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1. VBoxManage openmedium dvd export iso windows winxp_sp3_x86 iso VBoxManage storageattach Windows XP storagectl IDE Controller port 1 device 0 medium export iso windows winxp_sp3_x86 iso N type dvddrive VBoxManage modifyvm Windows XP boot1 dvd boot2 disk At this point the virtual machine is configured and ready to boot 5 5 4 Starting a Virtual Machine Oracle VM VirtualBox provides three different methods for starting a virtual ma chine The most common method is from inside the VirtualBox graphical tool itself Select the guest and click the Start button When the guest machine starts a fully featured console window is opened on the host Until the Guest Additions are installed keyboard and mouse operations are captive In other words once you click inside the guest window it will restrict your cursor to its window and will continue to receive all keyboard input until told to release the focus usually achieved by clicking the Host key The current Host key is displayed at the lower right corner of the guest console window Once the Guest Additions are installed however the keyboard and mouse will be seamlessly attached and detached as your mouse moves over the window Using this method the user on the host can control many of the operations of the guest such as changing the size of the window attaching CD ROM media or turning seamless mode on or off If a less complicated console is desi
2. A dual channel IDE disk controller with up to four devices An optional Serial ATA SATA disk controller with up to 30 attached devices An optional SCSI controller with up to 16 attached devices Up to 8 PCI network host adapters Keyboard video and mouse KVM console Either a legacy BIOS or EFI firmware The next several sections describe details of the VirtualBox guest platform 5 2 1 Virtual CPUs Unlike Oracle VM Server for SPARC previously called Sun Logical Domains VirtualBox does not directly assign CPU resources to the guest domain Instead virtual CPUs are presented to the guest and time sliced on real CPUs using the host system s scheduling facilities The number of CPUs allocated for each guest can be specified in the Processor tab of the guest machine s System settings as shown in Figure 5 3 5 2 ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST PLATFORM 135 By General System E Display Motherboard Processor Acceleration Storage Audio EP Network D Serial Ports uss Shared Folders Processors g in 1CPU 4 CPUs Extended Features 3 Enable PAE NX Select a settings category from the ist on the left hand side and move the mouse over a settings item to get more information Figure 5 3 Configuring Virtual Processors If you try to specify more CPUs than are present on the system the VirtualBox graphical interface will display a warning The guest will run but the performance of the guest is likely
3. ACPI information such as battery status and power source is not reported to guest operating systems a Wireless network adapters cannot be used for bridged networks VirtualBox can run in either the global zone or a Solaris Container Running in a Container provides several interesting benefits It may be easier to place re source controls on an entire Container than an arbitrary workload especially if different people are tasked with these functions The global zone administrator can place resource policies on the Container that the VirtualBox user may not be aware of or have sufficient privilege to set Migrating a Container by detaching it from one host and attaching it to another host can greatly simply the task of relocating a guest Most of the configuration settings needed for proper operation of the guest are contained in the Container configuration file so any changes that need to be made can be done in one place Finally the ability to clone a Container that contains a guest and its associated data makes it easier to rapidly deploy several copies of the same machine on the host To enable VirtualBox operation in a Container just add the device dev vboxdrv to the Container For OpenSolaris hosts for which you want to enable USB support add the device dev vboxusbmon in addition to dev vboxdrv The following ex ample shows the creation of a Container called WinxP that could be used to run VirtualBox guests A more detailed exam
4. Removing VirtualBox drivers and services Unloaded Web service continues 148 Oracle VM VirtualBox Unloaded Zone access service Unloading USB FAILED Removed USB module Unloaded USBMonitor module Removed USBMonitor module Unloaded NetFilter module Removed NetFilter module Unloaded NetAdapter module Removed NetAdapter module Unloaded Host module Removed Host module Done pkgadd n a autoresponse d VirtualBox 3 1 4 Sun0OS r57640 pkg all Checking for older bits Installing new ones Loading VirtualBox kernel modules Loaded Host module Loaded NetAdapter module Loaded NetFilter module Loaded USBMonitor module Loaded USB module Configuring services Loaded Web service Loaded Zone access service Installing Python bindings Installed Bindings for Python 2 4 Installed Bindings for Python 2 5 Installed Bindings for Python 2 6 Updating the boot archive Installation of lt SUNWvbox gt was successful The default directory for the VirtualBox components is opt VirtualBox The user commands VirtualBox VBoxManage VBoxSDL VBoxHeadless and VBoxQt config are all symbolically linked into usr bin so that they are available for all users on the system In general no special privileges are required to run VirtualBox on Solaris other than appropriate file permissions to devices and disk images The privileg
5. 5 3 1 Installing Oracle VM VirtualBox The VirtualBox software can be downloaded from http virtualbox org downloads The Oracle Solaris version is provided in a single SVR4 data stream package that includes both the 32 bit and 64 bit versions of the software as well as a README text file describing the installation process and a package answer file named autoresponse for non interactive installations Because the package in stallation scripts load kernel modules the installation must be done in the global zone and carried out either by root or by a user or role that has the Software Installation execution profile If an older version of VirtualBox is installed on the host it must be removed before installing the new version For versions prior to 3 1 two packages must be uninstalled SUNWbox and SUNWvboxkern Starting with version 3 1 there is just a single package SUNWvbox It is not necessary to reboot the Solaris host after the old version of VirtualBox is removed or the new version is installed In the next example a new version of VirtualBox is installed on a system that is already running an older release Note the use of the included autoresponse file for unattended package operations 1s VirtualBox 3 1 4 57640 SunOS tar gz usr sfw bin gtar xpzf VirtualBox 3 1 4 57640 SunOS tar gz 1s ReadMe txt VirtualBox 3 1 4 57640 SunOS tar gz VirtualBox 3 1 4 Sun0S r57640 pkg autoresponse pkgrm n a autoresponse SUNWvbox
6. Loopback mounts for Containers 184 Low level I O transactions auditing 305 LPARs Logical Partitions 31 34 LRU least recently used pages 339 340 LSBs logical system boards 70 72 LSI Logic controllers 138 LSPP Labeled Security Protec tion Profile 175 221 LWPs lightweight processes 209 210 M M4000 M5000 systems block diagram 45 46 characteristics 48 domain combinations 54 55 Dynamic Reconfiguration 75 Quad XSB 51 54 57 58 Uni XSB 50 51 block diagram 46 47 characteristics 48 domain availability 57 59 domain combinations 55 56 Dynamic Reconfiguration 74 75 Quad XSB 51 54 Uni XSB 50 51 M9000 configuration 242 with CMU sharing 243 248 CPUs 248 249 domain configuration 246 248 251 254 T O 244 246 249 251 isolated domains 248 254 memory 243 249 summary 254 MAC memory access controller 45 57 59 MAC addresses Containers 291 guests 262 Logical Domains 85 86 100 106 VirtualBox 142 Manage stage in VE life cycle 306 Index 351 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT 328 Master devices with IDE controllers 137 MAUs Modular Arithmetic Units 88 MDF Multiple Domain Facility 31 Memory access latency 54 Containers 172 179 203 209 211 domains 49 61 62 Dynamic Domains 243 249 guests 152 153 160 261 266 IP web service hosting 238 239 Logical Domains 83 89 M Series servers 48 mirroring 57 58 multiple address spaces
7. 118 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 123 124 124 125 125 126 127 127 127 129 131 viii Chapter 6 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 1 1 Oracle VM VirtualBox Architecture 5 1 2 Interacting with Oracle VM VirtualBox Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Platform 5 2 1 Virtual CPUs 5 2 2 RAM 5 2 3 Virtual Disk 5 2 4 Virtual Network Devices 5 2 5 BIOS and EFI 5 2 6 Guest Additions Oracle Solaris as an Oracle VM VirtualBox Host 5 3 1 Installing Oracle VM VirtualBox Oracle Solaris as an Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Creating and Managing Oracle VM VirtualBox Guests 5 5 1 Creating the Guest Machine 5 5 2 Installing the Guest Operating System 5 5 3 Creating a Guest Machine Using the Command Line 5 5 4 Starting a Virtual Machine 5 5 5 Stopping a Virtual Machine 5 5 6 Cloning a Virtual Machine 5 5 7 Live Migration of a Guest Summary Oracle Solaris Containers 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 Feature Overview 6 1 1 Basic Model 6 1 2 Isolation 6 1 8 Namespaces 6 1 4 Brands 6 1 5 Packaging Deployment and File Systems 6 1 6 Patching Feature Details 6 2 1 Container Creation 6 2 2 Resource Management 6 2 3 Networking 6 2 4 Direct Device Access 6 2 5 Virtualization Management Features Solaris 8 Containers and Solaris 9 Containers 6 3 1 Oracle Solaris Trusted Extensions Network Virtualization in OpenSolaris Strengths of Oracle Solaris Containers Summary 132 133
8. Containers 178 180 patching 180 181 PAE Physical Address Extensions 114 115 Page table entries PTEs 341 342 Paging workload consolidation 14 Parallel patching of Containers 180 Parallels version 2 HDD format 138 Paravirtualization CMT 335 guests 115 116 266 267 virtual machines 35 Partitions 2 with Dynamic Domains 230 231 hardware See Hardware partitions Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V 123 124 workload consolidation 12 13 15 patchadd command 90 180 181 Patching Containers 180 181 Pausing guests 163 PCle cards 72 73 Performance Containers 234 Dynamic Domains 230 instruction simulation 333 335 Logical Domains 231 monitoring 305 overhead See Overhead testing 20 throughput 2 workload consolidation 10 305 Physical Address Extensions PAE 114 115 Physical computers limitations 307 Physical interrupts 334 Physical System Boards PSBs 48 50 Physical to Virtual P2V tool Containers 219 Logical Domains 106 108 255 migration 22 23 PIT Programmable Interval Timer 336 pkgadd command 150 Planning Container consolidation 286 287 Logical Domains 255 256 Microsoft Windows in Containers 277 278 platform directory 178 Platforms OSV management 40 VirtualBox 129 130 pool property 182 poolefg command 196 201 poold service 195 Pools CPU 190 Dynamic Resource Pools 192 199 Ops Center 317 318 Oracle VM Server 261 poolstat command 190 195 199 201 202
9. Popek Gerald J 329 330 POST diagnosis engine 73 poweron command 63 64 PowerVM Hypervisor 34 pretl command Containers 190 192 197 198 LWPs 209 virtual memory 204 208 209 Predefined workload templates 312 Predictive Self Healing functions 75 priocntl command 191 287 Private CPU pools 192 privdebug script 294 297 Privilege Debugging Tool project 300 Privileged domain 0 115 Privileges for Containers 174 177 186 293 297 proc_lock_memory privilege 209 Process rights management 174 Processors See CPUs Profiles firmware 320 operating systems 321 templates 312 VE 304 354 Index Programmable Interval Timer PIT 336 Programmer activities 18 19 Project Crossbow 222 Provision stage in VE life cycle 303 304 Provisioning assets 320 322 flexible and rapid 23 24 guests 262 263 Proxy Controllers 315 316 323 324 prstat command Containers 190 198 201 LWPs 209 virtual memory 204 207 prtdiag command 69 70 ps command 199 200 PSBs Physical System Boards 48 50 psrinfo command 101 PTEs page table entries 341 342 Q QEMU processor emulator 116 131 Quad XSB 49 51 56 R RAC product 17 RAM See Memory Rapid provisioning 23 24 Rapid Virtualization Index RVD 122 RAS reliability availability and serviceability characteristics 311 RBACPP Role Based Access Control Protection Profile 175 221 rcapadm command 190 205 rcapd daemon 206 reapstat comma
10. 134 134 137 140 143 144 145 147 149 151 151 158 161 162 166 167 169 170 189 213 215 216 219 221 222 225 226 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Choosing a Virtualization Technology 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 Review of Strengths and Limitations 7 1 1 Hard Partitioning and Dynamic Domains 7 1 2 Oracle VM Server for SPARC 7 1 8 x86 Hypervisors 7 1 4 Oracle Solaris Containers Choosing the Technology Start with Requirements Virtualization Decision Tree 7 8 1 SPARC Environments 7 3 2 x86 Environments Choosing the Technology Examples 7 4 1 Consolidating Large Workloads 7 4 2 Hosting an ISP Web Service 7 4 3 Diverse OS Consolidation Summary Applying Virtualization 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 How to Configure for Dynamic Domains 8 1 1 M9000 Configuration Example 8 1 2 Summary Consolidating with Oracle VM Server for SPARC Logical Domains 8 2 1 Planning 8 2 2 Configuring Logical Domains 8 2 3 Creating Domains 8 2 4 Testing 8 2 5 Summary Deploying Oracle Solaris 10 with Oracle VM Server for x86 8 3 1 Prerequisites for Installing Oracle Solaris 10 in an Oracle VM Environment 8 3 2 Creating an Oracle Solaris 10 Guest Virtual Machine 8 3 3 Summary How to Enable xVM Hypervisor Live Migration 8 4 1 Technical Briefs 8 4 2 Live Migration Prerequisites 8 4 3 Step 1 Configuring the xVM Hypervisor 8 4 4 Step 2 Configure Access to a Shared NFS Resource 8 4 5 Step 3 Crea
11. 187 138 Service consoles 33 Service domains 34 80 Service level agreements SLAs 12 Service Management Facility SMF for Apache 290 Containers 177 186 in security 291 293 starting guests 162 Service uptime for IP web service hosting 238 set limitpriv command 294 setdcl command 63 65 68 setproperty command 149 setupfru command 63 65 Shadow page tables 342 343 Shared Clipboard for VirtualBox 130 144 Shared I O channels 10 14 Shared IP Containers 213 214 Shared memory Containers 207 209 Logical Domains 83 Shared NFS resources accessing 272 Shared storage VEs on 313 showboards command 63 65 68 showdcl command 68 69 showhardconf command 60 62 Simplifying workload mobility 20 23 SLAs service level agreements 12 Slave devices with IDE controllers 137 Smart groups 323 SMF Service Management Facility for Apache 290 Containers 177 186 in security 291 293 starting guests 162 Snapshots database 314 disaster recovery 313 golden masters 312 guests 163 VEs 7 20 ZFS 87 103 SNMP support 60 Software isolation 227 228 Logical Domains 90 92 OSV 39 40 recertification 228 Software development and bursty workloads 18 19 Software development kit SDK for VirtualBox 129 Software schedulers 13 Solaris See Oracle Solaris Solaris Fault Management system 75 Solaris Zones See Oracle Solaris Containers SPARC Enterprise M Series servers 44 M4000 M5000 See M4000 M500
12. 341 343 OSV 41 partitioning 15 reclaiming 271 thrashing 338 341 VirtualBox 186 137 workload consolidation 10 11 14 15 Memory access controller MAC 45 57 59 Memory caps 15 203 205 206 208 209 Memory mapping units MMUs 83 Microsoft Windows updating 323 Microsoft Windows in Containers using VirtualBox 276 277 Container cloning 283 285 Container creation 278 280 global zones 278 guests 280 283 planning 277 278 summary 285 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V 123 124 drivers 124 125 support 125 Migration 7 Containers 217 219 guests 166 167 live See Live migration overview 104 105 types 21 22 workload restoration 314 Minidisks 331 Mirroring memory 57 58 MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology 328 mkfile command 95 MLS multi level security protection 175 221 MMUs memory mapping units 83 Mobility Logical Domains 104 105 workloads 20 23 Models system virtualization hardware partitions 27 31 operating system virtualiza tion 36 41 overview 26 28 virtual machines 32 36 Modes Ops Center 318 VirtualBox 141 142 Modular Arithmetic Units MAU s 88 Modular design for VirtualBox 130 Monitor and audit usage stage in VE life cycle 304 306 Monitoring assets 323 325 Containers 189 213 CPU usage 199 202 virtual memory 204 209 Most recently used MRU pages 340 Motherboards in VirtualBox 137 mount command 289 Mouse for VirtualBox 144 mpst
13. 4 Storage 3 Enable Network Adapt P Audo co Network Attached to Bridged Adapter gt Sena Ports Name 10090 Intel PRO 1000 Gigabt Ethemet bd vse Advanced E Shared Folders Adapter Type intel PRO 1000 MT Desktop 82540EM a tac Address 080027606514 gt 3 Cable connected Seivot a settings category from the ist on the NINT side and move the mouse over settings item to get more information Help Cancel Figure 5 6 Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Network Configuration Settings 5 2 ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST PLATFORM 143 5 2 5 BIOS and EFI VirtualBox provides a virtual standard BIOS firmware that is used by the guest virtual machine during the boot process Through the user interface the user can select options such as boot order and support for I O APIC VirtualBox also provides an Extended Firmware Interface EFI for operating systems such as Mac OS X that use EFI instead of the legacy BIOS Newer ver sions of Windows and some Linux distributions can use either the legacy BIOS or EFI The type of firmware is selected in the Motherboard part of the System settings Figure 5 7 shows the BIOS and boot order settings for a guest machine 5 Chapterhouse Solaris 10 Setii mo amp General System System Display Motherboard Processor Acceleration Storage Base g rr E P Audio 4MB 12288 MB EP Network Boot Order 7 Floppy A Serial Ports F CD DVD ROM B USB V Har
14. 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 Domain Mobility Physical to Virtual Conversion Ease of Use Enhancements Comparison with Oracle Solaris Containers Summary Oracle Solaris 10 as an x86 Guest 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 Overview 4 1 1 Overview of the Hardware Compatibility List 4 1 2 Type 1 Hypervisor Overview 4 1 3 Xen Open Source Project Based Hypervisors Oracle VM Server for x86 4 2 1 Oracle VM Key Features 4 2 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 2 3 Oracle VM Support for Oracle Solaris xVM Hypervisor 4 3 1 xVM Hypervisor Key Features 4 3 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 3 3 xVM Hypervisor Support for Oracle Solaris Citrix XenServer 4 4 1 Citrix XenServer Key Features 4 4 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 4 3 Citrix XenServer Support for Oracle Solaris VMware ESX 4 5 1 VMware vSphere Key Features 4 5 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 5 3 ESX Support for Oracle Solaris Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V 4 6 1 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Hyper V Key Features 4 6 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 6 3 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V R2 Support for Oracle Solaris Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization 4 7 1 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Key Features 4 7 2 Oracle Solaris PV Drivers 4 7 3 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Support for Oracle Solaris Summary Oracle VM VirtualBox 5 1 How Oracle VM VirtualBox Works 104 106 108 110 110 113 114 114 114 115 116 117 117 118 118
15. OpenSolaris At the same many of the enhancements introduced into OpenSolaris are finding their way into Oracle Solaris So whether you are learning Oracle Solaris 10 or already have your eye on OpenSolaris the books in this series are for you Oracle VM VirtualBox Oracle VM VirtualBox VirtualBox is a high performance cross platform virtual ization engine for use on computers running Microsoft Windows the most popular Linux distributions Oracle Solaris or MacOS Designed for use on Intel and AMD x86 systems Oracle VM VirtualBox can be deployed on desktop or server hardware As a hosted hypervisor it extends the existing operating system installed on the hard ware rather than replacing it VirtualBox includes a hypervisor for the host platform an application program ming interface API and software development kit SDK for managing guest vir tual machines a command line tool for managing guests locally a web service for remote management of guests a wizard style graphical tool to manage guests a graphical console for displaying guest applications on the local host and a built in Remote Desktop Protocol RDP server that provides complete access to a guest from a remote client As shown in Figure 5 1 VirtualBox can run on a wide variety of host platforms Binaries are available for these operating systems most of them in 32 bit and 64 bit versions Solaris 10 5 08 and newer and OpenSolaris 2008 05 and newer a Or
16. Windows 7 5 2 ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST PLATFORM 139 VBoxManage createhd filename vbox HardDisks Windows7 user vdi size 16000 format VDI variant Standard remember Oe s Os o AAs oO es SOA OG A ER pHs 3 O ERARA 3 6 OURS Disk image created UUID 4a0ef971 13d1 428b aded 5f 8720155e0a VBoxManage showhdinfo 4a0e 971 13d1 428b aded 5 8720155e0a UUID 4a0ef971 13d1 428b aded 5f 8720155e0a Accessible yes Description Logical size 16000 MBytes Current size on disk 0 MBytes Type normal base Storage format VDI Location vbox HardDisks Windows7 user vdi VBoxManage storageattach Windows 7 storagectl SATA Controller port 3 device 0 type hdd y medium vbox HardDisks Windows7 user vdi The results of this command can be seen in the Storage settings of this Windows 7 guest as shown in Figure 5 5 E Genera Storage GH System E Display Storage Tree Attributes Q WE Controler Sit SATA Pott 3 ne PA Empty Hard Disk Windows7 user vdi Normal GA Network S Floppy Controller Diprencing Disks Serial Ports 2 vse Emp Information GB Shared Folders SATA Controller Virtua Size 15 63 GB Windows 7 vdi Actual Size 63 00 KB Windows user vdi Location AboxHardDisksAWindoves7 user vdi Type Format Normal VDI Attached To Windows 7 3 Select a settings category om the st on the left hand side and move the mouse over a settings item to get more information Hel
17. and processes 84 85 cryptographic accelerators 88 firmware updates 322 Logical Domains 77 79 80 82 installing 89 92 migrating 104 P2V conversion 106 provisioning 321 paravirtualization 335 threads 84 85 231 virtual pools 317 Cipher hash units 88 Citrix XenServer platform 34 35 120 121 drivers 120 121 features 120 hypervisor 34 support 121 Clipboard for VirtualBox 130 144 Clock skew 335 336 clone command 216 217 Cloning Containers 216 217 283 285 guests 163 165 Logical Domains 103 104 VirtualBox 146 Clusters 16 17 CMS Cambridge Monitor System 330 CMT See Chip multithreading CMT servers CMUs CPU memory units 46 domains 62 63 sharing 243 248 Cold migration 21 105 Command line interface CLI domain management 59 60 Enterprise Controller 315 guests 158 161 Microsoft Hyper V Server 124 partitions 44 VirtualBox 133 Common Criteria Certification 175 221 222 Compatibility Containers 234 Dynamic Domains 230 HCL 114 Logical Domains 78 231 Ops Center 319 software 228 x86 hypervisors 233 Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS 328 329 Complexity of virtualization 6 Compute efficiency of Containers 225 Connected mode in Ops Center 318 Connectivity for Logical Domains 86 93 94 Console operating system COS 121 Consoles for Logical Domains 88 Consolidation workload 5 7 9 12 availability 16 18 Containers for 285 290 performance effects 305 resou
18. context when a host interrupt occurs turning control over to the guest OS to begin execution and deciding when VT x or AMD V events need to be handled The hypervisor does not get involved with the details of the guest operating sys tem scheduling Instead those tasks are handled completely by the guest during its execution The entire guest is run as a single process on the host system and will run only when scheduled by the host If they are present an administrator can use host resource controls such as scheduling classes and CPU caps or reser vations to give very predictable execution of the guest machine Management Layer Command Line Web Services Oracle VM VirtualBox API Layer macos Live Resource RDP erie Migration Monitor Server Virtual USB d Devices VirtualBox Hypervisor Windows Linux Mac OS Solaris FreeBSD Kernell Mode Figure 5 2 Oracle VM VirtualBox Architecture 5 1 HOW ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX WORKS 133 Additional device drivers will be present to allow the guest machine access to other host resources such as disks network controllers and audio and USB devices In reality the hypervisor actually does little work Rather most of the interesting work in running the guest machine is done in the guest process Thus the host s resource controls and scheduling methods can be used to control the guest machine behavior In addition to the kernel modules several processes on the ho
19. of hardware virtualization fea tures such as nested page tables to reduce the overhead of memory management it is still possible to request more memory for a guest than the host system has available If a shortfall of memory occurs due to this type of oversubscription the host operating system will start demand paging which may drag down the per formance of the guest machines and other applications and services running on the host VirtualBox does not yet provide a memory ballooning feature that would enable the host to take pages back from a guest in the event of a memory shortfall Figure 5 4 shows an example of a guest whose memory allocation exceeds the recommended maximum E General System E System E Display Motherboard processor Acceleration St x vri Base Memory 4 2048 MB Audio EERO N 4MB 4096 MB P Network Boot ord er 3 Floppy D Serial Ports CD DVD use 3 Hard Disk G Shared Folders Network Extended Features 3 Enable JO APIC Enable EF special OSes only On the System page you have assigned more than 50 of your computer s memory 9 24 GB to the irtual machine There might not be enough mamory let for your host operating system Continue at your own risk Help A Non optimal settings detected ox Cancel Figure 5 4 Setting Memory for an Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest To help prevent overallocation of the host memory the VirtualBox GUI will display a warning if it thinks that too much memory
20. see that it is the master device on the secondary IDE channel This device also happens to be second device in the BIOS boot order right behind the floppy disk which is rarely used Also note that the device is currently empty meaning that no virtual or real media has been inserted E General Storage E system E Display Storage Tree Altrivutes Q DE Controler Syt IDE Secondary Master gt na O wns P a OPOVO Device Empty ia ee e BD Seta Ports ise SD Fioppy Controler information GB Shared Folders Qo Empty Size Location Attached To Saket a settings category from the Et on the iBft band side and move the mouse over a SANGS tem to get more snforrnsnion Help OK Cancel Figure 5 17 Guest Storage Configuration Before Attaching the Installation Media To attach the installation media you must first register it with the Virtual Media Manager In this example the media is found in the file export iso windows winxp_sp3_x86 iso Click the folder icon to the right of the CD DVD Device pull down menu which will launch the Virtual Media Manager as shown in Figure 5 18 Because this is the first guest in a new VirtualBox installation the only CD ROM disk image present is VBoxGuestAdditions iso which contains the Guest Additions To add the Windows installation media click the Add button navigate 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 157 to the directory where the CD ROM image is stored and
21. select it as shown in Figure 5 19 Then you can highlight the appropriate disk image and click the Select button to insert it into the virtual CD ROM device Once registered you can select this media in any guest from the CD DVD Device pull down menu on the guest Storage settings without having to start the Virtual Media Manager Actions So S B D 2 New Add Remove Release Retesh han pers GDOVD mages E Floppy images Nawe VBoxGuestAgations iso Sue 2 39 MB Location _opt VirtualBonv aendBAladditions VBoxGuest A ddtions iso Attached to Not Altached w ce ta Figure 5 18 Virtual Media Manager Actions Ses gooo New Add Remove Release Refresh Q Han Disks CDIOVD mages F Floppy images raw se VBoxGuestAdations iso 28 39 MB Location xpetAsowindowweawinnp 90 x88 iso Attached to Windows XP o oe A Figure 5 19 Virtual Media Manager After Adding the Windows Installation Media 158 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox After the CD ROM disk image is registered with the Virtual Media Manager it should be available as a CD ROM device selection on the guest storage settings as shown in Figure 5 20 Alternatively if you start the guest with a new boot disk and fail to assign a CD ROM VirtualBox will launch the Virtual Media Manager so that you can select an existing image or register a new one When this process is complete the image will automatically be attached to the CD ROM device and the
22. shared clip board this feature will hide the fact that applications are being run in virtual machines Instead all applications appear to be running together in a single environment a uniquely integrated desktop experience Time synchronization This feature keeps the guest clock synchronized with that of the host thereby avoiding the type of clock skewing that is com mon in virtualized environments High performance graphics If this feature is enabled in the Display settings of the guest machine VirtualBox will allow the guest operating 5 3 ORACLE SOLARIS AS AN ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX HOST 145 system to pass OpenGL and Direct3D graphics commands directly to the host s graphics adapter The guest can then perform 3D graphics operations at nearly the same speed as if they were running on the host For Windows guests 2D graphics acceleration is also available Shared folders Shared folders allow the guest to access the host file sys tems as if they were local file systems For Windows guests these appear as network shares For all other guests a special file system driver is used to access the shared folders 5 3 Oracle Solaris as an Oracle VM VirtualBox Host VirtualBox supports Solaris 10 5 09 and later as a host platform with a few restrictions There is no support for USB VirtualBox uses a newer USB device manage ment system that was introduced into OpenSolaris build 124 and is not avail able in Solaris 10
23. the remote system a new window is opened showing the guest desktop that is running on pandora Figure 5 21 shows the guest desktop running the Windows XP installation program wy rdesktor pand j Wes Windows XP Professional Setup Please wait while Setup copies files to the Windows installation folders This might take several minutes to complete Setup is copying files 18x Figure 5 21 Displaying the Remote Desktop 5 5 5 Stopping a Virtual Machine A guest is typically shut down by using its native method Nevertheless other op tions for stopping a virtual machine are available Regardless of the method used to create the guest it can be stopped from the host either through the command 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 163 line or via the VirtualBox GUI Both of these methods provide several mecha nisms that can stop a guest An ACPI shutdown signal This is the recommended method A shutdown signal is sent to the guest and if that signal is supported the guest will begin a normal shutdown This process includes tasks such as flushing disk caches and unmounting file systems An ACPI signal is the safest of the external shutdown methods Snapshot The guest machine s current state will be saved and can be re started from this point in the future The snapshot approach is similar to a hibernation feature found on modern laptops but you can save many snap shots and roll them bac
24. the significant new features of Solaris 10 that put it far ahead of its competitors Features covered include zones the ZFS file system Fault Management Architecture Service Management Facility and DTrace the dynamic tracing tool for troubleshooting OS and applica tion problems on production systems in real time Solaris 10 Security Essentials Solaris 10 Security Essentials covers all of the security features and technolo gies in Oracle Solaris 10 that make it the OS of choice for IT environments that require optimal security Solaris 10 Security Essentials explains the strengths of Solaris security includ ing its scalability and adaptability in a simple straightforward way It describes how security features in Oracle Solaris can protect a single user system with login authentication as well as how those features can protect Internet and intranet configurations Solaris 10 ZFS Essentials Solaris 10 ZFS Essentials describes the dramatic advances in data management introduced by ZFS ZFS provides an innovative approach to data integrity near zero administration and a welcome integration of file system and volume man agement capabilities xviii Preface Solaris 10 ZFS Essentials explains how to set up configure administer and manage ZFS file systems including how to install and boot ZFS as a root file sys tem It covers managing pools configuring ZFS snapshots and sharing ZFS home directories It also illustrates a la
25. to the guest adapter and its full network stack is visible to external systems All of the net work operations are available to the guest including ping and jumbo frames The bridged mode is the recommended setting for guests running server applications and desktops requiring a VPN connection into another network Internal mode is used to communicate between virtual machines on the same host It is similar to bridged mode except that all communications stay internal to the host platform Traffic over the internal mode software network is also in visible to the host Internal mode is the fastest and most secure method of com munication between guests The most common use for this mode is to establish a private secure channel for guests to share that cannot be observed by any external system or other applications on the host system Examples include an internal NFS server or a content provider for an externally facing web service Host only mode is similar to internal mode except that the host is able to communicate with the guests All communications are internal to the host but applications and users on the host can observe and use network services on the guests Basic network settings for the first four adapters as shown in Figure 5 6 can be specified on the Network settings screen in the VirtualBox graphical interface 3 OpenSolaris Dev build 127 Settings E3 E Genera Network GD System E Display Adapter 1 Adapter 2 Adapter 3 Adapter
26. 0 systems M8000 M9000 See M8000 M9000 systems M9000 configuration See M9000 configuration SPARC environments as virtualization selection factors 236 237 Sparse root Containers 179 180 ssh command 88 Staging 19 20 stmsboot command 88 Stopping virtual machines 162 163 Storage area networks SANs 314 315 Storage bandwidth in workload consolidation 12 Storage efficiency in Containers 225 Storage replication tools 313 314 Strands 79 84 99 Sun Management Center 60 Sun Ray thin clients 332 Sun Service Tags 318 SUNWbox package 147 SUNWvbox package 147 SUNWvboxkern package 147 SVC instruction 333 svcadm command Containers 290 294 networks 224 sVirt project 126 Swap caps 203 Swap reservations 15 Swap space used in workload consolidation 11 Synchronization clock skew 335 336 Containers 295 Guest Additions 144 patches 232 Synthetic instructions 336 337 sys unconfig command 216 265 266 System 360 computers 329 331 System 370 computers 331 System Center Configuration Manager SCCM 323 System Center Virtual Machine Manager SCVMM 124 System controller SC 45 System features for isolation 228 System virtualization models hardware partitions 27 31 operating system virtualization 36 41 overview 26 28 virtual machines 32 36 T Teleportation 166 telnet command 88 96 Templates workload 312 Temporary CPU pools 192 Testing 19 20 Container consolidation 290 Logical Domains
27. 257 Thin clients 332 356 Index Thrashing 338 341 Threads 84 85 231 See also Multithreading Throughput performance 2 Time sharing 332 Time slicing 78 Time synchronization clock skew 335 336 Containers 295 Guest Additions 144 patches 232 Transactions auditing 305 latency 10 OLTP 18 Translation look aside buffers TLBs 79 341 343 Trojan Horse attacks 179 291 Trusted Extensions feature 170 175 221 222 Type 1 hypervisors 32 34 114 115 Type 2 hypervisors 34 35 U UFS file systems 86 87 ufsdump command 106 UIDs user identification numbers 177 UltraSPARC systems cryptographic accelerators 88 Logical Domains 79 80 virtual CPUs 84 85 virtual network devices 86 Uni XSB 49 51 Unprivileged guest domains 115 Update and report compliance stage in VE life cycle 304 Updating assets 322 323 Use cases 9 asynchronous workloads 18 fine grained operating sys tem modification 25 flexible rapid provisioning 23 24 legacy operating systems 23 scalability constraints 24 25 security configuration 25 26 software development and bursty workloads 18 19 testing and staging 19 20 workload consolidation 9 18 workload mobility simplifica tion 20 23 User identification numbers UIDs 177 User rights management for Containers 174 usr directory 178 180 UUIDs for cloned disks 164 Vv V2P 23 V2V 23 var apache2 htdocs directory 286 var www html directory 286 VBoxGuestA
28. 78 VirtualBox 145 GNU General Public License GPL 115 Goldberg Robert P 329 330 Golden master images 312 Granularity Containers 234 Logical Domains 232 resource configuration 29 30 38 40 vCPU assignments 84 x86 hypervisors 233 Graphical User Interface GUI domain management 60 Logical Domains 108 VirtualBox 133 163 Graphics in VirtualBox 144 Guest Additions 144 145 150 Guests 33 35 autostart service 282 283 creating 259 260 information for 260 262 installation media 260 instruction simulation 333 interactive installation 263 live migration 166 167 273 274 Logical Domains 81 Microsoft Windows in Containers 280 283 network connectivity 93 94 network interface reconfigu ration 264 267 Oracle Solaris 10 deployment 259 267 provisioning 262 263 scalability 30 synthetic instructions for 336 337 VirtualBox See Oracle VM VirtualBox virtualization method 260 x86 See x86 guests GUI Graphical User Interface domain management 60 Logical Domains 108 VirtualBox 133 H HA high availability solutions 16 Halting Containers 188 189 Handshaking mechanism 340 Hardening security for Containers See Oracle Solaris Containers Hardware Container independence 225 isolation 227 228 OSV 36 39 Hardware Compatibility List HCL 114 Hardware partitions 28 44 Dynamic Domains 31 44 230 231 failure isolation 28 29 industry examples 31 managing 30 operating systems 29 relativ
29. Ethernet interface on the host can be virtualized as an Intel PRO 1000 on a guest The first four virtual network adapters can be configured using the Network settings in the GUI All eight of the devices can be configured using the VBoxManage command VirtualBox can present any of the following virtual devices to the guest operat ing system AMD PCNet PCI II A legacy host adapter for older guest operating systems AMD PCNet FAST III The default for most guests This host adapter is well supported in most OS installation media which makes it a good choice for most guests It is also supported by the GNU GRUB bootloader which allows network booting and installation of a guest operating system Intel PRO 1000 MT Desktop The default for newer guest operating systems such as Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 Use this where the PCNet adapter is no longer supported or available on the installation media Intel PRO 1000 T Server Specifically for use with Windows XP guests Intel PRO 1000 MT Server A driver that allows guests to be imported from other virtualization products such as VMware The PRO 1000 MT Server virtual device is commonly used on those platforms Virt io A device used for guests that support a KVM paravirtualized PV network interface Because this device is designed for virtualization it may 5 2 ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST PLATFORM 141 offer performance advantages over the other emulated devices PV d
30. Oracle Solaris System Administration Series Oracle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials Jeff Victor Jeff Savit Gary Combs Simon Hayler Bob Netherton Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and or its affiliates Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners AMD Opteron the AMD logo and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International Inc UNIX is a registered trade mark licensed through X Open Company Ltd The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein This document is provided for information purposes only and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice This docum
31. SI Logic or BusLogic SCSI controller if neces sary Such a controller supports up to 16 devices It is intended to facilitate use of legacy operating systems that do not support SATA and need more than the 4 devices provided by the IDE controller This controller can also be used to attach more than the 30 disks supported by the SATA controller Guest hard disks are generally mapped to files on the host platform that contain a complete image of the guest disk including the boot sector and partition table The disk images have a fixed geometry based on their total size Once the disk image is created its size cannot be altered When a guest reads from or writes to the disk VirtualBox redirects the I O to the native file system services on the host VirtualBox supports four disk image file formats VDI the native VirtualBox disk format It is the default when you create a new virtual machine or disk image VMDK a popular disk format used by VMware VHD the format used by Microsoft Parallels version 2 HDD format VirtualBox does not support newer formats but those can be converted to version 2 using tools supplied by Parallels With each of these formats VirtualBox can create fixed size or dynamically expanding disk images Fixed size image files are completely allocated at creation time This type of image file will take longer to create because it is dependent on the write performance of the host file system Once in use it wi
32. Solaris you should skim through Chapter 1 to understand the context of the rest of the book as well as the definitions of terms used throughout the book If you are implementing virtu alization technologies on many systems you should read Chapter 9 to understand the unique problems that must be addressed as part of this work and to identify software that can significantly reduce the complexity of large virtualization farms Note Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems Inc early in 2010 when this book was nearing completion Although this book mostly uses the new product names occasional reference is made to previous names The following table provides a guide to the old and new product names Sun Product Name Oracle Product Name Solaris Oracle Solaris Solaris Containers Containers or zones Oracle Solaris Containers Containers or zones Logical Domains Oracle VM Server for SPARC Oracle VM Oracle VM Server for x86 VirtualBox Oracle VM VirtualBox OpenSolaris In June 2005 Sun Microsystems introduced OpenSolaris a fully functional re lease of the Solaris operating system built from open source software Although the books in this series focus on Oracle Solaris 10 they often incorporate aspects of OpenSolaris Since that time the evolution of this OS has accelerated even beyond its normally rapid pace The authors of this series have often found it interesting to introduce features or nuances that are new in
33. ached devices that provide access to the host storage Each virtual motherboard has a dual channel IDE controller Each of the two channels has two devices a master and a slave By convention the master device on the first IDE channel is the boot disk and the master device on the second IDE channel is a CD ROM DVD Many IDE chipsets are available and VirtualBox can emulate an Intel PITX8 PITX4 or ICH6 There is no difference in the performance between these options but if an operating system is expecting a particular IDE controller and sees a different one it may not operate properly This situation happens most often when importing a virtual machine from another virtualiza tion product To prevent this problem set the IDE controller type to match that of the other virtualization product A virtual motherboard may also have a Serial ATA SATA controller Such a controller can support up to 30 disk devices By default the first 4 devices operate in legacy IDE mode meaning that the BIOS can use them just like any other IDE device Once the guest operating system is up and running and has loaded the SATA drivers for these devices they can then be accessed in SATA mode In addi tion to supporting a larger number of devices SATA is a more efficient interface both on the guest and in the emulation layer SATA devices are preferred if the operating system supports them 138 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox VirtualBox can also provide an L
34. acle Enterprise Linux 32 bit Microsoft Windows XP Vista 7 and Windows Server 2003 and 2008 Mac OS X 10 5 and newer Intel only Linux distributions including SuSE 9 and newer Ubuntu Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 and newer and others 129 130 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox There are no specific limitations on the guest operating system but supported guests include all of the host operating systems plus FreeBSD OS 2 and legacy Windows versions NT Windows 98 Windows 3 1 DOS No special hardware is required to run VirtualBox other than an Intel x86 compatible system and adequate memory to run the guests If the system has Intel VT x or AMD V hard ware virtualization extensions and they are enabled in the BIOS VirtualBox can take advantage of these items and provide even better guest operational behavior ye BF Microsoft I Microsoft i Windows Windows solaris Linux J eso 0S2 Guest Platiorms Oracle VM VirtualBox Software Windows Microsoft Microsoft Windows ye Host Platforms Figure 5 1 Platforms Supported by Oracle VM VirtualBox The modular design of VirtualBox provides a consistent set of features across a wide range of host platforms As a consequence a virtual machine or disk image created on one host can be loaded and run on any supported host In addition a user or administrator who is familiar with managing guest virtual machines on one type of host can manage guests on any of the other supporte
35. aliza tion models and technologies enabling them to optimize system and network architectures that employ virtualization The extensive coverage of resource controls can lead to better stability and more consistent performance of workloads in virtualized systems Computer science students with UNIX or Linux experience will gain a holistic understanding of the history and current state of the system virtu alization industry The breadth of virtualization models discussed provides a framework for further discovery and the real world examples prepare stu dents for data center careers Technical support staff who troubleshoot virtualized systems will gain an introduction to system virtualization and interactions between virtualized systems This background can shorten the time to diagnose problems and enable personnel to readily distinguish between problems related to virtual ization and ones that are independent of virtualization Preface xix How to Use This Book Readers who wish to learn about one specific Oracle Solaris virtualization technol ogy should read Chapter 1 and the appropriate sections of Chapters 2 through 6 8 and 9 If you would like to understand all of the virtualization technologies that use Oracle Solaris as a core component and determine how to choose among them read all of the chapters in this book If you already understand virtualization but want to learn about virtualization using Oracle Solaris or Open
36. alized guest on Xen those are just a few of the highlights for me This book began as a project within Sun in mid 2009 during Oracle s acquisi tion of the company so it both explores aspects of Sun s virtualization technol ogy portfolio and now that the acquisition is complete peers a little into 2010 Sun s unique position as a systems company allowed it to deliver a full set of in tegrated virtualization technologies These solutions span the different trade offs between maximizing utilization for efficiency and maximizing isolation for avail ability while enabling the system to be managed at a large scale and up and down xi xii Foreword the layers of the systems architecture Because that systems perspective informs everything we do we have a wealth of solutions to match the diverse needs of modern enterprise architectures Many of these tools are interoperable enabling solutions that are otherwise impossible or impractical Oracle s acquisition of Sun provides two further benefits to that portfolio a secure future for these technolo gies and the exciting potential for integration with Oracle VM Oracle Enterprise Manager and the wealth of Oracle applications Here are some examples from the Sun portfolio ZFS is a key storage virtu alization technology at the core of the future of the Solaris operating system as well as the appliance products we build from Solaris technology today Solaris networking virtualizatio
37. arget VBoxManage modifyvm Solaris 10 teleporter on teleporter 6000 target VBoxManage startvm Solaris10 On the host source where the guest Solaris10 is currently running initiate the live migration with the following command source VBoxManage controlvm Solaris10 teleport host source port 6000 5 6 SUMMARY 167 The state of the guest Solarisi10 will be transferred to the host target and the guest will resume execution on the new host For more information on guest teleportation see the VirtualBox User Manual 5 6 Summary Oracle VM VirtualBox is a compact and efficient virtualization solution for Intel and AMD x86 systems Each guest runs in a separate virtual machine and needs no additional software or drivers to run To improve performance and allow the guests greater access to resources within the host platform Guest Additions are provided for all supported guest operating systems While not as efficient as Oracle Solaris Containers VirtualBox can take advan tage of many of the resource management facilities available in Oracle Solaris to provide an excellent and well managed environment for hosting a wide variety of applications While features such as the internal RDP server and seamless mode make VirtualBox an obvious choice for virtualizing desktops its performance and use of advanced virtualization features in modern hardware also make it a good choice for handling server workloads Index A ABE Alter
38. at command 84 190 199 201 202 MPXIO multiplexed I O 87 MRU most recently used pages 340 Multi level security MLS protection 175 221 MULTICS system 328 Multilayered virtualization 27 Multiple address spaces 341 343 Multiple Domain Facility MDF 31 Multiple processors in Oracle VM 261 Multiplexed I O MPXIO 87 Multiprocessing systems 196 197 Multithreading CMT See Chip multithread ing CMT servers Dynamic Resource Pools 196 197 Logical Domains 231 Multiuser operating systems 4 N Namespaces for Containers 177 NAS network attached storage 314 315 NAT Network Address Translation 141 225 native brand 178 Nested CPU resource managers 337 338 Nested Page Tables NPT 343 netfront interface 261 266 netservices command 294 295 Network Address Translation NAT 141 225 Network attached storage NAS 314 315 Network Interface Unit NIU Hybrid I O 86 Network Time Protocol NTP 291 296 300 336 Networks bandwidth reservation 16 bandwidth in workload con solidation 11 12 16 Containers 213 215 222 225 in disaster recovery 314 interface reconfiguration for guests 264 267 Logical Domains virtual devices and connec tivity 85 86 93 94 VirtualBox virtual devices 140 142 New Virtual Machine Wizard 151 153 NFS shares access 272 NICs Containers 213 214 VNICs 222 223 NIU Network Interface Unit Hybrid I O 86 Non executable pages NX 135 Not attached mo
39. ation By comparison ZFS has a fast cloning capability that takes significantly less time to complete the cloned disk image needs to store only those blocks that are different from the blocks in the original image This strategy is very efficient for deploying many copies of the same type of guest When running VirtualBox on a Solaris host that is also using ZFS limiting the size of the adaptive replacement cache ARC is recommended By default ZFS can use most of the physical memory on the system up to three fourths on sys tems with 4 GB or less and up to maxphys 1 GB on larger systems A guest may demand memory faster than ZFS is able to free it which would produce one of the memory shortfall situations we are trying to prevent The solution is to limit the amount of memory that ZFS is able to use for the ARC This cap can be set with the zfs_arc_max Solaris tunable parameter which you can set in etc system 5 3 ORACLE SOLARIS AS AN ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX HOST 147 The following setting will limit the ARC to 1 GB which is a reasonable value for a 4 GB desktop hosting several virtual machines set zfs zfs arc _ max 0x40000000 As a general rule do not set zfs_arc_max equal to more than three fourths of the physical memory that is left after allocating memory for all of your guests See Chapter 8 Applying Virtualization for an example of using both ZFS and Containers for rapid provisioning of guests on an Oracle Solaris host
40. attach hard disks later using the VM Settings dialog The recommended size of the boot hard disk is 10240 MB 3 Boot Hard Disk Primary Master e Create new hard disk Use existing hard disk Aveta Nevada 127 vdi Normal 24 00 GB 3 lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 5 12 Virtual Hard Disk Wizard 154 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox This disk must either be a fixed size or dynamically expanding disk image A dynamically expanding disk is typically used as shown in Figure 5 13 because it doesn t waste real disk space Hard Disk Storage Type Select the type of virtual hard disk you want to create A dynamically expanding storage intially occupies a very small amount of space on your physical hard disk It will grow dynamically up to the size specified as the Guest OS claims dsk space A Thked size storage does not grow R Is stored in a fle of approximately the same size as the size of the virtual hard disk The creation of a fooed size storage may take a long time depending on the storage size and the write performance of your harddisk Storage Type Dynamically expanding storage Epxed size storage lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 5 13 Choosing the Disk Image Type The next screen allows you to name the disk image and specify its size By default this disk image is stored in your home directory in a hidden directory named VirtualBox If not enough space is available there you can click the
41. b setup in a virtual machine that can be created on a laptop for a complete experimental environment Intended Audience The books in the Oracle Solaris System Administration Series can benefit anyone who wants to learn more about Oracle Solaris 10 They are written to be particularly accessible to system administrators who are new to Solaris people who are per haps already serving as administrators of Linux Windows or other UNIX systems If you are not presently a practicing system administrator but want to become one this series starting with Solaris 10 System Administration Essentials pro vides an excellent introduction to this field In fact most of the examples used in the books are suited to or can be adapted to small learning environments such as a home system Thus even before you venture into corporate system administra tion or deploy Oracle Solaris 10 in your existing IT installation these books will help you experiment in a small test environment Oracle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials is especially valuable to several specific audiences A primary group is generalists who desire knowledge of the entire system virtualization space The only assumed knowledge is general UNIX or Linux administrative experience Another group is data center staff who need an under standing of virtualization and use of such technologies in real world situations Data center architects will benefit from the broad coverage of virtu
42. chinery ACM 329 Asynchronous workloads 18 Atlas Ferranti 338 attach command 218 Auditing Ops Center 323 VE life cycle 304 306 autoboot property 95 182 Autostart service 282 283 Availability domains 57 59 workload consolidation 16 18 B Balancing load 306 317 318 321 memory 45 Balloon down events 271 Balloon memory inflation 341 345 346 Index Balloon processes 270 271 Bandwidth in workload consolidation 11 12 16 Belady Lazslo 338 Binding resources to Logical Domains 89 BIOS for VirtualBox 143 Boot disks for guests 153 156 Boot environments ABE 322 xVM hypervisor 270 271 bootargs property 182 Booting Containers 186 188 Bound state 105 Boundaries for Containers 174 177 215 291 brand property 182 Brands for Containers 177 178 182 Bridge menu 262 Bridged mode in VirtualBox 142 Browser User Interface BUI 60 315 316 Brunette Glenn 300 Bursty workloads 18 19 Business agility 7 Containers 234 Logical Domains 232 overview 311 312 virtualization for 229 x86 hypervisors 233 Business continuity 312 313 BusLogic SCSI controllers 138 C Cache misses 79 Cache sharing false 84 Caches CPUs 79 80 Cambridge Monitor System CMS 330 Capacity planning in VE life cycle 304 CAPP Controlled Access Protec tion Profile 175 221 Center for Internet Security 300 Centralized control 38 cfgadm command 72 73 Chip multithreading CMT servers 34 cores
43. cle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials describes the factors that affect your choice of technologies and explains how to Q se Dynamic Domains to maximize workload isolation on Sun SPARC ystems Jse Oracle VM Server for SPARC to deploy different Oracle Solaris 10 and penSolaris environments on SPARC CMT chip multithreading systems C OGC se Oracle VM Server for x86 or xVM hypervisor to deploy a server with eterogeneous operating systems gos se Oracle VM VirtualBox to develop and test software in heterogeneous nvironments se Oracle Solaris Containers to maximize efficiency and scalability of orkloads SS se Oracle Solaris Containers to migrate Solaris 8 and Solaris 9 workloads to new hardware systems Mix virtualization technologies so as to maximize workload density Oracle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials contains nine chapters Chapter 1 discusses system virtualization in general terms This material includes the needs of consolidation the value and benefits of virtualization and a descrip tion of the most common types of computer virtualization Along the way Chapter 1 also describes many of the concepts features and methods shared by many implementations of system virtualization The concepts introduced in Chapter 1 are included in all of the other chapters Chapters 2 through 6 describe Oracle s computer virtualization technologies that are directly related to the Oracle Solaris OS in
44. cluding their relationship with the topics introduced in Chapter 1 Chapter 7 discusses the factors that should be considered when choosing a virtualization technology or combination of technolo gies That chapter also details a process of analysis that can be used to choose a virtualization technology or combination of technologies Chapter 8 walks you through several examples of those technologies and Chapter 9 completes the Preface xvii picture by describing virtualization management software Finally the Appendix offers a narrated tour of the history of virtualization Because this book focuses on system virtualization technologies technologies and methods that do not virtualize a computer system are not discussed These include storage virtualization and application virtualization Books in the Oracle Solaris System Administration Series The Oracle Solaris System Administration Series includes the following books Solaris 10 System Administration Essentials Solaris 10 System Administration Essentials covers all of the breakthrough features of the Oracle Solaris 10 operating system in one place It does so in a straightforward way that makes an enterprise level operating system accessible to system administrators at all levels Solaris 10 System Administration Essentials provides a comprehensive over view along with hands on examples of both the key features that have made Oracle Solaris the leading UNIX operating system and
45. d Disk Network Shared Folders Extended Features V Enable 10 APIC Enable EFI special OSes only Select a settings category from the ist on the left hand side and move the mouse over a settings item to get more information Lox _cancet vee Figure 5 7 Selecting the Guest BIOS Type and Boot Order You can also set the type of BIOS firmware by using the VBoxManage modifyvm command VBoxManage modifyvm Solaris 10 firmware bios These are just the basic features of the VirtualBox guest platform For a com plete list of all configuration options see the VirtualBox User Manual which is available in PDF format in the installation directory opt VirtualBox UserManual pdf This document can be found at http www virtualbox org wiki Downloads 144 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox 5 2 6 Guest Additions Although guest operating systems do not need any special software or drivers to operate correctly the host platform includes many features that a guest can utilize if they are available Specifically VirtualBox provides a special set of driv ers and utilities that can be used by the guest once the operating system has been installed These Guest Additions are provided in a CD ROM disk image that is always available to the guest You can use one of two methods to install the Guest Additions The first method is to attach the disk image file VBoxGuestAdditions iso to one of the available virtual CD ROM
46. d systems Advanced desktop features such as Seamless Mode and Shared Clipboard give users a uniquely intimate experience when interacting with locally running guests The built in Remote Desktop Protocol RDP server makes VirtualBox ideal for consolidating and hosting remote desktop systems Recent improvements in disk and network performance especially when combined with the advanced resource management features available in Oracle Solaris make VirtualBox an excellent choice for hosting server workloads This chapter assumes general knowledge of PC hardware It also assumes the use of VirtualBox version 3 1 4 5 1 HOW ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX WORKS 131 5 1 How Oracle VM VirtualBox Works Virtualizing an operating system on an x86 processor is a difficult task espe cially without Intel VT x or AMD V hardware features Before describing how VirtualBox works a quick review of the x86 storage protection model is necessary The Intel x86 architecture defines four levels of storage protection called rings which are numbered from 0 the most privileged to 3 the least privileged These rings are used by operating systems to protect critical system memory from pro gramming errors in less privileged user applications Of these four levels ring 0 is special in that it allows software to access real processor resources such as reg isters page tables and service interrupts Most operating systems execute user programs in ring 3 and their ker
47. dditions iso file 140 144 156 282 VBoxHeadless command 148 161 VBoxManage command 133 148 153 VBoxManage clonehd command 163 164 VBoxManage controlvm command 163 VBoxManage controlvm teleport command 166 VBoxManage createhd command 138 160 VBoxManage createvm command 159 VBoxManage list ostypes command 159 VBoxManage modifyvm command 135 148 160 161 166 VBoxManage openmedium command 138 161 VBoxManage setextradata command 141 VBoxManage sharefolder command 150 VBoxManage showhdinfo command 139 VBoxManage showvminfo command 135 159 VBoxManage storageattach command 160 161 VBoxManage storagectl command 160 VBoxSDL command 148 161 VBoxSolarisAdditions pkg package 150 vboxsrv driver 132 VBoxSVC process 133 VBoxXPCOMIPCD process 133 vboxzoneacess daemon 133 VC Virtualization Controller 317 Vcc virtual console concentrators 88 vCPU IDs 71 vCPUs virtual CPUs 71 Logical Domains 84 85 VirtualBox 184 136 VDI Virtual Desktop Integration 332 VDI disk format 138 Verifying Logical Domain firmware 90 Veritas Solaris Cluster 16 VEs See Virtual environments VEs VHD disk format 138 VI VMware Infrastructure 121 Victor Jeff 300 Viewing control domains 98 100 Dynamic Domains 69 73 Logical Domains 96 97 100 101 VIO virtual I O VEs 33 82 83 virt install command 273 Virt io device 140 Virtual console concentrators vec 88 Virtual CPUs vCPUs 71 Logica
48. de for VirtualBox 141 352 Index nPars feature 31 NPT Nested Page Tables 343 NTP Network Time Protocol 291 296 300 336 ntpdate command 295 297 298 NX non executable pages 135 0 OBP OpenBoot Prom variables 95 96 Observability of Containers 211 213 225 234 Online transaction processing OLTP 18 Open Service Tags 318 OpenBoot 88 96 OpenBoot Prom OBP variables 95 96 OpenSolaris HCL 114 networking 222 225 xVM hypervisor for 118 119 OpenSolaris Immutable Service Containers project 300 Operating system virtualization OSV 2 auditing by 305 DTrace for 212 failure isolation 37 hardware access 39 industry examples 41 operating system features 37 39 overview 36 37 platform management 40 relative strengths 40 41 resource configuration flexibility and granularity 39 40 scalability 40 software infrastructure 39 40 system virtualization models 27 Operating systems OS consolidation 239 diagnosis engine 73 fine grained modification 25 flexibility in 229 guests 156 hardware partitions 29 legacy 23 provisioning 320 321 Operational efficiencies Containers 234 Logical Domains 232 x86 hypervisors 233 Operational flexibility 229 309 311 Opportunities for virtualization 309 315 Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center 60 108 109 315 assets discovering 318 320 managing 325 326 monitoring 323 325 provisioning 320 322 updat
49. devices The second method is to use the VirtualBox graphical console and choose Devices gt Install Guest Additions from the guest console win dow If the guest operating system does not automatically mount the media this step can be done manually from the guest Once the virtual media has been mounted run the appropriate installer for your guest platform A reboot of the guest is required only if you are upgrading an older version of the guest additions that are already installed For a new installa tion all that is required is to log out of the guest and log back in again to use the Guest Additions Once installed the Guest Additions provide several new features Integrated keyboard and mouse The guest no longer requires a captive keyboard and mouse When the guest window receives focus the keyboard and mouse are automatically attached When the window loses focus they are automatically released by the guest Shared clipboard This feature allows a user to copy an object from an application in one guest and paste it into another application on a totally different guest or even on the host system a Resize guest display This feature enables the user to resize the guest display VirtualBox will notify the guest of the resolution changes and the drivers inside the guest will handle the changes Seamless mode VirtualBox can hide the guest display background only displaying application windows on the host When used with the
50. e di rectly between the host operating system and that of the guest the user starting the virtual machine in the host must have appropriate access to the files being shared Inside the guest the owner and group are set by mount options in this case user 1234 and group 5678 5 5 Creating and Managing Oracle VM VirtualBox Guests After you have installed VirtualBox you can create guests While this can be accomplished using command line tools the first example given here uses the VirtualBox GUI installation wizard 5 5 1 Creating the Guest Machine You can start to install a guest machine by launching the VirtualBox tool VirtualBox amp Figure 5 9 shows the initial VirtualBox screen To begin creating the first virtual machine click the New button This will launch the New Virtual Machine Wizard The first step is to name the new virtual machine and choose the operating system of the guest The name of the guest is unrelated to its actual host name or network identity those identities will be set later once the guest is running The guest name is only used by VirtualBox to identify the guest being managed The operating system type determines how VirtualBox will emulate devices and which code scanning techniques to use when running the guest kernel code The name of the guest can be changed later but the OS type should be correct before creating the guest 152 Chapter5 Oracle VM VirtualBox Ehe hine tip pus N
51. e for each supported guest As mentioned earlier this scanner will identify code paths and replace them with direct calls into the hypervisor for a more correct and efficient implementation of the operation In addition each time a guest fault occurs the VMM will analyze the cause of the fault to see if the offending code stream can be replaced by a less expensive method in the future As a consequence of this approach VirtualBox performs better than a typical emulator or code recompiler It can also run a fully virtualized guest at nearly the same speed as one that is assisted by Intel VT x or AMD V features 132 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox Some operating systems may run device drivers in ring 1 which can cause a conflict with the relocated guest kernel code These types of guests will require hardware virtualization 5 1 1 Oracle VM VirtualBox Architecture VirtualBox uses a layered architecture consisting of a set of kernel modules for running virtual machines an API for managing the guests and a set of user programs and services At the core is the hypervisor implemented as a ring 0 privileged kernel service Figure 5 2 shows the relationships between all of these components The kernel service consists of a device driver named vboxsrv which is responsible for tasks such as allocating physical memory for the guest virtual machine and several loadable hypervisor modules for things like saving and re storing the guest process
52. e net_priv_addr would be required to forward a host port number less than 1024 to a guest but this configuration is strongly discouraged When a user runs VirtualBox all of the machine definitions and private disk images are stored by default in a directory named VirtualBox in the user s 5 4 ORACLE SOLARIS AS AN ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST 149 home directory Although the machine configuration files are small disk images can grow quite large To change the locations where these files are stored click File gt Preferences in the VirtualBox graphical interface or use the VBoxManage setproperty command Figure 5 8 shows how to change those preferences to a different location General General input Update Default Hard Disk Folder Sj vbox Language Default Machine Folder ij Avbox Machines gt EP Network VEDP Authentication Library VRDPAuth Sakot a settings category from the dst on the left hand side and move the Mouse over a settings item to get more information Help OK Cancel Figure 5 8 Changing the Location of Guest Disks and Machine Definitions VirtualBox disk images and machine configurations can be shared among many users All that is required to share machine configurations and disk images is read and write file permissions to the associated files 5 4 Oracle Solaris as an Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Solaris 10 is a fully supported guest OS for VirtualBox A full complement of Guest Additions is ava
53. e of hardware In other words you can migrate a guest running on an Oracle Solaris host to a Linux or Windows host The following steps are required to migrate a guest machine 1 Ensure there is a TCP IP network connection between the source and target hosts The migration will occur over a TCP connection 2 Configure the original guest to use some sort of shared storage NFS SMB CIFS or iSCSI for all of its disk CD ROM and floppy images 3 On the target system create a guest configuration that exactly matches the hardware settings e g processor memory network of the guest that is currently running on the source host 4 On the target host the guest machine must start listening for a teleportation connection request instead of actually starting The VBoxManage modifyvm teleporter command will perform this task 5 Start the guest machine on the target host Instead of starting it will display a progress bar while waiting for the teleportation request from the source 6 Initiate the live migration by issuing a VBoxManage controlvm teleport command on the source host system In this example a guest machine named Solaris10 migrates from a host named source to one named target The Solaris10 guest configurations on both hosts meet the guidelines listed above On the target place Solarisi0 in teleportation mode and start it Because it is not currently in use port 6000 will be used for the teleportation connection t
54. e strengths 31 resource configuration 29 30 scalability 30 Hardware virtual machines HVMs 115 116 Harvester tool 318 HCL Hardware Compatibility List 114 Headless systems 161 Heat generation savings 2 Hewlett Packard nPars feature 81 High availability HA solutions 16 History of system virtualization 327 Index 349 clock skew 335 336 hypervisors 328 330 memory management 338 343 nested CPU resource managers 337 338 performance challenges 333 335 synthetic instructions 336 337 virtual machines 330 332 Holistic observability 211 213 Host key 161 Host only mode in VirtualBox 142 Hosting IP web services 238 239 Hot plugs 75 httpd status command 286 httpd stop command 286 HVM PVIO guests 273 274 HVMs hardware virtual machines 115 116 Hybrid I O in Logical Domains 86 Hypervisors 2 clock skew 335 336 history 328 330 Hyper V See Hyper V KVM See KVM live migration See Live migration Logical Domains See Logical Domains Oracle VM See Oracle VM relative strengths 36 system virtualization models 27 Type 1 32 34 114 115 Type 2 34 35 VirtualBox 129 132 133 See also VirtualBox VMware See VMware workload consolidation 15 x86 guests 114 116 118 119 I IBM hypervisors 33 34 ifconfig command 85 93 94 ILOM processor 323 Image file formats 138 139 Immutable Service Containers ISCs 177 Inactive state for migration 105 info command 182 inherit pkg dir proper
55. ect the location of a fe to store the hard disk data or type a ewe a NE eam This size vaill be reported to the Guest OS as the maximum size of thes hard disk aah ee ERS 10 0 GB 2 00 18 Summary You are going to create a new virtual machine with the folowing parameters Name Windows XP OS Type Windows XP Base Memory 5 MB Boot Hard Disk Windows XP vdl Normal 10 00 GB Ifthe above is correct press the Finish button Once you press R anew virtual machine wall be created Note that you can afer these and all other setting of the created virtual machine af ary time Using the Settings dalog accessible through the menu of the main window oo oe om Figure 5 14 Choosing the Name and Size of the Guest Disk Image top Figure 5 15 Reviewing the Guest Disk Settings center Figure 5 16 Final Review of the Guest Configuration bottom 156 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox 5 5 2 Installing the Guest Operating System Once you are satisfied that the guest machine configuration is suitable for your needs you can install the operating system on the guest boot disk The most com mon method of doing so is to attach a CD ROM disk image to one of the available virtual CD ROM devices so that the guest will boot from that device To attach the CD ROM image select the guest machine and click Settings Then select Storage and a window similar to Figure 5 17 will be displayed When you click the CD ROM device you will
56. eld 274 275 xend relocation hosts allow field 274 275 xend relocation server property 274 275 XenServer 34 35 120 121 drivers 120 121 features 120 hypervisor 34 support 121 XSBs 49 Dynamic Domains 70 74 75 Quad XSB 51 56 Uni XSB 50 51 XSCF Extended System Control Facility 44 73 74 xVM hypervisor 34 configuration 269 272 live migration See Live migration overview 118 119 Z z OS operating system 33 z VM hypervisor 33 ZFS files systems 86 87 Container cloning 217 Container storage 185 domain cloning 103 guest cloning 164 165 Microsoft Windows in Containers 277 278 VirtualBox 146 zfs snapshot command 103 zlogin command 187 188 199 200 224 289 295 zoneadm command for Containers booting 296 cloning 216 217 halting 188 189 ID numbers 198 installing 186 188 279 288 migrating 217 218 virtual memory 204 zonecfg command for Containers cloning 216 configuring 181 NICs 213 214 resource management 189 191 201 202 virtual memory 205 206 zonecfg set limitpriv command 294 zonecfgm command 279 zonename property 182 zonepath command 217 219 zonepath property 182 Zones containers See Oracle Solaris Containers VirtualBox 145 sysidefg file 188 zonestat tool 211 zsched process 199 200 zvmstat script 207 212
57. ent 314 DCM data center management tools 303 3806 dedicated cpu feature 201 202 211 Default brands 178 Defense in depth strategy 291 Denning Peter 338 detach command 217 dev directory 215 Device access for Containers 215 DHCP servers 86 141 263 DIAGNOSE instruction 336 Directories for Containers 178 180 Disaster recovery 313 315 Disconnected mode in Ops Center 318 Discover stage in VE life cycle 303 Discovery of assets 318 320 Disk images golden master 312 guests 154 155 VirtualBox 138 139 Disks Containers 172 guests 153 154 261 Logical Domains 86 88 VirtualBox 137 140 workload consolidation 10 DISM Dynamic ISM 207 dispadmin command 191 287 Diverse OS consolidation 239 dladm create etherstub command 223 dladm show link command 272 DNS proxy for VirtualBox 141 Dom0 domains 115 117 Dom0 guests 34 Domains 2 dynamic See Dynamic Domains logical See Logical Domains Domainstop operations 73 DomU domains 115 Double paging 339 DR Dynamic Reconfiguration Dynamic Domains 44 73 75 Logical Domains 82 101 Drivers Citrix XenServer 120 121 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V 124 125 Oracle VM Server for x86 117 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Hypervisor 127 VMware ESX 122 123 xVM hypervisor 119 DTrace Toolkit 207 211 213 dumpadm conf error 284 Dynamic Domains 43 availability 57 59 building examples 60 69 combinations 54 57 configurations 48 54 conf
58. ent is not warranted to be error free nor subject to any other warranties or conditions whether expressed orally or implied in law including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical for any purpose without our prior written permission The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales which may include electronic versions and or custom covers and content particular to your business training goals marketing focus and branding interests For more information please contact U S Corporate and Government Sales 800 382 3419 corpsales pearsontechgroup com For sales outside the United States please contact International Sales international pearsoned com Visit us on the Web informit com ph Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Oracle Solaris 10 system virtualization essentials Jeff Victor et al p cm Includes index ISBN 0 13 708188 X pbk alk paper 1 Virtual computer systems 2 Solaris Computer file I Victor Jeff QA76 9 V5073 2010 005 4 3 de22 2010025500 Copyright 2011 Oracle and or its affiliates All rights reser
59. erty 182 Live migration 21 22 105 268 configuring and enabling 274 276 guests 166 167 HVM PVIO guests 273 274 prerequisites 269 shared NFS resource access 272 summary 276 technical briefs 268 269 xVM hypervisor configura tion 269 272 Live Upgrade feature 322 Load balanced cluster pairs 16 17 Load balancing 306 317 318 321 Locked memory 15 207 209 Logical Domain Channels LDCs 83 Logical Domain Manager services 81 Logical Domains 77 254 255 advantages 231 232 cloning 103 104 configuring 256 consoles 88 vs Containers 109 Containers in 235 control domains 92 93 98 100 creating 94 95 cryptographic accelerators 88 domains creation 256 257 dynamic reconfiguration 82 101 dynamic resource manage ment 102 103 ease of use enhancements 108 109 features 77 80 firmware 90 memory 83 89 mobility 104 105 network connectivity 86 93 94 Ops Center data 325 physical to virtual conversion 106 108 planning 255 256 provisioning 321 relationships 81 82 resource binding 89 roles 80 82 software 90 92 Solaris installed into 97 98 summary 110 111 257 testing 257 viewing 96 97 100 101 virtual CPUs 84 85 virtual disks 86 88 virtual I O 82 83 virtual network devices 85 86 Logical Domains Configuration Assistant 81 108 109 Logical Domains Dynamic Resource Manager 84 Logical Domains manager 86 Logical Partitions LPARs 31 34 Logical system boards LSBs 70 72
60. etwork inter face cards 222 223 vntsd service 88 VPIDs virtual processor identifiers 343 VRDP Virtual Remote Desktop Protocol server 161 VSC virtualization service client 124 VSP virtualization service provider 124 vSphere features 122 vSwitches virtual switches 222 VT Virtualization Technology processors 116 VT X CPUs 125 130 WwW Warm migration 21 22 105 Web service hosting 238 239 Whole root Containers 180 Windows Management Instru mentation WMI 324 Wizards for Ops Center 321 Workload consolidation 5 7 9 12 availability 16 18 Containers for 285 290 nodes in 16 performance effects 10 305 resource controls 12 16 virtualization technologies for 237 239 Workloads asynchronous 18 bursty 18 19 dynamic 308 309 future 8 isolation 227 228 mobility 20 23 relationships 308 templates 312 X x86 environments hypervisor advantages 232 233 Oracle VM Server See Oracle VM Server for x86 as virtualization selection factors 237 358 Index x86 guests 113 114 Citrix XenServer 120 121 Hardware Compatibility List for 114 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hyper V 123 125 Oracle VM Server for x86 116 118 Red Hat Enterprise Virtual ization 125 127 summary 127 Type 1 hypervisors 114 115 VMware ESX 121 123 Xen project hypervisors 115 116 xVM hypervisor 118 119 XBUs crossbar board units 46 47 Xen project hypervisors 115 116 xend relocation address fi
61. ew Seting rt 7 Welcome to VirtualBox The felt part of this vidoe ts a lst of all vitoa mactines on your computer The kst is empty nor because you havent created ay viftuad mactanes yet amp m Ih order to create a naw vitual machine prere the Merwe buton inthe main D toot tar Racadied af Che top of tee vadar Yeu can press the P1 key to get atant help or vist verve vetuaibon ar ov ter the Lact minemution and ners NH Figure 5 9 VirtualBox Main Window For this example the guest willbe named Windows XP and willrun the Windows XP operating system as shown in Figure 5 10 VM Name and OS Type Enter a name for the new virtual machine and select the type of the quest operating system you plan to install onto the virtual machine lt i The name of the virtual machine usually indicates Rs soRware and hardware configuration R will De used by al VirtualBox components to identity your virtual machine Nagne Windows XP OS Type N Y Operating System Microsoft Windows E Yersion windows XP lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 5 10 Choosing the Guest Operating System Type The next step is to assign the amount of memory to be allocated for the guest The amount needed is usually less than needed for a physical system Many op erating systems manage a file cache to improve performance of disk reads If the host OS has a file cache the guests will not need much of a file cache to maintain reasonable performance so you can all
62. f the virtualization and the benefits provided by virtualiza tion will increase Oracle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials is part of a new series of books on Oracle Solaris system administration It presents the multiple technolo gies that the Oracle Solaris operating system uses to virtualize and consolidate computing resources from hardware partitioning to virtual machines and hyper visors to operating system virtualization The intent of Oracle Solaris 10 System Virtualization Essentials is to discuss computer virtualization in general and to focus on those system virtualiza tion technologies provided by or that provide support to the Oracle Solaris or OpenSolaris operating systems Oracle Solaris 10 supports a rich collection of virtualization technologies Dynamic Domains Oracle VM Server for SPARC previously called Sun Logical Domains Oracle VM Server for x86 XV xvi Preface Oracle VM VirtualBox previously called VirtualBox a Oracle Solaris Containers also called Zones Virtualization offers a tremendous opportunity to add computing workloads while controlling operational costs and adding computing flexibility For the sys tem administrator this new knowledge area requires skills with new technologies like hypervisors which create virtual machines on a single hardware machine and containers also known as zones which create virtual operating systems run ning on a single operating system Ora
63. fferentiate the various virtualization solutions in the marketplace And so I m confident that there s yet more innovation to come This book is a deep exploration of virtualization products and technologies pro vided by or for Solaris written by experienced practitioners in the art of deliver ing real solutions to data center problems The book provides a holistic view of virtualization encompassing all of the different models used in the industry That itself is rare No other organization has as complete a view of the entire range of system virtualization possibilities A comprehensive background chapter leads neophytes into virtualization Experienced data center architects will appreciate the individual chapters explaining the technologies and how you can use them to solve real problems a critical resource in a rapidly changing world I hope you find it as fascinating as I do Tim Marsland Vice President and Fellow Sun Microsystems Inc Menlo Park February 18 2010 This page intentionally left blank Preface Computer virtualization has become its own sub industry with predictions that virtualization software and services revenues will exceed 10 billion annually in 2011 Although numerous corporations use some form of computer virtualization today that usage may be limited to only a small portion of their computers As the number of virtualization options increases however the types of computers that can take advantage o
64. gement 301 302 business agility 311 312 business continuity 312 313 disaster recovery 313 315 dynamic resource consump tion 307 308 dynamic workloads 308 309 operational flexibility 309 311 Ops Center 315 326 physical computer limitations 307 summary 326 VE life cycle 303 306 Virtualization overview 1 2 benefits 2 5 concepts 8 9 reasons 7 8 summary 41 42 system virtualization models See System virtualization models use cases See Use cases workload consolidation 5 7 Virtualization service client VSC 124 Virtualization service provider VSP 124 Virtualization technologies comparisons 227 Containers 2383 235 decision tree 236 237 diverse OS consolidation 239 Dynamic Domains 230 231 IP web service hosting 238 239 large workload consolidation 237 238 Logical Domains 231 232 requirements 235 236 strengths and limitations 227 230 summary 239 x86 hypervisors 232 233 Virtualization Technology VT processors 116 VM 370 systems 33 331 336 337 340 342 VMBus 124 VMDK disk format 23 138 VME virtual management environment 33 VMMs virtual machine monitors 113 114 131 VMotion feature 121 VMs See Virtual machines VMs vmstat command 84 207 VMware ESX 33 35 121 122 drivers 122 123 features 122 support 123 VMware Infrastructure VI 121 VMware scheduler 337 VNC Virtual Network Comput ing 116 261 263 265 vneviewer tool 263 265 273 VNICs virtual n
65. guest will continue the booting process E Genera Storage GB System E Display Storage Tree Attributes ce cn St OE Skinayhte gt A aaa Windows XP vdi CDIDVD Device witop sp iso 589 1 P Network aaoi vinap_sp_x8 80 S P us S Fioppy Controner information GD Shared Folders Empty Sze 589 14 MB Location exportAsoAvindovesAvinsp_ sp3 x0 Attached Ta Select a settings category from the Est on the ieft hand side and move the mouse over 3 settings item to get more information Help Cancel Figure 5 20 Selecting the Installation Media for the Guest All that is left to do is start the guest machine However first we will show the creation of a guest using the VBoxManage command line 5 5 3 Creating a Guest Machine Using the Command Line The command line interface CLI for VirtualBox is more complicated to use than the GUI but it offers several advantages The CLI is more flexible than the GUI The CLI offers features not available from the GUI The CLI can be used to script guest creation Scripts using the CLI can be used to build an automated guest creation system 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 159 As in the previous example the first step is to create and register the guest virtual machine If you don t know which OS type to select when creating your virtual machine giving the command VBoxManage list ostypes will produce a list of supported options For
66. icon to the right of the image name and tell VirtualBox where to place the image You will need read and write access to the directory holding the disk images In this example the disk image is named windows 7 vdi and has a size of 10 GB which is the default In practice the name of the disk image should indicate not only which virtual machine is using it but also how that disk is used Figure 5 14 shows the name and size of the guest boot disk Figure 5 15 shows the final disk configuration After reviewing the settings click Finish At this point the disk image will be created and registered in the Virtual Media Manager The final step in the installation wizard is to review the final guest configura tion as shown in Figure 5 16 Verify that the settings are what you desired and click Finish to create the guest You have successfully created your first guest machine You can click the Settings button and familiarize yourself with some of the other configuration options such as audio video memory size additional networks processor accelerations and shared folders 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 155 Virtual Disk Location and Size eo Summary You are going to create a new virtual hard disk with the following parameters Type Dynamically expanding storage Location AvbowAWindows XP vdi Size 10 00 GB 10737418240 Bytes N resentment Wil be created oo oe om Press the Select button to sel
67. iguring 241 242 with CMU sharing 243 248 CPUs 248 249 domain configuration 246 248 251 254 T O 244 246 249 251 isolated domains 248 254 memory 243 249 summary 254 Containers in 235 Dynamic Reconfiguration 73 75 extending 75 76 fault isolation 73 230 hard partitions 31 44 230 231 implementing 44 48 managing 59 60 viewing 69 73 Dynamic ISM DISM 207 Dynamic Reconfiguration DR Dynamic Domains 44 73 75 Logical Domains 82 101 Dynamic Resource Pools 192 199 Dynamic resources consumption 307 308 management 102 103 Dynamic workload problems 308 309 Dynamically expanding disk images 138 E EAL Evaluation Assurance Level 221 EC Enterprise Controller 315 316 Efficiency 3 Containers 225 234 Logical Domains 232 OSV 41 x86 hypervisors 233 EFI Extended Firmware Interface 143 Electricity costs savings 3 Elliptical curve cryptography 88 Encryption in migration 105 Enterprise 10000 hardware partitions 31 Enterprise Controller EC 315 316 EPT Extended Page Table 122 Error checking codes 88 ESX product 33 35 121 122 drivers 122 123 features 122 support 123 ESXi product 121 etc apache2 httpd conf file 285 etc dhep files 94 348 Index etc hostname files 94 etc httpd conf httpd conf file 285 286 etc inet hosts file 275 etc init d vbox file 282 etc l dmp2v conf file 106 etc nsswitch conf file 177 etc patch pdo conf file 180 ete sy
68. ilable including seamless mode and accelerated 3D graphics For optimal performance the following settings are recommended for a Solaris guest a Boot disk SATA one of the first four ports with IDE compatibility mode enabled a CD ROM Master device on the second IDE channel the default 150 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox Network Intel Pro 1000MT Desktop Hardware acceleration Enabled if supported by the host Nested page tables Enabled if supported by the host PAE NX Enabled As with all supported guests the Guest Additions are provided on a CD ROM image file that is automatically installed with VirtualBox The Oracle Solaris Guest Additions are included in a single SVR4 data stream package named VBoxSolarisAdditions pkg As with the host packages if a previous release of the Guest Additions is installed it must be removed before a new version can be installed Rebooting the guest after the new additions are installed is strongly rec ommended this step is not required when the Guest Additions are first installed The following command installs the Guest Additions on a new Solaris guest pkgadd d cdrom cdrom0 VBoxSolarisAdditions pkg all Once the Guest Additions are installed all of the ancillary features such as the ability to resize the guest display automatically and implement the shared clip board should be available for use One special feature of the Guest Additions is shared folders It allows the g
69. ing 322 323 concepts 317 318 data centers 318 Logical Domains 81 structure 315 317 summary 326 Oracle Solaris Containers See Oracle Solaris Containers deployment with Oracle VM Server for x86 258 guests 259 267 prerequisites 258 259 summary 268 installing into domains 97 98 Oracle Solaris Cluster 16 17 Oracle Solaris Containers 2 75 169 advantages 233 235 basic model 171 173 booting 186 188 brands 177 178 capabilities 169 170 cloning 216 217 283 285 consolidation 285 286 Container creation 287 290 planning 286 287 Solaris 10 configuration 287 summary 290 testing 290 CPU controls 190 202 creating 181 185 dashboard 210 211 direct device access 215 DTrace 211 213 Dynamic Domains 72 features 170 171 file systems 183 185 global properties 182 halting 188 189 hardening 290 292 analysis 298 299 implementing 294 298 information on 299 300 scenario 292 293 steps 293 294 summary 299 installing and booting 186 188 isolation 173 177 233 vs Logical Domains 109 memory controls 203 209 memory management 341 Microsoft Windows See Microsoft Windows in Containers migrating 217 219 miscellaneous controls 209 210 namespaces 177 networking 213 215 222 225 packaging deployment and file systems 178 180 patching 180 181 privileges 186 provisioning 322 resource management 189 213 Solaris 8 and Solaris 9 219 221 strengths 225 226 summary 226 system v
70. ion Hypervisor 126 system virtualization models 26 virtual machines 32 x86 hypervisors 232 J Jails technology 2 169 Java based VNC client 263 JumpStart Enterprise Toolkit JET 320 K KB knowledge base 316 Kernel based Virtual Machine KVM technology 125 126 kernel data structures for workload consolidation 12 Keyboards in VirtualBox 144 Knowledge base KB 316 kstat command Containers 190 198 NICs 214 virtual memory 204 205 209 KVM Kernel based Virtual Machine technology 125 126 L Labeled Security Protection Profile LSPP 175 221 Large workloads virtualization technologies for 237 238 350 Index Latency memory access 53 54 workload consolidation 10 14 Latency sensitive workloads 229 LDCs Logical Domain Channels 83 ldm command for control domains 81 91 93 ldm add vepu command 101 ldm add vdisk command 87 101 ldm add vdsdev command 87 ldm add vnet command 101 ldm bind command 89 96 ldm list command 84 98 ldm migrate command 104 105 ldm set vepu command 101 ldm start command 96 Idmconfig command 108 Idmp2v command 106 108 256 Least recently used LRU pages 339 340 Legacy operating systems 23 lib directory 178 180 Libraries Ops Center 317 OS profiles 321 Licenses Containers 234 CPUs 199 Dynamic Domains 230 GNU 115 Logical Domains 232 Life cycles Container 189 VEs 303 306 Lightweight processes LWPs 209 210 limitpriv prop
71. irtualization models 27 Trusted Extensions 221 222 VirtualBox 145 146 Oracle VM OVM 258 Oracle VM Agent 258 Oracle VM Manager 258 260 Oracle VM Server 34 Oracle VM Server for SPARC See Logical Domains Oracle VM Server for x86 116 117 258 260 261 drivers 117 features 117 Oracle Solaris deployment with See Oracle Solaris support 118 Oracle VM Server Pools 261 Oracle VM VirtualBox 129 130 architecture 132 133 Index 353 guests 151 BIOS and EFI 143 boot disks 156 cloning 163 165 creating 151 155 158 161 Guest Additions 144 145 150 kernel code 131 live migration 166 167 Microsoft Windows in Containers 278 280 282 New Virtual Machine Wizard 151 153 operating system installa tion 156 158 RAM 136 137 Solaris as 149 151 starting 161 162 stopping 162 163 summary 167 virtual CPUs 134 136 virtual disks 137 140 virtual network devices 140 142 installing 147 149 interacting with 133 134 new Virtual Machine Wizard 151 153 operation 131 132 Solaris support 145 147 OSV See Operating system virtualization OSV Overhead 8 Containers 225 234 CPUs 10 11 13 HVM 116 hypervisor 34 36 instruction emulation 333 335 Logical Domains 78 79 83 memory access 341 343 virtual machines 32 as virtualization selection factor 228 229 P P2P 23 P2V tool Containers 219 Logical Domains 106 108 255 migration 22 23 PA RISC based hardware partitions 31 Packages
72. is being configured for a guest In doing so it considers only the total amount of memory on the system not how much of that is actually free It will display a warning if more than 50 of memory is allocated to a guest and a stronger warning if more than 80 is reserved for a guest 5 2 ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUEST PLATFORM 137 If sufficient free memory is not available at the time a guest machine may fail to start with an out of memory error even if it will consume only a small amount of the memory allocated for its use Most guest systems run only a few applications or services Because the host system performs most of the real operations on behalf of the guest smaller mem ory allocations for the guest can still produce excellent results Running a guest desktop with 512 MB or less may work well as long as enough memory is allocated for the guest system to boot 5 2 3 Virtual Disk Because a guest operating system needs persistent storage VirtualBox can make sev eral different types of host storage available to the guest in the form of virtual disks A file that contains a disk image Areal disk device An iSCSI target ACD ROM DVD or file containing an ISO image A file containing a floppy disk image All of these storage options must be presented to the guest OS using a virtual disk To facilitate this sharing the VirtualBox virtual platform can have up to three disk controllers Each of these controllers can have att
73. isabled UART 2 disabled Audio disabled Clipboard Mode Bidirectional VRDP disabled USB disabled USB Device Filters lt none gt Shared folders lt none gt Guest Statistics update disabled This guest should need about 512 MB of memory and you may want to use the audio device Also 8 MB is not enough video RAM and 3D acceleration is sup ported with the Guest Additions 2 VBoxManage modifyvm Windows XP memory 512 vram 32 accelerate3d on audio oss Storage configuration requires a few commands to complete First you must create the IDE controller and the boot disk image and attach them together Then you must register and attach the CD ROM image of the boot media Finally the BIOS boot order must be set to boot from CD ROM before the disk Note that because the image file name is specified as a relative path name it is relative to the VirtualBox settings not your current working directory VBoxManage storagectl Windows XP name IDE Controller add ide controller ICH6 2 VBoxManage createhd filename Windows XP vdi size 10240 format VDI remember fo ole nE EAE oe Ses oes 5 Oe Se Ohi on asec clslOkts oo SMe ss ILO Ory Disk image created UUID 38831led b303 4405 8689 3dee5abc8f68 VBoxManage storageattach Windows XP storagectl IDE Controller port 0 device 0 type hdd medium Windows XP vdi 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 161
74. k as desired This flexibility enables you to test the effects of various operations starting with a consistent state each time Reset This hard stop will cause a machine reset it is recommended only when the ACPI shutdown does not work In this case the guest disk buffers are not flushed and some of the uncommitted disk data may be corrupted Most modern operating systems feature some form of recovery in the event of a power loss so the chances of corruption are small but this approach is recommended only when no other method works a Pause This option causes a virtual machine to stop execution The guest remains in memory however and its operation can be resumed The state is not saved by a pause operation Here is an example of a safe external host initiated shutdown for the guest named Windows XP o VBoxManage controlvm Windows XP acpipowerbutton This command sends an ACPI shutdown signal to the guest which will start an orderly shutdown process 5 5 6 Cloning a Virtual Machine Although VirtualBox does not currently feature complete cloning of a virtual ma chine it does provide a host agnostic method of cloning disk images This is done via the VBoxManage clonehd command The source disk image is copied in its entirety and a new UUID is assigned The disk can be registered in the user s Media Manager or copied to another system to be used elsewhere All that is re quired to complete the cloning of the vir
75. l Domains 78 80 84 85 VirtualBox 184 136 Virtual Desktop Integration VDD 332 Virtual disks guests 261 Logical Domains 86 88 VirtualBox 187 140 Virtual environments VEs 1 2 asset management 325 326 disaster recovery 313 315 life cycle 303 306 migration See Migration restoration 314 314 snapshots 7 20 Virtual I O VIO VEs 33 82 83 virtual machine monitors VMMs 113 114 131 Virtual machines VMs 2 adoption of 331 332 Index 357 emergence of 330 331 full virtualization and para virtualization 35 guest See Guests history 328 329 hypervisor relative strengths 36 industry examples 33 34 Type 1 hypervisors 32 33 Type 2 hypervisors 34 35 Virtual management environment VME 33 Virtual Media Manager 140 153 154 158 Virtual memory Containers 203 205 OSV 41 workload consolidation 11 Virtual motherboards 137 Virtual Network Computing VNC 116 261 263 265 Virtual network devices Logical Domains 85 86 VirtualBox 140 142 Virtual network interface cards VNICs 222 223 Virtual Network Terminal Server daemon 88 Virtual networks for Containers 222 225 Virtual pools 317 318 Virtual processor identifiers VPIDs 343 Virtual Remote Desktop Proto col VRDP server 161 Virtual switches vSwitches 222 VirtualBox See Oracle VM VirtualBox VirtualBox command 148 VirtualBox directory 154 VirtualBox process 133 Virtualization Controller VC 317 Virtualization mana
76. les for Logical Domains 80 82 Root user for Containers 174 Routers Containers 224 VirtualBox 141 rpc bind service 295 rpool boot grub menu Ist file 270 RTC Real Time Clock 336 rtls network driver 261 265 RVI Rapid Virtualization Index 122 S s10x86 iso file 273 SANs storage area networks 314 315 SATA Serial ATA controllers 137 138 Savings benefits 2 3 6 sbin directory 178 SC system controller 45 Scalability 8 constraints 24 25 Containers 234 hardware partitions 30 OSV 40 and performance 229 Scalable Services 17 SCCM System Center Configuration Manager 323 scheduling class property 182 SCONFIG interface 124 SCSI controllers 138 SCVMM System Center Virtual Machine Manager 124 SDK software development kit for VirtualBox 129 Seamless mode in VirtualBox 130 144 Secure data centers 318 Secure hash 88 Security 8 configurability 25 26 Containers 174 177 179 215 234 235 290 293 domains 45 hardening See Oracle Solaris Containers Index 355 in migration 105 networks 224 Ops Center policies 318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Hypervisor 126 Security boundaries 174 177 215 291 Security Enhanced Linux SELinux 126 Security isolation 228 Dynamic Domains 230 Logical Domains 231 x86 hypervisors 232 select command for NICs 213 214 select capped memory command 205 SELinux Security Enhanced Linux 126 Serial ATA SATA controllers
77. ll be more efficient as the system does not need to get new blocks as the guest writes to new storage areas In contrast dynamically expanding disk images start off small and will grow as the guest writes to new blocks on the virtual disk These are faster to cre ate but additional work is required by the host to find new blocks the first time a guest accesses a particular part of the disk Host file system caching strategies can hide most of the difference in performance especially on a host that is not heav ily loaded For performance critical applications that perform many disk writes fixed size disk images are recommended For all other uses the convenience of dynamically allocated images makes this approach the preferred method VirtualBox maintains a library of disk CD ROM and floppy disk images Before a disk or CD ROM image can be used by a guest it must be registered in the Virtual Media Manager This can be done in the VirtualBox GUI or via the vBoxManage openmedium command Once an image is registered it can be assigned to an open port on any guest Although a disk image may be connected to more than one guest it can be used by only one guest at a time A guest will fail to start if one of its disk images is connected to another guest that is currently running Using the VBoxManage command line the following example creates a 16 GB dynamically expanding disk image and attaches it to port 3 of the SATA controller in the guest named
78. mpt On Oracle Solaris this command is found in usr bin and is available to all users The CLI is the VBoxManage command VBoxManage has many subcommands and options some of which are discussed in the following sections To get a list of all VBoxManage options just type VBoxManage at any shell prompt Without any command arguments VBoxManage will respond with a list of all valid options When a VBoxManage command successfully completes it will print out a banner similar to the one in the following example 134 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox VBoxManage list vms Sun VirtualBox Command Line Management Interface Version 3 1 4 C 2005 2010 Sun Microsystems Inc All rights reserved Windows XP 4ec5efdc fa76 49bb 8562 7c2a0bac8282 If the banner fails to print an error occurred while processing the command Usually diagnostic information will be displayed instead of the banner If the ban ner is the only output the command successfully completed In the examples in the remainder of this chapter the banner output has been omitted for the sake of brevity 5 2 Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Platform VirtualBox supports the execution of guest operating systems in fully virtualized machines a capability that allows the guest to run without requiring any special software or device drivers The guest operating system is presented with a virtual motherboard with the following features 1 to 32 CPUs Up to 32 GB of memory
79. n technologies allow cutting edge network hardware to be exploited and managed efficiently while providing a natural virtual network interface abstraction For server virtualization Solaris Zones also known as Solaris Containers have turned out to be very popular and very successful a natural fit for the needs of many customers The Logical Domains hypervisor is an extremely efficient design and enables customers to get the most out of the tremendous throughput capability of SPARC CMT platforms Our work with the Xen community enables a high performance Solaris x64 guest for Oracle VM For client virtualization look no further than VirtualBox for the laptop and desktop both as a developer utility and as a virtual appliance developer tool for the cloud And it s not just a client technology VirtualBox is the server component of Sun s virtual desktop infrastructure product and VirtualBox continues to grow more server class features with every release As well as infrastructure virtualization platforms we have created infrastructure management software Ops Center intended to reduce the complexity that comes with using the new capabilities in large scale deployments Let s remember that virtual machines of one form or another have been around for a long time Yet virtualization is such a fundamental idea that it remains as sociated with many developing fields In the past decade the runaway success of hypervisor based virtualization
80. nate Boot Environment 322 Accelerators cryptographic 88 Access to shared NFS resources 272 ACM Association for Comput ing Machinery 329 ACPI shutdown signals 163 Acquisition costs savings 3 Adaptive replacement cache ARC 146 147 add capped memory command 205 add device command 215 addboard command 63 65 68 addfru command 66 68 Address spaces multiple 341 343 Agents Ops Center 316 317 Oracle VM 258 Agility business 7 Containers 234 Logical Domains 232 overview 311 312 virtualization for 229 x86 hypervisors 233 Alternate Boot Environment ABE 322 AMD PCNet FAST III 278 AMD Virtualization Technology AMD V CPUs 125 130 HVM support 116 Apache web server 285 290 Application programming interface API inter user messaging 332 VirtualBox 129 132 Applications of virtualization 241 Container consolidation 285 290 Container hardening 290 300 Dynamic Domain configur ation 241 242 with CMU sharing 243 248 CPUs 248 249 domain configuration 246 248 251 254 T O 244 246 249 251 isolated domains 248 254 memory 243 249 summary 254 Logical Domains 254 257 Microsoft Windows in Containers 276 285 Oracle VM Server for x86 258 268 summary 300 xVM hypervisor live migration 268 276 ARC adaptive replacement cache 146 147 Assets 303 discovering 318 320 managing 325 326 monitoring 323 325 provisioning 320 322 updating 322 323 Association for Computing Ma
81. nd 190 205 207 298 rdesktop program 161 162 281 285 RDP Remote Desktop Protocol server 129 130 Read and write transaction latency 10 Read only mounts 290 Read only virtual disks 87 README files 90 147 Real CPUs in Logical Domains 78 80 Real Time Clock RTC 336 Recertification of software 228 Reclaiming memory 271 Recovery disaster 313 315 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization RHEV products 125 127 Hypervisor RHEV H 125 Manager for Servers RHEV M Server 125 Related workloads 308 Relationships Logical Domains 81 82 workloads 308 Reliability availability and serviceability RAS characteristics 311 Remote Desktop Protocol RDP server 129 130 Report compliance in VE life cycle 304 Requirements as virtualization selection factor 235 236 Resetting guests 163 Resource caps in workload consolidation 12 Resource consumption dynamic 307 308 Resource control and configuration Containers 189 213 flexibility and granularity 29 30 39 40 nested managers 337 338 partitions See Partitions workload consolidation 10 12 16 Restoration of VEs 314 RHEV Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization products 125 127 RHEV H Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Hypervisor 125 RHEV M Server Red Hat Enterprise Virtual ization Manager for Servers 125 Rights management for Containers 174 177 Rings in VirtualBox 131 132 Role Based Access Control Protection Profile RBACPP 175 221 Ro
82. nel services in ring 0 VirtualBox runs a single process on the host operating system for each virtual guest All of the guest user code is run natively in ring 3 just as it would be if it were running in the host As a result user code will perform at native speed when running in a guest virtual machine To protect the host against failures in the guest the guest kernel code is not al lowed to run in ring 0 but instead runs in ring 1 if there is no hardware virtualiza tion support or in a VT x ring 0 context if such support is available This presents a problem because the guest may be executing instructions that are permitted only in ring 0 while other instructions behave differently when run in ring 1 To maintain proper operation of the guest kernel the VirtualBox Virtual Machine Monitor VMM scans the ring 1 code and either replaces the troublesome code paths with direct hypervisor calls or executes them in a safe emulator In some situations the VMM may not be able to determine exactly what the relocated ring 1 guest code is doing In these cases VirtualBox makes use of a QEMU emulator to achieve the same general goals Examples include running BIOS code real mode operations early during guest booting when the guest dis ables interrupts or when an instruction is known to cause a trap that may require emulation Because this emulation is slow compared to the direct execution of guest code the VMM includes a code scanner that is uniqu
83. ng the host s IP address External systems connect to the specified port on the host VirtualBox then re directs all of the packets to the guest There are a few restrictions on the use of port forwarding For example you cannot redirect a port that is already in use by the host Ports with numbers less than 1024 require the requester to be running as root or with the net_privaddr privilege Because neither of these is a recom mended practice for otherwise unprivileged users you should choose a port on the host with a number greater than 1024 The most common use of NAT mode is to forward guest port 22 which allows an external system to access the guest using SSH The following example establishes an SSH port from the first network adapter an Intel Pro 1000 MT Desktop on the guest named Solaris 10 to port 2222 on the host VBoxManage setextradata Solaris 10 VBoxInternal Devices e1000 0 LUN 0 Config s10ssh Protocol TCP VBoxManage setextradata Solaris 10 VBoxInternal Devices e1000 0 LUN 0 Config s10ssh GuestPort 22 VBoxManage setextradata Solaris 10 VBoxInternal Devices e1000 0 LUN 0 Config s10ssh HostPort 2222 142 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox The guest can be accessed by using ssh p 2222 user host Bridged is a more advanced network mode When working in this mode VirtualBox installs a software network that allows the guest to share a specific host interface A randomly generated MAC address is assigned
84. ocate less memory to guests The installa tion wizard will suggest a minimum memory size based on the operating system type chosen in the previous step Figure 5 11 shows the allocation of 512 MB for the Windows XP guest more than enough for typical virtual desktop needs 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 153 lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 5 11 Setting the Amount of Guest Memory Every guest needs a boot disk For simplicity the New Virtual Machine Wizard al lows you to create only a single boot disk image It will always assign this disk as the master device on the first IDE controller If you need a different configuration use the VBoxManage command At this point in the guest installation you can choose whether to create a new disk image or use one that is already registered in the Virtual Media Manager There aren t any virtual disks on this system yet so select Create new hard disk as shown in Figure 5 12 Note that VirtualBox suggests a size for the disk based on the operating system that was chosen in the previous step Virtual Hard Disk Select a hard disk image to be used as the boot hard disk of the virtual machine You can either create a new hard disk using the New button or select an existing hard disk image from the drop down list or by pressing the Existing button to invoke the Virtual Media Manager Gialog If you need a more complicated hard disk setup you can also skip this step and
85. on x64 platforms has largely been driven by the operational savings achieved by consolidating Microsoft Windows guests But now this layer of the system architecture is just part of the way infrastructure is done a new raft of capabilities can be built on top of it Recently we ve seen the emergence of the Infrastructure as a Service IaaS style of cloud computing Enabled by the combination of ever increasing Internet connectivity and bandwidth coupled with Moore s law providing more and more computational power per dollar users of an IaaS service send their entire soft ware stacks to remote data centers Virtualization decouples the software from the hardware to enable those data centers to be operated almost as a utility This approach promises to revolutionize the fundamental economics across the IT in dustry The capital expense currently spent on under utilized equipment can be Foreword xiii shifted to pay as you go operating expenses both within large enterprises and between service providers and their customers This new layer of the systems architecture brings new opportunities and new problems to solve security observability performance networking utilization power management migration scheduling manageability and so on While both industry and the academic research community are busily responding to many of those challenges there is still much to be done The fundamentals remain impor tant and will continue to di
86. p OK Cancel Figure 5 5 Selecting a Guest Disk Image 140 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox Note that the actual size of the disk image is only 63KB To create a fixed size image add variant Fixed to the createhd step in the preceding example CD ROM images are treated in a similar fashion The Virtual Media Manager maintains a list of registered images Because CD ROM images are not writable by the guest they can be used by more than one guest at a time One special image is VBoxGuestAdditions iso which can be found in the directory opt VirtualBox additions It contains all of the guest drivers and configuration tools that match the version of VirtualBox installed on the host This image is automatically added by the installation program and is available to all guests In addition to a CD ROM image a guest can access real media in a CD ROM or DVD drive on the host By default the guest is only allowed to read from the drive To give the guest write access or to allow special I O operations required by some multimedia players enable the Passthrough setting on the CD ROM device 5 2 4 Virtual Network Devices VirtualBox provides up to eight Ethernet PCI devices to each guest virtual machine The user can select the type of virtual devices that are presented to the guest as well as what the host will do with the associated network I O The guest adapter does not need to be the same type as that on the host For example a Realtek
87. ple is provided in Chapter 8 Applying Virtualization 146 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox zonecfg z WinXP WinXP No such zone configured Use create to begin configuring a new zone zonecfg WinXP gt create zonecfg WinXP gt set zonepath zones WinxXP zonecfg WinXP gt add device zonecfg WinXP device gt set match dev vboxdrv zonecfg WinXP device gt end zonecfg WinXP gt add net zonecfg WinXP net gt set physical e1000g0 zonecfg WinXP net gt set address 192 168 1 41 24 zonecfg WinXP net gt end zonecfg WinXP gt exit zoneadm z WinXP install Preparing to install zone lt WinXP gt Creating list of files to copy from the global zone Copying lt 35929 gt files to the zone zoneadm z WinXP boot zlogin C WinXP Finish the installation as you would any other Container by answering the Solaris system identification questions Once this step is complete you can use the VirtualBox graphic or command line tools just as you would in the global zone Some of the host networking modes may require the use of exclusive IP for con figuration of the guest s virtual network interface Another Oracle Solaris feature that can be used by VirtualBox is ZFS Although VirtualBox has a host independent disk cloning feature it works by copying en tire disk images an approach that doubles the amount of storage required for the duplicated clone and places a heavy load on the host system during the copying op er
88. rce controls 12 16 virtualization technologies for 237 239 Constraints scalability 24 25 Containers See Oracle Solaris Containers Context switches 79 Continuity business 312 313 Control domains 34 configuring 92 93 observing 98 100 overview 80 81 purpose 321 Controlled Access Protection Profile CAPP 175 221 Conversion physical to virtual P2V 22 23 106 108 219 255 Corbat6 Fernando 328 COS console operating system 121 Costs increases 7 savings 3 6 Cowles Robert 338 CP 40 system 329 330 CPU caps 197 199 CPU IDs 71 CPU memory units CMUs 46 domains 62 63 sharing 243 248 CPU resource managers nested 337 338 CPUs asynchronous workloads 18 Containers 172 180 190 202 211 domains 49 61 Dynamic Domains 70 72 242 243 248 249 flexibility 309 310 guests 261 266 Index 347 hardware partitions 29 31 IP web service hosting 238 Logical Domains 78 80 84 85 102 103 231 M Series servers 48 OSV efficiency 41 utilization issues 3 5 VirtualBox 134 136 as virtualization selection factor 236 workload consolidation 10 13 XSBs 50 51 Cray CS6400 server 31 Crossbar board units XBUs 46 47 Crossbow 222 Cryptographic accelerators 88 CS6400 servers 31 CTSS Compatible Time Sharing System 328 329 D Dashboards Containers 210 211 Ops Center 323 Data center management DCM tools 303 3806 Data centers with Ops Center 318 Database server managem
89. red a simple window with no menu decora tions can be used to start a guest Give the command usr bin VBoxSDL to start the guest Instead of a fully featured window a simple window is displayed This approach is primarily used for debugging purposes but can be used if a simple console is required A more interesting start method is a headless system In this case the guest machine is started by the usr bin VBoxHeadless command This command starts the guest machine but does not display the console on the host system Instead the built in Virtual Remote Desktop Protocol VRDP server starts A remote system can then access the guest console using any RDP client program For Oracle Solaris one such program is rdesktop which can be found on the Solaris Companion Software CD 162 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox The following example demonstrates starting a guest machine in headless mode on a host system This is just the type of operation that the Solaris Service Manage Facility SMF could easily automate VBoxHeadless startvm Windows XP Sun VirtualBox Headless Interface 3 1 4 C 2008 2010 Sun Microsystems Inc All rights reserved Listening on port 3389 To connect to this guest from a remote system we will use an RDP client This example shows the use of rdesktop on an Oracle Solaris system to connect to the newly created Windows XP guest machine which is running on a host named pandora rdesktop pandora 3389 On
90. rivers are available in 2 6 25 or later Linux kernels They can be downloaded for other operating systems at the KVM project page In addition to choosing the virtual device for the guest the user must configure a host networking mode to use for each device Five different modes are available each of which offers some interesting benefits Not attached is a mode similar to a network adapter that doesn t have a network cable attached The device is present in the guest machine but is not reporting a positive link status Traffic will not flow through this device in this mode Network Address Translation NAT will hide the guest s interface behind a network tunnel This mode is often used when the guest is a desktop system and primarily a consumer of network resources rather than a provider To as sist guests that automatically detect their network settings VirtualBox provides a DHCP server router and DNS proxy to resolve network names and correctly route packets NAT has a few limitations that may cause applications to behave differently than they would on a real system For example ping may not work across the NAT tunnel Some VPN products use this method to determine if a network is reachable so these products would not work with a virtual NIC in NAT mode In addition jumbo frames are not reliable when using NAT Because external systems cannot communicate directly with a guest using NAT mode VirtualBox can provide port redirection usi
91. s s1l0guesti which is mounted on the host as vbox HardDisks sl0guestl We first clone the disk image into the directory vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 trad using the VirtualBox clonehd method For a consistent com parison of used space the target directory is also a ZFS file system time VBoxManage clonehd vbox HardDisks sl0guest1 Solaris 10 boot disk vdi vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 trad Solaris 10 boot disk vdi remember Oke Solis CO TEA a E E A SOSA kine arse Sele ge Ske 6 LOOK Clone hard disk created in format VDI UUID 19fb45a2 3773 4580 9e85 bb54af784d9a Teal 9m40 680s user Om2 2338s sys Om2 352s Now we can clone the disk image using ZFS The specific steps to do so are shown below To record the total time of this operation these commands were run from a script The resulting time is indicated after the commands 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 165 zfs snapshot pandora vbox HardDisks s10guest1 s10guest2 zfs zfs clone pandora vbox HardDisks sl0guest1 sl0guest2 zfs pandora vbox HardDisks s10guest2 zfs VBoxManage internalcommands sethduuid AN vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 zfs Solaris 10 boot disk vdi UUID changed to 06b5f4e 805e 4e74 8345 de9a22e39e81 VBoxManage openmedium disk vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 zfs Solaris 10 boot disk vdi real 0m1 288s user 0m0 087s sys Om0 132s Using VBoxManage virtual disk cloning took nearly 10 minutes and the ZFS method ju
92. sets Updating Assets Monitoring Assets Managing Assets Oracle EM Ops Center Summary 9 4 Summary Appendix History of Virtualization and Architectural Evolution Index 277 278 278 280 281 282 283 285 285 286 287 287 290 290 290 292 293 294 298 299 299 300 301 303 303 306 307 309 315 315 317 318 318 320 322 323 325 326 326 327 345 Foreword Pm no longer sure when I first became hooked Was it when I overheard a casual conversation about running a test copy of MVS in parallel with the real copy of MVS on a new 390 mainframe Or by the idea of Zarniwoop researching the Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy in an electronically synthesized copy of the en tire universe he kept in his office Whatever the cause I m still addicted to virtual machine technology Fooling a whole stack of software to run correctly on a software simulation of the platform it was designed to run on has been a recurring interest in my career Poring through the history of VM 370 as an graduate student absorbing James Gosling s audacious idea of the Java VM spending a few weeks building an experi mental machine emulator to run SPARC applications on Solaris for PowerPC the aha moment when we realized how useful it would be if we arranged that a set of processes could behave as a little OS within an OS the idea that became Solaris Zones the first bring up of OpenSolaris running as a paravirtu
93. sidcfg file 188 216 217 279 289 etc vfstab file 289 290 Ethernet communication 60 Evaluation Assurance Level EAL 221 Exclusive IP Containers 213 215 export command 216 Extended Firmware Interface EFD 143 Extended Page Table EPT 122 Extended System Control Facil ity XSCF 44 73 74 Extending Dynamic Domains 75 76 F Failure isolation containers 173 hardware partitions 28 29 OSV 37 virtual machines 32 Fair Share Scheduler FSS 337 Containers 190 192 198 as default scheduler 287 workload consolidation 12 14 False cache sharing 84 Fast cloning in VirtualBox 146 Fault isolation Containers 233 Dynamic Domains 73 230 Logical Domains 231 x86 hypervisors 232 Fault Management system 75 File systems for Containers 178 180 183 185 Fine grained operating system modification 25 Firmware Logical Domains 90 provisioning 320 Fixed size image files 138 flarcreate command 106 Flash Archive FLAR 321 Flexibility operational 229 309 311 resource configuration 29 30 39 40 system virtualization models 26 Flexible provisioning 23 24 Folders for VirtualBox 145 FSS Fair Share Scheduler 337 Containers 190 192 198 as default scheduler 287 workload consolidation 12 14 Full virtualization 35 Future workloads planning for 8 G General Public License GPL 115 Global control and observability 38 Global properties for Containers 182 Global zones Containers 171 172 175 2
94. st are used to sup port running guests All of these processes are started automatically when needed VBoxSVC is the VirtualBox service process It keeps track of all virtual ma chines that are running on the host It is started automatically when the first guest boots vboxzoneacess is a daemon unique to Solaris that allows the VirtualBox device to be accessed from an Oracle Solaris Container VBoxXPCOMIPCD is the XPCOM process used on non Windows hosts for inter process communication between guests and the management applications On Windows hosts the native COM services are used VirtualBox is the process that actually runs the guest virtual machine when started One of these processes exists for every guest that is running on the host If host resource limits are desired for the guest this process enforces those controls 5 1 2 Interacting with Oracle VM VirtualBox There are two primary methods for a user to interact with VirtualBox a simple graphical user interface GUI and a very complete and detailed command line interface CLI The GUI allows the user to create and manage guest virtual ma chines as well as set most of the common configuration options When a guest machine is started from this user interface a graphical console window opens on the host that allows the user to interact with the guest as if it were running on real hardware To start the graphical interface type the command VirtualBox at any shell pro
95. st slightly more than 1 second Although all directories indicate that they are 5 GB in size the ZFS space listing shows how much space is actually consumed du h vbox HardDisks 5 0G vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 zfs 5 0G vbox HardDisks s1l0guest1 5 0G vbox HardDisks s1l0guest2 trad 15 G vbox HardDisks zfs list r o space pandora vbox HardDisks NAME AVAIL USED USEDSNAP pandora vbox HardDisks 57 0G 10 0G 0 pandora vbox HardDisks s10guest1 57 0G 5 00G 0 pandora vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 trad 57 0G 4 99G 0 pandora vbox HardDisks sl0guest2 zfs 57 0G 164K 0 The traditional method of using the VirtualBox copy method consumed an ad ditional 5 GB of disk space which was expected However the ZFS clone consumed only 164KB of space Of course as the cloned guest machine starts writing to the disk additional space will be required for storage of its data For the parts of the disk that are not written only one copy of the data will be kept across all of the cloned images which represents a significant storage savings opportunity achieved by using ZFS for guest disk images 166 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox 5 5 7 Live Migration of a Guest Beginning with version 3 1 VirtualBox includes a feature called teleportation that allows a guest machine to move from one host to another while the guest machine is running Except for some rare cases the source and destination hosts need not run the same operating system or even the same typ
96. te an Oracle Solaris 10 HVM PVIO Guest 8 4 6 Step 4 Configure and Enable Live Migration 8 4 7 Summary Running Microsoft Windows in an Oracle Solaris Container 227 227 230 231 232 233 235 236 237 237 237 238 239 239 241 241 242 254 254 255 256 257 257 258 258 259 268 268 268 269 269 272 273 274 276 276 8 5 1 Planning 8 5 2 Configuring the Oracle Solaris Global Zone 8 5 3 Creating the Container 8 5 4 Creating the Oracle VM VirtualBox Guest Machine User 8 5 5 Configuring the Windows Guest Machine 8 5 6 Creating an Autostart Service for the Guest 8 5 7 Cloning the Windows Container 8 5 8 Summary 8 6 Consolidating with Oracle Solaris Containers 8 6 1 Planning 8 6 2 Configure Oracle Solaris 10 8 6 3 Create Containers 8 6 4 Testing 8 6 5 Summary 8 7 Security Hardening with Oracle Solaris Containers 8 7 1 Scenario 8 7 2 Basic Steps 8 7 3 Implementing Hardened Containers 8 7 4 Security Analysis 8 7 5 Summary 8 7 6 Further Reading 8 8 Summary Chapter 9 Virtualization Management 9 1 VE Life Cycle Management 9 1 1 Life Cycle of a VE 9 2 Opportunities for Business Agility and Operational Flexibility 9 2 1 9 2 2 Problems Virtualization Offers New Opportunities 9 3 Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center 9 3 1 9 3 2 9 3 3 9 3 4 9 3 5 9 3 6 9 3 7 9 3 8 9 3 9 Basic Structure Concepts Secure or Isolated Data Centers Discovering Assets Provisioning As
97. this example WindowsxP_64 is the correct choice 2 VBoxManage createvm name Windows XP ostype WindowsxP_64 register Virtual machine Windows XP is created and registered UUID 4ecS5efdc fa76 49bb 8562 7c2a0bac8282 Settings file vbox Machines Windows XP Windows XP xml VBoxManage showvminfo Windows XP Name Windows XP Guest OS Windows XP 64 bit UUID 4ec5efdc fa76 49bb 8562 7c2a0bac8282 Config file vbox Machines Windows XP Windows XP xml Hardware UUID 4ec5efdc fa76 49bb 8562 7c2a0bac8282 Memory size 128MB VRAM size 8MB Number of CPUs 1 Synthetic Cpu off CPUID overrides None Boot menu mode message and menu Boot Device 1 Floppy Boot Device 2 DVD Boot Device 3 HardDisk Boot Device 4 Not Assigned ACPI on IOAPIC on PAE on Time offset 0 ms Hardw virt ext on Hardw virt ext exclusive on Nested Paging on AREA RIN PER on State powered off since 2010 02 14T23 05 30 798000000 Monitor count al 3D Acceleration off Teleporter Enabled off Teleporter Port Teleporter Address lt NULL gt Teleporter Password lt NULL gt WEEE ahs MAC 0800270213D4 Attachment NAT Cable connected on Trace off file none Type 82540EM Reported speed 0 Mbps NEGAS disabled NIC She disabled continues 160 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox NIC 4 disabled INGE ES disabled INGE Sg disabled INC 7 5 disabled NIC Ge disabled UART 1 d
98. to be significantly degraded The number of CPUs can also be specified using the VBoxManage modifyvm command VBoxManage will not issue a warning if the number of CPUs exceeds the capacity of the host VBoxManage showvminfo Solaris 10 grep CPU Number of CPUS I CPUID overrides None VBoxManage modifyvm Solaris 10 cpus 8 VBoxManage showvminfo Solaris 10 grep CPU Number of CPUs 8 CPUID overrides None VirtualBox offers support for non executable pages NX This feature enables guest operating systems to mark a page that is used for data so that it cannot be executed This technique can help reduce the chance that a buffer overflow type of attack from a worm or virus against the guest will be successful If the guest sup ports the NX feature it is recommended that it be enabled in the CPU settings Although a guest does not require hardware virtualization assistance to per form well if the host platform supports nested page tables enabling this feature for a guest will provide a significant improvement in performance because most 136 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox of the memory management functions can be carried out by the guest without requiring host intervention Nested page tables can be enabled in the Acceleration tab of the system settings in the VirtualBox GUI 5 2 2 RAM Unlike Logical Domains memory used by guests is under the control of the host platform Although the guests can take advantage
99. tual machine is to create the new guest configuration using either the command line or the GUI as shown before 164 Chapter 5 Oracle VM VirtualBox If the host system is running Oracle Solaris ZFS data set cloning can be used instead of cloning the virtual disk device with VBoxManage The result is much faster cloning time Because ZFS needs to allocate space only for the additional blocks that are changed in the clone this approach also results in a smaller total storage requirement for the new guest To use ZFS cloning two steps must be completed The first step is the creation of the ZFS clone which requires two commands Because ZFS cloning occurs on a data set level you should place the guest disk images in separate ZFS file systems If a guest machine has several disks and they will always be used together place them all in the same ZFS file system so that one ZFS operation can manage all of them The second step is the creation of a new UUID for the cloned virtual disk Without this step the cloned disk image would have the same UUID as a disk that is already registered VirtualBox provides a method of creating a new UUID that must be used after completing the ZFS cloning operation The following example compares the time and space required to clone a disk im age The source is a 5 GB Solaris 10 boot disk To simplify management of virtual disk devices the source disk image is placed in a ZFS file system named pandora HardDisk
100. ty 183 init process 199 200 Instances Containers 217 Logical Domains 232 x86 hypervisors 233 Instruction simulation perfor mance effects 333 335 Intel VT CPUs 116 125 130 Interactive guest installation 263 Interactive Text Console Session option 263 Internal mode in VirtualBox 142 Interprocess communication IPC mechanisms 37 Interrupts 334 Intimate Shared Memory ISM 207 T O domains 34 49 62 81 Dynamic Domains 244 246 249 251 Logical Domains 82 83 86 SPARC Enterprise M Series servers 48 system controller trans actions 45 workload consolidation 10 11 14 ioemu interface 261 266 IOMMUs I O memory mapping units 82 IOUs I O units 45 47 domains 62 63 Dynamic Domains 244 245 249 251 IP addresses cloned instances 104 105 Containers 218 277 278 286 291 293 guests 262 host name mapping 177 port redirection 141 VEs 314 virtual network devices 85 IP Filter 290 296 300 IP Multipathing IPMP 83 85 214 ip type property 182 IP web service hosting 238 239 IPC interprocess communication mechanisms 37 ipf command 225 ipkg brand 178 IPMP IP Multipathing 83 85 214 ipnat command 225 ISCs Immutable Service Containers 177 ISM Intimate Shared Memory 207 Isolated data centers 318 Isolation 227 228 Containers 173 177 233 domains 45 Dynamic Domains 73 230 hardware partitions 28 29 Logical Domains 78 231 OSV 37 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualizat
101. uest to share files with other guests and the host via the host s native file system In Oracle Solaris the shared folders are made available as a vboxfs file system Shared folders are defined per guest in the VirtualBox GUI or via the VBoxManage command line In the following example the directory export iso on the host is shared as iso with a Solaris 10 guest On the host platform issue the follow ing command to create the shared folder In this example the guest is named Solaris10 Host VBoxManage sharefolder add Solaris10 name iso hostpath export iso Now the guest can mount and access the file system as in the following example mkdir iso mount F vboxfs o uid 1234 gid 5678 iso iso 1s la iso total 19720801 drwxrwxrwx 1 1234 5678 ANOS DEO Al aL GATS 5 5 CREATING AND MANAGING ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX GUESTS 151 drwxr xr x 34 root root 35 Fep 12 20751 oc drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 4096 Sep 9 08 43 centos drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 4096 Aug 27 13 22 fedora drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 8192 Feb 1 12 20 opensolaris drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 4096 OCE 25 10 29 oracle drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 8192 Aug 31 13 44 redhat drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 4096 Sep 9 08 56 rescue drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 4096 Feb 3 16 12 s10 drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 ar92 Feb 3 2I ST EIL drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 0 Rug 31 13 31 suse drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 0 Aug 9 2009 ubuntu drwxrwxrwx 234 5678 8192 Feb 13 00 38 windows Because the file permission and ownership abstractions may not translat
102. urations Domain Combinations Domain Availability 2 3 Managing Domains 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 5 Building Domains Examples View from the Domain Fault Isolation Dynamic Reconfiguration Extending Dynamic Domains 2 4 Summary Oracle VM Server for SPARC 3 1 Overview of Logical Domains Features 3 1 1 Isolation 3 1 2 Compatibility 3 1 3 Real and Virtual CPUs 3 2 Logical Domains Implementation 3 2 1 Domain Roles 3 2 2 Dynamic Reconfiguration 3 2 3 Virtual I O 3 3 Details of Domain Resources 3 3 1 Virtual CPUs 3 3 2 Virtual Network Devices 3 3 3 Virtual Disk 3 3 4 Console and OpenBoot 3 3 5 Cryptographic Accelerator 3 3 6 Memory 3 3 7 Binding Resources to Domains 3 4 Installing Logical Domains and Building a Guest Domain 3 4 1 Verifying and Installing Firmware 3 4 2 Installing Logical Domains Software 3 4 3 Configuring the Control Domain 3 4 4 Network Connectivity Between Primary and Guest Domains 3 4 5 Creating a Domain and Installing Oracle Solaris 3 4 6 Viewing a Domain 3 4 7 Installing Oracle Solaris into a Domain 3 4 8 Observing Guest Domains from the Control Domain 3 4 9 Viewing a Domain from the Inside 3 4 10 Dynamic Reconfiguration 3 4 11 Dynamic Resource Management 3 4 12 Cloning a Domain 44 48 54 57 59 60 69 73 73 75 76 77 77 78 78 78 80 80 82 82 84 84 85 86 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 92 93 94 96 97 98 100 101 102 103 vii Chapter 4 Chapter 5 3 5 3
103. ved 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores CA 94065 Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by copyright and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction storage in a retrieval system or transmission in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or likewise For information regarding permissions write to Pearson Education Inc Rights and Contracts Department 501 Boylston Street Suite 900 Boston MA 02116 Fax 617 671 3447 ISBN 13 978 0 13 708188 2 ISBN 10 0 13 708188 X Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville Indiana First printing August 2010 Contents Foreword xi Preface xV Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Virtualization 1 1 1 Definitions and Motivations 1 1 1 1 What Is Virtualization 1 1 1 2 Why Virtualize 2 1 1 3 Why Is Virtualization so Important for Consolidating Workloads 5 1 1 4 Other Reasons for Virtualization 7 1 1 5 Common Concepts 8 1 1 6 Use Cases for Virtualization 9 1 2 System Virtualization Models 26 1 2 1 Hardware Partitioning 28 1 2 2 Virtual Machines 32 1 2 38 Operating System Virtualization 36 1 3 Summary 41 Chapter 2 Hard Partitioning Dynamic Domains 43 2 1 Partitions 44 2 1 1 Hardware Partitions 44 2 1 2 The M Series 44 vi Chapter 3 2 2 Domain Implementation 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 Domain Config

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