the Universal PROM Programming Manual for details The iSBC 80 10 does not have an onboard clock If your configuration includes a clock add the appropriate routines when linking GBOOT CSD Refer to Appendix G of the RMX 80 User s Guide for further information If you don t have a clock in your configuration include the dummy clockroutine CLOCK OBJ ASM80 F0 BOOTCM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOSYMBOLS ASM80 F0 BQBMEM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOSYMBOLS LINK F1 BOT830 LIB VECRST F1 RMX830 LIB START F0 BOOTCM OBJ FO BQBMEM OBJ F1 BOT830 LIB F1 D1O830 LIB F1 DFSUNR LIB F1 RMX830 LIB F1 BOTUNR LIB F0 PLM80 LIB TO F1 BQBOOT LNK MAP PRINT F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBOOT LNK TO F0 BQBOOT MAP PUBLICS PRINT F1 LOC LST amp CODE 40H DATA OFD40H STACKSIZE 0 Qo Qo Qo go Qo Qo go Figure F 2 Sample Configuration GBOOT CSD Module Generating a Boot Loadable BASIC 80 Once you have determined how to generate the boot loader that fits your particular RMX 80 implementation the bulk of your work is over Generating BASIC 80 is relatively simple There are f
51. FUSR 1 0E000H 60 PRINT ENTER THREE NUMBERS 70 INPUT A B C 80 PRINT A A B B C C 90 RESULT USR 1 VARPTR A VARPTR B VARPTR C 100 PRINT A B C RESULT 110 END BASIC 80 Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines ASNSH OVZ3 F1 USRASM ASH ISIS II 8888 8885 MACRO ASSEMBL ER V2 8 USRASH PAGE i LOC OBJ SEQ SOURCE STATEMENT 1 ASSEMBLER ROUTINE TO TEST BASIC USR 2 3 RESULT ARGA ARGB ARGC 4 i IGNORE OVERFLOU 9 6 NAME USRASM PUBLIC USRASM 8 CSEG agaa Ei 9 USRASM POP H S RETURN ADDR BB681 228888 D 1H SHLD RETADR SET ASIDE BB4 218088 11 L amp I H SET TOTAL TO B BBa CO1CBH C 12 CALL ADDDE RDD ARGC TO TOTAL BaaA 58 13 MOV D B JMOVE ADDR OF ARGB TO DE HBHB 59 14 MOY E t BAAC CDiCH t 15 CALL ADDDE SADO ARGB TO TOTAL BBHF Di 16 POP D ADDRESS OF ARGA Baia CDiCHH C 1 CALL ADDDE ADD ARGA TO TOTAL B813 EB 18 XCHG TOTAL IK DE BBi4 Ei 19 POP H RDDR OF RESULT BRIS 73 26 MOY MLE LOW BYTE OF RESULT BB16 23 21 INX H 881 72 22 HOY M D H1 BYTE OF RESULT 8818 2nB8BH D 23 LHLD RETADR RETURN ADDRESS HH1B E9 24 PEHL J RETURN 25 26 ADD 2 BYTES ADDRESSED BY DE TO HL 2 CHANGES D E H L agic ES 28 ADDDE PUSH H 3S8VE TOTAL 8810 EB 29 XCHG fRDDR IH L BB1E SE 38 MOV E M L0W BYTE TO BE ADDED BAiF 23 31 INS H HB2H 56 32 MOV DLH JHI BYTE TO BE ADDED BB21 Ei 33 POP H 0LD TOTAL g822 19 34 DAD D ADD TO TOTAL 8823 C9 35 RET 36 DATA ARER 37 DSEG BABB AAAA 38 RETADR DU 8 JS
52. I microcomputer development system at least 32K of RAM at least one disk drive and a terminal To actually burn the PROM you also need a Universal PROM Programmer UPP and the Universal PROM Mapper UPM program The format of the BAPROM command Fn BAPROM inputfile TO output file BAPROM is the name of the file that contains the BAPROM program If it isn t on the disk in drive 0 include the drive number in the filename input file is the name of the file that contains the ASCII form of the BASIC 80 program to be burned into PROM output file is the name of the converted absolute object file If you don t specify an output filename it is given the same name as the input file with an extension of OBJ BAPROM does not modify the source in any way except to add a control Z at the end For example assume vou have written and tested a thermostat control program in BASIC 80 and saved it in ASCII format with the name HEATER BAS You wish to burn the program into PROM If BAPROM and LOCATE are on drive 0 your pro gram is on drive 1 and you wish to locate it at OE000H then the session would go as follows BAPROM F1 HEATER BAS Because no output filename is specified it is FI HEATER OBJ BAPROM displays its message then displays the size of the input file ISIS II BAPROM Vm n SIZE nnnnH BYTES The size nnnnH is in hexadecimal LOCATE F1 HEATER OBJ CODE 0E000H ISIS II LOCATER Vm n To actually burn the resulting fi
53. IC 80 can make the most economical use of its remaining workspaces for string constants variables and strings E 1 Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines When you have determined the optimum starting address for your subroutine you can LOCATE it there with this command LOCATE converts the relocatable object code to absolute object code according to the starting address given An example of giving the starting address for your subroutine code is shown below LOCATE F1 PLMSUB OBJ TO F1 PLMSUB LD CODE OEECOH This example converts the relocatable object code in F1 PLMSUB OBJ to absolute object code in the output file FI PLMSUB LD and makes all addresses in the subroutine relative to OEECOH Refer to the ZSIS II User s Guide for further details of using LOCATE After LOCATE has converted your relocatable code to absolute object code you can load it into memory with the ISIS II Monitor DEBUG command When you enter DEBUG followed by the filename of the load module the subroutine is loaded into memory at the address specified in the load module The starting address displays on your terminal You then enter G8 which returns you to ISIS II with the subroutine loaded at the specified address From here you can invoke BASIC 80 and call the subroutine NOTE You must give the MEMTOP option to reserve memory each time BASIC 80 is invoked Calling Subroutines After a subroutine is loaded into memory you can call it from BASIC 80 Fi
54. INT USING PUT RANDOMIZE READ REM RESTORE RESUME RETURN RSET STOP SWAP Language Elements Table 2 2 BASIC 80 Statements Cont d mue Sees tum Enters entire line from a disk file Left justifies text in random file buffer Traps errors by branching to error resolving routines Transfers execution to Xth line number for expression X Transfers execution to Xth subroutine for expression X Creates sequential or random disk files Starts arrays at 0 or 1 Writes values to I O ports Writes byte to memory location 1 Displays text on terminal 2 Stores data in sequential disk file Displays text according to given format Stores data in random disk file Initializes random number generator Assigns values from DATA statements to program variables Comments in program text Resets pointer for reading DATA statements Restarts execution after errors Transfers control back to statement following last GOSUB Right justifies text in random file buffer Halts program execution Exchanges values of two variables of similar type Halts execution until port changes LINE INPUT A LSET A B ON ERROR GOTO 900 ON X GOTO 460 480 ON X GOSUB 220 240 260 OPEN R 1 F1 TRACE OPTION BASE 0 OUT 00FO 12 POKE 0A077 72 PRINT A B C PRINT 4 A B C PRINT USING SSH IHE 125 38 21 14 6 10 PUT 3 A B C RANDOMIZE READ A K1 L
55. MX 80 Installation Guide if you must alter your present configuration Table F 1 shows the jumper configurations described in the following paragraphs 1 The iSBC 80 30 board must be wired to conform to the RMX 80 terminal handler interrupt structure This requires the wiring changes listed in Table F 1 Check your iSBC 80 30 board to verify that these changes have been made For further information refer to the RMX 80 User s Guide 2 TheiSBC on board PROMs must be addressed at locations 0000 0FFF This is the factory wired default configuration These default jumper settings are shown in Table F 1 For further information refer to the iSBC 80 30 Single Board Computer Hardware Reference Manual chapter 2 3 The iSBC 80 30 on board RAM must be addressed at locations 4000H 7FFFH This is the factory wired default configuration These default jumper settings are shown in Table F 1 Jumper 180 171 is a factory wired default configuration that disables off board access of on board RAM For further information refer to the iSBC 80 30 Single Board Computer Hardware Reference Manual chapter 2 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 Table F 1 Sample Configuration Jumper Wiring iSBC 80 30 Interrupt 131 152 INTERRUPT 2 Handling 141 132 EVENT CLK IR1 123 138 COUNT OUT INTR 7 5 47 51 CLK 0 A12 11 46 47 CLK 1 CLK 0 143 127 RXR INTR IR 6 47 52 CLK 0 CLK 2 142 126 TXR INTR IR 7 145 140 Ground INTR 5 5 145 139 Ground INTR 6 5
56. N filename This feature is especially useful for the execution of programs that are larger than can fit into memory as one large program The RUN command initializes all variables to zero however so if you want to pass some variables to the next pro gram print them out to a buffer file see the section on Random Disk I O for details during execution of the first program Then read them when needed into subsequent programs In the example below the tC character halts program execution LIST 10 INPUT A B C 20 PRINT A B C 3 30 PRINT NEXT SERIES 40 PRINT PRINT PRINT 50 GOTO 10 60 END RUN 41 12 6 19 6 NEXT SERIES tC This control character interrupts execution BREAK IN 10 OK RUN 30 NEXT SERIES SAVE The SAVE command stores the current program on disk with the specified filename The addition of a comma and an A saves the file in ASCII format Note that if a file with the specified name exists it will be replaced by the new file Any valid ISIS II file name may be used You can use a string expression that resolves to an ISIS II filename For example SAVE LP A will list the current program on the line printer Refer to the ISIS II User s Guide for more information on ISIS II device filenames BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements SAVE string expression A 10 INPUT A B C 20 PRINT A B C 3 30 END SAVE AVER OK RUN AVER 5 8 2 5
57. RL WITH ERROR ERR 50 RESUME NEXT RUN PROGRAM ENDS IN LINE 20 WITH ERROR 11 Ok ERR The ERR function returns the code number of the last error encountered during pro gram execution ERR BASIC 80 Functions The following program asks for a divisor and a dividend and uses the error trapping routine in lines 60 90 to prevent division by zero which has code 11 from stopping the execution 10 ON ERROR GOTO 60 20 INPUT WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS TO DIVIDE X Y 30 Z X Y 40 PRINT QUOTIENT IS Z 50 GOTO 20 60 IF ERR lt gt 11 OR ERL lt gt 30 THEN 90 70 PRINT YOU CAN T HAVE A DIVISOR OF ZERO 80 RESUME 20 90 ON ERROR GOTO 0 100 END RUN WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS TO DIVIDE 2045 9 QUOTIENT IS 5 WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS TO DIVIDE 11 0 11 0 YOU CAN T HAVE A DIVISOR OF ZERO WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS TO DIVIDE 2 EXP The function EXP returns the result of raising e 2 71828 to the specified power The specified value must be less than 88 7 or overflow occurs The calculation is performed in single precision EXP expression 10 INPUT A 20 B EXP A 30 PRINT B 40 END RUN 25 148 4131 OK FIX The FIX function truncates numbers with decimal fractions to their integer value FIX number PRINT FIX 41 99999 41 Ok FRE The FRE function returns the number of bytes of memory left when the dummy argument X is given If you give a string variable as a dummy argument X FRE
58. RNAL REFERENCE AT xxxxH two messages for each exchange ICE 80 ERR 069 ICE 85 WARNING UNSATISFIED EXTERNALS You should check the messages to be certain that none of them refers to anything other than an unused interrupt exchange Appendix J of the RMX 80 Reference Manual shows one way to tie off references to unus ed interrupt exchanges in a configuration module ASM80 F0 BASCM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOSYMBOLS ASM80 F0 BQMEM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOSYMBOLS LINK amp F1 LOD830 LIB LODINI amp F0 BASCM OBJ amp F0 RMXBAS LIB amp PUBLICS F0 BQBOOT amp F1 LOD830 LIB amp FT DFSDIR LIB SEEK DIRECTORY ATTRIB DELETE RENAME amp F1 DIO830 LIB amp F1 DFSUNR LIB amp F1 THI830 LIB amp F1 THO830 LIB amp F1 RMX830 LIB amp F1 UNRSLV LIB amp F1 PLM80 LIB amp F0 BQMEM OBJ TO F1 BQBAS LNK MAP PRINT F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBAS LNK TO F0 RMXSYS MAP PUBLICS PRINT F1 LOC LST amp CODE 4000H STACKSIZE 0 START 4000H PURGE Figure F 3 Sample Configuration GBASIC CSD Module Generating a PROM Based RMX 80 BASIC 80 You can also configure RMX 80 BASIC 80 to reside in PROM This requires 33K bytes of PROM 2 8K bytes of RAM and 400 bytes of RAM for each DFS file BASIC 80 will use You should also set aside as much RAM as possible as workspace for BASIC 80 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 The configuration explained below does not use DFS Accordingly the CONTR DFS and NFILES op
59. RT in BASCM ASM BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 H USER TERMINAL HANDLER TO OUTPUT FOR FILE L1 NAME BQUSER PUBLIC BQUSER EXTRN BQOPNX RQSEND RQWAIT RQOUTX CSEG WAIT FOR MESSAGE AT BQOPNX OPEN AND CLOSE ARE IGNORED BQUSER LXI B BQOPNX EXCHANGE FOR USER OPEN LXI D 0 WAIT FOREVER CALL RQWAIT PUSH H MESSAGE ADDR LXI D 4 OFFSET OF TYPE DAD D MOV A M MESSAGE TYPE LXI D 5 STATUS IS AT OFFSET 9 DAD D CPI 14 CLOSE TYPE JZ ZSTAT ZEROSTATUS AND QUIT CPI 15 OPEN STAT JNZ NOTOPN NOT AN OPEN REQUEST PUSH H SAVE STATUS ADDR LXI D 6 ADD 6 TO GET LOCATION DAD D OF AFR EXCHANGE LXI D BQOPNX OPEN EXCHANGE ALSO USED FOR WRITE MESSAGES MOV M E LOW BYTE AFR INX H MOV M D HIBYTE AFR POP H RESTORE STATUS POINTER JMP ZSTAT ANDZEROSTATUS NOTOPN CPI 12 WRITE TYPE JZ WRITE BAD MESSAGE TYPE RETURN ERROR STATUS MVI M 18 STATUS UNRECOGNIZED TYPE JMP ERRRET RETURN MESSAGE AND QUIT PASS MESSAGE ON TO TH WRITE LXI B RQOUTX TH OUTPUT EXCH POP D MESSAGE ADDR CALL RQSEND SEND MESSAGE JMP BQUSER WAIT FOR MORE ZERO STATUS AND RETURN MESSAGE ZSTAT XRA A MOV M A LOWBYTE OF STATUS ERRRET INX H MOV M A HI BYTE OF STATUS RETURN MESSAGE DCX H BACK UP TO DCX H RESPONSE EXCH MOV B M HI BYTE OF RESP EXCH DCX H MOV CM LOW BYTE POP D MESSAGE ADDR CALL RQSEND RETURN MESSAGE JMP BQUSER WAIT FOR MORE END Figure F 8 Sample User Written I O Driver Routine F 15 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 16
60. SE instruction if it is false The ELSE instruc tion is optional if it is left out and the logical expression is false the next line is executed Line numbers can be used in place of instructions and have the same effect as GO TOs An IF statement must always be on one line IF statements may also be nested as shown in the example below In this example an ELSE clause matches the last unmatched THEN IF expression THEN instruction ELSE instruction 5 IF S THEN 40 10 IF S THEN A A B ELSE IF S THEN A A B ELSE 30 20 GOTO 40 30 PRINT Invalid S 40 END INPUT The INPUT statement returns a prompt question mark and waits for the user to enter data String literals or numeric values may be expected according to the type of variable specified as an argument INPUT quoted string variable variable If a string expression follows INPUT and is followed by a it is used in place of the question mark as the prompt If the number or type of data items in the response do not agree with the number or type of variables requested BASIC 80 returns a prompt to re enter the line Strings which are input need not be surrounded by quotes as long as they do not contain commas Leading and trailing blanks are ignored in this mode 10 INPUT A B C 20 PRINT A B C 5 30 END RUN 40 2 18 12 Ok 6 9 Commands and Statements KILL The KILL command deletes files from disk storage and remov
61. TTRIB F1 STAT W1 AUTO Automatically numbers program AUTO 25 500 statements CLEAR Sets aside memory for strings CLEAR 2000 CONT Continues execution after BREAK CONT DELETE Deletes a line or lines from a DELETE 700 875 program DIR Displays a list of all non invisible DIR 1 files on a disk EDIT Specifies a program statement to EDIT 170 be changed EXIT Returns to operating system EXIT KILL Deletes a file from disk KILL F1 STAT LIST Displays aline or lines of a LIST 300 400 program LOAD Retrieves a file from disk LOAD F1 DATES 2 1 Language Elements 2 2 NEW NULL PRUN RENAME RENUM RUN SAVE TRON TROFF WIDTH BASIC 80 Table 2 1 BASIC 80 Commands Cont d Femmes mmm Rm MERGE Combines file program with current program Deletes current program clears variables Specifies nulls added to a line Executes program in ROM Changes file name Changes program line numbers Executes program Stores program or file on disk Turns on trace facility Turns off trace facility Changes width of display line MERGE F1 TIME NEW NULL 20 PRUN 4E00H RENAME F1 SOUP TO F1 NUTS RENUM RUN SAVE F1 INVEN TRON TROFF WIDTH 80 Table 2 2 BASIC 80 Statements e m o RR CLOSE DATA DEF DEFDBL DEFINT DEFSNG DEFSTR DEFUSR DIM END ERROR FIELD FOR NEXT STEP GET GOSUB GOTO IF THEN ELSE
62. The DIM statement allocates array space and specifies the maximum allowable subscript for a given dimension If an array variable is referenced before it has been formally dimensioned BASIC 80 allocates an index of 10 for each dimension Some examples of the DIM statement DIM X 15 DIM R1 12 8 DIM K 17 24 An attempt to specify an array variable whose subscripts are larger than the dimen sioned value or which exceed 10 in the default mode causes a SUBSCRIPT OUT OF RANGE error message Language Elements 2 10 String Arrays Like numeric arrays string arrays can be dimensioned with the DIM statement The format for dimensioning a string array is the same as for numeric arrays DIM A 5 25 40 If you don t execute a DIM statement a default of 10 for each subscript is assumed If this value is then exceeded an error message will result Table 2 6 BASIC 80 Operators in Order of Precedence ome emo Emme Expressions in parentheses Exponentiation as shown in the example where A is raised to the B power Negation represented by the minus sign Multiplication and Division represented by an asterisk and a slash respectively Integer division represented by a backslash Both arguments are con verted to integer values and the result is truncated to an integer integer Modulus represented by MOD Both arguments are converted into in tegers The result is the remainder when the first is di
63. Y ZERO Integer Operations Integer overflow and division by zero are treated as normal errors Program execu tion halts Integer overflow occurs when a value greater than 32767 49 or less than 32768 49 is converted to integer representation Integer underflow cannot occur Error Trapping Error trapping allows you to trap and correct errors Errors normally halt program execution and return error messages When given before an error is encountered the ON ERROR GOTO statement transfers program execution to a specified line number when an error occurs and suppresses any error messages other than those you specify and write yourself You can write an error service routine at the specified location to identify and correct errors In the following example when 3 is entered in response to the INPUT statement an error occurs and the user written error message displays 10 ON ERROR GOTO 100 20 INPUTA 30 PRINT SQR A 40 GOTO 20 100 PRINT ARGUMENT CANNOT BE NEGATIVE 110 PRINT ENTER NEW VALUE 120 RESUME NEXT RUN 3 1 732051 3 ARGUMENT CANNOT BE NEGATIVE ENTER NEW VALUE Suppose there is no error routine made up of lines 10 100 110 and 120 in the above example and you wish to identify this particular error The ERR and ERL functions return the error code number see Appendix A and the line number the error occurs in respectively In this way you can identify the kind of error and the line it occurs i
64. Z 10 REM THIS IS 20 REM A REMARK RESTORE RESUME RETURN RSET L MK STOP SWAP Att B2 WAIT 1 04H OAH Table 2 3 BASIC 80 Functions Absolute value ASCII code of the first character of the specified string Arctangent in radians Double precision floating point value Character corresponding to the specified ASCII code Integer value Cosine in radians Single precision floating point value Double precision floating point value equal to 8 byte string A Integer value equal to 2 byte string A Single precision floating point value equal to 4 byte string A ABS X ASC A ATN X CDBL X CHRS X CINT X COS X CSNG X CVD X4 CVI X CVS X 2 3 Language Elements HEX INP INPUT INSTR INT LEFT LEN LOC LOF LOG MID MKD MKI MKS OCT PEEK POS RIGHT RND SGN SIN SPACE SPC SQR STR STRING TAB TAN USR VAL VARPTR 2 4 BASIC 80 Table 2 3 BASIC 80 Functions Cont d Number of 128 byte sectors free on disk or drive X 1 if end of file 0 if not for file X Line number of last error Error code of last error e to the X th power Integer value of X Number of bytes in memory X or number of bytes in string space X String equal to hex value of X Reads a byte from port X Inputs X characters from file Y Position of X within Y Integer value of X Leftmost X characters of
65. a carriage return If you wish to interrupt a program that has been stopped by a CONTROL S type CONTROL C followed by CONTROL Q e RMX 80 BASIC 80 does not have the EDIT Mode features supported by ISIS II BASIC 80 e RMX 80 BASIC 80 supports only the console and disk files You should also be aware of two similarities between RMX 80 BASIC 80 and ISIS II BASIC 80 e The data formats and protocols of the ISIS II and RMX 80 disk file systems DFS are identical You can create data or program files on one system and use them on the other e If you use a random file or open a file for output on one disk and then remove that disk and insert another you may destroy files on the new disk You can open files for input without problems Initializing the Predefined RMX 80 BASIC 80 Configuration RMX 80 allows many different configurations of its modules Intel supplies two PROMs that you can use to load BASIC 80 from disk and to execute it If you have the required hardware as listed below you can quickly run the predefined RMX 80 BASIC 80 configuration e AniSBC 80 30 Single Board Computer e An additional 32K bytes of RAM on two iSBC 016s or one iSBC 032 board e AniSBC 204 Disk Controller e An MDS 2DS Disk Drive attached through the cable supplied with the BASIC 80 package e An RS 232C compatible terminal e AniSBC chassis and power supply If you have the required hardware it must be configured as shown below Refer to the R
66. are available an OUT OF DATA error message will be printed If there is still data available to be read the next READ statement will assign the next datum to the specified variable The READ pointer may be reset to the first item of any DATA statement with the RESTORE command Any type of variable may be read as long as the type of the DATA is appropriate for the type of variable READ variable variable 10 DATA 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 20 READ A B C 30 PRINT A B C 40 READ D E F 50 PRINT D E F RUN 246 81012 Ok 6 19 Commands and Statements BASIC 80 6 20 REM The REM statement is used to insert commentary remarks into program text Any instruction line that begins with REM following its line number is passed over and program control passes to the next line Within a remark colon is simply another character not a statement separator REM 10 REM THIS PROGRAM FINDS THE AVERAGE 20 REM OF THREE NUMBERS 30 INPUT A B C 40 PRINT A B C 3 90 END RENAME The RENAME command changes the name of the specified file to the new filename Only the directory reference accessed with the DIR command is altered if pro grams reference the old filename a FILE NOT FOUND error message will result RENAME old filename TO new filename RENUM The RENUM command resequences line numbers in a program whether they ap pear at the beginning of a line or as the object of a GOTO statement You can speci
67. clusive OR used to test if either the nth bit of X or the nth bit of Y 1 but not 15XOR7 8 both Logical implication used to teSt if the nth bit of X is on then the nth bit of Y is on OFOFOH IMP OOFFH 0FFFOH Logical equivalence used to test if the nth bit of X equals the nth bit of Y OFORE ECV UD CPHSOEOORE Operators and Precedence of Evaluation Complex expressions may be formed by combining constants and variables with arithmetic logical relational and string operators BASIC 80 follows an order of precedence to insure orderly and predictable evaluation when analyzing complex ex pressions This order of precedence may be overridden by parentheses any elements within the parentheses are evaluated first The numeric operators arithmetic logical and relational are listed in order of precedence in Table 2 6 Arithmetic Operators There are seven arithmetic operators in BASIC 80 each performing a familiar arithmetic operation on two numeric expressions They are evaluated before the relational or logical operators and if two operators of equal precedence are found by BASIC 80 they are evaluated from left to right Table 2 6 lists the arithmetic operators in order of precedence Some examples of arithmetic operators are A B C 2 49 K1 L M 5 R5 B3 Et 5 Relational Operators There are six relational operators in BASIC 80 which test relationships between two expressions and return a 1 if the premis
68. d for contact your intel representative An unopened file was referenced A LOAD KILL or OPEN statement referenced a file not found on the specified disk One of the following conditions apply The file mode is other than I O or R PUT or GET to a sequential file Opening a random file for sequential output or vice versa Performing a PRINT to a random file An attempt to open an already opened file was made A disk IO error has occurred on disk x this means a sector read check failed 18 times File already exists All disk space is full Delete old files or try new disk An INPUT statement has been given after the end of file check INPUT operations with the EOF function The record number in a PUT or GET is gt 2048 or 0 An invalid ISIS it filename was given A direct statement was found while loading a program into BASIC 80 The LOAD is terminated An attempt to open a new file after 6 files were opened BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RESERVED WORDS APPENDIX B The following list shows 126 words that cannot be used as names of variables If you attempt to do so errors error messages or both will result A valid variable name is one or more alphanumeric characters the first of which must be a letter If more than two characters are given the rest are ignored ABS AND ASC ATN ATTRIB AUTO BASE CDBL CHR CINT CLEAR CLOSE CONT COS CSNG CVD CVI CVS DATA DEF DEFDBL DEFFN
69. de by Zero In BASIC 80 the single and double precision floating point overflow underflow and divide by zero errors do not halt program execution Overflow Single precision floating point overflow occurs when the magnitude of a single precision numeric value exceeds 3 4 x 10 3 4E38 Double precision floating point overflow occurs when the magnitude of a double precision numeric value exceeds 1 79 x 10 1 79D308 When a value of this magnitude is generated the message OVERFLOW is displayed a value equal to the largest possi ble magnitude for the given representation with the appropriate sign is assigned and execution proceeds The following examples show single and double precision overflow 10 A 1E20 1E20 20 D 1D200 1D200 30 PRINT A D RUN OVERFLOW OVERFLOW 3 402824E 38 1 79769313486231D 308 4 1 Error Handling 4 2 Underflow Single precision floating point underflow occurs when the magnitude of a single precision numeric value is less than 1 2 x 10 1 2E 38 Double precision floating point underflow occurs when the magnitude of a double precision numeric value is less than 2 2 x 10 gt 2 2D 308 When a value of this magnitude is generated no message is printed the result is defined as zero and pro gram execution continues Divide By Zero Divide by zero is handled identically to single and double precision overflow protocol except that the message printed is DIVIDE B
70. dix A BASIC 80 Error Codes lists all BASIC 80 error messages descrip tions and codes in tabular format Appendix B BASIC 80 Reserved Words lists words that cannot be used in variable names Appendix C BASIC 80 Command Characters lists BASIC 80 one character editing and control characters and their meanings Appendix D ASCII Codes lists ASCII codes and their meanings Appendix E Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines shows how to prepare and call PL M 80 FORTRAN 80 and 8080 8085 assembly language subroutines Appendix F Configuring RMX 80 BASIC 80 shows how to configure BASIC 80 with various hardware systems using RMX 80 Other Relevant Intel Publications The following manuals are required to use BASIC 80 with ISIS II or RMX 80 e ISIS II User s Guide 9800306 which describes how to operate the Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor operating system ISIS II PREFACE iii RMX 80 User s Guide 9800522 which describes how to operate the Intel Real Time Mulitasking Executive RMX 80 RMX 80 Installation Guide 9803087 01 which describes installation and operation of the Intel Real Time Multitasking Executive The following manuals may be required if you intend to call subroutines written in other Intel supported languages 8080 8085 Assembly Language Programming Manual 9800301 which describes the instructions and directives of the 8080 8085 assembler 8080 8085 Macro Assembler Operator s Manua
71. e address loaded by BOMEM This can be determined by examining the code of BQMEM in BOMEM ASM In the distributed version this address is 0F123H Accordingly to reserve 1500 bytes of string space and 1K bytes to POKE into the command CLEAR 1500 0F123H 1024 should be given If you give this command the memory between 0ED24H and OF123H will be unused and available to BASIC 80 Burning a BASIC 80 Program Into PROM To burn a BASIC 80 program into a programmable read only memory PROM you must first convert the BASIC 80 program to Intel relocatable object file for mat Included with BASIC 80 is a program that does this conversion These are the steps required to burn a BASIC 80 program into PROM 1 Save the program on disk in ASCII format the A option of the SAVE command This can be done with either RMX 80 or ISIS II BASIC 80 Convert the ASCII program file to a relocatable object file with BAPROM 3 Convert the file to absolute object file format with LOCATE Read the converted object file into PROM using the UPM READ command with the OBJECT option 5 Burn the file into PROM with the PROGRAM command BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 BAPROM is a program and the name of the file that contains it that runs under ISIS II It converts an ASCII file to Intel 8080 8085 relocatable object file format It is not a compiler it transforms ASCII data to a form that can be LOCATEd It requires an Intellec or Intellec Series I
72. e eee eee ees 2 9 Array Variables i verear kee een ep ess 2 9 String Arrays S uo Per E rei PRAES eee 2 10 Operators and Precedence of Evaluation 2 11 Arithmetic Operators 0 0 eee ee 2 11 Relational Operators 0 00 c cece e eee 2 11 Logical Operators eee 2 12 String Operator pcne deu Mad ud Mp 2 12 EXDIeSSIODS Sex V e oe a e ORI e OR SOR Is 2 12 Numeric Expressions 22 2e00 2 12 String Expressions i es b rte RE 2 12 CHAPTER 3 ENTERING AND EDITING PROGRAMS Entering Instruction Lines 202000 3 1 Correcting Entry Errors 0 cece ee eee 3 1 Editing Program Text eere 3 2 D Subcommand coss cis ahh arn 3 3 LS5ubcommahld edet ux a vawde rA n s 3 4 ISubcommand sce dyes eee xr RE nr Ree 3 4 H Subcommand 6 34 aS aaro AIR a RISE 3 4 X ubcommand secesie 4 5cobvxere ar Phe Vis 3 4 SSubcommand 224 35 bland etwas Ik 3 5 KSubcomm and 22 2 os e RR eh wes 3 5 C subcomimaltid ee RES RE Va 3 6 Q Subcommand iius vie era een ace 3 6 PAGE A Subcoinmand 2252x223 c vx RARE ROCA SoS 3 6 E Subcommand serceru ERE REA ee eee es 3 6 Carriage Returfsz 2s qexet et oA dpt cA euo VR 3 6 CHAPTER 4 ERROR HANDLING BASIC 80 Error Messages 2 00 2 cee eeaee 4 1 Syntax Error Messages 0 0 0c eee e cee eee 4 1 Overflow Underflow and Divide by Zero 4 1 Toi ECT ee eS os oe esas aah ee ER 4 1 Ut
73. e is true a 0 if it is false You can write in structions to direct program execution according to either result The relational operators are evaluated after the arithmetic operators and if two operators with the same order of precedence are given in an expression they are evaluated left to right Table 2 6 lists the relational operators and some examples are given below IF A 2 2 lt gt B B1 THEN 220 IF INT A1 INT B1 THEN A B IF A gt B THEN IF B gt C VA THEN 340 2 11 Language Elements 2 12 Logical Operators The logical operators NOT AND OR XOR IMP and EQV are operators that compare the nth bit of argument X with the nth bit of argument Y They are evaluated after the arithmetic and relational operators therefore arithmetic expres sions resolve to a number which is compared with another number A relational operator test can be used with logical operations If there are two logical operators of the same precedence in a single expression they are evaluated left to right Table 2 6 lists the logical operators in order of precedence Some examples of the logical operators used in complex expressions are shown below IF A gt 3 5 X OR X gt 3 THEN Q1 0 IF B 1 OR B 2 OR B 3 THEN 2750 ELSE 280u IF A B AND B 3 THEN STOP ELSE IF A AND B THEN CLOSE 2 String Operator The relational operators may be used with strings to compare them according to ASCII order If strings of unequal length are compared and the sh
74. ect code for a system that includes BASIC 80 F 13 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 14 Adding User Written I O Drivers to RMX 80 BASIC 80 You can add your own I O drivers to any configuration of RMX 80 BASIC 80 so that BASIC 80 input and output statements employ user defined I O drivers BASIC 80 treats these drivers as files with the device label L1 This is the proper syntax as shown in opening a sequential disk file for output to the I O driver file L1 List 10 OPEN 0 1 L1 LIST The remainder of the file name may be anything conforming to the ISIS II filename conventions BASIC 80 will use the user I O driver whenever an OPEN command is issued for a filename with a device type of L1 The open request message is sent to the BQOPNX exchange instead of to the DFS RQOPNX exchange The messages sent to BQOPNX are exactly the same as messages sent to the DFS exchange RQOPNX Consult the RMX 80 User s Guide for details Therefore a user supplied task called BQUSER must wait at the BQOPNX exchange and must supply an exchange address when OPEN messages are received This task or another task waits at this exchange and handles READ for input files or WRITE for output files and CLOSE requests Figure F 8 is an example of a user written I O driver Adding BASIC 80 USR Routines to a Configuration You can call 8080 8085 assembly language FORTRAN 80 or PL M 80 routines from BASIC 80 with the USR function see Appendix E
75. en modules on each disk The hardware requirements for the boot loader and its accompanying version of BASIC 80 are An iSBC 201 iSBC 202 iSBC 204 or iSBC 206 Disk Controller with its necessary cables and the disk drives it controls An iSBC 80 10 iSBC 80 10A iSBC 80 20 iSBC 80 20 4 or iSBC 80 30 At least 48K bytes of RAM if DFS is used or 32K bytes of RAM if it is not used If you use an iSBC 80 30 the 16K bytes of RAM on board count toward the total You can use any combination of iSBC RAM boards An RS 232C compatible terminal and accompanying cables There are three steps to generating a boot loader for RMX 80 BASIC 80 1 You must examine and if necessary modify the BQOPS ASM module 2 You must also examine the BOOTCM and BQBMEM modules and modify them as needed 3 After you have verified that the various assembly modules accurately reflect your hardware and software configurations you SUBMIT the GBOOT CSD module shown in figure F 2 which assembles BOOTCM ASM and BOQBMEM ASM and LINKs and LOCATEs the boot loader Modifying the BQOPS ASM Module The BQOPS ASM module contains data used by the BOOTCM ASM BQBMEM ASM BASCM ASM and BQMEM ASM modules In most cases this will be the only module you will modify before assembling modules for a new configuration The boot loader configuration re quirements are dependent upon the CPU model the disk controller model the number of disk drives available and the highe
76. er the command BASIC specifies the name of the file that contains the BASIC 80 interpreter filename is an optional parameter that specifies the name of a file that is to be loaded and run after BASIC 80 is running MEMTOP address is an optional parameter that specifies the upper bound of the memory that BASIC 80 can use Address can be either a decimal or hexadecimal number It must be greater than 3800H plus the number of bytes in the interpreter and less than OBEBFH in a 48K system or OF6BFH in a 64K system Examples 1 Ifthe interpreter is in a file named BASIC on a disk in drive 0 enter BASIC 2 Ifthe situation is the same as 1 but you want to run a file named ANLYZE on a disk in drive 1 BASIC F1 ANLYZE 3 If the situation is the same as 2 but you also want to prevent BASIC 80 from using memory beyond address 54400 BASIC F1 ANLYZE MEMTOP 54400 KWE If a fatal ISIS II error occurs while BASIC 80 is running ISIS II is re initialized and the contents of the BASIC 80 work area is lost including any program editing you have done since you last entered a save command Manipulating Files from BASIC 80 BASIC 80 lets you list a disk directory rename a file change the attributes of a file and delete a file These functions can also be performed using ISIS II or RMX 80 of course BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Introduction to BASIC 80 Listing the Directory of a Disk To list the directory of a disk enter DIR
77. erflow will result NOTE The FIX and INT functions also convert to integer Formats FIX truncates INT truncates to an integer argument CINT expression This program averages three numeric values and returns an integer result 10 INPUT A B C 20 PRINT CINT A B C 3 30 END RUN 45 24 77 49 BASIC 80 Functions COS The COS function returns the cosine value of the specified expression The input is given in radians The calculation is performed in single precision COS expression 10 INPUTA 20 B COS A 30 PRINT B 40 END RUN 25 2836621 Ok CSNG The CSNG X function changes the type of expression into single precision floating point representation In this format calculations are accurate to seven decimal places compared to an accuracy of sixteen decimal places in double precision floating point representation Performing calculations in single precision is faster than in double precision but may not be as accurate CSNG expression 10 A 1 D0 3 D0 20 PRINT CSNG Aff 2 A 2 RUN 1666667 1666666666666667 CVI CVS CVD The CVI CVS and CVD functions convert strings into numbers CVI converts a two character string into an integer by simply moving the two characters into the in ternal integer representation CVS converts a four character string to single preci sion and CVD converts an eight character string into double precision in a similar fashion These functions are used to ret
78. es all references to the deleted file from the directory Once a file has been killed it cannot be reopened KILL filename LET The LET statement is used to give a value to a variable If a variable appears to the left of an equal sign not preceded by the word LET BASIC 80 assumes that a LET statement is implied When assigning a literal value to a string variable the value must be enclosed in quotation marks LET variable expression 10 LET A 5 20 PRINTA RUN 5 Ok LINE INPUT The LINE INPUT statement reads an entire line of data and assigns it as the value of the specified string variable LINE INPUT does this in two ways first data may be read from the terminal and assigned second data may be read from a disk file and assigned l When entering data from a terminal the syntactic format is LINE INPUT string expression string variable This statement will print the string expression as a prompt and will halt until the string is entered and a carriage return has been entered Entering a Control C will abort LINE INPUT and return BASIC 80 to the Command Mode A CONT com mand may then be used to re enter the LINE INPUT statement When entering data from a disk file the syntactic format used is LINE INPUT file number string variable This statement reads data from the specified disk file until a carriage return is en countered The data is assigned as a value for the specified string variable and LINE INPUT skip
79. et the needs of all Intel product users This form lets you participate directly in the documentation process Please restrict your comments to the usability accuracy readability organization and completeness of this document 1 Please specify by page any errors you found in this manual 2 Does the document cover the information you expected or required Please make suggestions for improvement 3 Is this the right type of document for your needs Is it at the right level What other types of documents are needed 4 Did you have any difficulty understanding descriptions or wording Where 5 Please rate this document on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the best rating NAME i a aa a DAE sl MILE COMPANY NAME DEPARTMENT ADDRESS CITY c occae cc csl TO AVE Li n P CODE Please check here if you require a written reply O WE D LIKE YOUR COMMENTS This document is one of a series describing Intel products Your comments on the back of this form will help us produce better manuals Each reply will be carefully reviewed by the responsible person All comments and suggestions become the property of Intel Corporation BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO 1040 SANTA CLARA CA POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE Intel Corporation Attn Technical Publications M S 6 2000 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 NO POSTAGE
80. fers BASIC 80 reserves space for six I O buffers each 128 bytes long One buffer is assigned to each open file when an OPEN statement is executed When you read a record from a random file using GET the 128 byte string is not assigned directly to a variable It is placed in the I O buffer assigned to that file and it is up to you to define what portions of the string are to be assigned to what variable or variables To emphasize the usual variable and line delimiters CR have no special mean ing All 128 bytes from the specified sector are placed in the I O buffer If fewer than 128 bytes were written to the sector the remaining character positions in the buffer are set to ASCII blanks hexadecimal 20 Defining a Random I O Field FIELD When a sector has been read into the I O buffer it exists as a 128 byte string You must define how the string is to be assigned to a variable or variables The FIELD statement specifies to BASIC 80 what character positions in the buffer correspond to string variables initially they must be string variables because the sector is treated as a 128 byte string The FIELD statement tells BASIC 80 for a given file what character positions starting with the first are to be associated with a variable For example assume you have opened a random file assigned it the file number 3 the OPEN command works just like in sequential I O and read the first sector from the file You know that the f
81. files If variables are referenced after a CLEAR numeric variables will be zero and string variables will be null The first expression is specified as an argu ment and the value of this expression becomes the string space in bytes CLEAR expression address 6 1 Commands and Statements If a second expression is specified it indicates the highest memory location available to BASIC This number is similar to the MEMTOP option If not specified the highest memory location used is unchanged At sign on only 100 bytes of string storage space are available CLEAR 2000 0D000H will reserve 2000 decimal bytes for string space and will not allow BASIC to use any memory address above ODOO0H CLOSE The CLOSE statement concludes I O activities for one or more disk files A CLOSE statement for an open file disassociates the file name and the file number used to open the file but the file may be opened again under the same or another file number Close without options closes all files The END NEW MERGE LOAD RUN without F and CLOSE without arguments statements close all disk files automatically but STOP does not CLOSE file number 4 file number 10 OPEN R 3 F1 PERSON 20 GET 3 1 30 FIELD 3 20 AS N 9 AS SS 40 PRINT N SS 50 CLOSE 3 RUN JONES JOHN J 517317010 Ok CONT The CONT command continues program execution after a Control C a STOP an ERROR interruption or an END
82. fy up to three optional arguments the first is the new number of the first line to be renumbered the second is the old number of the first line to be renumbered and the third is the increment between lines If you specify no arguments the new number of the first line to be renumbered is assumed to be 10 all lines are renumbered and the increment is assumed to be 10 RENUM new number old number increment 20 INPUT A 40 PRINT NEW A 15 RANDOMIZE 5 PRINT CHR 12 52 A1 A RND 58 A2 INT A1 RENUM LIST 10 PRINT CHR 12 20 RANDOMIZE 30 INPUT A 40 PRINT NEW A 50 A1 A RND 60 A2 INT A1 RESTORE The RESTORE statement resets the READ pointer to the first DATA statement within program text The DATA statements can then be reread A line number can be specified following RESTORE if included data on the specified line will be read next BASIC 80 Commands and Statements RESTORE line number 10 DATA 48 49 51 53 58 20 DATA 104 108 116 132 164 5000 5000 30 READ A B 560 IF B 5000 THEN 30 570 RESTORE 580 READ A B RESUME The RESUME statement restarts program execution after an error has been detected and handled Program execution begins at the line specified or if no line number is specified execution resumes at the statement where the error occurred The state ment RESUME NEXT causes execution at the statement following the erroneous statement RESUME line number NEXT 140 ON
83. ger decimal 32768 to 2 bytes DEFINT X96 4 32767 946396 Integer hexadecimal 0 to 2 bytes OFF4H FFFFH Integer octal 0 to 2 bytes 772Q 177777Q Single precision floating point 1 2x 10 38 to 4bytes DEFSNG X 7 digits precision 3 4 x 1038 9436 5 9 4365E03 Double precision floating point 2 2x10 8to 8 bytes DEFDBL X 16 digits precision 1 8 x 10308 9436 5 9 4365D03 Integer Constants Integer constants are whole numbers in the range 32768 to 32767 Each integer constant requires two bytes of memory Because the storage requirements are lowest for integers and integer arithmetic is much faster than floating point arithmetic it s a good idea to use integer representation wherever possible Decimal Integer Constants To identify a constant as a decimal integer constant add the suffix to the decimal integer value Some decimal integer constants are 23 373 Hexadecimal Integer Constants Hexadecimal integer constants are identified by the suffix H following the numeric value The characters 0 9 and A F representing the decimal values 10 15 are used as hexadecimal digits Each character represents 4 bits of data The first character must be a decimal digit so it may be necessary to add a leading 0 Some hexadecimal in teger constants are Hexadecimal Decimal Equivalent 1FH 31 0C76H 3190 7H 7 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Language Elements Octal Integer Constants Octal integer constan
84. gram seseess E 6 F 1 Sample Configuration BQOPS ASM Module F 6 F 2 Sample Configuration GBOOT CSD Module F 7 F 3 Sample Configuration GBASIC CSD Module F 8 TABLE TITLE PAGE 2 1 BASIC 80 Commands 2 1 2 2 BASIC 80 Statements eueee 2 2 2 3 BASIC 80 Functions eeeeeeese 2 3 2 4 BASIC 80 Metalanguage Elements 2 5 2 5 Numeric Data Types cece ee eeeee 2 6 2 6 BASIC 80 Operators in Order of Precedence 2 10 vi FIGURE TITLE PAGE F 4 Sample BQOPS ASM Module for PROM Based BASIC 80 esos es etie wea tano ve va d kx F 9 F 5 Sample GBASIC CSD Module for PROM Based RMX 80 BASIC 80 eese F 10 F 6 Sample BOOPS ASM Module for PROM Based iSBC 80 10 BASIC 80 ss F 10 F 7 GBASIC CSD Module for PROM Based iSBC 80 10 BASIC 80 Peer d Wwe RES F 11 F 8 Sample User Written I O Driver Routine F 15 TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 3 1 BASIC 80 Editing Subcommands 3 2 A 1 BASIC 80 Error Codes L suuu A 1 D 1 ASCII Code Dist 25er ux wp RR NORD s D 1 D 2 ASCII Code Definition uss D 2 F 1 Sample Configuration Jumper Wiring F 3 F 2 Sample Configuration Memory Requirements F 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC 80 BASIC 80 is Intel s implementation of disk extended BASIC for Intellec and Intellec Series II Microcomputer Development Systems w
85. greater than LEN X the MID function returns the null string If argument J is greater than the number of characters in X to the right of I or is not specified MID returns the rest of the string MID string expression expression expression 10 X JOHN J JONES 20 PRINT MID X 10 3 30 PRINT MID X 9 40 END RUN ONE JONES Ok The MIDS X I J function may also appear on the left side of an assignment statement Employed in this context it will replace the characters of string X begin ning at position I with the string given on the right If J is specified J characters of X are replaced If I is greater then LEN X an illegal function call error is displayed The length of X is never changed 10 A ABCDEF 20 B XXYYZZ 30 MID A 2 4 B 40 PRINT A 50 END RUN AXXYYF Ok MKI MKS MKD The three functions MKI MKS and MKD convert data represented as numerical values into two four or eight byte strings respectively MKI is used to convert an integer value MKSS is used to convert a single precision floating point value and MKDS is used to convert a double precision floating point value MKI integer MKS single precision value MKD double precision value These functions are used to place numeric values into fields of random file buffers See Chapter 5 for discussion of MKI MKD and MKS OCTS The OCTS function returns a string of octa
86. h the FIELD statement they Commands and Statements In the example below LIST 30 prints line 30 only LIST 30 prints all lines up to and including 30 list 30 prints all lines after 30 including 30 LIST 30 50 prints lines 30 40 and 50 LIST prints the entire program text To obtain a listing of a file on a line printer or other device use the SAVE com mand which is described on page 6 22 LOAD The LOAD command reads a file from disk and stores it in memory making it the current file The string expression must be an ISIS II filename 6 11 Commands and Statements 6 12 cannot later be assigned values with the LET statement This is because strings are assigned new storage locations when given new values and this destroys the effect of the FIELD statement Accordingly the LSET and RSET statements must be used to assign new values These commands may also be used with normal string statements If the assigned string value is shorter than the space reserved for the string variable in the FIELD statement LSET left justifies the string adding blanks ASCII 20H as needed RSET right justifies the string in the same way If the string is longer than the space reserved the extra characters are ignored LSET and RSET may be used with string variables that have not been fielded Unlike normal string assignment the length of the receiving string is not changed by an LSET or RSET assignment LSET string variable string expressio
87. he results of both the and format characters Exponential format cannot be used allows for three additional digit positions one of which is the dollar sign The comma is placed to the left of a decimal point to print a comma to the left of every third digit on the left of the decimal point The comma also specifies another digit position A comma to the right of the decimal point prints in that position The comma cannot be used with exponentiation PRINT USING HHHH 4H 92114 84 92 114 84 Mt Four carat signs or vertical arrows specifying exponentation The carats or or arrows are placed after the numeric format characters Any decimal point AAA format may be used The significant digits are left justified and the exponent is adjusted The comma and floating cannot be used when exponentiation is specified o The percent character indicates that a number larger than the given format has been encountered BASIC 80 returns the number itself preceded by a sign or if rounding the number causes it to exceed the specified field the rounded number is printed preceded by a sign If the number of specified digits exceeds 24 an ILLEGAL FUNCTION CALL error results PRINT USING 40 48 766784 99997 40 48 766784 00 99997 00 PRUN The PRUN command starts execution of a program stored in PROM The address of the program is an integer argument The program must be saved in
88. hen remove that disk insert another and write on it the contents of that second disk will be lost If however your program wrote on a disk in drive 1 between writing on the different disks in drive 0 there would be no problem There are no restrictions on reading from disks CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE ELEMENTS A BASIC 80 program consists of instructions which tell BASIC 80 what to do and data which gives BASIC 80 the information necessary to do it This chapter describes the different types of instructions and data and shows how to represent them Instructions BASIC 80 performs work by interpreting user provided instructions These instruc tions are divided into three categories commands statements and functions These instruction types are described in the following topics the individual instructions are described in detail in Chapters 6 and 7 Commands Commands are executed as soon as you enter them they alter or direct entire pro grams or files Most commands can be used in program statements but many of them halt program execution and force variables to zero or null Table 2 1 lists the BASIC 80 commands Statements Statements are executed when they are encountered during program execution They make up most of the instructions of a program Most statements can be entered as commands Table 2 2 lists the BASIC 80 statements Table 2 1 BASIC 80 Commands rd CT RN ATTRIB Changes the attributes of a file A
89. hich use the Intel Systems Im plementation Supervisor ISIS IT and for Intel Single Board Computers which use Intel s Real Time Multitasking Executive RMX 80 It offers a quick method of applying the computational and input output capabilities of the microcomputer development system to a wide range of business information handling numeric analysis and data processing applications BASIC 80 can be used with either the ISIS II or RMX 80 operating systems Re quirements for ISIS II BASIC 80 include an Intellec Microcomputer Development System with at least 48K of memory space and one disk drive RMX 80 BASIC 80 requirements both hardware and software are described in Appendix F of this manual BASIC 80 includes 21 commands 39 statements 48 functions a line editing capability and full disk I O both sequential and random access In addition user written functions can be defined and up to 25 subroutines can be written in other Intel supported languages FORTRAN 80 PL M 80 and 8080 8085 assembly language and called from BASIC 80 Intel integer single precision floating point and double precision floating point arithmetic standards are all supported offering flexible combinations of processing speed and accuracy up to 16 digits in the range 2 2 x to 1 8 x 10 Arrays can have virtually as many dimensions as needed the only limit on the number of dimensions that can be specified is the 255 character program statement
90. iSBC 80 30 PROM Addressing 0000H 0FFFH iSBC 80 30 RAM 98 92 Addressing 180 171 4000H 7FFFH W1 at position A B iSBC 016 RAM Board 1 7 6 Addressing Board 2 7 5 8000H 0FFFFH iSBC 204 Base Settings Addressing ON OFF OFF OFF These numbers refer to the silk screened numbers on the PC board not to the numbers on the switch bank 4 If you are using two iSBC 016 Random Access Memory boards you must jumper one to supply RAM memory from locations 8000H 0BFFFH and the other to supply RAM from locations 0C000H to OFFFFH Table F 1 lists these jumpers On one board jumper 7 6 must be connected which enables memory at locations 8000H 0BFFFH On the other board jumper 7 5 must be con nected enabling memory at addresses OCOOOH OFFFFH Refer to the iSBC 016 16K RAM Board Hardware Reference Manual for further information 5 The iSBC 204 Disk Controller must be set to base address 80H and set at interrupt level 2 The base address is set by switch S2 The four switch settings of S2 are shown in Table F 1 Interrupt level 2 is the factory wired default con figuration To verify interrupt level 2 operation check for a wire jumper con necting terminal posts 63 and 67 Table F 1 lists these connections For further information refer to the iSBC 204 Flexible Diskette Controller Hardware Reference Manual chapter 2 6 TheiSBC 204 Disk Controller must be the highest priority bus master You can place the iSBC 204 in the top chassi
91. idetflOW o es et CR ie eR eee B ed EE 4 2 buvide Dy Zeto ics o yai ER ae eas 4 E eds 4 2 Integer Operations ous ceiI Ga PR iw xaX 4 2 Error Trapping 622606 eate WO ER hU ead 4 2 Trac Bacllity i osos exor ERAT ERE Ee A EX 4 3 Error Simulation 5 4 rove hee eva oo EAR 4 4 Restarting Program Execution 4 4 CHAPTER 5 DISK FILE INPUT OUTPUT Sequential File F O c oras ty RR Ee E REM WS 5 1 Opening a Sequential File 0 5 1 Writing to a Sequential File 5 2 Reading from a Sequential File 5 2 Closing a Sequential File uuuu 5 3 Random Eilel1 0 coe LR gos net ee Rd RAS EE 5 4 I O Buffers acceler hous ted Ue aio a ado d are 5 4 Defining a Random I O Field FIELD 5 4 Opening and Closing a Random Disk File 5 6 Reading from a Random I O File 5 6 Writing to a Random I O File 5 7 CHAPTER 6 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS CHAPTER 7 FUNCTIONS APPENDIX A BASIC 80 ERROR CODES APPENDIX B BASIC 80 RESERVED WORDS APPENDIX C BASIC 80 COMMAND CHARACTERS APPENDIX D ASCII CODES APPENDIX E CALLING NON BASIC 80 SUBROUTINES APPENDIX F RMX 80 BASIC 80 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE TITLE PAGE 5 1 Random I O Characteristics 5 5 E 1 Intel Numeric Representation EERTE E 3 E 2 8080 8085 Assembly Language Program E 5 E 3 PL M 80 Program esee eee E 6 E 4 FORTRAN 80 Pro
92. ifies the Mini Terminal Handler The Mini Terminal Handler requires less RAM and PROM space This option generates an RQRATE to specify a baud rate if any non zero value is given For further information about setting baud rates refer to the RMX 80 User s Guide This option specifies the type of disk controller used 201 indicates an iSBC 201 202 indicates an iSBC 202 204 in dicates an iSBC 204 206 indicates an iSBC 206 This option specifies the number of DFS files you wish to have open at the same time Specifying 0 means that DFS is not used l This option enables your user written I O drivers if you specify 1 See Adding User Written I O Drivers in this Appendix for further details This option specifies the combined number of DFS and user files that may be open at once The number must be greater than or equal to the number specified in the DFS option This option specifies the highest RAM location available in the hardware configuration This option places boot loader RAM at the highest possible location This address should be 2BFH less than the address given in HIRAM BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 After you modify BQOPS ASM and verify the contents of the BOOTCM ASM and BQBMEM ASM modules you are ready to generate your boot loader To do this you must assemble BOOTCM ASM and BQBMEM ASM and LINK and LOCATE the resultant object code The GBOOT CSD module will do this with the SUBMIT command Figure
93. ing of the next line PRINT by itself prints one blank line A entered after a line number means PRINT PRINT filenumber expression 10 INPUT A string X 20 PRINT YOUR STRING IS X 30 END RUN A string YOUR STRING IS A string Ok PRINT USING The PRINT USING statement specifies particular formats to print strings or numbers The format string may include more than one field and may also include any literal character that is not a PRINT USING formatting character The syntactic format of PRINT USING is PRINT file number USING format string expression expression in which the format string specifies spacing and additional characters such as asterisks and dollar signs when used with numeric fields and which specify portions of the given string when used with string fields Each expression is printed with the same format The optional file number specifies the number of an open file See Chapter 5 for details of sequential disk file I O String Fields There are two formatting choices when using PRINT USING with string fields specifies that the first character of each specified string is printed N n spaces X specifies that the first 2 N characters are printed If the backslashes are used without spaces two characters are printed If the string field has more characters than the format string the balance are ignored if there are fewer characters than s
94. irst 20 characters of each sector contain a name To assign these 20 bytes to the string variable N enter the following FIELD statement FIELD 3 20 AS N BASIC 80 BASIC 80 DEFINITIONS Disk File Input Output The FIELD statement can precede or follow the GET statement but N doesn t contain those first 20 bytes until the FIELD statement A similar definition of fields must be done when writing to a random file with the PUT statement the FIELD statement obviously must precede the PUT statement so that BASIC 80 will know which variable or variables to write to the disk Any number of fields can be defined with one FIELD statement In the preceding example for example let s assume that character positions 21 29 the 9 bytes following the name field contain a social security number To define the first 20 bytes as N and the next 9 bytes as SS enter the following FIELD statement FIELD 3 20 AS N 9 AS SS Not only can you define all 128 bytes this way you can enter more than one FIELD statement for the same buffer If more than one FIELD statement associates a string variable with character positions in the buffer the last executed one applies If several FIELD statements are executed that specify different string variables however all the field definitions are effective Figure 5 1 summarizes this relationship of disk record I O buffer and string variables and shows the sequence of BASIC 80 statements necessar
95. l 9800292 which describes how to assemble using ISIS ID a program written in 8080 8085 assembly language PL M 80 Programming Manual 9800268 which describes the instructions conventions and usage of PL M 80 and how to create PL M 80 programs ISIS II PL M 80 Compiler Operator s Manual 9800300 which describes how to use the ISIS II based PL M compiler to generate executable machine code FORTRAN 80 Programming Manual 9800481 which describes the instructions conventions and usage of FORTRAN 80 and how to create FORTRAN 80 programs ISIS II FORTRAN 80 Compiler Operator s Manual 9800480 which describes how to use the ISIS II based FORTRAN 80 compiler to generate executable machine code The following manuals are required to implement the RMX 80 sample configuration of BASIC 80 described in Appendix F ISBC 80 30 Single Board Computer Hardware Reference Manual 9800611 which describes how to configure the iSBC 80 30 under RMX 80 ISBC 016 Random Access Memory Board Hardware Reference Manual 9800279 which describes how to map memory to fit the sample RMX 80 configuration ISBC 204 Flexible Diskette Controller Hardware Reference Manual 9800568 which describes how to configure the iSBC 204 for the sample RMX 80 configuration iSBC 80 10 Hardware Reference Manual 9800230 ISBC 80 10A Hardware Reference Manual 9800230 ISBC 80 20 Hardware Reference Manual 9800317 ISBC 80 20 4 Hardware Reference Manual 9800317 CONTENTS
96. l digits which represent the value of the integer argument The expression is rounded to an integer before conversion OCT expression 10 PRINT TYPE DECIMAL INTEGER TO BE CONVERTED 20 INPUTA 30 A OCT A 40 PRINT A EQUALS A IN OCTAL Functions 7 9 Functions 7 10 BASIC 80 PEEK The PEEK function reads a single byte from memory at the location specified The corresponding POKE statement writes a byte into a specified memory location PEEK expression PRINT PEEK OFABH 200 POS The POS function returns the position of the cursor after the last PRINT statement The argument I isa dummy argument The leftmost position is 1 POS integer 10 INPUT A 20 PRINT AS 30 IF POS 1 gt 10 THEN PRINT 40 PRINT HAS JUST BEEN INPUT RUN 2AAAAA AAAAA HAS JUST BEEN INPUT OK RUN AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA HAS JUST BEEN INPUT Ok RIGHTS The RIGHTS function returns the rightmost I characters of string X If I equals or exceeds the length of X the entire string is the result If I is 0 a null string results RIGHTS string integer 10 A JOHN J JONES 20 X RIGHT AS 8 30 PRINT X RUN J JONES Ok RND The RND function returns a single precision random number between 0 and 1 The sequence produced is identical every time a program is run If this is undesirable such as in games use RANDOMIZE to prompt the user for a seed RND BASIC 80 SGN The SGN
97. l function call Overflow Out of memory Undefined line number Subscript out of range Duplicate Definition Division by zero Illegal direct Type mismatch Out of string space String too long String formula too complex Can t continue Undefined user function No RESUME RESUME without error Unprintable error Program contains no corresponding FOR for NEXT Illegal usage of delimiters characters etc No GOSUB statement found to RETURN to All DATA statements in the program have been read or BASIC 80 tried to read too much or too lit tle data was included in the program Parameter passed to a function was out of range Possible reasons A negative array subscript An array subscript gt 32767 LOG with a zero or negative argument SQR with a negative argument AtB with A negative and B not an integer A call to USR before a corresponding DEFUSR Calls to MID LEFT RIGHT INP OUT WAIT PEEK POKE TAB SPC STRING SPACES INSTR or ON GOTO with im proper arguments Variable with magnitude greater than 3 4E38 single precision floating point or 1 7D308 double precision floating point Program too large contains too many loops subroutines variables or complicated expres sions Areferenced line does not exist You referenced an array variable outside the dimensions of the array or referenced the wrong number of dimensions You redimensioned an array previously dimensioned A division by
98. l on Intellec development systems using the RS 232 port OUT OF6H 7 POKE The POKE statement places the specified value into the memory location specified The specified value is an expression that must round to an integer in the range 0 255 POKE can also accept hexadecimal and octal arguments even though octal and hex constants over 32767 decimal are interpreted by BASIC 80 as negative numbers It does this by adding 65536 to such arguments POKE location expression POKE OFFFFH 0 POKE 65535 0 POKE 177777Q 0 POKE 1 0 The instructions above set the top byte of memory to 0 in an Intellec development system having 64K of memory Before using POKE you should use the CLEAR command to reserve free memory A POKE into BASIC or system code may cause BASIC or other software to fail 6 15 Commands and Statements 6 16 PRINT The PRINT statement returns the value of expressions or the text of strings to the console or to any ISIS II file Literal strings must be enclosed in quotation marks variables and expressions need no quotation marks You can print data to any ISIS II file by specifying a file number If a comma is inserted following an expression to be printed the next printing starts at the begin ning of the next 14 column zone If a semicolon is inserted the next printing starts at the next column If no punctuation is used at the end of the PRINT state ment the next printing starts at the beginn
99. le F1 HEATER into PROM you need the Univer sal PROM Mapper program UPM and a Universal Prom Programmer UPP Supposing your program is approximately 2K and you wish to burn it into one 2716 PROM you must install the 2716 Personality Card into UPP place a 2716 PROM into Socket 2 and then enter the following commands at the console UPM TYPE 2716 SOCKET 2 OFFSET 7500 OFFSET 9500H READ into 0 object file F1 HEATER PROGRAM from 0E000H to OE7FFH Start 0 From a more detailed description of UPM and UPP see Universal PROM Program mer Reference Manual 9800133F A discussion of how to select the proper offset can be found on pp 36 37 of the Universal PROM Mapper Operator s Manual 9800236A F 17 ABS 7 1 arithmetic functions ABS 7 1 ATN 7 1 COS 7 3 EXP 7 5 INT 7 7 LOG 7 8 RND 7 10 SGN 7 11 SIN 7 11 SQR 7 12 TAN 7 13 arrays 2 9 DIM 6 5 OPTION BASE 6 15 strings 2 10 variables 2 9 ASC 7 1 ASCII codes D 1 assembly language subroutines E 1 ATN 7 1 ATTRIB 6 1 AUTO 6 1 boolean operators see logical operators built in functions 2 3 CDBL 7 2 CHRS 7 2 CINT 2 9 7 2 CLEAR 6 1 CLOSE 6 2 command characters CONTROL A 3 3 C 1 CONTROL C 3 1 C 1 CONTROL I 3 1 C 1 CONTROL O C 1 CONTROL Q C 1 CONTROL C 1 CONTROL S C 1 CONTROL X 3 2 C 1 commands 2 1 ATTRIB 1 3 6 1 AUTO 6 1 CLEAR 6 1 CONT 6 2 DELETE 6 5 DIR 1 3 6 6 EDIT 3 2 6 6
100. lows the decimal point the digit always prints whether it is a 0 or another number Numbers are rounded as necessary PRINT USING HIHP 41 287 41 29 PRINT USING EP 71 100 0 71 The plus sign is used at the beginning or end of the field of format characters Insertion of this character prints a plus or minus sign depending on the sign of the number at the beginning or end of the number respectively e The minus sign is used at the right of the format character field to force printing of a trailing minus sign if the number is negative If it is positive a space is printed If neither or is included in the format a negative number is printed with a leading _ PRINT USING 4 89 2 6689 4 89 2 67 PRINT USING 5 8 96 2 5 8 96 2 TT The double asterisk fills any leading blank spaces in the number format with asterisks This symbol also specifies positions for two more digits PRINT USING iHt P 4 8 243 3 4 8 243 3 6 17 Commands and Statements 6 18 The double dollar sign adds a single dollar sign to the immediate left of the number being formatted PRINT USING S Ht 48 28 364 90 48 28 364 90 specifies space for two additional characters but the added takes up one posi tion The exponential format cannot be used with The double asterisk dollar sign returns t
101. lting bits are compared with the corresponding bits of the comparison byte also an integer expression in the range or 0 to 255 If the comparison byte is not specified the default value is 0 Execution of program text is halted until the two sets of bits differ When the WAIT command is given the port status is exclusive ORed with the comparison byte and the result is ANDed with the mask byte Execution halts until a non zero value is obtained WAIT port number mask byte comparison byte WIDTH The WIDTH command adjusts the width of the lines printed at the console to the specified value which is an expression in the range 15 to 255 The default value for WIDTH is 72 WIDTH expression 10 A ACTION OHIO WEAVERTON VERMONT HOLLOWAY CALIFORNIA 20 PRINT A 30 WIDTH 15 40 PRINT A 50 WIDTH 72 60 END RUN ACTION OHIO WEAVERTON VERMONT HOLLOWAY CALIFORNIA ACTION OHIO WE AVERTON VERMON T HOLLOWAY CA LIFORNIA Ok BASIC 80 CHAPTER 7 FUNCTIONS ABS The ABS function returns the absolute value of the specified expression The absolute value of an expression is its numeric value with a positive sign ABS expression 10 INPUTA 20 A ABS A 2 30 PRINTA 40 END RUN 25 10 Ok RUN qe 10 Ok ASC The ASC function returns the ASCII code of the first character of the specified string ASC string expression PRINT ASC 0 ASC AB 48 65 ATN The ATN function
102. m a sequential disk file the file number preceded by and followed by a comma follows the word INPUT or LINE INPUT The INPUT statement reads the specified number of values numeric or string from the disk file Numeric values in the disk file can be separated by a blank comma carriage return or line feed String values can be enclosed in quotation marks or given as unquoted strings Quoted strings terminate on the quote marks while unquoted strings terminate on commas carriage returns line feeds or if they exceed 255 characters in length Assume for example that disk file 2 contains the following data a new line represents a carriage return line feed pair in the disk file R1 200 R2 2200 R3 10000 R4 47 After the file is opened for input the following INPUT statement would assign a string value to R and the subsequent numeric value to R INPUT 2 R R If executed four times it would read all eight values BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Disk File Input Output LINE INPUT on the other hand ignores blanks commas and quotation marks and reads everything between the current file position and the next carriage return line feed or up to 255 characters If the last INPUT did not read to the end of a logical line LINE INPUT will read to the end of that line before reading the next line The string is assigned to the single string variable specified In the preceding ex ample assume that
103. mbler Operator s Manual to generate object code from your source language The compiler or assembler output is a relocatable object code This code is given a starting address in Intellec system memory To do this you must know the highest starting address you can use as well as the total free memory space A 48K Intellec system has the highest usable address of OBEBFH A 64K system has a highest usable address of OF6BFH Higher addressed memory in both systems is taken by the monitor and or monitor RAM When you invoke BASIC 80 it immediately returns the free memory space in bytes The size of your main program and subroutine s must be less than the free space Suppose you have a 64K system and a 2K byte 800H subroutine The highest usable memory address is OF6BFH If you place your program next to the monitor it must start at OEECOH You must be sure that there is 2K of space available at OEECOH and you must forbid BASIC 80 to use this space with the MEMTOP option when you invoke BASIC 80 MEMTOP specifies the highest RAM address BASIC 80 may use In the example below MEMTOP specifies a S at OEECOH leaving the space from OEECOH OF6COH for your subroutine F1 BASIC MEMTOP 0EECOH ISIS II BASIC 80 22620 BYTES FREE If you invoke BASIC 80 on a 64K Intellec System without specifying MEMTOP it looks like this F1 BASIC ISIS II BASIC 80 24668 BYTES FREE If you locate your program as high as possible in free memory BAS
104. mmoou PG amp l Nwx ceo sno0o23Z3 x 3n oaoom N xz caomovozzmezxc OV IA ASCII Codes Table D 2 ASCII Code Definition Abbreviation NULL Character Start of Heading Start of Text End of Text End of Transmission Enquiry Acknowledge Bell Backspace Horizontal Tabulation Line Feed Vertical Tabulation Form Feed Carriage Return Shift Out Shift In Data Link Escape Device Control 1 Device Control 2 Device Control 3 Device Control 4 Negative Acknowledge Synchronous Idle End of Transmission Block Cancel End of Medium Substitute Escape File Separator Group Separator Record Separator Unit Separator Space Delete Decimal Code OON ONS conc BASIC 80 APPENDIX E CALLING NON BASIC 80 SUBROUTINES You can write a subroutine in FORTRAN 80 PL M 80 or 8080 8085 assembly language convert it into relocatable code load it into free memory and access it directly from BASIC 80 Any number of variables can be referenced following PL M conventions for passing parameters to subroutines You will need the JSIS II User s Guide and the publication relevant to the language you use for the subroutine The preface lists the Programming and Operator s manuals for FORTRAN 80 PL M 80 and 8080 8085 assembly language Preparing Subroutines Once you have written the desired subroutine follow the instructions in the appropriate compiler or Asse
105. n RSET string variable string expression 10 A 123456 20 RSET A AB 30 PRINT A X 40 LSET A CD 50 PRINT A X RUN ABX CD X Ok MERGE The MERGE command reads a program from disk and combines it with the current program without changing line numbers of either program If the new program and the current program have instruction lines with the same line numbers the new in struction lines replace the current ones The new program must have been saved in ASCII format MERGE sets all variables and arrays to zero If used within a pro gram the program will end A given string expression must resolve to an ISIS II filename MERGE string expression MERGE F4 EVAL BAS Ok NEW The NEW command deletes the current program and clears all variables and arrays If a program has not been saved and the NEW command is given the program is lost NEW In the sample program below the program has been deleted by the NEW command The LIST command will not list it or any program until another is read from a peripheral device or entered line by line 240 PRINT end of program 250 PRINT 260 PRINT 270 END NEW Ok LIST Ok BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements NEXT The NEXT statement is used with a previous FOR statement to end an iteration of a FOR NEXT loop when BASIC 80 encounters a NEXT statement control passes back to the statement line containing the last FOR
106. n about ISIS II filenames or operations see the ISIS II User s Guide Although both sequential and random I O allow you to create read and write files on disk sequential I O is somewhat simpler in concepts and operation If you haven t worked with disk files before it would probably be better to start with se quential I O to learn the principles Sequential File 1 O BASIC 80 Sequential I O allows you to build sequential data files containing numbers and strings of up to 255 characters In general to use sequential I O you must open the file execute a series of INPUT to read or PRINT to write statements then close the file A sequential file is open either for input or output To switch from one to the other you must close the file and open it again with the opposite attribute Any I O opera tion that immediately follows an OPEN statement starts at the beginning of the file Opening a Sequential File You open a sequential file with the OPEN statement It specifies whether the file is to be opened for input or output assigns it a file number and specifies the filename Up to six files can be open at one time If the file named in an OPEN statement that specifies output does not exist it is created Once a file is open it cannot be opened again without closing it first If you attempt to do so an error message results To open an input file named F1 DATES and assign it file number 1 OPEN I 4H FT DATES 5 1 Di
107. n and write individual error handling routines for individual errors The program below uses ERL and ERR to identify the location and nature of any error In the following example the ON ERROR statement enables the error service routine at line 100 which identifies one specific error division by zero and the line number in which it occurs BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Error Handling 10 ON ERROR GOTO 100 20 INPUTA 30 PRINT 52 A 40 GOTO 20 100 PRINT Error ERR at line ERL 110 IF 11 ERR THEN PRINT Division by zero 120 RESUME NEXT RUN 13 4 0 Error 11 at line 30 Division by zero 2 Trace Facility The TRON and TROFF trace on and trace off commands are used to examine the execution of each line The line number of each program statement executed is displayed in brackets The preceding example would run like this after entering TRON and then RUN 10 20 W 5 CR 30 10 4 40 20 Mi 7 CR 30 7 428571 40 20 Wi O CR 30 100 Error 11 at line 30 110 Division by zero 120 40 20 M The ON ERROR GOTO 0 statement has a special meaning When entered outside of error handling routines it disables any prior ON ERROR GOTO so that errors are handled normally error messages are displayed and execution is halted When entered inside an error handling routine it allows normal handling of a given error or errors as Shown in the example below 10 ON ERROR GOTO 100 20 INPUT A B
108. nd level Files are closed but variables can be examined END may be used at any logical conclusion point within program text STOP acts like END but also prints a BREAK IN line number message and does not close files An END command is optional as the last line of a program END The program below contains an END statement in line 40 10 INPUT A B C 20 D A B C 3 30 PRINT THE AVERAGE OF A 3B C EQUALS D 40 END ERROR The ERROR statement simulates the occurrence of an error in program execution The user supplied integer expression will generate an error message appropriate to its value as shown in the example listed below The integer expression supplied must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 255 If ERROR is executed with a number that does not correspond to a BASIC error message UNPRINTABLE ERROR will print All errors can be trapped by the ON ERROR statement For further in formation refer to Chapter 4 Error Handling BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements ERROR expression 10 INPUT A B C 12 IF B 0 THEN ERROR 11 14 PRINT A B 20 END RUN 40 0 17 DIVISION BY ZERO IN 12 Ok EXIT The EXIT command terminates operation of the BASIC 80 interpreter and returns control to ISIS II EXIT closes all open files but does not automatically save pro grams If you EXIT without saving the current program it will be lost EXIT FIELD The FIELD sta
109. ng to the syntactic format given below DEFXXX m n m n in which m represents any letter A through Z and n represents any letter B through Z These two letters represent the boundaries of a block of letters between m and n If n is not used only variables beginning with letter m are specified The n argument must follow m in alphabetic sequence in other words blocks may be defined as D to L or A to G but not as P to A or Z to M 10 DEFSTRS 20 DEFDBLD 30 DEFINT I N DEFUSRn The DEFUSRn statement is used to specify the starting address of an 8080 8085 assembly language PL M 80 or Fortran 80 subroutine so they may be called by the USR function The argument n may be an integer from 0 to 24 if no argument is given 0 is assumed Two examples of DEFUSRn statements are given below DEFUSR 0F000H DEFUSRT7 Because of the way BASIC 80 represents numbers internally 32767 is the largest value for an integer expression The following code can be used to specify higher decimal values in a DEFUSRn statement 10 INPUT ENTER ENTRY ADDRESS IN DECIMAL A 20 IF A gt 32767 THEN A A 65536 30 DEFUSR11 A The program below shows how DEFUSR defines a subroutine Refer to Appendix E for further details of using DEFUSR 10 REM This program asks for three 20 REM Integers passes them to USR1 and 30 REM Returns the result 40 DEFINT A Z 50 DEFUSR 1 2 0E000H 60 PRINT Enter three numbers 70 INPUT A B C 8
110. ns this 16 bit value to A BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Calling Non BASIC 80 Subroutines To return a single precision floating point double precision floating point or string result you must use the appropriate data type character see table 2 5 for a list of these characters before the subroutine number in the USR function For example to tell BASIC 80 that a user written subroutine returns a double precision floating point value 240 A USR 15 VARPTR L A1 In this example the sharp sign following USR tells BASIC 80 to reserve an 8 byte space for the double precision result of USR 15 A is also defined as double precision but the parameters passed may be of any numeric type Your subroutine must interpret the first parameter passed to it as the storage address of A and it must also place the result of USR 15 there References to string parameters are handled in a similar manner VARPTR of a string is the address of the string descriptor not the string data Thus if a user subroutine returns a string then the user should code USR n BASIC allocates a 255 character string and pass the address of the string descriptor to the subroutine Your routine may change the string length in the string descriptor to return a shorter string but may not change the string s address Neither parameter strings nor parameter string descriptors should be changed Array variables are passed as parameters by referencing the first element
111. orter is identical to the first part of the longer then the longer is greater There is one operator only used with strings the concatenation operator This operator defines a string as two or more Strings joined together A B C Expressions Except for the command and statement instructions all of the language elements previously discussed can be combined to form expressions Depending on the type of constants variables and operators used expressions can be classed as numeric or string Numeric Expressions In BASIC 80 numeric expressions are created with numeric variables constants functions and operators Variables are initialized with 0 and may be assigned other values with assignment statements or with INPUT statements during program execution Any function which returns a numeric value can be used in a numeric expression Strings can only be used if they are converted to a number Numeric expressions can use arithmetic logical or relational operators Some numeric expressions K l B SQR X IF A gt 12 1 THEN C C 1 IF PEEK 2FFFH AND 0CH THEN PRINT ON String Expressions String expressions can be specified in BASIC 80 using string constants string variables relational operators and the concatenation operator The concatena tion operator combines two strings into one If the resulting string is longer than 255 characters execution halts and an error message is displayed Some string expres
112. our steps to generating a boot loadable RMX 80 BASIC 80 assembling the BASCM ASM and BQMEM ASM modules and linking and locating the resulting BASIC 80 into RMXSYS The GBASIC CSD module is a SUBMIT file that performs these steps Figure F 3 shows a listing of the GBASIC CSD module used with the sample configuration If you are using an iSBC 80 10 or iSBC 80 20 based system you need to modify the 830 references in the module to 810 or 820 with the ISIS II Text Editor For further information about using the Text Editor refer to the ISIS II User s Guide The CODE and START addresses should reflect the addresses at the start of system RAM The following list shows typical starting addresses iSBC 80 10 or 80 10 A 3C00H iSBC 80 20 3800H iSBC 80 20 4 3000H iSBC 80 30 4000H RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 8 NOTE The RMX 80 Nucleus declares all interrupt exchanges except RQLIEX us ed for the system clock as EXTERNAL This is because user interrupt tasks must define the exchanges as needed Any of these interrupt exchanges not used in a system and therefore not declared in user code is treated as an unresolved external reference by the linker the locater ICE 80 and ICE 85 Messages issued by these products that refer to unused interrupt ex changes can be considered as warnings and ignored The messages issued by the various products are Linker UNRESOLVED EXTERNAL NAMES XXXXX XXXXX etc Locate UNRESOLVED EXTE
113. ove its listing from the directory Once a file or program has been killed it cannot be recovered The format of the KILL command is KILL followed by the filename in quotation marks For example to delete a file named ANLYZ on the disk in drive 1 enter KILL F1 ANLYZ 1 3 Introduction to BASIC 80 BASIC 80 1 4 Loading a Program The LOAD command loads a BASIC 80 program from disk The program can be stored in either ASCII or internal format To load a program named ANLYZE from a disk in drive 1 LOAD F1 ANLYZE OK You can now run list or edit the program Saving a Program The SAVE command copies your program from Intellec memory to disk You must specify a filename enclosed in quotation marks SAVE F1 ANLYZ The SAVE command can also be used to list the contents of the current file on a line printer or other output device For example to list the current file on a line printer you would enter SAVE LP A You can only write data to one disk in any disk drive each time you invoke BASIC If you write to a disk in a given drive remove that disk and insert another and try to write to the new disk you lose all data on the new disk The exception to this is on systems with more than one drive It is permissi ble to change a disk on a drive if that drive has not been written to since another drive has been written to As an example if your BASIC 80 pro gram writes on a file in drive 0 and you t
114. pecified spaces are printed to fill out the field Here are examples of the string field formats 10 X ONE 20 Y TWO 30 PRINT USING X Y 40 PRINT USING N X Y RUN OT ONE TWO Ok BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements As can be seen PRINT USING prints a string consisting of the first letters of each string PRINT USING 2 spaces prints a string consisting of four characters from X 3 plus a space and four from Y also 3 plus a space If Y SEVEN the result printed when line 40 is executed would be ONE SEVE and if X SEVEN and Y EIGHT the results of line 40 would be SEVEEIGH Numeric fields The PRINT USING formatting characters specify right justification leading dollar signs plus or minus signs exponentiation asterisk fills or insertion of commas Each of the BASIC 80 format characters is explained in the following section The number or sharp sign indicates the position of digits If the number to be printed is too small to fill all of the digit positions specified to the left of the decimal point leading spaces print to fill the entire field An integer can print as up to five digits single precision floating point up to seven digits and double precision floating point up to fifteen digits The decimal point can be inserted in any position in the field If the format specifies that a digit fol
115. precedes n in the alphabet i e the block L Q is legal but Q L is not In this way all variables beginning with a certain letter or letters may be defined as one type The variable default type is single precision as if a DEFSNG A Z had been executed at the start of a given program If certain variables should be of another type you should define them at the start of the program to prevent errors In all cases the type identifiers for integer for single precision and for double precision override any variable block type assignment Note that A A A and A are four different variables If the default variable type for variables beginning with the letter A is single precision then A and A are the same variable To economize on memory space and execution time you should use integer representation rather than single precision representation and single precision rather than double precision when this is possible String Data BASIC 80 accepts strings of characters as data Like numeric values strings can be either constants or variables String Constants A string constant is a group of characters enclosed in quotation marks Quotation marks cannot be used within string constants String constants can be up to 255 characters long Some string constants are This is a string constant 48 23H 373799 String Variables String variables are string values which can change during program execution A string
116. r and insert text To insert characters at the end of the line X character character To search for a character integer S character To delete all characters until specified character integer K character To change next n characters to y characters integer C character character To restore original line and leave Edit Mode To restore original line and restart Edit Mode To print balance of line and restart Edit Mode To leave Edit Mode and keep changes To leave Edit Mode keep changes and print the Carriage return edited line To delete unwanted characters Rubout To place one logical statement line on two or more Line Feed physical lines To leave next n characters unchanged integer space BASIC 80 Entering and Editing Complete editing of a line replaces the old line with the edited line This resets all variables to zero or null To end editing without losing prior variable values exit the editing mode with the Q subcommand after the line number has been printed BASIC 80 returns to command level variable values are unchanged and any editing changes are lost There are three ways to enter the Editing Mode 1 Type EDIT line number and BASIC 80 returns the line number requested If you press the space bar the cursor moves to the desired location in the instruc tion line 2 When entering text type a Control A instead of a carriage return This causes a carriage return a space and the comp
117. r fashion unless the type character is omitted in which case registers H and L are used Appendix E gives details of loading and running ASM 80 PL M 80 and FORTRAN 80 subroutines that may be called with USRn VAL The VAL function returns the numerical value of string X If the string does not represent a valid number VAL X equals 0 VAL string expression 10 INPUT A 20 IF VAL A 0 THEN 60 30 A1 VAL A 52 40 PRINT A1 A 90 END 60 PRINT ENTER NUMERIC DATA ONLY 70 GOTO 10 RUN 24 208 4 VARPTR The VARPTR function returns the address in memory of a variable or the in put output buffer associated with a file number If the variable has not yet been assigned a value an ILLEGAL FUNCTION CALL error results The main use of VARPTR is to pass variable or array addresses to assembly language subroutines Arrays are passed by specifying VARPTR A 0 or VARPTR A 1 if OPTION BASE 1 is in effect so that the lowest addressed element of the array is returned All simple variables should be assigned values in a program before calling VARPTR for any array otherwise allocation of a new simple variable will cause the addresses of all arrays to change See Appendix E for further information about using VARPTR VARPTR variablej file number APPENDIX A BASIC 80 ERROR CODES Table A 1 BASIC 80 Error Codes ee a MEN NEXT without FOR SYNTAX ERROR RETURN without GOSUB Out of DATA Illega
118. return the ad dress of the first byte of BASIC 80 work space in registers H and L and the last byte of BASIC 80 work space respectively The HL register requirement is consistent with PL M 80 Address procedures Example PUBLIC BQSMEKM BQEMEM CSEG BQSMEM LXI H SMEM RET BQEMEM LXI H EMEM RET DSEG SMEM DS 5000 EMEM DS 1 END A public word variable called BOPRUN must be defined If the value is non zero BASIC 80 will attempt to load and run the BASIC 80 source program at the address specified when BASIC is initiated Examples PUBLIC BQPRUN BQPRUN DW 0 noautomatic PRUN or PUBLIC BQPRUN BQPRUN DW PRUNIT PRUNIT DB 41 PRINT THIS WILL PRINT WHEN BASIC IS STARTED DB 13 10 26 CR LF Control Z Three byte public variables define the files available to BASIC BQUIO should be zero if user written I O drivers are included otherwise it should be one BQDFS should be equal to zero if DFS is not included in the configuration If DFS is includ ed BQDFS should be equal to the number of DFS files that may be open at once BQNFIL should be the maximum number of DFS and user files that may be open at one time Example PUBLIC BQUIO BQDFS BQNFIL BQUIO DB 0 BQDFS DB 6 BQNFIL DB 6 Linking and Locating RMXBAS LIB must be added to the list of files given to the LINK program If a user written I O routine is to be used its object module must also be included No special information is needed to locate obj
119. returns the arctangent value of the specified expression The result given in radians is between PI 2 and PI 2 The calculation is performed in single precision but the argument may be any numeric type ATN expression 10 INPUTA 20 B ATN A 30 PRINT B 40 END RUN 5 1 373401 Ok T 1 Functions 7 2 BASIC 80 CDBL The CDBL X function changes the type of expression X into double precision floating point representation In this format calculations are accurate to 16 decimal places compared to an accuracy of 7 decimal places in single precision floating point representation Many fractions such as 1 3 and 1 cannot be precisely represented with either single or double precision floating point due to BASIC 80 s internal numeric representation CDBL expression 10 A 1 3 20 B CDBL 1 3 30 PRINT A B 40 END RUN 333333343267441 333333333333333 Ok CHRS The CHR function evaluates the expression to an integer and returns the equivalent ASCII character The expression must evaluate to an integer between 0 and 255 CHR expression In the program below the CHR 12 command generates a form feed in line 110 110 PRINT CHR 12 120 PRINT 130 PRINT TABLE 2 5 COMMONLY USED CONSTANTS 140 PRINT 150 PRINT A B C D E CINT The CINT X function rounds the expression into an integer value and returns that value If the expression is less than 32768 or greater than 32767 then ov
120. rieve numeric values from a random file buffer field and are the reverse of MKI MKS and MKD CVx string expression A 1 B 2 Ci 3 D MKI A 6 MKS B MKD C A CVI D B CVS MID D 3 Cf CVD MID D 7 PRINT A B C 1 2 3 7 3 Functions BASIC 80 DSKF The DSKF function returns the number of 128 byte sectors that are free on the specified disk The examples below signify that there are 50 128 or 6 4 kilobytes of free space on disk 1 DSKF drive number PRINT DSKF 1 50 OK EOF The EOF function detects when the end of the file is reached when reading a sequen tial data file If there are no more data in the file EOF returns a 1 indicating TRUE At any other time EOF will return 0 indicating FALSE If the file is not Open an error results EOF file number 10 OPEN I5 1 F1 PROGRAM 20 IF EOF 1 THEN 60 30 LINE INPUT 1 A 40 PRINT A 50 GO TO 20 60 END ERL The ERL function returns the number of the line in which the last error took place It is normally used after an ON ERROR GOTO error trapping routine ERL The program below uses the error trapping instruction in line 10 to print the error description in line 40 This line also contains the function ERR which displays the code number of the error In this example the error is division by 0 which has the error code 11 10 ON ERROR GOTO 40 20 A 1 0 30 END 40 PRINT PROGRAM ENDS IN LINE E
121. rs CLOSE by itself closes all open files The END statement and the NEW and EXIT commands close all open files STOP does not Reading from a Random 1 0 File You can retrieve data formatted and stored on disk with the GET statement When entering the GET statement you must specify the file you want to read You can also specify the record you wish to read by entering the record number after the file number If you don t specify the record number BASIC 80 either reads the first record if there has been no read operation since the file was opened or reads the record that follows the last record read To read the first record from file 1 GET 3 1 To read the next record GET 3 As described earlier in I O Buffers and Defining Random I O Fields FIELD the GET statement reads 128 bytes into the I O buffer assigned to the ran dom file by the OPEN statement The FIELD statement specifies which portions of the buffer are to be assigned to string variables all data in random I O files is stored as string data Assume for example you have a file written as a random I O file named F1 PER SON The first 20 characters of each sector contains a name and the next 9 characters contain a social security number The following statements open the file define which parts of the buffer correspond to variables and read the first sector 10 OPEN R 3 F1 PERSON 20 FIELD 3 20 AS N 9 AS SS 30 GET 3
122. rs or ERROR commands occur without an intervening RESUME the second error prints an error message and halt execution ON ERROR GOTO line number 10 ON ERROR GOTO 200 20 ERROR 11 200 PRINT ERROR ERR AT LINE ERL 210 RESUME NEXT Commands and Statements BASIC 80 ON GOSUB The ON GOSUB statement transfers program control to one or one of a set of subroutines The line numbers of the first lines of these subroutines follow sequen tially separated by commas If the expression evaluates to 3 control transfers to the third line number following GOSUB ON expression GOSUB line number line number 10 INPUT A 20 ON AGOSUB 200 300 ON GOTO The ON GOTO statement transfers program control to one or one of a set of line numbers The expression X is evaluated and control is transferred to the nth line number following the line containing the ON GOTO instruction If the expression evaluates to 3 control transfers to the third line number following GOSUB ON expression GOTO line number line number 10 INPUT A 20 ON A GOTO 500 510 520 OPEN The OPEN statement makes an ISIS II file available to BASIC It also associates a file number from 1 to 6 with the file File type can be I O or R Random I O files are specified by an R sequential input files are specified by an I and sequential output files are specified by an O as shown in the syn tactic format below The file number is an integer
123. rst invoke BASIC 80 as you normally do and give the MEMTOP option as previously specified The first step in calling a subroutine is defining its address with the DEFUSR func tion Up to 25 subroutines can be addressed in this way with an integer in the range 0 24 The starting address of the subroutine is given in hexadecimal DEFUSRS 0EECOH Once BASIC 80 knows where USRS is located you can call it When you call it you must supply any needed variables Since the protocol for passing parameters follows PL M conventions you can only directly pass 2 byte integer variables or 2 byte addresses If you specify a floating point variable or a string variable you must use the VARPTR function to pass the address of the desired variable For example to pass the addresses of two floating point numbers K1 and K2 120 A USR5 VARPTR K1 VARPTR K2 BASIC 80 goes to the address where K1 is stored VARPTR K1 and the address where K2 is stored VARPTR K2 Once it has found these two values it passes them to the subroutine If BASIC 80 encounters new variables after executing line 120 above the memory locations of K1 and K2 can change causing errors Be sure that all variables are defined before using the VARPTR instruction In the example shown once the parameters are passed the subroutine executes Because of PL M 80 calling conventions BASIC 80 expects the returned result to be a two byte integer in the HL register pair and assig
124. ry Manager PROMPT iCS MCS Promware Insite Megachassis RMX Intel Micromap UPI Intelevision Multibus uScope Intellec and the combination of ICE iCS iSBC MCS or RMX and a numerical suffix A108 0979 7500 FL This manual describes and explains the features and conventions of Intel Disk Ex tended BASIC 80 as implemented on Intel Intellec microcomputer development systems using the Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor ISIS II and on Intel Single Board Computer Systems using the Intel Real Time Multitasking Executive RMX 80 This manual is written for users who require concise complete information about Intel BASIC 80 characteristics and organizes this information into seven chapters and five appendices Introduction describes the general capabilities of BASIC 80 and its operating en vironment Language Elements describes the ways BASIC 80 represents its instructions con stants variables arrays operators and expressions Entering and Editing Programs shows how you enter text and edit it at time of entry or after storage Error Handling shows how errors are identified trapped and used to initiate error resolving routines Disk File Input Output describes and shows how random and sequential data files are created and used Commands and Statements describes each command and statement in alphabetic order Functions describes each function in alphabetic order Appen
125. s over the encountered carriage return line feed to point to the begin ning of the next string If no carriage return is encountered the statement returns the next 255 characters of data See Chapter 5 for further information about disk file I O LIST The LIST command prints the current program s text to the console Instruction lines are listed in sequential order As shown below the LIST command may be used to display the entire program all instruction lines up to or after a given line or a block of instruction lines within the program The period may be used as an abbreviation for the last line which was changed contained an error or was listed LIST line number line number line number line number line number BASIC 80 BASIC 80 10 PRINT CHR 12 20 INPUT A B C 30 PRINT A B O 3 40 PRINT 50 END LIST 30 30 PRINT A B C 3 LIST 30 10 PRINT CHR 12 20 INPUT A B C 30 PRINT A B C 3 LIST 30 30 PRINT A B C 3 40 PRINT 50 END LIST 30 50 30 PRINT A B4 O 3 40 PRINT 90 END LIST 10 PRINT CHR 12 20 INPUT A B C 30 PRINT A B C 3 40 PRINT 50 END LOAD filename LOAD F1 PLOT OK RUN THIS PROGRAM PLOTS ANY USER DEFINED FUNCTION ON AN X Y GRAPH LSET RSET The LSET and RSET statements store the specified string expression into string space that has been allocated in a random file buffer by a FIELD statement When string variables are assigned to a random file buffer wit
126. s slot with the iSBC 80 30 directly under it or you can rewire the chassis backplane appropriately see the SBC 80 30 Hard ware Reference Manual for details The supplied cable attaches from J1 of the iSBC 204 controller to the plug on the rear of the MDS 2DS disk drive F 3 RMX 80 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 When you have configured your system follow these steps to initiate BASIC 80 1 Insert the supplied PROMI in socket 0 and PROM2 in socket 1 of the iSBC 80 30 2 Turn on power to the disk drives and iSBC system 3 Insert your single density BASIC 80 disk into drive 0 4 Type an upper case U at the terminal keyboard until the sign on notice prints RMX 80 BASIC 80 Vm n Generating Boot Loaded and PROM Based Versions of RMX 80 BASIC 80 Intel supplies two diskettes with the following modules One diskette is single den sity the other double density You can modify and configure these modules to suit many possible combinations of hardware and software BASIC 80 Source Files BQOPS ASM This module contains options used by other assembler modules Figure F 1 shows a sample listing of this module BOOTCM ASM This module configures the BASIC Boot Loader BQBMEM ASM This module allocates memory for the BASIC Boot Loader BASCM ASM This module configures BASIC BQMEM ASM This module allocates memory for BASIC BASIC 80 Object Files BASIC LIB This library contains all modules used by BASIC except for the following which are genera
127. s the square root of the specified expression The expres sion must evaluate to be greater than or equal to zero or an error message is returned SQR is calculated in single precision SQR expression The program below finds the square root of input A which is entered by the user then displays it 10 INPUTA 20 PRINT SQR A 30 END RUN 45 6 70821 RUN 1 ILLEGAL FUNCTION CALL IN 20 STRINGS The STRINGS function returns a string of the same character repeated the specified number of times If an integer argument is used the ASCII character having that numeric code is returned the specified number of times If a string argument is sup plied the first character of the string is returned the specified number of times STRING expression expression string expression 10 A STRING 10 97 20 PRINT A RUN aaaaaaaaaa OK 10 A STRINGS 10 A 20 PRINT A RUN AAAAAAAAAA Ok BASIC 80 STR The STR function returns a string of decimal digits that represent the value of the integer expression STR expression 10 FORI 0TO9 20 A A MID STR I 2 30 NEXTI 40 PRINT A RUN 0123456789 Ok TAB The TAB function spaces to the specified column position at the terminal The left most column is 1 and the rightmost is the WIDTH value If the current print posi tion is beyond the specified column TAB will force a carriage return line feed before spacing to the specified column
128. sk File Input Output 5 8 Remember that random disk files are stored as strings Just as you must convert fields that represent numeric values when you read them using CVI CVS or CVD sO must you convert numeric values to their corresponding strings when writing to a random file using the MKI MKS and MKD functions Again you must be sure to allow for the number of bytes required to store the three numeric data types integer MKI 2 bytes Single precision value MKS 4 bytes Double precision value MKD 8 bytes For example assume that you open a random file and define two fields the first 2 characters as P and the next 4 characters as C the first field represents a part number and the second its cost The following statements open the file set P equal to a variable PA and C equal to a variable CO then write the two values to file number 5 10 OPEN R 5 FT PARTS 20 FIELD 5 2 AS P 4 AS C 30 LSET P MKI PA 40 RSET C MKS CO 50 PUT 5 1 The part number of course must be between 32768 and 32767 and the cost will be accurate to 7 digits Two other functions are related to random disk I O LOC and LOF LOF returns the number of the last sector in the file LOC returns the number of the sector that was last read or written BASIC 80 CHAPTER 6 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS ATTRIB The ATTRIB command changes certain specified attributes of BASIC 80 disk files You can protect any
129. sk File Input Output String and numeric expressions can replace any of the parameters OPEN M FN DN OUTPUT This statement opens a file for either input or output depending on the value of M it must be either I or O and assigns the file number represented by FN it must be from 1 to 6 The name of the file is the value of the string variable DN it should be F0 through F9 depending on how many drives you have or null followed by the six characters OUTPUT NOTE Remember that opening a file for output destroys an existing file of the same name Writing to a Sequential File After you open a sequential file for output you can write data to it with the PRINT statement If you open an existing file for output its contents are deleted To specify that a PRINT statement is being used to write to a sequential disk file the file number preceded by followed by a comma follows the word PRINT To print a series of constants and variables to file 3 PRINT 3 Today s date is MO DA 5 YR You can also use the full formatting capabilities of the PRINT USING statement PRINT 3 USING HEE H 234 41581 20 4 68 Refer to Chapter 6 for further details of PRINT USING Reading from a Sequential File After you open a sequential file for input you can read data from it with the INPUT and LINE INPUT statements To specify that these statements are being used to read fro
130. st memory location if these do not change from configuration to configuration then the boot loader need not be regenerated With the ISIS II Text Editor or CREDIT you can edit the BQOPS ASM module listed in figure F 1 to support your exact configuration Refer to the 7SIS II User s Guide for an explanation of the Editor s features and capabilities F 5 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 6 CPU SET 30 MODEL OF CPU BOOTED SET 1 1IF BOOT VERSION ELSE 0 TERMH SET 1 1FOR FULL TH 0 FOR MINI RATE SET 0 BAUDRATE FACTOR CONTR SET 204 CONTROLLER NUMBER DFS SET 6 NUMBER OF DFS FILES USED UIO SET 0 1Q IlFUSERI O DRIVERS ELSEO NFILES SET 6 TOTAL FILES HIRAM SET OFFFFH HIGHEST RAM LOCATION BOTMEM SET 0FD40H BOTTOM OF BOOT LOADER RAM Figure F 1 Sample Configuration BQOPS ASM Module Each of the options in the sample configuration BQOPS ASM module listed above is explained in the following paragraphs CPU BOOTED TERMH RATE CONTR DFS UIO NFILES HIRAM BOTMEM This option specifies the type of CPU used 10 for iSBC 80 10 or 80 10A 20 for iSBC 80 20 or 80 20 4 or 30 for iSBC 80 30 It is only referenced by the BQMEM ASM module to initiate interrupt polling for iSBC 80 10 based DFS systems that are not boot loaded This option is used to allocate memory It is 1 if the boot loader is used or 0 if a PROM based BASIC 80 is generated With this option a 1 specifies the Full Terminal Handler and a 0 spec
131. statement If no index variable is specified BASIC 80 increments the variable specified in the last FOR statement Each NEXT can end more than one loop if the index variables used in each loop are given separated by commas The syntax of NEXT is NEXT Variable Variable 10 FORAz1TO5 20 PRINT A A 30 NEXT A 40 END RUN 149 16 25 Ok NULL The NULL command specifies the number of null characters printed at the end of a printed line following the carriage return This feature is used with hard copy ter minals that require a certain number of null characters that set carriage return timing NULL number of null characters to be transmitted ON ERROR GOTO The ON ERROR GOTO statement transfers program control to the specified line number when error conditions occur or an ERROR instruction simulates an error within a program The ERR function is set to the applicable error code and the ERL function is set to the applicable line number The instruction line ON ERROR GOTO 0 removes the effect of any previous ON ERROR GOTO so that errors cause messages to print and halt execution If ON ERROR GOTO 0 is executed within an error handling routine after an error but before a RESUME the proper error message prints and execution halts immediately If an error occurs in an error routine after an ON ERROR GOTO branch and before a RESUME the ON ERROR GOTO has no effect This means that if an ON ERROR GOTO is in effect and two erro
132. statement has been executed If execution halts because of an error BASIC 80 will try to re execute the same line again Execution resumes at the statement after the break occurred unless input from the terminal was interrupted in this case the prompt is reprinted Execution cannot be continued if the program was modified during the break but variable values may be changed CONT In the example below the program expects a numeric input and is interrupted with a Control C ENTER NEXT INTEGER STRING 411C BREAK IN 240 OK CONT 37 BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Commands and Statements DATA The DATA statement prefaces lines of data that are read sequentially by the READ command and assigned as values to variables The data is separated by commas and may be numeric strings or quoted strings If strings are not surrounded by quotes they may not contain commas or semicolons and leading or trailing blanks are ignored DATA instruction lines may be located anywhere in program text BASIC maintains a pointer which keeps track of the next DATA element to be read This pointer is set to the first data element of the first DATA statement when a program is RUN It increments to subsequent DATA elements when its elements are read It can be moved with the RESTORE command DATA number string literal quoted string number string literal quoted string 10 DATA 10 IS LESS THAN 77 20 DATA 44 IS GREATER THAN 32 30
133. subcommand by pressing the RUBOUT key The syntax of the I subcommand is character character Suppose you want to insert the word PRINT into the previous example Press the space bar until you reach the proper point 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE E and then enter 1 PRINT ESC L And you will see 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE PRINT NULL SET H Subcommand The H Subcommand deletes all characters to the right of the cursor and then enters the insertion mode like the I Subcommand When through inserting characters enter ESC to end insertion or CR to end editing The syntax of the H subcommand is H Character Character If you want to change the message NULL SET in the previous example to UNDEFINED SET you can use the H Subcommand to do it Move the cursor to the proper point with the space bar 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE PRINT Enter H UNDEFINED SET ESO L 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 ELSE PRINT UNDEFINED SET X Subcommand The X subcommand prints the rest of the line to be edited moves the cursor to the end of the line and enters the insertion mode as for the I subcommand This sub command is used to add new text at the end of instruction lines Execution is as in the insertion mode BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Entering and Editing The syntax of the X subcommand is X character character Returning to the previous example if you wish to add text at the end of the given in
134. t address 0 and that the data location will be at 3COOH or 15K This is the location of iSBC 80 10 on board RAM Record the STOP address of DATA This will be used as the entry DATA address for the second module This creates the first module Link all other modules together with PUBLICS 5 LOCATE module at CODE location of iSBC 464 PROM and DATA STOP address 1 This creates the second module 6 LINK first executable module with PUBLICS second module This resolves external references 7 Re LOCATE your first module with the same command as in step 3 Figure F 7 is a SUBMIT file that carries out all of the above steps ASM80 F0 BASCM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOLIST SYMBOLS ASM80 F0 BQMEM ASM MACROFILE F0 NOLIST NOSYMBOLS LINK amp F1 RMX810 LIB START amp F0 BASCM OBJ amp F1 DFSDIR LIB DIRECTORY RENAME amp F1 MTI810 LIB amp F1 MTOG810 LIB amp F1 RMX810 LIB amp F0 CLOCK OBJ amp FT UNRSLV LIB amp F1 PLM80 LIB amp TO F1 BQBAS LNK MAP PRINT F1 LNK LST LOCATE F1 BQBAS LNK TO F0 BQ10P ONE MAP PUBLICS PRINT F1 Loc LST amp CODE 0H STACKSIZE 0 START OH DATA 3COOH LINK FO RMXBAS LIB BQBAS BQCONC amp PUBLICS F0 BQ10P ONE amp FO RMXBAS LIB amp F1 DFSDIR LIB SEEK ATTRIB DELETE amp F1 DIO810 LIB DISKIO HAN204 VIOHD4 amp F0 CLOCK OBJ amp F1 DFSUNR LIB amp F1Y RMX810 LIB amp F1 UNRSLV LIB amp F1 PLM80 LIB amp F0O BQMEM OBJ TO F1 BQBAS LNK MAP PRINT
135. t requires eight bytes of memory Some double precision floating point constants are 2 001317921D12 11235813213455 24 24 Variables Numeric variables represent numeric values that can change during program execu tion These can be of three types like numeric constants integer single precision floating point or double precision floating point Numeric variables are repre sented by one or two characters followed by an optional type identifier suffix The first character must be a letter the second which is optional may be any alphanumeric character If the variable name contains more than two characters besides a type identifier suffix the rest of the variable name characters are ignored No words used as BASIC 80 instruction words may be used within variable names 2 7 Language Elements 2 8 If a variable is referenced before it has been assigned a value its value is zero The NEW RUN CLEAR LOAD and MERGE instructions set all variables to zero Individual variables can be specified by individual type identifier suffixes which override group type identifiers used to specify blocks of variables Table 2 5 shows these suffixes Blocks of variables beginning with specific characters can be specified as integer single precision or double precision with the DEFINT DEFSNG and DEFDBL statements The general form of these statements is DEFxxx m n where n is any letter A through Z and m is any letter A through Z that
136. ted by assembling the corresponding ASM modules BOOTCM OBJ BQBMEM OBJ BASCM OBJ BQMEM OBJ CLOCK OBJ This module is a dummy clock module used with the iSBC 80 10 BASIC 80 Executable Files BQBOOT This module is the Boot Loaded system which is also provided on PROM RMXSYS This module is the version of RMX 80 BASIC 80 which is loaded by the Boot Loader Software Requirements for Generating RMX 80 BASIC 80 You must have the following software tools and modules available in the ap propriate drives to generate versions of BASIC 80 Drive 0 In drive 0 you must have a disk with these modules ISIS II V3 4 or later version All of the modules described above Link Locate and the ASM80 Macro Assembler BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 Drive 1 In drive 1 you must have a disk with these modules The RMX 80 nucleus factory configured for an iSBC 80 10 80 20 or 80 30 The RMX 80 extension files including the Disk File System and the RMX 80 Boot Loader files for the appropriate CPU board Once these two disks are present in the proper drives you can begin configuring your RMX 80 BASIC 80 version We ll look at procedures and examples of two kinds of BASIC 80s a boot loaded version and a PROM based version Generating a Boot Loaded RMX 80 BASIC 80 The software requirements for generating a boot loader and a compatible version of BASIC 80 are listed above You must have the two disks in their proper drives with the giv
137. tement is used to allocate space within one of six 128 byte BASIC 80 random file buffers When a random I O transaction occurs data move to or from the specified random file buffer to or from disk sectors The FIELD statement associates the data with its position in the I O buffer so that future references to the specified variable will access the proper string characters or numbers within the record stored in the random file buffer The example below shows how FIELD is used For further information refer to the BASIC 80 Disk Input Output section FIELD file number number of characters AS string variable number of characters AS string variable The program below opens random file F1 FILE 1 and asks for five 30 character strings to insert into F1 FILE 1 10 OPEN R 1 F1 FILE 1 20 FIELD 1 30 AS A 30 FORI 1to5 40 INPUT Z 50 LSET A Z 60 PUT 1 70 NEXT 80 CLOSE 1 90 END FOR NEXT STEP The FOR NEXT statement allows the execution of a given group of lines a given number of times As shown in the example below on each iteration of the routine value A is incremented by the value given in the STEP instruction If no value for STEP is specified the increment is 1 The instruction lines following the line con taining the FOR instruction are executed until the NEXT instruction is encountered Program control returns to the FOR instruction line STEP is added to the value of A and the routine is reen
138. tered When variable A exceeds the TO expression control passes to the instruction line following the NEXT instruction line Commands and Statements 6 8 If the TO expression is larger than the starting expression and the step expression is negative then the loop will not execute Similarly if the TO expression is less than the starting expression and the STEP expression is positive then the loop will not execute After the conclusion of the loop variable A contains the first value not us ed in the loop Control cannot be passed to a statement within a FOR NEXT loop with GO TO GO SUB etc but a GO TO can be used to jump out of a FOR NEXT loop FOR NEXT loops may be nested so long as each inner loop is completely contained in all outer loops and they employ different index variables If possible integer index variables should be used to speed execution Double preci sion index variables are not allowed FOR variable expression TO expression STEP expression 10 FORA 1TO5 20 PRINT A A 30 NEXT A 40 END RUN 1 4 9 16 25 GET The GET statement reads the specified sector from the specified file into 128 byte random buffer The file must be open for random access If the sector number is not specified the sector number of the previous GET or PUT is incremented and this sector is read A GET without a sector number immediately after a file is opened will return the first sector The largest possible sector number is 204
139. that doesn t have a disk in it BASIC 80 will wait until one is inserted Your clock routines or FO CLOCK OBJ should be added in the LINK command of GBOOT CSD if your BASIC is boot loaded or in GBASIC CSD Adding BASIC 80 to an Existing RMX 80 Configuration This section assumes that a user has an existing RMX 80 configuration and wants to add BASIC 80 to it the supplied assemblies configuration source and submit files may be used for reference Configuration Requirements Tasks BASIC 80 is called BQBAS and the task that waits for control C is called BQCONC BQBAS should be given a stack length of 64 a low priority such as 240 and a default exchange of BOEXCH BQCONC should be given a stack length of 48 a priority higher than BQBAS such as 200 and an initial exchange of RQWAKE RQWAKE is the terminal handler exchange that receives a message when control C is typed at the console If a user written I O driver is to be used it should be given an initial exchange of BQOPNX The name stack size and priority may have whatever values are appropriate for the task Initial Exchanges BQEXCH should be declared as a public exchange If a user written I O driver is to be included BQOPNX should be declared as a public exchange BASIC 80 BASIC 80 RMX 80 BASIC 80 Public Variables An area of RAM as large as possible should be allocated for BASIC 80 work space The user must supply two routines BOSMEM and BQEMEM which
140. the next line number and again waits To stop the automatic line numbers enter a Control C If AUTO generates a line number that already exists in the program it prints an asterisk after the line number If you enter a statement what you enter replaces the existing statement If you enter a Control C the existing line is unchanged You can use Control I as a tab key if you want to format your statements The width of each line is divided into 8 character wide columns Each time you press Control I the cursor or print head moves to the beginning of the next column BASIC assumes a width of 72 characters You can change the width with the WIDTH command To enter more than one statement per line separate each statement with a colon If you want to format the program so that additional statements appear on separate lines but are still part of the same numbered program statement use the Line Feed LF key to move to the beginning of the next display line You can do this any number of times up to the 255 character line length limit the program statement doesn t end until you enter CR To put a comment in a BASIC 80 program enter REM after the line number BASIC 80 doesn t try to execute such lines but they become part of the program Correcting Entry Errors If you make an error while entering a line you can correct it by using the RUBOUT key to erase characters as long as you haven t entered the line into memory by pressing
141. the proper starting address for the subroutine code In the example below LOCATE returns absolute object code whose first byte is at address OE000H LOCATE F1 PLMSUB OBJ CODE 0E000H This command returns the absolute object file F 1 PLMSUB You can now load this located code into Intellec memory at its proper address with the monitor DEBUG command When you enter the DEBUG command with your filename you invoke the Monitor as shown in the example below The Monitor responds with a period expecting further commands DEBUG F1 PLMSUB 0000 You can now return to ISIS II and test your subroutine Leave the Monitor and return to ISIS II by entering G8 and a carriage return after the period G8 CR ISIS II Vm n Invoke BASIC 80 and specify the highest memory address BASIC 80 can use with the MEMTOP option F1 BASIC MEMTOP ODFFFH This prevents BASIC 80 from writing over your subroutine BASIC 80 will appear and tell you how much free memory you have left ISIS II BASIC 80 V1 0 18157 BYTES FREE Once in BASIC 80 you can write programs that use your subroutine The following BASIC 80 program defines your subroutine as USRI asks for three integers passes these three integer values to the subroutine defines the result of the subroutine as the variable RESULT and finally prints RESULT 10 REM THIS PROGRAM ASKS FOR THREE 20 REM INTEGERS PASSES THEM TO USR1 AND 30 REM RETURNS THE RESULT 40 DEFINT A Z 90 DE
142. the specified line number It can be used at any time CONT restarts execution at the line after a STOP END or CONTROL C is en countered CONT will also restart program execution after an error but it will try to execute the erroneous line RESUME can only be used when the halt occurs in an ON ERROR routine It is given following the error resolving routine pointed to by the ON ERROR instruc tion It can be used three ways RESUME to begin execution at the erroneous line RESUME NEXT to begin execution at the line following the erroneous line RESUME followed by a line number to begin execution at any other line BASIC 80 CHAPTER 5 DISK FILE INPUT OUTPUT BASIC 80 includes two types of disk file Input Output operations sequential and random Sequential I O lets you read or write a file from the beginning to the end random I O lets you specify where in the file you read or write Because BASIC 80 runs under ISIS II and RMX 80 filenames correspond to the ISIS II and RMX 80 DFS format Fn name ext where n is the drive number BASIC 80 also gives you access to disk file handling commands e DIR which lists the files on a disk RENAME which changes the name of a disk file e ATTRIB which changes the attributes of a disk file e KILL which deletes a disk file it is actually the system DELETE command but the name must be different because BASIC 80 includes a DELETE command to delete lines from a program For more informatio
143. tions shown in the BQOPS ASM module are set to 0 and there are no references to the DFS libraries in the GBASIC CSD module shown With this configuration memory must be organized as follows see the iSBC 80 20 Hardware Reference Manual PROM 0 25K iSBC 80 20 onboard RAM 30K 32K iSBC 016 RAM 32K 48K This configuration uses an iSBC 80 20 It s more difficult to configure an iSBC 80 10 for a PROM based BASIC 80 because of memory allocation and we ll look at how to do this after explaining the iSBC 80 20 configuration There are three steps to generating a PROM based BASIC 80 1 You must modify or create a version of BQOPS ASM that supports the options you need for your configuration Figure 4 shows the contents of a BQOPS ASM PROM configuration using an iSBC 80 20 Examine each option available if any need to be changed this file as well as any other ISIS II file can be edited with the ISIS II Text Editor or CREDIT Refer to the JSIS II User s Guide for further information about using the Text Editor CPU SET 20 MODEL OF CPU BOOTED SET 0 ONE IF BOOT VERSION ELSE 0 TERMH SET 0 1 FOR FULL TH 0 FOR MINI RATE SET 28 BAUD RATE FACTOR CONTR SET 0 CONTROLLER NUMBER DFS SET 0 NUMBER OF DFS FILES OPEN AT ONCE UIO SET 0 1 IF USER I O DRIVERS ELSE 0 NFILES SET 0 TOTAL FILES HIRAM SET OBFFFH HIGHEST RAM LOCATION BOTMEM SET OH BOTTOM OF BOOT LOADER RAM Figure F 4 BOQOPS ASM Module for PROM Based BASIC 80
144. ts are identified by the suffix Q following the numeric value The numerals 0 7 are used as octal digits Each digit represents 3 bits of data Some octal integer constants are Octal Decimal Equivalent 772Q 506 4444Q 2340 7Q 7 Single Precision Floating Point Constants Single precision floating point constants are identified by the suffix following the numeric value by the letter E identifying the exponent in scientific notation or by the presence of a decimal point in a number having seven or fewer digits Floating point numbers in the range 1 2 x 10 to 3 4 x 10 are represented with seven digits of accuracy Each single precision floating point constant requires four bytes of memory Because this is half the storage required by double precision floating point con stants and because single precision arithmetic is quicker than double precision arithmetic it s a good idea to use single precision wherever possible for floating point operators Some single precision floating point constants are 142 1 414 6 259371E 09 Double Precision Floating Point Constants Double precision floating point constants are identified by the suffix following the numeric value by the letter D identifying the exponent in scientific notation or by having more than seven digits Floating point numbers in the range 2 2 x 10 to 1 8 x 10 are represented with 16 digits of accuracy Each double precision floating point constan
145. umbering lines 3 1 numeric to string conversion 5 6 5 7 MKDS 5 8 7 9 MKIS 5 8 7 9 MKSS 5 8 7 9 octal constants 2 6 ON ERROR 4 2 6 13 ON GOSUB 6 14 ON GOTO 6 14 OPEN 5 1 6 14 operators 2 11 arithmetic 2 10 2 11 logical 2 10 2 12 relational 2 10 2 11 string 2 12 OPTION BASE 6 15 OUT 6 15 overflow error message 4 1 A 1 PEEK 7 10 PL M 80 subroutines E 1 POKE 6 15 POS 7 10 precedence of evaluation 2 10 PRINT 6 16 PRINT USING 6 16 PRUN 6 18 PUT 5 7 6 18 RANDOMIZE 6 19 7 10 READ 6 19 REM 6 20 RENAME 1 3 6 20 representing data 2 5 RESTORE 6 20 RESUME 4 4 6 21 RETURN 6 21 RIGHTS 7 10 RMX 80 BASIC 80 F 1 RND 7 10 RSET 5 7 6 11 RUN 6 22 Index 3 Index Index 4 SAVE 1 4 6 22 SGN 7 11 SIN 7 11 single precision floating point constants 2 7 SPACES 7 11 SPC 7 12 SQR 7 12 statements CLOSE 5 3 6 2 DATA 6 3 DEFDBL 2 5 6 4 DEFFN 6 3 DEFINT 2 5 6 4 DEFSNG 2 5 6 4 DEFSTR 6 4 DEFUSR E 2 6 4 DIM 2 9 6 5 ELSE 6 9 END 6 6 FIELD 5 4 6 7 FOR NEXT STEP 6 7 GET 5 6 6 8 GOSUB 6 8 GOTO 6 9 IF THEN ELSE 6 9 INPUT 5 2 6 9 LET 6 10 LINE INPUT 5 2 6 10 LSET 5 7 6 11 NEXT 6 13 ON ERROR 4 2 6 13 ON GOSUB 6 14 ON GOTO 6 14 OPEN 5 1 6 14 OPTION BASE 6 15 OUT 6 15 POKE 6 15 PRINT 5 2 6 16 PRINT USING 6 16 PUT 5 7 6 18 READ 6 19 REM 6 20 RESTORE 6 20 RESUME 4 4 6 21 RETURN 6 21 RSET
146. ut output buffer when doing random disk I O The MKI MKS and MKD functions convert integer single precision floating point and double precision floating point numeric values respectively into a string These functions are used to store humeric values in the input output buffer when doing random disk I O You can convert a numeric variable integer single precision floating point or double precision floating point to any of these types by using the variable in an ex pression with the CINT CDBL or CSNG functions A CDBL A L4 CSNG L4 VAR5 CINT VAR5 Array Variables An array is a group of variables identified by the same name specified by subscripts that define their position in the array An array variable can have as many dimen sions as will fit on a single line An array variable is specified by following a variable name with as many subscripts as there are dimensions A subscript must be an in teger value and enclosed within parentheses or square brackets If there is more than one subscript separate them with a comma Expressions can be used to specify subscripts they are rounded to integer form Here are some array variables X 10 R1 5 4 Y I 1 BA I 3 X 10 BASIC 80 normally indexes arrays from zero that is the first element in an array is defined as 0 To start arrays at one in BASIC 80 enter the instruction OPTION BASE 1 in your program before you dimension or reference any arrays
147. uter prints an exclamation point The cur sor points at the first character of the sequence and can be advanced by press ing the space bar If you use CONTROL A after listing a program it edits the last line and you can t change line numbers 3 If BASIC 80 encounters an instruction line with a syntax error during program execution it will halt and print an error message of the format SYNTAX ER ROR IN line number Below the error message the computer returns the line number and the line may be edited In the Edit Mode pressing RUBOUT will echo characters but they are not deleted Use the D subcommand to delete characters in the Edit Mode In the explanatory sections below a typical line of program text is edited and re edited by each subcommand The W indicates the position of the cursor or print head and all characters are shown as they appear on the terminal Such editing sub commands as D L Carriage Return Escape and so on are represented in paren theses CR ESC D 4SE to avoid confusion You should try out these or other examples to gain facility with the editor In the following sequence of edit subcommands we will be editing line 40 of a hypothetical program Line 40 returns a syntax error message since it needs a PRINT instruction following ELSE and should not contain OR 40 IF A gt B THEN 120 OR ELSE NULL SET D Subcommand The D subcommand is used to delete characters to the right of the
148. vided by the second Addition and Subtraction represented by and minus signs Relational Operators These are listed without precedence For all relational operators the result is 1 if true and O if false The arguments A and B must be both strings or both numeric variables Equals sign Used to test for equality Greater Than Used to test magnitude be tween two arguments The large end of the sign faces the posited greater value Less Than Used to test magnitude between two arguments The small end of the sign faces the posited lesser value Not Equal Used to test for inequality be tween two arguments Greater Than or Equal To Used to test magnitude down to the level of the second argument Less Than or Equal To Used to test magnitude up to the value of the second argument In the Logical Operators below the arguments are converted to 16 bit signed two s complement integers in the range 32768 to 32767 The result of the operation is converted to the same format The operations are performed one bit at a time com paring the nth bit of X with the nth bit of Y BASIC 80 BASIC 80 Language Elements Table 2 6 BASIC 80 Operators in Order of Precedence Cont d mp mmm oom Logical NOT used to invert a given argument Logical AND used to test if the nth bit of X and the nth bit of Y are both on Logical OR used to test if the nth bit of X or Y equals 1 15OR0 15 Logical ex
149. y to read a record assign the first 20 bytes to N and the next 9 bytes to SS the remaining 99 bytes are ASCII blanks The program shown opens the file reads the field record and prints both N and SS HC NE R 3 F1 PERSON 30 FIELD is 20 AS N 9 AS SS 40 PRINT N SS U OK JONES JOHN 517317010 DISKETTE IN DRIVE 1 THAT CONTAINS THE FILE F1 PERSON RECORD 1 OF F1 PERSON GET STATEMENT TRANSFERS S CONTENTS OF DTO 1 0 BUFFER FOR i vol BUFFER FILE NUMBER 3 JjOjN EJS JOHN 511 731 1471 0 1 0 jx ure 8L ANKS 20 BYTES 9 BYTES REMAINING FIELD Figure 5 1 Random I O Characteristics Disk File Input Output 5 6 Opening and Closing a Random Disk File As with sequential disk files you must open random disk files before you can write to them or read from them and close them when you re through A random file isn t opened for either input or output however once it s open for random I O you can read from it or write to it interchangeably To open the file F1 PERSON for random I O and assign it file number 3 OPEN R 3 F1 PERSON Any of the parameters can be variables OPEN R F FN This opens the file whose name is represented by the string variable FN for random I O and assigns it the file number represented by the numeric variable F As with sequential I O the CLOSE statement can specify a file number or numbe
150. zero operation was attempted An instruction was used illegally in the Command Mode A function which expects a string or variable was given the wrong data type any improper mix of data types String variables are larger than the allocated space You can increase space with CLEAR String exceeds 255 characters String was too long or complex break into two An attempt was made to continue a program where an error occurred or after modifications or with no program Reference to a non defined USR function An error trapping routine has no RESUME RESUME statement without routine No error message exists for the given error Check ERROR statements for undefined errors error trapping A 1 BASIC 80 Error Codes A 2 Table A 1 BASIC 80 Error Codes Cont d a NN 1 Missing operand Line buffer overflow FOR without NEXT FIELD overflow Internal error Bad file number File not found Bad file mode File already open Disk HO error File already exists Disk full Input past end Bad record number Bad file name Direct statement in file Too many files An operator was given without an operand A program or data line has too many characters for the line buffer Divide into two or more parts A FOR statement was found without a corresponding NEXT More than 128 characters were allocated in a FIELD statement An error occurred in BASIC 80 internal execution If this error cannot be accounte

Intel 9800758-02 Webcam User Manual

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