Video Genie System - 8Bit
Contents
1. METTI NE EUR eT Jom ent ni eu D rani SD a ma a A O A im E e ea ra re mme e m AT IM Sal rete le EEUU Rn DUE E EDT EE e dier Re pe s PL y LT A Le ae oo V E ey d DOT ne idi e LE iat Cd CRI Ic dg nt met Siem el M Dl MEE pm ere P EL 4 mi Minn Eu x ek Se lynne Ste tae a i ni ex LET ELE ett We ree T MM MI D Tn Pays m Na eet is m IM ere A A as m DM LEN eia m Tei uw LM zo CD erre I 39 a EXE DE Nh Dm E YN CMS TA ae PETER a aa Oa a e MSN quc EE ATi i m oe A x LE ee res MADRE A nM A A A A A SI A OR EA ASA ICI A A P g p a qa ra a n haat ua s c s ps a n a p 2 n n n a o q a p a n a a _ TABLE OF CONTENTS EST a a p pa ana a p a p o a s e au uu s a a uu n s a m a p n a n p v a a a a o a a a a p a P EU um SD dip V M F FR M M M V P ME P 4 UM E E Fd HE f i d 4 M V v n v u s a m a m rm a v E r ru s t a a a sou are RA Iu2. wa ka Der prr SS at stata ju aT Pg Dom T a T T ee b we a aa a Ru Ow OW RO ON Ee OR o a Wi ad NO ES A eet ea AOA AAR SESSA E dee d e ON SR TR TRAS RR ss RR RR RS rts dia E tere ete Terenas reac EE HM IR AR ER ta te aver ea eae Ree MU Sete SER vu a eret gr den ER a Ne m Ne Nie HQ gr aa a afa n aha IURE RU URDU als elu aa aa X un Rex M Ne Ri ca SUELE Pare eu era ena LH NONE a AR Vn cx a ga uae DH eta dte a Hu uer S PARE gt What is computer programming Programming is method used to analyze a problem translate the problem into computer language and let the computer to solve the problem It is obvious that the problem solving ability is limited by the followings C afe Fu zd x een 5 OM cC OM e Your ability to analyze a problem reet a Pete re 2 The capability of the programming language you use The power and facilities of the computer itself 1 TH
3. THE CIRCUMFERENCE 15 13 KH ENTER THE RADIUS 5 for example you type in 5 followed by THE RADIUS 5 hitting thelINEW LINEjkey THE AREA IS 78 S4 THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS 21 416 RERD Y If we want to try another number we must RUN the program again Very inconvenient right Let us change the flow chart a little in order to solve this problem A 3 1416 R R C 2 3 1416 R PRINTA As the flow chart shows everytime the compuier finished printing the value of C it goes back to the beginning of the chart asks for the value of R and loops round and round forever Again we can translate the flow chart s logic into Extended Basic i amp INFUT ENTER THE RADIUS A 5 1416 zA C 2 1416 PRINT THE RADIUS 3 R PRINT THE AREA IS A PRINT THE CIRCUMFERENCE 15 GOTO i Se END READ ENTER THE RADIUS 7 THE RADIUS 7 THE AREA 15 155 328 THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS 43 3824 ENTER THE FADIUS 2 16 THE RADIUS THE AREA 15 214 de THE CIRCUMFERENCE 15 ez She ENTER THE RADIUS 2 The computer repeats in these sequence until you hit the BREAK key which interrupts the further execution of the program It is not a good programming practice to use the BREAK key because it forces the unnatural termination of a programs Let us try something more logical Again we modify the flow chart a little
4. noon aca nia ca a M a Tu a e m e mou c s a nop so A a n rn m n n sco y e va m n p Mtn Ran RUBRI Rm aD ON UE O OO PARRA RA AA MALA RA a a ya a ao Ba Pau uM unu Pun uS LB mut e ans a a uota atatum Ma a utu LLLI PLE P scan cu aca p aa m nca e e a a n m m a a s a m m o v a n e e e e m p a n u n n i a a a o a o i n a e m a n n a o e a y eu v era a a n n n p a mim nca u mu nra o urn qon a e ca m m n 1 ia Phat PUT tatu utut O Iu Tu a a 9 Rar n a z n n n u a pia p p ata a e a a a e A c n a A i qu 4 B s d m n a a uo n p n a e p n ui Ru a a a p p nl a C MIC RR LL LR LOC LRL C CR OR LOC a DOLLER ORC Rn eR NR OR ILL C URL OR C CR Cot eC M A 4 5 a a nl n a nU a a s a o an aT A un O A TU a n m ma P O O E B d P E E 3 V a b d s p nn a re n gn s c n n a a o a o o p a a n p n p a n o a p aul Aa mra us
5. Don t panic Try to compare FIG 3 3 with FIG 3 1 and 3 2 There is not much changed right The revised program in Extended Basic should 18 INFUT ENTER THE RADIUS 15 IF lt 8 THEN END eH A 3 14146 Kk 2 F idi tR 4B PRINT THE RADIUS R 98 PRINT THE AREA 15 A 66 PRINT THE CIRCUMFERENCE 15 C GGTO 18 1 This program accepts the value of R if R is less than or equal to lt zero then stops the program Otherwise it computes the area and circumference of the circle prints out the values goes back to line 10 and ask for another value of R Actually there are some more human oriented methods to terminate a program other than inputting a code number Let us go through the program below i8 INPUT ENTER THE RADIUS R 8 A 3 1416 R R 30 C 2 5 1416 R PRINT THE RADIUS R PRINT THE 15 A 50 PRINT THE CIRCUMFERENCE 151 PRINT 80 PRINT YOU WANT TO CONTINUE 7 INPUT PLEASE ENTER YES OR NO ONLY As 140 IF A YES GOTO 18 110 IF NO THEN END 124 END 15 Just like before the program asks for the radius then computes the area and circumference of the circle It then asks if you want to continue or not Enter YES or NO Don t be scared by the sign in A in line 90 All it does is to inform the computer that the input should be handled as a stri
6. STORE NO v The first 6 characters are the item number code while the last 4 characters are the store number code n A CITY Suppose there are 20 stores Stores no 1 to 7 located in city A stores no 8 to 20 located in city B Therefore it is profitable to pool the orders in store no 1 to 7 together n and store no 8 to 20 together for cheaper shipping charges Now what we are going to do is using the computer to check if the store no is less than eight then we add the orders to the shipment to city A Otherwise we add the orders to the shipment to city B Try to follow this program INPUT ENTER THe CODE NAME CHE Ih LEFT CNS EM FIRST 6 LETTERS ITEM 1 SN RIGHTS CCN 2 LAST LETTERS STORE SN VAL ESNE REM CHANGE STRING VALUE TO RRITH VRLUE INFUT ENTER TRE ORDER QUANTITY iF SH gt amp THEN DUST 160 ELSE GUSUE 2006 E SA E iy E e m n tr fta This is not a complete program because you need some operations program statements in subroutines 1000 and 2000 Note please refer to the BASIC manual for the usage of LEFT RIGHT and VAL functions Now are you ready to step into arrays It is an interesting section don t miss it Suppose we have a set of 24 numbers 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 280 290 300 310 320 330 There are ma
7. TO THE ELEMENT Similarily if we refer to 160 we should say 216 FRINT B6 6 PRINT THE ELEMENT AT ROW 6 COLUMN 6 Let us go one step further with these 24 numbers we may divide them into even smaller groups Say 4 pages of 2 x 3 arrays In other words that is a three dimensional array 7 DIM ES 1 25 A 24 ELEMENTS ARRAY EC 4 42X 3 PAGE 0 PAGE 1 ROWO 100 110 120 160 170 180 ROW 130 140 150 190 200 210 COLUMNO 1 2 PAGE 2 PAGE 3 220 230 240 250 260 270 This time if we refer to 270 again we should say 280 290 300 310 320 330 ra PRINT E 2 1 22 PRINT THE ELEMENT ON PAGE 2 ROW 1 COLOMN 2 21 If we refer to 200 we should mention E 1 1 1 Try to follow this program s2 REM IS A 4 2 5 ARRAY REM LOOF TO NEXT P 4 TIMES 3 Oi LOOP TG NEXT R 2 TIMES 02 REM LOOP TO NEXT C 5 TIMES A NUMBER EXP C INPUT AN ELEMENT 26 FOR P 30 FOR R 40 FOR 58 INPUT 68 NEXT C rO NEXT R 80 NEXT P 99 FOR P T 18 DIM ECs 110 FOR 120 PRIN 130 NEXT C 148 PRINT 150 NEXT 160 PRINT 170 NEXT P 180 END m it ROC REM PRINT EACH ELEMENT This program prints those 4 pages of numbers if the inputs are in the correct sequence This is the basic concept of arrays now you can do your own programming the only limitation is your imagination not your computer
8. a gl ut O I Fu Imt m t m om A A FE REP RR VV V VU d Uu wu vu WV V Vw VW WV VW EI A xxn EM MF P PLUR MUR Mn n qu m A MR 13 17 CAAA A A AAA ee Re ee ee 0 ee PE RIC 9 pr te Bee Mi e TR a s nre eee T E T T EET O E A a PE O aaa SACA A SS RIA v Fat OD IS A pe t A OO O A NS AA PAPER CR RIO RR DERE aaa ER a a ha a ha n ett a O A A tea a a D DU MUR a a a SS gt 5 7 8 i A a a a ea O SO UR n E a a LR IR ana a at SD A E A A LI O SR A Mna eR UR er E A A OCULI COCA aaa tC n n RC D NCC O O RC IN n 5 BC ON ORDIN E O O LI Annae RP LR tS a a a E a A C
9. yes do you know how computer shuffles cards when you play Blackjack or how to roll dice to determine your next move in craps m a ore s erento an ato a v e ette vm 25 e In the Video Genie System there is a built in function RND n that generates random numbers Note n is the upper bound of the numbers to be generated Please refer to the built in functions in the Basic Manual With the RND n function the computer can automatically and randomly shuffle cards roll die etc Furthermore in order to ensure the numbers generated are at random after each power up the function RANDOM should be used Example X 591920 x vete ee xs e zs T os s ee Ss x x eS SIN ES DUC IO Me um S 18 RRNDOM 28 RNO 6 FRINT 38 PRINT THE OUTCOME IS 49 INPUT DO YOU WANT CONTINUE WES NO gt A SQ IF A VES OR R v GOTO 26 60 IF As OR A N THEN END Se Cx ie e 5 UE m TES iu Em m a GOTO m Bs um READY Stehen ees e DX m THE OUTCOME 15 4 9 0 DO YOU WANT CONTINUE lt WES NO YES THE OUTCOME IS 4 DO YOU WANT CONTINUE lt WES NO 7 Y Ut V 18 THE OUTCOME 15 YOU WANT C SU WANT TO C INTINUE ZTE
10. E PROBLEM ITSELF r oe To be more precise if you know nothing about space missiles it is very unlikely that IF B ro you can implement a space missile simulation program that is meaningful to an THEN A A 1 expert Unless an expert is patient enough to explain all the factors and variables involved in space missiles to you with his spare time D LD us 2 THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ITSELF CMP B The functions and features of a programming language reflect its capability Some are devoted to business usage some are for scientific computation some are for general mm purpose of course For example the Extended Basic in our Video Genie Systems is one of the most popular general purpose computer languages availiable Ratatat nts anise e v 3 THE COMPUTER ITSELF Finally the speed and architecture of the computer itself are very important If your computer is twice as fast as others that means you can finish the job in half the time other people have spent Futhermore if the memory size of your computer is relative m ly large you can write longer more powerful programs Suppose we want to solve the following problem Example 1 David has 10 in his pocket 2 He took bus to the mall the fare is 504 3 He bought an ice cream cone for 89 4 He played 5 games of pin ball at 25d per game 5 He bought a football fan cap for 3 99 6 He took a bus back home
11. For the complete set of Editing features please refer to the BASIC Manual Chapter 2 Now let us go back to Program 3 READY gt LIST 16 PRINT FIRST PROGRAM FOR R 1 To 15 PRINT A A A de NEXT A chi READY If for example you want to change the text of line 30 change A to A 2 All you have to do is the following READY gt EDIT NEW LINE 50 12 Move the cursor to the 13th position 10 PRINT ast FIRST PROGRAM PRINT Type in 6 followed by D i8 PRINT FIRST PROGRAMM 19 PRINT Wy FIRST Everything between the two marks will be deleted Now you hit the NEW LINE key ia FRINT FIRST PROGRAM 18 FRINT MY FIRST PROGRAM Now you in the Active Command level again so you can list line 10 LIST 16 NEW LINE i PRINT k PROGRAM That means when you run the program the heading will be MY PROGRAM instrad of MY FIRST PROGRAM The next step is to read the Basic Manual and get familiar with other Active Commands and Editing features PRST PROGRAMA ne he gt e O RD ve gt m T PR T MD Oa gt RR ae ate om gt vee efr 20 anes MOOR MGR MOR RX lt afta tet on e o s
12. R CR SS aa Sr ata at LL _ ee a OIE O A E at Dat a a a A SE E a a a Date a a aa a n a a a O O UR al at OE RI DLL 46 RC ORI LAUD JA O O RR aa Rt RR RON NA RR NR ul al AN Rm ad O E O O O O O A IO O AA O O RC E LRL CR IO O a a a O SS OO O ae O E ETE E O O O O A O O O SO ICA A ED E Y AE TIT NI Y ED IRIARTE P DO O IA A A AE This manual is designed as an introduction to computer programming for beginners knowing little or nothing about computers All of the main computer programming a concepts and techniques will be discussed in detail and further explained with plenty of real D life examples nr No matter what you now think computer is like and what it does by time you finish reading this manual you will find out a computer is nothing but a man made machine very powerful of course And programming is nothing more than implementing a D sequence of logical steps into instructions that the computer can understand With the help of our BASIC Manual you can easily make Video Genie System work for you as you m nd ERO mn DRE ER a ws a A wu a a mo x or t LRL NC Dareus mu DAI A mata
13. S N 7 HTINUE SYES NGO 7 H Cc mM The flow chart for this program should be The program generates a random number from 1 to 6 simulating the faces of die prints out the number then asks the operator whether he or she wants to continue If the input is YES or Y then the computer repeats the process if the input is NO or N then the program ends However if the input is neither YES nor NO the computer looks for a valid and acceptable response asks repeatedly if the player wants to continue Besides of the random number function there are many many useful built in functions that help you to solve a wide range of problems simply by using a function call One more example ld FUR A 1 TU 18 STEP 1 PRINT SUR NEAT A END This program prints out the square root of the values from 1 to 10 The initial value of A is 1 then in line 20 and the square root of 1 are printed A is incremented by 1 in line 30 and the computer checks if A is equal to 10 if not go back to line 10 The sequence continues until A is equal to 10 From time to time you may encounter strings series of numbers and characters instead of just figures In other words you need some knowledge in string manipulation For example you are handling the shipping job of a company which is using code names that contain both letters and numbers for its orders The format is AB1234S001 ITEM NO
14. a aa eons inen ROGER OR e gt ete Ves Soa eres ee on etate aL sts i 5 95 e a s Hate stern MEER EN E W OR OR ON POR Pat ene aa AREE ee OR EXER OR OO OO ra Cn 290 00 E DES The main purpose of Active Commands is to order computer to do some work internally and externally xu Whenever a READY message appears on the screen see User s Manual for system us start up and operation you are in the Active Command level and the computer is waiting itane i for your command It will wait forever until you enter some instructions throught the seen keyboard ae Some of the valid Active Commands are os AUTO turn on automatic line numbering d DELETE delete program line EDIT Edit program line SS LIST list all program lines Ex RUN Execute the program Now let us try to enter the following underlined statements into the computer through the keyboard Program 3 ae READY Ee NEW LINE om 16 PRINT FiRSi PROknH NEW LINE m FRINT A A BH NEW LINE um 48 NEXT A LINE pus BREAK N At this point check for typing errors For example if you made a mistake in line 30 then yo
15. e ua ror a noa a Pon mon 4 eu qu R WM Ww wm n m m n n n M n m n n a a a a aT Ta a Tan Tu P A NR PISIS ISSN nnum mmo ut a otn aa o apa re ese m aen ve P P n e e o s a n n n a n a a n a v u v a n n n n n a n a n n p p s p n uo a a a a E oo ee ST a Bs e an LS n Pa e A ee oam m 9 9 9 P P a a a a M M E A a A p B 3 a E E a s 0 VU c mop t a us a n n s a n n u c e a n p p p n a s a a a ua a n o a o v i s e o n a a a o a a a Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Active Commands and Text Editing Chapter 2 Basic Programming Chapter 3 More About Programming at a m a n m u s a a a m a a w m m a a p p n n a y n a a n s a n a a d a a n a p p no n a a p a o o A n a p Tu o M o e a o a ata pre v p a v E Dou son 2 4 po n a n rm a a a a n a u p o n n a n aT a a a n a a o o e a a e n o i s a a a a a a A AIT QUARE IRURE RAMAR A A EOD 9 Wu Uu uw a uw ha PORE 7o eT T4 a a a aT a Lt S O a anu eh atto IRI a a a a e miei m n m a a
16. eR eee EE LENS lente ra n M ae OA Il E E PTE yet i xL Mo ae TNNT Le A ile es ee MUR maar im P REM M Du M MT TN an as E y A lage i iu ee um a mm m LN neis RD SUR d ow 1 A AA h pe A E VET E E vt s s Sait ear CE Nea m EXE owe ete eee radian Set Te Boe a we Bel fra zr 5 Pius iw e E Lu a Arms A at A e Poh arty E a A ee ie a eT Saat AA pi eis uem X r ess x Tpi ree on z s D DITE O re iama ui al Sten m DI A Re oS nimm LETT x TU Pini SEE ee E B X RU ELTE EL AME ae besni a a i IA TAS m a Lh E ele LES H CEDE nin in Mice amie M US i TUI rem Te OE aia tal ms IM DIOE m s Mee e A n wn a 1 EH i 3 E a ios de E eee E MEE MED ec thon TUR polite EIE em Mmi mire sehr ss ue HUE ammi rere DEDE LINE EC EY t No mf iiw DELE TETIN RALLT
17. ertet a gt 25 55 ee BASIC PROGRAMMING In this chapter we will discuss how to analyze a problem and how to implement it into Extended Basic our future language Before we go further please study example 1 in the Introduction Now let us try to analyze the procedure required to compute the area and circumference of a circle with radius R The area of a circle can be found by using the formula A R2 And the circumference can be determined by the relationship C 2TR The diagram shown is called a flow chart The direction of flow is indicated by the aeo a a nM o m GO T e o a SORRE AOE Ds INPUT R C 2 3 416 R respectively Other operations include INPUT OUTPUT and ASSIGNMENT etc arrows The START and END indicates the starting and finishing point of the program PRINT R The flow chart shown will ask for an input R With R as the radius compute the area 17 R2 and the circumference 2 Then the print outs will be the values of the radius the area and the circumference Now we can implement the analyzed problem into Extended Basic and enter the program into the computer INFUT H PRINT PRINT PRINT END REHD r JRUN C 2 PRINT C ENTER THE RADIUS R FIG 3 1 1416 3 1416 IHE RADIUS 3 E THE AREA IS
18. ng a group of characters or symbols instead of digits figures For detailed explanation about string variables please refer to the BASIC Manual Now try to understand the flow chart shown Try to run the program rEHGT EIN ENTER THE FAGIUS 7 THE RADIUS 8 THE AREA 15 201 662 THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS 5 2656 DO OU WANT TO CONTINUE PLEASE ENTER WES OR ONLY ENTER THE RADIUS 7 12 THE RALIUS 12 THE AREA IS 452 zu THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS 75 1984 YOU WANT TO CONTINUE PLEASE ENTER WES GR NO ONLY FH DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE 7 PLEASE ENTER WES OR NO ONLY FNO i Now do you have a better idea how one single statement can change the capability of a program There are many powerful statements in our Basic Manual Be sure you read them 16 START t A amp 73 1416 R R C 2 3 1416 R PRINT C DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE INPUT A TRUE H FALSE FALSE TRUE STOP FIG 3 4 e a MORE ABOUT PROGRAMMING UO ree crearet E quum SSCs ae amu arn anata RR eR abe S po PO UE RAR i M e etate O 0 9 0 0 010 9 1 49 Fa a ua Es In the last chapter we introduced the basic computer programming concepts Now m we are ready to move into more advanced and useful areas Did you ever play games with a computer If
19. ny ways we can refer to a particular number in this set For example we can say the 18th one is 270 which can also be referred as the 7th one on row 2 20 In the case of a computer we can assign each of these numbers to a variable Such as 18 Ad 100 26 AZ 110 A 120 40 R4 136 AS 148 e So that we can reference each of them easily But if we have more numbers we may run out of variables A better way to handle a set of numbers or strings is to use arrays For these 24 numbers we may use a single dimension array iti CLEAR 200 CLEAR 200 EYTES OF DIM A 24 ELEMENT ARRAY AC 8 TO 235 In a program we may assign Hd 15 SB Aces i2 In order to reference 270 in the number list we may just say 38 PRINT A 17 PRINT THE ISTH ELEMENT OF THE ARRAY 108 Hidro Aris 108 ADE TO THE 15TH ELEMENT Isn t it simple If we divide these 24 numbers into 3 groups with 8 elements in each group We may use a two dimensional array DIM B iz A amp TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY Then the numbers may be arranged like ROW 0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 ROW 1 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 ROW 2 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 COLUMN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 This time if we refer to 270 we should say PRINT 1 REM PRINT THE ELEMENT AT ROW 2 COLUMN 4 50 F Ble 12 14 ADD 18
20. the fare is 504 Problem 1 How much money does David has when he arrives home If the above events are implemented into our Extended Basic language we may create the following program Program 1 18 D 18 REM 4 DAVID HRS 10 60 D 5 REM 2 MINUS BUS FRRE 58 CENTS 58D D 6 89 REMO 5 MINUS ICE CREAM COST 89 CENTS 49 0 20 825 5 REM 4 MINUS 5 GAMES OF PIN BALL 25 CENTS 50 D 3 99 5 MINUS CAF COST 33 99 66 D D 6 5 MINUS BUS FARE 5 CENTS 250 PRINT DAVID HRS 0 PRINT OUT THE AMOUNT DAYID HAS END REM END OF PROGRAM Everytime you RUN this program the result will be DAYID HRS 2 8 Actually Program can be reduced to the program below however it is much harder to follow Program 2 ie PRINT DAYID HAS l1 8 5 0 23 0 2545 2 35 4 ct END Cf The function of a computer is not limited to do the problem described in program 1 These calculations can be handled by a simple calculator or even by a small child In the next few chapters we will introduce more programming concepts together with some powerful programs which can solve some really interesting and far more difficult problems UU UG AG Race Ron setoreretecocececssacepanecesecaitstihs Ree tr A ED RIA ta OS EDS DEO wat Crass Cx ata atat n e nee ory Ceuta n Ra saam Cy REY RE ROGER NE
21. u must retype the underlined portion e sS a a o pe ee IO A SS eee o De e ARENIS exec READY 38 FRINT A A A NEW LINE Then line 30 will have the new edited text In the next chapter we will discuss more efficient Text Editing techniques GET SET RUN If everything is set we can run the program and see what happens RUN NEW LINE FIRST PROGRAM 1 1 4 ES 3 4 i 5 29 6 6 49 a 54 LIST 3 51 18 160 Within the entire operation above only two commands used AUTO and RUN The other parts are just program text and output Now type in LIST and press the NEW LINE key READY LIST 16 PRINT FIRST PROGRAM 20 FUR A 1 TO 16 30 PRINT A A 4 NEXT A 56 END READY gt The entire program will be displayed on the screen by using the LIST command Now do you have any idea about what commands are used for in computers There are many such Active Commands available for the Video Genie System Please refer to the BASIC MANUAL for more detail TEXT EDITING We always have the inclination to make mistakes It may not be too bad as long as we can detect and correct our mistakes fast The function of Text Editing in the Video Genie System is to allow the users to input correct and update their programs in the most efficient manner possible Some of the Editing features are L list I insert C change D delete
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