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3Com 6000 Switch User Manual

1. Connecting subnets to the enterprise FDDI Backbone as Z Router Marketing Engineering Router C Bridge T Bridge p Bridge L p c LJ J C O Figure 3 1 Traditional Architecture of a Routed Network LANplexina The LANplex system allows you to fit Ethernet switching capability into Subnetted highly subnetted environments When you put the LANplex system Environment into a subnetted network it streamlines your network architecture and easily switches traffic between and within subnets over Ethernet and FDDI See Figure 3 2 Sales Engineering FDDI backbone LANplex Marketing
2. Figure 3 3 Multiple Ports per Subnets with the EFSM Because the LANplex model of bridging and routing allows several segments to be connected to the same subnet you can increase the level of segmentation in your network without having to create new subnets or assign network addresses Instead you can use additional 3 4 CHAPTER 3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM Ethernet ports to expand your existing subnets This is in contrast to more traditional forms of bridging and routing where at most one port is connected to any subnet In the traditional model if you want to increase the level of segmentation in your network you must create additional subnets and assign new network addresses to your existing hosts Bridging Routing Models Traditional Bridging Routing Model The way routing is implemented in the LANplex system differs from how bridging and routing usually coexist in a system Traditional Bridging Routing Model In this model bridging and routing are peer entities either a packet is bridged or routed Packets belonging to recognized protocols are routed all others are bridged LANplex Bridging Routing Model In this model the bridge and router operate hierarchically on the module routing over bridging When a packet enters the system the module first tries to bridge the packet If the packet s destination network address is not on the same subnet then
3. AppleTalk Transaction Protocol ATP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP Name Binding Protocol NBP AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LLAP LocalTalk Hardware TokenTalk Link Access Protocol TLAP Token Ring Hardware EtherTalk Link Access Protocol ELAP Ethernet Hardware The AppleTalk six layer protocol suite is not fully compliant with the OSI seven layer reference model However AppleTalk provides many of the functions and services provided by OSI Note that AppleTalk has no specific protocols for the application layer since the lower levels provide printer and file service The physical layer of the protocol stack defines the network hardware You can use standard network hardware such as that defined for Ethernet and token ring networks with AppleTalk Apple has also defined its own network hardware called LocalTalk which uses a synchronous RS 422A bus for communications The data link layer provides the interface between the network hardware and the upper layers of the protocol stack The AppleTalk data link layer includes three link access protocols or LAPs TokenTalk LAP TLAP Ethernet LAP ELAP and LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LLAP 6 6 CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK The Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP End to End Services The App
4. Figure 3 2 Subnetted Architecture with LANplex Switching Hubs Integrating Bridging and Routing What is Routing 3 3 The LANplex system has bridging and routing integrated into the Ethernet FDDI Switching Module EFSM and the Ethernet Switching Module ESM The Token Ring Switching Module TRSM supports bridging only Multiple switch ports can be assigned to each subnet See Figure 3 3 Traffic between ports assigned to the same subnet is switched transparently using transparent bridging or Express switching described in the LANplex 6000 Operation Guide Traffic traveling to different subnets is routed using one of the supported routing protocols In the following descriptions of bridging and routing on the LANplex system the term MAC address refers to a physical hardware address The term network address refers to a logical address that applies to a specific protocol Subnet 4 Ethernet FDDI Internal Switching Module FDDI Ports Ethernet Ports Subnet 3 Subnet 2
5. The switching module ignores all incoming RIP packets and does not generate any RIP packets of its own Passive The switching module processes all incoming RIP packets and responds to explicit requests for routing information but does not broadcast periodic or triggered RIP updates Active The switching module processes all incoming RIP packets responds to explicit requests for routing information and broadcasts periodic and triggered RIP updates By default RIP operates in passive mode To set the RIP operating mode From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip rip Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to set the RIP mode Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the RIP mode off passive or active To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt Pinging an IP Station 7 15 See the example below Select slot s 3 4 all 3 4 all Slot 3 Select RIP mode off passive active passive active Slot 4 Select RIP mode off passive active passive active Pinging an IP Station Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge interface route bo udpHelper forwarding rip Doing Statistics ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP echo facility to send an ICMP echo request packet to the
6. NetWare is a network operating system NOS developed and introduced to the market by Novell Inc in the early 1980s Much of the NetWare networking technology was derived from Xerox Network System XNS a networking system developed by Xerox Corporation As a network operating system environment NetWare specifies the upper five layers of the OSI reference model It provides file and printer sharing and supports various applications such as electronic mail and database access NetWare is based on a client server architecture where clients request certain services from servers such as file and printer access Figure 5 1 illustrates a simplified view of NetWare s better known protocols and their relationship to the OSI reference model CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Internet Packet Exchange IPX Appplications NetWare Service Routing Control Advertising Information Protocol Protocol Protocol NCP SAP RIP NetWare Shell Client Netbios Media Access Protocols Ethernet FDDI Figure 5 1 NetWare Protocols and the OSI Reference Model The LANplex system uses the following protocols for routing in a Netware environment Internet Packet Exchange IPX Routing Information Protocol RIP Service Advertisement Protocol SAP IPX is the primary protocol used for routing in a netware environment This datagram connection
7. Routing tables Address Resolution Protocol ARP IP addresses are 32 bit addresses composed of a network part network on which the host is located and a host part the host on that network See Figure 4 2 They differ from Ethernet and FDDI MAC addresses which are unique hardware configured 48 bit addresses IP Address 32 bits network f host The boundary between network and host depends on the class of IP address Figure 4 2 P Address Network Part and Host Part The IP address network part is assigned by a central agency and the host part is assigned by each network s administrator All devices connected to the same network share the same IP address prefix the network part of the address The Elements of IP Routing 4 3 Address Classes The boundary of the network part and the host part depends on the class of network you are assigned by the central agency The primary classes of IP addresses are Class A Class B and Class C Class A addresses have seven bits for the network part and 24 bits for the host part Although only a few Class A networks can be created each can contain a very large number of hosts Class B addresses have 14 bits for the network part and 16 bits for the host part Class C addresses have 21 bits for the network part and eight bits for the host part Each Class C network can only contain about 250 hosts but many such networks can be created The class of an IP add
8. Default Route a 2 158 101 112 250 Learned RIP 10 0 0 0 2550 040 8 158 101 112 254 Learned RIP 129 213 0 0 299225950 0 7 158 101 112 254 Learned RIP 137 39 0 0 2553259700 2 158 101 112 250 Learned RIP 139 87 0 0 255 255 0 0 4 158 101 112 254 Learned RIP Defining a Static Prior to defining static routes on a given switching module you must define Route atleast one IP interface Static routes remain in the table until you remove them or until you remove the corresponding interface Static routes take precedence over dynamically learned routes to the same destination gt Static routes are not included in periodic RIP updates sent by the switching module To define a static route Topera Mend Menu 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter cae ip route static a a ee You are prompted for the route s parameters To use the value in brackets he pri remove press Return at the prompt appletalk forvardi ig default snmp nR A noDefaut 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to define a static analyzer script statistics route logout You are prompted for the route s parameters To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt 3 Enter the destination IP address of the route 4 Enter the subnet mask of the route 5 Enter the gateway IP address of the route A static route is defined in the following example Select slot 3 4 3 4 3 Enter destination IP
9. destination node Destination Socket This 2 byte field contains the socket address of the packet s destination process Source Network This 4 byte field provides the source node s network number If a sending node sets this field to zero it means the source s local network is unknown Source Node This 6 byte field contains the physical address of the source node Broadcast addresses are not allowed Source Socket This 2 byte field contains the socket address of the process that transmitted the packet Upper Layer Data The data field follows the destination and source fields It contains information for the upper layer processes CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX IPX Packet Delivery Ona NetWare network the successful delivery of a packet depends on the Network 000000AA Socket proper addressing of the packet and the internetwork configuration Packet addressing is handled in its Media Access Control MAC protocol header and IPX header address fields To send a packet to another node the sending node must know the complete internetwork address network node and socket of the node it wishes to send to Once the sending node has the destination node s address it can proceed with addressing the packet However the way the MAC header of that packet is addressed depends on whether the sending and destination nodes are separated by a router See Figure 5 3 Sending Node Router Destination Node N
10. 1 9 all 2 4 8 You may want to change the configuration of an interface you have already defined To modify an IP interface From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip interface modify Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to modify an interface You are prompted for the interface parameters Press Return at the prompts for the parameters you do not want to modify Modify the existing interface parameters by entering a new value at the prompt Removing an Interface Top Level Menu Administering Routes 7 5 You may want to remove an interface if you no longer route on the ports associated with the interface To remove an IP interface definition system a P interface From the top level of the Administration Console enter tokenring Oute display bridge aP define ip interface remove Pip udpHelper modify ipx forwarding remove appletalk P Enter the slot of the switching module from which you want to remove an ping j iaar statistics interface script odor Enter the index number s of the interface s you want to remove Administering Each switching module maintains a table of routes to other IP networks Routes subnets and hosts You can either make static entries in this table using the Administration Console or configure switching modules to use RIP to exchange routing information automatically Each routing table entry contains the foll
11. 6 4 CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK Seed Routers You will gain access to the printer more quickly within the zone because the zone includes fewer devices than the entire internet A seed router initializes the internet with AppleTalk configuration information including network numbers and zone names The seed router broadcasts this information so that nonseed routers can learn it You can designate a seed router through the Administration Console Nonseed routers listen for a seed router and then take the configuration information from the first seed router they detect After a nonseed router obtains the configuration information it can participate in the network as if it were a seed router as well AppleTalk Protocols AppleTalk protocols work together to ensure the seamless flow of information throughout the AppleTalk internet Figure 6 2 shows a simplified view of AppleTalk protocols and their relationship to the OS reference model Together these protocols provide the following services Physical Connectivity End to End Services Reliable Data Delivery AppleTalk Protocols 6 5 OSI Reference Model Application Figure 6 2 AppleTalk Protocols and the OSI Reference Model Physical Connectivity AppleTalk Filing Protocol AFP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP Printer Access Zone Information Protocoo PAP Protocol ZIP
12. AppleTalk Filing Protocol AFP and PostScript AFP provides remote access to files on the network PostScript is a paged description language used by many printers About AARP The AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP maps the hardware address of an AppleTalk node to an AppleTalk protocol address It does this for both extended and nonextended networks When a node on the network initializes it randomly selects an AppleTalk address for itself At the same time it sends out 10 AARP probe packets The probe packets determine whether any other nodes on the network are using the address it has chosen If a node on the network is already using that address the node randomly selects another address and sends out another probe packet The AARP maintains an Address Mapping Table AMT with the most recently used hardware addresses and their corresponding AARP addresses About AARP 6 11 lf an address is not in this table AARP sends a request to the protocol address and adds the hardware address to the table when the destination node replies You can view this table called the AARP Cache through the Administration Console 6 12 CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK Py rs e e Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 ADMINISTERING ROUTING PROTOCOLS Administering IP Routing Administering IPX Routing Administering AppleTalk Routing ott eee t e Administering Interfaces ADMINIST
13. IP station discarded because there was no route to the destination outRequests Number of datagrams that local IP client protocols passed to IP for transmission To display IP statistics From the Administration Console top level menu enter ip statistics Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to view IP routing statistics Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Statistics are displayed as shown in the example below Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled inReceives forwDatagrams inDelivers outRequests 51213 49743 3227 2285 outNoRoutes inHdrErrors inAddrErrors 273 7 0 Slot 4 IP forwarding is enabled RIP is active inReceives forwDatagrams inDelivers outRequests 11 11 11 20 outNoRoutes inHdrErrors inAddrErrors 0 0 0 oe eee cece ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the Internet Packet Exchange IPX protocol to route packets For more information about how IPX works see Part II of this Guide You can display and or configure the following IPX interfaces Routes Servers IPX forwarding Routing Information Protocol RIP Enhanced RIP mode Service Advertising Protocol SAP IPX statistics Each Ethernet FDDI Switching Module EFSM operates as a separate IPX router This means that each module has its own interfaces r
14. IP station you specify It then waits for an ICMP echo reply packet Possible responses from ping are Alive No answer Network is unreachable A network is unreachable when there is no route to that network To ping an IP station From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ping Enter the IP address of the station you want to ping IP Address 192 9 200 40 You may receive one of the following responses 192 9 200 40 is alive OR no answer from 192 9 200 40 For a remote IP address you can also receive the following response Network is unreachable CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Displaying IP Statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp forwarding rip ping statistics The IP statistics you can view are described in Table 7 2 Table 7 2 P Statistics Field Description forwDatagrams umber of datagrams that the IP station attempted to forward inAddrErrors umber of datagrams that the IP station discarded because of an error in the source or destination IP address inDelivers umber of datagrams that the IP station delivered to local IP client protocols inHdrErrors umber of datagrams that the IP station discarded because the IP header contained errors inReceives Total number of IP datagrams received including those with errors outNoRoutes Number of datagrams that the
15. K 44 1442 278279 US 1 408 727 7021 Local access numbers are available within the following countries Country Telephone Number Country Telephone Number Australia 800 123853 Netherlands 06 0228049 Belgium 0800 71279 Norway 800 11062 Denmark 800 17319 Portugal 0505 442607 Finland 98 001 4444 Russia Moscow only 956 0815 France 05 90 81 58 Spain 900 964445 Germany 0130 8180 63 Sweden 020 792954 Italy 1678 99085 U K 0800 626403 Support from Your Network Supplier If additional assistance is required contact your network supplier Many suppliers are authorized 3Com service partners who are qualified to provide a variety of services including network planning installation hardware maintenance application training and support services When you contact your network supplier for assistance have the following information ready Diagnostic error messages A list of system hardware and software including revision levels Details about recent configuration changes if applicable If you are unable to contact your network supplier see the following section on how to contact 3Com APPENDIX A TECHNICAL SUPPORT Support from 3Com If you are unable to receive support from your network supplier technical support contracts are available from 3Com In the U S and Canada call 800 876 3266 for customer service If you are outside the U S and Canada contact your local 3Com sales office to find your author
16. an additional period of time the RTMP changes the status of an entry from bad to really bad Finally the router will remove the entry of a nonresponding router with a really bad status from the table The data in the routing table is cross referenced to the Zone Information Table ZIT This table maps networks into zones The section on the session layer protocols includes information about the Zone Information Table Figure 6 3 represents a simple AppleTalk network and Table 6 1 shows the corresponding routing table CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK Network 5 5 802 Interface 2 24 Interface 1 interfaces Network 103 103 801 ne Network 12 12 Figure 6 3 A Simple AppleTalk Network Table 6 1 The Routing Table for Router 24 Network 64 64 200 36 Network 18 20 Network Range Distance Interface State 5 5 1 2 Good 12 12 3 3 Good 18 20 2 3 Good 103 103 0 1 Good 64 64 1 3 Good You can view the AppleTalk routing tables in your network through the Administration Console The AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP AppleTalk nodes use the AEP to send datagrams to other nodes in the network The AEP causes the destination node to return or echo the datagram to the sending node This protocol can determine whether a node is accessible before any sessions are started and can enable users to estimate the round trip delay time between two
17. between alternate routes are listed below Select the route that requires the lowest number of ticks If multiple routes exist with the number of ticks equal select the route that also has the lowest number of hops If multiple routes exist with both ticks and hops equal the router is free to choose any of the routes as the best route The Service Advertising Protocol allows servers for example file servers print servers and gateway servers to advertise their addresses and services Through the use of SAP adding and removing services on an internetwork becomes dynamic As servers are booted up they advertise their services using SAP When they are brought down they use SAP to indicate that their services are no longer available Internetwork Service Information Using SAP routers create and maintain a database of internetwork service information This allows clients on the network to determine what services are available on the network and to obtain the internetwork address of the nodes servers where they can access those services The Elements of IPX Routing 5 11 Workstations cannot initiate a session with a file server without first knowing gt the server s address SAP Packet Structure SAP uses IPX and the medium access protocols for its transport The packet structure allows for the following functions a A workstation request for the name and address of the nearest server of a certain type m A router request
18. contact 3Com Technical Support as described in Appendix A 2 6 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS Routing and the LANplex System Routing with IP Routing with IPX Routing with AppleTalk ote t e ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM This chapter shows how the LANplex system operates in a subnetted routing environment and describes the LANplex routing methodology specifically how the LANplex bridging and routing model compares with traditional models What is Routing Routing is the process of distributing packets over potentially dissimilar networks A router also called a gateway is the machine that accomplishes this task Routers are typically used to Connect enterprise networks together Connect subnets client server networks to the enterprise network Figure 3 1 shows where routes are typically used in a network The LANplex system performs routing that connects subnets to the enterprise network providing connectivity between devices within a workgroup department or building 3 2 CHAPTER 3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM Connecting enterprise networks gt Sales T Router Router C Bridge i Bridge oO E L ll
19. corresponding to the IP addresses of hosts and other routers on the same subnets Each device participating in routing maintains an ARP cache a table of known IP addresses and their corresponding MAC addresses Displaying the ARP You can display the contents of the ARP cache for each switching module in Cache your LANplex system To display the contents of the ARP cache Top evel Menu 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ao ip arp display l tokenring er display Ree barp remove 2 Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to display Ip flush z x ipx Hope pr the ARP cache Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a orwarding 4 c A a ip consecutive series of slots using a dash analyzer ae ti script statistics logout Removing an ARP Cache Entry CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics display remove flush Flushing the ARP Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics Cache display remove D flush 1 The contents of the ARP cache are displayed as shown in the example below Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled IP Address MA
20. for the names and addresses of either all the servers or all the servers of a certain type on the internetwork m A response to either a workstation or router request a Periodic broadcasts by servers and routers m Changed server information broadcasts Figure 5 5 provides an overview of the SAP packet structure Notice that the packet structure is encapsulated within the data area of IPX IPX Packet Format Server Entry Structure IPX Header 30 Bytes SAP Packet Structure 7 Service Type 2 Bytes Server Name 48 Bytes Packet Type 4 Socket 452h Be Operation 2 Bytes Server Entry 1 64 Bytes Network Address 4 Bytes Node Address 6 Bytes Socket Address 2 Bytes Hops to Server 2 Bytes Server Entry n 64 Bytes n lt 7 Figure 5 5 SAP Packet Structure A SAP packet consists of the following fields m Operation This field indicates the type of operation the SAP packet performs and can be set to one of the following values 1 Request 2 Response 3 Get Nearest Server Request 5 12 CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX 4 Get Nearest Server Response m Server Entry Each server entry includes information regarding a gt particular server and consists of the following fields Service Type This field identifies the type of service the server provides Although IPX routers use SAP routers typically do not act as servers and require no Server Type assignment Server Na
21. for which you want to delete the learned server All learned servers are immediately deleted from the server table Setting IPX Forwarding 8 11 Setting IPX Forwarding IPX forwarding default Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route tokenring server Dipx enhanced appletalk sap snmp Statistics analyzer script logout Setting the RIP Mode You can control whether an EFSM forwards or discards IPX packets addressed to other routers When you enable IPX forwarding the EFSM acts as a normal IPX router forwarding IPX packets from one network to another when required When you disable IPX forwarding the EFSM discards any IPX packets not addressed directly to one of its defined IPX interfaces By default IPX forwarding is disabled on all EFSMs To enable or disable IPX forwarding From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx forwarding Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to enable or disable IPX forwarding Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the IPX forwarding state enabled or disabled To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt You can select a RIP mode that is appropriate for your network RIP can operate in any of three modes Off The EFSM ignores all incoming RIP packets and does not generate any RIP packets of its own Passive The EFSM processes all incoming
22. module port in an interface that is some ports may remain unassigned Packets will be bridged to and from unassigned ports However IP packets will not be forwarded to ports that are not assigned to any IP interface Displaying Interfaces Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi snmp analyzer script logout P interface route arp udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics remove Administering Interfaces 7 3 You can display a table that shows all IP interfaces configured for each switching module in the system including their parameter settings To display IP interface information From the Administration Console top level menu enter ip interface display Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to display the interface information Separate non consecutive ports with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash As shown in the following example the current configuration appears in the display It contains IP forwarding and RIP information for that slot as well as the IP interface information Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled RIP is passive Index 1 De Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout D interface route arp udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics IP address Subnet mask Cost Ports 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet L58s 1 02 TIZ 225 25512535525540 Io 3 fini
23. not allow the exclusion of implied warranties or the limitation of incidental or consequential damages for consumer products so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply to you This warranty gives you specific legal rights which may vary from state to state GOVERNING LAW This Limited Warranty shall be governed by the laws of the state of California 3Com Corporation 5400 Bayfront Plaza Santa Clara CA 95052 8145 408 764 5000 1 1 94
24. the 4 byte IPX network address of the route Enter the cost of the route Enter the interface number of the route Administering Routes 8 7 6 Enter the node address of the route A static route is defined in the following example Select slot 3 4 3 4 3 Enter IPX address 0x45469 30 Enter Cost 1 Enter Interface number 1 Enter node address 08 00 3e 22 15 78 Removing a Route To remove a route Top Level Menu 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ethernet interface ipx route remove fddi DP route display tokenring server Static bridge forwarding ao 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to remove any static or ip rip ush R Dipx enhanced dynamic route appletalk sap snmp statistics analyzer 3 Enter the 4 byte IPX network address script logout The route is immediately deleted from the routing table Flushing Routes Flushing deletes all dynamically learned routes from the routing table To flush all learned routes Top Level Menu 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ethernet interface ipx route flush fddi route display tokenring server Static bridge forwarding n 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to delete the learned Ip rip ush D ipx enhanced routes appletalk sap snmp statistics All learned routes are immediately deleted from the routing table analyzer script logout 8 8 CHA
25. the module routes the packet The bridge router determines whether a packet should be bridged or routed based on the protocol to which the packet belongs If the packet belongs to a recognized protocol the packet is routed Otherwise it is bridged In the traditional bridging routing model a packet is bridged as follows see Figure 3 4 1 The packet enters the bridge router 2 The bridge router determines that the packet does not belong to a recognized routed protocol so the packet is passed to the bridge 3 The bridge examines the destination MAC address and forwards the packet to the port on which that address has been learned Bridging Routing Models 3 5 Router Transmitting Host Interfaces ports Networks Destination Host Figure 3 4 Bridging in the Traditional Bridging Routing Model In the traditional bridging routing model a packet is routed as follows see Figure 3 5 1 The packet enters the bridge router 2 The bridge router determines that the packet belongs to a recognized routed protocol so the packet is passed to the router 3 The router examines the destination network address and forwards the packet to the interface port connected to the destination subnet Router Bridge Cl Transmitting Host
26. this information and share it with other routers This allows routers to dynamically create and maintain a database server table of network service information Clients on the network can determine what services are available and obtain the network address of the nodes servers where they can access those services Clients require this information to initiate a session with a file server SAP allows a router to exchange information with a neighboring SAP agent As a router s SAP agent becomes aware of any change in the network server layout it immediately broadcasts this information to any neighboring SAP agents SAP broadcast packets containing all server information known to the SAP agent are also periodically sent These broadcasts synchronize all servers on the network and age those servers that might become inaccessible due to any abnormal shut down of the router or server 5 4 CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX How IPX Routing Works IPX Packet Format A router operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model This means that it receives its instructions to route packets from one segment to another from a network layer protocol IPX with the help of RIP and SAP performs these network layer tasks These tasks include addressing routing and switching information packets to move single packets from one location to another This section describes the information included in an IPX packet that helps it get delivered and the IPX
27. 1098 35 8932 397 368 1325 121 110 5833 120 110 5536 4940 70 848 3841 9 8 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Removing an Entry To remove an AARP cache entry in the Cache Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route display tokenring aarp remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum B appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout Flushing All Cache Entries Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route display tokenring aarp remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp Statistics analyzer script logout 1 At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk aarp remove Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to remove the AARP cache entry Enter the AARP address at the prompt The entry is removed To flush all AARP cache entries At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk aarp flush Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to flush all AARP cache entries Displaying the Zone Table AppleTalk allows for the logical grouping of nodes into zones to make navigation through the network easier This is done with the Zone Information Protocol ZIP ZIP helps routers maintain a mapping of network numbers to zones in the entire network To do this ZIP creates and maintains a Zone Information Table ZIT in each router The entrie
28. 2 5 installation 1 1 2 1 loading time 2 4 static route IP 4 6 defining 7 7 status of 7 6 static route IPX 5 9 defining 8 6 static server IPX defining a 8 8 statistics AppleTalk viewing 9 11 IP 7 16 IPX forwarding 8 17 IPX SAP 8 16 ZIP displaying 9 14 subnet mask defined 4 3 diagram 4 4 example 4 4 for IP address 7 2 in IP routing table 7 5 in routing table 4 5 subnetting defined 4 3 Ethernet switching and 3 2 subnet mask and the 4 3 with the LANplex 3 2 INDEX 5 T technical support A 1 ThreeComForum A 2 timing out IP route status 7 6 transmission errors ICMP Redirect 4 9 reasons for 4 9 U UNIX copying software to 2 2 software media 2 1 Z ZIP 6 9 statistics displaying 9 14 zone information protocol ZIP 6 9 zone information table ZIT 6 9 displaying the 9 8 zone AppleTalk default 9 4 example of 6 3 naming 9 4 LIMITED WARRANTY HARDWARE 3Com warrants its hardware products to be free from defects in workmanship and materials under normal use and service for the following lengths of time from the date of purchase from 3Com or its Authorized Reseller Internetworking products One year Network adapters Lifetime Ethernet stackable hubs and Unmanaged Ethernet fixed port repeaters Lifetime Onwearhotegistered Power supply and fans in these stackable hubs and unmanaged repeaters One year Other hardware products One year Spare parts and spares kits 0 days If a product does not op
29. 55 000 Module Installation Guides Provide an overview installation instructions LED status information and pin out information for the particular option module Shipped with individ ual modules Documentation Comments Example Your suggestions are very important to us and will help make our documentation more useful to you Please email comments about this document to 3Com at sdtechpubs_comments 3Mail 3Com com Please include the following information when commenting Document title Document part number listed on back cover of document Page number if appropriate LANplex 6000 Planning Your Site Part No 801 00128 000 Page 2 5 chapter 2 page 5 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 GETTING STARTED LANplex Extended Switching Features Installing Extended Switching Software ry 4 _ r 4 e 4 oe eee t s LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES This chapter provides an overview of the Extended Switching software and describes the new enhanced Administration Console menus About LANplex Extended Switching The LANplex Extended Switching software replaces your existing LANplex software and adds new functionality to your system Extended Switching software contains all the features of standard LANplex software in addition to routing capabilities with the following protocol support IP Routing an enhanced version of IP from the standard system software IPX
30. AC address 3 3 ARP and 7 9 bridging in switching modules and 3 6 compared to IP address 4 2 in ARP Request 4 8 located with ARP 4 7 use in IP routing 4 8 Macintosh chooser 6 2 management IP interface 7 1 media types 2 1 menu AppleTalk main 1 5 bridge 1 3 IP main 1 3 IPX main 1 4 metric defined 4 5 in IP routing table 7 5 N name binding protocol 6 9 named entities 6 2 NBP 6 9 NetWare defined 5 1 OSI reference model and the 5 2 protocols 5 1 to 5 3 network address 3 3 network layer and IP address 4 1 network layer AppleTalk 6 6 network numbers extended 6 2 nonextended 6 2 network supplier support A 3 nodes AppleTalk 6 2 nonextended network numbers 6 2 O on line technical services A 1 OSI 6 5 OSI Reference Model AppleTalk routing and 6 5 IP routing and 4 1 IPX routing and 5 2 P PAP 6 10 physical layer AppleTalk 6 5 pinging AppleTalk node 9 11 IP station 7 15 port including in IP interface 7 2 printer access protocol 6 10 protocol AppleTalk routing table maintenance 6 6 R references Comer 4 10 Perlman 4 10 routing RFCs 4 10 returning products for repair A 4 RIP active mode 7 14 broadcast address and 7 2 default mode 7 14 defined 4 6 5 10 displaying state 7 3 off mode 7 14 passive mode 7 14 route configuration and 4 6 5 9 setting mode 7 14 using for dynamic routes 5 9 RIP statistics IPX RIP 8 15 route IP default 7 6 defining static 7 7 gateway addres
31. C Address Interface 158 0101 Tt 08 00 1le 31 a6 2 1 158 101 balay 08 00 le 65 21 07 1 Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled You may want to remove an entry from the ARP cache if the MAC address has changed To remove an entry from the ARP cache From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip arp remove Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove an ARP cache entry Enter the IP address you want to remove The address is immediately removed from the table If necessary the switching module will subsequently use ARP to find the new MAC address corresponding to that IP address You may want to delete all entries from the ARP cache if the MAC address has changed To remove all entries from the ARP cache From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip arp flush Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove all entries from the ARP cache The ARP cache entries are immediately removed from the table Administering UDP Helper 7 11 Administering UDP Helper allows you to send User Datagram Protocol UDP packets UDP Helper between routed networks UDP Helper provides support for UDP services such as BOOTP or DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol that rely on the BOOTP relay agent For example by configuring the logical BOOTP port you can boot hosts through the router It also provides a relay agent for DHCP broadcasts UDP packets that rely on the BOO
32. Console top level menu enter appletalk aarp display Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the server table Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash An example of an AARP cache display is shown below Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled AARP Address 20112 20112 20112 20112 125 177 192 150 20112 1 20125 193 20125 76 20125 67 20124 41 20112 20112 20112 20112 20112 20112 20112 225 135 147 132 112 148 244 20112 21 20112 131 20124 35 20112 97 20112 4 20112 20112 180 108 20112 56 20112 20112 20112 20112 20125 20112 110 155 243 253 104 236 MAC Address 00 20 af 0b el 7c 00 00 89 01 91 0 00 00 89 01 91 3 00 00 89 01 8b 51 08 00 02 04 80 b6 08 00 07 d7 69 1f 08 00 07 66 62 9d 08 00 07 ee 10 a2 08 00 07 7c c3 d8 00 20 af 0b d8 f1 00 20 af 9e 68 62 00 00 94 41 de 79 08 00 09 7 98 c5 08 00 07 7c 20 61 08 00 07 ac 56 4b 00 20 af Ob f 72 08 00 07 dce e5 c4 08 00 07 54 88 bl1 08 00 07 57 ec 58 08 00 07 9e 09 86 08 00 07 ec 98 3d 08 00 07 f 7 cf de 08 00 07 4 74 7e 08 00 07 bc 10 fe 00 40 10 56 la b5 08 00 07 6c 88 77 08 00 07 66 72 c7 08 00 20 12 75 bf 08 00 07 66 2b c2 00 80 3e 02 81 66 Interface PWORPRPRPRPPRPRPRPENPP RPP PPP RPE NWWWRPRP RPP RB Age secs RII 20 6 18 31 388 862 851 864 270 174 26 24 121
33. ERING IP ROUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to route packets using IP For more information about how IP works see Part Il of this Guide You can display and or configure the following IP interfaces Routes Address Resolution Protocol ARP cache UDP Helper IP forwarding Routing Information Protocol RIP Ping IP statistics Each switching module operates as a separate IP router This means that each module has its own interfaces routing table ARP cache and statistics You define interfaces to establish the relationship between the ports on your switching modules and the subnets in your IP network You must define one interface for each group of ports that are connected to the same subnet This means that every switching module has one interface defined for each subnet to which it is directly connected An IP interface has the following information associated with it IP Address This is the address specific to your network It should be chosen from the range of addresses assigned to your organization An interface s IP address serves two functions First it is the address that is used when sending IP CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING packets to or from the switching module itself Second the IP address defines the network and subnet numbers of the segments connected to that interface Packets to be forwarded by the switching module contain the IP addresses of the original source and
34. G WITH IPX 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK e t ee c e This chapter provides an overview of AppleTalk routing and specifically defines these topics a Appletalk Network Elements a AppleTalk Protocols m About AARP About AppleTalk AppleTalk is a protocol suite defined by Apple Computer Inc for connecting computers and peripherals and other devices on a network AppleTalk protocols support most of the functions offered by the Open Standards Interconnection OSI reference model The AppleTalk protocols work together to provide file and printer sharing and different applications such as electronic mail and database access All Macintosh computers have Appletalk connectivity options built into them making it the de facto standard for Apple computer networks AppleTalk An AppleTalk network consists of different nodes in groups of networks in Network an AppleTalk internet These nodes can include workstations routers and Elements printers or services for other computers or clients This section describes the different elements of an AppleTalk internet which are as follows a AppleTalk Networks a AppleTalk Nodes a AppleTalk Zones m Seed Routers 6 2 CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK AppleTalk Networks AppleTalk Nodes A network in an AppleTalk internet is a cable segment attached to a router Each network is identified by a network number or range of network numbers The network administrator assigns
35. HNICAL SUPPORT World Wide Web Site 3ComForum on CompuServe 3ComFacts Automated Fax Service Country Data Rate Telephone Number US up to 28800 bps 1 408 980 8204 Access by ISDN ISDN users can dial in to 3ComBBS using a digital modem for fast access up to 56 Kbps To access 3ComBBS using ISDN dial the following number 408 654 2703 Access the latest networking information on 3Com s World Wide Web site by entering our URL into your Internet browser http www 3Com com This service features news and information about 3Com products customer service and support 3Com s latest news releases selected articles from 3TECH 3Com s award winning technical journal and more 3ComForum is a CompuServe based service containing patches software drivers and technical articles about all 3Com products as well as a messaging section for peer support To use 3ComForum you need a CompuServe account To use 3ComForum Log on to CompuServe Enter go threecom Press Return to see the 3ComForum main menu 3Com Corporation s interactive fax service 3ComFacts provides data sheets technical articles diagrams and troubleshooting instructions on 3Com products 24 hours a day seven days a week Call 3ComFacts using your touch tone telephone International access numbers are Country Telephone Number Hong Kong 852 2537 5610 Support from Your Network Supplier A 3 Country Telephone Number U
36. ITH APPLETALK About AppleTalk 6 1 AppleTalk Network Elements 6 1 AppleTalk Networks 6 2 AppleTalk Nodes 6 2 Named Entities 6 2 AppleTalk Zones 6 3 Seed Routers 6 4 AppleTalk Protocols 6 4 Physical Connectivity 6 5 The Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP 6 6 End to End Services 6 6 Transport Layer Protocols 6 6 The Session Layer Protocols 6 9 The Presentation Layer 6 10 About AARP 6 10 ADMINISTERING ROUTING PROTOCOLS ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Administering Interfaces 7 1 Displaying Interfaces 7 3 Defining an Interface 7 3 Modifying an Interface 7 4 Removing an Interface 7 5 Administering Routes 7 5 Displaying the Routing Table 7 6 Defining a Static Route 7 7 Removing a Route 7 8 Flushing a Route 7 8 Setting the Default Route 7 8 Removing the Default Route 7 9 Administering the ARP Cache 7 9 Displaying the ARP Cache 7 9 Removing an ARP Cache Entry 7 10 Flushing the ARP Cache 7 10 Administering UDP Helper 7 11 Displaying UDP Helper Information 7 11 Defining a Port and IP Forwarding Address 7 12 Removing a Port and IP Forwarding Address 7 12 Setting the Hop Count Limit 7 13 Setting the BOOTP Relay Threshold 7 13 Enabling Disabling IP Forwarding 7 13 Setting the RIP Mode 7 14 Pinging an IP Station 7 15 Displaying IP Statistics 7 16 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces 8 2 Displaying IPX Interfaces 8 3 Defining an Interface 8 3 Modifying an Interface 8 4 Removing an Interface 8 4 Administering Rou
37. It contains IPX forwarding and RIP and SAP information for that slot as well as IPX interface information t 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active Index IPX Address Cost Format Ports 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet 1 45469f30 1 802 2 3 10 2 5d41a110 1 802 2 11 18 Defining an When you define an interface you define the interface s IPX address Interface cost format and the EFSM ports associated with the interface To define an IPX interface Top Level Menu_ 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ethernet interface ipx interface define fddi route display tokenring server D define A bridge forwarding modify 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to define an interface Ip rip remove eee es You are prompted for the interface s parameters To use the value in snmp statistics brackets press Return at the prompt analyzer script T logout 3 Enter the IPX network address of the interface 4 Enter the cost of the interface 5 Enter the format of the interface CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING 6 Enter the port s that you want to include in the interface Separate non consecutive ports with commas Enter a consecutive series of ports using a dash See the example below Select slot 3 4 3 4 3 Enter Cost Modifying an Interface Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi tokenring bridge ip ipx appletal
38. L Destination Host Figure 3 5 Routing in the Traditional Bridging Routing Model Interfaces ports Networks 3 6 CHAPTER 3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM LANplex Bridging Routing Model The LANplex 6000 determines whether a packet should be bridged or routed using the destination MAC address Before a host sends a packet to another host it compares its own network address to the network address of the other host as follows If network addresses are on the same subnet the packet is bridged directly to the destination host s address If network addresses are on different subnets the packet must be routed from one subnet to the other In this case the host transmits the packet to the connecting router s MAC address In the LANplex bridging routing model a packet is bridged as follows see Figure 3 6 The packet enters the module The packet s destination MAC address is examined by the bridging layer The destination MAC address does not correspond to the MAC address of one of the module ports configured for routing The bridging layer selects a segment port based on the destination MAC address and forwards the packet to that segment Router Routing Layer 1 2 3 Router Interfaces Bridge Bridging Layer 2 3 Subnets Transmitting Host Destin
39. Network Supplier A 3 Support from 3Com A 4 Returning Products for Repair A 4 INDEX ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction Audience description gt The LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide provides information about the features included with the LANplex Extended Switching software These features include IP IPX and AppleTalk routing You will use this guide with the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide when you work with the Administration Console This guide is intended for the system or network administrator who is responsible for configuring using and managing the LANplex 6000 system It assumes a working knowledge of local area network LAN operations and a familiarity with communications protocols used on interconnected LANs If the information in the release notes shipped with your product differs from the information in this guide follow the release notes How to Use This Guide The following table shows where to find specific information If you are looking for Turn to An overview of Extended Switching features Chapter 1 Information on how to install Extended Switching software Chapter 2 An overview of routing in the LANplex system Chapter 3 An overview of IP routing Chapter 4 An overview of IPX routing Chapter 5 An overview of AppleTalk routing Chapter 6 Information on how to administer IP routing Chapter 7 Information on how to administer IPX routing Chapter 8 Informatio
40. P Cache address AppleTalk uses dynamically assigned 24 bit addresses unlike the statically assigned 48 bit addresses used by Ethernet and token ring To make the address mapping process easier AARP uses an Address Mapping Table AMT The most recently used addresses are maintained in the AMT If an address is not in the AMT AARP sends a request to the desired protocol address and the hardware address is added to the table when the destination node replies AARP is also responsible for registering a node s dynamically assigned address on the network This process is described below AARP randomly assigns an address AARP broadcasts AARP probe packets to this address to determine if another node is already using the address If there is no reply the address becomes that node s address If there is a reply AARP repeats this process until an available address is discovered In the Administration Console you can Display the cache Remove entries Flush the cache Displaying the AARP Cache Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route display tokenring aarp remove bridge zone flush ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout Administering the AARP Cache You can display the AARP cache for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational To display the contents of the AARP cache From the Administration
41. P agent immediately sends a broadcast to all of its directly connected segments except the segment from which the information was received This broadcast packet contains information regarding the server change that occurred This information is also reflected in all future periodic broadcasts SAP Aging Router SAP agents implement an aging mechanism to handle those conditions for example hardware failure power glitch power outage that cause a SAP agent to go down suddenly without sending a DOWN broadcast SAP agents maintain a timer for each entry in their server information table that keeps track of how much time has elapsed since information was received concerning a particular table entry Since this information is either new or changed the SAP agents that receive this information immediately pass it on and the change is quickly permeated throughout the internetwork The Elements of IPX Routing 5 15 SAP Request Handling When a SAP agent receives a general request a SAP response packet containing information about all servers of any type known to the SAP agent is sent to the sending source This response includes the same information sent out in a periodic broadcast When the request is specific the SAP agent sends a SAP response directly to the requesting node This response contains information regarding all servers of the type asked for by the requesting source as far as the router knows this information 5 16 CHAPTER 5 ROUTIN
42. PRODUCT DOES NOT OPERATE AS WARRANTED ABOVE CUSTOMER S SOLE REMEDY SHALL BE REPAIR REPLACEMENT OR REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID AT 3COM S OPTION THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 3COM NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME FOR IT ANY OTHER LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE OR USE OF ITS PRODUCTS 3COM SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER THIS WARRANTY IF ITS TESTING AND EXAMINATION DISCLOSE THAT THE ALLEGED DEFECT IN THE PRODUCT DOES NOT EXIST OR WAS CAUSED BY CUSTOMER S OR ANY THIRD PERSON S MISUSE NEGLECT IMPROPER INSTALLATION OR TESTING UNAUTHORIZED ATTEMPTS TO REPAIR OR ANY OTHER CAUSE BEYOND THE RANGE OF THE INTENDED USE OR BY ACCIDENT FIRE LIGHTNING OR OTHER HAZARD LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IN NO EVENT WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE SHALL 3COM BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL CONSEQUENTIAL INDIRECT SPECIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES OF ANY KIND OR FOR LOSS OF REVENUE LOSS OF BUSINESS OR OTHER FINANCIAL LOSS ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE USE PERFORMANCE FAILURE OR INTERRUPTION OF ITS PRODUCTS EVEN IF 3COM OR ITS AUTHORIZED RESELLER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Some states do
43. PTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Each EFSM maintains a table of servers on other IPX networks You can Servers either use the Service Advertising Protocol SAP to exchange server Displaying the Server Table Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route tokenring server forwarding rip enhanced sap statistics display static remove flush 1 information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console Each server table contains the following information Name The user defined name of the server Type The type of service provided by the server Node The 6 byte address of the server that can forward packets to the segment Socket The 2 byte socket address on which the server will receive service requests Hops The number of networks that must be crossed to reach the server The maximum number is fifteen Age This is the number of seconds that have elapsed since the last time a server in the table was heard from You can display the server tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational To display the contents of the server table From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx server display Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the server table Separate non consecutive s
44. PX SAP To display IPX SAP statistics Statistics 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter Top Level Menu system ethernet interface ipx statistics sap fadi foie summay 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view IPX SAP statistics tokenring server o rip bridge ee f Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series Ip orwarding bipx enhanced of slots using a dash appletalk 5ap snmp statistics oe i analyzer Statistics are displayed as shown in the example below script logout Slot 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active SAP Received SAP Transmitted SAP dropped 1064015 22493 0 SAP Responses SAP Requests SAP Entries 1063532 45 0 SAP GNS Responses 0 SAP GNS Requests 438 The IPX SAP statistics you can view are described in Table 8 3 Table 8 3 PX SAP Statistics Field Description SAP Received umber of IPX SAP packets received SAP Transmitted umber of IPX SAP packets transmitted SAP Dropped umber of IPX SAP packets dropped SAP Responses umber of IPX SAP Responses that have been processed SAP Requests umber of IPX SAP Requests that have been processed SAP Entries umber of servers in the server table SAP GNS Responses umber of IPX SAP Get Nearest Service Responses that have been received SAP GNS Requests umber of IPX SAP Get Nearest Service Requests processed Displaying Statistics 8 17 Dis
45. RIP packets but does not broadcast periodic or triggered RIP updates or respond to RIP requests Active The EFSM processes all incoming RIP packets responds to explicit requests for routing information and broadcasts periodic and triggered RIP updates Top Level M CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING RIP default mode enu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip P ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route server forwarding Drip enhanced sap statistics By default RIP is off To set the RIP operating mode From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx rip Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to set the RIP mode Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the RIP mode off passive or active To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt Setting the Enha nced RIP Mode Enhanced RIP default Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip b ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route server forwarding rip B enhanced sap statistics Standard IPX RIP packets can include up to 50 route advertisements but some routers allow up to 68 Enhanced RIP mode increases the number of entries in a RIP packet that the EFSM will accept allowing the EFSM to have greater interoperability with routers that do not exp
46. Replies umber of ZIP extended replies sent outGniRequests Number of ZIP GetNetInfo packets sent outGniReplies umber of ZIP GetNetInfo reply packets sent out of this port outzonelnvs umber of times this entity has sent a ZIP GetNetInfo reply with the zone invalid bit set in response to a GetNetInfo request with an invalid zone name outAddrinvs Number of times this entity had to broadcast a ZIP GetNetInfo reply because the GetNetInfo request had an invalid address The NBP handles the translations between the numeric internet address and the alphanumeric entity names used by AppleTalk To display NBP statistics From the Administration Console top level menu enter appletalk statistics nbp Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view NBP statistics Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash An example of summary statistics is shown below Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled inLkupReqs inBcastRegs inFwdRegs inLkupReplies 3093 611 5951 0 inErrors 0 Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9 17 The NBP statistics you can view are described in Table 9 4 Table 9 4 NBP Statistics Field Description inLkupReqs umber of NBP Lookup Requests received inBcastsReqs umber of NBP Broadcast Requests received inFwdReqs umber of NBP Forward Requests received nLkupReplies umber of NBP Lookup Replies received inErrors umber of NBP packets received that we
47. Routing AppleTalk Routing For information on how to gain access to online help to use scripts and to exit from the Administration Console see the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide 1 2 CHAPTER 1 LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES Using Menus to When you gain access to the Administration Console the top level menu Perform Tasks appears The Extended Switching software contains two new top level menus IPX and AppleTalk and enhancements to the IP menu option Option Descriptions Menu options system Administer system level functions ethernet Administer Ethernet ports 5 fddi Administer FDDI resources Options tokenring Administer Token Ring Resources These vary per bridge Administer bridging level of access ip Administer IP ipx Administer IPX appletalk Administer Appletalk snmp Administer SNMP analyzer Administer Roving Analysis E script Run a script of console commands logout Logout of the Administration Console Type for help Select a menu option The following sections show the new and enhanced menus provided with Extended Switching software All other menu items appear in the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1 3 IP Menu From the ip menu you can view information about and configure Internet Protocol IP interfaces and routes You can also administer the Address Resolution Protocol ARP the Routing Informat
48. San LANPLEX 6000 EXTENDED 3 SWITCHING USER GUIDE Part No 801 00257 000 Published December 1995 Revision 01 3Com Corporation 5400 Bayfront Plaza m Santa Clara California m 95052 8154 3Com Corporation 1995 All rights reserved No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work such as translation transformation or adaptation without permission from 3Com Corporation 3Com Corporation reserves the right to revise this documentation and to make changes in content from time to time without obligation on the part of 3Com Corporation to provide notification of such revision or change 3Com Corporation provides this documentation without warranty of any kind either implied or expressed including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose 3Com may make improvements or changes in the product s and or the program s described in this documentation at any time UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT LEGENDS If you are a United States government agency then this documentation and the software described herein are provided to you subject to the following restricted rights For units of the Department of Defense Restricted Rights Legend Use duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii for restricted Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clau
49. TP relay agent are modified and then forwarded through the router The following are the ports for the UDP services mentioned in this section on UDP Helper m BOOTP including DHCP 67 a TIME 37 a DNS 53 UDP Helper allows you to configure the amount of time a UDP packet is forwarded between subnetworks UDP packets are discarded based on the hop count and seconds value only for BOOTP and DHCP Displaying UDP You can display the Hop and Threshold configuration and list the ports with Helper Information their IP forwarding addresses that are defined for each switching module in your LANplex system To display UDP Helper information Tap sevet Ment 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system is ip udpHelper display l 3 tokenring metae D display Ries ar define 2 Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to display ip 5 int perni ogonami the UDP Helper information Separate non consecutive slots with commas orwarding a A rip threshold Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash analyzer ping gt y 3 AR statistics The contents of the UDP Helper are displayed as shown in the example paou below Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled BOOTP relay hopcount limit is 4 BOOTP relay threshold is 0 UDP port forwarding address 67 lt 158 101 1 112 7 12 CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Defining a Port and IP Forwarding Top Level Menu system eth
50. You are prompted for a node address Enter the address of the node you want to ping If the node is accessible you receive a response Viewing Appletalk Statistics Displaying DDP Statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route ddp tokenring aarp rtmp bridge zone zip ip forwarding nbp ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp D statistics analyzer script logout You can view statistics specific to the following AppleTalk protocols Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP Zone Information Protocol ZIP Name Binding Protocol NBP To display DDP statistics From the Administration Console top level menu enter appletalk statistics ddp Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view AppleTalk Statistics Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash 9 12 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING An example of summary statistics is shown below Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled inReceives inForwards inLocals inNoRoutes 1311732 113171 17906 22 inNoClients inTooShorts inTooLongs inShortDdps 0 0 0 0 inCsumErrors inBcastErrors inTooFars inDiscards 0 0 0 54 outLocals 15600 The AppleTalk DDP statistics you can view are described in Table 9 1 Table 9 1 AppleTalk Statistics Field Description inReceives Total number of packets received including those with error
51. address 158 101 4 0 Enter subnet mask 255 255 0 0 255 255 255 0 Enter gateway IP address 158 101 2 8 7 8 CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Removing a Route To remove a route Top Level Menu 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter system ate ip route remove ment l display po Ba ale 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove a Ip ix udpHelper fF TS static route forwarding appletalk rip default snmp i noDefault analyzer P9 3 Enter the destination IP address of the route script logout 4 Enter the subnet mask of the route The route is immediately deleted from the routing table Flushing a Route Flushing deletes all learned routes from the routing table To flush all learned routes wee Menur 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter system chee ip route flush tokenring oo display bridge Li static 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to delete the i udpHelper Ip nich learned routes appletalk forwarding default snmp si noDefault All learned routes are immediately deleted from the routing table hee statistics logout Setting the Default The default route is used by the switching module to forward packets that Route do not match any other routing table entry A switching module can learn a default route using RIP or you can configure a default route statically To statically configure the default ro
52. al screen for example Login Text represented as commands This typeface is used to represent commands that you enter for example bridge stpState disabled continued LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 Table 2 Text Conventions continued Convention Description Keys When specific keys are referred to in the text they are called out by their labels such as the Return key or the Escape key or they may be shown as Return or Esc If two or more keys are to be pressed simultaneously the keys are linked with a plus sign for example Press Ctrl Alt Del Italics Italics are used to denote new terms or emphasis LANplex 6000 The following documents comprise the LANplex 6000 documentation set Documentation If you want to order a document that you do not have or order additional documents contact your sales representative for assistance LANplex 6000 Unpacking Instructions Describe how to unpack your LANplex system It also provides you with an inventory list of all the items shipped with your system Shipped with system LANplex 6000 Software Release Notes Provide information about the software release including new features and bug fixes It also provides information about any changes to the LANplex system s documentation Shipped with system LANplex 6000 Planning Your Site Provides information on the planning requirements you should consider when preparing your site for a LANp
53. are immediately removed Setting the Hop Count Limit Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface tokenring display gt route a N ipx pant hopCountLimit appletalk i mg threshold snmp p ping analyzer ar Statistics script logout Setting the BOOTP Relay Threshold Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface 2 3 Enabling Disabling IP Forwarding 7 13 You can set the maximum hop count that a packet is forwarded through the router The range is 0 through 16 The default is 4 To set the hop count limit From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip udpHelper hopCountLimit Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to set the hop count limit Enter the BOOTP relay hop count limit You can set the maximum time limit that a packet is forwarded through the router If zero is used as the value the seconds field is ignored by the router If a non zero value is used the router uses that value along with the hop count value to determine whether to forward the UDP packet To set the BOOTP relay threshold tokenring display bridge Toute define oe Dip ee remove 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ipx i P ee hopCountLimit appletalk ie MI p threshold ip udpHelper threshold snmp i analyzer ping S script ieee 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to set the BOOTP Pgo relay threshold 3 Enter t
54. ation Host Figure 3 6 Bridging and the LANplex Bridging Routing Model Bridging Routing Models 3 7 In the LANplex bridging routing model a packet is routed as follows see Figure 3 7 The packet enters the module The packet s destination address is examined by the bridging layer The destination address corresponds to the address of one of the module ports configured for routing as opposed to a learned end station address The packet is passed to the router interface associated with the port on which the packet was received The routing layer a Selects a destination interface based on the destination network address b Determines the MAC address of the next hop either the destination host or another gateway c Passes the packet back to the bridging layer The bridging layer then selects a segment port based on the destination MAC address and forwards the packet to that segment Transmitting Host 4 Router TA zae Routing Layer I l i y R gt 2 i 3 Router Interfaces i T L f i eae tl F I i Bridge l i Op vO Bridging Layer A i 3 i oa o A i Subnets i 1i 2 3 tj i gt l i y L Destination Host Figure 3 7 Routing in the LANplex Bridging Routing Model 3 8 CHAPTER 3 ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM 4 ROUTING WITH IP wo
55. ay define modify remove route menu isplay static remove flush server menu isplay static remove flush statistics menu summary rip sap forwarding Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1 5 AppleTalk Menu From the appletalk menu you can view information about and configure Appletalk interfaces routes and zones You can also administer the Appletalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP Appletalk forwarding and statistics See Figure 1 3 For example to define a new appletalk interface you would enter appletalk at the top level menu interface at the AppleTalk menu then define at the interface menu Top Level Menu appletalk menu interface menu system Dinterface __________ _ display ethernet route efine fddi DP aarp remove tokenring zone bridge forwarding route menu ip checksum isplay ipx ping flush appletak p statistics snmp aarp menu analyzer isplay script remove logout flush statistics menu dp rtmp zip nbp Figure 1 3 AppleTalk Menu Hierarchy 1 6 CHAPTER 1 LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES oe eee e t e gt INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE This chapter explains how to install Extended Switching software onto your system Refer to the LANplex 6000 Release Notes for the latest system software installation information About Installing Software A When you upgrade to the Extended Switching S
56. ding Protocol NBP described later in this chapter translates device names into AppleTalk addresses AppleTalk Zones AppleTalk Network Elements 6 3 An AppleTalk zone is a logical collection of nodes on an AppleTalk internet A zone can include all nodes in a single network or a collection of nodes in different networks You assign a unique name to each zone to identify it in the internet Figure 6 1 illustrates the relationship between physical AppleTalk networks and logical AppleTalk zones Network 8 8 L z al L Hh Bo Network 20 40 Network 47 47 Zone Administration O Zone Accounting E Zone Marketing C Figure 6 1 AppleTalk Networks and Zones Figure 6 1 shows an AppleTalk internet with three networks 47 47 20 40 and 8 8 Three AppleTalk zones span the networks in this internet administration accounting and marketing Network 20 40 includes two nodes in the administration zone and five nodes in the accounting zone Network 47 47 includes a node from the accounting zone as well as the marketing nodes Network 8 8 consists of nodes in the administration zone only Creating zones within a network reduces the amount of searching a router has to do to find a resource on the network For example you may want to gain access to a printer on the network Instead of searching the whole network for that printer the router searches for it within a particular zone
57. e by Zones Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled Zone Holmdel is assigned to 2 networks 21105 21105 21010 21010 Zone NY is assigned to 2 networks 63535 63535 2010 2015 Zone Manchester UK is assigned to 1 network 10310 10329 Zone DC8 is assigned to 1 network 30110 30129 Zone Chicago is assigned to 1 network 22030 22030 Zone Startek Enetl is assigned to 1 network 20033 20033 Zone Startek TR1 is assigned to 1 network 20037 20037 Zone Test GmbH is assigned to 1 network 12010 12012 Zone Madrid3Com is assigned to 1 network 14010 14029 Zone NSDEng is assigned to 1 network 32910 32910 9 10 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Configuring Forwarding Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route tokenring aarp bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout You can control whether the router forwards or discards AppleTalk packets addressed to other hosts When you enable forwarding the router processes packets as usual forwarding AppleTalk packets from one subnet to another when required When you disable IP forwarding the router discards any AppleTalk packets not addressed directly to one of its defined interfaces At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk forwarding Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to enable AppleTalk forwarding Enter enable or disable at the prompt Co
58. e no routing protocol is used or where you want to override some of the servers generated with a routing servers protocol Because static servers do not CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX automatically change in response to network topology changes you should only manually configure a small number of servers Dynamic Routes Using SAP The automated method of adding and removing services help you keep up with a changing network environment allowing servers to advertise their services and addresses quickly and reliably SAP provides this automated method As servers are booted up they advertise their services using SAP When servers are brought down they use SAP to indicate that their services are no longer available The information that these servers broadcast is not directly used by clients but instead is collected by a SAP agent within each router on the server s segment The SAP agents store this information in the server information table Clients can then contact the nearest router or file server SAP agent for server information Server Information Maintenance When a router s SAP agent receives a SAP broadcast response indicating a change in the internetwork server configuration for example a server has gone down been brought up or is accessible through a better route the agent must update its server information table and inform other SAP agents of these changes To relay this information to the rest of the internetwork the SA
59. e packet toward its destination The routing table consists of the following elements Interface Identifies the router s interface that will be used to reach the specific network segment Address Identifies the addresses for segments that the router currently knows exists The Elements of IPX Routing 5 9 Hops to Network Provides the number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment Ticks to Network Provides an estimate of the time necessary to reach the destination segment Node The node address of the router that can forward packets to each segment When set to all zeroes the route is directly connected Aging Timer The time since the network s last update Figure 5 4 shows a typical example of a routing information table Routing Table Interface Address Ticks Node Age 1 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 45469f30 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 45469133 08 00 17 04 33 45 40 Figure 5 4 Routing Table Example Generating Routes The routing information table is generated and updated as follows Statically You manually enter routes which do not change until you change them they do not time out Dynamically The router uses RIP to exchange information Routes are recalculated at regular intervals Static Routes A static route is one you manually configure in the routing table Static routes are useful in environments where no routing protocol is used or where you want to override some
60. e tte tese This chapter gives an overview of IP routing specifically defining a What IP routing involves m What elements are necessary for IP routers to effectively transmit packets a How IP routing transmission errors are detected and resolved IP Routing and An IP router unlike a bridge operates at the network layer of the OSI the OSI Model Reference Model This means that it routes packets by examining the network layer address IP address Bridges use the data link layer MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions See Figure 4 1 OSI Reference Model RIP IP Network Layer ICMP ARP_ Data link Layer MAC Figure 4 1 OSI Reference Model and IP Routing 4 2 CHAPTER 4 ROUTING WITH IP When an IP router sends a packet over multiple physical networks it does not know the complete path to a destination only the next hop Each hop involves the following The IP routing algorithm computes the next hop IP address the next router interface using the routing table entries ARP translates the next hop IP address into a physical MAC address The router sends the packet over the network to the next hop These routing elements are described in more detail in the following section The Elements of IP Routing IP Addresses IP Routers use the following elements to transmit packets in a subnetted environment IP addresses Router interfaces
61. ed reference materials 3Com makes no warranty that its software products will work in combination with any hardware or applications software products provided by third parties that the operation of the software products will be uninterrupted or error free or that all defects in the software products will be corrected For any third party products listed in the 3Com software product documentation or specifications as being compatible 3Com will make reasonable efforts to provide compatibility except where the non compatibility is caused by a bug or defect in the third party s product STANDARD WARRANTY SERVICE Standard warranty service for hardware products may be obtained by delivering the defective product accompanied by a copy of the dated proof of purchase to 3Com s Corporate Service Center or to an Authorized 3Com Service Center during the applicable warranty period Standard warranty service for software products may be obtained by telephoning 3Com s Corporate Service Center or an Authorized 3Com Service Center within the warranty period Products returned to 3Com s Corporate Service Center must be pre authorized by 3Com with a Return Material Authorization RMA number marked on the outside of the package and sent prepaid insured and packaged appropriately for safe shipment The repaired or replaced item will be shipped to Customer at 3Com s expense not later than thirty 30 days after receipt by 3Com WARRANTIES EXCLUSIVE IF A 3COM
62. enu system fddi tokenring bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout ethernet interface route aarp zone forwarding checksum ping statistics display P define remove When you define an interface you define the interface s network range zone name and the EFSM ports associated with the interface To define an AppleTalk interface At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk interface define Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to define an interface You are prompted for the interface s parameters To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt The following message appears Configure seed interface n y yl Enter n no or y yes Enter the start of the network range associated with the interface 9 4 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING 5 6 Removing an Enter the end of the network range associated with the interface Enter the default zone name The default zone name is used by clients that have not been configured to use a particular zone Enter the zone name You can enter up to 16 zone names per interface Type q after entering all the zone names Enter the ports you want to include on the interface Separate non consecutive ports with commas Enter a consecutive series of ports using a dash You may want to remove an interface if you no longer perform routing on Interface
63. enu 1 5 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE About Installing Software 2 1 Copying Software to a Hard Disk 2 1 Copying toUNIX 2 2 Copying to DOS 2 3 Loading Software 2 4 PART Il ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS ROUTING AND THE LANPLEX SYSTEM What is Routing 3 1 LANplex in a Subnetted Environment 3 2 Integrating Bridging and Routing 3 3 Bridging Routing Models 3 4 Traditional Bridging Routing Model 3 4 LANplex Bridging Routing Model 3 6 ROUTING WITH IP IP Routing and the OSI Model 4 1 The Elements of IP Routing 4 2 IP Addresses 4 2 Address Classes 4 3 The Subnet Part of the IP Address 4 3 Router Interfaces 4 4 Routing Table 4 5 Static Routes 4 6 Dynamic Routes Using RIP 4 6 Default Route 4 7 Address Resolution Protocol ARP 4 7 IP Routing Transmission Errors 4 9 IP Routing References 4 10 ROUTING WITH IPX IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment 5 1 Internet Packet Exchange IPX 5 2 Routing Information Protocol RIP 5 3 Service Advertising Protocol SAP 5 3 How IPX Routing Works 5 4 IPX Packet Format 5 4 IPX Packet Delivery 5 6 Sending Node s Responsibility 5 6 Router s Responsibility 5 7 The Elements of IPX Routing 5 8 Router Interfaces 5 8 Routing Tables 5 8 Generating Routes 5 9 Selecting the Best Route 5 10 PART Ill Service Advertising Protocol SAP 5 10 Internetwork Service Information 5 10 SAP Packet Structure 5 11 Server Information Table 5 13 Server Information Maintenance 5 14 ROUTING W
64. er of IPX packets dropped Msg Pool Empty Number of IPX RIP or IPX SAP messages delivered to the IPX application that are dropped due to resource limitations Displaying IPX RIP To display IPX RIP statistics Statistics Displaying Statistics 8 15 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter Top Level Menu ipx statistics rip system ae eg a 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view IPX RIP statistics tokenring server rip Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series bridge forwarding sap of slots using a dash Ip rip forwarding g P ipx enhanced appletalk S P snmp B statistics Statistics appear as in the example below analyzer script logout Slot 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active RIP Received 106195 RIP Responses 100552 RIP Transmitted RIP dropped 7929 0 RIP Requests RIP Entries 5643 2 The IPX RIP statistics you can view are described in Table 8 2 Table 8 2 IPX RIP Statistics Field Description RIP Received umber of IPX RIP packets received RIP Transmitted umber of IPX RIP packets transmitted RIP Dropped umber of IPX RIP packets dropped RIP Responses umber of IPX RIP Responses that have been processed RIP Requests umber of IPX RIP Requests that have been processed RIP Entries umber of routes in the routing table 8 16 CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying I
65. erate as warranted during the applicable warranty period 3Com shall at its option and expense repair the defective product or part deliver to Customer an equivalent product or part to replace the defective item or refund to Customer the purchase price paid for the defective product All products that are replaced will become the property of 3Com Replacement products may be new or reconditioned Any replaced or repaired product or part has a ninety 90 day warranty or the remainder of the initial warranty period whichever is longer 3Com shall not be responsible for any software firmware information or memory data of Customer contained in stored on or integrated with any products returned to 3Com pursuant to any warranty SOFTWARE 3Com warrants that the software programs licensed from it will perform in substantial conformance to the program specifications therefor for a period of ninety 90 days from the date of purchase from 3Com or its Authorized Reseller 3Com warrants the magnetic media containing software against failure during the warranty period No updates are provided 3Com s sole obligation hereunder shall be at 3Com s discretion to refund the purchase price paid by Customer for any defective software products or to replace any defective media with software which substantially conforms to 3Com s applicable published specifications Customer assumes responsibility for the selection of the appropriate applications program and associat
66. ernet oi interface tokenring bridge tis i udpHelper R forwarding appletalk i snmp ia analyzer statistics script logout Address display define remove hopCountLimit threshold Removing a Port and IP Forwarding Top Level Menu system ethernet foi interface tokenring h bridge a S a udpHelper P forwarding appletalk snmp a analyzer statistics script logout Address display define remove hopCountLimit threshold 2 3 4 You can define port numbers and IP forwarding addresses for the UDP Helper You can have up to 32 combinations of port numbers IP forwarding addresses per router You can also have multiple IP address entries for the same ports To define port numbers and IP forwarding addresses From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip udpHelper define Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to define port numbers and IP forwarding addresses Enter the port numbers and IP forwarding addresses you want to define To remove a port number or IP forwarding address defined for UDP Helper From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip udpHelper remove Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove an port number IP forwarding address Enter the UDP port number that you want to remove Enter the IP forwarding address that you want to remove The port numbers IP forwarding addresses
67. etwork 000000BB Node 000000000003 Socket 0451 000000000001 4003 Node Node 000000000020 000000000021 MAC Header MAC Header Destination Node 000000000020 Destination Node 000000000003 Source Node 000000000001 Source Node 000000000021 IPX Header IPX Header Checksum Checksum Packet Length Packet Length Tranport Control Tranport Control Packet Type Packet Type Dest Network 000000BB Dest Network 000000BB Dest Node 000000000003 Dest Node 000000000003 Dest Socket 0451 Dest Socket 0451 Source Network 000000AA Source Network 000000AA Source Node 000000000001 Source Node 000000000001 Source Socket 4003 Source Socket 4003 Data Figure 5 3 IPX Packet Routing Sending Node s Responsibility When a node wants to send information to another node with the same network number the sending node can simply address and send packets directly to the destination node However if the two nodes have different network numbers the sending node must find a router on its own segment that can forward packets to the destination node s network segment To find this router the sending node broadcasts a RIP packet requesting the best route to the destination node s network number The router residing on the sending nodes segment with the shortest path to the destination How IPX Routing Works 5 7 segment responds to the RIP request The router s response includes its network and node add
68. final destination and their hop count would exceed 15 inDiscards Number of DDP Datagrams thrown out during the routing process outLocals Number of host generated DDP datagrams To display RTMP statistics From the Administration Console top level menu enter appletalk statistics rtmp Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view RTMP statistics Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash An example of summary statistics is shown below Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled inDatas inRequests outDatas outRequests 7204 0 4865 6 routeEqChgs routeLessChgs routeDeletes routeOverflows 0 0 0 0 inVersionErrs inOtherErrs 0 119 The RTMP statistics you can view are described in Table 9 2 Table 9 2 RTMP Statistics Field Description inDatas Number of good RTMP data packets received inRequests Number of good RTMP request packets received outDatas Number of good RTMP data packets sent outRequests Number of RTMP request packets sent continued 9 14 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Table 9 2 RTMP Statistics continued Field Description routeEqChgs Number of times RTMP changes the Next Internet Router in a routing entry because the hop count advertised in a routing table was equal to the current hop count for a particular network routeLessChgs Number of times RTMP changes the Next Internet Router in a routing entry because the hop cou
69. for which you want to set the RIP mode Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the SAP mode off passive Of active Jo use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt 8 14 CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying The Administration Console allows you to display four types of IPX related Statistics statistics a PX Summary statistics m PX RIP statistics m PX SAP statistics a PX Forwarding statistics Displaying IPX To display IPX summary statistics Summary Statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip b ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx statistics summary interface route summary 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view IPX statistics server rip forwarding sap Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series rip fi di nad ag of slots using a dash sap porig Statistics appear as in the example below Slot 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active Received Transmitted Dropped Msg Pool Empty 1170878 565099 0 0 The IPX summary statistics you can view are described in Table 8 1 Table 8 1 IPX Summary Statistics Field Description Received Number of IPX packets received Transmitted Number of IPX packets transmitted Dropped Numb
70. full you can use a different directory In this case substitute the actual directory used for Jusr in this and subsequent examples Insert diskette 1 into a disk drive these instructions assume drive fd0 Extract the first part of the LANplex software file using the following commands cd usr 1p6000R tar xvf dev rfd0 Remove diskette 1 using the following command eject Insert diskette 2 into a disk drive and extract the second part of the file using the following commands tar xvf dev rfd0 Remove diskette 2 using the following command eject The following files should be in your current default directory a READMEL1 1p6000R00 1p6000R01 1p6000R02 mw restore_lpxR Copying to DOS gt gt Copying Software to a Hard Disk 2 3 Use the supplied script to decompress and restore the split file 1p6000R00 1p6000R01 and 1p6000R02 restore_lpxR See the README1 file for size and checksum information The LANplex software for a DOS based hard disk is distributed on two floppy diskettes Diskette 1 contains the LANplex software Diskette 2 contains the SNMP MIBs The SNMP MIBs on diskette 3 are provided so that you can compile on 3rd party applications To copy software to a DOS hard disk follow the instructions below If the directory Ip6000R does not exist on your computer create the directory before proceeding Insert diskette 1 into a dis
71. g Router Interfaces Routing Tables IPX routers use the following elements to transmit packets over an intranetwork Router interfaces Routing tables SAP A router interface is the connection between the router and the network number address In traditional routing models the interface would be the same as the port since only one interface could exist per port In the LANplex system s IPX routing more than one port can be connected to the network number Therefore the router interface is the relationship between the ports and the network number address in your IPX network Each router interface has a network address This address defines the network number that the router interface is attached to A router interface s IPX address serves two functions It is used when sending IPX packets to or from the router itself It defines the network number of the segment connected to that interface A routing table holds information about all the network segments It allows a router to send a packet toward its ultimate destination using the best possible route The routing information table contains an entry for every network number that the router currently knows exists A router uses the routing information table when the destination network number of the packet it is sending is not on a network to which it is directly connected The routing information table provides the immediate address of a forwarding router that can forward th
72. he BOOTP relay threshold Enabling You can control whether a switching module forwards or discards IP packets Disabling IP addressed to other hosts When you enable IP forwarding the switching Forwarding module acts as a normal IP router forwarding IP packets from one subnet to another when required When you disable IP forwarding the switching module discards any IP packets not addressed directly to one of its defined IP interfaces IP forwarding default By default IP forwarding is enabled on all switching modules Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout arp ip udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics interface route CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING To enable or disable IP forwarding From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip forwarding Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to enable IP forwarding Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the IP forwarding state enable or disable Setting the RIP Mode Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge snmp analyzer script logout arp Pip udpHelper ipx f di appletalk Nee ng ping statistics RIP default mode interface route You can select a RIP mode that is appropriate for your network RIP can operate in any of three modes Off
73. he routing table 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter chee aie p appletalk route display ie ame a 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the routing ipx checksum table Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive et a series of slots using a dash ae An example of a routing table display is shown below logout Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled Network Range Distance Interface State Ta 10 good 3 4 good 0 14 6 good 5 19 7 good 61 6 good 100 100 10 good 201 300 7 good 2010 2015 2 good 0009 10009 5 good 0010 10010 fh good 0060 10060 8 good 0110 10113 5 good 0116 10117 5 good 0118 10118 6 good 0119 10119 4 good 0120 10120 7 good 0122 10122 9 good 0310 10329 10 good 0410 10410 8 good 1010 11019 9 good 9 6 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Flushing all Routes Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route display tokenring aarp flush 1 bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum Dappletalk ping Flushing deletes all dynamically learned routes from the routing table To flush all learned routes At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk route flush snmp statistics 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM S for which you want to flush all learned analyzer script routes logout Administering AARP allows hardware addresses to be mapped to an AppleTalk protocol the AAR
74. hip between the ports on your EFSMs and the subnets in your network You must define one interface for each group of ports that are connected to the same subnet This means that every EFSM has one interface defined for each network to which it is directly connected The maximum number of interfaces you can configure per router is 18 An AppleTalk interface has the following information associated with it Seed Interface You can configure the interface to be a seed interface or nonseed interface Seed interfaces initialize the network with the configuration information the administrator enters network range address zone name and ports Nonseed interfaces wait and listen for a seed interface and then take this configuration initialization information from the first seed interface they hear After the nonseed interface obtains a network configuration it begins to participate in the routing of the network Network Range A range of numbers used to designate a network segment s identity This allows the physical segment between two LANplex systems to be a range of multiple networks Address The AARP address based on the network range and the network node 1 253 Zone The default zone name as well as up to 15 additional defined zones Ports A single interface may contain several bridge ports All of the ports corresponding to one interface share the same AppleTalk address cost and format An EFSM contains a maximum of eighteen
75. ing Routes Each EFSM maintains a table of routes to other IPX networks You can either use the Routing Information Protocol RIP to exchange routing information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console Each routing table entry contains the following information Address The 4 byte IPX network address of a segment currently known to the router Hops The number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment The maximum number of routers a packet can cross is fifteen The maximum number of routers an IPX NetBIOS packet can cross is seven Tics An estimate of how long it will take the packet to reach this segment A tic is approximately 55 milliseconds Node The 6 byte address of the router that can forward packets to the segment A node address of all zeroes 00 00 00 00 00 00 means that the route is connected directly to the router Age This is the number of seconds that have elapsed since the last time the route was heard from CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Displaying the Routing Table Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip D ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout Defining a Static Route interface D route server forwarding remove rip enhanced sap statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip D ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface P route se
76. into flash memory takes approximately 10 to 15 minutes to complete depending on your network load To load the system software From the top level of the Administration Console enter system softwareUpdate You are prompted for the Host IP address Install file path name User name and Password The current values are displayed in brackets To use the value in brackets press Return The password field does not display what you enter Enter the IP address of the host machine from which you are installing the software such as a Sun workstation or PC In the following example the IP address of the host is 192 9 200 96 Enter the complete path and file name For DOS system syntax you must precede the full pathname with a forward slash For example if you are loading software from a DOS host enter the following at the Install Filename prompt c 1p6000R 1p6000R Enter your user name Enter your password You must enter a value for this field Loading Software 2 5 See the following screen for an example of the software installation prompts Host IP address 192 9 200 14 192 9 200 96 Install file path name usr 1p6000R 1p6000R User name ronnyk Password After the software is loaded you are notified that installation has been completed Installation complete If the LANplex executable software image stored in Flash is corrupted for example when a power failure occurs while you are updating software
77. ion Protocol RIP UDP Helper IP Forwarding and ping IP stations See Figure 1 1 For example to define a new IP interface you would enter ip at the top level menu interface at the ip menu then define at the interface menu Top Level Menu ip menu interface menu system P interface ___________ _ display ethernet route define fddi Darp modify tokenring udphelper remove bridge forwarding dip rip route menu ipx ping display appletalk statistics static snmp remove analyzer flush script default logout noDefault arp menu isplay remove flush udphelper menu isplay efine remove hopCountLimit threshold Figure 1 1 IP Menu Hierarchy CHAPTER 1 LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES IPX Menu From the ipx menu you can view information about and configure Internet Packet Exchange IPX interfaces routes and servers You can also administer the Routing Information Protocol RIP Enhanced RIP mode Service Advertising Protocol SAP and statistics See Figure 1 2 For example to define a new IPX interface you would enter ipx at the top level menu interface at the iox menu then define at the interface menu Top Level Menu ipx menu system DP interface ethernet DP route fddi server tokenring forwarding bridge rip ip enhanced dip sap appletalk statistics snmp analyzer script logout Figure 1 2 IPX Menu Hierarchy interface menu displ
78. ized service provider Country Australia Sydney Melbourne Belgium Brazil Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Telephone Number 61 2 959 3020 61 3 653 9515 0800 71429 55 11 546 0869 905 882 9964 800 17309 0800 113153 05 917959 0130 821502 852 868 9111 1 800 553117 1678 79489 wa These numbers are toll free Country Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan United Arab Emirates U K U S Telephone Number 81 3 3345 7251 525 531 0591 06 0227788 800 13376 65 538 9368 27 11 803 7404 900 983125 120 795482 886 2 577 4352 971 4 349049 0800 966197 1 408 492 1790 Returning Products for Repair 10 25 95 A product sent directly to 3Com for repair must first be assigned a Return Materials Authorization RMA number A product sent to 3Com without an RMA number will be returned to the sender unopened at the sender s expense To obtain an RMA number call or fax Country Telephone Number Fax Number U S and Canada Europe Outside Europe U S and Canada 800 876 3266 option 2 31 30 60 29900 option 5 1 408 492 1790 408 764 7120 44 1442 275822 1 408 764 7290 INDEX Numerics 3Com Bulletin Board Service 3ComBBS A 1 3Com sales offices A 4 3ComFacts A 2 A AARP 6 10 AARP cache ad
79. k snmp analyzer script logout route display server define forwarding modify rip remove enhanced sap statistics Removing an Interface Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi tokenring bridge ip D ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout route display server define forwarding modify rip P remove enhanced sap statistics Enter IPX Address 0x45469f30 Enter Frame Format Ethernet II 0 802 2 1 Raw 802 3 2 SNAP 3 1 Enter ports s 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet 1 18 all 3 10 13 16 You may want to change the configuration of an interface you have already defined To modify an IPX interface From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx interface modify Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to modify an interface You are prompted for the interface parameters Press Return at the prompts for which you do not want to modify the value Modify the existing interface parameters by entering a new value at the prompt You may want to remove an interface if you no longer perform routing on the ports associated with the interface To remove an IPX interface definition 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx interface remove 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM from which you want to remove an interface 3 Enter the index number s of the interface s you want to remove Administering Routes 8 5 Administer
80. k drive these instructions assume drive B Copy the system software file to the directory of your computer using the following commands cd 1p6000R copy b 1p6000R exe The file Ip6000R exe is a self extracting archive It decompresses and creates the loadable lanplex file Decompress the file using the following command 1p6000R This creates a file called 1p6000R which you can then load into flash memory CHAPTER 2 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE Loading Software Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout p gt How long will a software load take display softwareUpdate baseline serialPort password name time screenHeight consoleLock panelLock ctlKeys nvData 2 reboot Before loading the system software on the LMM you must verify that the host machine which has a copy of the updated system software is connected to the system by one of the methods described in Chapter 3 Configuring Management Access to the System in the LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide You can load the system software into flash memory while the system is operating You do not need to bring the system down After the flash install is completed a reboot will put the newly loaded software to use If you are loading software from a PC the ftp server must be running on the PC before beginning this procedure Loading software
81. leTalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP which translates hardware addresses to AppleTalk addresses also exists at the datalink layer because it is closely related to the Ethernet and token ring LAPs This protocol is usually included in the definition of each LAP so it does not appear in the reference model Refer to the section About AARP for more information about this protocol The network layer accepts data from the layers above it and divides the data into packets that can be sent over the network through the layers below it One protocol is present at the AppleTalk network layer the Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP The DDP transfers data in packets called datagrams Datagram delivery is the basis for building other AppleTalk services such as electronic mail The DDP allows AppleTalk to run as a process to process best effort delivery system where the processes running in the nodes of interconnected networks can exchange packets with each other The transport layer and the session layer provide end to end services in the AppleTalk network These services ensure that routers transmit data accurately between one another Each layer includes four protocols that work together to support these services This section describes all these protocols and provides more detail for those that you can view using Administration Console Transport Layer Protocols The four transport layer protocols are these The Routing Table Maintenance Pr
82. less protocol does not require an acknowledgment for each packet sent Any packet acknowledgment or connection control must be provided by protocols above IPX IPX defines internetwork and intranode addressing schemes IPX internetwork addressing is based on network numbers that are assigned to each interface in an IPX network IPX intranode addressing is in the form of socket numbers Since several processes are normally operating within a node socket numbers provide a type of mail slot so that each process can distinguish itself to IPX Routing Information Protocol RIP Service Advertising Protocol SAP IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment 5 3 RIP allows the exchange of routing information on a NetWare network IPX routers use RIP to dynamically create and maintain their routing tables RIP allows a router to exchange routing information with a neighboring router As a router becomes aware of any changes in the network layout it broadcasts this information to any neighboring routers IPX routers also send periodic RIP broadcast packets containing all routing information known to the router These broadcasts synchronize all routers on the network and age those networks that might become inaccessible due to a router going down abnormally SAP provides routers and servers that contain SAP agents with a means of exchanging network service information Through SAP servers advertise their services and addresses Routers gather
83. lex 6000 system Shipped with system Part No 801 0025 1 000 LANplex 6000 Getting Started Describes all the procedures necessary for installing cabling powering up configuring management access to and troubleshooting your LANplex sys tem Shipped with system Part No 801 00252 000 LANplex 6000 Operation Guide Provides information to help you understand system management and administration bridging FDDI technology and Token Ring technology It also describes how these concepts are implemented in the LANplex system Shipped with system Part No 801 00253 000 4 ABOUT THIS GUIDE LANplex 6000 Administration Console User Guide Provides information about using the Administration Console to configure and manage your LANplex system Shipped with system Part No 801 00254 000 LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide Describes how the routing protocols are implemented in the LANplex system and provides information about using the Administration Console to configure and manage your routing protocols shipped with the option package Part No 801 257 000 Command Quick Reference for the 6000 Administration Guide Contains all of the Administration Console commands for the LANplex system Shipped with the system Part No 801 000258 000 LANplex 6000 Control Panel User Guide Provides information about using the LANplex 6000 control panel to configure and manage your LANplex system Shipped with system Part No 801 002
84. licitly follow the IPX router implementation guidelines By default enhanced RIP is disabled on all EFSMs To enable or disable enhanced RIP mode From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx enhanced Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to set the enhanced RIP mode Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Enter the enhanced RIP state enabled or disabled To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt Setting the SAP Mode 8 13 Setting the SAP Mode SAP default mode Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip Dipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route server forwarding rip enhanced sap statistics You can select a SAP mode that is appropriate for your network SAP can operate in any of three modes Off The EFSM ignores all incoming SAP packets and does not generate any SAP packets of its own Passive The EFSM processes all incoming SAP packets but does not broadcast periodic or triggered SAP updates or respond to SAP requests Active The EFSM processes all incoming SAP packets responds to explicit requests for routing information and broadcasts periodic and triggered SAP updates By default SAP is off To set the SAP operating mode From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx sap Enter the slot s of the EFSM s
85. llows 158 101 is the network part 230 is the subnet part 52 is the host part A router interface is the connection between the router and a subnet In traditional routing models the interface would be the same as the port since only one interface could exist per port In the LANplex system s IP routing more than one port can be connected to the same subnet Therefore the router interface is the relationship between the ports and the subnets in your IP network Each router interface has an IP address and a subnet mask This address defines both the number of the network the router interface is attached to and its host number on that network A router interface s IP address serves two functions The IP address is used when sending IP packets to or from the router itself The IP address defines the network and subnet numbers of the segment connected to that interface See Figure 4 4 Routing Table The Elements of IP Routing 4 5 Network 2 Network 1 Interfaces 158 101 1 2 v Y 158 101 2 2 158 101 2 1 1 2 __ A Router Interface 1 3 IP Address 158 101 3 2 158 101 3 1 158 101 1 1 A Interface Network 3 Figure 4 4 Router Interfaces A routing table allows a router or host to determine how to send a packet toward the packet s ultimate destination The routing table contains an entry for every destination network subnet or host to which the router or host is capable of f
86. lots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Administering Servers 8 9 In the following example servers known to an EFSM in slot 3 are displayed The configuration of IPX forwarding RIP and SAP is indicated in the display Slot 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active Interface Name Type Network Node Socket Hops Age 2 GB201 39b 8c141bf 08 00 02 04 80 b6 8059 4 73 2 GB3COM2 39b af0bc60f 00 00 00 00 00 01 85fa 4 85 Defining a Static Prior to defining static servers on a given EFSM you must define at least Server one IPX interface see the section Defining an Interface on page 8 3 Static servers remain in the table until you remove them or until you remove the corresponding interface Static servers take precedence over dynamically learned servers to the same destination You can have a maximum of eight static servers To define a static server Top tevel Menu 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ethernet interface ipx server static fddi route display tokenring server P static bridge forwarding remove 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to define a static server ip rip flush ipx enhanced appletalk sap 3 Enter the interface number of the server snmp analyzer script logout statistics 4 Enter the service type of the server 5 Enter the service name of the server 6 Enter the IPX network address of
87. mat is automatically selected for shared Ethernet and FDDI ports Ports A single interface may contain several bridge ports All of the ports corresponding to one interface share the same IPX address cost and encapsulation format An EFSM contains a maximum of eighteen ports two FDDI and sixteen Ethernet The port indices for the maximum configuration are the following 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet You do not have to include every EFSM port in an interface that is some ports may remain unassigned Packets will be bridged to and from unassigned ports However IPX packets will not be forwarded to ports that are not assigned to an IPX interface Administering Interfaces 8 3 Displaying IPX You can display a table that shows all IPX interfaces and their parameter Interfaces settings configured for each EFSM in the system To display IPX interface information Top Level Menu 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter system ethernet interface ipx interface display fddi route display tokenring server define bridge forwarding modify 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the 1p rip R S 3 Pip enhan t S interface information Separate non consecutive slots with commas appletalk sap snmp statistics analyzer script logout Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash As shown in the following example the current configuration is displayed
88. me This field contains the 48 byte character string name that is assigned to a server The Server Name in combination with the Service Type uniquely identifies a server on an internetwork a Network Address This field contains the server s network address Node Address This field contains the server s node address a Socket Address This field contains the socket number the server uses to receive service requests Hops to Server This field indicates the number of intermediate networks that must be passed through to reach the server associated with this field entry Each time the packet passes through an intermediate network the field is incremented by one By using SAP servers can advertise their services and addresses The information that these servers broadcast is not directly used by clients but is collected by a SAP agent within each router on the server s segment The SAP agents store this information in a server information table If the agents reside within a server the information is also stored in their server s bindery The clients can then contact the nearest router or file server SAP agent for server information The SAP broadcasts that servers and routers send are local broadcasts and therefore only received by SAP agents on their connected segments However SAP agents periodically broadcast their server information so that all SAP agents on the internetwork have information about all servers that a
89. ministering 9 6 displaying 9 7 removing an entry from 9 8 address classes 4 3 IP 7 1 IP to MAC translating 7 9 MAC 3 3 network 3 3 Address Resolution Protocol See ARP Administration Console menu descriptions 1 2 top level menu 1 2 ADSP 6 10 AEP 6 8 AppleTalk address resolution protocol AARP 6 10 checksum 9 10 configuring forwarding 9 10 data stream protocol ADSP 6 10 echo protocol AEP 6 8 interface displaying 9 3 main menu 1 5 name binding protocol NBP 6 9 network layer 6 6 nodes 6 2 physical layer 6 5 printer access protocol PAP 6 10 protocols about 6 1 protocols and OSI levels 6 4 routing table maintenance protocol RTMP 6 6 routing tables 6 8 session layer protocol ASP 6 10 Statistics viewing 9 11 ransaction protocol ATP 6 9 zone information protocol ZIP 6 9 zones 6 3 AppleTalk networks 6 2 extended 6 2 nonextended 6 2 AppleTalk node pinging an 9 11 AppleTalk routing 6 1 ARP cache 4 7 defined 4 7 7 9 location in OSI reference model 4 1 reply 4 8 request 4 8 See also ARP cache 7 9 ARP cache 4 7 7 9 displaying 7 9 displaying contents 7 9 flushing 7 10 removing an entry from 7 10 7 12 7 13 ASP 6 10 ATP 6 9 B BOOTP relay threshhold 7 13 bridge menus 1 3 bridging routing LANplex model 3 4 traditional model 3 4 broadcast address 7 2 bulletin board service A 1 C checksum configuring AppleTalk 9 10 chooser Macintosh 6 2 CompuServe A 2 conventions notice ico
90. n on how to administer AppleTalk routing Chapter 9 Information on Technical Support Appendix A Conventions Table 2 Text Conventions Convention Table 1 and Table 2 list conventions that are used throughout this guide Table 1 Notice Icons Icon Type Description Information Note Information notes call attention to important features or instructions Caution Cautions alert you to personal safety risk system damage A or loss of data Warning Warnings alert you to the risk of severe personal injury Description Enter vs Type When the word enter is used in this guide it means type something then press the Return or Enter key Do not press the Return or Enter key when an instruction simply says type Syntax vs Command When the word syntax is used in this guide it indicates that the general form of a command syntax is provided You must evaluate the syntax and supply the appropriate port path value address or string for example The following syntax specifies the time and date mm dd yy hh mm ss When the word command is used in this guide it indicates that all variables in the command have been supplied and you can enter the command as shown in text for example The following command enables Spanning Tree bridge stpState enabled Text represented as screen display This typeface is used to represent displays that appear on your termin
91. ne name which the router compares with entries in the zone table The router then matches the network number from the matching ZIT tuple to that in the RTMP table to find the interface where it can route the packets 6 10 CHAPTER 6 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK The Presentation Layer The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP The ADSP works with the ATP to ensure reliable data transmission Unlike ATP however ADSP provides full duplex byte stream delivery This means that two nodes can communicate simultaneously ASDP also includes flow control so that a fast sender does not overwhelm a slow receiver The AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP The ASP passes commands between a workstation and a server once a connection is made between the two ASP ensures that the commands are delivered in the same order as they were sent and returns the results of these commands to the workstation The Printer Access Protocol PAP The PAP maintains communications between a workstation and a printer or print service The PAP functions include setting up and maintaining a connection transferring the data and tearing down the connection on completion of the job Like other protocols at the session layer PAP relies on NBP to find the addresses of named entities PAP also depends on ATP for sending data The presentation layer maintains information about files formats and translations between formats Two protocols are present at the presentation layer the
92. nfiguring Checksum Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route tokenring aarp bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout Checksum is a simple method used for detecting errors in the transmission of data Checksum generation totals the bytes comprising the data and adds this sum to the end of the data packet Checksum verification allows you to verify the integrity of the data that is routed You can enable or disable checksum generation and verification states To enable or disable checksum generation verification At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk checksum Enter enable or disable at the checksum generation prompt Enter enable or disable at the checksum verification prompt Pinging an AppleTalk Node 9 11 Pinging an AppleTalk Node Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route tokenring aarp bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout The AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP sends a datagram an Echo Request from one node to another which causes the destination node to return or echo the datagram an Echo Reply to the sender This allows you to determine whether a node is accessible before any sessions are started To ping an AppleTalk node At the Administration Console s top level menu enter appletalk ping
93. ng an Interface display define modify remove When you define an interface you define the interface s IP address subnet mask broadcast address cost and the collection of switching module ports associated with the interface To define an IP interface From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip interface define Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to define an interface You are prompted for the interface s parameters To use the value in brackets press Return at the prompt Enter the IP address of the interface Enter the subnet mask of the network to which the interface is to be connected Enter the broadcast address to be used on the interface CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Modifying an Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout D interface route arp udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics Interface display define modify remove Enter the cost value of the interface Enter the port s that you want to include in the interface Separate nonconsecutive ports with commas Enter a consecutive series of ports using a dash See the example below Select slot 3 4 3 4 3 Enter IP address 158 101 1 1 Enter subnet mask 255 255 0 0 255 255 255 0 Enter broadcast address 158 101 1 255 Enter cost 1 Enter ports 1 FDDI 2 9 Ethernet
94. ng protocol such as RIP to exchange information Routes are recalculated at regular intervals Static Routes A static route is one that you manually configure in the routing table Static routes are useful in environments where no routing protocol is used or where you want to override some of the routes generated with a routing protocol Because static routes do not automatically change in response to network topology changes you should manually configure only a small number of reasonably stable routes Dynamic Routes Using RIP Automated methods of configuring routes help you keep up with a changing network environment allowing routes to be reconfigured quickly and reliably Interior Gateway Protocols IGP protocols that operate within networks provide this automated method The LANplex system uses RIP one of the most widely used IGPs to configure its routing tables dynamically RIP operates in terms of active and passive devices The active devices usually routers broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network or subnet they update their own routing tables when they receive a RIP message The passive devices usually hosts listen for RIP messages and update their routing tables they do not send RIP messages Address Resolution Protocol ARP The Elements of IP Routing 4 7 An active router sends a RIP message every 30 seconds This message contains both the IP address and a metric the distance to the destinati
95. nodes AppleTalk Protocols 6 9 The AppleTalk Transaction Protocol ATP ATP along with the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP ensures that DDP packets are delivered to a destination without any losses or corruption The Name Binding Protocol NBP The NBP translates alphanumeric entity names to AppleTalk addresses The NBP maintains a table that references the addresses of nodes and named entities that reside in that node Because each node maintains its own list of named entities the names directory within an AppleTalk network is not centralized It is a distributed database of all nodes on the internet The Session Layer Protocols The four session layer protocols are these The Zone Information Protocol ZIT The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP The AppleTalk Session Layer Protocol ASP The Printer Access Protocol PAP The Zone Information Protocol ZIP ZIP works with RTMP to maintain a table that maps network numbers to network zones for the entire AppleTalk internet Network zones are the logical groupings of AppleTalk networks The table created by ZIP is called the Zone Information Table ZIT The Administration Console allows you to view the zone information table by network number or network zone ZIP creates a zone information table in each router Each entry in the ZIT is a tuple or pair that includes a network number and a network zone name When an NBP packet arrives at the router it includes the zo
96. ns 2 text 2 cost of IP interface 7 2 See also metric D datagram delivery protocol 6 6 datagrams statistics 7 16 data link layer 4 1 DDP statistics 9 11 default route IP defined 4 7 7 6 removing 7 9 setting 7 8 direct route status 7 6 documentation for the LANplex system 3 DOS copying software to 2 3 software media 2 1 dynamic routes 4 6 5 14 See also RIP See also SAP dynamic routes IPX 5 9 E extended network numbers 6 2 extended switching overview 1 1 F fax service See 3ComFacts flushing ARP cache 7 10 learned routes AppleTalk 9 6 learned routes IP 7 8 learned routes IPX 8 7 for 8 8 forwarding configuring AppleTalk 9 10 ftp IP address 7 1 server in software load 2 4 G gateway IP address 7 5 routing table and the 4 5 See also router H hard disk copying software to 2 1 l ICMP defined 4 9 echo request and reply 7 15 Echo Reply 4 9 Echo Request 4 9 ping and 7 15 Redirect 4 9 Time Exceeded 4 9 installing software 2 1 interface defining an IP 7 3 interface AppleTalk defining an 9 3 displaying an 9 3 removing an 9 4 interface IP displaying an 7 3 parts of 7 1 parts of an 7 2 removing definition 7 5 interface IPX defining an 8 3 displaying an 8 3 modifying an 8 4 removing an 8 4 Interior Gateway Protocols IGP 4 6 5 9 Internet address See IP address Internet Control Message Protocol See ICMP Internet Protocol See IP intranetwork ro
97. nt advertised in a routing table was less than the current hop count for a particular network routeDeletes umber of times RTMP deletes a route because it was aged out of the table routeOverflows umber of times RTMP attempted to add a route to the RTMP table but failed due to lack of space inVersionErrs umber of RTMP packets received that were rejected due to a version mismatch inOtherErrs umber of RTMP packets received that were rejected for an error other than due to a version mismatch Displaying ZIP To display ZIP statistics Information 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter Top Level Menu appletalk statistics zip system ethernet interface E oN fddi Aiie ap 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view ZIP statistics toxenting aarp rtmp Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series bridge zone 2 ip forwarding Pzp ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp D statistics analyzer script logout ibb of slots using a dash 9 15 Viewing Appletalk Statistics An example of summary statistics is shown below Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled inQueries inReplies inExReplies inGniRequests 248 14 0 182 inGniReplies inLocalZones inZoneLists 22 30 0 inObsoletes inZoneCons inZoneInvs inErrors 0 0 22 0 outQueries outReplies outExReplies outGniRequests 9 0 2d 13 outGniReplies outLocalZones outZoneLists 182 0 30 outZoneInvs
98. of the routes generated with a routing protocol Because static routes do not automatically change in response to network topology changes you should only manually configure a small number of reasonably stable routes Dynamic Routes Using RIP Automated methods of learning routes help you keep up with a changing network environment allowing routes to be reconfigured quickly and reliably Interior Gateway Protocols IGP protocols that operate within intranetworks provide this automated method The 5 10 CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX Service Advertising Protocol SAP LANplex system uses RIP one of the most widely used IGPs to dynamically build its routing tables RIP operates in terms of active and passive devices The active devices usually routers broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network they update their own routing tables when they receive a RIP message The passive devices usually hosts listen for RIP messages and update their routing tables they do not send RIP messages An active router sends a RIP message every 60 seconds This message contains both the network number and the number of hops for each destination In RIP each router that a packet must travel through to reach a destination equals one hop Selecting the Best Route On large networks there may be multiple routes to a single network The criteria that should be used by the routers in selecting the best route to a network when choosing
99. oftware all configuration information is preserved You can install a new version from any host running ftp CAUTION Jo run LANplex Extended Switching Software you must have the LANplex Management Module Plus LMM installed on your system This new software does not run on the original LMM To install or upgrade the system software you must perform two tasks Copy the software from the diskette to your UNIX based or DOS based computer s hard disk Load the system software from your computer s hard disk to flash memory Copying Software to a Hard Disk The software is distributed for both UNIX and DOS platforms The following media types are used to distribute software releases UNIX tar format 3 inch double sided high density 1 44 MB diskette DOS format 3 inch double sided high density 1 44 MB diskette The software files are compressed on the media 2 2 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLING EXTENDED SWITCHING SOFTWARE Copying to UNIX gt gt The LANplex software for a UNIX based hard disk is distributed on four floppy diskettes Diskettes 1 2 and 3 contain the LANplex software Diskette 4 contains the SNMP MIBs The SNMP MIBs on diskette 4 are provided so that you can compile on 3rd party applications To copy software to a UNIX hard disk follow the instructions below If the directory usr I p6000R does not exist on your computer create the directory before proceeding If your usr directory is
100. on from that router for each destination In RIP each router that a packet must travel through to reach a destination equals one hop Default Route In addition to the routes to specific destinations the routing table may contain an entry called the default route The router uses the default route to forward packets that do not match any other routing table entry A default route is often used in place of routes to numerous destinations all having the same gateway IP address and interface number The default route can be configured statically or it can be learned dynamically using RIP ARP is a low level protocol used to locate the MAC address correspond ing to a given IP address This allows a host or router to make its routing decisions using IP addresses while it uses MAC addresses to forward packets from one hop to the next Once the host or router knows the IP address of the next hop to the destination the host or router must translate that IP address into a MAC address before the packet can be sent To do this the host or router first looks in its ARP cache a table of IP addresses with their correspond ing MAC addresses Each device participating in IP routing maintains an ARP cache See Figure 4 6 ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 158 101 1 1 00308e3d0042 158 101 2 1 0080232b00ab Figure 4 6 Example of an ARP Cache If the IP address does not have a corresponding MAC address listed the host or router broadcast
101. ork layer header errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to exceeded maximum transport control Number of IPX packet dropped due to IPX Address errors in network layer header Number of IPX packets dropped because the IPX route is unknown umber of multicasts attempted to be forwarded Number of IPX NetBIOS packets received Number of IPX NetBIOS packets transmitted umber of IPX NetBIOS packets that exceeded the Transport control maximum Number of IPX packets delivered to the IPX host s RIP and SAP applications umber of IPX packets transmitted from IPX host s RIP and SAP applications ott eee t ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the AppleTalk protocol to route packets For more information on how AppleTalk routing works see Part Il of this Guide You can display and or configure the following AppleTalk interfaces Routes AARP cache Zones AppleTalk Forwarding Checksum generation verification AppleTalk statistics Each Ethernet FDDI Switching Module EFSM operates as a separate AppleTalk router This means that each module has its own interfaces routing table and statistics AppleTalk routing does not operate on the Ethernet Switching Module ESM or the Token Ring Switching Module TRSM 9 2 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Administering Interfaces You define interfaces to establish the relations
102. orwarding packets A router or host uses the routing table when the destination IP address of the packet it is sending is not on a network or subnet to which it is directly connected The routing table provides the IP address of a router that can forward the packet toward its destination The routing table consists of the following Destination IP Address the destination network subnet or host Subnet Mask the subnet mask corresponding to the destination IP address Metric a measure of the distance to the destination in the Routing Information Protocol RIP the metric is the number of hops Gateway the IP address of the next hop router the IP address of the interface through which the packet travels Interface the interface number through which a packet must travel to reach that router Figure 4 5 shows the routing table of the router in Figure 4 4 CHAPTER 4 ROUTING WITH IP Routing Table Destination IP Address Subnet Mask Metric Gateway Interface 158 101 1 1 255 255 255 0 1 158 101 1 2 1 158 101 2 1 255 255 255 0 1 158 101 2 2 2 158 101 3 1 255 255 255 0 1 158 101 3 2 3 default route 255 255 255 0 1 158 101 1 2 1 Figure 4 5 Example of a Routing Table Routing table information is generated and updated in the following ways Statically You manually enter routes which do not change until you change them that is they will not time out Dynamically The router uses a routi
103. ost not using the best route The router then sends the host an ICMP redirect requesting that the host use a different gateway when sending packets to that destination The next time the host sends a packet to that same destination the host uses the new route Informs sources that a packet has exceeded its allocated time to exist within the network CMP Time Exceeded 4 10 CHAPTER 4 ROUTING WITH IP IP Routing References Comer Douglas E Internetworking with TCP IP Volume I Principles Protocols and Architecture Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc 1991 Perlman Radia Interconnections Bridges and Routers Reading Massachusetts Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc 1992 Sterns Richard TCP IP Illustrated Volume 1 The Protocols Addison Wesley Professional Computing Services 1992 RFC 791 Internet Protocol Specification RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol Specification RFC 1009 Requirements for Internet Gateways RFC 1042 A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks RFC 1058 Routing Information Protocol RFC 1122 Requirements for Internet Hosts 5 oe eee t e ROUTING WITH IPX This chapter provides an overview of IPX routing specifically defining What part IPX plays in the NetWare environment How IPX works What elements are necessary for IPX routers to transmit packets effectively IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment
104. otocol RTMP The AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP The Apple Talk Transaction Protocol ATP The Name Binding Protocol NBP The Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP The RTMP maintains information about AppleTalk addresses and connections between different networks The RTMP specifies that each router learns about new routes from the other routers and deletes routes after a certain period if the local router no longer broadcasts the route to the network AppleTalk Protocols 6 7 Each router builds a routing table that is the basis of dynamic routing operations in an AppleTalk internet Every ten seconds each router sends an RTMP data packet to the network Routers use the information that they receive in the RTMP broadcasts to build their routing tables Each entry in the routing table contains these items The network range The distance in hops to the destination network The interface number of the destination network The state of each port good suspect bad really bad The router uses these items to determine the best path to forward a data packet to its destination on the network The routing table contains an entry for each network that a datagram can reach within 15 hops of the router The table is aged at set intervals as follows After a period of time the RTMP changes the status of an entry from good to suspect After an additional period of time the RTMP changes the status of an entry from suspect to bad After
105. outAddriInvs The ZIP statistics you can view are described in Table 9 3 Table 9 3 ZIP Statistics Field Description inQueries Number of ZIP queries received inReplies Number of ZIP replies received inExReplies Number of ZIP extended replies received nGniRequests inGniReplies nLocalZones inZoneLists inObsoletes inZoneCons inZonelnvs inErrors outQueries Number of Z Number of Z Number of Zi Number of Zi Number of Z P GetNetInfo request packets received P GetNetInfo reply packets received p GetLocalZones requests packets received p GetZoneLists requests packets received P Takedown or ZIP Bringup packets received Number of times a conflict has been detected between this entity s zone information and another entity s zone information Number of times this entity has received a ZIP GetNetInfo reply with the zone invalid bit set because the corresponding GetNetInfo request had an invalid zone name Number of ZIP packets received that were rejected for any error Number of ZIP queries sent continued CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Displaying NBP Information Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route ddp aarp rtmp zone zip forwarding i nbp checksum ping D statistics Table 9 3 ZIP Statistics continued Field Description outReplies umber of ZIP replies sent outEx
106. outing table and statistics IPX routing does not operate on the Ethernet Switching Module ESM or the Token Ring Switching Module TRSM 8 2 CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces You define interfaces to establish the relationship between the ports on your EFSMs and the network in your IPX network You must define one interface for each group of ports that are connected to the same network This means that every EFSM has one interface defined for each network to which it is directly connected An IPX interface has the following information associated with it IPX Network Address This is a 4 byte address set by the network administrator Each address within the network should be unique Cost This is the number between one and fifteen that is used when calculat ing route metrics Unless your network has special requirements such as the need for redundant paths you should assign a cost of 1 to all interfaces Encapsulation Format There are four Ethernet encapsulation formats and two FDDI encapsulation formats used in IPX routing The Ethernet encapsulation formats are Ethernet Type II Novell 802 3 raw 802 2 LLC and 802 3 SNAP The FDDI encapsulation formats are FDDI 802 2 and FDDI SNAP The two FDDI encapsulation formats correspond to the Ethernet 802 2 LLC and 802 3 SNAP encapsulation formats If you select either of these Ethernet encapsulation formats the corresponding FDDI encapsulation for
107. owing information Destination IP Address and Subnet Mask These elements define the address of the destination network subnet or host A route matches a given IP address if the bits in the IP address corresponding to the bits set in the route subnet mask match the route destination address When forwarding a packet if the switching module finds more than one routing table entry matching an address for example a route to the destination network and a route to the specific subnet within that network it will use the most specific route that is the route with the most bits set in its subnet mask Routing Metric This metric specifies the number of networks or subnets that a packet must pass through to reach its destination The switching module includes the metric in its RIP updates to allow other routers to compare routing information received from different sources Gateway IP Address This address tells the router how to forward packets whose destination address matches the route s IP address and subnet mask The switching module forwards such packets to the indicated gateway CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Displaying the Routing Table Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi tokenring bridge Dip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface B route arp udpHelper forwarding rip ping statistics D display static remove flush default noDefault Status The status of the route pro
108. packet delivery process The IPX packet format consists of two parts a 30 byte header and a data portion The network node and socket address for both the destination and source are held within the packet s IPX header Figure 5 2 shows the IPX packet format Checksum 2 Bytes Packet Length 2 Bytes Transport Control Packet Type 1 Byte 1 Byte Destination Network 4 Bytes Destination Node 6 Bytes Figure 5 2 IPX Packet Format How IPX Routing Works 5 5 The packet format consists of the following elements Checksum The IPX packet begins with a 16 bit checksum field that is set to ones Packet Length This 16 bit field contains the length in bytes of the complete network packet This includes both the IPX header and the data The IPX length must be at least 30 bytes Transport Control This 1 byte field indicates how many routers a packet has passed through on its way to its destination Packets are discarded when this value reaches 16 Sending nodes always set this field to zero when building an IPX packet Packet Type This 1 byte field specifies the upper layer protocol to receive the packet s information Destination Network This 4 byte field provides the destination node s network number When a sending node sets this field to zero the destination node is assumed to be on the same local segment as the sending node Destination Node This 6 byte field contains the physical address of the
109. playing IPX To display IPX Forwarding statistics Forwarding Statistics 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter Top Level Men ipx statistics forwarding system ethernet interface fddi route summay 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to view IPX forwarding tokenring server rip D c i bndge fonarding sap statistics Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a ip rip P forwarding consecutive series of slots using a dash D ipx enhanced appletalk sap a af snp P statistics Statistics are displayed as shown in the example below analyzer script logout The IPX forwarding statistics you can view are described in Table 8 4 Slot 3 IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active Received Transmitted Forwarded 1335653 565105 0 Hdr Errors Hop Count Errors Addr Errors 13758 0 13758 No Routes Misc Errors 2 411 NetBIOS Rx NetBIOS Tx NetBIOS Max Hops 150604 125781 0 Host Rx Host Tx 1171190 565105 8 18 CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Table 8 4 IPX Forwarding Statistics Field Description Received Transmitted Forwarded Hdr Errors Hop Count Errors Addr Errors No Routes Misc Errors NetBios Rx etBios Tx NetBios Max Hops Host Rx Host Tx Number of IPX Forwarding packets received Number of IPX Forwarding packets transmitted Number of IPX packets forwarded by the IPX router Number of IPX packets dropped due to IPX Netw
110. ports two FDDI and sixteen Ethernet The port indices for the maximum configuration are the following 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet You do not have to include every EFSM port in an interface that is some ports may remain unassigned Packets will be bridged to and from Displaying AppleTalk Interfaces Top Level Menu system fddi tokenring bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout ethernet B interface route aarp zone forwarding checksum ping statistics display define remove Administering Interfaces 9 3 unassigned ports However AppleTalk packets will not be forwarded to ports that are not assigned to an AppleTalk interface You can display a table that shows all AppleTalk interfaces and their parameter settings configured for each EFSM in the system To display the AppleTalk interfaces defined on the router From the Administration Console top level menu enter appletalk interface display Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the interface information Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash An example of interfaces defined is shown below lot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled Index Network Range Address State Ports 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet 1 20112 20112 20112 27 enabled 3 2 20124 20124 20124 1 enabled 4 10 3 20125 20125 2012541 enabled 11 18 Defining an Interface Top Level M
111. re active on the internetwork The Elements of IPX Routing 5 13 Server Information Table A server information table holds information about all the servers on the internetwork It is this table that SAP agents use to store information received in SAP broadcasts Figure 5 6 shows an example of a typical server information table Server Table Interface Name Network Node Socket Hops Age 1 LPX1102 45469133 00 00 00 00 00 01 451 2 102 1 LPX1103 45469144 00 00 00 00 00 01 451 5 65 2 LPX2001 45470001 00 00 00 00 00 01 451 4 33 Figure 5 6 Server Information Table The server information table provides the following information a Interface indicates which interface the information was received from a Server Name the name of the server Server Type indicates the type of service provided Network Address the address of the network on which the server resides Node Address the node of the server Socket Address the socket number on which the server will receive service requests a Hops to Server the number of intermediate networks that must be passed through to reach the server associated with this entry m Age of Server the time since the last update for that server The server information table is either statically or dynamically generated and updated Static Servers A static server is one you manually configure in the server information table Static servers are useful in environments wher
112. re rejected for any error 9 18 CHAPTER 9 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING IV APPENDIX ye e e Appendix A Technical Support ott eee Mid Ceoeo TECHNICAL SUPPORT 3Com provides easy access to technical support information through a variety of services This appendix describes these services On line Technical Services 3Com Bulletin Board Service 3Com offers worldwide product support seven days a week 24 hours a day through the following on line systems 3Com Bulletin Board Service 3ComBBS World Wide Web site 3ComForum on CompuServe 3ComFacts automated fax service 3ComBBS contains patches software and drivers for all 3Com products as well as technical articles This service is available via modem or ISDN seven days a week 24 hours a day Access by Modem To reach the service by modem set your modem to 8 data bits no parity and 1 stop bit Call the telephone number nearest you Country Data Rate Telephone Number Australia up to 14400 bps 61 2 9955 2073 France up to 14400 bps 33 1 69 86 69 54 Germany up to 9600 bps 49 89 627 32 188 or 49 89 627 32 189 Hong Kong up to 14400 bps 852 2537 5608 Italy fee required up to 14400 bps 39 2 273 00680 Japan up to 14400 bps 81 3 3345 7266 Singapore up to 14400 bps 65 534 5693 Taiwan up to 14400 bps 886 2 377 5838 U K up to 28800 bps 44 1442 278278 A 2 APPENDIX A TEC
113. ress in the IPX header If the sending node is a router rather than a workstation the router can get this information from its internal routing tables and need not send a RIP request Once the sending node knows the router s node address it can send packets to the destination node Router s Responsibility When a router receives an IPX packet it handles the packet in one of the following methods If the packet is destined for a network number that the router is directly connected to the router performs the following a It places the destination node address from the IPX header in the destination address field of the MAC header b It places its own node address in the source address field of the MAC header c It increments the Transport Control field of the IPX header and transmits the packet on the destination node segment If the router is not directly connected to the segment that the final destination node resides on it sends the packet to the next router in the path to the destination node as follows a The router places the node address of the next router in the destination address field of the MAC header This information is obtained from the Routing Information Table b It places its own node address in the source address field of the MAC header c It increments the Transport Control field in the IPX header and sends the packet to the next router 5 8 CHAPTER 5 ROUTING WITH IPX The Elements of IPX Routin
114. ress is designated in the high order bits of the address The Subnet Part of the IP Address In some environments the IP address contains a subnet part Subnetting allows a single Class A B or C network to be further subdivided internally while still appearing as a single network to other networks The subnet part of the IP address is only visible to those hosts and gateways on the subnetted network When an IP address contains a subnet part a subnet mask is used to identify which bits are the subnet and which are the host A subnet mask is a 32 bit number that uses the same format and representation as IP addresses Each IP address bit corresponding to a one in the subnet mask is in the network subnet part of the address Each IP address bit corresponding to a zero is in the host part of the IP address See Figure 4 3 4 4 CHAPTER 4 ROUTING WITH IP IP Address Subnet Mask Router Interfaces Take the IP address Network Subnet amp Host Apply the subnet mask oO k are k afafafa ayaa fa af a fafa fafa ofo o ofolojo Result subnet and host boundary Network l Subnet Host Figure 4 3 How a Subnet Mask is Applied to the IP Address An example of an IP address that includes the network subnet and host parts is 158 101 230 52 with a subnet mask of 255 255 255 0 This address is divided as fo
115. rver rip enhanced sap statistics display static flush display static forwarding remove flush You can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational To display the contents of the routing table From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx route display Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the routing table Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash In the following example routes are displayed The configuration of IPX forwarding RIP and SAP is indicated in the display IPX forwarding is enabled RIP is active SAP is active Interface Address Hops Tics Node Age 2 45469f02 5 6 08 00 02 04 80 b6 44 2 c2c028ca 4 28 08 00 02 04 80 b6 85 2 aaaaaaaa 6 671 08 00 02 04 80 b6 85 Prior to defining static routes on a given EFSM you must define at least one IPX interface see the section Defining an Interface on page 8 3 Static routes remain in the table until you remove them or until you remove the corresponding interface Static routes take precedence over dynamically learned routes to the same destination You can set up to 16 static routes To define a static route From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx route static Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to define a static route Enter
116. s inForwards Total number of packets forwarded including those with errors inLocals Number of DDP datagrams for which this entity was their final DDP destination inNoRoutes Number of DDP datagrams dropped because a route could not be found inNoClients Number of DDP datagrams dropped because of an unknown DDP type inTooShorts Number of input DDP datagrams dropped because the received data length was less than the data length specified in the DDP header or the received data length was less than the length of the expected DDP header inTooLongs Number of input DDP datagrams dropped because they exceeded the maximum DDP datagram size inShortDdps Number of input DDP datagrams dropped because this entity was not their final destination and their type was short DDP inCsumErrors Number of DDP datagrams which were dropped because of a checksum error inBcastErrors Number of DDP datagrams for which this DDP entity was their final destination and which were dropped because of a broadcast error continued Displaying RTMP Information Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route summary 2 tokenring aarp rtmp bridge zone zip ip forwarding nbp ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9 13 Table 9 1 AppleTalk Statistics continued Field Description inTooFars Number of input datagrams dropped because this entity was not their
117. s 7 5 metric 7 5 removing default 7 9 removing from table 7 8 status 7 6 subnet mask 7 5 route IPX defining a static 8 6 removing a 8 7 router interface IP described 4 4 diagram 4 5 routing table and the 4 5 router interface IPX described 5 8 routers seed 6 4 routing and bridging in switching modules 3 4 and bridging traditional model 3 4 implementation in LANplex 3 4 LANplex system and the 3 1 to 3 7 See also IP routing IPX routing and AppleTalk routing Routing Information Protocol See RIP routing table IP contents 4 5 7 5 default route 4 7 default route setting 7 8 described 4 5 display routes 7 6 dynamic routes 4 6 example 4 6 flushing learned routes 7 8 metric 4 5 removing default route 7 9 removing route 7 8 static routes 4 6 routing table IPX contents 5 8 described 5 8 displaying 8 6 dynamic routes 5 9 example 5 9 flushing learned routes 8 7 removing a route 8 7 static routes 5 9 routing table AppleTalk 6 8 RTMP description of 6 6 S SAP aging mechanism 5 14 packet structure 5 11 request handling 5 15 using for dynamic routes 5 14 SAP mode setting 8 13 SAP statistics displaying 8 16 seed routers 6 4 segmentation increasing 3 3 server defining a static IPX 8 8 server table contents 5 13 described 5 13 displaying 8 8 Service Advertisement Protocol See SAP session layer protocols AppleTalk 6 9 software copying to hard disk 2 1 corrupted on install
118. s an ARP request packet to all the devices on the network The ARP request contains information about the hardware and protocol The two key elements of the ARP request are the target and CHAPTER 4 ROUTING WITH IP source addresses for both the hardware MAC addresses and the protocol IP addresses See Figure 4 7 ARP Request 00802322b00ad Source Hardware Address 158 101 2 1 Source Protocol Address Target Hardware Address 158 101 3 1 Target Protocol Address Figure 4 7 Example of an ARP Request Packet When the devices on the network receive this packet they examine it and if their address is not the target protocol address they discard the packet When a device receives the packet and confirms that its IP address is the target protocol address this device places its MAC address in the target hardware address field and sends the packet back to the source hardware address When the originating host or router receives the ARP reply it takes the new MAC address and places it in its ARP cache next to the corresponding IP address See Figure 4 8 ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 158 101 1 1 00308e3d0042 158 101 2 1 0080232b00ab 158 101 3 1 0134650f3000 Figure 4 8 Example of ARP Cache Updated with ARP Reply Once the MAC address is known the host or router can send the packet directly to the next hop IP Routing Transmission Errors 4 9 IP Routing Transmission Errors Beca
119. s in this table match the network numbers with the zone names Top Level Menu system ethernet interface fddi route tokenring aarp bridge zone ip forwarding ipx checksum appletalk ping snmp statistics analyzer script logout Displaying the Zone Table 9 9 In the Administration Console you can display the zone table either by network numbers or by zones To display the zone table 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter appletalk zone display network OR network zone appletalk zone display zone 2 Enter the slot s of the EFSM s for which you want to display the server table Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash Depending on the command entered the zone table is displayed by network or zone An example of each type of display is shown below Zone Table by Network Numbers Slot 2 DDP forwarding is enabled Network 1 1 has 1 known zone Munich GmbH Network 3 has 1 known zone Ethernet A5D85800 Network 10 14 has 1 known zone Freds_Ethernet Network 15 19 has 1 known zone Freds_Token Network 61 has 1 known zone DevMacNet Network 100 100 has 1 known zone France Les Ulis Network 201 300 has 1 known zone Fred_Wilma Network 2010 2015 has 1 known zone NY Network 10009 10009 has 2 known zones Hemel NSOPS 3Com Arpeggio Network 10010 10010 has 1 known zone Marlow EUR Zone Tabl
120. se at 48 C F R 52 227 7013 3Com Corporation 5400 Bayfront Plaza Santa Clara California 95052 8145 For civilian agencies Restricted Rights Legend Use reproduction or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraph a through d of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights Clause at 48 C F R 52 227 19 and the limitations set forth in 3Com s standard commercial agreement for the software Unpublished rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States 3ComFacts Ask3Com CardFacts NetFacts and CardBoard are service marks of 3Com Corporation 3Com and NETBuilder II are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation LANplex and Transcend are trademarks of 3Com Corporation CompuServe is a registered trademark of CompuServe Inc 3Com registered trademarks are registered in the United States and may or may not be registered in other countries Other brand and product names may be registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders Guide written edited and illustrated by Trish Crawford Lynne Gelfand Michael Jenness Patricia Johnson Michael Taillon and lain Young PARTI CONTENTS ABOUT THIS GUIDE Introduction 1 How to Use This Guide 1 Conventions 2 LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 Documentation Comments 4 GETTING STARTED LANPLEX EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES About LANplex Extended Switching 1 1 Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1 2 IP Menu 1 3 IPX Menu 1 4 AppleTalk M
121. tes 8 5 Displaying the Routing Table 8 6 Defining a Static Route 8 6 Removing a Route 8 7 Flushing Routes 8 7 Administering Servers 8 8 Displaying the Server Table 8 8 Defining a Static Server 8 9 Removing a Server 8 10 Flushing Servers 8 10 Setting IPX Forwarding 8 11 Setting the RIP Mode 8 11 Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode 8 12 Setting the SAP Mode 8 13 Displaying Statistics 8 14 Displaying IPX Summary Statistics 8 14 Displaying IPX RIP Statistics 8 15 Displaying IPX SAP Statistics 8 16 Displaying IPX Forwarding Statistics 8 17 PART IV ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Administering Interfaces 9 2 Displaying AppleTalk Interfaces 9 3 Defining an Interface 9 3 Removing an Interface 9 4 Administering Routes 9 4 Displaying the Routing Table 9 5 Flushing all Routes 9 6 Administering the AARP Cache 9 6 Displaying the AARP Cache 9 7 Removing an Entry inthe Cache 9 8 Flushing All Cache Entries 9 8 Displaying the Zone Table 9 8 Configuring Forwarding 9 10 Configuring Checksum 9 10 Pinging an AppleTalk Node 9 11 Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9 11 Displaying DDP Statistics 9 11 Displaying RTMP Information 9 13 Displaying ZIP Information 9 14 Displaying NBP Information 9 16 APPENDIX TECHNICAL SUPPORT On line Technical Services A 1 3Com Bulletin Board Service A 1 Access by Modem A 1 Access by ISDN A 2 World Wide Web Site A 2 ThreeComForum on CompuServe A 2 3ComFacts Automated Fax Service A 2 Support from Your
122. the ports associated with the interface To remove an AppleTalk interface Top Level Menu _ 1 At the Administration Console s top level menu enter system ethernet interface appletalk interface remove fddi route display tokenring aarp define bridge a bremove 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM from which you want to remove an interface Ip orwaraing ipx checksum P appletalk ping 3 Enter the index number s of the interface s you want to remove snmp Statistics Di The interface is no longer defined on the router logout Administering Each EFSM maintains a table of routes to other AppleTalk networks The Routes routing table is generated automatically by the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP RTMP defines the rules for exchanging information between routers so that the routers can maintain their routing tables as well as the rules for the information contained within each routing table Each routing table entry contains the following information Network Range A range of numbers used to designate a network segment s identity Administering Routes 9 5 a Distance The distance in hops to the destination network a Interface The defined interface number State The status good suspect bad or really bad of each route Displaying the You can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine Routing Table which routes are configured and if they are operational To display the contents of t
123. the server 7 Enter the socket value of the server 8 Enter the node address of the server 9 Enter the number of hops to the server A static server is defined in the following example Removing a Server CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi interface route tokenring server appletalk snmp analyzer script logout Flushing Servers rip enhanced sap statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi snmp analyzer script logout interface route tokenring server forwarding rip enhanced sap statistics display static forwarding remove flush display static remove B flush Select slot 3 4 3 4 3 Enter Interface number 1 Enter service type 4 Enter service name gb201 Enter IPX address 0x8c14a238 Enter socket 0x8059 Enter node address 00 00 2e 3 56 01 Enter hops 2 To remove a server From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx server remove Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to remove any static or dynamic server Enter the service type of the server Enter the service name of the server The server is immediately deleted from the server table Flushing deletes all dynamically learned servers from the server table To flush all learned servers From the Administration Console top level menu enter ipx server flush Enter the slot of the EFSM
124. the ultimate destination Subnet Mask A subnet mask is a 32 bit number that uses the same format and representation as IP addresses The subnet mask determines which bits in the IP address are interpreted as the network number the subnet number and the host number Each IP address bit corresponding to a 1 in the subnet mask is in the network subnet part of the address Each IP address bit corresponding to a 0 is in the host part of the IP address Broadcast Address This is the IP address to be used by the switching module when it broadcasts packets to other stations on the same subnet In particular this address is used for sending RIP updates By default the switching module uses a directed broadcast all ones in the host field Cost This is a number between one and fifteen that is used when calculating route metrics Unless your network has special requirements you should assign a cost of 1 to all interfaces Ports A single interface may contain several bridge ports All of the ports corresponding to one interface share the same IP address subnet mask broadcast address and cost An ESM contains nine ports one FDDI and nine Ethernet The port indices are always the following 1 FDDI and 2 9 Ethernet An EFSM contains a maximum of eighteen ports two FDDI and sixteen Ethernet The port indices for the maximum configuration are the following 1 2 FDDI and 3 18 Ethernet You do not have to include every switching
125. these numbers from a range of valid network numbers Two AppleTalk network numbering systems are currently in use nonextended Phase 1 and extended Phase 2 3Com routers support extended network numbers While the LANplex system will not translate Phase 1 packets to Phase 2 packets it will route packets to a Phase 1 network When a LANplex system router does this it anticipates that a gateway exists between the two networks to translate the packets An extended network can span a range of logical networks Network numbers in an extended network consist of a range of numbers such as 15 20 This numbering scheme allows for as many as 16 580 608 nodes although the actual cables will not support this many nodes A node in a AppleTalk network is any addressable device including workstations printers and routers Nodes are physically attached to a network All AppleTalk nodes are identified by a unique AppleTalk address that each node selects at initialization time The address consists of the node s network number and a unique node number Named Entities When a device on the network provides a service for other users the network administrator can give the device a name The name appears on the Chooser of the Macintosh with an associated icon For example the Chooser of the Macintosh can include a printer icon When you select the printer icon several printer names can appear in a list such as Laser1 Laser2 Laser3 etc The Name Bin
126. use each router only knows about the next hop it is not aware of problems that may be further down the road toward the destination Destinations can be unreachable if Hardware is temporarily out of service You inadvertently specify a nonexistent destination address The router does not have a route to the destination network To help routers and hosts know of problems in packet transmission an error reporting mechanism called Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP provides error reporting back to the source when routing problems arise ICMP is a required part of IP Without ICMP you could not tell if a delivery failure resulted from a local or remote malfunction ICMP does the following Tests the reachability of nodes ICMP Echo Request and ICMP Echo Reply A host or gateway sends an ICMP echo request to a specified destination If the destination receives the echo request it sends an ICMP echo reply back to the original sender This process tests that the destination is reachable and responding and verifies that the major pieces of the transport system work The ping command is often used to invoke this process Creates more efficient routing ICMP Redirect Many times the host route configuration specifies the minimal possible routing information needed to communicate for example the address of a single router The host relies on routers to update its routing table In the process of routing packets a router may detect a h
127. ute Top Level Menu _ 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter system Se ip route default J tokenring pan display i i ee ie static 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to set a default Ip remove ing ince flush route Enter the gateway IP address of the route appletalk 9 ly default rae sme ng noDefault The default route is immediately added to the routing table a statistics logout Administering the ARP Cache 7 9 Removing the If a switching module s routing table does not contain a default route Default Route either statically configured or learned using RIP then it cannot forward a packet that does not match any other routing table entry If this occurs then the module drops the packet and sends an ICMP destination unreachable message to the host that sent the packet to notify it of the problem Top Level Menu _ To remove a default route system P 1 From the Administration Console top level menu enter l 3 tokenring interface display A bridge B route N iic ip route noDefault P ud Helper fee r on rane Ley s 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remove the appleta gt efau snmp P noDefault default route analyzer eae le The default route is immediately removed from the routing table ogou Administering The switching modules use the Address Resolution Protocol ARP to find the ARP Cache the MAC addresses
128. uting diagram 3 2 IP address translation 7 9 ARP cache 7 9 enabling forwarding 7 13 interface 7 1 main menu 1 3 pinging a station 7 15 RIP mode 7 14 routes 7 5 statistics displaying 7 16 IP address address classes 4 3 configuring 7 3 defined 4 2 derived from 4 2 division of network and host 4 2 example 4 4 for IP interface 7 1 network layer and the 4 1 RIP and 4 6 routing table and the 4 5 software installation and 2 4 subnet mask and the 4 3 subnet part 4 3 IP forwarding configuring 7 13 IP interface address 7 1 broadcast address 7 2 cost 7 2 defining 7 3 displaying 7 3 removing definition 7 5 subnet mask 7 2 IP route default 7 6 7 8 defining static 7 7 displaying table 7 6 gateway IP address 7 5 metric 7 5 removing from table 7 8 status 7 6 IP router transmission process 4 2 IP routing address classes 4 3 basic elements 4 2 ICMP 4 9 OSI reference model 4 1 references 4 10 router interface 4 4 routing table 4 5 transmission errors 4 9 IPX forwarding statistics displaying 8 17 main menu 1 4 RIP statistics displaying 8 15 SAP statistics 8 16 IPX routing and RIP 5 10 INDEX 3 packet format 5 5 router interface 5 8 routing table 5 8 SAP and 5 10 server table 5 13 L LANplex bridging routing model 3 6 documentation 3 intranetwork router as an 3 2 subnetting with 3 2 learned routes flushing AppleTalk 9 6 flushing IP 7 8 flushing IPX 8 7 learned IP route status 7 6 M M
129. vides the information described in Table 7 1 Table 7 1 Route Status Status Description Direct Route to a directly connected network Static Route was statically configured Learned Route was learned using indicated protocol Timing out Route was learned but is partially timed out Timed out Route has timed out and is no longer valid In addition to the routes to specific destinations the routing table may contain an additional entry called the default route The switching module uses the default route to forward packets that do not match any other routing table entry You may want to use a default route in place of routes to numerous destinations all having the same gateway IP address You can display a switching module s routing table to determine which routes are configured and if they are operational To display the contents of the routing table From the Administration Console top level menu enter ip route display Enter the slot s of the switching module s for which you want to display the routing table Separate non consecutive slots with commas Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash In the following example routes for an ESM in slot 3 are displayed The configuration of IP forwarding and RIP is indicated in the display The default route is displayed as Default Route Administering Routes 7 7 Slot 3 IP forwarding is enabled RIP is passive Destination Subnet mask Metric Gateway Status

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