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1. 1 2 3 4 6 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 0 05 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum vari 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ous ages Paint cadmium yellow 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oil 17 SW 0 87 Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper black 0 90 1 Paper black dull 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 Plaster plasterboard 20 SW 0 90 untreated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 52 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um
2. External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 29 15 Thermographic measurement techniques External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 30 16 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec trum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 Figure 16 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir Wil liam Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar observations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was in trigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necess
3. 1 YEAR C ru ME OMEGA WARRANTY kerk Guide Shop online at omega com e mail info omega com For latest product manuals omegamanual info OSXL A5SC A15SC A35SC Thermal Imager Sensor ME OMEGA OMEGAnet Online Service Internet e mail omega com info omega com Servicing North America U S A Omega Engineering Inc One Omega Drive P O Box 4047 ISO 9001 Certified Stamford CT 06907 0047 USA Toll Free 1 800 826 6342 TEL 203 359 1660 FAX 203 359 7700 e mail info omega com Canada 976 Bergar Laval Quebec H7L 5A1 Canada Toll Free 1 800 826 6342 TEL 514 856 6928 FAX 514 856 6886 e mail info omega ca For immediate technical or application assistance U S A and Canada Sales Service 1 800 826 6342 1 800 TC OMEGA Customer Service 1 800 622 2378 1 800 622 BEST Engineering Service 1 800 872 9436 1 800 USA WHEN Mexico TEL 001 203 359 1660 FAX 001 203 359 7700 Latin America e mail espanol omega com Servicing Asia China 1698 Ti Shan Road Unit 102 Min Hang District Shanghai China Hotline 800 819 059 400 619 0559 e mail info cn omegacom Servicing Europe Benelux Toll Free 0800 099 3344 TEL 31 20 347 21 21 FAX 31 20 643 46 43 e mail sales omegaeng nl Czech Republic Frystatska 184 733 01 Karvin Czech Republic Toll Free 0800 1 66342 TEL 420 59 6311899 FAX 420 59 6311114 e mail info omegashop cz Fra
4. LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethaneiso 70 LW 0 55 9 lation board Plastic polyurethane iso 70 SW 0 29 9 lation board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 1 Rubber Soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand 20 T 0 90 2 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 8 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 2 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Snow See Water Soil
5. do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this e Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the speci fied charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the cor rect equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warn ing labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous If mounting the A3xx pt A3xx f series camera on a pole tower or any elevated location use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun This can have an un wanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation High temperatures can cause damage to the camera
6. ject to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TWatm where 1 1 is the emittance of the at mosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa TW L TW HT Wai We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Un ETU T 1 ES ENTU op 1 2 TM Solve Equation 3 for Uop Equation 4 1 l e V Un J abt U T a T e This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 18 1 Voltages Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tobj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Ureti Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tren according to the calibration Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation e the object emittance e the relative humidity e Tatm e object distance Dop the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temper ature Tren and thetem
7. 018 649 B2 8 153 971 8212210 B2 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 DI6702302 9 DI6803572 1 DI6903617 9 DI7002221 6 DI7005799 0 DM 057692 DM 061609 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL200610088759 5 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200820105768 8 ZL200830128581 2 ZL200880105769 2 ZL200930190061 9 ZL201030176127 1 ZL201030176130 3 ZL201030176157 2 ZL201030595931 3 1 6 EULATerms You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes software licensed by Flir Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation SOFTWARE are protected by international in tellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE INSTEAD PROMPTLY CON TACT Flir Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DE VICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 2 Legal disclaimer GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license You may us
8. 16 History of infrared technology Figure 16 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major break through made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re sponded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a dis tance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool ing agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low tem perature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy in trusion detection remote temperature sensing se
9. 3 0 installer http support flir com SwDown load app RssSWDownload aspx ID 155 9 2 FLIR Ax5 series synchronization The camera provides an external sync channel that can be used to synchronize the frame start between two cameras one configured as the master and the other configured as the slave It can also be used to synchronize the frame start of a camera with that of another product T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 14 About I O and synchronization Stream 60 Hz SyncMode set to SelfSyncMaster 29 97 Hz Sync cable FLIR P N 7127608 Stream 60 Hz SyncMade set to ExtSyncMaster Syne cable FUR P N 1127608 239 97 Hz Figure 9 1 Master slave synchronization between two FLIR Ax5 series cameras NTSC Note External synchronization can be applied but only by using an input signal with a frequency of 29 97 Hz NTSC The signal voltage relative to digital GND is 3 3 V The pulse width minimum is 100 ns will be extended to 1 us Note that the synchronization mode is not persistent The camera will always return to SyncMode Disabled after reset or power cycling For slow configurations 9 Hz the output frame rate is a fraction of the sync pulse rate Because there is ambiguity as to which received pulse triggers the frame timing FLIR does not recommend using the external sync interface with a slow configured camera Note The only difference between ExtSyncMaster and SelfSyncSlave mode is that
10. 4 Wy in x 10 Watt m um A c 1 where 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 35 Theory of thermography Wib Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A c Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s h Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec k Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K T Absolute temperature K of a blackbody A Wavelength um Note The factor 10 6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength Amax and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wave length at which maximum occurs 900 K 7 6 5 800 K 4 3 700 K 2 600 K 1 500 K 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Figure 17 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelength um 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 An um max This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yel
11. 50 AL 0 95 0 98 1 surface Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusty red 20 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel shiny etched 150 0 16 1 Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 49 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room tempera LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 ture
12. 6 Refl Atm am A Refl Y R Refl Figure 18 2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters t 0 88 Treti 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 43 18 The measurement formula 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F IDI 2 J Figure 18 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Trei 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 44 19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by Flir Systems 19 1 References 1 Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y 2 William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 3 Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Uni versity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science 4 William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washingto
13. About I O and synchronization annnnnnnnnnnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnen 14 9 1 FLIR Ax5 series General Purpose I O annen eneen venen 14 9 2 FLIR Ax5 series synchronization ane enenenven rererere 14 Cleaning the camera xnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnunnunnnnnnunnuener 16 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items annen enen enen 16 AQMD Liquids i Ere onde EPA ni deni ain deltae 16 10 1 2 Equipment sonen ort Pie e ee c 16 10 4 3 Procedure eoe desee teu ever er eie Even aad 16 10 2 Infrared lens ied o bee Pott eoo eee 16 10 2 1 Liquids s 23 EIER EIER E ERAS 16 10 22 Equiprment 5 re e eo e ie upto tue cues 16 10 23 PrOCOGUIG spann oi roce nde teten ecco 16 Technical d ta arssnarevvanagensnaansanvansnanerenveaugeesrdndiner enne van n araa 17 Pin configurations and schematics nva nv annen venen ennn enne nnee en 18 12 1 _M12 connector pin configuration nanne eenen venen 18 12 2 Pig tail end of cable usor venenee nen enen d eriparia 18 12 3 SYNC input output schematics es 19 12 4 GP input output schematics ananda eenen 19 About Flir Systems un eee eee eee nee venen enen renee venen evene nnne nnn 20 13 1 More than just an infrared camera sse 21 13 2 Sharing our knowledge sse 21 13 3 Supporting our customers anas eneen eneennen mH 21 13 4 A few images from our f
14. Applies only to Class B digital devices This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful in terference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruc tions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be deter mined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connectthe equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the re ceiver is connected e Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 19 RSS 210 NOTICE This device com plies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS 210 of Industry Canada Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that m
15. Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protec tive cap when you do not operate the laser pointer 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US Warnings amp Cautions Applies only to cameras with battery e Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless a spe cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by Flir Systems e Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet Do not make holes in the battery with objects Do not hit the battery with a ham mer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it e Do not put the batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery e Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat e Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations e Do not solder directly onto the battery e Do not use the battery if when you use charge or store the battery there is an un usual smell from the batt
16. Government Regulations sss 1 1 3 Copyright sic ss rane e ee 1 1 4 Quality ASSUPANCO ra sss crac saneren bans terio pe Mee dew detent bee Gey 1 1 5 Patents EHE SPUREN 2 1 6 EULA Terris ete E etd pice E VE due EU dte Ee 2 Warnings amp Cautions una cence ennen venen enen eene nnne 4 Notice to USEN ii ical sena tasnsetndhrnenntnkendorehi apai ae aa iaag iadan pii 8 3 1 User to user fOrUms nanne enen ener veneenenveneneenenennenen nennen 8 3 2 Calibrations csie eerde ere ea ede cer a ae 8 3 3 Der M es 8 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste nan vanen eneen en eenen teeta ened 8 3 5 Training sitet dest t an ee lant ante dean BM danken tee sent 8 3 6 Documentation updates nennen mH 8 3 7 Important note about this manual se 8 Customer help reete eere ee rhone ea deden vane ne seen eden 9 4 1 Ee Mp 9 4 2 Submitting a question esses 9 4 8 Downloads niste ede Pope decise one XX kronede 9 Introduction iro iiie oin ra tnra na n an rima dn ena Cr e e handen Boi ER 10 Parts lists qMMM 11 6 1 Listof contents cetero RER ER RRREEIRERHRR ERE RR LARIFEAME 11 6 2 ACCOSSONGS ran oer rarr dreide Ere p vers dude elders R 11 Mechanicalinstallation axnarnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnneunnnnnnnunnen 12 DownloadsS ararnnennnnvnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnennnnnnnnnenunnenueunnnnunnunnen 13
17. Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water lron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 lron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic care 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 fully polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 2 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rough plane
18. T 0 80 1 glazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 1000 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 0 59 1 Brick fireclay 20 0 85 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry 20 T 0 94 1 plastered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory 1000 0 46 1 corundum Brick refractory 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 magnesite Brick refractory 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 strongly radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 0 29 1 SiO2 64 Al2O3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon graphite filed 20 T 0 98 2 surface Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 1 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 47 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 6 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 1 Cla
19. companies Indigo Sys tems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by Flir Systems VATENT SPECIFICATION i T SPECIFICATION United States Patent Office npe Yaseured May 31 1868 PER JOHAN LINDER and WASS GUENER ALA ALS 1 057624 Figure 13 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 221 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and auto mation and machine vision among many others Flir Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a man ufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the intro duction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspections and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations T559
20. disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 33 17 Theory of thermography 17 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind thermography will be given 17 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electro magnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 1 2 3 4 6 10m 100m 1km 10nm 1060nm 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 17 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four
21. dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with 20 0 95 2 water Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 T 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 53 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 6 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 V
22. injector e 7951004 Ethernet cable CAT 6 2 m 6 6 ft 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 12 Downloads The principal software used to configure and control the camera is FLIR GEV Demo 1 3 0 This software is based on the PleoraeBus SDK and the runtime Pleora GEVPlayer that comes with the SDK Downloads http support flir com Ax5 software e Link to download PureGEV SDK Sample source code http support flircom SwDownload app RssSWDownload aspx ID 133 e Link to download FLIR GEV Demo 1 3 0 installer http support flir com SwDown load app RssSWDownload aspx ID 155 The camera is compliant with the following standards Additional software and documen tation resources can be downloaded from these sites e GeniCAM http www genicam org Gigabit Ethernet http www ieee802 org 3 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 13 About I O and synchronization 9 1 FLIR Ax5 series General Purpose I O The FLIR Ax5 series camera has one general purpose input line and one output line that can be used in control applications Typical usage e The output line is asserted when an alarm condition is met The input line is used to trigger an action for example saving an image The output line GPO is controlled by the register UserOutputValue Set this register to True to assert level equal to GPIO_PWR the GPO signal and set to False to de assert level is equal to GPIO_GND You can monitor the input line by reading the L
23. is scat tered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments such as a Flir Systems camera for example If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipi ent red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 17 3 1 Planck s law Figure 17 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula 2 3 3
24. measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera Set the emissivity to 1 0 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 28 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure 1 Selecta place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Tuto ONDI Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 12 Write down the emissivity Note Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections U
25. or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from Flir Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Flir Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners 1 4 Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manu factured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard Flir Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 1 Legal disclaimer 1 5 Patents One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and or fea tures described in this manual 0002258 2 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 0101577 5 0102150 0 1144833 1182246 1182620 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1678485 1732314 2106017 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 4889913 60122153 2 60200401 1681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 75530 7667198 7809258 7826736 8
26. smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 p 1 jm 17 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex plained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 111559770 r 6006 6006 en US 34 17 Theory of thermography Figure 17 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation charac teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material repre sents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight ex cept for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole
27. stp format Application stories Technical datasheets Product catalogs T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 9 Introduction The FLIR Ax5 series cameras have features and functions that make them the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems Available resolutions include 80 x 64 160 x 128 and 320 x 256 pixels Among their main features are GigE Vision and GenlCam compliance which makes them plug and play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon Key features Very affordable Compact 40 x 43 x 106 mm 1 57 x 1 69 x 4 17 in GigE Vision and GenlCam compliant GigE Vision lockable connector PoE power over Ethernet 8 bit monochrome image streaming 14 bit radiometric image streaming High frame rates 60 Hz Synchronization between cameras possible 1x 1x GPIO Compliant with any software that supports GenlCam including National Instruments IMAQ Vision Stemmers Common Vision Blox and COGNEX Vision Pro Lenses 5 9 13 19 and 25 model dependent Typical applications Automation thermal machine vision Entry level high speed R amp D T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 10 Parts lists 6 1 List of contents e Infrared camera with lens Base support incl screws and Torx key Cable tie 2 of e Cardboard box Downloads brochure Ethernet cable 2 of FLIR Tools download card e FLIR Tools scratchcard
28. the incoming sync signal is relayed to the SYNC OUT port if set to ExtSyncMaster 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 15 10 Cleaning the camera 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items 10 1 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids Warm water e A weak detergent solution 10 1 2 Equipment A soft cloth 10 1 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cloth in the liquid 2 Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the part with the cloth N CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage 10 2 Infrared lens 10 2 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids Acommercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 3096 isopropyl alcohol e 96 ethyl alcohol C2HsOH e DEE ether diethylether C4H100 50 acetone dimethylketone CH3 2CO 50 ethyl alcohol by volume This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens 10 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool 10 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soak the cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid 3 Cleanthe lens one time only and discard the cotton wool AN WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous VAN CAUTION Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflectiv
29. the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situa tion to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 1 T Wren 1 1 Warm 1 8 Wien Tren Eren 1 1 Figure 18 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource On short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equ
30. type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super 33 Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 45 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 Aluminum as received plate 100 0 09 Aluminum as received 100 0 09 2 sheet Aluminum cast blast 70 SW 0 47 9 cleaned Aluminum cast blast 70 LW 0 46 9 cleaned Aluminum dipped in HNOs 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 1 Aluminum roughened 27 10 um 0 18 3 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 3 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 9 differently scrat
31. up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room tempera MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 ture up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized 100 T 0 05 4 polished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 50 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 6 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium T 0 86 1 powder Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 8
32. well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 31 16 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electromag netic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes re ferred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to ap pear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controver sies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Dif ferent investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experi ments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mir rors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large eno
33. 11 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated 20 T 0 05 2 polished Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 51 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued
34. 7 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab sorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interi or The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 p 1 7 1 p 7 SA When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula E Py This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure re flectance than to measure emissivity directly 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 40 18 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob ject surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in
35. 770 r 6006 6006 en US 20 13 About Flir Systems IES AT a as aS SS vA T KS A Figure 13 2 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT Flir i7 from 2012 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery Flir Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system elec tronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the ac curacy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 13 1 Morethan just an infrared camera At Flir Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages W
36. NTY adds an additional one 1 month grace period to the normal one 1 year product warranty to cover handling and shipping time This ensures that OMEGA s customers receive maximum coverage on each product If the unit malfunctions it must be returned to the factory for evaluation OMEGA s Customer Service Department will issue an Authorized Return AR number immediately upon phone or written request Upon examination by OMEGA if the unit is found to be defective it will be repaired or replaced at no charge OMEGA s WARRANTY does not apply to defects resulting from any action of the purchaser including but not limited to mishandling improper interfacing operation outside of design limits improper repair or unauthorized modification This WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of having been damaged as a result of excessive corrosion or current heat moisture or vibration improper specification misapplication misuse or other operating conditions outside of OMEGA s control Components in which wear is not warranted include but are not limited to contact points fuses and triacs OMEGA is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its various products However OMEGA neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for any damages that result from the use of its products in accordance with information provided by OMEGA either verbal or written OMEGA warra
37. UT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may per manently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or trans fer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all applicable international and nation al laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 3 Warnings amp Cautions WARNING Applies only to Class A digital devices This equipment generates uses and can ra diate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the in struction manual may cause interference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference
38. acilities ce 22 GOSS ANY E EE 23 Thermographic measurement techniques eere 26 15 1 Introduction rore tb eie RE RIPE IRAE 26 15 23 Emissivity oan even tee edn ee dod Vo died 26 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US v Table of contents 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample nnen 26 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature nan en eneen eenen eneen 29 15 4 Distance ettet eO hi dimi 29 15 5 Relative humidity i io oer o b e eel Led 29 15 6 Other parameters annen vennen eneen eenenenen nee 29 16 History of infrared technology aaan oenen onver en nenenen ennn enenn ennen 31 17 Theory of thermography axanenvnnnnneunnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnennnnenueunnnnnnnunnen 34 17 1 Arduo oue den oe RN ac ec Elte ad 34 17 2 The electromagnetic spectrum sess 34 17 3 Blackbody radiation sse 34 1 7 3 1 Planckslaw moronen tere tercero e e Oe eee e erede dat 35 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law een 36 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law naren eneen een venen venen 37 17 3 4 Non blackbody emitters esee 38 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materials aaneen eneen 40 18 The measurement formula nana aaneen en ennen nennen nnne nennen enen 41 19 Emissivity tables sauna nennen eneen venen venenennvennenenenenennennnnennenen 45 19 1 References eee eret
39. arnish flat 20 SW 0 93 Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 0 0 97 1 Water ice smooth 10 0 96 2 Water layer gt 0 1 mm 0 100 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 54 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 6 Wood 17 SW 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 9 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 9 samples Wood planed 20 0 8 0 9 1 Wood planed oak 20 0 90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 9 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 9 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 7 dry Wood plywood 20 SW 0 83 6 untreated Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 1 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 1 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 1 Zinc polished 200 300 T 0 04 0 05 1 Zinc sheet 50 T 0 20 1 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 55 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produc
40. ation 1 U CW TF Nource source or with simplified notation U CW source youree where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance e the received radiation would conse quently be Wsource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object etWopj where is the emittance of the object and t is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Torj 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 41 18 The measurement formula 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 tWien where 1 is the reflec tance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature Treti It has here been assumed that the temperature Tref is the same for all emitting surfa ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplifica tion in order to derive a workable formula and Tren can at least theoretically be giv en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob
41. ay cause undesired operation Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 21 NOTICE Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by manufacturer name may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment Applies only to digital devices subject to 2 1091 2 1093 OET Bulletin 65 Radiofre quency radiation exposure Information The radiated output power of the device is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits Nevertheless the device shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is minimized Applies only to cameras featuring Wi Fi Radiofrequency radiation exposure In formation For body worn operation this camera has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or des ignated for this product Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 4 Warnings amp Cautions Applies only to cameras with battery e Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition e If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes
42. ched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 9 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum 20 T 0 04 2 deposited Aluminum weathered 17 SW 0 83 0 94 5 heavily Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 1 Aluminum powder T 0 28 1 hydroxide Aluminum oxide activated powder 0 46 1 Aluminum oxide pure powder 0 16 1 alumina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 1 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 1 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 7 Asbestos paper 40 400 0 93 0 95 1 Asbestos powder 0 40 0 60 1 Asbestos slate 20 0 96 1 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 8 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 1 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 2 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 9 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 9 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 1 Brass polished 200 0 03 1 Brass polished highly 100 0 03 2 T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 46 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 6 Brass rubbed with 80 20 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked 20 T 0 2 1 with emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 66 1 refractory Brick Dinas silica un 1000
43. cure communications and flying torpe do guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 me ters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome ter idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this in volved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy ob server it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped ther mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this peri od military secrecy regulations completely prevented
44. e FLIR apps card Focus adjustment tool Getting started guide Gooseneck Hardtransport case Important information guide e Mains cable kit Optics brochure PoEinjector Registration card Service and training brochure Table stand Thank you card User documentation CD ROM Dependent on the camera model Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 6 2 Accessories e T198349 Base support T198348 Cable kit mains UK EU US T127605 Cable M12 pigtail T127606 Cable M12 sync e T198342 Focus adjustment tool T911112 PoE injector T198371 Transport case T198392 Table stand kit Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US Mechanical installation The camera unit has been designed to allow it to be mounted in any position It has a mounting interface on the bottom with four metric M3 holes VAN WARNING Do not use screws that are too long Using screws that are too long will damage the camera The maxi mum depth of the M3 holes is 4 mm 0 15 in Max depth 4 mm 0 15 in Note The camera generates a considerable amount of heat during operation This is normal In order to trans fe
45. e coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 16 11 Technical data For technical data on this product refer to the product catalog and or technical data sheets on the User Documentation CD ROM that comes with the product The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http support flir com T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 12 Pin configurations and schematics 12 1 M12 connector pin configuration This section specifies the pin configuration for the M12 connector at the rear of the camera 11 3 2 10 4 OS 1 3 9 12 6 7 8 Figure 12 1 Pin assignment M12 male connector 12 positions male side view Table 12 1 Mapping table pin to signal Pin Signal Explanation 1 RET GB Camera PWR 2 PWR GB Camera PWR 3 SYNC OUT LVC Buffer 3 3 V 0 24 MA max 1 24 mA max 4 SYNC OUT GND RET GB Camera PWR 5 SYNC_IN LVC Buffer 3 3 V 0 lt 0 8 V 1 2 0V 6 SYNC IN GND RET GB Camera PWR 7 GPO 1 x opto isolated 2 40 VDC max 185 mA 8 GPO GP Input return 9 GPIO_PWR GP Output PWR 2 40 VDC max 200 mA 10 GPIO_GND GP Ouput PWR return 11 GPI 1 x opto isolated 0 lt 2 1 2 40 VDC 12 GPI GP Input return Cables for the M12 connector are available from FLIR Systems See t
46. e or in part without the prior written consent of OMEGA ENGINEERING INC Where Do I Find Everything I Need for Process Measurement and Control OMEGA Of Course Shop online at omega com gt TEMPERATURE LA Thermocouple RTD amp Thermistor Probes Connectors Panels amp Assemblies Lef Wire Thermocouple RTD amp Thermistor lA Calibrators amp Ice Point References lA Recorders Controllers amp Process Monitors bf Infrared Pyrometers PRESSURE STRAIN AND FORCE LA Transducers amp Strain Gages lA Load Cells amp Pressure Gages lA Displacement Transducers kf Instrumentation amp Accessories FLOW LEVEL Lef Rotameters Gas Mass Flowmeters amp Flow Computers bf Air Velocity Indicators lA Turbine Paddlewheel Systems lA Totalizers amp Batch Controllers pH CONDUCTIVITY Lef pH Electrodes Testers amp Accessories Lef Benchtop Laboratory Meters lA Controllers Calibrators Simulators amp Pumps Lef Industrial pH amp Conductivity Equipment DATA ACQUISITION bf Data Acquisition amp Engineering Software Lef Communications Based Acquisition Systems Lef Plug in Cards for Apple IBM amp Compatibles Lef Data Logging Systems lA Recorders Printers amp Plotters HEATERS Lef Heating Cable bf Cartridge amp Strip Heaters IA Immersion amp Band Heaters lA Flexible Heaters Lef Laboratory Heaters ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL Lef Metering amp Control Instrumentation Lef Refractomet
47. e support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 13 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to ther mography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore Flir Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certi fied training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 13 3 Supporting our customers Flir Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 21 13 About Flir Systems 13 4 A few images from our facilities Figure 13 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 22 14 Glossary absorption ab sorption factor atmosphere autoadjust autopalette blackbody blac
48. e the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT Flir Sys tems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY PER FORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL AP PLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Disassembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassemble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED B
49. ed using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica World Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 LOEF List Of Effective Files T501003 xml 6006 2012 11 02 T505475 xml 5418 2012 09 03 T505010 xml 5948 2012 10 30 T505469 xml 5929 2012 10 29 T505013 xml 5929 2012 10 29 T505085 xml 5771 2012 10 08 T505084 xml 5782 2012 10 08 T505478 xml 6005 2012 11 02 T505082 xml 5778 2012 10 08 T505477 xml 5780 2012 10 08 T505470 xml 5935 2012 10 29 T505097 xml 5929 2012 10 29 T505081 xml 5794 2012 10 08 T505007 xml 5936 2012 10 29 T505004 xml 5937 2012 10 29 T505000 xml 5938 2012 10 29 T505005 xml 5939 2012 10 29 T505001 xml 5940 2012 10 29 T505006 xml 5941 2012 10 29 T505002 xml 5942 2012 10 29 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 56 FLIR Corporate Headquarters Flir System Inc 27700 SW Parkway Ave Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Telephone 1 503 498 3547 Website http www flir com Customer support http support fir com Publ No 1559770 Commit 6006 Head 6006 Language en US Modified 2012 11 02 Formatted 2012 11 02 WARRANTY DISCLAIMER OMEGA ENGINEERING INC warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 13 months from date of purchase OMEGA s WARRA
50. efan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically Wp represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emit tance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 37 17 Theory of thermography Figure 17 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti cally from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 17 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For ex ample a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec trum but becomes distinctly gray a
51. ems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied Flir Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Flir Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English 1 2 U S Government Regulations The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization for export re export or transfer Contact Flir Systems for details 1 3 Copyright 2012 Flir Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of Flir Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium
52. erforming highly accurate electrical and mechanical inspections and can also see through flames for inspecting gas fired furnaces chemical heaters and coal fired boilers IN ORDER TO DERIVE ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THESE ENVIRONMENTS THE GF309 OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRIC FUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDITIONS OF COMBUS TION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT The Infrared Train ing Center itc offers a wide range of world class infrared training for thermography professionals including GF309 operators For more information about obtaining the training and certification you require contact your Flir sales representative or itc at www infraredtraining com T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 7 Notice to user 3 1 User to user forums Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards 3 2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your lo cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera 3 3 Accuracy For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen tally friendly wa
53. ers Lef Pumps amp Tubing lA Air Soil amp Water Monitors A Industrial Water amp Wastewater Treatment Lef pH Conductivity amp Dissolved Oxygen Instruments M5230 1212
54. ery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Onlyuse a specified battery charger when you charge the battery e The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 445 C 32 F to 113 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to be come hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery e The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery Whenthe battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating In furnace and other high temperature applications you must mount a heatshield on the camera Using the camera in furnace and other high tem
55. he part numbers below e 7127605 Cable M12 pigtail e 1127606 Cable M12 sync 12 2 Pig tail end of cable 1 RET GB 2PWR GB 3 SYNG OUT 4 SYNC OUT GM 5 SYNC IN 6 SYNC JN GND 7 GPO NE waa 8 GPO ELLON 9 GPIO_PWR BLACK 10 GPIO GND 11 GPI SEA RAD 12 GPI AA au Figure 12 2 Mapping table signal type to cable color T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 18 12 Pin configurations and schematics 12 3 SYNC input output schematics GPIO INI lt re A Figure 12 3 Schematics of SYNC input and output 12 4 GP input output schematics x E i Bg VIH 25V max S ps Bint n ok i ic VI H 0 3V 0 5V MMBD7000LT1G i 2 i L 3 MMGT300GT 7 VIH 1 0V 1 2V E ms DiGPIO PWR max c 110 185mA max Required isolation 500V RMS Figure 12 4 Schematics of GP input and output 111559770 r 6006 6006 en US 13 About Flir Systems Flir Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance in frared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and market ing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today Flir Systems embraces five major companies with out standing achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States
56. ineStatus register on a regular basis The LineStatus register will return True if the input level is asserted level equal to GPIO_PWR voltage and it will returnFalse if the input line is de asserted level is equal to GPIO_ GND Another option is to configure the camera to send a GigEVision event when the input line state is changed In order to configure the camera for event transmission you need to modify the following registers PLC_Q7_VariableO Enum Set this register to PLC 10 enu meration value 2 to route the GPI signal EventSelector Enum Set this register to PLC Inter rupt FIFOO Q7 enumeration value 5 EventNotification Enum Setthis register to GigEVisionE vent enumeration value 3 To de bounce the input signal you also might want to configure the LineDebounceFactor register This register controls the width of the window during which spurious transitions from the input line are filtered out in increments of 480 ns This register is O by default which means that the de bouncing is disabled The maximum value for this register is 65535 which corresponds to a maximum holding time of 31 ms The FLIR GEV Demo 1 3 sample illustrates how to setup the event transmission C Source code is available in PureGEV SDK Sample Applicable downloads e Link to download PureGEV SDK Sample source code http support flir com SwDownload app RssSWDownload aspx ID 133 e Link to download FLIR GEV Demo 1
57. ity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in bright ness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually re peating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he pro ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other thermometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experi mentin 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point Figure 16 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Her schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay
58. kbody radiator calculated at mospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature conduction continuous adjust convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated at mospheric transmission external optics filter The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 The gases between the object being measured and the camera nor mally air A function making a camera perform an internal image correction The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali brate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative hu midity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specif ic color The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im age content Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo tion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place
59. low as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wave length calculated for Amax A good approximation of the value of Amax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral ra diant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 36 17 Theory of thermography Figure 17 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infra red while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignifi cant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Figure 17 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 um 2 Wavelength um 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to ee we obtain the total radiant emittance Wp of a blackbody W cT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef St
60. n D C 5 Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London 6 Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 7 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 12 ITC Technical publication 32 13 ITC Technical publication 29 Note The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 19 2 Tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 1 2 3 4 6 6 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several colors 3M
61. nce Toll Free 0805 541038 TEL 01 57 32 48 17 FAX 01 57 32 48 18 e mail esales omega fr Germany Austria Daimlerstrasse 26 D 75392 Deckenpfronn Germany Toll Free 0800 8266342 TEL 49 0 7056 9398 0 FAX 49 0 7056 9398 29 e mail info omega de United Kingdom OMEGA Engineering Ltd ISO 9001 Certified One Omega Drive River Bend Technology Centre Northbank Irlam Manchester M44 5BD United Kingdom Toll Free 0800 488 488 TEL 44 0 161 777 6611 FAX 44 0 161 777 6622 e mail sales omega co uk It is the policy of OMEGA Engineering Inc to comply with all worldwide safety and EMC EMI regulations that apply OMEGA is constantly pursuing certification of its products to the European New Approach Directives OMEGA will add the CE mark to every appropriate device upon certification The information contained in this document is believed to be correct but OMEGA accepts no liability for any errors it contains and reserves the right to alter specifications without notice WARNING These products are not designed for use in and should not be used for human applications FLIR User s manual FLIR Ax5 series FLIR User s manual FLIR Ax5 series WERTE a d AmA uum oa 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US Table of contents 10 11 12 13 14 15 Legal disclaimer eannunnnnnnavnnennnunnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvennennnnnnnnvnnennnunnnnnnnen 1 1 1 Legal disclaimer 3 pao d e ee EDEN DNE 1 1 2 U S
62. nts only that the parts manufactured by it will be as specified and free of defects OMEGA MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED LIMITATION OF LIABILITY The remedies of purchaser set forth herein are exclusive and the total liability of OMEGA with respect to this order whether based on contract warranty negligence indemnification strict liability or otherwise shall not exceed the purchase price of the component upon which liability is based In no event shall OMEGA be liable for consequential incidental or special damages CONDITIONS Equipment sold by OMEGA is not intended to be used nor shall it be used 1 as a Basic Component under 10 CFR 21 NRC used in or with any nuclear installation or activity or 2 in medical applications or used on humans Should any Product s be used in or with any nuclear installation or activity medical application used on humans or misused in any way OMEGA assumes no responsibility as set forth in our basic WARRANTY DISCLAIMER language and additionally purchaser will indemnify OMEGA and hold OMEGA harmless from any liability or damage whatsoever arising out of the use of the Product s in such a manner RETURN REQUESTS INQUIRIES Direct all warranty and repair requests inquiries to the OMEGA Cus
63. oes tenten eneen aanta 4d 45 19 2 TableS E 45 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US vi Legal disclaimer 1 1 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accord ance with Flir Systems instruction Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems delivered by Flir Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular suppli er only Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not appli cable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be fur ther used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to Flir Systems or this warranty will not apply Flir Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to Flir Systems within the said one year period Flir Syst
64. orption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef fects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object Thereflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera Therelative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 15 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a per fect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approxi mately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and de creases with temperature 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 15 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparen
65. perature applications with out a heatshield can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled Do not dis able the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period typically max 30 minutes Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm or irreparably dam age the detector The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with their designated covers hatches or caps This includes but is not limited to compart ments for data storage batteries and connectors T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 6 Warnings amp Cautions Applies only to Flir A3xx f A3xx pt series cameras e Except as described in this manual do not open the Flir A3xx pt A3xx f series camera for any reason Disassembly of the camera including removal of the cov er can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty e Donotto leave fingerprints on the Flir A3xx p A3xx f series camera s infrared optics e The Flir A3xx pt A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC Operat ing the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operat ing temperature range can cause permanent damage When lifting the Flir A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base not the tubes Applies only to Flir GF309 cameras CAUTION The exceptionally wide temperature range of the Flir GF309 infrared camera is designed for p
66. perature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 42 18 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is impor tant to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values e T 0 88 s Treti 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur ing high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the im
67. portance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Utot 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uobj Utot we are actually performing extrapola tion of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uoj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts provided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the Flir Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F Am Refl Refl 0
68. r this heat it is recommended that the camera is mounted on a base support or a heat sink made of a material that has a high capacity to transfer heat e g aluminum FLIR Systems provides P N T198349 base support for this purpose but other base supports or heat sinks can be used If the camera unit is to be permanently mounted on the application site certain steps have to be taken The camera unit might need to be enclosed in a protective housing and de pending on the ambient conditions e g temperature the housing may need to be cooled by means of water or air In very dusty conditions the installation might also need to have a stream of pressurized air directed at the lens in order to prevent dust build up When mounting the camera unit in harsh environments every precaution should be taken when it comes to securing the unit If the environment exposes the unit to severe vibra tions there may arise a need to secure the mounting screws by means of Loctite or anoth er industrial brand of thread locking liquid as well as to dampen the vibrations by mounting the camera unit on a specially designed mounting base For further information regarding mounting recommendations and environmental enclo sures contact FLIR Systems The camera is typically powered using PoE Power over Ethernet A PoE injector and ca ble kit are available from FLIR Systems See the part numbers below e 1198348 Cable kit mains UK EU US e 7911112 PoE
69. se high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emis sivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be im portantto set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly 15 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This pa rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts Thatradiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera Thatradiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 15 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50 15 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to com pensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature e the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam era and the target
70. t about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be re flected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation ay p For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to Sp l Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity e the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follo
71. t temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 26 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method Follow this procedure 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 1 Reflection source 2 Ifthe reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard a b 1 Reflection source 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 27 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 Dopj 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 1 Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor tant reasons e A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity e A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 15 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 2 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to
72. to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 23 Glossary FOV FPA graybody IFOV image correc tion internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR laser pointer level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical resolution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall abo
73. tomer Service Department BEFORE RETURNING ANY PRODUCT S TO OMEGA PURCHASER MUST OBTAIN AN AUTHORIZED RETURN AR NUMBER FROM OMEGA S CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT IN ORDER TO AVOID PROCESSING DELAYS The assigned AR number should then be marked on the outside of the return package and on any correspondence The purchaser is responsible for shipping charges freight insurance and proper packaging to prevent breakage in transit FOR WARRANTY RETURNS please have the FOR NON WARRANTY REPAIRS consult OMEGA following information available BEFORE for current repair charges Have the following contacting OMEGA information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA 1 Purchase Order number under which the product 1 Purchase Order number to cover the COST was PURCHASED of the repair 2 Model and serial number of the product under 2 Model and serial number of the product and warranty and 3 Repair instructions and or specific problems 3 Repair instructions and or specific problems relative to the product relative to the product OMEGA s policy is to make running changes not model changes whenever an improvement is possible This affords our customers the latest in technology and engineering OMEGA is a registered trademark of OMEGA ENGINEERING INC Copyright 2012 OMEGA ENGINEERING INC All rights reserved This document may not be copied photocopied reproduced translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form in whol
74. ty saturation color span spectral radi ant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range temperature scale thermogram transmission or transmit tance factor transparent isotherm visual The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an ob ject or a gas A piece of IR radiating equipment The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two black body temperatures that limit the current calibration A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com pared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level span settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de tector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m2 um A value which is the result of a subtraction between t
75. ugh natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark ably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Figure 16 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a break through occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 111559770 r 6006 6006 en US 32
76. upport team requires registration Software and documentation requires registration FLIR service contacts Find Answers We store all resolved problems in our solution database Search by product category keywords or phrases Search by Keyword Search All Answers See All Popular Answers 4 1 General For customer help visit http support flircom 4 2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following information to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your device for ex ample HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Device type PC Mac iPhone iPad Android device etc Version of any programs from Flir Systems Full name publication number and revision number of the manual 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC Mac software Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software User documentation for current obsolete and historical products Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format e Cad data models in
77. ve below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas urement of an object was made and the object itself such as emis sivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of colors used to display an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 24 Glossary radiation radiator range reference temperature reflection relative humidi
78. wo temperature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two black body temperatures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number be tween 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures or dinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 25 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the abs
79. ws e Wae N Ab Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength e A blackbody for which 1 Agraybody for which constant less than 1 T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 38 17 Theory of thermography e A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoffs law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is i From this we obtain for an opaque material since ax px 1 e p 1 For highly polished materials e approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have pm 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W za T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of amp from the graybody Figure 17 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave length 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 39 17 Theory of thermography 3 jn r Figure 17 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Black body 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 1
80. y and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your Flir Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www irtraining com http www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flircom It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 3 7 Important note about this manual Flir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model T559770 r 6006 6006 en US 8 Customer help FLIR Customer Support Center Home Answers Aska Question Product Registration Downloads My Stuff Service FLIR Customer support Get the most out of your FLIR products Get Support for Your FLIR Products Welcome to the FLIR Customer Support Center This portal will help you as a FLIR customer to get the most out of your FLIR products The portal gives you access to The FLIR Knowledgebase Ask our s
81. y fired 70 T 0 91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 1 Concrete 20 T 0 92 2 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 T Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 8 Copper commercial 20 T 0 07 1 burnished Copper electrolytic care 80 T 0 018 1 fully polished Copper electrolytic 34 T 0 006 4 polished Copper molten 1100 1300 0 13 0 15 1 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 1 Copper oxidized to T 0 88 1 blackness Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 4 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 2 Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 2 Copper polished 27 T 0 03 4 commercial Copper polished 22 T 0 015 4 mechanical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 4 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 4 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 1 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 1 Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 311559770 r 6006 6006 en US 48 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4

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