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ThermaCAM™ E45 User`s manual - FLIR Customer Support Center

1. INS S IN WI KY NW Figure 14 26 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 9 2 mm IR lens Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 107 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 12 Battery charger dimensional drawing ta ey E E E PIN 1 195 106 WARNING ONLY TO BE USED WITH SPECIFIC BATTERIES PIN 1 195 106 SPECIFIC BATTERIES ONLY TO BE USED WITH 120 mm 4 72 m E moooo L1 L3 L3 L3 L3 SS aa 122 mm 4 80 Figure 14 27 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 108 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 13 Battery dimensional drawing x ps f NC e E E amp A o N 92 mm 3 62 42 mm 1 65
2. Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 iT 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiOz 64 Al0O3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 di 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 138 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper el
3. 45 85 Changing level S Spar ie ives dee a ee eda ei atenta 8 5 1 Changing level 8 5 2 Changing span 8 6 Changing system seltiligs cocta ed ndi ta none er d Und edt 8 6 1 Changing language encased eevee t p i Hi e HH HAE da 47 8 6 2 Changing temperature Unit sissisotaa tenente rnnt trant 47 8 6 3 Ghianging date format cei n toe eR e anniek 47 8 6 4 Changing time format 47 8 6 5 Changing date amp time 48 8 7 Working with the camera 49 8 7 1 Removing the lens eee tes HL iaai 49 8 7 2 Adj sting tlie fOCUus rte ect dede e he ite 50 8 7 3 Inserting amp removing the battery sesenta 50 8 7 3 1 Inserting the batterist eee eter toe ete been 51 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery misssing ee Ae PAD e Piet 51 Cameravioverview goonie en i enea ENESA ATEEN N AE KAVA EE AEN 9 1 Camera parts 9 2 K ypad b ttons S fUDctlons cea oo eee et c reden edi Prec dera 57 9 3 Laser LocatIR 9 4 LED indicator On Keypad emi eroe vereor EE e gene eras 60 Canier program eR ERE HERR Raesent senes d arie 61 10 1 Result table es 61 10 2 System messages 62 10 2 1 Status messages ic eren HERR UTR 62 109 2 2 Warning MESSAGES enn eR Ee OPE RS 62 10 3 Selecting screen objects sssssssssseeseeeeee teen tete ttntn atn th sinat tn ttr tn ata than ata tna 63 10 3 1 Selecting screen objects seseseseessseessrsesr
4. sseseeesseeeeeneneenennene nett tette tette tna te inan 119 History of infrared technology ssssssssssnenee enne nnns 121 Theory of thermography eere nee dec ed ee ca eee dera pede 125 18 1 Introduction 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum eerte rine erede 125 18 3 Blackbody radiation 5 tco eed ede e eei d Der ne 126 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 xiii 18 3 1 RANCHES BW son denen b t tee m ee eic em 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law 18 3 8 Stefan Boltzmann s law 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials 0 0 0 cc ee eee eeee eens tesne tena teneeeetanee 133 19 Emissivity tables 19 1 References n 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables ssssssssssssseenennnene 135 LEE ENTE 135 ae Ea ETES tecrerncaeig E A A 151 xiv Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 1 Warnings amp cautions m 10474103 a1 This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause inter ference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operat
5. Press the navigation pad left right to change the language Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing temperature unit Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Temp unit Press the navigation pad left right to change the temperature unit Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing date format Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Date format Press the navigation pad left right to change the date format Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing time format Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 2 Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES 3 Press the navigation pad up down to select Time format 4 Press the navigation pad left right to change the time format Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 47 8 Tutorials Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 8 6 5 48 Changing date amp time Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to sele
6. Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 145 19 Emissivity tables Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 146 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 RD 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandsto
7. Figure 14 28 Overall dimensions of the battery Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 109 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 110 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number be tween 0 and 1 ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones atthe same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator An IR radiating equipment with blackbody proper ties used to calibrate IR cameras calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator Atransmission value computed from the tempera ture the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck color temperature The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction The process th
8. 7 2 General information 7 2 1 Introduction Today thermography is a well established technique for the inspection of electrical installations This was the first and still is the largest the largest application of ther mography The infrared camera itself has gone through an explosive development and we can say that today the 8th generation of thermographic systems is available It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Thermography in conjunction with vibration analysis has over the latest decades been the main method for fault diagnostics in the industry as a part of the preventive maintenance program The great advantage with these methods is that it is not only possible to carry out the inspection on installations in operation normal working condition is in fact a prerequisite for a correct measurement result so the ongoing production process is not disturbed Thermographic inspection of electrical installations are used in three main areas Power generation Power transmission Power distribution that is industrial use of electrical energy The fact that these controls are carried out under normal operation conditions has created a natural division between these groups The power generation companies measure during the periods of high load These periods vary from country to c
9. The contrast ofthe LCD may have accident ly been set to too low a value Focus the camera by rotat ing the focus ring on the lens Change the contrast of the LCD Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 81 13 Troubleshooting Problem The trigger button does not work as expected The trigger button does not work at all When connecting the in frared camera to an exter nal video monitor no image appears The LCD does not display the correct date amp time It is not possible to store any more images in the camera 82 Possible reason The function of the trigger button may have accidently been changed The trigger button may have accidentally been disabled The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the camera Solution Change the function of the trigger button Enable the trigger button Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the external monitor The camera may have accidentally been set to PAL video format while the external video monitor is set to NTSC video format and vice versa The camera may have accidentally been set to the wrong date amp time The internal flash memory may be full Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Verify that the video conne
10. location continued LED indicator 56 lens cap 54 MENU YES 56 navigation pad 56 PWR NO 56 ring for hand strap 53 SAVE FRZ 56 SEL 56 trigger 55 tripod mount 55 camera warm up time 44 canceling selections 65 cavity radiator applications 126 explanation 126 changing color alarm 45 65 date amp time 48 date format 47 emissivity 66 focus 50 language 47 level 46 65 palette 67 range 67 reflected ambient temperature 66 span 46 66 system settings date amp time 48 date format 47 language 47 temperature unit 47 time format 47 temperature unit 47 time format 47 T Refl 66 charging battery externally 76 internally 75 classification 19 21 26 cleaning accessories 79 cables 79 camera body 79 lenses 79 color alarm changing 45 65 color alarm temperature changing 65 152 commands Automatic adjust 65 Camera info 71 Date time 70 Delete all images 68 Delete image 68 Emissivity 66 Factory default 71 Hide graphics 67 Images 68 Local settings 71 Manual adjust 65 Meas mode 65 Palette 67 Range 67 Settings 69 Setup 69 Show graphics 67 communcations interfaces RS 232 85 USB 85 conditions cooling 32 confirming selections 65 control 21 cooling conditions 32 copyright viii correct assessment 18 D Date time command 70 dialog box 70 date amp time changing 48 date format changing 47 Date format label 71 Day label 70 defect prob
11. 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 132 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 Theory of thermography 10327303 a3 3 10 Da SDE o ELS H um 15 0 i Figure 18 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 p l Ta L PT TA When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp l A This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly Publ
12. 5 48 C Figure 7 17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar 34 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations distur bance factors such as wind distance to object rain or snow often influence the measurement result 7 6 1 Wind During outdoor inspection the cooling effect of the wind should be taken into account An overheating measured at a wind velocity of 5 m s 10 knots will be approximately twice as high at 1 m s 2 knots An excess temperature measured at 8 m s 16 knots will be 2 5 times as high at 1 m s 2 knots This correction factor which is based on empirical measurements is usually applicable up to 8 m s 16 knots There are however cases when you have to inspect even if the wind is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably higher temperatur
13. 85 weight 84 pin configuration RS 232 85 USB 85 Planck Max 127 postal address viii power supply 73 in packing list 11 preparation 19 priority repair 20 probable defect 18 product warranty viii PWR NO function 57 location 56 Q quality assurance viii quality management system viii 156 R radiators cavity radiator 126 graybogy radiators 131 selective radiators 131 rain 36 39 range changing 67 Range command 67 dialog box 67 reflected ambient temperature changing 66 explanation 119 reflected apparent temperature 40 reflections 30 removing battery 51 lens 50 repair priority 20 report 19 reporting 19 28 requests for enhancement 10 resistance variations 33 result table Screen object 61 signs in 61 RFE 10 RS 232 interface 85 pin configuration 85 S Samuel P Langley 124 SAVE FRZ function 57 location 56 saving file 42 image 42 Scale label 69 Screen objects result table 61 selecting 63 Second label 70 SEL function 57 location 56 selecting Screen objects 63 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Index T selections canceling 65 confirming 65 semi transparent body 133 Settings command 69 dialog box 69 Setup command 69 menu 69 shock 84 Show graphics command 67 Sir James Dewar 124 Sir William Herschel 121 size 85 snow 36 solar heating 30 solenoids 18 span changing 46 66 specifications
14. 9 Camera overview 9 3 Laser LocatlR By pulling the trigger on the bottom side of the camera body a laser dot appears approx 40 mm 1 57 above the target Please note the following A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatlR is switched on Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatlR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatlR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 9 1 Settings on page 69 10376403 a2 LASER RADIATION y DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM N CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT Figure 9 4 Wavelength 635 nm Max output power 1 mW This product complies with 21 CFR 1040 10 and 1040 11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No 50 dated July 26th 2001 10311303 a4 40 mm 1 57 Figure 9 5 Distance between the laser beam and the image center Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 59 9 Camera overview 9 4 LED indicator on keypad Figure 9 6 Explanations of the LED indicator on the keypad Indicator mode Continuous green light Flashing green light 0 25 sec switched on 0 25 sec switched off Explanation Powering up or operating Batt
15. A hot spot out of focus In the left image the lamp is in focus Its average temperature is 64 C 147 F In the right image the lamp is out of focus which will result in only 51 C 124 F as the maximum temperature Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 23 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 3 3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used which is based on comparison of different objects so called measurement with a reference This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern A normal temperature pattern means that current carrying components have a given operation temperature shown in a certain color or gray tone on the display which is usually identical for all three phases under symmetrical load Minor differences in the color might occur in the current path for example at the junction of two different materials at increasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each other The inserted isotherm actually shows less than 2 C 3 6 F temperature difference between the phases Diff
16. Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 4 87 fo gt oso 100 200 soo vom E o aoe om arr oma sm 2a em sm _m bor ee ons ee em cse 9 avo s hor em e ee s a m en s 9 o gt ae aam ese e cao mar eam umar 8 bor em se as 9 sma ome R99 8 o oor oma coef ovo am cem vos 2m _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 5 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 87 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 1056420323 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 7 83 o gt 050 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or o ore 027 om mp 3a sm o ror ee ovo aan cem vos m sa omm bor oa ons mn em R9 Re 88 es 9m _ fo ve aam ese es 3o svar eam Rmar ne or azz e 000 25 nm me wmf a for o one oor se se es o o e oma
17. To change the measurement mode press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To set the color alarm Off Above Below press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To set the color alarm temperature press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO The color alarm command colors all pixels with a temperature above or below a preset temperature level 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust Point to Manual adjust and press MENU YES to manually select eve and span set tings The level command can be regarded as the brightness while the span command can be regarded as the contrast Press the navigation pad up down to change the level indicated by an arrow pointing upwards or downwards in the temperature scale Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 65 10 Camera program Press the navigation pad left right to change the span indicated by two arrows pointing away from each other or towards each other 10392103 a3 Figure 10 9 Symbols in the temperature scale indicating 1 increasing span 2 decreasing span 3 increasing level and 4 decreasing level Pointto Automatic adjust and press MENU YES to put the camera in automatic mode continuously optimizing the image for best level and sp
18. a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 141 19 Emissivity tables Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 Ji 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron 142 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 Le
19. environmental EMC 84 encapsulation 84 humidity 84 operating temperature range 84 shock 84 storage temperature range 84 vibration 84 physical size 85 tripod mount 85 weight 84 technical 83 spectral range 83 spectrum thermometrical 122 speed wind 19 spot laying out 44 Stefan Josef 130 storage temperature range 84 switching off camera 41 switching on camera 41 system messages status messages 62 warnings 62 T technical specifications 83 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 technical support 10 temperature excess 25 measuring 44 normal operating 25 temperature reflected apparent 40 temperature behavior 18 temperature measurement 22 temperature range 83 operating 84 storage 84 temperature unit changing 47 Temp unit label 71 theory of thermography 125 thermograph 123 thermographic measurement techniques introduction 115 thermographic theory 125 thermometrical spectrum 122 thermos bottle 124 time format changing 47 Time format label 71 trademarks viii TrainlR CD in packing list 11 T Refl changing 66 trigger function 58 Trigger label 69 tripod mount 85 turning off camera 41 turning on camera 41 tutorials acquiring image 42 adjusting focus 50 changing color alarm 45 date amp time 48 date format 47 focus 50 language 47 level 46 span 46 temperature unit 47 157 Index U tutorials continued wa
20. oor ov cem cm mE im o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 6 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 88 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564503 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 36 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 11 7 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 or aro oar on e 205 s roa 056 _m ror ee ons oan cem se 3 n o9 9 bor se mm Rose mes s Row e 9 _ inc e aa sss e a270 svar team smar a bor 9 em vor asa se oe mm oss o oo cem avo cem om es 2 soc o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 7 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for ce
21. which is a very good heat conductor This means that temperature variation over the surface is small 10717503 a2 B 8 J ase 2350 4 18 18 ise 165e Figure 7 11 Reflections in an object 7 5 2 Solar heating The surface of a component with a high emissivity for example a breaker can on a hot summer day be heated up to quite considerable temperatures by irradiation from the sun The image shows a circuit breaker which has been heated by the sun 30 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803 a3 12 5 C 10 7 6 C Figure 7 12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 7 5 3 Inductive heating 13 7 C 1 8 C Figure 7 13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals this has in some cases caused serious fires This type of heating occurs in magnetic material around the current path such as metallic bottom plates for bushing insulators In the image above there are stabilizing weights through which a high current is running These metal weights which are made of a slightly magnetic material will not conduct any current but are exposed to the alter nating magnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C
22. 1 Warnings amp cautlons once ect teet eet eed E e LC LR dt e aa 1 2 Important note about this manual 3 3 Welcome l pe aa nete cete imet dede tien pet dece tet 5 3 1 About FLIR Systems 6 3 1 1 A few images from our facilities 8 32 COMMENTS amp questionis ete er an enirn sa ATEEN eaa eddie PLE M LA T 10 4 Packing list endete eese iens rte det ee Loa M Les Lt tae 11 5b System OVervlewW priri ds bp a e eee de edad pru dagegen eade ex ue 13 6 Connecting system components 0 00 eesti nnene tne sennenneeenete 15 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 5d 7 1 Important note 7 2 General information 7 2 1 Introduction 7 2 2 General equipment data 7 2 3 Inspection 7 2 4 Classification amp reporting 7 2 5 Priority 7 2 6 Repair 7 2 7 CONTOS 7 3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 22 7 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment 7 3 2 Temperature measurement 7 3 3 Comparative measurement 7 3 4 Normal operating temperature 7 3 5 Classification of faults 7 4 Reporting 7 5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 7 5 1 Reflections 7 5 2 Solar heating 7 5 3 Inductive heating 7 5 4 Load variations 7 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 7 5 6 Resistance variations 7 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in
23. 53 9 Camera overview Callout Description of part Laser LocatlR with lens cap Please note the following Alaser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatlR is switched on a Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatlR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatlR should always be protected by the lens cap Focus ring Lens cap 54 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 9 Camera overview 10315803 a4 Figure 9 2 Camera parts view from below Callout Description of part Tripod mount Trigger Lid of the battery compartment Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 55 9 Camera overview 10310603 a5 5 A C A e Il lt gt V For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 57 Figure 9 3 Camera parts view from above Callout Description of part SEL button SAVE FRZ button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 57 Navigation pad For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad see
24. 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 7 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are the norm in electric utilities When looking for overheated places it is easy to compare the three phases directly with each other for example cables breakers insulators An even load per phase should result in a uniform temperature pattern for all three phases A fault may be suspected in cases where the temperature of one phase differs considerably from the remaining two However you should always make sure that the load is indeed evenly distributed Looking at fixed ampere meters or using a clip on ampere meter up to 600 A will tell you Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 31 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003 a3 57 2 C 33 8 C 28 27 9 C 20 0 C Figure 7 14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other The one in the middle is colder than the others Unless two phases are faulty and overheated this is a typical example of a very unsymmetrical load The temperature spreads evenly along the cables which indicates a load dependent temperature increase rather than a faulty connection The image to the right shows two bundles with very different loads In fact the bundle to the right c
25. Figure 10 20 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box Explanation Language Configuration dependent Video output NTSC PAL Temp unit C degrees Celsius or F degrees Fahrenheit Date format YYYY MM DD YY MM DD MM DD YY DD MM YY Time format 24 hour AM PM 10 4 9 4 Camera info The camera info panel shows information about memory usage battery status serial Um numbers software revisions etc No changes can be made 10 4 9 5 Factory default Point to Factory default and press MENU YES to reset all camera settings to factory settings Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 71 10 Camera program INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 72 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 11 Electrical power system The camera s electrical power system consists of the following parts aremovable battery a power supply an internal battery charger The camera may powered either by using the battery or by using the power supply When using the power supply the battery will if it s inserted in the battery compart ment automatically be charged You can still use the camera during charging Please note the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times by using the camera or leaving the camera on until the camera says Battery low
26. IR camera image correction internal or external A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz ing the camera infrared Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um IR infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image isothermal cavity that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform tempera ture viewed through the bottleneck Laser LocatlR laser pointer 112 An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A mea sure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of val
27. No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 133 18 Theory of thermography INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 134 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 19 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center A
28. The same power supply can be used for both the internal battery charger and the external battery charger Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 73 11 Electrical power system 10306103 a4 Figure 11 1 Battery and battery compartment Callout Description of part Battery Battery cover Release button The removable battery gives an operation time of approx 1 5 2 hours When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery The operation time of the camera when run on a battery is substantially shorter in low temperatures 74 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 11 Electrical power system 11 1 Internal battery charging To charge the battery using the internal battery charger follow the instructions below Make sure that the battery is correctly inserted into the camera Connect the power cable to the camera While charging the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol will stop pulsing and be completely filled 10305803 a2 Figure 11 2 Battery full symbol Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 75 11 Electrical power system 11 2 External battery charging External battery charger is an extra option You can also charge the battery by using the external battery ch
29. The statistics on the effect of the repair show that up to a third of the repaired defects still show overheating That is the same as saying that those defects present a potential risk of failure To wait until the next scheduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the repair work brings other advan tages to the performance of the repair crew itself When a defect still shows overheating after the repair the determination of the cause of overheating improves the repair procedure helps choose the best component suppliers and detect design shortcomings on the electrical installation The crew rapidly sees the effect of the work and can learn quickly both from successful repairs and from mistakes Another reason to provide the repair crew with an IR instrument is that many of the defects detected during the IR survey are of low gravity Instead of repairing them which consumes maintenance and production time it can be decided to keep these defects under control Therefore the maintenance personnel should have access to their own IR equipment It is common to note on the report form the type of fault observed during the repair as well as the action taken These observations make an important source of experi ence that can be used to reduce stock choose the best suppliers or to train new main
30. The temperature range over which the battery can be charged is 0 45 C 32 113 F Charging the battery at temperatures outside of this range may cause the battery to become hot or to break Charging the battery outside of this temperature range may also harm the performance of the battery or reduce the battery s life expectancy Do not discharge the battery using any device except for the specified device When the battery is used in devices aside from the specified device it may damage the performance of the battery or reduce its life expectancy and if the device causes an abnormal current to flow it may cause the battery to become hot ex plode or ignite and cause serious injury Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 77 11 Electrical power system The temperature range over which the battery can be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 78 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 12 Maintenance amp cleaning 12 1 Camera body cables amp accessories The camera body cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth To remove stains wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution and wrung dry then wipe with a dry soft cloth Q Do not use benzene thinner or any other chemical product on the
31. battery contains safety and protection devices which if damaged may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite Donotplace the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations When the battery is worn out insulate the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before disposal Immediately discontinue use of the battery if while using charging or storing the battery the battery emits an unusual smell feels hot changes color changes shape or appears abnormal in any other way Contact your sales location if any of these problems are observed n the event that the battery leaks and the fluid gets into one s eye do not rub the eye Rinse well with water and immediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power supply plug or directly to a car s cigarette lighter Do not place the batteries in or near fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment is activated preventing the battery from charging further and heating the battery can destroy the safety equipment and can cause additional heating breaking or ignition of the battery Do not continue charging the battery if it does not recharge within the specified charging time Doing so may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite
32. camera 8 1 2 Switching off the camera Action To switch off the camera press and hold down PWR NO until the message Shutting down appears Briefly pressing PWR NO when the camera is in menu mode will cancel menu selections Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 41 8 Tutorials 8 2 8 2 1 Working with images Acquiring an image Point the camera at a warm object like a face or a hand Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 49 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera Freezing an image Adjust focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 49 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera 8 2 3 Briefly pressing SAVE FRZ will display a confirmation box To save the image press YES Toleave the confirmation box without saving the image press NO Saving an image Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Plea
33. for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized m
34. fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 126 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means
35. have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability you may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation flir se Do not use this e mail address for technical support questions Technical support is handled by FLIR Systems local sales offices 10 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 4 Packing list The ThermaCAM E45 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which typically contains the items below On receipt of the transport case inspect all items and check them against the delivery note Any damaged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately Description Battery Part Number 1195 106 Battery charger 1195 102 Hand strap Lens cap for camera body Operator s manual Power supply 1 195 221 1 120 987 1558015 1 909 528 ThermaCAM E45 infrared camera with lens TrainlR CD Configuration dependent 1195 494 USB cable 1195 128 Video cable 1 909 775 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 4 Packing list INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 5 System overview This system overview shows all accessorie
36. in degrees 36 5 b gt e 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 o T csm one rm 220 sm em sao coon 7 bor ces oso aso em em m mn 9 _m_ bor 207 ara nas s e as mesa nor 0m in aer aam ese es 320 svar m uma a or T e e em em me serv ee mese ae or oa Sep s se oes oa eas 9n 8 o oo ors oa om ce ao e ces Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 21 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 103 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563903 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 68 0 fo gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 or ose vas 270 oro an are mae us 7 for o rai se sm mee 99 8e m 7 hor m ea e m Re m as cn 0 _ n e aam sss e 320 svar eam uma a bor e a oon wor aaa ces are cm o arr cem 06
37. infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 125 18 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 18 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 18 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal
38. intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 121 17 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 17 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermom
39. of the following formula 2xhc x10 wati m um where Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um The factor 109 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m m If the factor is excluded the dimension will be Watt m2um Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 127 18 Theory of thermography Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a3 Figure 18 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have des 2898 um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to
40. om aos anf _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 14 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 96 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565203 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 33 8 o gt 050 100 200 soo E or 020 oar v22 aor 600 sma aa me _m bor em ows S omm Rome 22a ses _m_ bor m am e m sno s me 0 _ inc e aas sss ea 320 mar eas mar 8 ior T em 200 sm e ee m mo m a bor oor ors 020 ors m E rao vase in Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 15 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances
41. on matically due to the settings in the Settings the camera dialog box There is no battery in the battery compart ment There is a battery in the battery compart ment but the battery is depleted If you are using the power supply the connector may not be properly inserted into the power connector on the camera Insert a fully charged bat tery Charge the battery Verify that the power supply connector is properly insert ed If you are using the power supply the mains plug may not be properly plugged in into a mains supply If you are using the power supply the mains cable may not be properly plugged in into the power supply Verify that the mains plug is properly plugged in Verify that the mains cable is properly plugged in The LCD displays an im age but it is of poor quality The level needs to be changed Change the level The span needs to be changed Change the span The camera needs to be autoadjusted Carry out an autoadjust maneuver The target may be hotter or colder than the temperature range you are currently using A different palette may be more suitable for imaging the target than the one you are currently using If your camera features an additional range change the range Change the palette The LCD displays an im age but it is blurry The LCD displays an im age but it is of low con trast The target may be out of focus
42. orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 128 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 Theory of thermography 10399403 a1 Figure 18 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 129 18 Theory of thermography 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By inte
43. oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 144 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 Paper 4 different colors 70 Sw 0 68 0 74 Paper black T 0 90 Paper black dull y 0 94 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 Paper blue dark iT 0 84 Paper coated with black T 0 93 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 Paper red T 0 76 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9
44. part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents This product is protected by patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending One or several of the following patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending apply to the products and or features described in this manual Designation Status China Application 00809178 1 China Application 01823221 3 China Application 01823226 4 China Design Patent 235308 China Design Patent ZL02331553 9 China Design Patent ZL02331554 7 China Pending 200530018812 0 EPC Patent 1188086 EPO Application 01930377 5 EPO Application 01934715 2 EPO Application 27282912 EU Desi
45. targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 101 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565003 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 20 2 o gt eso 100 200 soo E or are 026 ara 19 sm e cae cs bor ee em ce m 9 sn ome 99 7 bor me me es as m e zm 0 n e aam ase es cao mar eam uma ne o aoe cem ave om one 220 ao amo _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 20 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 102 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563603 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view
46. 0 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 140 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 ED 0 87 0 95 1 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 9 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 1 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 2 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 P 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 y 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 i 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 jJ 0 07 2 Publ No 1558015 Rev
47. 020 PRC Phone 86 21 5466 0286 Fax 86 21 5466 0289 E mail shanghai flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Guangzhou Representative Office 1105 Main Tower Guang Dong International Hotel 339 Huanshi Dong Road Guangzhou 510098 PREG Phone 86 20 8333 7492 Fax 86 20 8331 0976 E mail guangzhou flir com cn Web www flirthermography com FRANCE FLIR Systems 10 rue Guynemer 92130 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 1 41 33 97 97 Fax 33 0 1 47 36 18 32 E mail info flir fr Web www flirthermography com GERMANY FLIR Systems Berner Strasse 81 D 60437 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com GREAT BRITAIN FLIR Systems 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4AQ UNITED KINGDOM Phone 44 0 1732 220 011 Fax 44 0 1732 843 707 E mail sales flir uk com Web www flirthermography com HONG KONG FLIR Systems Room 1613 15 Tower 2 Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Rd Shatin N T HONG KONG Phone 852 27 92 89 55 Fax 852 27 92 89 52 E mail flir flir com hk Web www flirthermography com ITALY FLIR Systems Via L Manara 2 20051 Limbiate MI ITALY Phone 39 02 99 45 10 01 Fax 39 02 99 69 24 08 E mail info flir it Web www flirthermography com SWEDEN FLIR Systems Worldwide Thermography
48. 0383503 a4 2002 11 19 13 30 19 e 0 96 Figure 10 5 A selected temperature scale Press the navigation pad up down atthis stage to increase de crease the evel and left right to increase decrease the span Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 63 10 Camera program 10383403 a3 50 2002 11 19 13 29 50 e 0 96 Figure 10 6 A selected color alarm Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the color alarm temperature 10383803 a3 2002 11 19 13 51 04 Gea Figure 10 7 A selected emissivity field Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the emissivity 64 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 Menu system 10 4 1 Navigating the menu system Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Press MENU YES to confirm selections in menus and dialog boxes Press PWR NO to exit the menu system Press PWR NO to cancel selections in menus and dialog boxes Press the navigation pad up down to move up down in menus submenus and di alog boxes Press the navigation pad right left to move right left in menus and submenus and to change values in dialog boxes 10 4 2 Meas mode 10382303 a3 Meas mode Color alarm Above Color alarm temp 50 0 Figure 10 8 Meas mode dialog box Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to display the Meas mode dialog box
49. 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder ln 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 136 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 Ji 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 137 19 Emissivity tables
50. 1 195 102 11 1 195 106 11 1195 128 11 1195 221 11 1 909 528 11 1909 775 11 A about FLIR Systems 6 accessories cleaning 79 accuracy 83 acquiring image 42 address viii adjusting color alarm 45 focus 50 level 46 span 46 system settings date amp time 48 date format 47 language 47 temperature unit 47 time format 47 area laying out 44 assessment correct 18 Automatic adjust command 65 Auto power off label 70 B bands extreme infrared 125 far infrared 125 middle infrared 125 near infrared 125 battery 73 cover 53 55 in packing list 11 inserting 51 operating time 84 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 battery continued removing 51 type 84 battery charger in packing list 11 internal 73 battery charging externally 76 internally 75 battery system 73 behavior temperature 18 blackbody construction 126 explanation 126 practical application 126 breakers 18 buttons functions MENU YES 57 PWR NO 57 SAVE FRZ 57 SEL 57 location MENU YES 56 navigation pad 56 PWR NO 56 SAVE FRZ 56 SEL 56 C cable insulation 18 cables cleaning 79 calibration 1 time between 1 camera switching off 41 switching on 41 camera body cleaning 79 Camera info command 71 dialog box 71 camera overview 54 camera parts location 53 battery cover 53 55 focus ring 54 Laser LocatlR 54 151 Index D camera parts continued
51. 17 mm lens Tripod mount Standard 1 4 20 Housing Plastics amp rubber 14 8 Communications interfaces USB Image transfer to PC USB Rev 2 0 full speed 12 Mbit RS 232 optional Image transfer to PC 14 9 Pin configurations 14 9 1 RS 232 USB connector 10384403 a4 Figure 14 1 Pin configuration RS 232 USB on camera operator s side Figure 14 2 Pin configuration Signal name USB RS 232 TX GND N C USB POWER USB N C RS 232 RX Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 85 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 9 2 Power connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 3 Pin configuration for power connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis Connector type Signal name Pin number CENTER PIN CHASSIS 14 9 3 CVBS connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis Connector type RCA PHONO Signal name Type Pin number CENTER PIN CHASSIS 86 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 10 Relationship between fields of view and distance 10563503 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm
52. 34 20235103 xml a17 20235203 xml a18 20235303 xml a13 20236403 xml b9 20236703 xml a32 20236903 xml a10 20237003 xml a8 20237403 xml a11 20237603 xml a22 20248603 xml b12 20254903 xml a25 20255203 xml a4 20273203 xml a8 20273903 xml a2 20275203 xml a3 RO0055 rcp a13 config xml a4 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 159 160 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 BELGIUM FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60 62 B 2600 Berchem BELGIUM Phone 32 0 3 287 87 11 Fax 32 0 3 287 87 29 E mail info flir be Web www flirthermography com BRAZIL FLIR Systems Av Antonio Bardella 320 CEP 18085 852 Sorocaba S o Paulo BRAZIL Phone 55 15 3238 8070 Fax 55 15 3238 8071 E mail paul verminnen flir com br E mail flir flir com br Web www flirthermography com CANADA FLIR Systems 5230 South Service Road Suite 125 Burlington ON L7L 5K2 CANADA Phone 1 800 613 0507 ext 30 Fax 905 639 5488 E mail IRCanada flir com Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Beijing Representative Office Rm 203A Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100600 PRG Phone 86 10 8532 2304 Fax 86 10 8532 2460 E mail beijing flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Office Room 6311 West Building Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road South Shanghai 200
53. 5 em sae cem ves vars o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 22 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Figure 14 23 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 0 70 0 30 0 01 Close focus limit m Close focus limit ft f number 104 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 11 Camera dimensional drawings 10384503 a4 80 mm 3 1 262 mm 10 3 Figure 14 24 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 36 mm IR lens Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 105 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10384603 a4 80mm 3 1 246 mm 9 7 M ii TIT MVWLYYYY Figure 14 25 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 17 mm IR lens 106 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10384703 a4 262 mm 10 3
54. 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor 148 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 Emissivity tables Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 Water frost crystals 10 iT 0 98 Water ice covered with O T 0 98 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 thick Water snow T 0 8 Water snow 10 T 0 85 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 samples Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 dry Wood plywood untreat 20 SW 0 83 ed Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 149 19 Emissivity tables polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 150 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Index 1 Index 1 1 120 987 11 1195 49 11
55. 86 1st TE thermo electrically cooled system 1989 1st single piece infrared camera system for PM predictive maintenance and R amp D research amp development with on board digital storage 1991 1st Windows based thermographic analysis and reporting system 1993 1st Focal Plane Array FPA system for PM and R amp D applications 1995 1st full featured camcorder style FPA infrared system ThermaCAM 1997 1st uncooled microbolometer based PM R amp D system 6 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 3 Welcome 2000 1st thermography system with both thermal and visual imaging 2000 1st thermography system to incorporate thermal visual voice and text data logging 2002 1st automated thermography system model P60 to feature detachable re motely controllable LCD JPEG image storage enhanced connectivity including USB and IrDA wireless thermal visual voice and text data logging 2002 1st low cost ultra compact hand held thermography camera E series Revolutionary ergonomic design lightest IR measurement camera available 2003 1st low cost ultra compact infrared camera for fixed installation intended for automation and security applications Exceptionally user friendly due to standard interfaces and extensive built in functionality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Mo
56. Center P O Box 3 SE 182 11 Danderyd SWEDEN Phone 46 0 8 753 25 00 Fax 46 0 8 753 23 64 E mail sales flir se Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Corporate headquarters 27700A SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Phone 1 503 498 3547 Web www flirthermography com USA Primary sales amp service contact in USA FLIR Systems USA Thermography Center 16 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862 USA Phone 1 978 901 8000 Fax 1 978 901 8887 E mail marketing flir com Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations 70 Castilian Dr Goleta CA 93117 3027 USA Phone 1 805 964 9797 Fax 1 805 685 2711 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations IAS Facility 701 John Sims Parkway East Suite 2B Niceville FL 32578 USA Phone 1 850 678 4503 Fax 1 850 678 4992 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com
57. D 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used by caution 19 3 Tables Figure 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 0 67 9 70 SW dull Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 135 19 Emissivity tables Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 T 0 05 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 Aluminum polished plate 100 P 0 05 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 iI 0
58. Imaging performance 88 14 2 Image presentation 83 14 8 Temperature range 88 EC Nee cicero rodear aeia ireen vsevaraviaetbas Senses CEES obiveesntbzenavstseistes 83 14 5 Electrical power SyStOM Mierny irent nro tt nete nnne nde et 84 14 6 Environmental specifications siccis arnein s aiai 84 14 7 Phiysical specifiCatiOns x irent trementem etr rrr riter trn ce i 84 14 8 Communications interfaces 85 149 Pin configurations 85 14 9 41 RS 232 USB connector 85 14 9 2 Power confiectQr eiit tnter cent e eere endete ata 86 14 9 3 CVBS CONDECION moister entierroa oei adas aser e pere nde eed i tete 86 14 10 Relationship between fields of view and distance sssssssssseeen 87 14 11 Camera dimensional drawings essent teen tette tn tn tn tnit anna 14 12 Battery charger dimensional drawing 14 13 Battery dimensional drawing sssssseeneeeee eene Glossary aora AAE aora E seis th eae dee tas eect aula Araneta a tas 111 Thermographic measurement techniques ssssssse eene 115 UM 115 qut 115 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample esses 116 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 3 116 16 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 118 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature
59. LISH EN February 6 2006 17 History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 17 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of
60. Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 33 Defective parts of electrical equipment can therefore both indicate overheating and be cooler than the normal healthy components It is necessary to be aware of what to expect by getting as much information as possible about the equipment before it is inspected The general rule is however that a hot spot is caused by a probable defect The temperature and the load of that specific component at the moment of inspection will give an indication of how serious the fault is and can become in other conditions Correct assessment in each specific case demands detailed information about the thermal behavior of the components that is we need to know the maximum allowed temperature of the materials involved and the role the component plays in the system Cable insulations for example lose their insulation properties above a certain tem perature which increases the risk of fire In the case of breakers where the temperature is too high parts can melt and make it impossible to open the breaker thereby destroying its functionality 18 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect the higher the quality of the inspection But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to hav
61. S N Focal length 36 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 8 89 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T sm ors aan ova 155 a0 77a ssc _m jor os e oa ose m 9 se me bor cse em va aac ava mean o 9 _ bor em m mi se 950 vara ses o a0 oo coe oro 020 ons om Sm Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 13 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 95 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564903 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 18 7 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o T ee oma cse vas a0 eas rear 7 ror cem es oo mm e sre omes 39m 7 bor e 206 are 020 Hm e on m 0 _ inc aer aam ese es 3o mar eam umar a ior T cse e 216 sao v000 2700 o m 70 o aoe cem oro om om
62. SYSTEMS ThermaCAM E45 ici Manual do dtilizadgie User s manual Publ No 1558015 Revision a155 Language English EN Issue date February 6 2006 Warnings amp cautions Important note about this manual Welcome Packing list System overview Connecting system components Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations Tutorials Camera overview Camera program Electrical power system Maintenance amp cleaning Troubleshooting Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings Glossary Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography Emissivity tables ThermaCAM E45 User s manual ELIR SYSTEMS Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not
63. able 18 defective parts 18 defects classification of 20 Delete all images command 68 Delete image command 68 deleting file 43 image 43 detector type 83 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Index E Dewar James 124 dialog boxes Camera info 71 Date time 70 Emissivity 66 Local Settings 71 Meas mode 65 Palette 67 Range 67 Settings 69 dimensional drawings 83 displaying menu system 65 Display power off label 70 distance 36 disturbance factors distance 36 object size 37 rain 36 snow 36 wind 35 E electrical power system 73 power management 84 specifications 84 voltage 84 electromagnetic spectrum 125 EMC 84 emissivity 39 changing 66 data 135 explanation 115 tables 135 Emissivity command 66 dialog box 66 encapsulation 84 environmental specifications EMC 84 encapsulation 84 humidity 84 operating temperature range 84 shock 84 storage temperature range 84 vibration 84 equipment data general 18 error messages 62 excess temperature 25 exiting menu system 65 extreme infrared band 125 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 F factors disturbance distance 36 object size 37 rain 36 snow 36 wind 35 Factory default command 71 far infrared band 125 faults classification 26 field of view 83 file deleting 43 opening 43 saving 42 FLIR Systems about 6 copyright viii history 6 E s
64. ad oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 Lead oxidized gray 22 F 0 28 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 Lime T 0 3 0 4 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 Magnesium pow T 0 86 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 143 19 Emissivity tables Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 JT 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel
65. amera s internal memory The images can be analyzed either in the field by using the real time measurement functions built into the camera or in a PC using FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Reporter software by downloading the images from the camera using ThermaCAM QuickView Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 5 3 Welcome 3 1 About FLIR Systems With over 40 years experience in IR systems and applications development and over 30 000 infrared cameras in use worldwide FLIR Systems is the undisputed global commercial IR industry leader 10380703 a2 Figure 3 1 FLIR Systems Boston USA FLIR Systems Danderyd Sweden and FLIR Systems Portland USA 10570303 a2 Figure 3 2 Indigo Operations Niceville USA and Indigo Operations Santa Barbara USA Indigo Operations is a division of FLIR Systems As pioneers in the IR industry FLIR Systems has a long list of firsts the world of in frared thermography 1965 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance Model 650 1973 1st battery operated portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog recording of thermal events Model 780 Instrumental in R amp D market development 1983 1st thermal imaging and measurement system with on screen temperature measurement 19
66. an 10 4 4 Emissivity 10382503 a3 Emissivity T Reflected 20 0 C Figure 10 10 Emissivity dialog box Point to Emissivity on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to display the Emissivity dialog box To change the emissivity press the navigation pad right left To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To change T Refl reflected ambient temperature press the navigation pad right left To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO For more information about emissivity and reflected ambient temperature see section 16 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 115 and section 18 Theory of thermography on page 125 Please note the following When the scale is selected you can change the emissivity directly by using the navigation pad f you enter an emissivity value less than 0 30 the emissivity box will begin flashing to remind you that this value is unusually low 66 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 5 Palette 10382603 a4 ate CEE Figure 10 11 Palette dialog box Point to Palette on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to display the Palette dialog box To select another palette press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO 10 4 6 Range extra option Point to Range on the vertical menu bar an
67. another 33 7 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations 35 7 6 1 Wind 35 7 6 2 Rain and snow ses 95 7 6 3 Distance to object 36 7 6 4 Object size 37 7 7 Practical advice for the thermographer 7 7 1 From cold to hot 7 7 2 Rain showers 7 7 3 Emissivity 7 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature 7 7 5 Object too far away Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Xi 10 xii uhesrirs E 41 8 1 Switching on amp switching off the camera ssssssssssseeeeneeeetneneenennennnenn 41 8 1 1 Switching onthe camera esee nette ede e re deb 41 8 1 2 Switching off the camera 41 8 2 Working with images 42 8 2 1 Acquiring an image 42 8 2 2 Ereezing an Image tree ee etg ete Mene da re ber dea 42 8 2 3 Saving an IMAGE worst vest nen dete e ee ente eh e ga gt M cited a 42 8 2 4 Deleting one or several images ssssssse ns 43 8 2 5 Opening arnirmage es vette re Et e avid diese Mna ge Meters 43 8 3 Working with measurements 44 8 3 1 Laying out a Spot ee 44 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area 44 8 4 Working With alartns erect ree e e cd eg ea I Lee te us 45 8 4 1 SOtting Up CONOMANANM retorts hise sina eee ette sect p eee Eee gnat 45 8 4 1 1 Setting a color alarm using the menu system 45 8 4 1 2 Setting a color alarm without using the menu system
68. arger The battery status during charging is indicated by a number of LEDs 10379603 a4 CE A ee Hi Figure 11 3 LED indicators on the external battery charger Figure 11 4 LED indicators explanations of callouts Situation The charger is under power but no battery is inserted The charger is under power and a battery is inserted The battery is too cold or too warm The battery is out of order The battery is now being charged 76 LED indicator no Color amp mode Fixed red light Fixed green light Flashing green light Flashing red light Pulsing green light from LED no 5 to LED no 2 Each LED represents 25 bat tery capacity and will be lit ac cordingly Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 11 Electrical power system 11 3 Battery safety warnings Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with any metal object such as wire Do not pierce the battery with nails strike the battery with a hammer step on the battery or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not expose the battery to water or salt water or allow the battery to get wet Donotdisassemble or modify the battery The
69. arries next to no load Those which carry a considerable current load are about 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 7 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 38 8 C 30 5 C Figure 7 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a number of cables are bundled together it can happen that the resulting poor cooling of the cables in the middle can lead to them reaching very high temperatures See the image above The cables to the right in the image do not show any overheating close to the bolts In the vertical part of the bundle however the cables are held together very tightly the cooling of the cables is poor the convection can not take the heat away and the cables are notably hotter actually about 5 C 9 F above the temperature of the better cooled part of the cables 32 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 5 6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins Some common reasons are described below Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint or through wear of the mate rial for example decreasing spring tension worn threads in nuts and bolts even too much force applied at mounting With increasing loads and temperatures the yield point of the material is exceeded and the tension weakens The image to the left below shows a bad contac
70. at makes heat spread into a materi al continuous adjust convection difference temperature dual isotherm Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting bright ness and contrast according to the image content The process that makes hot air or liquid rise A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values An isotherm with two color bands instead of one 111 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation emissivity emissivity factor emittance estimated atmospheric transmission The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number be tween 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one external optics filter FOV FPA graybody IFOV Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geo metrical resolution of an
71. c tor is properly inserted Change the video format Change the date amp time To be able to save more images download the im ages to your computer us ing ThermaCAM Quick View 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change specifications at any time without prior notice 14 1 Focus Imaging performance Manual Start up time Approx 15 seconds Start up time from stand by lt 1 second 9 25 C 77 F Detector type Spectral range 14 2 Image presentation Display Video output 14 3 Temperature range Temperature range Accuracy 14 4 Laser LocatlR Classification Focal Plane Array FPA uncooled microbolometer 160 x 120 pixels 7 5 13 um 2 5 color LCD 16 bit colors Composite video CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Temperature range is subject to customer config uration and or three digit camera type number The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Refer to the camera menu system to see available temperature ranges 2 C 3 6 F or 2 of reading Class 2 Type Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Semiconductor AlGalnP diode laser 1 mW 635 nm red 83 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 5 Elect
72. camera the cables or the accessories as this may cause deterioration 12 2 Lenses All lenses are coated with an anti reflective coating and care must be taken when cleaning them Cotton wool soaked in 96 ethyl alcohol C H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C4H4 0 may be used for cleaning Sometimes drying marks may appear on the lenses To prevent this a cleaning solu tion of 50 acetone ie dimethylketone CH3 CO and 50 ethyl alcohol C2H5OH may be used Please note the following Excessive cleaning of the lenses may wear down the coating The chemical substances described in this section may be dangerous Carefully read all warning labels on containers before using the substances as well as appli cable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 79 12 Maintenance amp cleaning 80 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 13 Problem Troubleshooting The LCD displays no image at all Possible reason Solution The camera may have been switched off Press PWR NO to switch on automatically due the settings in the Set the camera tings dialog box The LCD may have been switched off auto Press PWR NO to switch
73. certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 jum and beyond 3 um it is almost black 130 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 Theory of thermography There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a pyr For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectra
74. ct year month day hour minute and second Press the navigation pad left right to change each parameter Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 7 Working with the camera 8 7 1 Removing the lens Please note the following Before trying to remove fingerprints or other marks on the lens elements see section 12 2 Lenses on page 79 Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts Do not touch any exposed parts Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below Trying to remove the lens by rotating the focus ring may damage the lens 10374803 a4 Figure 8 1 Removing a lens 1 Locking ring 2 Focus ring Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 49 8 Tutorials 10396303 a3 Rotate the locking ring on the camera 30 counter clock wise until the index mark is lined up with the laser window Carefully pull out the lens Do not use excessive force 8 7 2 Adjusting the focus Q Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in figure 8 1 on page 49 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens cs To adjust the focus rotate the focus ring clock wise or counter clock wise 8 7 3 Inserting amp removing the battery The camera is shipped with c
75. d press MENU YES to display the Range dialog box To select another temperature range press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO 10 4 7 Hide graphics Show graphics Point to Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to hide all graphics currently displayed on the screen To display the graphics again either Point to Show graphics on the menu or Briefly press SEL or Briefly press MENU YES or Briefly press PWR NO Uum The laser icon overrides the Hide graphics menu selection This means that even though Hide graphics is selected when the Laser LocatlR is lit the laser icon will still be displayed on the screen Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 67 10 Camera program 10 4 8 File 10568803 a2 Figure 10 12 File menu Figure 10 13 Explanations of the File menu Command Explanation Point to Images and press the joystick to display a thumbnail view of the images in the internal camera memory Open an image by selecting the image using the joystick then pressing MENU YES 10568903 a1 IR_0001 jpg 1 9 Delete image Point to Delete image and press MENU YES to delete a recalled image This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the deletion Delete all images Point to Delete all images and press MENU YES to delete all images This choice will
76. del 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the distribution plant near Beckomberga in Stockholm Sweden The camera weighed approx 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Model E2 from 2002 weight 0 7 kg 1 54 Ib including battery With this tradition of unparalleled technical excellence and innovative achievements FLIR Systems continues to develop new infrared products educational venues and applications expertise to meet the diverse demands of thermographers worldwide Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 3 Welcome 3 1 1 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 8 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 3 Welcome 10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 9 3 Welcome 3 2 Comments amp questions FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development and although we
77. devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 124 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 Theory of thermography 18 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D 2 3 4 10m 100m 1km 10 nm 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle
78. display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the deletion Approx 200 radiometric JPG images can be saved 68 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 9 10383003 a4 Setup Date time Local settings Camera info Factory default Figure 10 14 Setup menu 10 4 9 1 10382003 a4 Settings Settings Scale Info field Trigger button LCD intensity Auto power off Display power off 30 sec Disabled Figure 10 15 Settings dialog box Figure 10 16 Explanations of the Settings dialog box Explanation Scale On Select On to display the scale on the screen Off Select Off to hide the scale Info field On Select On to display the information field at the Off bottom of the screen a On TRefl Select Off to hide the information field Select On TRefl to display the information field and the reflected ambient temperature Trigger a Laser Select Laser to activate the laser when pulling Save the trigger Disabled Select Save to save the current image when One shotautoadjust LCD intensity a Low intensity of the LCD a Medium High Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 pulling the trigger Select Disabled to disable the trigger Select One shot autoadjust to autoadjust the camera when pulling the trigger Select Low to set the LCD i
79. ds of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 93 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564303 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 5 93 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T 005 oro an oma 100 xm sm ow _m bor ee ove aro e m mm 9 m hor em oes am 3 eem m e cans om _ fo e aam sss es cao svar cmm Rmar a o oor oma aos orn os om om om o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 12 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 94 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564603 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera
80. during operations that take some time Message is displayed when the software is restarted i e after Fac tory default Saving as Message is displayed while an image is being saved 10 2 2 Warning messages Warning messages are displayed in the center of the screen Here you will find impor tant information about battery status for example Figure 10 3 Critical camera information a few examples Message Battery low Shutting down Shutting down in 2 seconds 62 Explanation The battery level is below a critical level The camera will be switched off immediately The camera will be switched off in 2 seconds Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 3 Selecting screen objects 10 3 1 Selecting screen objects Some screen objects e g the scale the information field a spot etc can be se lected by pressing SEL repeatedly until the object is either highlighted or surrounded by small brackets After three seconds the cursor will automatically be hidden Pressing SEL or the navigation pad will display the cursor again When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or where applicable change its position 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 10383303 a4 2002 11 19 13 29 35 e 0 96 Figure 10 4 A selected measurement marker spot Press the navigation pad at this stage to move the spot 1
81. e a more complete classification 7 2 5 Priority Based on the classification of the defects the maintenance manager gives the defects a repair priority Very often the information gathered during the infrared survey is put together with complementary information on the equipment collected by other means such as vibration monitoring ultrasound or the preventive maintenance scheduled Even if the IR inspection is quickly becoming the most used method of collecting in formation about electrical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider The priority of repair should therefore not be a task for the IR camera operator in the normal case If a critical situation is detected during the inspection or during the classification of the defects the attention of the maintenance manager should of course be drawn to it but the responsibility for determining the urgency of the repair should be his 7 2 6 Repair To repair the known defects is the most important function of preventive maintenance However to assure production at the right time or at the right cost can also be impor tant goals for a maintenance group The information provided by the infrared survey can be used to improve the repair efficiency as well as to reach the other goals with a calculated risk To monitor the temperature of a known defect that ca
82. e at a lower wind speed The empirical cor rection factor can be listed Wind speed m s Wind speed knots Correction factor The measured overheating multiplied by the correction factor gives the excess tem perature with no wind that is at 1 m s 2 knots 7 6 2 Rain and snow Rain and snow also have a cooling effect on electrical equipment Thermographic measurement can still be conducted with satisfactory results during light snowfall with dry snow and light drizzle respectively The image quality will deteriorate in heavy Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 35 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured 7 6 3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters 66 ft away from this faulty connec tion The distance was incorrectly set to 1 meter 3 ft and the temperature was measured to 37 9 C 100 2 F The measurement value after changing the distance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a higher class of seri
83. e detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled It is therefore common practice that a person responsible for the equipment is present during the inspection 7 2 3 Inspection The preparation of the inspection should include the choice of the right type of report It is often necessary to use complementary equipment such as ampere meters in order to measure the current in the circuits where defects were found An anemometer is necessary if you want to measure the wind speed at inspection of outdoor equipment Automatic functions help the IR operator to visualize an IR image of the components with the right contrast to allow easy identification of a fault or a hot spot It is almost impossible to miss a hot spot on a scanned component A measurement function will also automatically display the hottest spot within an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 10712703 a3 Figure 7 1 An infrared and a visual image of a power line isolator When the fault is clearly identified and the IR thermographer has made sure that it is not a reflection or a naturally occurring hot spot the collection of the data starts which will allow the correct reporting of the fault The emissivity the identification of the component and the actual working conditions together with the measured t
84. ectrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 iE 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 139 19 Emissivity tables Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 ii 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 7
85. elected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar PWR NO button a Press PWR NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the camera Press PWR NO to cancel selections in dialog boxes Press and hold down PWR NO for more than two seconds to switch off the camera Press PWR NO to leave freeze and recall mode Press PWR NO to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar Navigation pad In menu mode Press left right or up down to navigate in menus and dialog boxes Press left right or up down to change or move a screen object previously selected by using SEL In manual adjust mode Press up down to change the level after having selected the scale by pressing SEL Press left right to change the span after having selected the scale by pressing SEL For more information about level and span see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 65 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 57 9 Camera overview Button Comments Pull the trigger to do one of the following Trigger 58 Save the image Switch on or switch off the Laser LocatlR Autoadjust the camera The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 9 1 Settings on page 69 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006
86. empera ture will be used in the report In order to make it easy to identify the component a visual photo of the defect is often taken 7 2 4 Classification amp reporting Reporting has traditionally been the most time consuming part of the IR survey A one day inspection could result in one or two days work to report and classify the found defects This is still the case for many thermographers who have chosen not to use the advantages that computers and modern reporting software have brought to IR condition monitoring Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 19 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection which is certainly of great impor tance but also the possibility to normalize the over temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions An over temperature of 30 C 86 F is certainly a significant fault But if that over temperature is valid for one component working at 100 load and for another at 5096 load it is obvious that the latter will reach a much higher temperature should its load increase from 5096 to 10096 Such a standard can be chosen by the plant s circum stances Very often however temperatures are predicted for 100 load A standard makes it easier to compare the faults over time and thus to mak
87. erent colors are usually the result if the phases are carrying an unsymmetrical load This difference in colors does not represent any overheating since this does not occur locally but is spread along the whole phase 10713203 a3 Figure 7 6 An isotherm in an infrared image of a fusebox A real hot spot on the other hand shows a rising temperature as you look closer to the source of the heat See the image below where the profile line shows a steadily increasing temperature up to about 93 C 199 F at the hot spot 24 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303 a4 46 6 C 45 22 8 C Figure 7 7 A profile line in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 7 9 4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot it is necessary to know its operating temperature that is its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment As the direct measurement will give the absolute temperature which must be con sidered as well as most components have an upper limit to their absolute tempera tures it is necessary to calculate the expected operating temperature g
88. erfaces RS 232 85 USB 85 internal battery charger 73 ISO 9001 viii J James Dewar 124 Josef Stefan 130 K keys functions MENU YES 57 PWR NO 57 SAVE FRZ 57 SEL 57 location MENU YES 56 navigation pad 56 PWR NO 56 SAVE FRZ 56 SEL 56 Kirchhoff Gustav Robert 126 L labels Auto power off 70 Date format 71 Day 70 Display power off 70 Hour 70 Info field 69 Language 71 LCD intensity 69 Minute 70 Month 70 Scale 69 Second 70 Temp unit 71 Time format 71 Trigger 69 Video output 71 Year 70 Landriani Marsilio 121 Langley Samuel P 124 language changing 47 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Index M Language label 71 Laser LocatlR classification 83 description 59 distance 59 output power 59 overriding 67 type 83 warning 59 wavelength 59 laser pointer overriding 67 laws Planck s law 127 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 130 Wien s displacement law 128 laying out measurement area 44 Spot 44 LCD intensity label 69 LCD protection 1 70 LED indicators on battery charger 76 legal disclaimer viii lens cleaning 79 focus ring 49 50 locking ring 49 50 removing 50 ens cap camera body in packing list 11 Leopoldo Nobili 123 evel changing 46 65 oad variations 31 Local settings command 71 dialog box 71 ocking ring 49 50 Ludwig Boltzmann 130 Macedonio Melloni 122 Manual adjust command 65 Marsilio La
89. eries 7 first thermo electrically cooled 6 model 525 6 model 650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 ISO 9001 viii legal disclaimer viii patents viii patents pending viii postal address viii product warranty viii quality assurance viii quality management system viii requests for enhancement 10 RFE 10 trademarks viii warranty viii focus adjusting 50 focusing 50 focus ring 49 50 formulas Planck s law 127 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 130 Wien s displacement law 128 FOV 83 freezing image 42 153 Index G G general equipment data 18 glossary 114 graybody 131 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 126 H hand strap in packing list 11 heating inductive 31 solar 30 heat picture 123 Herschel William 121 Hide graphics command 67 history 6 E series 7 first thermo electrically cooled 6 infrared technology 121 model 525 6 model 650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 Hour label 70 humidity 84 l identification 21 image acquiring 42 deleting 43 freezing 42 opening 43 saving 42 image presentation 83 Images command 68 imaging performance 83 indicators LED 56 on battery charger 76 inductive heating 31 Info field label 69 infrared semi transparent body 133 infrared technology history 121 154 inserting battery 51 inspection 19 insulation cable 18 int
90. ery charging in standby mode Flashing green light 3 sec switched on 0 06 sec switched off No light 60 Battery charging in power on mode The camera is switched off or the LCD is temporar ily switched off Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 1 Result table The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top right hand corner of the screen Figure 10 1 Explanation of measurement markers appearing in the result table Icon Explanation Spot Area maximum temperature Area minimum temperature Area average temperature Color alarm above Color alarm below The symbol indicates uncertain result due to an internal updating process after the range has been changed or the camera has been started The symbol disappears after 15 seconds Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 61 10 Camera program 10 2 System messages 10 2 1 Status messages Status messages are displayed at the bottom of the screen or in the top left part of the screen Here you will find information about the current status of the camera Figure 10 2 Status messages a few examples Message Frozen Manual Explanation Message is displayed when the image is frozen Message is displayed when the camera is currently in manual adjust mode Please wait Restarting Message is displayed
91. esolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 43 8 o gt 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T cse ono 101 Re ron amr me m ror e oso v1 3 cse sae 2016 om _m_ hor asi soa mes sre soar as ae 3 om _ in e aam ese e cao svar m uma a bor oo e se o mm omes m oro o aro cem ovo cem cim ss sm m o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 9 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 91 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563703 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 78 8 o gt 050 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o T ose vse Rm ama vee an Ras een 7 or ase 9 3e cse om e se m 7 bor cse xe mas a rs cuan ae re om _ n aes aas ese eso cao svar eam smar a bor ool sof so 020 oaf ms o e e o
92. et using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface Max Miedinger was born December 24th 1910 in Z rich Switzerland and died March 8th 1980 in Z rich Switzerland 10595503 a1 Pd m 1926 30 Trains as a typesetter in Z rich after which he attends evening classes at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Z rich m 1936 46 Typographer for Globus department store s advertising studio in Z rich m 1947 56 Customer counselor and typeface sales representative for the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei in M nchenstein near Basel From 1956 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich m 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface m 1957 The Haas Grotesk face is introduced m 1958 Introduction of the roman or normal version of Haas Grotesk m 1959 Introduction of a bold Haas Grotesk m 1960 The typeface changes its name from Neue Haas Grotesk to Helvetica m 1983 Linotype publishes its Neue Helvetica based on the earlier Helvetica For more information about Max Miedinger his typeface and its influences please visit http www rit edu rlv5703 imm project2 index html The following file identities and file versions were used in the formatting stream output for this manual 20234203 xml a29 20234303 xml a25 20234403 xml a32 20234603 xml a20 20234703 xml a34 20234803 xml a21 20234903 xml a11 20235003 xml a
93. etals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 115 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 16 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 16 2 1 Reflection source 116 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings a Emissivity 1 0 Doy 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 l Figure 16 3 1 Reflection source Please note the following Using a thermocouple to measure re
94. etrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 122 P
95. flecting temperature is not recommended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 117 16 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 16 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil Step 2 Determining the emissivity Action Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous pro cedure 3 Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample 4 Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even 5 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 6 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 8 Measure the tem
96. for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided 38 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera you will discover small things that make your job easier Here are ten of them to start with 7 7 1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at 5 C 41 F To continue your work you now have to perform the inspection indoors If you wear glasses you are used to having to wipe off condensed water or you will not be able to see anything The same thing happens with the camera To measure correctly you should wait until the camera has become warm enough for the condensation to evaporate This will also allow for the internal temperature compensation system to adjust to the changed condition 7 7 2 Rain showers If it starts raining you should not perform the inspection because the water will drasti cally change the surface temperature of the object that you are measuring Neverthe less sometimes you need to use the camera even under rain showers or splashes Protect your camera with a simple transparent polyethylene plastic bag Correction for the attenuation which is caused by the plastic bag can be made by adjusting the object distance until the temperature reading is the same as without the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External
97. gn Patent 000279476 0001 France Patent 1188086 viii Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Designation Status Germany Patent 60004227 8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM 057692 International Design Patent DM 061609 Japan Application 2000 620406 Japan Application 2002 588123 Japan Application 2002 588070 Japan Design Patent 1144833 Japan Design Patent 1182246 Japan Design Patent 1182620 Japan Pending 2005 020460 PCT Application PCT SE01 00983 PCT Application PCT SE01 00984 PCT Application PCT SE02 00857 PCT Application PCT SE03 00307 PCT Application PCT SE 00 00739 Sweden Application 0302837 0 Sweden Design Patent 68657 Sweden Design Patent 75530 Sweden Patent 518836 Sweden Patent 522971 Sweden Patent 524024 U S Application 09 576266 US Application 10 476 217 U S Application 10 476 760 U S Design Patent 466540 US Design Patent 483782 U S Design Patent 484155 U S Patent 5 386 117 U S Patent 5 637 871 U S Patent 5 756 999 US Patent 6 028 309 U S Patent 6 707 044 U S Patent 6 812 465 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 eames ied NNNM X Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 Table of contents
98. grating Planck s formula from 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W cT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to max is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 10399303 a1 Figure 18 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a
99. harged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times You can do this by using the camera until the battery is fully depleted 50 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 7 3 1 Inserting the battery 10396403 a2 Action Remove lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism Insert the battery with the connectors facing the rear end of the camera and the arrow symbol facing the front end of the camera Replace the lid of the battery compartment 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery 10396503 a2 Remove the lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism Remove the battery by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from the battery compartment Replace the lid of the battery compartment Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 51 8 Tutorials For more information about the battery system see section 11 Electrical power system on page 73 52 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 9 Camera overview 9 1 Camera parts 10308903 a5 ER JF XU 6 Figure 9 1 Camera parts front view Callout Description of part 1 LCD 2 m 3 Lid of the battery compartment 4 Ring for hand strap Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006
100. ion of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference An infrared camera is a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources such as devices emitting laser radiation or reflections from such devices may affect the accuracy of the camera readings or even harm or irreparably damage the detector Note that this sensitivity is also present when the camera is switched off and the lens cap is mounted on the lens Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping It is advisable that the camera is sent in for calibration once a year For protective reasons the LCD where applicable will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 60 C 149 F and the camera will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 68 C 154 4 F The camera requires a warm up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements where applicable can be expected Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 1 1 Warnings amp cautions INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 2 Important note about this manual As far as it is practically possible FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect oH each customer s particula
101. iven the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambient temperature It is always higher than the am bient temperature Excess temperature overheating the temperature difference between a properly working component and a faulty one The excess temperature is found as the difference between the temperature of a normal component and the temperature of its neighbor It is important to compare the same points on the different phases with each other As an example see the following images taken from indoor equipment 10713403 a4 81 7 C 80 r 70 M 60 Figure 7 8 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 1 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 25 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713503 a4 1221 C 120 100 80 50 462 C Figure 7 9 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 2 The two left phases are considered as normal whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature Actually the operating temperature of the left phase is 68 C 154 F that is quite a substantial temperature whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of 86 C 187 F This means an excess temper ature of 18 C 33 F that is a fault that has to be attended t
102. l radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows PAL s Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey 05 From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 131 18 Theory of thermography amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W eoT Watt nm This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody
103. m temperature as it was not possible to place a circle inside the now very small blackbody image Obviously it is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 Boe B 8 o 780 C o amp 54 638 C Figure 7 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 24 lens The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size which gives correct temperature measurement This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys tems cameras The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695 The spot meter has an opening in its middle more easily seen in the detail to the right The size of the object has to be bigger than that opening or some radiation from its closest neighbors which are much colder will come into the measurement as well strongly lowering the reading In the above case where we have a point shaped object which is much hotter than the surroundings the temperature reading will be too low Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 37 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714703 a3 g J0511 04 BHP Figure 7 21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical
104. n of the evaluation software or the camera It may happen that the actual fault is for example a connection which is hidden from the camera in the position it happens 22 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment It might be so that you measure heat which has been con ducted over some distance whereas the real hot spot is hidden from you An example is shown in the image below 10717603 a3 TLAC E 70 E L o E a 33 6 C Figure 7 4 A hidden hot spot inside a box Try to choose different angles and make sure that the hot area is seen in its full size that is that it is not disappearing behind something that might hide the hottest spot In this image the hottest spot of what the camera can see is 83 C 181 F where the operating temperature on the cables below the box is 60 C 140 F However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is probably essentially hotter Another reason for underestimating the temperature of an object is bad focusing It is very important that the hot spot found is in focus See the example below 10717403 a2 61 4 C 61 4 C 60 B 40 40 20 20 18 1 C 18 1 C Figure 7 5 LEFT A hot spot in focus RIGHT
105. n not be repaired immediately for instance because spare parts are not available can often pay for the cost of in spection a thousandfold and sometimes even for the IR camera To decide not to repair known defects to save on maintenance costs and avoid unnecessary downtime is also another way of using the information from the IR survey in a productive way 20 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as itis practically possible It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica tion of defects If a defect shows a high temperature and is in a critical situation it is very common that the repair personnel expect to find a highly corroded component It should also come as no surprise to the repair crew that a connection which is usually healthy can give the same high temperatures as a corroded one if it has come loose These misinterpretations are quite common and risk putting in doubt the relia bility of the infrared survey 7 2 7 Control A repaired component should be controlled as soon as possible after the repair It is not efficient to wait for the next scheduled IR survey in order to combine a new inspec tion with the control of the repaired defects
106. ndriani 121 Material Safety Data Sheets 79 Max Planck 127 Meas mode command 65 dialog box 65 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 measurement comparative 24 temperature 22 measurement area laying out 44 measurement mode 65 measuring temperature 44 Melloni Macedonio 122 MENU YES function 57 location 56 menus Setup 69 menu system canceling selections 65 confirming selections 65 displaying 65 exiting 65 navigating 65 messages 62 middle infrared band 125 minimum focus distance 83 Minute label 70 Month label 70 MSDS 79 N navigating menu system 65 navigation pad function 57 location 56 near infrared band 125 Nobili Leopoldo 123 non blackbody emitters 130 normal operating temperature 25 NTSC EIA 83 0 object size 37 opening file 43 image 43 operating temperature normal 25 operating temperature range 84 operating time 84 overheating 33 155 Index P P packing list 11 battery 11 battery charger 11 hand strap 11 lens cap camera bogy 11 power supply 11 TrainIR CD 11 USB cable 11 video cable 11 PAL CCIR 83 palette changing 67 Palette command 67 dialog box 67 part numbers 1 120 987 11 1 195 102 11 1 195 106 11 1 195 128 11 1 195 221 11 1 195 494 11 1 909 528 11 1909 775 11 parts defective 18 patents viii patents pending viii physical specifications size 85 tripod mount
107. ne polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 JT 0 02 0 03 Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 1 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 F 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 Ji 0 76 0 70 Slag boiler 1400 1800 Ji 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 500 T 0 35 18 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 147 19 Emissivity tables Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 Ji 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 3H 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten
108. ntensity to the lowest level Select Medium to set the LCD intensity to medium level Select High to set the LCD intensity to the highest level 69 10 Camera program Explanation Auto power off If the camera is switched on but currently not used it will automatically be switched off after a specified time Set the time by pressing the navigation pad left right Display power off Ifthe camera is switched on but currently not used the display will automatically be switched off after a specified time Set the time by pressing the navigation pad left right Q For protective reasons the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 60 C 149 F and the camera will be switched off if the detector temper ature exceeds 68 C 154 4 F 10 4 9 2 Date time 10382103 a3 DateAime 11 19 10 Minute 37 Second 5 Figure 10 17 Date time dialog box Figure 10 18 Explanations of the Date time dialog box Explanation 1970 2036 1 12 a 12a m 12 p m 1 24 The format depends on the settings in the Local Settings dialog box Minute 00 59 Second 00 59 7O Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 9 3 Local settings 10567103 a2 Local settings Language Video output NTSC Temp unit C Date format YYYY MM DD Time format 24 Hour Figure 10 19 Local settings dialog box
109. o quickly For practical reasons the normal expected operating temperature of a component is taken as the temperature of the components in at least two out of three phases provided that you consider them to be working normally The most normal case is of course that all three phases have the same or at least almost the same temperature The operating temperature of outdoor components in substations or power lines is usually only 1 C or 2 C above the air temperature 1 8 F or 3 6 F In indoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the bottom image as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating temperature taken from the two cold phases is 66 C 151 F The faulty phase shows a temperature of 127 C 261 F which has to be attended to without delay 7 3 5 Classification of faults Once a faulty connection is detected corrective measures may be necessary or may not be necessary for the time being In order to recommend the most appropriate action the following criteria should be evaluated Load during the measurement Even or varying load Position of the faulty part in the electrical installation Expected future load situation Is the excess temperature measured directly on the faulty spot or indirectly through conducted heat caused by some fault inside the apparatus Excess temperatures measured directly on the fault
110. oem oo om com 05 worn aaa ons _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 10 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 92 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564003 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 3 68 o gt e 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 or on ons arn oma ose ver azz se ror ee es avo e S9 av 38 sm ior em Rm 2m Re e van m 9m n e aae sss e 3o mar eam umar ee or T en oar se s Rm sae es me 8 o orf oma aoa cem ar ce m Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 11 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fiel
111. of 5 minutes before accurate measurements can be expected Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Select Spot in the Meas mode dialog box and press MENU YES Press SEL until small brackets appear around the spot You can now move the Spot by pressing the navigation pad left right or up down The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area The camera needs a warm up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements can be expected Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Select Area max Area min or Area avg in the Meas mode dialog box and press MENU YES The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 44 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 4 8 4 1 8 4 1 1 Working with alarms Setting up a color alarm Setting a color alarm using the menu system Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Enable the color alarm and select its mode Above or Below Set the temperature by moving the navigation pad up down Press MENU YES to confirm and leave the dialog box Setting a color alarm without using the menu system Press SEL until the c
112. olor alarm symbol and the color alarm temperature in the top right hand corner of the screen is selected The color alarm symbol is an arrow pointing upwards or downwards Press the navigation pad up down to change the color alarm temperature Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 45 8 Tutorials 8 5 Changing level amp span 8 5 1 Changing level Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to change the level An arrow pointing upwards or downwards will be displayed For more information about level see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 65 8 5 2 Changing span Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad left right to change the span Two arrows pointing away from each other or towards each other will be displayed For more information about span see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 65 46 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 6 8 6 1 1 Changing system settings Changing language Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Language
113. oor oma 00s ore oe ooo mE 2m o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 18 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 100 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564703 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 36 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 9 65 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo ee 7 or T oe ow ae ome 100 ama aaa toes _m mor ee orn ces 99 Se 3 sm o bor ase es Re es mee e s ess om _ nc e aas sss e cao svar eam smar a o oo cem oon om ova cm 208 ces Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 19 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to
114. optics transmission entry 7 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will not find the value in tables Use optical black paint that is Nextel Black Velvet Paint a small piece of the material you are working with The emissivity of the optical paint is normally 0 94 Remember that the object has to have a temper ature which is different usually higher than the ambient temperature The larger the difference the better the accuracy in the emissivity calculation The difference should be at least 20 C 36 F Remember that there are other paints that support very high temperatures up to 800 C 1472 F The emissivity may however be lower than that of optical black Sometimes you can not paint the object that you are measuring In this case you can use a tape A thin tape for which you have previously determined the emissivity will work in most cases and you can remove it afterwards without damaging the object of your study Pay attention to the fact that some tapes are semi transparent and thus are not very good for this purpose One of the best tapes for this purpose is Scotch electrical tape for outdoor and sub zero conditions Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 39 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are seve
115. ountry Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 17 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected whether they are hydroelectric nuclear coal based or oil based plants In the industry the inspections are at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper ation Thus repairs are made when the operation is stopped anyway However this seems to be the rule less and less which has led to inspections of the plants under varying load and operating conditions 7 2 2 General equipment data The equipment to be inspected has a certain temperature behavior that should be known to the thermographer before the inspection takes place In the case of electrical equipment the physical principle of why faults show a different temperature pattern because of increased resistance or increased electrical current is well known However it is useful to remember that in some cases for example solenoids over heating is natural and does not correspond to a developing defect In other cases like the connections in electrical motors the overheating might depend on the fact that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 7 5 7
116. ousness So the distance setting must definitely not be neglected 10714403 a3 34 3 C Figure 7 18 LEFT Incorrect distance setting RIGHT Correct distance setting The images below show the temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 10714503 a3 ARO1 653 C game ARD1 8LB C o Sic BOC ill iu Figure 7 19 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances T98 C 36 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The measured average temperatures are from left to right 85 3 C 185 5 F 85 3 C 185 5 F 84 8 C 184 6 F 84 8 C 184 6 F 84 8 C 184 6 F and 84 3 C 183 7 F from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F The ther mograms are taken with a 12 lens The distances are 1 2 3 4 5 and 10 meters 3 7 10 13 16 and 33 ft The correction for the distance has been meticulously set and works because the object is big enough for correct measurement 7 6 4 Object size The second series of images below shows the same but with the normal 24 lens Here the measured average temperatures of the blackbody at 85 C 185 F are 84 2 C 183 6 F 83 7 C 182 7 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 4 C 181 1 F and 78 4 C 173 1 F The last value 78 4 C 173 1 F is the maximu
117. perature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 118 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques a Write down the emissivity Please note the following Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 119 16 Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 120 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENG
118. peratures outside the present level span settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually ex pressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is dis played Expressed as two temperature values lim iting the colors thermogram transmission or transmittance factor transparent isotherm 114 infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transpar ent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors in stead of covering the highlighted parts of the im age Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 16 Thermographic measurement Be techniques 16 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible
119. plane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging
120. r camera configuration However please note the following exceptions The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change specifications at any time without prior notice n some cases the manual may describe features that are not available in your particular camera configuration Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 3 2 Important note about this manual INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 3 Welcome Thank you for choosing the ThermaCAM E45 infrared camera The ThermaCAM E45 IR camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature The camera system also features a laser pointer a 2 5 color LCD an IR lens a removable battery and a range of accessories The camera is very easy to use It is operated by using a few buttons which are con veniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives easy access to an advanced simple to use camera software for increased functionality To document the object under inspection it is possible to capture and store images to the c
121. ral hot sources that influence your measurement You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction Do it in this way set the emissivity to 1 0 Adjust the camera lens to near focus and looking in the opposite direction away from the object save one image With the area or the isotherm determine the most probable value of the average of the image and use that value for your input of reflected apparent temperature 7 7 5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the object seen by one single element of the detector Example 25 degrees cor respond to about 437 mrad If your camera has a 120 x 120 pixel image IFOV be comes 437 120 3 6 mrad 3 6 mm m and your spot size ratio is about 1000 3 x 3 6 292 1 This means that at a distance of 9 2 meters 30 2 ft your target has to be at least about 0 1 meter or 100 mm wide 3 9 Try to work on the safe side by coming closer than 9 meters 30 ft At 7 8 meters 23 26 ft your measurement should be correct 40 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 1 Switching on amp switching off the camera 8 1 1 Switching on the camera Insert the battery into the battery compartment Press PWR NO to switch on the
122. rical power system Battery type Rechargeable Li lon battery Battery operating time 1 5 hours Display shows battery status Battery charging Internal AC adapter or 12 VDC car adapter 2 bay desktop charger AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC 50 60 Hz 12 VDC out Voltage 11 16 VDC Power management Automatic shut down and sleep mode user se lectable 14 6 Environmental specifications Operating temperature range For camera type 215 amp 247 15 45 C 5 113 F For camera type 243 15 50 C 5 122 F The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Storage temperature range 40 70 C 40 158 F Humidity Operating amp storage 10 95 non condensing IEC 359 Encapsulation IP 54 Shock 25 g IEC 68 2 29 Vibration 2 g IEC 68 2 6 EMC The applicable EMC standards depend on the three digit camera type number One or more of the following standards apply EN 61000 6 3 2001 EN 61000 6 2 2001 EN 50081 2 emission EN 50082 2 immunity FCC 47 CFR Part 15 B The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N 14 7 Physical specifications Weight 0 7 kg 1 54 Ib including battery and 17 mm lens 84 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings Size L x W x H 246 x 80 x 135 mm 9 7 x 3 2 x 5 3 with
123. rnings continued changing continued radio frequency energy 1 time format 47 warranty viii deleting weight 84 file 43 Wien Wilhelm 128 image 43 Wilhelm Wien 128 freezing William Herschel 121 image 42 wind 35 inserting wind speed 19 battery 51 working with camera laying out adjusting area 44 focus 50 spot 44 inserting opening battery 51 file 43 removing image 43 battery 51 removing lens 50 battery 51 lens 50 Y saving Year file 42 label 70 image 42 switching off camera 41 switching on camera 41 U unpacking 11 USB interface 85 pin configuration 85 USB cable in packing list 11 V variations load 31 variations resistance 33 vibration 84 video cable in packing list 11 Video output label 71 Ww warm up time 44 warning messages 62 warnings battery 77 intensive energy sources 1 interference 1 Laser LocatlR 59 158 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML point your browser to http www w3 org XML Readers interested in the history amp theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites m http www gla ac uk staff strategy information socarcpj m http www renater fr Video 2002ATHENS P DC History plan htm A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was types
124. rtain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 89 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564803 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 24 5 b gt 050 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or az om 07 ae es em ave anf m mor ar6 oan e e aa ere em 065 _m hor o ova sea no aa n es o mm 7 o gt e sas ese e c3 svar m uma a or cse on am ose vor om se n o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 8 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 90 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565103 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm R
125. s that are possible to order for a Therma CAM E45 10396603 a4 1195 143 1909 528 1195 461 1195 106 1195577 36 mm 1 195 272 17 mm 1 195 271 3 300 985 E 9 2 mm 1 195 273 1122000 Vii 1195 221 Figure 5 1 System overview Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 18 5 System overview INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 6 Connecting system components 10438203 a2 Figure 6 1 How to connect system components Figure 6 2 Explanations of callouts Power supply cable 11 16 VDC USB RS 232 cable Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 15 6 Connecting system components INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration Electrical regulations differ from country to country For that reason the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country Also in many countries carrying out electrical inspections requires formal qualification Always consult national or regional electrical regulations
126. se note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 49 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera Briefly press SAVE FRZ to freeze the image This will display a confirmation box where you will be prompted to accept or cancel the image Accepting the image will save it to the internal memory 42 To save an image directly without freezing the image first press SAVE FRZ for more than 1 second Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 8 Tutorials 8 2 4 Deleting one or several images Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU YES Point to Delete image or Delete all images and press MENU YES to delete one or several images Opening an image Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Point to Images to display thumbnails of the most recently saved images To open an image select the image by pressing the navigation pad left right or up down and then press MENU YES Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 43 8 Tutorials 8 3 Working with measurements 8 3 1 Laying out a spot The camera requires a warm up time
127. section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 57 LED indicator MENU YES button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 57 PWR NO button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 57 56 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 9 Camera overview 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions Button Comments SAVE FRZ button a Briefly press SAVE FRZ to freeze the current image and display a dialog box where you can choose to save or cancel the image Press and hold down SAVE FRZ for more than one second to save the current image without previewing The image will be saved according to the syntax Rnnnn jpg where nnnn is a unique counter The counter can be reset by pointing to Factory default on the Setup menu Q Approx 200 JPG images can be saved SEL button Press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera a Briefly press SEL to show current navigation pad focus i e which screen object you can change or move by using the navigation pad Press SEL repeatedly to switch between different screen objects MENU YES button Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Press MENU YES to confirm selections in dialog boxes Press MENU YES to display the graphics if you have previously s
128. srsrersrsesesesesssnsnsnrneneneneneneseseseeererernre 63 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 63 10 4 Menu system zesta 65 10 4 4 Navigating the menu system 65 10 4 2 M 8S ThOGe Re RERUM 65 10 4 8 Manual adjust Automatic adjust sess 65 10 2 4 4EmliSSIVITY cdd ATUM II IM RE MEE d 66 10 4 5 3Palette reme 67 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 4 6 Range extra Option uc dern ect EH ERE ERE Pete nee 67 10 4 7 Hide graphics Show graphics 10 48 File 10 4 9 Setup 69 10 4 9 1 NIUDD ETE 69 10 4 9 2 Date times xime dece reed dee oe eL pesar edere rer ne der PIPER 70 10 4 9 3 Local settings nete ren emeret e 71 10 4 9 4 Camera INO 5o eee geri ree noe eerie rra tre EE 71 10 4 9 5 Factory defaulL ertet et eene 71 Electrical power system viliasi ioiei e e eet 11 1 Internal battery charging 11 2 External battery charging 11 3 Battery safety Warnings ete e i men esed t RUE B HUE E re DR Maintenance amp cleaning eese eai iiaa Kanaani 12 4 Camera body cables amp accessories 12 27 LORSE s rinde ipe ed eorr a ee Ese ure N oe Lee Y e UR MENS MR EVO RN VAT de pe eU LER VIDA Troubleshooting NN ae eee ele ee e ecce ie pes 81 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings sse 83 14 1
129. t due to a loose bolt Since the bad contact is of very limited dimensions it causes overheating only in a very small spot from which the heat is spread evenly along the connecting cable Note the lower emissivity of the screw itself which makes it look slightly colder than the insulated and thereby it has a high emissivity cable insulation The image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect ofthe wind and it is likely that the overheating would have shown a higher temperature if mounted indoors 1071420323 5 0 C 34 5 C 37 1 C 19 5 C Figure 7 16 LEFT An infrared image showing bad contact due to a loose bolt RIGHT A loose outdoor connection exposed to the wind cooling effect 7 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another Sometimes overheating can appear in a component although that component is OK The reason is that two conductors share the load One of the conductors has an in creased resistance but the other is OK Thus the faulty component carries a lower load whereas the fresh one has to take a higher load which may be too high and which causes the increased temperature See the image Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 33 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303 a3 181 C 15 10
130. tact person Location of the inspection site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0 Inspection pages containing IR images to document and analyze thermal properties or anomalies o Identification of the inspected object a What is the object designation name number and so on a Photo a IR image When collecting IR images there are some details to consider Optical focus Thermal adjustment of the scene or the problem level amp span Composition proper observation distance and viewing angle a Comment a Is there an anomaly or not a Is there a reflection or not a Use a measurement tool spot area or isotherm to quantify the problem Use the simplest tool possible a profile graph is almost never needed in electrical reports 28 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603 a3 THERMOGRAPHY INSPECTION Date 2005 10 10 FLIR tor Sign SYSTEMS FLIR Systems AB Contract 1708 pi Tim catatonia pane ap Model type IBBC LHBN 250 Phase ID Supply for Panel 8 10 Rated load 250 Fault class 2 Disconnect cable clean contact surfaces Check for connectivity between cable shoe and lead Replace any defecti
131. tenance personnel Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 21 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 7 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations 10712803 a4 31 8 C 30 26 24 2 C Figure 7 2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of 61 C 142 F whereas the one to the left is maximum 32 C 90 F and the one in the middle somewhere in between The three images are different inasmuch as the tem perature scale enhances only one fuse in each image However it is the same image and all the information about all three fuses is there It is only a matter of setting the temperature scale values 7 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 10712903 a3 TEL 60 7 C De 60 SP01 62 2 C T 40 22 0 C Figure 7 3 An infrared image of a fusebox where the maximum temperature is displayed The maximum temperature in the area is 62 2 C 144 0 F The spot meter shows the exact location of the hot spot The image can easily be stored in the camera memory The correct temperature measurement depends however not only on the functio
132. to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 97 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563803 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 63 7 b gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 o ase rae 20 oma naa nn Rx e e mor e os Sep cse s asm sor a bor se ms eas 3 08 nen nao 70s 0 _ n ve aas sss eso 30 svar eam uma a or ors cen om sa se reo em me _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 16 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 98 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564103 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm Resolution 160
133. transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This manual must not in whole or
134. ubl No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 17 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 17 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 17 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 123 17 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivit
135. ues describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity ambient temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of colors used to display an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement reference temperature reflection limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration Atemperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number be tween 0 and 1 relative humidity Percentage of water in the air relative to what is physically possible Air temperature dependent Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 113 15 Glossary Term or expression saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature range temperature scale Explanation The areas that contain tem
136. ve component Assemble according to directions with correct torque Note that load is only 18 Calculated temperature rise at 50 load would be approximately 104 C T50 T1 T2 125 45 1 6 T2 Measure taken Sign Side 1 Figure 7 10 A report example Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 29 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 7 5 1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens not only originating from the object that you are looking at but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target Most of the time electrical components are like mirrors to the infrared radiation even if it is not obvious to the eye Bare metal parts are particularly shiny whereas painted plastic or rubber insulated parts are mostly not In the image below you can clearly see a reflection from the thermo grapher This is of course not a hot spot on the object A good way to find out if what you see is a reflection or not is for you to move Look at the target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you Qo it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details is not possible The object in the images below has painted areas which are well suited for temperature measurement The material is copper
137. x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 4 00 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e m o o oar are os a7 5 se sm _m ror ee os avo es ase m 2a saa _m_ ior em om oar ave aa tom mae 9 0m _ fo e a8 ese es 3o mar m uma 8 or T cen em se es xm sa nas naar a bor oo ow oaf one mm xo s va e or oor oma oo om ovr om ons mE Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 17 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 99 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564403 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 6 44 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o 008 on azn ose 11a amr sa vias _m bor aoe ove arr oe se an am se bor e ovo van asa 700 so aso m 9 fos ve a8 ese toa a270 svar eam mvar 8 ior T ee em ae 1s se em ee sm 0 o
138. y part are usually divided into three categories relating to 10096 of the maximum load 26 Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 5 C 9 F The start of the overheat condi tion This must be carefully monitored gt 30 C 54 F Publ No 1558015 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 6 2006 5 30 C 9 54 F Developed overheating It must be repaired as soon as possible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 27 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 4 Reporting Nowadays thermographic inspections of electrical installations are probably without exception documented and reported by the use of a report program These programs which differ from one manufacturer to another are usually directly adapted to the cameras and will thus make reporting very quick and easy The program which has been used for creating the report page shown below is called ThermaCAM Reporter It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems A professional report is often divided into two sections Front pages with facts about the inspection such as Who the client is for example customer s company name and con
139. y progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters 1311 ft An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be devel oped during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching air

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ThermaCAM&trade; E45 User`s manual - FLIR Customer Support Center

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ThermaCAM™ E45 User`s manual - FLIR Customer Support Center