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Crown Audio 133472-1A Stereo Amplifier User Manual

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1. A device or setting which does not change signal level does not amplify or attenuate a signal is said to be at unity gain Many processors are set up for unity gain that is they can be plugged into a system without changing its overall levels In practice unity gain is often a desired setting for maintaining gain staging and for optimizing operating levels and signal to noise ratios Voltage The electrical potential between two relative points in a circuit Voltage is measured in volts V Ohms law defines voltage as the product of current I and Resistance R with the following expres sion V I R vz VZ Variable Impedance is the name of Crown s patented articulated power supply technology VZ technology enables Crown to pack tremendous power into few rack spaces The VZ supply is divided into two parts When the voltage demands are not high it operates in a parallel mode to supply less voltage and more current The power transistors stay cooler because they are not forced to needlessly dissipate heat This is the normal operating mode of the VZ power supply When the voltage requirements are high VZ switches to a series mode to produce higher voltage and less current The amplified output signal never misses a beat and gets full voltage only when it requires it Sensing circuitry observes the voltage of the signal to determine when to switch VZ modes The switching circuitry is designed to prevent audible switching dist
2. Hardcover 665 pages 2nd edition May 1997 Sams ISBN 0240803051 Wire Cable and Fiber Optics for Video and Audio Engi neers McGraw Hill s Video Audio Engineering Series by Stephen H Lampen Paperback 350 pages 3rd edition September 1997 McGraw Hill ISBN 0070381348 crown Amplifier Application Guide 33 ysi 6ug THREE YEAR FULL WARRANTY NORTH AMERICA SUMMARY OF WARRANTY The Crown Audio Division of Crown International Inc 1718 West Mishawaka Road Elkhart Indiana 46517 4095 U S A warrants to you the ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSE QUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown product for a period of three 3 years from the date of purchase by the original purchaser the warranty period that the new Crown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship We further warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for failure except as excluded in this Warranty ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product which occurred within the Warranty Period It does not cover any product which has been damaged because of any intentional misuse accident negligence or loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number has been defaced altered or removed WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO We will remedy any defect regardless of the reason for failu
3. and brand of multi pin connector developed by Neutrik which is now commonly found on speakers and amplifiers intended to be used in high power mobile applications They have become popular because they offer a very high quality reliable connection can handle extremely high power are very durable and are relatively low in cost compared to other similar connectors Standard Speakon connectors come in four or eight conductor versions though other configurations are available The Speakon 8 has the same footprint as the EP8 connector and the Speakon 4 has the same footprint as XLR D type connectors Stereo Dual An operating mode of an amplifier that allows channels of the amplifier to function independently Switching Power Supply A power supply that first converts AC mains power to a much higher frequency by means of a switching circuit before making the power available for use within the amplifier The primary benefits of a switch ing power supply are decreased overall unit weight and decreased electro mechanical emissions THD Total Harmonic Distortion The ratio of the power of the fundamental frequency at the output of a device versus the total power of all the harmonics in the frequency band at the output of the device All electronic audio devices intro duce some distortion to audio passed through them The simplest form of this distortion is the addition of harmonics to the output signal THD represents the sum of
4. the amplifiers input when inductive loads are used A 3 pole 18 dB per octave filter with a 3 dB fre quency of 50 Hz is recommended depending on the application an even higher 3 dB frequency may be AMPLIFIER desirable g Another way to prevent the amplifier Figure 1 26 from prematurely activating its protection systems and to protect inductive loads from large low frequency currents is to connect a 590 to 708 uF nono larized capacitor and 4 ohm 20 watt resistor in series with the amplifiers output and the positive lead of the transformer The circuit shown in Figure 1 25 uses components that are available from most electronic supply stores 1 3 6 Distributed Speaker Systems Multiple speaker systems for paging and background music systems are common in such facilities as schools restaurants industrial facilities offices and retail In these systems many speakers are distributed throughout the facility often across long distances making them difficult and expensive to implement with traditional direct low impedance amplifiers A less expensive and more reliable method is the distributed speaker system A distributed speaker system consists of an amplifier or amplifier channel driving one or more speakers with transformers connected to a pair of wires called a home run The transformers step the line voltage down to a lower Typical Distributed Speaker
5. D line mark the required length of the cable run Draw a pencil line from the mark on the Source Resistance line through the mark on the 2 Cond Cable line and on to intersect the Copper Wire E line The required wire gauge for the selected wire length and damping factor is the value on the Copper Wire line Note Wire size increases as the AWG gets smaller If the size of the cable exceeds what you want to use 1 find a way to use shorter cables 2 settle for a lower damping factor or 3 use more than one cable for each line Options 1 and 2 will require the substitution of new values for cable length or damping factor in the nomograph For option 3 estimate the effective wire gauge by subtracting 3 from the apparent wire gauge every time the number of conductors of equal gauge is doubled So if 10 wire is too large two 13 PIPs for Speaker Protection wires can be substituted or four 16 wires can be used for the same effect Depending on the application you may want to use a P P module to protect your loudspeakers for PIP compatible 1 3 4 Loudspeaker Protection 15 amps only When properly configured all PIP modules with signal driven compres sion can provide loudspeaker protection For more information on available PIP modules with signal driven compression contact your Crown dealer or check the current selection of PIP modules at www Crown amplifiers generate enor
6. ISBN 0240802861 Audio Systems Technology Level by James S Brawley Editor Larry W Garter National Sys tems contractor R David Reed National Sound Contractors Association Paperback 295 pages September 1 1998 PROMPT Publications ISBN 0790611627 Audio Systems Technology 2 Handbook For Installers And Engineers by James S Brawley Editor Ray Alden National Systems Contractors asso Bob Bushnell Matt Marth NSCA Paperback 415 pages October 1 1998 PROMPT Publications ISBN 0790611635 Audio Systems Technology Level Ill Handbook For Installers and Engineers by Bob Bushnell Melvin J Wierenga Melvin J Wierenga Paperback 289 pages 1st edition May 15 2000 Howard W Sams amp Co ISBN 0790611783 Handbook for Sound Engineers The New Audio Cyclope dia by Glen M Ballou Editor Hardcover 1506 pages 2nd edi tion January 1 1991 Focal Press ISBN 0240803310 JBL Audio Enginering for Sound Reinforcement by John Eargle and Chris Foreman Paperback 452 pages 1st edition May 2002 Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation ISBN 0 634 04355 2 Sound Check The Basics of Sound and Sound Systems by Tony Moscal Paperback 104 pages July 1994 Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation ISBN 079353559X Sound Reinforcement Engineering by Wolfgang Ahnert Frank Steffen Hardcover 424 pages March 2000 Routledge ISBN 0415238706 Sound System Engineering by Don Davis Carolyn Davis Contributor
7. one shield to the source chassis crown Amplifier Application Guide AC line cord or battery power weno a O a 1 2 3 Tip 1 Sleeve 3 1 2 3 Tip Oh Tip Ring Ont Ri Sleeve GO Seeve O Tip Gel Ring lt lt Sleeve Unbalanced Grounded Source Twin Lead Shielded Cable For use with components equipped with three wire For use with components equipped with two wire AC line cord or battery power grounded AC line cord or other ground connection Output from Source a Z Tip Sleeve Tip Sleeve Di Input to Amplifier Ki CZ Bel rs te Sleeve Ring Tp BE CEE Sleeve Ring Tip Shield not connected at this end Tip ZA 1 im lt lt 3 dE i Sleeve 2 SE 1 A 2 3 MEM RE Ee Sleeve Tip Gett TIR Sleeve PE Ring Sleeve o py TP AO Ring BCEE Ip og 2 i oS Tip oy 4 EE Unbalanced Grounded Source Single Conductor Coax or Twisted Pair Cable For use with components equipped with three wire grounded AC line cord or other ground connection Output from Source a h Tip Sleeve RJ Tip Sleeve m Tip Sleeve Input to Amplifier K Input Ground Terminal not used Tip 1 Sleeve 2 DI
8. t directly feeding 4 dBu equipment and vice versa If you use gear of both levels there are various level matching devices on the market to properly interface the items Linear Power Supply A power supply that converts AC mains power for use by the amplifier by means of a conventional transformer operating at the same frequency as that of the AC mains supply usually Chapter 3 Glossary of Terms 50 to 60 Hz Loudspeaker A transducer that converts electrical energy the signal into acoustical energy Sound waves Loudspeaker Offset Integration A feature on some Crown amplifiers that helps reduce output clipping and off center woofer cone movement caused by the presence of large infrasonic Subaudible frequencies The circuit adds a third order high pass Butterworth filter with a 3 dB frequency of 35 Hz Low Pass Filter A filter that passes frequencies below a certain frequency and attenuates frequencies above that same frequency It can also be called a high cut filter Mic Level The level or voltage of signal generated by a microphone Typically around 2 millivolts Negative Feedback If some of the output of an amplifier is made to be out of phase and mixed back with the amp s input signal it will partially cancel the input reducing the gain of the amplifier this is called negative feedback But because it contains and therefore cancels any distortion introduced by the amplifier negative feedback also ha
9. to the appropri ate Channel 1 and Channel 2 output connectors as shown in Figure 1 6 If the amplifier is set for Bridge Mono if equipped con nect a mono load across the red binding posts of each channel as shown in Figure 1 7 Do NOT use the black binding posts when the amp is set for Bridge Output Notice that the Channel 1 red binding post is positive and the Channel 2 red binding post is negative If amp is set for Parallel Mono if equipped connect a 14 gauge or larger jumper between the Channel 1 and Channel 2 Positive terminals then connect a mono load to the Channel 1 binding posts as shown in Figure 1 8 Do NOT use the Channel 2 binding posts when the amp is set for Parallel Output Caution Never short or parallel the output channels of an amplifier to itself or to any other amplifier crown Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Balanced vs Unbalanced A balanced audio circuit will have both positive and negative legs of the circuit that are isolated from the ground circuit These balanced legs exhibit identical impedance character istics with respect to ground and may also carry the audio signal at the same level but with opposite polarities This results in a line that offers excellent rejection of unwanted noise On the other hand an unbalanced circuit usually holds one leg at ground potential while the second leg is hot Unbalanced line is
10. when an applied signal exceeds a system s maximum input level Parallel Mono As implemented in Crown amplifiers an operating mode of crown Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 3 Glossary of Terms the amplifier that allows a single input to feed two combined output channels in order to provide a single output with twice the current of an individual channel in Stereo or Dual mode Peak On a graph of a sound wave or signal the highest point in the waveform The point of greatest voltage or sound pressure in a cycle Phase Response The measure of displacement of a time varying waveform between an amplifiers input and output Expressed in degrees Phone Plug A cylindrical plug usually 1 4 inch 6 35 mm in diameter An unbalanced phone plug typically has a tip for the hot signal and a sleeve for the shield or ground A balanced phone plug typically has a tip for the hot signal a ring for the return signal and a sleeve for the shield or ground Phono Plug A coaxial plug with a central pin for the hot signal and a ring of pressure fit tabs for the shield or ground Phono plugs are used for unbalanced signals only Also called an RCA plug or pin jack PIP PIP stands for Programmable Input Processor These are optional modules that can be plugged into any PIP compat ible amplifier There are a variety of PIP modules with varying functions Since first introducing PIP compatible amplifiers and PIP modules Crown has u
11. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Read these instructions Keep these instructions Heed all warnings Follow all instructions Do not use this apparatus near water Clean only with a dry cloth Do not block any ventilation openings Install in accor dance with the manufacturer s instructions Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators heat registers stoves or other apparatus that produce heat Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding type plug A polarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other A grounding type plug has two blades and a third grounding prong The wide blade or the third prong is provided for your safety If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet consult an electrician for replacement of the obsolete outlet Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched particularly at plugs convenience receptacles and the point where they exit from the apparatus Only use attachments accessories specified by the manufacturer Use only with a cart stand bracket or table specified by the manufacturer or sold with the apparatus When a cart is used use caution when moving the cart appara tus combination to avoid injury from tip over Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods of time Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel Servic ing is required when the apparatus has been da
12. Amplifier Application Guide amp crown 2006 by Crown Audio Inc 1718 W Mishawaka Rd Elkhart IN 46517 9439 U S A Telephone 574 294 8000 Fax 574 294 8329 www crownaudio com Trademark Notice Amcron BCA and Crown Crown Audio IOC IQ System ODEP and VZ are registered trademarks and Grounded Bridge PIP and PIP2 are trademarks of Crown Audio Inc Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners H A Harman International Company 133472 1A 1 06 The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design production or variations of the equipment Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installa tion operation or maintenance If you need special assistance beyond the scope of this manual please contact our Technical Support Group Crown Technical Support Group 1718 W Mishawaka Rd Elkhart Indiana 46517 U S A A DANGER This amplifier can produce lethal levels of output power Be very careful when making connections Do not attempt to change the output wiring unless AC power has been removed from the amplifier for at least WARNING This unitis capable of producing very high sound pressure levels Continuous exposure to high sound pressure levels can cause permanent hearing impairment or loss Caution is advised and ear protection recom mended when playing at high volumes Important Safety Instructions 1 2 3 4
13. Monitoring Wis ei The Fault RJ 11 jack which looks mm ci like a telephone plug is located Pin 5 on the back of your amplifier if equipped It gives you an easy way to remotely monitor the amplifiers fault status To set up a circuit that will cause an LED to light whenever a fault status occurs you can simply use the suggested circuit shown in Figure 1 30 When using this circuit the LED will glow whenever the amplifier is in one of four states a channel s heatsink has reached its temperature limit the trans former has reached its temperature limit the amplifier has just been turned on and is in its turn on delay mode or the amplifier is turned off If you choose to design your own circuit to interface this signal to your system note that this RJ jack is polarity sensitive Pin 2 must be grounded and Pin 5 must be supplied with a positive voltage pull up positive with respect to ground Refer to Figure 1 31 for RJ jack pin assignments Note the mating connector for the RJ 11 jack contains 4 contact pins in a six slot case as shown in Figure 1 31 The maximum signal that can be exposed to the fault jack is 35 VDC and 10 mA Best results are obtained with 10 mA LEDs Available D 1 6 Setting Sg Amplifier System Gain Headroom Structure Potential To get the best performance from your sound system you should carefully set up your system s gain structure Gain structure is a term that refers Amplifier to the w
14. System crown Amplifier Application Guide 18 level to drive the speaker and are connected across the wires see Figure 1 26 The combination of transformer and speaker line presents a much higher impedance to the amplifier than would the speaker itself making it possible to add many speakers to a single home run In distributed speaker systems as the ratio of voltage to current become greater less power is lost on the home run This makes it possible to use much smaller gauge wire for home runs than would otherwise be possible What is Constant Voltage Constant voltage amplifiers do not in fact supply a con stant output voltage The audio is represented with varying voltage just as with a low impedance amplifier The term constant voltage was arrived at for two reasons First con stant voltage amplifiers produce their maximum power when the output voltage reaches the specified value For example an amplifier rated at 200 watts when set to 70V output will produce 200 watts when the output voltage reaches 70V Second the output voltage of an amplifier driving a con stant voltage distributed speaker run remains constant across a wide range of impedances Transformer Saturation Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Using Low Impedance You can use amps without constant volt age settings on distributed speaker sys tems if the power output is high enough For example an amplifier rated for 78 watts ou
15. Tip See SC 1 2 OO 1 2 h mot tip Sleeve Ocat Sleeve Ti i Tip Sleeve Otala Sleeve 7 IA DI Tip th Green S EENE Tip Sleeve Output from Source Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Input to Amplifier i y Sleeve Ring Tip y Sleeve Ring Tip Tip Sleeve Glen weg Unbalanced Floating Source Twin Lead Shielded Cable Tip 1 3 Tip 1 3 1 e e 3 Tip OO TI Sleeve Ring Sleeve TIP Genf Tip Sleeve Ring Sleeve A Geet TR A oO Ring Sleeve Tip Gest Sleeve O h Tip Get Sleeve O A A l EE TR Gd Sleeve O h A A Tip Sleeve A Unbalanced Floating Source Single Conductor Coax or Twisted Pair Cable For use with components equipped with two wire AC line cord or battery power Output from Source Tip Sleeve Input to Amplifier KL D fg Tip Sleeve Tip Sleeve crown Amplifier Application Guide Input Ground Terminal not used DI Tip g4 1 Seeve E E 2 3 Tip i gie 1 see SE 3 is e Di l A 3 Tip Sleeve Tip Ring O Sleeve I Tn Tip Sleeve Ring Sleeve D DI D Ring Sleeve h D D Ip Oa 7 1 0 S
16. all the harmonics added by a device as a percentage of the level of the signal being measured Thermal Dissipation Energy not converted to the output of an amplifier is instead dis sipated by the amplifier as heat THX Refers to a series of specifications for surround sound systems Pro fessional THX is used in commercial movie theaters TLC TLC Thermal Limit Control is a circuit developed by Crown which provides amplifier thermal protection When a predetermined temper ature threshold is reached the TLC indicator begins to glow to show that the temperature sensing circuitry is starting to engage the input compressor By compressing the input the amplifier will not gener ate as much heat and will have a chance to cool down The degree of compression is directly proportional to the amount of overheating experienced by the amplifier Transformer A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils of wire wound on a common core of magnetically permeable material The number of turns in one coil divided by the number of turns in the other is called the turns ratio An alternating voltage appearing across one coil will be inducted into the other coil multiplied by the turns ratio Transformers are used in power supplies distributed speaker sys tems and are often used to provide electrical isolation in circuits to prevent ground loops because they pass AC voltages and block DC voltages Transient A non repeating wavefor
17. ay the various levels are set at each stage of your sound system Good gain structure lets you get your intended signal out with the Outboard Processing Mixer most available headroom and Output the least amount of noise Mixer This section provides a basic Input i procedure to use to set up you system s gain structure designed to get you up and running as quickly as possible We could go into much more detail on this subject but that would be beyond the scope of this manual If you have questions about system gain structure refer to the Appendix for a list of recommended publications for further reading crown Amplifier Application Guide ER Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 1 6 1 System Levels When setting system gain start at the front of the system and work your way toward the amplifier A system with the lowest noise floor and maximum overall gain will have most of its gain early in the signal chain Start out by setting your mixer s individual channels to 0 dB The individual channels will vary somewhat from this in the course of setting the mix but it is a good target position Also if your mixer has a 4 10 dB switch on the output set it to the 4 dB position Next if your mixer has input trim controls for the mic channels set them for the highest possible gain but short of clipping by having someone speak or sing into the mic while monitoring the mixers metering Set up your mix for t
18. ble time of the date of receipt of the defective product by us or our authorized service center If the repairs made by us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory notify us or our authorized service center immediately DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL amp INCIDENTAL DAMAGES YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTAL DAMAGES RESULT ING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWN PRODUCT THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL OR CON SEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU WARRANTY ALTERATIONS No person has the authority to enlarge amend or modify this Crown Warranty This Crown War ranty is not extended by the length of time which you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product Repairs and replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty DESIGN CHANGES We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in products previously manufactured LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER THIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE No action to enforce this Crown War ranty shall be commenced later than ninety 90 days after expiration of the warranty peri
19. c sub audible frequencies are present in the input signal These can damage loudspeakers by overloading or overheating them To attenuate such frequencies place a capacitor in series with the input signal line The graph in Figure 1 3 shows some capacitor values and how they affect the frequency response Use only low leakage paper mylar or tantalum capacitors Radio Frequencies RF Another problem to avoid is the presence of large levels of radio frequencies or RF in the input signal Although high RF levels may not pose a threat to the amplifier they can burn out tweeters or other loads that are sensitive to high frequen cies Extremely high RF levels can also cause your amplifier to prema turely activate its protection circuitry resulting in inefficient operation RF can be introduced into the signal chain from many sources such as local radio stations tape recorder bias and digital signal processors DSP To prevent high levels of input RF install an appropriate low pass filter in series with the input signal Some examples of unbalanced wiring for low pass filters are shown in Figure 1 4 For balanced input wiring use one of the examples in Figure 1 5 Filters A B and C correspond to the unbalanced filters above Filter D also incorporates the infrasonic filter described previ ously Figure 1 4 Unbalanced RFI Filters R 6002 Source Kee GND 6 dB or To Amp ctave To si Amp 12 dB oc
20. d dim or off Is source signal clean and undistorted No Check levels and or indicators at source level for clipping Are the IOC or Yes Clip indicators if equipped flashing or on Is there a See Hum and Hum or Buzz Yes i gt Buzz in sound Section 1 2 2 No Are input and output connections ok 2 4 Amp Overheating Yes Refer amp to service center Amp Overheating Are the filters if equipped clogged No Is the amp getting enough cool air Yes Is the amp operating within its rated impedance Refer amp to service center Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Amp overheating See Amp Overheating flowchart Figure 2 4 Bad Sound Check amp for clipping Possible Causes System Gain Structure See Setting System Gain Structure in Section 1 6 Secure input and output connections Clean or replace filters See Rack Cooling in Section 1 1 and info on amp cooling in Operation Manual No gt Lower impedances cause amps to dissipate more heat See Amplifier Load Impedance in Section 1 3 2 Yes crown Amplifier Application Guide Amp not adequately cooled See Amp Overheating flowchart Figure 2 5 Amp Overheating Chapter 3 Glossar
21. de Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Chapter 2 Troubleshooting In This Chapter e Troubleshooting Flowcharts his section provides flowcharts to assist you in troubleshooting problems with your amplifier In some situations the problem may not be with the amplifier but rather may be caused by a system condition The flowcharts do not cover every possible scenario you may encounter Figure 2 1 provides a key to help you interpret the flowcharts Figure 2 1 Start and Flowchart Key Finish Points Comment Action Step DANKOJ crown Amplifier Application Guide 23 24 2 1 No Power Is amp plugged in to the AC source Plug amp in to the AC source Is the Power Enable switch on Is the Power No gt Turn the Power Enable switch on Is A Enable indicator lit No to Does a fus Is an IQ System controlling amp Yes gt Verify power to amp is turned on in IQ System Refer amp to supplying power breaker Is fuse internal or external C source outlet Yes amp have e or circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker Internal External l Internal Fuses NOT user replaceable i Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Figure 2 2 No Power Restore AC power No to outlet Reset circuit breaker Did it trip again A
22. de lugs bare wire and others Generally binding posts are color coded with the black connection going to ground and the red connecting to hot Bridge Mono An operating mode of an amplifier that allows a single input to feed two combined output channels in order to provide a single output with twice the voltage of an individual channel in Stereo or Dual mode crown Amplifier Application Guide ysi 6ug 28 Bus In audio terms a Bus is a point in a circuit where many sig nals are brought together For example Most electronic items have a Ground Bus where all of a device s individual ground paths are tied together In mixers we have Mix Busses where multiple channels signals are brought or blended together and Aux Busses where feeds from channels are brought together to be routed to an external processor or monitor send etc In general the more busses a mixer has the more flexible the routing capabilities of that mixer will be Capacitor An electronic component that stores an electric charge It is formed of two conductive plates separated by an insulator called a dielectric A capacitor passes AC but blocks DC Channel Separation Relates to crosstalk or bleed of audio signals from one chan nel to another The amount of channel separation is inversely related to the item s crosstalk spec i e a low crosstalk spec indicates high channel separation Circuit Breaker A resettable device intended to provide p
23. ed Floating Source Twin Lead Shielded Cable 8 Unbalanced Grounded Source Single Conductor Coax or Twisted Pair Cable AANEREN 8 Unbalanced Floating Source Single Conductor Coax Or Twisted Pair Cable cgeiccseaccisievttiaccicesussanceiwouennsieannes 8 1 2 2 Solving Input ele En CN 9 1 3 Qutput WY WING tee 10 1 3 1 Output Connector Wirin gissen 10 5 Way Binding EE egene 10 Barrier I OK det 11 N utrike SPO E 11 1 3 2 Amplifier Load Impedance d esegttegegsatiereed egkt DEEN gege goebe teed 13 1 3 3 Determining Appropriate Speaker Wire Gauge 14 1 3 4 Loudspeaker Protection ccccseeseeccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeneneeeeeees 15 1 3 5 Solving Output EE 16 High Frequency Oscillations AEN 16 e En Del d erene 16 1 3 6 Distributed Speaker Gvstems kk 17 What is Constant e Ee EE 17 Transformer Saturation EEN 17 1 4 Multi way Systems with Expansion Modules ssssesseseseeessreeeee 18 1 4 1 Active vs Passive Crossover Networks A 18 1 5 Fault Monitoring EE 20 1 6 Setting System Gain Structure EEN 21 1 61 Syst m Lev lS sosirii e ai 21 1 6 2 Amplitier Level icir miriona e 21 Chapter 2 Troubleshooting cccssseccccesseeeeeeseeeeeeesseeeeesesseneeseesseeeeenees 23 2 1 NO EE ee 24 NG UN EE 25 2 BAG SOU BE 26 2 4 Amp Overheating eas ecats saccanes ethane tecce tetaccas in cose vetiasgtacseieaienaceecetancens ss 26 Chapter 3 Glossary Of Term iseiissccsccceseccenantteicisesccencsanveacex
24. eing operated at optimum signal to noise without clipping the output Then with your amplifiers input sensitivity set to the 26 dB position if equipped turn up your amp s level controls until you achieve the desired level loudness If you turn the level controls all the way up and it s still not loud enough turn the amplifier level controls all the way down counter clockwise Then change the sensitivity switch to the 1 4V position if equipped This will increase the gain of the amplifier Now carefully turn the amplifier level controls up clockwise to the desired level loudness If its still not loud enough and your amplifier has a 0 775V sen sitivity setting turn the amplifier level controls all the way down counter clockwise then change the sensitivity switch to the 0 775V position Take care when you are adjusting the level controls at this input sensitivity setting Increasing the input sensitivity of the amplifier may cause the input stage of the amp to overload so be prepared to back down the output of the mixer by 1 or 2 dB if you notice the amplifiers warning indicators beginning to flash Note depending upon your model of Crown amplifier sensitivity settings are internal and NOT user selectable Internal sensitivity settings may only be adjusted by qualified service personnel Refer to your amplifiers Operation Manual for specifics about sensi tivity settings on your amplifier crown Amplifier Application Gui
25. ement and repair is not practical or cannot be timely made If a refund is elected then you must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price not includ ing interest insurance closing costs and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service center within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety 90 days after expira tion of the warranty period All components must be shipped in a factory pack Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by our autho rized service center If the repairs made by our authorized service center are not satisfactory notify our authorized service center immediately DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL amp INCIDENTAL DAMAGES YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTAL DAMAGES RESULT ING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWN PRODUCT THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT WARRANTY ALTERATIONS No person has the authority to enlarge amend or m
26. equency Interference RFI Radio frequency electromagnetic waves induced in audio cables or equipment causing various noises in the audio signal Removable Terminal Block Buchanan Phoenix A series of screw terminal connections arranged in a line ona removable connector Often found in three terminal and four terminal versions in audio applications Often referred to by their brand name such as Buchanan and Phoenix Resistance The opposition of a circuit to a flow of direct current Resis tance is measured in ohms The symbol Q omega is often used to represent resistance Ohms law defines resistance as voltage V divided by current I with the following expression R V I Resistor An electronic component that opposes current flow Sensitivity In audio terms sensitivity is the minimum amount of input signal required to drive a device to its rated output level Normally this specification is associated with amplifiers and microphones but FM tuners phono cartridges and most other types of gear have a sensitivity rating as well Shield In electronic terms a shield is a conductive enclosure protecting its contents from magnetic and electrostatic fields Since audio conductors and circuits tend to be extremely sensitive to such fields shields are very important In cabling shields often consist of braided copper strands wrapped around the signal conductors The amount of coverage the shield provides is d
27. erence zero of electrical potential A conducting object such as a wire that is connected to a position of zero potential for the purpose of grounding an electronic device A power ground or safety ground is a connection to the power company s earth ground through the power outlet In the power ground of an electronic component with a grounded plug the ground connection on the plug is wired to the component s chassis This wire conducts electricity to power ground if the chassis becomes electrically hot preventing electrical shock In audio ground usually refers to either the electrical ground mentioned above or to an audio shield An audio shield is not always a ground and should never be used as a safety ground That they are often at ground potential is a function of how they may be connected to other equipment Many audio devices have the ability to disconnect their signal paths entirely from electrical ground as a way to prevent hum or ground loop problems Verb to ground something means connecting it electrically to ground Ground Lift Ground lift is a switch found on many pieces of audio equip ment which disconnects audio signal ground from earth or chassis ground Using ground lift switches is considered to be far safer than the 3 to 2 prong AC adapter solution Ground Loop A loop or circuit formed from ground leads The loop formed when unbalanced components are con nected together
28. eshooting problems relating to system wiring 1 2 1 Input Wiring Input Connector Wiring Refer to the following diagrams for input cable wiring for commonly used con nector types Note These diagrams follow the AES wiring convention of Pin 2 hot for XLR connectors Balanced Grounded Source Balanced Floating Source For use with components equipped with three wire For use with components equipped with two wire grounded AC line cord or other ground connection Output from Source Input to Amplifier e IE a gia TE mm Shield not connected Output from Source Input to Amplifier at this end i Cf pen S ec a i1 3 Ti 2 ES S BiG e a E Sa ES Sleeve Gre Tip Ring Sleeve gas 2s Ort 2 2 pell H e O 2 S SS GE 1 Ca Tip ES S Kees Secchi rn Tp re Tp e e mmm o SCH 0 Ring Tip Ring Sleeve Sleeve Ring Tip A Tip E SR Gasen SS e WW ee oc 6 fi m Gsm o Or SE E EE ao Til E CH BiG C O Tip Ring Sleeve Sleeve Tip DI EE _ _ Ring O90 Tip Ring Sleeve OS x DEE Giga _ _ __ o i oe em Si Ze Note If two or more channels with the same input ground reference are driven from the same floating source connect only
29. esieseasescesceseaac 27 Appendix Suggested Reading cccssseseeseeseeeeeesseeeeeenseeeeeenseneeeees 33 roun Amplifier Application Guide Introduction This application guide provides useful information designed to help you best use your new Crown amplifier It is designed to complement your amplifier s Operation Manual which describes the specific features and specifications of your amplifier Helpful guides and tips on subjects such as system wiring and system gain structure for example should be helpful to you whether you are a beginner or a seasoned professional You can choose to read this guide from cover to cover or if you are already familiar with Crown amps you can jump to specific sections as needed A glossary of terms and list of suggested publications for further reading are also provided for your convenience Please be sure to read all instructions warnings and cautions For your protection please send in the warranty registration card today And save your bill of sale it s your official proof of purchase GEI vrum Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Figure 1 1 Top View of Rack Mounted Amplifier with Side Vents In This Chapter e Rack Cooling e System Wiring e Amplifier Load Impedance e Multi Way Systems e Distributed Speaker Systems e Setting System Gain Structure his chapter provides information to help
30. etter IOC The IOC Input Output Comparator circuit compares the output signal of the amplifier with the input signal If there is any difference other than gain then it is considered distor tion and the indicator comes on The LED indicator will come on whenever there is distortion of 0 05 or more This is a dynamic Proof of Performance of the amplifiers functionality Anytime you experience distortion in your system you can view the IOC indicators If they are not lit then you know that the amplifier is not at fault If the IOC indicators are on then the amplifier is in distortion To learn more about IOC download and read the IOC white paper at www crownaudio com Limiter A limiter is a dynamics processor very similar to a compres sor In fact many compressors are capable of acting as limit ers when set up properly The primary difference is the ratio used in reducing gain In a limiter this ratio is set up to be as close to infinity 1 as possible no matter how much the input signal changes the output level should remain pretty much constant The idea is that a limiter establishes a maximum gain setting and prevents signals from getting any louder than that setting Line Level Generally defined in the audio industry as 4 dBu 1 23 volts for balanced pro gear and 316 volts 10 dBV for unbal anced semi pro gear It is best to match the levels of the gear you are using so that 10 dBV equipment isn
31. h filters there is an endless variety of crossover types including Butterworth Linkwitz Riley Bessel Chebychev and others Crosstalk Signal bleeding or leaking from one channel of a multi chan nel device to another Current Literally the rate of electron flow in an electrical circuit Cur Chapter 3 Glossary of Terms rent is measured in Amperes or Amps abbreviated I Ohms law defines current as voltage V divided by resistance R with the following expression I V R Damping Factor Though technically more complex than this damping factor is usually thought of as an indicator of how tight an amplifier will sound when powering bass speakers A speaker s driving motor is a coil of wire called a voice coil mounted within a magnetic field As this coil of wire moves within the field a voltage will be induced in the voice coil If resonant motions of the speaker are not sufficiently short circuited by the ampli fier the speaker output can have an over accentuated or boomy bass sound From a technical measurement stand point damping factor is the ratio of the rated speaker impedance to the amplifier s output impedance Low output impedance is the consequence of the amplifier having substantial negative voltage feedback taken from its output terminals Properly designed negative feed back not only corrects for output voltage errors induced by the speaker but also produces other benefits including low distortion lo
32. han min 1 the impedance of one of the ate a speakers as calculated with the tooo Eo following formula woot Ta 1 1 1 SS 1 Lond E N Copper Wire Impedance 2 000 Ohms RA Rt Re Re You can use the table in Figure 1 22 to find the net impedance E for many common speaker combinations Note for best results do not wire speakers of differ ing impedances one 4 ohm A WE ep and one 8 ohm for example f together If two 8 ohm speakers are wired in series they form one 16 ohm load for the amplifier since impedances add when speak i ers are wired in series If onthe other hand the same 8 ohm speakers are wired in paral a lel they form one 4 ohm load for the amplifier The 4 ohm load will cause the amplifier to produce much more power than the 16 ohm load and much more waste heat as well 8000 5000 Ohms 1000 Feet AWG American 305 Meters Wire Gauge 40 Two 1000 4 Conductor 500 4 Cable 7 1 iy 26 24 6 Feet Meters ST id 05 0 Example Shown Load Impedance 8 ohms Desired Damping Factor 500 Source Resistance 0 016 ohms Cable Length 10 feet 3 1 meters Recommended Wire 8 AWG or equivalent wire with 1 75 ohms or less resistance per 1000 feet 305 meters 1 5 1 0 9 0 8 07 0 6 0 5 GEI vrum Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 1 3 3 Determining Appropria
33. he balance of signals as you want them keeping the input faders somewhere around the 0 dB point If necessary turn down the trim on a channel if you re not able to keep the fader near the 0 dB point After the mix is set adjust the master levels on the mixer to 0 dB Any signal processing equipment should generally be set to 0 dB as well with some exceptions refer to each component s documentation for details 1 6 2 Amplifier Level Before you can know how to set your amps level controls you need to understand how they work Amplifier level controls are typically not gain controls They do not control the amount of gain the amplifier produces You may be tempted to immediately turn your amps level control all the way up after all you do want all the Crown power you can get don t you While that approach could work sometimes usually it will yield more noise and less overall system gain than would otherwise be possible Power amplifiers are designed to produce a set amount of gain The function of the level control knob typically is to adjust the signal level coming into the amplifier s input stage Where to set the level controls on the amp depends on the system and how much gain you have available prior to the amplifier With the level controls turned down the ampli fier can still reach full rated output power it just takes more drive level from your mixer to achieve it First check to make sure your mixer or console is b
34. inals as shown in Figure 1 11 Do NOT TS aT use the Channel 2 terminals when the amp Figure 1 11 ee mrmaAaAA is set for Parallel Output Caution Never Barrier Block Wiring for A M a M short or parallel the output channels of an A Parallel Mono 2264 amplifier to itself or to any other amplifier Neutrik Speakon Output Wiring Tips To assemble the Neutrik Speakon NL4FC connector complete the following steps 1 To prevent possible short circuits 1 Slide the bushing E and chuck D onto the end of the cable wrap or otherwise insulate exposed as shown in Figure 1 12 loudspeaker cable or cable connectors Note Your NL4FC connector kit should contain both a black and a white chuck Use the white chuck for cable with a diam eter of 0 25 to 0 5 inch 6 35 to 12 7 mm Use the black chuck for cable with a diameter of 0 375 to 0 625 inch 9 525 to 2 Do not use connectors that might accidentally tie conductors together when making or breaking the connec tion for example a standard 1 4 inch 15 875 mm stereo phone plug 2 Strip approximately 3 4 inch 20 mm of casing from the cable end Strip approximately 3 8 inch 8 mm from the end of each 3 Never use connectors that could of the conductors down to bare wire C be plugged into AC power sockets Accidental AC input will be an electri fying experience for your equipment But you will find out real quick if your speakers are any good at 60 Hz 3a Insert each wire int
35. inuous H 40 m 30 12 gt 4 3 I D 8 Typically 4 times the m 15 SS a ohms FUSE amps D watts LOUDSPEAKER IMPEDANCE NE E yy Hr Ve 8 e LOUDSPEAKER RATING PEAK MUSIC POWER 2 S crown Amplifier Application Guide Figure 1 24 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 17 Figure 1 25 Een 4 Never connect the amplifier s i a qr oA input and output grounds together nductive Load Trans l gt O g former Network BEES s 5 Never tie the outputs of multiple From 120 VAG Ne aam amplifiers together GH Z ted 6 Keep loudspeaker cables well 5 re e separated from input cables 7 Install a low pass filter on each input line similar to the RF filters described in Section 1 2 2 8 Install input wiring according to the instructions in your amplifiers Opera tion Manual Sub Sonic Currents Another problem to avoid is the presence of large sub sonic currents when primarily inductive loads are sl geifs gt Ss slk used Examples of inductive loads are 70 volt transformers and electro S D D D D 70V Zone static loudspeakers i 1 Inductive loads can appear as a NW short circuit at low frequencies This e e e e can cause the amplifier to pro SIM duce large low frequency currents 70V Zone 2 and activate its protection circuitry E E m Always take the precaution of install ing a high pass filter in series with
36. ir flow by installing a grille in the door or by pressurizing the air behind the door Wire grilles are recommended over EQUIRMENT perforated panels because they tend RACK to cause less air restriction A good CENIE choice for pressurizing the air behind a rack cabinet door is to mount a squirrel cage blower inside the rack Option 1 in Figure 1 2 At the bottom of the rack mount the blower so it blows outside air ar BLOWER e O into the space between the door and in e front of the amplifiers pressurizing the chimney behind the door This blower should not blow air into or take air out of the space behind the amplifiers For racks without a door you can evacu ate the rack by mounting the blower at the top of the rack so that air inside the cabinet is drawn out the back Option 2 in Figure 1 2 If the air supply is unusually dusty you might want to pre filter it using com mercial furnace filters to prevent rapid loading of the unit s own air filter 4 High ambient temperatures Figure 1 2 Extra Cooling with a Rack Mounted Blower 1 1 2 Convection Only Models When racking convection cooled amplifiers it is best to leave one rack space between amps because this type of amplifier needs space to radiate the heat GEI vrum Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 1 2 System Wiring The information in this section covers making input and output wiring connec tions as well as troubl
37. irectly related to the noise and hum per formance of the cable Some cables offer a shield consisting of a thin wrap of metallic sheeting which can offer complete coverage of the encased signal conductors Signal To Noise Ratio S N The ratio in decibels between signal voltage and noise volt age An audio component with a high S N has little back ground noise accompanying the signal a component with a low S N is noisy Sine Wave A wave following the equation y sin x where x is degrees and y is voltage or sound pressure level The waveform of a single frequency The waveform of a pure tone without harmonics Single Ended An unbalanced line see Unbalanced Slew Rate Slew rate is the ability of a piece of audio equipment to reproduce fast changes in amplitude Measured in volts per microsecond this spec is most commonly associated with amplifiers but in fact applies to most types of gear Since high frequencies change in amplitude the fastest this is where slew rate is most critical An amp with a higher slew rate will sound tighter and more dynamic to our ears Slew rates in amplifiers are often limited to useful levels to provide protec tion to the amplifier from Radio Frequency Interference RFI crown Amplifier Application Guide ysi 6ug 32 Sound Pressure Level SPL The acoustic volume or perceived loudness of sound measured in decibels SPL is a function of a signal s amplitude Speakon A type
38. leeve a Tp DA DI Sleeve KEE EH h Sleeve ro A Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Input Wiring Tips 1 For all input connectivity use shielded wire only Cables with a foil wrap shield or a high density braid are superior Cables with a stranded spiral shield although very flexible will break down over time and cause noise problems 2 Try to avoid using unbalanced lines with professional equipment If you have no choice keep the cables as short as possible see Balanced vs Unbalanced on the next page 3 To minimize hum and crosstalk avoid running low level input cables high level output wires and AC power feeds in the same path Try to run differing signal cable paths at 90 dB to one another If you must use a common path for all cables use a star quad cable for the low level signals 4 Before changing input connec tors or wiring turn the amplifier level controls all the way down counter clockwise 5 Before changing output connec tions turn the amplifier level down and the AC power off to minimize the chance of short circuiting the output Figure 1 3 Subsonic Filter Capaci tor Values 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz Frequency 10 kHz 1 2 2 Solving Input Problems Infrasonic Subaudible Frequencies Sometimes large infrasoni
39. less expensive but is much more susceptible to noise and is not normally used in professional applications For the cleanest signal with less hum and buzz a balanced line is always recommended It is espe cially helpful if you have a long cable run over 10 feet 3 m since noise is easily introduced into long unbalanced lines OUTPUTS CH 2 CH 1 gt outputs CH 2 CH 1 aa Figure 1 6 5 Way Binding Post Wiring for Stereo Figure 1 7 5 Way Binding Post Wiring for Bridge Mono Figure 1 8 5 Way Binding Post Wiring for Parallel Mono Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 11 Barrier Block If the amplifier is set for Stereo Dual connect the positive and negative leads of each loudspeaker to the appropriate Channel 1 and Channel 2 output connectors Kl as shown in Figure 1 9 CH 1 Figure 1 9 Barrier Block Wiring for Stereo If the amplifier is set for Bridge Mono if equipped connect a mono load across the positive terminals of each channel as shown in Figure 1 10 Do NOT use the nega ee tive terminals when the amp Figure 1 10 ene is set for Bridge Output Barrier Block Wiring for If the amplifier is set for Parallel Mono if Bridge Mono equipped connect 14 guage or larger jumper between the Channel 1 and Channel 2 Positive terminals then connect a mono load to the Channel 1 positive and negative term
40. m usually of much higher level than the surrounding sounds or average level Good examples of transients include the attack of many percussion instruments the pluck or attack part of a guitar note consonants in human speech i e T and so on Due to their higher than average level and fleeting nature transients are difficult to record and reproduce eating up precious headroom and often resulting in overload distortion Careful use of compression can help tame transients and raise average level Chapter 3 Glossary of Terms although over compression will result in a dull squashed flat sound to the signal Trim Found on most mixers trim controls provide the initial level setting for each channel s input gain In most cases trim adjusts gain of the microphone preamp but it may also apply to line level signals Unbalanced In electronics a condition where the two legs of the circuit are not equal or opposite with respect to ground usually because one leg is kept at ground potential In other words An audio signal requires two wires or conductors to function In an unbalanced situation one of those conductors is used to carry both signal and ground shield Unbalanced circuits are much more susceptible to induced noise problems than their balanced counterparts Because of this unbal anced lines should be kept as short as possible under 10 15 inches 25 to 38 cm to minimize potential noise problems Unity Gain
41. maged in any way such as power supply cord or plug is dam aged liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture does not operate normally or has been dropped CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM COVERS NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL AVIS RISQUE DE CHOC LECTRIQUE N OUVREZ PAS PR VENIR LE CHOC LECTRIQUE N ENLEVEZ PAS LES COUVERCLES IL N Y A PAS DES PARTIES SERVICEABLE A LINTERIEUR TOUS REPARATIONS DOIT ETRE FAIRE PAR PERSONNEL QUALIFIE SEULMENT The lightning bolt triangle is used to alert the user to the risk of electric shock The exclamation point triangle is used to alert the user to important operating or mainte crown Amplifier Application Guide Table of Contents NEO U e ln esra ta ciassnnnintadsindicasceccannied lutedasnonsdeiensnecsmntodbenensiacsidaduensns 4 Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth ccsseeccsseeeeeesseeeeeeeeseneeeeeneeees 5 1 RAC COOLING EE 5 1 1 1 Fan Assisted E 5 1 1 2 Convection Only Models i ixciciessrteccnsdnteleiettoeetecuunednereiecdaqueniies 6 NEE Re Le WE 7 E2 AU VYING EE 7 Input Connector Wiring E 7 Balanced Grounded Source sssri iios a a 7 Balanced Floating Ee 7 Unbalanced Grounded Source Twin Lead Shielded Cable 8 Unbalanc
42. mous power If your loud speakers don t have built in protection from excessive power it s a good idea to protect them Loudspeakers are subject to thermal damage from sustained overpowering and mechanical damage from large transient voltages Special fuses can be used to protect your loudspeakers in both cases crown Amplifier Application Guide 16 Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Two different types of fuses are CES required for thermal protection and voltage protection Slow blow i fuses are usually selected to a protect loudspeakers from thermal damage because they are similar 0 to loudspeakers in the way they sr respond to thermal conditions T over time In contrast high speed instrument fuses like the Littlefuse 361000 series are used to protect T loudspeakers from large transient voltages The nomograph in Figure 1 24 can be used to select the st Answer Fuse 15A properly rated fuse for either type T of loudspeaker protection There are basically two 1 approaches that can be taken Lt when installing fuses for loud speaker protection A common a approach is to put a single fuse wt aie in series with the output of each ZE w E 1 channel This makes installa tion convenient because there is only one fuse protecting the loads on each output The main disadvantage of this approach becomes obvious if the fuse blows because none of the loads will receive any power A better approach is to fu
43. mp ok to operate Replace fuse with new fuse of identical rating service center GEI vrum Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Figure 2 3 No Sound Check AC Power to amp See No Power flowchart Is Power or Enable indicator on 2 2 No Sound Yes Are signal indicators blinking Check signal source for adequate output Yes Are the level controls turned up Turn up level controls until you hear output Are speakers Connect Speakers connected to Amp Yes Is there a short circuit on Remove the the speaker veo Pr short circuit line crown y Fault or TLC Is indicator on No Refer amp to service center Does amp have IQ PIP model installed Check settings on IQ PIP module No Are speakers protection systems tripped or speakers damaged Yes Repair or reset speaker No Does amp have Fault TLC or ODEP indicators y Neither Fault TLC or ODEP ODEP Is indicator off Amp overheated or in other standby condition EE See Amp Overheating flowchart and or refer to Operation Manual Amplifier Application Guide 25 26 2 3 Bad Sound Bad Sound Are ODEP indicators if equippe
44. mpedance in an electrical circuit consider the following analogy a wire is much like a water pipe Elec trical current is like the water flowing through the pipe Imped ance s role is that of the valve The valve resists or impedes hence the terms the flow of water through the pipe If the valve is opened less imped ance water flows freely As the valve is turned toward the closed position more imped ance the flow of water slows As the amplifier drives lower impedances it produces more current thus more power roun Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Each speaker has an impedance i Parallel Impedances Figure 1 22 rating typically 4 or 8 ohms Connect gure ing one 8 ohm speaker to an amplifier S Ohm Speakers Parallel Impedance channel presents an 8 ohm impedance 1 Speaker 8 Ohm Chart to the channel 2 Speakers 4 Ohm If two or more speakers are wired to 3 Speakers 2 7 Ohm the same channel the net impedance 2 4 Speakers 1 Ohm 2 Ohm presented to the channel will be either more or less than one of the speakers alone depending on whether they were wired in series or in paral lel see Figures 1 20 and 1 21 Figure 1 23 When speakers are wired in TS soies Wire Size Nomograph series the net impedance pre To 9 sented to the amp is the sum coos of the individual impedances Fon When wired in parallel the net D impedance becomes less t
45. nge of a sound is the ratio of the strongest or loudest part to the weakest or softest part it is measured in dB An orchestra may have a dynamic range of 90 dB mean ing the softest passages have 90 dB less energy than the loudest ones EMI EMI Electro Magnetic Interference refers to interference in audio equipment produced by the equipment or cabling pick ing up stray electromagnetic fields This interference usually GEI vrum Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 3 Glossary of Terms manifests itself as some type of hum static or buzz Such electromagnetic fields are produced by fluorescent lights power lines computers automobile ignition systems televi sion monitors solid state lighting dimmers AM and FM radio transmitters and TV transmitters Methods for controlling EMI include shielding of audio wiring and devices ground ing elimination of ground loops balancing of audio circuits twisting of wires in balanced transmission lines and isolation transformers among others Completely eliminating EMI in a system ranges from easy to nearly impossible depending upon the equipment and the environment in question Equalization EQ The adjustment of frequency response to alter tonal balance or to attenuate unwanted frequencies Fader Another name for variable attenuator volume control or potentiometer A fader works like a standard potentiometer only instead of rotating it slides along a straight path Faders are c
46. o the top of appropriate slot of the connec tor insert B as shown in Figure 1 13 Use a 1 5 mm allen wrench or flat blade screwdriver to tighten the side connecting screws 4 Avoid using connectors with low cur rent carrying capacity such as XLRs 5 Do not use connectors that have any tendency to short crown Amplifier Application Guide 12 A Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 3b If the Mode switch is A B D E 3c If the Mode switch is in the Bridge position for 3d Never short or parallel the output channels of 4 Slide the chuck D along the cable and in the Stereo posi a as tion for stereo con figuration connect the positive and negative leads of each wire to the appropriate Chan bushing 3 4 in 20 mm KH mg TT nel 1 and Channel 3 8 in 2 connectors as 8 mm shown in Figure 1 14 You may use all 4 poles of the Channel 1 output connector to feed both speakers if you wish mono configuration connect the load across the positive terminals of the connector as shown in Figure 1 15 For Bridge Mono Mode non invert ing output Ch1 is the positive and Ch2 is the negative 1 5 mm an amplifier to itself or any other amplifier Slide the connector insert B into the connector hous ing A making sure that the large notch on the outer edge of the insert lines up with the large groove on the inside of the con nect
47. od THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS 9 90 WORLDWIDE SUMMARY OF WARRANTY The Crown Audio Division of Crown International Inc 1718 West Mishawaka Road Elkhart Indiana 46517 4095 U S A warrants to you the ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSE QUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown1 product for a period of three 3 years from the date of purchase by the original purchaser the warranty period that the new Crown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship and we further warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for failure except as excluded in this Crown Warranty 1 Note If your unit bears the name Amcron please substitute it for the name Crown in this warranty ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product which occurred within the Warranty Period It does not cover any product which has been damaged because of any intentional misuse accident negligence or loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number has been defaced altered or removed WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO We will remedy any defect regardless of the reason for failure except as excluded by repair replacement or refund We may not elect refund unless you agree or unless we are unable to provide replac
48. odify this Crown Warranty This Crown War ranty is not extended by the length of time which you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product Repairs and replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty DESIGN CHANGES We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in products previously manufactured LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later than ninety 90 days after expiration of the warranty period THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS 9 90 AINVOOVAA TINS dVsA 3JHYHL
49. ommonly found on mixers Fault A term used to describe any condition that could cause an amplifier or amplifier channel to place itself in standby or offline mode for protection An indicator on some Crown amplifiers that blinks to show that the amplifier is in Fault or a standby or offline condition Frequency In audio the number of cycles per second of a sound wave of an audio signal measured in hertz Hz A low frequency for example 100 Hz has a low pitch a high frequency for example 10 000 Hz has a high pitch Frequency Range Frequency Response Frequency Range is the actual span of frequencies that a device can reproduce for example from 5 Hz to 22 kHz Frequency Response is the Frequency Range versus Ampli tude In other words at 20 Hz a certain input signal level may produce 100 dB of output At 1 kHz that same input level may produce 102 dB of output At 10 kHz 95 dB and so on Fuse A device intended to provide protection to electrical circuits It burns open when current flows though it that exceeds its current rating Gain How much an electronic circuit amplifies a signal is called its gain In most specs or references gain is expressed as a decibel value Occasionally gain may be expressed as a straight numeric ratio a voltage gain of 4 or a power gain of 2 Ground In electricity a large conducting body such as the earth or an electric circuit connected to the earth used as a ref
50. op of each other with no space between The amplifier draws fresh air into the front of the amp and exhausts it either out the sides and into the rack or out the back depending on the model We want the hot air that s in the rack to vent out the sides or back not Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Overheating Because of the wide range of operating conditions your amplifer might be sub jected to in the field you should con sider each installation independently to ensure the best thermal performance If your amp starts to overheat consider the following possible causes 1 Insufficient air movement 2 Overdriving of the input stage severely into clip 3 Very low impedance loads the front If any of these amplifiers are spaced apart with vented panels some of the preheated air will recycle to the front of the rack and back into the amplifier The result is loss of thermal headroom If you choose to place the amplifiers with space between them then use solid panels between them not vented panels You should provide adequate airflow within the rack Additional air flow may be required when driving low impedance loads at consistently high output levels or for higher power models Refer to your Crown amplifiers Operation Manual for detailed information on ther mal dissipation Se If your rack has a front door that could Sw d C 4 oona E Ek block air flow to the amplifiers air intakes you must provide adequate a
51. or housing The insert should slide easily through the housing and out the other side until it extends approximately 3 4 inch 19 mm from the end of the housing as shown in Figure 1 16 Allen wrench or flat blade screwdriver insert into the housing making sure that the large notch on the outer edge of the chuck lines up with the large groove on the inside of the connector housing The chuck should slide easily into the insert hous ing combination until only approximately 3 8 inch 9 5 mm of the chuck end extends from the back end of the connector as shown in Figure 1 17 crown Amplifier Application Guide Figure 1 12 Order of Assembly for the Neutrik Speakon NL4FC Connector Figure 1 13 Wiring for the Neutrik Speakon NL4FC Connector Figure 1 14 Stereo Output Wiring Figure 1 15 Bridge Mono Output Wiring Figure 1 16 Connector Assembly Insert into Connector Housing Figure 1 17 Connector Assembly Chuck into Connector Housing Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Figure 1 18 Connector Assembly Bushing onto Connector Housing Assembly Figure 1 19 Connecting the Speakon plug to the mating connector Figure 1 20 Series Speaker Impedances Figure 1 21 Parallel Speaker Impedances 1 4 TURN 13 6 Slide the bushing along the cable and screw onto the end of the connector combination as shown in Figure 1 18 Note that the bushing fea
52. ortion to yield the highest dynamic transfer function To learn more about VZ download and read the VZ white paper at www crownaudio com Watt Power equates to the rate of energy transfer or the rate of doing work Power is measured in Watts and the watt has become a common term in audio to describe the power handling capabilities and or requirements of speakers and the power delivery capabilities of amplifiers Watts law defines power P as voltage V times current I with the following expression P V 1 XLR Cannon or Three Pin Connector A three pin professional audio connector used for balanced mic and line level signals The AES standard for wiring of XLR connectors dictates that Pin 1 be soldered to the cable shield pin 2 be soldered to the signal hot lead and pin 3 be soldered to the signal return lead The name XLR was trademarked by Cannon now owned by ITT XLR has since evolved into a generic industry term and many manu facturers now make this style connector Y Adapter A single cable that divides into two cables in parallel to feed one signal to two destinations Z The abbreviation for impedance O roun Amplifier Application Guide Appendix Suggested Reading Appendix Suggested Reading his Appendix provides a a list of suggested publications for further reading about professional audio Audio Systems Design and Installation by Philip Giddings Phillip Giddings Paperback 574 pages 1990 Sams
53. pdated the PIP standard This affects which PIP compatible amplifiers can host certain PIP modules Following are descriptions of the two PIP standards Crown s original PIP module was designed with a 22 pin edge connector which mated with a slide in card rail on PIP com patible amplifiers PIP2 The PIP2 standard announced in 1998 upgraded the PIP feature set and requires both 18 and 20 pin ribbon cables which mate with a PIP2 compatible amplifier using standard ribbon connectors Polarity In electronics the relationship between two points that have opposite electric potentials one is positive the other nega tive irrespective of time This is not the same as being 180 degrees out of phase although the results can be similar Phase implies a relationship with time polarity does not Potentiometer Pot An electronic component that is used to provide variable control over an electronic circuit It is usually controlled by a rotary knob which can be turned by hand a volume control is a good example of this Power Literally the rate at which energy is consumed Power is expressed in Watts abbreviated W In electrical circuits power is determined by the amount of resistance R times the amount of current squared with the following expression DR Power Amplifier In audio an electronic device that amplifies or increases the 31 power level fed into it to a level sufficient to drive a loud speaker Radio Fr
54. re except as excluded by repair replacement or refund We may not elect refund unless you agree or unless we are unable to provide replacement and repair is not practical or cannot be timely made If a refund is elected then you must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price not includ ing interest insurance closing costs and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or at the factory We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service center or our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center or our factory All expenses in remedying the defect including surface shipping costs in the United States will be borne by us You must bear the expense of shipping the product between any foreign country and the port of entry in the United States and all taxes duties and other customs fees for such foreign shipments HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety 90 days after expira tion of the warranty period All components must be shipped in a factory pack which if needed may be obtained from us free of charge Corrective action will be taken within a reasona
55. rence generated in audio circuits and cables by AC power wiring Hum pickup is caused by such things as faulty grounding poor shielding and ground loops crown Amplifier Application Guide 29 ysi 6ug 30 ILoad ILimit Indicator An indicator of some Crown amplifiers that shows current flow to the loudspeakers current load and the maximum cur rent available from the amplifier current limit Typically the indicator will glow one color to indicate that current is flowing to the loads connected to the amplifier output channel and change to another color to show that the amplifier channel is delivering its maximum output current Impedance Impedance refers to the resistance of a circuit or device to AC alternating current Most modern electronic audio devices have extremely high input impedances so they can be driven by very low power outputs Impedance is measured in ohms The symbol Q omega is often used to represent resistance Input The connection going into an audio device In a mixer or mixing console a connector for a microphone line level device or other signal source Intermodulation Distortion IMD Nonlinear distortion that occurs when different frequencies pass through an amplifier at the same time and interact to create combinations of tones unrelated to the original sounds IMD specifications are usually expressed as a percentage of the amplifiers output and the lower the percentage the b
56. rotection to electrical circuits It opens when current flows though it that exceeds its current rating Clipping A specific type of distortion If a signal is passed through an electronic device which cannot accommodate its maximum voltage or current requirements the waveform of the signal is sometimes said to be clipped because it looks on a scope like its peaks have been clipped off by a pair of scissors A clipped waveform contains a great deal of harmonic distortion and often sounds very rough and harsh Clipping is what typi cally happens when an audio amplifier output is overloaded or its input over driven A Clip Indicator on an amplifier indicates the presence of clip ping distortion Compressor A compressor is a device that reduces the dynamic range of an audio signal First a threshold is established When the audio signal is louder than this threshold its gain is reduced Crossover Network Crossover An electronic network that divides an incoming signal into two or more frequency bands Crossover Slope High and low pass filters used for speakers do not cut off fre quencies like brick walls The roll off occurs over a number of octaves Common filter slopes for speakers are 1st through Ath order corresponding to 6 dB per octave to 24 dB per octave For example a 1st order 6 dB per octave high pass filter at 100 Hz will pass 6 dB less energy at 50 Hz and 12 dB less energy at 25 Hz Within the common 1st through 4t
57. rs are electrical circuits that divide an incoming signal into two or more separate frequency bands The separate bands are then routed to speakers designed to reproduce the range of frequencies they are being fed 1 4 1 Active vs Passive Crossover Networks There are two types of crossovers active and passive Passive crossover networks are located in the signal chain between the amplifier and speakers The networks built into speaker cabinets are typically passive The primary advantage to passive crossovers is that they use fewer amplified channels The primary disadvantage is that they work with amplified or high voltage signals because of being located after the amplifier in the signal chain causing them to waste much of the power before it gets to the speakers They also have lower dynamic range Active crossovers are typically located before the amplifier in the signal chain They work with lower line level signals meaning they waste much less power crown Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 19 Figure 1 27 Crossover Typical Single Amp Module Outputs Stereo Two Way Inputs Outputs Ch 1 Ch 2 High Frequency Hookup 1 2 HF MF LF HF Speaker Low Frequency LF Speaker Figure 1 28 Typical Two Amp Outputs Bridge Mono Two Way Bridged High Frequency Hookup HF Speaker Crossover Module Outputs Inputs Outputs Bridged 1 2 HF MF LF Low Frequency LF Speaker Mi
58. s the effect of improving the linear ity of the amplifier Negative feedback can also lower output impedance increasing damping factor and can sometimes be made to flatten frequency response The key to negative feedback amplifiers is careful design Too much phase shift and the amp will be unstable and too much feedback will cause Transient Intermodulation Distortion Noise Unwanted sound such as hiss from electronics or tape An audio signal with an irregular non periodic waveform Noise Floor The noise floor of a device or system is the amount of noise generated by the device itself with no signal present it is measured in decibels All electronic devices will generate a certain amount of noise even a piece of wire Minimizing the noise floor leads to expanded dynamic range and cleaner recordings or sound production ODEP ODEP Output Device Emulator Protection is an analog computer simulation of the output device thermal imped ance In layman s terms ODEP stores how much power the amplifier delivers to its load and its heatsink temperature If the protection circuit determines that the output stage is being overstressed or cannot dissipate any further heat then output stage drive is limited To learn more about ODEP download and read the ODEP white paper at www crownaudio com Output A connector in an audio device from which the signal comes and then feeds successive devices Overload The distortion that occurs
59. se each driver independently This allows you to apply the most appropriate protection for the type of driver being used In general low frequency drivers woofers are most susceptible to thermal damage and high frequency drivers tweeters are usually damaged by large transient voltages This means that your loudspeakers will tend to have better protection when the woofers are protected by slow blow fuses and high fre quency drivers are protected by high speed instrument fuses 1 3 5 Solving Output Problems High Frequency Oscillations Sometimes high frequency oscillations occur which can cause your amplifier to prematurely activate its protection circuitry and result in inefficient opera tion The effects of this problem are similar to the effects of the RF problem described in Section 1 2 2 To prevent high frequency oscillations 1 Lace together the loudspeaker conductors for each channel do not lace together the conductors from different channels This minimizes the chance that cables will act like antennas and transmit or receive high fre quencies that can cause oscillation 2 Avoid using shielded loudspeaker cable 3 Avoid long cable runs where the loudspeaker cables from different ampli fiers share a common cable tray or cable jacket T 3000 1 2000 1500 t 1000 s00 r 600 m 400 m 300 200 Example y 7 Impedance 8 ohms Peak Power 75 W average power 100 GC 80 CC 60 cont
60. tave gt GND 5 mH 00 _ gt To 018 R 6002 1B Source Amp GND 4 kHz 10 kHz 40 kHz Note A low source impedance R can be increased to 600 by an appropriate resistor Frequency 100 kHz Hum and Buzz If you have noticeable hum or buzz in your system you may want to check your cable connections to see if the unwanted noise is being introduced via a ground loop To determine the proper wiring first check whether the output from your source is unbalanced or bal anced if you don t know refer to the unit s back panel or Operation Manual Next determine if the source s power cable is floating ungrounded 2 prong or grounded 3 prong Finally if the source in unbalanced check the type of wiring twin lead or single coax Once you have determined the wiring scheme and cable type refer to the applicable wiring diagram in Section 1 2 1 crown Amplifier Application Guide 10 A A Balanced In t 100 Deg Balanced In 015 gt oot Ga wy gt EE Balanced In 1019 uf mm l 0 47 Film 1 8 mH gt E100 4 Balanced In wae 0 47 Film 1 8 mH Figure 1 5 Balanced RFI Filters 1 3 Output Wiring 1 3 1 Output Connector Wiring 5 Way Binding Post If the amplifier is set for Stereo Dual connect the positive and negative leads of each loudspeaker
61. te Speaker Wire Gauge You should choose loudspeaker cables with sufficient gauge thickness for the length being used The resistance introduced by inadequate loud speaker cables will reduce both the output power and the motion control of the loudspeakers The latter problem occurs because the damping factor decreases as the cable resistance increases This is very important because the amplifiers excellent damping factor can easily be negated by insufficient loudspeaker cables Use the nomograph in Figure 1 23 and the procedure that follows to find the recommended wire gauge AWG or American Wire Gauge for your system i Note the load impedance of the loudspeakers connected to each channel of the amplifier Mark this value on the Load Impedance A line of the nomograph Select an acceptable damping factor and mark it on the Damping Factor B line Higher damping factors yield greater motion control over the loudspeakers and therefore lower distortion A common damping factor for commercial applications is between 50 and 100 Higher damping factors may be desirable for live sound but long cable lengths often limit the high est damping factor that can be achieved practically In recording studios and home hi fi a damping factor of 500 or more is very desirable Draw a line through the two points with a pencil and continue until it inter sects the Source Resistance C line On the 2 Cond Cable
62. tput into 8 ohms will directly drive a 25 volt line To calculate the necessary power for driving a specific voltage line use the following formula 2 ee R where P equals the necessary power output V equals the voltage of the distributed speaker system and R equals the imped ance of the amplifier for the power specifi It s important to know that transformers can easily become saturated at low frequencies Transformer saturation occurs when the magnetic field created by the signal content becomes too much for the core of the transformer to handle This condition can be dangerous to the amplifier and can also cause distortion An effective way to prevent step down transformer saturation is to filter the very low frequency content from the audio Your amplifier may provide high pass filters for this purpose See your Operation Manual If not see Sec tion 1 2 2 for filter suggestions 1 4 Multi way Systems with Expansion Modules This section shows how multi way systems can be effectively designed using optional expansion modules that feature active crossover networks Example systems are shown for single and multiple amp two way systems and three way systems The range of frequencies present in full range music is wider than most any single speaker component can accu rately reproduce Because of this most professional speaker systems employ two or more speaker components to do the job Crossover networks or crossove
63. tures a special lock ing construction which will prevent disassembly of the NL4FC con nector once this cap is tightened into place Before tightening you may want to test the connector in a live system to make sure it has been assembled properly To connect the Speakon plug into the mating connector on the speaker line up the notches between the insert and the mating connector then insert the plug and turn one quarter turn clockwise as shown in Figure 1 19 The thumb lock on the housing will snap into the locked position when the connector is properly seated 1 3 2 Amplifier Load Impedance A major consideration when matching amplifiers with speakers is the resulting impedance presented to the amplifier when speakers are connected to the output The impedance of the load in part determines how much power the amplifier will produce Also too low of impedance can cause the amplifier to Speakers Connected in Series 16 ohm peel 8 ohm speaker 8 ohm speaker To Amplifier To Amplifier Speakers Connected in Parallel K 8 ohm speaker 1 speaker 7 r i i i i i i i i A 8 ohm speaker m 2 7 ohm 4 ohm 8 ohm 8 ohm speaker ek To mme L overheat Impedance is much like resis tance except impedance changes with frequency Imped ance and resistance are both measured in ohms To under stand the effect of i
64. via two or more ground paths typically the connecting cable shield and the power ground Ground loops cause hum and should be avoided Grounded Bridge Grounded Bridge is the name of an amplifier output topology developed by Crown in the 1980 s and used in many Crown amplifier models The patented Grounded Bridge design consists of four quadrants and an ungrounded power supply While two of the output quadrants operate much like a con ventional AB B push pull linear amplifier the other two work in a push pull configuration to control ground reference for the supply rails To learn more about Grounded Bridge download and read the Grounded Bridge white paper at www crownaudio com Headroom The difference between the normal operating level of a device and the maximum level that device can pass without distortion In general the more headroom the better Hertz The inverse of the time required for one complete cycle of a wave Thus a 10 Hz sine wave takes 1 10 of a second to complete a full cycle In practice it is the frequency or number of wave cycles occurring per second In the audio range this equates to what we perceive as pitch Abbreviated Hz High Pass Filter A filter that passes frequencies above a certain frequency and attenuates frequencies below that same frequency It can also be called a low cut filter Hum An unwanted low pitched tone 60 Hz and its harmonics heard in the speakers The sound of interfe
65. w noise hiss and flat frequency response DC Output Offset The presence of DC Direct Current at the output of the amplifier Any more than approximately 10 millivolts positive or negative could be an indication of a problem within the amplifier Decibel A decibel a tenth of a bel is used as an expression of the ratio between signal levels One decibel is commonly taken as the smallest volume change the human ear can reasonably detect Doubling the POWER of an amplifier results in a 3 dB increase which is a noticeable volume increase Doubling the VOLUME of a sound is a 10 dB increase dBV is decibels relative to 1 volt dBu is decibels relative to 0 775 volt dBm is decibels relative to 1 milliwatt Distributed Speaker System Constant Voltage System A type of speaker system where transformers typically are used at the output of an amplifier and at each speaker in order to provide a constant voltage most commonly 70V or 100V that can be tapped by multiple speakers These lines can be run great distances with less loss and can have many more speakers on them than typical high current speaker lines These types of systems are generally employed in situations where an amplified signal must be distributed over vast areas without a need for very high sound level in any one area This type of PA system is typically used in schools churches business offices and other commercial facilities Dynamic Range The dynamic ra
66. xer crown Amplifier Application Guide 20 Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth Figure 1 29 Outputs Typical Three Amp Bridged High Frequency Bridge Mono HF Speaker Three Way Hookup Outputs Bridged Mid Frequency MF Speaker E X Crossover Module Outputs HF MF LF St Outputs Inputs Bridged 1 2 A Low Frequency LF Speaker Mixer When you use an active crossover to split the power drive to the loudspeaker components you gain a wide range of advantages including 1 Increased gain because the insertion loss of passive crossover networks is eliminated 2 Consistent power bandwidth power bandwidth is changed in multi way pas sive systems if transducers change impedance or vaporize blow up 3 Levels can be matched 12 s more accurately to the 10K iok Figure 1 30 LED components Fault Status External 4 Improved dynamic Av JS Circuit Design FAULT range Ru S 1K Active crossovers for 5 COMPARATOR SUCH Crown amps are available 2 10K AS LM 339 in both PIP and SST mod S ules see your Operation Manual for details about available options for your amplifier Figures 1 27 through 1 29 illustrate typical systems using active crossover modules crown Amplifier Application Guide Chapter 1 Crown Amplifiers In Depth 21 Figure 1 31 RJ Jack Wiring and Pin Assignments Figure 1 32 Optimal System Headrom Pin 2 1 5 Fault
67. y of Terms Chapter Glossary of Terms In This Chapter e Glossary of Terms his section provides a handy glossary of terms used in the discussion of profes sional audio amplifiers Some terms are unique to Crown amplifiers Most of the terms provided do not directly relate to amplifiers but as amplifiers are but one piece of a larger audio system are often used when discussing amp usage Amperage A measure of electrical current flow also called amps for short It literally equates to the number of electrons in a conductor flowing past a certain point in a given amount of time Ohms law defines current I as voltage V divided by resistance R with the following expression l V R Amplifier Amp A device that increases signal Many types of amplifiers are used in audio systems Amplifiers typically increase voltage current or both Amplifier Class Audio power amplifiers are classified primarily by the design of the output stage Classification is based on the amount of time the output devices are made to operate during each cycle of swing Amplifiers are also defined in terms of output bias current the amount of current flowing in the output devices with no signal present Common amplifier classes used in professional audio amplifiers include AB AB B D G and H Attenuation A decrease in the level of a signal is referred to as attenua tion In some cases this is unintentional as in the attenuation caused b
68. y using wire for signal transmission Attenuators circuits which attenuate a signal may also be used to lower the level of a signal in an audio system to prevent overload and distortion Balanced Line A cable with two conductors surrounded by a shield in which each conductor is at equal impedance to ground With respect to ground the conductors are at equal potential but opposite polarity the signal flows through both conductors Band Pass Filter In a crossover a filter that passes a band or range of frequen cies but sharply attenuates or rejects frequencies outside the band Barrier Block Barrier Strip A series of connections usually screw terminals arranged in a line to permanently connect multiple audio lines to such devices as recording equipment mixers or outboard gear Also called terminal strip BCA BCA Balanced Current Amplifier is Crown s patented PWM Pulse Width Modulation amplifier output stage topology Also referred to as class l Crown s BCA switching technol ogy provides for high output exceptional reliability and nearly twice the efficiency of typical amplifier designs To learn more about BCA download and read the BCA white paper at www crownaudio com Binding Post 5 Way Banana A type of electrical terminal a binding post is most commonly found as the output connector on a power amplifier or as the connectors on a speaker cabinet A binding post can accept banana plugs spa
69. you get optimum performance from your Crown amplifier It is a collection of techniques that can help you avoid many of the common problems that plague sound systems For further study on many of these topics refer to the recommended publications listed in the Appendix 1 1 Rack Cooling When installing your Crown amp in a rack you should take steps to make sure that the temperature of the rack stays in a safe range Crown amps with fan assisted cooling and convection only cooling may require different tech IMPORTANT Be sure the back of the amplifier is supported RACK CABINET AMPLIFIER TOP VIEW t AIR FLOW crown Amplifier Application Guide niques for best performance When designing your rack cooling system you should consider the requirements for all mounted components 1 1 1 Fan Assisted Models If your Crown amplifier uses fan assisted cooling make sure that the front vents and or filters are never blocked and that the exhaust fan vented out the back or sides is not blocked or covered by cables Also if your Crown amp has foam filters they can be cleaned with mild dish detergent and water when needed The side walls of the rack should be at least 2 inches 5 cm away from the chassis for amps with side venting as shown in Figure 1 1 Don t use vented spacer panels between amps in a rack Because of the airflow technology we use in our amps it is best to stack multiple amplifiers on t

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