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ECOPROBE 5 - RS Dynamics

1. Air pollution monitoring Others ECOPROBE 5 ECOPROBE 5 can be also used as a sophisticated sampling device An absorbent cartridge can be connected to the instrument outlet collecting the soil gas which has been already measured APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 9 What Do You Need for a Field Survey Fully charged ECOPROBE 5 Sampling probe GPS antenna for GPS logging Spare dust filters and tubing Iron brace and hammer or drill for making holes A measuring tape to establish a grid for standard logging Pumping device for cleaning the sampling probe such as that used for inflating rubber mattresses Connecting cable between the temperature sampling probe and the instrument if the soil temperature is required Battery charger Connector splitter for simultaneous connection of the temperature sampling probe and GPS antenna if needed optional item THE FIELD SURVEY Mapping a contaminant plume in soil is the most common application of ECOPROBE 5 Figs 1 and 2 An experienced operator is capable of boring holes and carrying out the measurement without additional assistance In difficult soil conditions or if a rapid sample rate is required an assistant can help with boring holes and cleaning probes It is strongly recommended to charge the instrument s batteries overnight before a day s investigation Take care to avoid any liqui
2. Every day if precise quantitative values are required The ECOPROBE 5 s accessories include a calibration kit for PID Single Point calibration consisting of Cylinder with calibration standard LINDE 100 ppm Isobutene Isobutylene and or Isobuthylene is the same compound mixed with synthetic air Content of the cylinder 2l 150 atm is sufficient for about 200 calibrations if the gas is not wasted Calibration gas refills may be purchased from any company providing calibration standard gases for gas chromatography Air Products SIAD LINDE and others Calibration valve for releasing the gas from the cylinder LINDE plastic metal bag and valve for collecting gas from the cylinder CALIBRATION To extend the Single Point calibration and cleaning interval of the PID analytical unit the operator has to use a dust filter inserted between ECOPROBE 5 gas inlet and the sampling probe The filter should be changed depending upon the amount of dust and extent of contamination of the measuring environment If heavily contaminated soil gas was drawn into the instrument the filter should be changed before starting the next measurement To determine the extent to which a filter is contaminated set up a locality for test measurements and measure the filter contamination in the routine way After the resetting period connect only the filter by means of a short piece of tubing and measure The degree of contamination will indicat
3. the Measuring Mode window will be displayed on the instrument screen Press the right handle arrow again to start the measuring Windows W 18 W 19 and W 20 Locality ABD X 0 0 Y 0 0 O2 T P 751 67 1 90 torr Resetting Locality ABD X 0 0 Y 0 0 O2 T P 751 67 1 90 torr Press gt Locality ABD X 0 0 Y 0 0 O2 T P 751 67 1 90 torr PID 118 ppm Meth ppm T P ppm CO2 ppm W 20 Measuring Mode MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING W 18 Resetting W 19 Prompt Press gt 40 5 After completing the measurement the Measuring Mode Menu will disappear and Welcome GPS Menu Window W 16 is displayed Use the option Show data to review the measured values or Measure for measuring the next station 6 Move to the next station and allow the GPS system to stabilize Generally one minute is enough for all stations except for the first station where more time is required Observe the changing number of satellites and if it does not increase start measuring the station To achieve good accuracy the GPS receiver needs to access seven or eight satellites The lower the number of visible satellites the accurate are the calculated coordinates The accuracy is also affected by the position of the satellites during the day Six or seven satellites in good positions may give better accuracy than eight satellites which are relatively dista
4. Globe center X 0 Y 0 Measured data are stored according to time Communication software ECOPROBE_VIEW enables you to display and to export to other graphic software a data table with coordinates in the world geodetic format WDS 84 MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING Fig 16 X and Y GPS coordinates 36 Depending upon accuracy requirements users may select from various GPS systems Meter precision Decimetre precision Centimetre precision 1 Meter precision Precision ranges from 1 to 7 meters using a standard GPS antenna 2 Decimetre precision This GPS system uses Differential GPS techniques This involves two 12 channel GPS receivers Base station is located at a known point and transmits data over a radio link to the Moving station Moving station calculates precise position by using the signals from satellites and the data received from the Base station 3 Centimetre precision The same GPS system using Differential GPS techniques as above To fix a position with centimetre accuracy Post processing procedure is used by which the errors inherent to raw GPS data are removed after the field work has been completed ECOPROBE 5 system fully integrates all of the above options In all categories recommended GPS receivers are required for which the system is especially configured Usually ECOPROBE 5 is offered with an ECOPROBE 5 Smart Antenna The GPS Smart Antenna is directly connected t
5. Press No mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp No C Measured Calibrate W 27 1 Selection of analyzers for calibration Select channel PID S Yes 104ppm Measured 99 4ppm IR MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured 560ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 No Measured 20 18 Press No mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp No C Measured Calibrate CALIBRATION W 27 3 Selection of analyzers for calibration 53 Calibration Constants PID S k 1 0398 Press gt to save ESC or lt to cancel W 28 Window with the resulting calibration constant Pressing the right arrow will save the calibration constant and return you to the Calibration Menu You can continue calibrating the other analyzers or return to the Main Menu If you do not want to continue with the calibration press ESC or the left arrow to return to the Main Menu without making any changes to the previous setting of the instrument The value of the calibration constant provides and indication of the condition of the analytical unit If it becomes dusty the constant value increases For the PID it may vary from 0 1 to 20 If the value exceeds 20 the system will not allow the calibration procedure to be carried out and the PID analytical unit will have to be cleaned If completion of calibration is not allowed it may be also due to expired calibration gas Obtain a refill and repeat
6. o The stations that are not measured in the last set grid may be displayed as x or z The sign x means that there is a measured station at this point of the grid together with one or several stations measured in the vicinity of the x station The sign z means that there is a station or several stations measured in the vicinity of this point The station located exactly at this point has not been measured To view the measured stations around x and z points on the screen you have to change the increments of the grid to the previously defined grid as is described in the following chapter ABC Inc 10 0 X 0 0 Y 10 0 O2 20 3 T 17 9 P PID 43 698 ppm Meth 3687 ppm T P 7658 ppm CO2 546 ppm 4 3 DATA LOGGING USING THE STANDARD GRID W 11 2 Measuring Mode W 13 Measured stations of specific locality MEASURING STANDARD GRID o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The grid with measured stations will be displayed on the screen Window W 13 31 The cursor has moved to the upper right hand corner on the Inc item Note Here you can change the sign of the Y increment by pressing the right handle arrow Negative increment enables you to move backwards in the grid system along the next or selected line In this way it is not necessary to move all the way back to start measuring from the station where the Y coordinate is zero Press
7. oxygen On Temperature units C Pressure units kPa PID Alarm 1000 methane Alarm 999999 TP Alarm 999999 CO2 Alarm 999999 Save Configuration To make changes Select SYSTEM CONFIGURATION in the Main Menu opens default Configuration File Use the same procedure as in the case of configuring Locality or Monitor Configuration File There are two ways of saving changes in the default Configuration File Select Save Configuration at the end of the file or Press and follow the instructions on the screen W 3 Default Configuration File ECOPROBE 5 OTHER FEATURES 47 11 CALIBRATION ECOPROBE 5 s PID analyzer is calibrated for Isobutene Isobuthylene Isobutene represents the most suitable calibration gas which is also used in laboratory gas chromatographs At the manufacturer the PID analyzer is calibrated using several Isobutene standards with different concentrations using the software for Advanced calibration see the manual to communication software As the PID analyzer does not have a reference channel to compensate for dust influence in contrast to IR analyzer it has to be calibrated more frequently For a fast correction of the PID analyzer the operator can calibrate it by using the Single Point Calibration procedure with a 100 ppm Isobutene standard that is supplied as part
8. MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 No Measured 20 78 Press No mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp Yes 20 3 C Measured 19 2 C Calibrate Fig 18 Probe thermometer calibration W 30 Selection of analyzer for calibration of the probe thermometer CALIBRATION 56 PRESSURE ANALYZER CALIBRATION No tubing must be connected to the instrument inlet Just start measuring you do not need any standard since you measure only atmospheric pressure Open the calibration locality CALIB lc and let the instrument measure two or three points to allow it to stabilize itself After measuring go to the Main Menu Window W 2 select CALIBRATION and continue the calibration procedure as was described for the calibration of the PID analyzer In the window W 32 activate the pressure channel To continue the calibration you have to know the atmospheric pressure from the nearest meteorological station Meteorological services usually provide the latest values of atmospheric pressure on their web sites If you need to calibrate pressure precisely you have to recalculate the pressure value for your actual altitude Type in the obtained value from the meteorological station as the actual value of atmospheric pressure Go to Calibrate and complete the calibration according to the described procedure Select channel PID S No ppm M
9. UV Ultra Violet VOC Volatile Organic Compound Certain synonomous terms are used interchangeably in the text These are Soil gas and vapor Hydrocarbon and organic Gasoline and petrol Diagrams and illustrations that are referenced in the text are designated as Figures e g Fig 1 Fig 2 etc Displays that appear on ECOPROBE 5 s screen and referenced in the text are designated as Windows e g W 1 W 2 W 3 2 etc 5 The main applications of ECOPROBE 5 are fast mapping monitoring and delineating contaminated areas and identifying the contaminant sources and migration paths Measuring by means of ECOPROBE 5 is fast and economical and eliminates the expensive laboratory analysis of spectrally known and identical samples Fig 1 Five samples for laboratory investigation were taken from the above area where 250 stations were measured using ECOPROBE 5 for fast surveying of the contaminated site As many as one hundred stations can be measured in a day Resulting contour or wire frame maps take only minutes to construct using advanced ECOPROBE 5 data logging system in combination with ECOPROBE_VIEW communication software and graphic software Surfer for Windows ECOPROBE 5 measures the concentration of a contaminant vapor phase in a subsurface soil environment These values are proportional to the contaminant concentration but cannot exactly define the precise amount of liquid contaminant present in the soil Onc
10. 4 1 MEASURING IN THE FIELD Now we can initiate the actual measuring procedure After setting the parameters and returning to the Main Menu the name of the locality is displayed after LOCALITY 1 in our case ABC Window W 9 2 W 10 1 Measuring Mode MEASURING STANDARD GRID MAIN MENU LOCALITY 1 ABC LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY MANAGEMENT CONTINUOUS MEASUREM MONITOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CALIBRATION Description of the Measuring Mode Standard data Logging ABC Inc 10 0 X 0 0 Y 0 0 O2 T P PID 118 ppm Meth ppm T P ppm CO2 ppm Name of Locality X coordinate of the measured station Oxygen concentration Absolute ambient pressure vacuum during sampling Number of calibration gas in this case 118 Isobutene Place for resulting PID concentration units ppm for STANDARD mode ppb for HI SENS mode and for IR resulting concentration Y increment Y coordinate of the measured station Soil temperature if sampling probe with thermometer is connected Coarse of measurement from the PID and IR analyzer methane channel Total Petroleum channel CO2 channel W 9 2 Main Menu Select LOCALITY 1 ABC to open its measuring mode Window W 10 1 27 Make a hole at the first station of the new locality using a brace or a similar field tool nev
11. All subsequent commands are issued from the computer see ECOPROBE_VIEW User Manual This procedure enables transferring data from ECOPROBE 5 to a PC or notebook The user friendly software ECOPROBE_VIEW running under WINDOWS 95 98 2000 WinNT4 0 or XP facilitates rapid transfer of data and its graphic presentation Press the ESC button to return to the Main Menu ECOPROBE 5 OTHER FEATURES 46 10 DEFAULT CONFIGURATION FILE Enables you to change the basic default settings of the Configuration File Window W 3 which is always offered when any new locality is opened If necessary you can reconfigure this default Configuration File to meet any definite requirement However if you are not very experienced it is advisable not to make any changes to the default settings SYSTEM CONFIGURATION Grid Standard X Increment 10m Y Increment 10m Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l mim Sampl Interval 0 1 s Reset period AUT s Preint period 5 s Integr period 20 s Probe Depth 0 50m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Range STANDARD Calibration gas 118 Isobutene Units ppm Evaluation Maximum InfraRed On Off On Continuous Measurement On Units ppm Evaluation Maximum
12. CO2 and O2 values indicate old contamination with a high bacteria activity Some residual contamination is still present 74 Railway Station 14 6 2000 CASE STUDY 3 Fig 28 PID measurements made at the railway station shows the largest hydrocarbon contamination from 40 to 95 m along all profiles Several small contaminated domains in the surveyed area are confirmed by the IR TP analyzer see the third graph Methane channel shows relatively high concentrations of methane which is characteristic of old contamination where bacterial activity has already started At the position of the main contamination the TP channel shows higher values than the methane channel This indicates the presence of hydrocarbon contamination There is also an indication on the TP channel at 100 110 m on the profiles 95 and 100 of fresh hydrocarbon contamination No methane is present Bacterial activity is expressed by high concentrations of CO2 at the position of the main contaminated area compare also with the PID channel DATA INTERPRETATION Fig 28 75 15 GENERAL 15 1 POWER SUPPLY Use the system ECOPROBE 5 charger to charge or to continuously supply the unit A continuous supply is required for the instrument in a semi permanent application such as the MONITOR mode You can also use solar cells to supply the unit Using a car cigarette lighter socket for charging the instrument is also possible When the
13. C2H8N2 NR 0 8 0 8 7 28 Dimethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 23 20 2 3 Dioxane 1 4 C4H8O2 NR 1 1 NR 9 19 Epichlorohydrin C2H5ClO 200 8 5 1 4 10 2 Ethane C2H6 NR NR 15 11 52 Ethanol C2H6O NR 12 8 10 47 Ethanolamine Not Recommended C2H7NO NR 4 3 8 96 Ethene C2H4 NR 10 3 10 51 Ethoxyethanol 2 C4H10O2 NR 3 5 NR 9 6 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 NR 4 6 NR 10 01 Ethyl acrylate C5H8O2 NR 2 4 1 lt 10 3 Ethylamine C2H7N NR 0 8 NR 8 86 Ethylbenzene C8H10 0 52 0 5 0 5 8 77 Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 NR 16 6 10 16 Ethylene oxide C2H4O NR 19 3 10 57 Ethyl ether C4H10O NR 1 1 NR 9 51 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 NR NR 1 9 10 61 Ethyl hexyl acrylate 2 C11H20O2 NR 1 1 0 5 Ethyl S lactate C5H10O3 13 3 2 1 6 10 Ethyl mercaptan C2H6S NR 0 6 NR 9 29 Ethyl sulfide C4H10S NR 0 5 NR 8 43 Formaldehyde CH2O NR NR 0 6 10 87 Furfural C5H4O2 NR 0 9 0 8 9 21 Gasoline 1 m w 72 NR 0 9 NR Gasoline 2 92 octane m w 93 1 3 1 0 5 Glutaraldehyde C5H8O2 1 1 0 8 0 6 TABLE OF MEASURED COMPOUNDS 64 Compound Name Formula Lamp 9 8 eV Lamp 10 6 eV Lamp 11 7 eV IP eV Hexene 1 C6H12 NR 0 8 NR 9 44 Hydrazine H4N2 NR 2 6 2 1 8 1 Hydrogen H2 NR NR NR 15 43 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 NR NR NR 10 54 Hydrogen sulfide H2S NR 3 3 1 5 10 45 Iodine I2 0 1 0 1 0 1 9 4 Iso
14. Number Menu Window W 7 3 6 3 INTEGRATION PERIOD After the resetting phase has been completed the prompt Press gt appears on the screen to continue with the measuring cycle by starting the pre integration phase During the pre integration period air is drawn into the instrument without data being stored on the disk This initial pumping phase enables the soil vapor to reach the analytical system This procedure also suppresses the tendency of the vapor to condense on the internal surfaces of the probe and of the instrument in cold weather For measuring in the standard mode a pre integration value of 5 seconds is recommended This value may be changed by opening and selecting from the Enter Number Menu Window W 7 In difficult subsurface conditions where a low soil vapor flux is anticipated the pre integration period should be reduced to 2 seconds For measuring in the HI SENS mode values of 6 or 7 seconds is recommended to achieve the highest possible stabilisation of the PID system 3 6 2 PRE INTEGRATION PERIOD SETTING ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 23 3 7 PROBE DEPTH 3 8 SAVE CURRENT VALUES 3 9 TEMPERATURE Enter the ambient air temperature for the record Default value is 99 grad which means that no value has been inserted This note is only for your information and is not used for any internal software evaluations 3 10 ANALYZERS The next step is to select the operating mode of the PID and IR
15. O N T E N T S ECOPROBE 5 2 11 CALIBRATION 47 11 1 ECOPROBE 5 s PID calibration 47 11 2 PID Single Point calibration procedure 50 11 3 Single Point Calibration of IR Analyzer 54 11 4 Single Point Calibration procedure of IR channels 54 11 5 Calibration of Probe Thermometer Oxygen and Pressure Analyzers 55 12 THE PID ANALYZER 57 13 IR ANALYZER 69 14 DATA INTERPRETATION 72 15 GENERAL 75 15 1 Power Supply 74 15 2 Warranty 74 15 3 Troubleshooting 74 IMPORTANT NOTES 75 RS DYNAMICS Ltd firmware version 99027 October 2004 INTRODUCTION Glossary The Abbreviations Terminology and Illustrations used in this manual are 1 Abbreviations AUT Automatic CF Correction Factor oC degrees Centigrade C Carbon H Hydrogen C H Carbon Hydrogen bond eV electron volt g gram mg milligram g microgram GPS Global Positioning System GPS specific abbreviations Refer to Window W 16 on p 38 for a list IP Ionisation Potential IR Infrared HC Hydrocarbon plural HC s l litre m metre m3 cubic metre mm millimetre NR No Response NAPL Non Aqueous Phase Liquid liquid hydrocarbon with a density less than that of water in other words a floating product PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl ppm parts per million ppb parts per billion PID Photo Ionisation Detector
16. analyzers Those analyzers which are not actually needed for an investigation can be switched off to save battery current The depth of the hole into which the probe is inserted is noted The value can be changed by accessing the Enter Number Menu Window W 7 This note is only for information and is not used for any internal software evaluations The measuring trace see also Sampling Rate above from PID and IR channels at any station can be saved and displayed later on a PC using ECOPROBE_VIEW communication software Save Current Values option is set on YES The possibility of recording the progress of measurements provides an insight into the soil conditions Nevertheless saving Current values uses disk space and this should be considered while working with the instrument 3 10 1 PID ON OFF Switches the PID analytical mode ON OFF RANGE STANDARD The measuring range is from 0 1 ppm to 4000 ppm Results are displayed in ppm or in mg m3 This mode is used for general soil contamination survey HI SENS Very sensitive mode Results are displayed in ppb or in g m3 The upper limit of this mode is 100 ppm If the measured value exceeds 100 ppm a message over is displayed on the screen HI SENS mode is extremely sensitive and is intended for special measurements where the influence of other factors moisture tubing contaminant residue etc is limited PID CALIBRATION GAS Opens a window with a se
17. attempt to open the instrument will invalidate the warranty Damage to the instrument caused by unqualified operation of the instrument sucking water into the analytical units or using the instrument for purposes not specified in the operator s manual will also cancel the warranty 15 3 TROUBLESHOOTING If the system hangs and stops responding press three buttons on the display panel ESC LIGHT and RUN at the same time Then switch off the ECOPROBE 5 by pressing the ON OFF button Press ON OFF button again to reboot the instrument The instrument will show the Main Menu screen and will continue in proper operation Nevertheless the Welcome Menu Window W 1 will be lost from the instrument firmware and may be restored later by the manufacturer using the internet connection Experience has proved that ECOPROBE 5 system is robust and the above problem has never been experienced by any ECOPROBE 5 user GENERAL 76 NEVER allow water or any liquid to be drawn into the unit Use standard gas filters when measuring in the field Using the IR unit ON never set the resetting interval shorter than 10 seconds AUT resetting mode or more than 20 seconds fixed interval is recommended time for proper operation Always clean the analytical units after use by measuring two stations in the test locality with no soil gas drawn in Do not use the display backlight if not necessary It noticeably disch
18. battery is considerably weak the message WEAK BATTERY will be displayed at the end of the resetting period It is possible to measure about ten more stations The same message will appear at the end of each resetting period until the new message DEAD BATTERY is displayed The instrument will not allow measuring the next station Press to return to the Main Menu Charge the battery by connecting the charger to the multifunctional connector in front of the instrument Charging time depends basically on the power output of the DC source The system charger will charge the internal battery to the full condition within about four hours Charging mode is indicated by flashing of the red light When charging is completed the instrument will switch to the supply mode The red light of the IR window in the front of the instrument lights continuously A fully charged battery pack can power ECOPROBE 5 for full day s soil vapor investigation Boosting the battery over lunch or during an extended break is however advisable An overnight charge will restore the battery to full capacity During extended storage the battery should be charged every two to three weeks 15 2 WARRANTY Abuse and mishandling are excluded from the warranty that covers the instrument and original accessories for twelve 12 months against faulty workmanship and defective components ECOPROBE 5 contains no operator serviceable units or parts and any unauthorised
19. group and CO2 Fig 25 Schematic presentation of an IR analyzer 70 Features Three independent channels with ppm or mg m3 output options plus one reference channel Methane channel ensures a separate measurement of methane Range 0 500 000 ppm lower detection limit 50 ppm Total Petroleum channel Petroleum comprises a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds This channel is defined as a wide spectum window where the range of wavelengths corresponds to that of petroleum based hydrocarbon pollutants with C H bonded molecules Generally if a pollutant contains at least one C H bonded compound it could be detected by the TP Channel ECOPROBE 5 s IR Methane and TP channels are calibrated for methane which has four C H bonds If we detect for example propane C3H8 with eight C H bonds we can estimate that for the same concentration as for methane CH4 the signal from the instrument should be doubled As not all bonds in a propane molecule have enough space due to molecular structure for proper vibration and consequently for absorbing the maximum amount of energy the resulting signal will be a little lower than double We can say that most hydrocarbons can be detected However we have to keep in mind that with an increase in the degree of chlorination we can expect lower and in some cases close to zero response on the TP channel The response will decrease as follows Aliphatic
20. locality with the calibration measurement CALIB lc Window W 26 for selecting the point with calibration values will be opened W 5 1 List of Localities W 25 Calibration Menu CALIBRATION Select device Zero CO2 Others SELECT LOCALITY XXX AAA CALIB W 26 Window for selecting the point with calibration values In this case the given point has coordinates X 0 0 Y 30 0 LOCALITY CALIB lc Select point 00 X 0 0 Y 30 0 PID S 99 4ppm methane 00ppm TP 560ppm CO2 00ppm O2 20 18 Pressure 959 56mb Temperature C Up Down move Righ select Use up and down arrows to browse the measured points of the locality CALIB lc These arrows change the coordinates and also the corresponding values of the points In our case first two points were used to stabilize the instrument The third one X 0 0 Y 30 0 comprises the data of the calibration measurement 99 4 ppm on PID analyzer 0 ppm on methane channel 560 ppm on IR TP channel 0 ppm of CO2 on IR CO2 channel and pressure 959 56 mb Select this point by pressing the right arrow as advised on the bottom of the instrument screen Window W 27 1 will be displayed CALIBRATION 52 Select channel PID S Yes 99 4ppm Measured 99 4ppm IR MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured 560ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 No Measured 20 1
21. measures petroleum hydrocarbons including methane Old contamination shows up mostly as methane on the TP graph but the hydrocarbon product is still present Values on TP channel are higher than on the methane channel see also PID indication Recent contamination PID indicates contamination mostly hydrocarbon compounds Bacterial activity has not yet started There is practically no indication of methane on the methane graph The TP values indicate hydrocarbon compounds present in recent contamination CASE STUDY 1 Fig 26 The following wire frame maps were obtained from a site at a railway terminal where the hydrocarbon products were transferred from tank wagons into underground storage tanks The leakage from pipes and badly protected high volume tanks caused serious LNAPL pollution with a thick layer of kerosene at the water table The site is underlain by permeable sandstone and alluvial sediments which are very suitable for a Soil Contamination Survey Some 100 stations were measured in one day We will use the wire frame maps for clarifying the interpretation of PID and IR data received from ECOPROBE 5 in the field The wire frame maps show clear differences between older and more recent contamination The different parameters measured by ECOPROBE 5 help to distinguish various contaminants and facilitates a more accurate overall view of the contamination Methane CO2 oxygen and temperature levels indicate s
22. monitoring sub station is created When you select the item MONITOR MNSALEM in the Main Menu you will enter a measuring mode for the sub station The name contains only the first two letters of the main monitoring station s name and the current date for instance MN040804 At the end of the pre set time interval the instrument will start measuring and all data for the day will be stored in this monitoring sub station The next day the instrument will automatically create a new sub station MN050804 This name will contain again the first two letters of the main station and the new date In this way data are stored for 10 days Then the first monitoring sub station is permanently deleted to create space on the instrument s disk To obtain data from the first day s monitoring it is necessary to visit the station and download the data to the computer within 10 days For entering an existing monitoring station use LOCALITY MANAGEMENT from the Main Menu and then MONITOR to access a list of monitoring stations Window W 2 Select the name of the particular monitoring station Its Monitoring Station Configuration File Window W 22 will be opened for possible changes If you do not want to make any changes just return to the Main Menu by pressing and following the instructions on the screen The name of the selected monitoring station will be displayed after MONITOR in the Main Menu Select this item to start measuring SELECT LOCALITY lt n
23. navigate the oceans the skies and land Commercial use of GPS has proven invaluable in many fields It has revolutionized surveying and it can be used to track everything from migrating animal herds to the creep of the earth s crust GPS works on the principle of triangulation By knowing its distance from three or more satellites the receiver can calculate its position by solving a set of equations Information from three satellites is needed to calculate longitude and latitude at a known elevation four satellites are needed to include altitude as well Satellites orbit the earth twice a day at an altitude of 10 900 miles repeatedly broadcasting their position and the time The atomic clock aboard each satellite keeps time by atomic vibration and is accurate to one second in 30 years GPS under development by the U S Department of Defense for more than twenty years consists of twenty one satellites plus three back up satellites in predictable orbits around the earth The system provides 24 hour positioning information regardless of the weather GPS satellite orbital information is referenced to WGS 84 which is an earth fixed global reference frame using latitude and longitude coordinate system to locate points on the Earth s surface Lines of longitude are circles that intersect both the North and the South Poles Lines of longitudes are measured in half circles of 0 to 180 East and from 0 to 180 West from the R
24. or saturated hydrocarbons alkanes cycloalkanes Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons alkenes alkines Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons methyl benzene Aromatic hydrocarbons benzene Saturated hydrocarbons alkyl halides e g dichloropropane Unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons dichloroethylene The resulting output from TP channel represents the concentration of the hydrocarbon contaminant as a whole including methane with no separation of particular compounds Range of measurement 0 500 000 ppm lower detection limit 50 ppm Carbon dioxide channel ensures separate one specific wavelength measurement of carbon dioxide with no interference from other compounds Range of measurement 0 500 000 ppm detection limit 50 ppm Reference channel reference channel window is located at that wavelength of the IR radiation spectrum where no other compounds interfere and the output reading is influenced only by dust moisture or other disturbing factors Other IR channels are influenced by these disturbing factors in the same way The instrument processes all signals and subtracts the value of the signal from reference channel from the signals coming in from IR Methane TP and CO2 channels In this way undesirable influences from disturbing factors are eliminated and the real value of the contamination is displayed IR ANALYZER 71 HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND AND INTERPRET THE RESULTS FROM THE IR METHANE AND I
25. ppm IR MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 Yes 21 Measured 20 59 Press No mb Measured 969 56 mb Temp No C Measured C Calibrate W 31 Selection of analyzer for oxygen calibration Note For calibrating the oxygen analyzer it is also possible to use a two point calibration procedure implemented in ECOPROBE_VIEW software This calibration may also use a standard with zero concentration of oxygen nitrogen In this way a more reliable calibration and compensation for the decay of the oxygen sensor are obtained CALIBRATION 57 PID ANALYZER ECOPROBE 5 comprises two analyzers for gas photo ionization analyzer PID and infra red analyzer IR Each analyzer uses a different principle for gas analysis and the interpretation of results from each analyzer thus require a different interpretation view The following is an explanation of both analyzer principles in general and also their utilization in ECOPROBE 5 s instrumentation and methodology Photo Ionization Detectors PID s measure low levels of VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds and other toxic gases Many Hazardous Material incidents involve VOCs and the sensitivity of PID s to VOCs make them an invaluable tool for initial incident assessment leak detection and spill delineation What are some common VOCs VOCs are chemical compounds widely u
26. setting allows fully automatic GPS coordinate logging of any location obtained from a GPS receiver It is possible to add most GPS receivers to the ECOPROBE 5 GPS system This modification is optional and requires software and receiver configuration by RS DYNAMICS Ltd MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING 38 GPS FIELD SURVEY 1 To start measuring connect the GPS antenna to ECOPROBE 5 switch on the instrument and configure a GPS locality you want to measure Return to the Main Menu and select the item LOCALITY 1 or 2 which is followed by the name of the GPS locality you have typed in the Configuration File The GPS welcome window is opened W 16 Note the operator must stay outside the building otherwise the GPS antenna could not read the signal W 16 GPS Welcome Menu ABD lc N 0 X 0 0 Y 0 0 Z 0 0 A GPS W 00 00 00 000 GPS L 00 00 00 000 GPS R 000 00 G 12 Sat GPS T 00 00 00 RTC T 00 00 00 Set time ESC Measure Show data Description ABD lc Name of the Locality N Number of measured stations X X coordinate related to the first measured station Y Y coordinate related to the first measured station Z Altitude A Accuracy of measured position is displayed for 12 channel receivers and higher GPS W Latitude WGS 84 degrees minutes seconds GPS L Longitude WGS 84 degrees minutes seconds GPS R Altitude G12 Type of the GPS receiver Sat Number of satellites in use G
27. the next page NO is used for a standard survey Resetting cycle is performed automatically before each measurement using ambient fresh air This mode is suitable for most environments YES is used when measuring in a contaminated atmosphere For example in a contaminated factory or refinery where it is not possible to get fresh air for resetting or when using ECOPROBE 5 as a monitoring station without a special valve enabling the instrument to switch to the fresh air The instrument can perform a resetting cycle only when pressing the RUN button on the instrument s front when the notice AUTOCALIBRATION appears on the display panel before the WARMING UP and MEASURING period The instrument may be beeping Release the RUN button when WARMING UP message is displayed In this case ambient fresh air must be used for resetting Move to outside the building far from the polluted air or use a calibration bag with fresh air At the start of a day s survey reset the instrument using the above mentioned procedure using the RUN button for proper setting of the instrument If possible repeat the resetting several times during the day to ensure better stability and accuracy of the instrument reading Note The ECOPROBE 5 automatically creates a data spreadsheet from all data which are saved according the X and Y coordinates Graphic software Surfer can directly use the spreadsheet for obtaining contour and wire frame maps of contamination 3 4 PUM
28. which are outside the basic hydrocarbon spectrum 6 Soil temperature With increasing soil temperature vapor density decreases which in turn promotes the vapor diffusion rate 7 Soil moisture The presence of moisture reduces the effective porosity which has a negative effect on the migration and volume of soil vapor available for measuring 8 Type of contaminant For the SVS to be applied successfully the contaminant in question must manifest a sufficiently high vapor pressure Some compounds such as transformer oils PCB s and certain phenols have a very low vapor pressure and require a special sampling technique The presence of methane and widely differing soil permeability are the two crucial distorting factors in soil vapor surveys Both parameters dramatically affect the measured values of contaminant concentrations Without the benefit of the ECOPROBE 5 method these misleading results can cause severe misinterpretation of both the in situ and also the laboratory data SOIL VAPOR SURVEY INTRODUCTION 12 Fig 4 Sequence of measured values from a clay soil sample with poor permeability The sharp decay of the curve indicates low porosity of the soil Evaluated by ECOPROBE_VIEW software Fig 5 Sequence of measured values from a sand soil sample with good permeability The zero decay of the curve indicates the high porosity of the soil Evaluated by ECOPROBE_VIEW software ECOPROBE 5 provides a separate me
29. 8 Press No mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp No C Measured Calibrate W 27 2 Selection of analyzers for calibration Leave No after the other analyzers as we do not intend calibrating them Calibration of the other analyzers is described later Go to item Calibrate Window W 27 3 and select it with the right arrow The instrument will recalculate the calibration constant and display it Window W 28 When window W 27 1 is open the cursor is positioned on PID S item S Standard mode The value of the calibration gas Isobutene was 104 ppm ECOPROBE 5 measured 99 4 ppm instead of 104 ppm Isobutene and this measured value 99 4 is displayed on the screen For calibrating the PID analyzer we have to activate it by changing No after the PID S item to Yes by pressing the right arrow The same value as the measured value will now appear at the top of the second column in our case 99 4 Window W 27 2 Press the down arrow and the cursor will move to the right Pressing the right arrow opens a window with numbers which enables you to type in a new value Type in the actual value of the calibration standard used in our case 104 ppm The value 104 will now appear instead of the previous 99 4 Window W 27 3 Select channel PID S No ppm Measured 99 4 ppm IR MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured 560ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 No Measured 20 18
30. CS Ltd All other parameters of the Monitoring Station Configuration File Window W 23 are set as for the System Configuration File Electrical power needed for an extended operation is supplied either by the ECOPROBE 5 charger or by solar cells The manufacturer can provide a set of solar cells to meet the conditions of a particular environment which in turn depends on the amount of available solar energy GRID Floating At the end of the selected time interval the instrument will repeat the measuring cycle Default value of the interval can be changed by pressing Enter Number Value window will be opened for entering a new value Fixed start This option enables you to select the start time by opening the item Delay in the sub menu and setting the time in minutes after midnight This means that the instrument will not operate from midnight until the given set time From the starting time onwards the instrument will repeat measuring always at the end of a selected interval which can be set in the Interval option ECOPROBE 5 OTHER FEATURES 45 9 COMMUNICATION This mode is used for establishing communication between ECOPROBE 5 and a PC Connect ECOPROBE 5 which must be switched Off with the appropriate cable to the PC and then turn ECOPROBE 5 On Select COMMUNICATION in the Main Menu opens Window W 24 COMMUNICATION MODE Status Wait Press ESC to abort 16 59 13 14 8 W 24 Communication Mode
31. IGURATION CALIBRATION 3 1 SETTING UP THE LOCALITY PARAMETERS To enter a name of the locality to be surveyed and to make possible changes to the parameters you have to open the Configuration File Window W 3 for a new locality Select LOCALITY MANAGEMENT from the Main Menu Window W 2 and open Window W 4 Select either Open LOCALITY 1 or Open LOCALITY 2 Window W 4 Both items offer the same menu a list of existing localities and the option of a new locality Window W 5 Select the option lt new gt The Configuration File with default settings will be displayed on the instrument screen Window W 3 Open LOCALITY 1 Open LOCALITY 2 Open MONITOR Delete Locality SELECT LOCALITY lt new gt XXX AAA W 5 List of existing localities SETTING ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE W 2 Main Menu W 4 Locality Management 18 ENTER CHARACTER A L W amp 0 B M X 1 C N Y 2 D O Z 3 E P lt 4 F Q gt 5 G R 6 H S 7 I T 8 J U 9 K V _ To enter a name of a new locality the cursor has to be placed on the item LOCALITY noname Window W 3 Press right arrow on the instrument handle to open Enter Character Menu Window W 6 to type the name Scroll through the Menu with Select a character with The selected character will appear above the list of characters Continue completing the locality ti
32. Methyl mercaptan CH4S NR 0 6 NR 9 44 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 NR 1 4 1 4 9 7 Methyl propyl ketone C5H12O NR 0 9 0 8 9 38 Methyl 2 pyrrolidinone N C5H9NO 1 0 8 0 9 9 17 Methyl salicylate C8H8O3 NR 2 NR Methylstyrene a C9H10 NR 0 5 NR 8 18 Mineral spirits NR 0 7 0 39 Naphthalene C10H8 0 45 0 4 0 4 8 13 Nitric oxide NO NR 5 2 2 8 9 26 Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 2 6 1 9 1 6 9 81 Nitropropane 2 C3H7NO2 NR NR 2 6 10 71 TABLE OF MEASURED COMPOUNDS 65 Compound Name Formula Lamp 9 8 eV Lamp 10 6 eV Lamp 11 7 eV IP eV Nonane C9H20 NR 2 NR 9 72 Octane n C8H18 13 2 1 8 NR 9 82 Pentane C5H12 80 8 4 0 7 10 35 Peracetic acid C2H4O3 NR NR 2 3 Peracetic Acetic acid mix C2H4O3 NR 50 2 5 Perchloroethene C2Cl4 0 69 0 57 0 31 9 32 PGME C6H12O3 2 4 1 5 1 1 PGMEA C6H12O3 1 65 1 0 8 Phenol C6H6O 1 1 0 9 8 51 Phosphine in N2 PH3 NR 2 1 4 9 87 Photocopier Toner NR 0 5 0 3 Picoline 3 C6H7N NR 0 9 NR 9 04 Pinene a C10H16 NR 0 3 0 5 8 07 Pinene b C10H16 0 38 0 4 0 4 8 Piperylene isomer mix C5H8 0 76 0 7 0 6 8 6 Propane C3H8 NR NR 1 8 10 95 Propanol n C3H8O NR 6 1 7 10 22 Propene C3H6 NR 1 7 NR 9 73 Propionaldehyde C3H6O NR 1 9 NR 9 95 Propyl acetate n C5H10O2 NR 3 5 NR 10 04 Propylene oxide C3H6O NR 6 5 2 10 22 Propyleneimin
33. NR 1 6 NR 9 62 Benzyl chloride C7H7Cl NR 2 0 7 Bromobenzene C6H5Br NR 0 6 0 5 8 98 Bromoform CHBr3 NR 2 5 0 5 10 48 Bromopropane 1 C3H7Br 150 1 5 0 6 10 18 Butadiene C4H6 NR 1 1 1 9 07 Butadiene diepoxide 1 3 C4H6O2 25 3 5 1 2 10 Butane C4H10 NR NR 1 2 10 53 Butanol 1 C4H10O 70 4 7 1 4 9 99 Butene 1 C4H8 NR 0 9 NR 9 58 Butoxyethanol 2 C6H14O2 1 8 1 2 0 6 lt 10 Butyl acetate n C6H12O2 NR 2 6 NR 10 Butyl acrylate n C7H12O2 NR 1 6 0 6 Butylamine C4H11N NR 7 NR 8 71 Butyl cellosolve NR NR NR Butyl mercaptan C4H10S NR 0 5 NR 9 14 Carbon disulfide CS2 NR 1 2 0 3 10 07 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 NR NR 1 7 11 47 Chlorine Cl2 NR NR 1 11 48 Chloro 1 3 butadiene 2 C4H5Cl NR 3 NR Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 0 44 0 4 0 39 9 06 Chloro 1 1 difluoroethane 1 R 142B C2H3ClF2 NR NR NR 12 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 NR NR NR 12 2 Chloroethane C2H5Cl NR NR 1 1 10 97 Chloroethanol C2H5ClO NR NR NR 10 52 Chloroethyl methyl ether 2 C3H7ClO NR 3 NR Chloroform CHCl3 NR NR 3 5 11 37 Chlorotoluene o C7H7Cl NR 0 5 0 6 8 83 Chlorotoluene p C7H7Cl NR NR 0 6 8 69 Crotonaldehyde C4H6O 1 5 1 1 1 9 73 Cumene C9H12 0 58 0 5 0 4 8 73 Cyanogen bromide CNBr NR NR NR 11 84 Cyanogen chloride CNCl NR NR NR 12 34 Cyclohexane C6H12 NR 1 4 NR 9 86 Cy
34. P SPEED Enables you to select the speed of the pump and therefore the amount of air to be analyzed during the measuring cycle A higher speed may be selected for instance in a poor permeable soil environment Opens a menu with a selection of pump speeds ranging from 0 25 to 4 0 l min Window W 8 The recommended value for general survey is 1 0 l min or 1 25 l min Use to select a speed Confirms stores the selected value and returns to the Default Configuration File PUMP SPEED Liters per minute 0 25 2 25 0 50 2 50 0 75 2 75 1 00 3 00 1 25 3 25 1 50 3 50 1 75 3 75 2 00 4 00 W 8 Pump Speed Menu SETTING ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 21 3 5 SAMPLING INTERVAL The instrument may store data at a pre set rate sampling interval when measuring a station if the option Save current values is set on YES see below The value of the Sampling interval can be changed by opening Enter Number Menu Window W 9 and it ranges from 0 1s to 1s The trace of measurements at a station can be displayed on a PC using ECOPROBE_VIEW communication software Fig 13 Data collected at a sampling interval of 0 1s provide a precise course of measurement trace but a large part of the disk memory is taken up For a general survey it is recommended to use a sampling interval about 0 5 second Fig 13 Trace of measuring at a station obtained from ECOPROBE _VIEW software The standard measuring proc
35. PS T Absolute GPS time RTC T Local time Set time Use to open Enter Number Menu to set the local time difference from Absolute GPS time Greenwich Mean Time The setting is valid only if hours minutes and seconds are identical ESC returns to the previous menu Show data enables you to review measured data Measure starts measuring the next station MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING 39 W 17 Welcome GPS Menu showing time coordinates and number of satellites 2 Coordinates time and number of satellites will appear on the screen after several minutes Window W 17 The number of satellites is usually low at first but it will increase with time ABD lc N 0 X 0 0 Y 0 0 Z 0 0 GPS W 50 02 27 684 GPS L 14 28 35 469 GPS R 268 24 G 12 Sat 8 GPS T 10 59 46 RTC T 12 59 46 Set time ESC Measure Show data 3 Move to the first station Wait for about 10 minutes to let the GPS system stabilize and to access the relevant satellites The coordinates of the first measured station must be defined precisely After allowing ample time press the right arrow on the instrument handle to start measuring the station The measuring cycle starts with resetting Window W 18 and at the same time the coordinates of antenna position are recorded by the instrument The operator should already be in position at the station to be logged and measured 4 After resetting and activating the prompt Press gt
36. R TOTAL PETROLEUM CHANNELS Both IR Methane and IR Total Petroleum channels are calibrated for methane The results of the IR methane channel corresponds exactly with the actual methane concentration Results of IR Total petroleum channel 1 1 If only methane is present and no other hydrocarbons the results of the methane channel and the IR Total Petroleum channel show the actual amount of methane 2 If a mixture of methane and other hydrocarbons is present the IR Total Petroleum channel measures the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons and methane This value is higher than the result recorded by the methane channel 3 If only hydrocarbons are present and no methane there is no reading on the methane channel the IR Total Petroleum channel measures the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons It is necessary to take into account that this channel is calibrated for methane and that the measured value does not reflect the precise quantity of hydrocarbon present The resulting value is generally 6 10 times higher than the actual concentration of hydrocarbons You can map the area in a relative way or divide the results approximately by 10 Compare the IR TP value with the PID value at a station where methane is not present Ensure that the TP concentration is not above the photo ionization breakdown limit Since the IR TP channel is calibrated for methane and the PID an Since the IR TP channel is calibrated for methane and the PID analyz
37. ROBE 5 s PID Analyzer 1 1 For measuring small values of contaminant concentration For measuring small values of contaminant concentration 2 2 For measuring a wide spectrum of contaminants For measuring a wide spectrum of contaminants 3 3 For quantitative measurements For quantitative measurements PID ANALYZER 61 11 37 3 5 NR NR CHCl3 Chloroform 9 24 1 1 1 C4H8 Isobutene 9 62 NR 1 6 NR C7H5N Benzonitrile 9 25 0 6 0 5 0 55 C6H6 Benzene IP eV Lamp 11 7 eV Lamp 10 6 eV Lamp 9 8 eV Formula Compound Name Table NR No Response means that the selected compound cannot be detected with the given lamp The IP and CF are only for your information and estimation if a specific chemical can be detected by the PID analyzer If the given chemical is selected in the Configuration file ECOPROBE 5 s internal software processes and recalculates all the data and displays definitive results Table of Measured Compounds The table of measured compounds on the next page helps you to make a preliminary assessment if a contaminant can be detected by the PID analyzer The data are valid for PID lamps used in laboratory gas chromatographs However field conditions may be slightly different and it is good practice to try the ECOPROBE 5 PID analyzer s response to a particular contaminant if we are not sure whether the instrument can be used for surveying a particular polluted terrain The Ioniza
38. RS DYNAMICS Operator s Manual Operator s Manual ECOPROBE 5 ECOPROBE 5 1 GLOSSARY 3 INTRODUCTION 6 Internet Communication Between a Remote ECOPROBE 5 and a remote computer 7 Applications 8 The Field Survey 9 ECOPROBE_VIEW Data Transfer amp Data Acquisition Software 10 Soil Vapor Survey 11 1 INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION 14 1 1 Basic controls 14 1 2 The front of the instrument 13 2 STARTING UP ECOPROBE 5 14 2 1 Main Menu Brief Description 15 3 SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 16 3 1 Setting up the locality parameters 17 3 2 Grid 19 3 3 Group measurement 20 3 4 Pump speed 20 3 5 Sampling interval 21 3 6 Measuring procedure 21 3 6 1 Resetting cycle 21 3 6 2 Pre integration period 22 3 6 3 Integration period 22 3 7 Probe depth 23 3 8 Save current values 23 3 9 Temperature 23 3 10 Analyzers 23 3 10 1 PID 23 3 10 2 IR 24 3 10 3 PID and IR alarms 24 3 11 Summary 25 3 12 Selecting an existing locality 25 4 MEASURING STANDARD GRID 26 4 1 Measuring mode 26 4 2 Repeating a Selected Station 29 4 3 Data Logging Using the Standard Grid 30 4 4 Closing down 32 4 5 Hints for the field measuring 32 5 MEASURING GPS LOGGING 34 6 DELETING A LOCALITY FROM ECOPROBE 5 41 7 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT 42 8 MONITOR 43 9 COMMUNICATION 45 10 DEFAULT CONFIGURATION FILE 46 Operator s Manual C O N T E N T S C
39. about measurement CONTAMINATION Y X Gas Station Grid lines over the area Fig 12 X and Y increments of the grid pattern In case you need to change other parameters the following description will help you to understand their meaning and provides instructions for changing their values The next parameter GRID enables you to select between Standard and GPS data logging system SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 20 Use on the item GRID to switch from STANDARD to the GPS Logging option GPS logging This advanced parameter allows GPS coordinates to be introduced automatically The coordinates of any location are obtained from an external GPS receiver The operator just moves over the site while taking measurements without any reference to a grid pattern All data are saved according to GPS coordinates latitude longitude to create a data spreadsheet for the fast 3 D interpretation GPS logging is optional and requires purchasing software upgrade and one of GPS receivers provided by RS DYNAMICS Ltd It is also possible to use various GPS receivers available on the market These receivers must be adapted by RS DYNAMICS Ltd for ECOPROBE 5 technical specifications For more details about GPS logging and receivers see Chapter 5 3 3 GROUP MEASUREMENT This parameter enables you to decide if the measurement will be performed with or without resetting Resetting procedure is described on
40. actory calibration curve that might be affected by contamination by dust or by other field influences It can be used for PID and all IR measuring channels For modifying the entire calibration curve the user has to obtain several standards of calibration gas with various concentrations For more details see ECOPROBE_VIEW_Plus User Manual 11 1 ECOPROBE 5 s PID CALIBRATION 48 In brief 1 The Single Point Calibration incorporated in the ECOPROBE 5 s firmware is intended to provide fast in situ correction of instrument s response that might be changed due to internal dusting or depositing of various particles causing attenuation of light beam sources used for both the PID and IR optical analytical systems 2 The Single Point Calibration is not a tool for creating or editing calibration curves for this purpose use the Advanced Calibration incorporated in ECOPROBE_VIEW_Plus software 3 The Single Point Calibration process is not able to provide maximum accuracy of the system in the full dynamic range it is only for fast correction in the field For accurate calibration of the full dynamic range it is necessary to use the Advance Calibration incorporated in ECOPROBE_VIEW_Plus software using more calibration standards 4 The Single Point Calibration checks the operation capability of the instrument in a fast and reliable way 5 The Single Point Calibration checks the dusting level of the instrument Th
41. again Window W 14 will appear Press on the instrument handle while the Measuring Mode is displayed on the screen Window W 11 3 ABC Inc 10 0 X 0 0 Y 10 0 O2 20 3 T 17 9 P PID 43 698 ppm Meth 367 ppm T P 7658 ppm CO2 546 ppm Use at any of the first four items to open the Enter Number window for changing increments and coordinates Change the values according to your needs and return to the window W 14 Press right arrow at the RUN item to start measuring the selected station will take you back to the Measuring Mode B Second option Entering Coordinates and Increments Numerically X 0 0 Y 0 0 Increment X 10 0 Increment Y 10 0 RUN W 11 3 Measuring Mode Menu W 14 Window for changing coordinates and increments Both these options enable you to skip any station or select a station you need to measure within a grid of a given locality MEASUREMENT STANDARD GRID 32 4 4 CLOSING DOWN Always clean the anaytical units after a day s work by measuring two stations in the test locality or by switching into the continuous mode and measuring for approximately one minute with no tube connected to the gas inlet of the instrument Then press ON OFF button to switch the instrument off If you are going to finish measuring press ESC button on the display panel to return to the Main Menu All data are automatically save
42. alibrating CO2 go directly to the CALIBRATION item in the Main Menu without measuring a calibration locality select ZERO CO2 in the Calibration Menu and follow the instructions on the screen This procedure is an exception for zero CO2 55 11 5 CALIBRATION OF THE PROBE THERMOMETER OXYGEN AND PRESSURE ANALYZERS PROBE THERMOMETER CALIBRATION Fig 18 Insert the probe with its thermometer and a precise external thermometer which must show tenths of degrees into a bottle of tap water and wait until the temperature stabilizes about 30 minutes After the stabilization period go to the calibration locality CALIB lc and let the instrument measure two or three points to allow it to stabilize Connect the probe with the appropriate cable to ECOPROBE 5 The probe is still in the bottle of water Read and note the temperature of the external thermometer Start the measurement After measuring remove the probe from the water and disconnect it from the instrument Go to the Main Menu Window W 2 select CALIBRATION and continue the calibration procedure as described for the calibration of the PID analyzer In Window W 30 activate Temp and type in the actual value measured by the precise external thermometer Go to Calibrate Window W 30 and complete the calibration according to the described procedure Probe with thermometer Precise external thermometer Select channel PID S No ppm Measured ppm IR
43. arges the instrument battery Charge the instrument battery regularly even if not in use Proper interval 3 weeks IMPORTANT NOTES RS DYNAMICS Ltd 77 Notes ECOPROBE 5 78 Notes ECOPROBE 5
44. asurement for methane and displays sequences of measured values on the screen thereby providing important information about the potential of soils of differing permeabilities to yield sufficient soil vapor To illustrate this point the graphs below were obtained using the same amount of clay and sand soil samples into which identical quantities of contaminant had been mixed Figs 4 and 5 The integrated time concentration values measured for clay and sand respectively differ from the maximum concentration obtained for each environment Compare the cross hatched area and the vertical arrow of each diagram Figs 6 and 7 ECOPROBE 5 s measuring cycle at a station varies usually from 20 to 30 seconds During this interval the software finds the highest measured value that indicates the maximum contaminant concentration in the soil vapor Graphs showing sequences of measured values at a station can be stored on the instrument memory and used for subsequent data interpretation In contrast to sand clay yields soil vapor for a much shorter period of time INTRODUCTION time clay sand concentration concentration time time time concentration concentration clay sand Fig 6 The difference between the maximum concentration long vertical arrow and the average concentration short vertical arrow Fig 7 The difference between the maximum concentration long vertical arrow and the average concentration s
45. ature units C Pressure units kPa PID Alarm 1000 methane Alarm 99999 TP Alarm 99999 CO2 Alarm 99999 Save Configuration W 15 List of GPS receivers Select a new locality and open its Configuration File Window W 3 Change the default Standard Grid to GPS logging by pressing the right arrow on the instrument handle A menu with a selection of commonly used GPS receivers will be opened on the instrument screen Window W 15 Select GPS receiver G 8 G 12 SENSOR 2 G 24 DIM GARMIN xxxxxxxxx W 3 Default Configuration File CONFIGURING GPS LOCALITY IN ECOPROBE 5 Select your type of GPS receiver and confirm by pressing the right arrow GPS Smart Antenna is labelled as GARMIN in the List of GPS Receivers Window W 15 Set all other parameters as described in Chapter 3 of this manual IMPORTANT NOTE If you intend to measure a locality with a GPS receiver always remember to set up GPS logging in the Configuration File as is explained above and select the proper type of receiver If a locality has been originally configured as a Standard Grid it must not be subsequently changed to GPS logging or any other type of GPS receiver In this case the instrument will not operate due to the different format of data logging If you need to make a change open a new locality and select the necessary parameters This
46. better overview of the polluted site If hydrocarbons are present in the contaminant a correlation between PID in Standard mode and IR unit outputs can be observed after a photo ionisation breakdown of the PID unit If the contamination consists of other compounds non hydrocarbons there is no response of the IR unit PID ANALYZER Fig 24a Fig 24b 69 IR ANALYZER 13 IR ANALYZER Infrared radiation is essentially heat radiation This fact will be familiar to anyone who has ever felt the heat radiated from a hot oven and has observed the dark red glow arising when the heat becomes stronger Most gases have their characteristic spectrum in the infrared range Those spectra reflects a molecule s composition in such a way that no two molecular gases have the same IR spectrum IR spectra are the fingerprints of gases and thus allow gases to be uniquely identified By transmitting a beam of IR radiation through air or through any particular volume of gas and recording how much is transmitted at selected spectral lines one may determine which gases are present and their respective concentration Infra red Detection IR Gas input Three selective optical filters plus one for a reference channel Four detectors for TP CO2 Methane and a reference channel A beam of IR wide spectrum radiation passes through the sampled gas column which moves through the IR tube Fig 25 This causes oscillation of the s
47. butane C4H10 NR 100 1 2 10 57 Isobutanol C4H10O 19 3 8 1 5 10 02 Isobutene C4H8 1 1 1 9 24 Isobutyl acrylate C7H12O2 NR 1 5 0 6 Isoflurane NR NR NR Isooctane C8H18 NR 1 4 NR 9 86 Isopar G Solvent m w 148 NR 0 8 NR Isopar M Solvent m w 191 NR 0 7 0 4 Isophorone C9H14O NR NR 3 9 07 Isoprene C5H8 0 69 0 6 0 6 8 85 Isopropanol C3H8O 500 6 2 7 10 12 Isopropyl acetate C5H10O2 NR 2 5 NR 9 99 Isopropyl ether C6H14O NR 0 8 NR 9 2 Jet fuel JP 4 m w 115 NR 1 0 4 Jet fuel JP 5 m w 167 NR 0 6 0 5 Jet fuel JP 8 m w 165 NR 0 6 0 3 Kerosene NR NR NR Mesitylene C9H12 0 36 0 35 0 3 8 41 Methane CH4 NR NR NR 12 51 Methanol CH4O NR NR 2 5 10 85 Methoxyethanol 2 C3H8O2 4 8 2 4 1 4 10 1 Methoxyethoxyethanol 2 C7H16O3 2 3 1 2 0 9 lt 10 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 NR NR 1 6 10 27 Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 NR 3 7 1 2 9 9 Methylamine CH5N NR 1 NR 8 97 Methyl bromide CH3Br 110 1 7 1 3 10 54 Methyl t butyl ether C5H12O NR 0 9 NR 9 24 Methyl cellosolve NR NR NR Methyl chloride CH3Cl NR NR 0 7 11 22 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 NR 1 1 NR 9 64 Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 NR NR 0 89 11 32 Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 0 86 0 9 1 1 9 51 Methylhydrazine C2H6N2 1 4 1 2 1 3 7 7 Methyl isobutyl ketone C6H12O NR 1 2 0 9 9 3 Methyl isocyanate C2H3NO NR 4 6 1 5 10 67
48. clohexanol C6H12O NR NR 1 1 9 75 TABLE OF MEASURED COMPOUNDS 63 Hexane n C6H14 300 4 3 0 5 10 13 Compound Name Formula Lamp 9 8 eV Lamp 10 6 eV Lamp 11 7 eV IP eV Cyclohexylamine C6H13N NR 1 2 NR 8 62 Cyclopentane C5H10 NR NR 0 6 10 51 Decane C10H22 4 1 4 0 4 9 65 Diacetone alcohol C6H12O2 NR 0 7 NR Dibromoethane 1 2 C2H4Br2 NR 1 7 0 6 10 37 Dichlorobenzene o C6H4Cl2 0 54 0 47 0 38 9 08 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 NR NR NR 11 75 Dichloroethane 1 1 C2H4Cl2 NR NR NR 11 06 Dichloroethane 1 2 C2H4Cl2 NR NR 0 6 11 04 Dichloroethene 1 1 C2H2Cl2 NR 0 9 NR 9 79 Dichloroethene c 1 2 C2H2Cl2 NR 0 8 NR 9 66 Dichloroethene t 1 2 C2H2Cl2 NR 0 5 0 3 9 65 Dichloro 1 fluoroethane 1 1 R 141B C2H3Cl2F NR NR 2 Dichloropropane 1 2 C3H6Cl2 NR NR 0 7 10 87 Dichloro 1 propene 2 3 C3H4Cl2 1 9 1 3 0 7 lt 10 Dichloro 1 1 1 trifluoroethane 2 2 R 123 C2HCl2F3 NR NR 10 1 11 5 Diesel Fuel 1 m w 226 NR 0 9 NR Diesel Fuel 2 m w 216 NR 0 7 0 4 Diethylamine C4H11N NR 1 NR 8 01 Diethylaminopropylamine 3 C7H18N2 NR 1 3 NR Diethylmaleate C8H12O4 NR 4 NR Dimethylacetamide N N C4H9NO 0 87 0 8 0 8 8 81 Dimethylamine C2H7N NR 1 5 NR 8 23 Dimethyl disulfide C2H6S2 0 2 0 2 0 2 7 4 Dimethylformamide N N C3H7NO NR 0 8 NR 9 13 Dimethylhydrazine 1 1
49. concentration higher than 10 000 ppm the residual contamination could contribute some tens or hundreds ppm towards the next measurement The worst type however is the soft white silicon tube while the best is transparent colorless or blue or slightly green plastic tubes intended for medical purposes All black rubber tubes are to be avoided Careful cleaning of the tubes together with the sampling probe is recommended When measuring a delicate locality with dramatic shifts between very high and very low concentrations from one station to another the best solution is to use a set of tubes equal to the expected number of stations to be measured within one day At each station a clean tube is to be applied Used tubes usually self clean if placed on a room heater overnight The next day they are ready to be used again It is a good practice to set up a locality for warming up the instrument and for test measurements Before starting to measure the IR unit needs to be stabilised Measure three warming up stations in the test locality to avoid any incorrect readings at the beginning of the day s survey Use this locality also for checking if plastic tubing dust filters etc are contaminated MEASURING STANDARD GRID 34 MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING The fastest and comfortable mapping of contaminated sites 5 MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING About Global Positioning GPS The Global Positioning System has changed the way people
50. d 4 5 HINTS FOR THE FIELD MEASURING Never use the same hole for a repeat measurement of a station as some of the soil gas could already have escaped Repeat measurements can produce distorted results especially in poorly permeable soils Contaminants such as transformer oil that are specially designed with a very low vapor phase wet clay and other poorly permeable soils create very difficult or even impossible conditions for measuring soil gas Such situations generally require extensive operator experience Measuring below freezing point can usually cause serious problems since the contaminants usually do not produce much vapor The surface is also covered by the frozen layer which causes homogenization of contaminant vapor concentration under the frozen lid and this effect brings about loss of localization of contaminant sources and generally all the anomalies Using dust filters considerably extends calibration and service intervals Connect a piece of plastic tube to ECOPROBE 5 gas inlet Fig 15 Connect the filter and then with another plastic tube connect the sampling probe Use standard plastic petrol filters sold at service stations as consumables for instance Shell stations Always keep the dust filter connected in the same position to avoid letting dust into the instrument Dust filters may become contaminated and it is essential to carry extra filters into the field as replacement ECOPROBE 5 Dust
51. d from seeping directly into the instrument s sampling aperture This will cause serious damage to the analytical units and it will invalidate the warranty INTRODUCTION 10 Data collected in the field can be easily transferred by ECOPROBE_VIEW communication software from ECOPROBE 5 to the computer There are two versions of the communication software Light and Plus Plus version comprises additional optional features Only basic information about data logging and data interpretation is discussed here as ECOPROBE_VIEW software is described in the software manual The ECOPROBE 5 provides standard surface data logging and optional GPS logging Both allow freedom of movement between any station at a specific locality All data are stored in the instrument s memory according to the surface X Y or GPS coordinates This system of data logging represents a powerful tool for obtaining interpretation results promptly Fig 3 Wire frame map obtained from PID data above To create a wire frame map for methane select columns A B and Q and apply the same procedure as for PID A complete set of maps allows the interpretation of the data as described on page 72 The ECOPROBE_VIEW software ensures user friendly data transfer from the instrument to the computer providing basic graphic data interpretation and a data spreadsheet A data spreadsheet is created from all the data which are saved according to the coordinates For obtaining contour and wir
52. d is completed and turns it on at the next measured station This mode saves battery current but slightly reduces the accuracy of measurement On IR unit is continuously switched on which secures higher stability of measurement This mode consumes more current The operator has to decide which mode is more suitable for the given environment The other settings are selected as for the PID analyzer 3 10 3 PID and IR ALARMS PID ALARM Methane ALARM TP ALARM CO2 ALARM SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 25 If you entered the Configuration File using the option Open LOCALITY 1 see Window W 4 the new locality ABC is linked with LOCALITY 1 The name of this locality will be displayed after the option LOCALITY 1 in the Main Menu If you entered the Configuration File using the option Open LOCALITY 2 the new locality is linked with LOCALITY 2 The name of the locality will be displayed after the option LOCALITY 2 in the Main Menu In this way you can link one locality with LOCALITY 1 and one locality with LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY 1 and LOCALITY 2 directly open measuring modes of the localities By selecting either LOCALITY 1 or LOCALITY 2 in the Main Menu it is easy to switch from one locality to another while working in the field This procedure is particularly useful for measurement in two different depth levels in the same borehole Measurement from one depth level can be associated with LOCALITY 1 from another dept
53. data from a remote ECOPROBE 5 or have it checked adjusted or upgraded by the manufacturer from any place worldwide INTERNET COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A REMOTE ECOPROBE 5 AND A REMOTE COMPUTER For more information kindly refer to the manual for communication and data acquisition software ECOPROBE_VIEW INTRODUCTION 8 Main Applications Detection delineation and monitoring of hydrocarbon contamination of soils from fuel and other spills Fast and convenient monitoring of UST underground storage tanks and pipelines for leakage Monitoring of contaminant plume migration Monitoring of in situ bioremediation processes where bacteria consume oxygen and generate heat methane and carbon dioxide Routine monitoring at fixed locations can track both the progress and the efficiency of the process The results provide a good indication of bacterial activity and also of the contaminant concentration Detection and monitoring of methane flux over decommissioned coal mines Other Applications Following applications require operator experience to decide or consult the RS DYNAMICS representative or manufacturer if the ECOPROBE 5 system is suitable for a given task Waste dumps amp agricultural waste measurement Detection and monitoring of toxic gasses in industrial plants and in agricultural environments Detection and monitoring of product leaks in the chemical petrochemical industry
54. e C3H7N 1 5 1 3 1 9 Pyridine C5H5N 0 78 0 7 0 7 9 25 RR7300 PGME PGMEA C4H10O2 C6H12 O3 NR 1 4 1 Stoddard Solvent see Mineral Spirits NR NR NR Styrene C8H8 0 45 0 4 0 4 8 43 Sulfur dioxide SO2 NR NR NR 12 32 Tetrachloroethane 1 1 1 2 C2H2Cl4 NR NR 1 3 11 1 Tetrachloroethane 1 1 2 2 C2H2Cl4 NR NR 0 6 11 1 Tetraethyllead C8H20Pb 0 4 0 3 0 2 11 1 Tetraethyl orthosilicate C8H20O4Si NR 0 7 0 2 9 8 Tetrafluoroethane 1 1 1 2 C2H2F4 NR NR NR Tetrafluoromethane CF4 NR NR NR gt 15 3 Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O 1 9 1 7 1 9 41 Therminol 0 9 0 7 NR Toluene C7H8 0 54 0 5 0 51 8 82 Tolylene 2 4 diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 1 4 1 4 2 Trichloroethane 1 1 1 C2H3Cl3 NR NR 1 11 Trichloroethane 1 1 2 C2H3Cl3 NR NR 0 9 11 Trichloroethene C2HCl3 0 62 0 5 0 4 9 47 Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1 1 2 C2Cl3F3 NR NR NR 11 99 Triethylamine C6H15N NR 1 3 NR 7 5 Trifluoroethane 1 1 2 C2H3F3 NR NR 34 12 9 Trimethylamine C3H9N NR 0 9 NR 7 82 Turpentine C10H16 NR 0 4 NR Undecane C11H24 NR 2 NR 9 56 Vinyl actetate C4H6O2 NR 1 2 NR 9 19 Vinyl bromide C2H3Br NR 0 4 NR 9 8 Vinyl chloride in N2 C2H3Cl NR 2 0 6 9 99 Vinyl 2 pyrrolidinone 1 C6H9NO 1 0 8 0 9 Xylene m C8H10 0 5 0 4 0 4 8 56 Table of measured compounds TABLE OF MEASURED COMPOUNDS 66 PID ANALYZER Diesel and gas
55. e frame maps of contamination the user needs graphic software Surfer Golden Software and proceed according to the Surfer manual Surfer can directly use the spreadsheet values for obtaining contour and wire frame maps in a very short time Obtaining the contour and wire frame maps using Surfer in brief Fig 3 Contour and wire frame maps can be obtained from Surfer using three columns of ECOPROBE_VIEW data spreadsheet where the first two columns are columns A and B which are linked with X and Y coordinates Third column is a selected parameter for which the wire frame map is required for instance P for PID max The procedure is described in the manual for Surfer software ECOPROBE 5 MEASUREMENT ECOPROBE_VIEW DATA TRANSFER amp DATA ACQUISITION SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION 11 The following types of contaminants can be monitored 1 Liquid hydrocarbons mainly petroleum products and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as industrial solvents and pesticides 2 Organic vapors from landfills and from gas leaks The gases found in pore spaces in soil and rock formations are known as soil vapor The composition of this gaseous phase in particular the presence of organic compounds reveals vital information about the pollution of the subsurface environment Organic compounds constitute a group of contaminants which impact severely on groundwater resources The presence and distribution of such pollutants can be detected using a technique kno
56. e higher the calibration coefficient the more the PID analytical parts are dusty CALIBRATION Because the change caused by attenuation has a multiplicative character it is quite easy to compensate for it by the application of inverse multiplicative action This is done by the following procedure a During the Single Point Calibration the system measures first the response for the calibration standard for example instead of 100 ppm the measured value is 88 ppm it means the multiplicative attenuation is possible to express by the factor 0 88 b The system compares the measured result 88 ppm instead of 100 ppm and calculates the correction coefficient 1 0 88 1 136 The system offers to complete the calibration recalculation procedure by changing the previous multiplicative correction coefficient to the new value 1 136 If acceptable the new coefficient is applied to all subsequent measurements and attenuation caused by partial shielding of the optical passages is compensated for The instrument will now measure correct values 49 Calibration interval depends on the absolute accuracy required and on the dust condition of surveyed terrain Even though filters are used the PID unit may accumulate dust and the calibration procedure must be repeated Calibration intervals From 1 to 6 months if not working in dusty environment and using dust filters Once a week if working in a dusty environments with dust filters
57. e if the filter should be replaced Filters are consumable items which can be purchased from service stations e g Shell or from automotive spares shops 50 11 2 PID SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION PROCEDURE Figs 17 1 to 17 5 In case you calibrate the PID analyzer for the first time you have to unscrew the sealing cap from the cylinder and fit the calibration valve The concentration of the calibration gas in the cylinder may not be exactly 100 ppm as it may vary 10 The actual value is written on the cylinder certificate In our case the concentration was 104 ppm About 1 liter of gas is enough to complete the calibration Prepare a short length of plastic tubing to connect the calibration bag to the instrument Create a new locality for calibration for instance CALIB lc using the LOCALITY MANAGEMENT item in the Main Menu Window W2 Make sure that the configuration file of the CALIB lc locality is set up properly If you need to calibrate Standard mode PID must be set on Standard calibration gas on Isobutene units on ppm Other parameters such as pump speed etc should be set to the same values as you will use for measuring in the field Return to the Main Menu and select LOCALITY 1 or 2 CALIB to open its measuring mode Let the instrument measure several points to allow it to stabilize The next point will be used for the calibration measurement Fill the calibration bag from the gas cylinder and immediately close th
58. e soil gas sampling procedure requires expertise and careful planning Determine the correlation coefficient for these samples If the coefficient is approximately the same for all samples use it to multiply the entire set of values from the measured locality to get semi quantitative results Advanced The above mentioned selection of the calibration gas and measured values are sufficient for a routine Soil Contamination Survey to provide a fast and cost effective identification of the relative concentration cloud contaminant sources migration routes and the size of the impacted area ECOPROBE 5 s PID analyzer has two ranges HISENS Lower detection limit is a few ppb upper limit is 100 ppm Output can be selected also in g m3 HISENS mode is extremely sensitive suitable for measuring air contamination near petrol pumps etc It is not suitable for measuring contamination of the ambient air For Soil Contamination Survey tasks it is necessary to thoroughly observe the methodology of field measuring cleaning procedures etc since factors like moisture presence of methane or under pressure may influence the results HISENS mode enables you to measure even cutting and transformer oils in a subsurface environment if the proper measuring procedure is followed STANDARD Lower detection limit is 0 1 ppm upper limit varies from 2000 to 4000 ppm depending on the measured compound output also in mg m3 Application of ECOP
59. e the impacted area is surveyed it is recommended that a sample be taken where the highest contamination was recorded and also several samples from the boundary of the contaminated area Fig 1 for a laboratory analysis to determine the concentration range of the contaminant 6 Fig 2 ECOPROBE 5 Principle soil gas is drawn into the probe and continuously analyzed in the instrument ECOPROBE 5 introduces a new level of flexibility convenience and quality to in situ detection and analysis of the vapor phase of volatile organic compounds ECOPROBE 5 comprises two independent analytical systems 1 Photo ionization analyzer PID measuring total concentration of volatile organic compounds VOC 2 Infra red analyzer IR providing separate measurements of methane petroleum group of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide In addition to the above parameters temperature pressure and oxygen are also measured PID PID IR IR This ideal combination of analytical systems provides a set of high precision data measured simultaneously in the subsurface environment and designed especially for cost effective soil contaminant surveys and various other environmental tasks INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 7 Innovative technology provides Internet communication between a remote ECOPROBE 5 and a computer located anywhere for example in your office or at RS DYNAMICS Ltd In this way you can set up the instrument calibrate or download
60. e valves on the cylinder and on the bag For easier operation the bag s plastic tube can be sealed with your thumb Start the measuring cycle After the resetting period use the short plastic tube to connect the bag to ECOPROBE 5 with minimum delay and open the valve on the bag Press the right arrow on the instrument handle to confirm the option Press on the screen to start the measuring Keep the bag connected until the instrument stops measuring CALIBRATION Fig 17 1 Calibration valve on gas cylinder Fig 17 2 Calibration bag Fig 17 3 Calibration bag Fig 17 4 Calibration bag connected Fig 17 5 Calibrating 51 ECOPROBE 5 may display for instance the following values 99 4 ppm of Isobutene on PID analyzer 0 ppm on IR methane channel 560 ppm on IR TP channel Isobutene is recorded on TP channel and not on the methane channel and 0 ppm CO2 on IR CO2 channel Pressure during the measurement was 959 56 mb and the thermometer probe was not connected For calibrating the PID analyzer we will use only the 99 4 ppm PID value Press ESC on the instrument to return to the Main Menu and select the item CALIBRATION to initiate the calibration procedure Calibration Menu Window W 25 will be opened Select Others for calibrating the PID IR analyzers O2 pressure or thermometer and use the right arrow to open the list of measured localities Window W 5 1 Select the
61. easured ppm IR MET No ppm Measured ppm IR TP No ppm Measured ppm IR CO2 No ppm Measured ppm O2 No Measured 20 18 Press Yes 967 34 mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp No 20 5 C Measured ppm Calibrate W 32 Selection of analyzer for pressure calibration The calibration constant for temperature pressure and oxygen may vary in tenths or hundreds of units Another method to calibrate oxygen and pressure analyzers and the probe thermometer is to use the ECOPROBE_VIEW software The procedure is described in the manual OXYGEN ANALYZER CALIBRATION To calibrate the oxygen analyzer you have to place the instrument outside in fresh air where the oxygen concentration is 21 or use an oxygen calibration standard Go to the calibration locality CALIB lc Window W 26 and let the instrument measure two or three points to allow it to stabilize itself Measure one station in the fresh air without any tubing connected After measuring go to the Main Menu select CALIBRATION and continue the calibration procedure as described for the calibration of the PID analyzer In window W 31 activate O2 and type in 21 if the instrument was calibrated with fresh ambient air or type in the real value of the O2 calibration standard used Go to Calibrate and complete the calibration according to the described procedure Select channel PID S No ppm Measured
62. edure comprises three phases namely RESETTING PRE INTEGRATION and INTEGRATION cycles 3 6 1 RESETTING CYCLE When the measuring procedure is initiated the instrument draws in air and displays a message Resetting on the screen During the resetting operation the instrument ensures that 1 The instrument s analytical chambers are cleaned by flushing out all contaminated vapor from the previous measuring cycle 2 Analytical units are stabilized and reset to a zero condition It is important that during resetting no tubes are connected to the instrument and that only fresh clean air is drawn in Fig 14 The instrument measures the incoming air and this value is used as a base level or zero Whereas fresh clean air provides a true zero value no contamination contaminated air produces an exaggerated or false base value which is equal to the concentration of the contaminant This means that if the contaminated air contributed a false base value of say 20 ppm then subsequent results would be too high by that amount Resetting Fig 14 NO tubing must be connected to the instrument inlet during the resetting cycle SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 3 6 MEASURING PROCEDURE 22 Therefore it is important that when measuring in a polluted environment such as a factory or at a surface spill the instrument be taken to an environment with fresh clean air for resetting However if this is not possib
63. eeded for cleaning The probe cleaning can be minimized in the case of soil gas containing contaminants originally present in a gas phase such as methane On the contrary soil gas containing abundant vapor of heavy oils demands greater volume of cleaning air Clean air can be blown through by means of a manual pumping device such as that used for inflating rubber mattresses It is important not to blow into the sampling probe with your breath as this may cause moisture to enter the probe and may give incorrect measurements Attention needs to be paid to the sampling apertures at the bottom of the sampling probe which has to be cleaned of residual soil after removal from the hole At some contaminated localities there may be a floating contaminant layer at the ground water table If the sampling probe is inserted directly into the pollutant the probe will be contaminated In order to avoid false readings afterwards immediately clean out the entire probe and pumping inlet with a household dishwashing detergent and then use clean water for rinsing Never use organic based detergents since their vapor can affect the measured values and cause incorrect results Connecting tubes Special care is needed with the plastic connecting tubes between the probe and apparatus There is an effect of diffusion of hydrocarbons into plastic The quality of the plastic materials varies For example if a plastic tube of average quality is used to measure a contaminant
64. em CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT in the Main Menu Window W 2 Window W 21 will be opened offering an option START and displaying a default Configuration File that can be changed to the operator s specifications 43 W 23 Monitoring Station Configuration File 8 MONITORING ECOPROBE 5 can be used to operate automatically as a monitoring station You can preset parameters in Monitoring Station Configuration File Window W 23 and leave the instrument anywhere to monitor 8 1 How to enter and measure a monitoring station For entering a new monitoring station use LOCALITY MANAGEMENT from the Main Menu Window W 2 and then MONITOR to access a list of monitoring stations Window W 22 Select lt new gt Monitoring Station Configuration File will be opened Window W 23 Enter the name of the monitoring station for instance MNSALEM After entering the name and making possible changes to the parameters return to the Main Menu by selecting Save Configuration at the end of the Configuration File or by pressing and following the instructions on the screen The name of the new main monitoring station MNSALEM will be displayed after MONITOR in the Main Menu All measured data are organized according to date which improves sorting data from a monitoring site Measurements at a particular monitoring station are logged in 24 hour time periods and the data are stored according to the day date of observation To accomplish this each day a new
65. er on Isobutene you will never get the alyzer on Isobutene you will never get the same quantitative data from both analyzers same quantitative data from both analyzers Reading of IR Total Petroleum channel may be 6 10 times higher than the reading of the PID analyzer calibrated on Isobutylene see previous paragraph and previous page To obtain comparative readings from IR TP channel and PID channel both analyzers both analyzers should be calibrated for the same gas should be calibrated for the same gas IR ANALYZER Important Note For the interpretation of soil vapor data it is essential that all available and relevant information regarding the surveyed terrain is taken into consideration The most important information required comprises inter alia general geology the local soil profile soil characteristics hydrogeological conditions site history dates of spillages the type and volume s of the contaminant s involved etc Without these contributions an interpretation of ECOPROBE 5 data may be flawed 72 DATA INTERPRETATION ECOPROBE 5 MEASUREMENT Old contamination The PID results indicate contamination from a wide spectrum of volatile organic compounds excluding methane In the case of hydrocarbon contamination PID measures mostly hydrocarbon compounds The Methane channel indicates extensive bacterial activity bacteria produce methane typical of long standing contamination The TP channel
66. er use the sampling probe Pull out the brace and with minimum delay insert the probe vertically straight down Do not rotate the probe while inserting it into the hole as rotation may let soil into the probe tip perforation and prevent air from entering into the probe Make sure that the hole is quickly and perfectly sealed with the probe sealing cone which can be moved up or down After inserting the probe into the hole ensure that soil vapor can be withdrawn from the sampling probe by trying to suck air from the probe outlet The probe must allow easy pumping of the air If soil blocks the probe tip perforation soil vapor cannot be withdrawn and the apparatus will record either no reading or a distorted value not representing the real contaminant concentration High under pressure during the measurement may also indicate a blocked probe Wait a while before measuring in order to stabilize the soil gas conditions within the hole This time interval must be equal for all stations of the locality and depends on the soil texture For very permeable soils this time interval may be short 30 seconds for example For semi permeable soils and in windy weather when the hole is strongly aired the time interval needs to be considerably longer for example 2 minutes Measure the first station While Measuring Mode of the locality is displayed on the instrument screen Window W 10 2 press RUN button for measuring the first
67. ew gt MN040804 MP150903 MT171203 W 22 List of monitoring stations MONITOR noname Grid Floating Interval 100 min Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l mim Sampl interva 0 1 s Reset period AUT s Preint period 5 s Integr period 20s Probe Depth 0 50 m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Calibration gas 118 Isobutene Units ppm Evaluation Maximum InfraRed On Off On Continuous Measurement On ECOPROBE 5 OTHER FEATURES 44 MONITORING STATION CONFIGURATION FILE MONITOR no name Enter the name of the monitoring station It is recommended to add M to the name to distinguish the monitoring station from a locality Window W 22 GROUP MEASUREMENT For monitoring mode it is recommended having Group measurement switched to YES The instrument performs a resetting cycle only once at the start of the operation The resetting cycle can however be started anytime by pressing the RUN key on the display panel for longer than one second If maximum precision and sensitivity are required it is necessary to operate in the standard mode by changing the Group measurement to NO Each measuring cycle is preceded by a resetting interval In this case a valve box with its own power supply is required to provide clean air to the instrument for resetting This item is available as an accessory from RS DYNAMI
68. filter Sampling probe Plastic tubes Fig 15 Connection of the dust filter MEASUREMENT STANDARD GRID 33 Although there is a water valve fitted to the probe it is best to avoid inserting the probe into water that may accumulate in a hole If a probe is inadvertently inserted into a wet hole the reading will be close to zero or much lower than expected because the water valve does not allow vapor to be drawn in The position of the sampling probe has to be vertical Do not tilt the probe since the water valve may cut off the air as it is not designed to operate in an off vertical position When surveying a potentially waterlogged terrain use a stick to test each hole for seepage water If a delicate measurement is required the probe may be eliminated Use only plastic tubes with a dust filter in which case always ensure that there is no possibility of liquid being drawn into the instrument Heavily contaminated soil vapor may leave a hydrocarbon residue in the entire sampling system and it is therefore advisable that the probe and its connecting tube receive special care when being cleaned Cleaning the probe The sampling probe must be cleaned from residual gas and condensation if contamination was found at a station Cleaning the probe should be carried out using fresh non polluted air The higher the concentration and the heavier the hydrocarbons at the measured station the higher will be the volume of air n
69. guration file you will get an accurate concentration of the single compound contaminant Gas Mixture Detection Commonly a contaminant is a Commonly a contaminant is a complex mixture of various compounds The measured values provide information about the total concentration of the contaminant but not about the separate compounds In the case of a common hydrocarbon contaminant e g a petroleum product the operator can select one of the hydrocarbon mixtures e g diesel fuel jet fuel etc from the list of measured compounds The results are close to quantitative values In case you need to be sure about the contaminant composition it is recommended to have a sample analyzed by a laboratory From the results select the most prevalent chemical compound from the list provided by ECOPROBE 5 The measured data will be more precise and closer to the quantitative values PID ANALYZER 60 In case the given Soil Contamination Survey task requires more precise evaluating not standard apply the following procedure Assume that the contaminant and soil characteristics are approximately homogeneous over the given environment Select the compound that characterizes the contaminant from the list of measured compounds Select five holes for a comparative study Select five holes for a comparative study Compare the ECOPROBE 5 values from the five holes with laboratory analyzed samples from the same five holes Note Th
70. h level with LOCALITY 2 MAIN MENU LOCALITY 1 ABC LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY MANAGEMENT CONTINUOUS MEASUREM MONITOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CALIBRATION W 9 1 Main Menu after entering a new locality By selecting LOCALITY 1 ABC in the Main Menu you can start surveying the locality see Chapter 4 Measurement Standard Grid 3 12 SELECTING AN EXISTING LOCALITY If you have already measured a locality some time ago and you need to continue investigating it select LOCALITY MANAGEMENT then Open LOCALITY 1 or Open LOCALITY 2 see Window W 4 and in the list of localities select this locality for example XXX Its Configuration File will be opened which can either be changed or you can return without making any changes to the Main Menu by pressing and following the instructions on the screen The selected locality is associated with LOCALITY 1 or with LOCALITY 2 and it can be measured by pressing the right arrow on LOCALITY 1 XXX or LOCALITY 2 XXX items in the Main Menu 3 11 SUMMARY Now we are at the end of the parameters of the Configuration File Store the locality by selecting the option Save configuration at the end of the Configuration File or use the left arrow and follow the instructions on the screen to return to the Main Menu Window W 9 1 SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 26 4 MEASURING STANDARD GRID
71. he average value of photo ionisation breakdown limit is around 4 000 ppm but it varies for different spectral compounds To indicate this phenomenon by means of operating software is not usually possible and is not available for PID instruments on the market ECOPROBE 5 indicates a concentration level that exceeds the photo ionisation breakdown limit mainly by a low breakdown value hundreds of ppm It may also display the message over on the instrument screen The mode in which the breakdown is announced depends on various factors such as particular compounds the speed of the breakdown process concentration level etc All these parameters which are valid for the STANDARD mode only should be considered in the interpretation The graph in Fig 21 illustrates the position of the highest contamination on a survey line in the interval from 8 to 14 m metres where message over was displayed 67 Fig 21 Position of the highest contaminant concentration PID response STANDARD mode 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 distance m ppm Response of ECOPROBE 5 PID unit in the STANDARD mode to an increasing concentration of contaminant The most common type of ECOPROBE 5 PID unit in the STANDARD mode s response to an increase in the concentration of a contaminant Fig 22 Position of the highest contaminant concentration PID response STANDARD
72. hort vertical arrow 13 1 1 BASIC CONTROLS Fig 8 Display Panel Four Keys Arranged in Two Islands ON OFF Switches the instrument On Off LIGHT While holding down the key is used to switch the screen back light On Off is used to change the screen contrast ESC Terminates a current operation and returns to the Main Menu RUN Starts measuring the station with the displayed coordinates Handle Control Four Arrowed Keys These are multi functional switches and their actual operation or function depends on the specific menu displayed Up Down Moves the cursor up down through a menu Left Escapes from a current menu to return to the previous level and saves a selected option Right Selects an option from a menu or initiates a procedure operation 1 2 The Front of the Instrument Fig 9 A Multifunctional connector for the charger PC GPS receiver and alternative power source like solar batteries or a car charging cable B Gas inlet C Gas outlet Fig 9 The front of the instrument 1 INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION Fig 8 Display panel and handle controls INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION A B C Do not allow any liquid to enter the sampling aperture The resulting serious damage to the analytical units is not covered by the warranty 14 Press the right arrow on the handle control to open the Main Menu Window W 2 By pressing the ON OFF key on the di
73. ing the following measurement must be done in a short time to ensure that analytical units maintain a precise setting With more time allowed between resetting and measurement the setting of zero may slightly drift around zero When the resetting is completed the notice Press gt is displayed Connect the plastic tubing and the dust filter between the instrument and the probe which has already been positioned in the hole Confirm the option Press gt to start measuring the station The soil vapor is drawn through the probe and continuously analyzed in the instrument Measuring traces for the different parameters from the PID and IR analyzers will be displayed in the window W 11 1 After the measuring cycle has been completed the final concentrations are displayed on the left side of the screen and also graphically as vertical lines ABC Inc 10 0 X 0 0 Y 10 0 O2 20 3 T 17 9 P PID 118 698 ppm Meth 3687 ppm T P 7658 ppm CO2 546 ppm W 11 1 Measuring Mode Menu Values and vertical concentration lines of the first station are displayed MEASURING STANDARD GRID 29 After the station has been measured the operator will disconnect the tubing from the instrument the tubing and dust filter stay connected to the probe remove the probe from the hole and manually clean the tip perforation to remove the residual soil particles before moving on to the next station If a contamination was indicated the opera
74. ions may have been changed by the first effort Always make a new hole about 30 cm away from the previous one In the Measuring Mode of the instrument Window W 11 1 select the station you want to re measure using left right arrow button on the instrument handle Press the RUN button and window W 12 will be displayed Select Measure from the displayed menu Window W 12 The measurement of the station with the displayed coordinates is repeated The original values will stay on the screen Both original and new values are stored in the instrument disk and are available in the data sheet after transferring data to a computer using ECOPROBE_VIEW software Change measured data Measure Cancel W 12 Repeating the selected station MEASURING STANDARD GRID 30 There are two possibilities for selecting a station to be measured within the grid of the specific locality The data are logged according their coordinates A First option From the Measuring Mode Window W 11 2 you can move to the graphic overview of the measured stations by using on the instrument handle Browse the grid by means of the four handle arrows Select any station you want to measure and press RUN on the instrument panel to start its measurement To return to the Measuring Mode press ESC Note The grid with the last selected X and Y increments is always displayed on the screen All the stations measured in this grid are displayed as
75. le it is recommended that a cylinder with fresh air is used for each resetting cycle For general environmental tasks use AUT Automatic resetting Window W 9 In this case the duration of resetting interval is controlled by internal operating software Resetting time is directly related to the level of the last measured concentration The heavier the hydrocarbons the longer the time necessary for cleaning of the analytical units Resetting time may thus range from 10 to 30 seconds and stops when the analyzers are clean and ready for the next measurement The following measurement must be done in a short time to ensure that analytical parts keep their precise setting By extending the time between resetting and measuring the zero setting may slightly fluctuate around zero ENTER NUMBER AUT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 W 9 Enter Number Menu for Resetting The actual measuring of the contaminant concentration is done on soil vapor which is drawn into the instrument ECOPROBE 5 processes the signal from the analytical units at a rate of 10 measurements per second and it displays the progress of these data in four graphs representing the PID and IR channels These graphs may be saved and used for data interpretation At the end of the integration period the results are displayed on the screen and saved on the disk Recommended value for the integration period is 20 seconds and it can be changed by accessing the Enter
76. lection of around 200 different spectral compounds that can be used for the automatic calibration of the PID unit see page 59 about the PID analyser Use to select a compound confirms stores the selected item and returns to the Configuration File Default selection is Isobutene identical to Isobuthylene that is used also in laboratory chromatographs UNITS Values can be displayed in ppm or in mg m3 which can be selected by pressing SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 24 Resulting values can be displayed as Maximum or as Integral Maximum The instrument will find the maximum value and this setting is recommended for a general survey see soil vapor survey on p 12 Integral The instrument will calculate a numerical average of all measured values The final spread sheet obtained from ECOPROBE_VIEW software contains both the maximum and integral values Fig 3 Recommended value is Maximum and it can be switched by pressing Alarm Level can be set by selecting from the Enter Number Menu Window W 7 If the contaminant concentration exceeds the entered level of any channel the instrument will start beeping and stops when the concentration falls under the preset value EVALUATION 3 10 2 INFRA RED ON OFF Switches the IR analytical mode ON OFF CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT Off The instrument switches automatically the IR unit off when the integration measuring perio
77. m of methane and 10 000 ppm of CO2 mixture with nitrogen In this case only one calibration bag is needed for this mixture of calibration gases The calibration bags are not cheap and they should be kept in good order Do not crease them they may lose their gas holding capacity 11 4 Single Point Calibration Procedure of IR channels 11 3 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION OF IR ANALYZER Select channel PID S No ppm Measured ppm IR MET Yes 10 000 ppm Measured 9 783 ppm IR TP Yes 10 000 ppm Measured 9 953 ppm IR CO2 Yes 10 000 ppm Measured 9 876 ppm O2 No Measured 18 78 Press No mb Measured 959 56 mb Temp No C Measured C Calibrate The procedure is similar to calibrating the PID analyzer At the calibration locality measure the calibration standard in our case a mixture of 10 000 ppm methane and 10 000 ppm CO2 Then go to CALIBRATION in the Main Menu Continue the calibration procedure as described above Find the point with measured standard and in the window W 29 activate the IR channels and type in the actual values of calibration standard Go to Calibrate and complete the calibration according the described procedure for the PID analyzer The calibration constant for methane may vary from 0 3 to 5 for total petroleum channel from 0 1 to 30 and for CO2 channel from 0 5 to 2 W 29 Selection of IR channels for calibrating the IR analyzer CALIBRATION For c
78. ment 10 0 m Y Increment 10 0 m Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l mim Sampl interval 0 1 s Reset period AUT s Preint period 5 s Integr period 20 s Probe Depth 0 50m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Range STANDARD Calibration gas 118 Isobutene Units ppm Evaluation Maximum Infra Red On Off On Continuous Measurement On Units ppm Evaluation Maximum Oxygen On Temperature units C Pressure units kPa PID Alarm 1000 methane Alarm 99999 TP Alarm 99999 CO2 Alarm 99999 Save Configuration W 3 Configuration File showing default values Default values represent well proven settings suitable for a general survey Besides providing a guideline these values facilitate setting up a new locality and they should be used until the operator has sufficient experience to select an optimum combination for a given environment 17 In the following chapter we describe how to set the parameters in the Configuration File Window W 3 for an area to be investigated and how to understand various parameters MAIN MENU LOCALITY 1 LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY MANAGEMENT CONTINUOUS MEASUREM MONITOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONF
79. mode ppm distance m The graph in Fig 22 shows a typical example where the highest contamination is represented by small breakdown values The measured values along the survey line increase from the edges to the centre of the plume When the concentration is higher than the photo ionization breakdown limit the photo ionisation process collapses and values of several hundreds ppm are indicated erroneously by the instrument In case of the HI SENS mode Fig 23 the measured limit is 100 ppm Higher values of concentration are almost always indicated by the message over displayed on the screen and the value of 100 ppm is linked with the measured station The graph in Fig 23 shows the position of the highest contamination on a line using the HI SENS mode Response of the PID unit in the HISENS mode to an increase in the concentration of a contaminant Fig 23 Position of the highest contaminant concentration PID response HISENS mode 0 50 100 150 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 distance m ppm PID ANALYZER 68 Example The wire frame map Fig 24a was obtained from a polluted site The area on the left shows high contamination Its shape may be interpreted as a photo ionization breakdown with the highest contamination in the centre domain Figs 24a and 24b Illustration and interpretation of the PID breakdown phenomena A comparison between PID and IR results always produces a
80. nt or poorly visible The interferences and reflections of the satellite signals in streets forests and among tall buildings may cause insufficient accuracy of measured coordinates Satellites are also shielded by the trees and buildings If there are less than three to four satellites visible the receiver cannot collect sufficient information ECOPROBE 5 does not allow measuring and it starts beeping In this way the instrument prevents inaccurate data from being stored in the memory Press any arrowed button to stop the beep and return to the Welcome GPS menu If the GPS signal is still insufficient it is possible to continue the survey by using a locality opened in the Standard Grid Return to the GPS locality when more than four satellites are visible It is recommended to use a long rod for the GPS receivers when measuring in wooded areas The GPS receiver is placed on the top of the rod to get the best possible signal using an antenna extension cable provided by RS DYNAMICS Ltd If the survey of a particular site is stopped and continued after any period of time always allow the GPS system to stabilize at the first new station After switching the system on monitor the number of satellites and if after about five minutes it coincides continue measuring the station at any new position The coordinates of the original station measured first are safely kept in the instrument memory and coordinates of all other stations are
81. o the ECOPROBE 5 s multifunctional connector It is recommended that it be fixed to the top of the operator s helmet for instance by means of a velcro fastener to achieve the highest position for getting the best signal and also to avoid shielding of the operator s head GPS Smart Antenna is extremely small easy to handle and can access signals from twelve satellites Nothing more is needed to utilize the GPS measurement Smart Antenna uses energy from ECOPROBE 5 s battery thus reducing the daily operating life of the instrument Nevertheless a battery in a good condition should supply the instrument with connected GPS antenna for a day s field work MEASURING GPS LOGGING Fig 16 Working with the GPS Smart Antenna 37 LOCALITY1 noname Grid Standard X Increment 10 0 m Y Increment 10 0 m Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l mim Sampl interval 0 1 s Reset period AUT s Preint period 5 s Integr period 20 s Probe Depth 0 50m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Range STANDARD Calibration gas 118 Isobutene Units ppm Evaluation Maximum InfraRed On Off On Continuous Measurement Off Units ppm Evaluation Maximum oxygen On Temper
82. of ECOPROBE 5 calibration kit During a field investigating the PID analyzer may become dusty or optical passages may become dirty due to a deposit of various particles such as aerosol droplets due to proper operational procedures not being observed dust filters not used or if the instrument had been operated for a long period of time A layer of dust and various other compounds on the surface of optical system causes attenuation of excitation energy light beam resulting in a decrease of the measured values This attenuation is of the multiplicative character and does not affect the shape of the calibration curve created at the manufacturer or by the customer using ECOPROBE_VIEW_Plus software It changes only the direction of the existing curve CALIBRATION The ECOPROBE 5 system software and ECOPROBE_VIEW computer software incorporate three advanced tools for the precise calibration of all analytical channels thus ensuring high accuracy of all evaluated data 1 ECOPROBE 5 s internal software enables fast Single Point calibration of the PID analyzer all channels of IR analyzer oxygen and pressure analyzers and the probe thermometer 2 Another way to calibrate the oxygen and pressure analyzers and the probe thermometer is by using ECOPROBE_VIEW_Light Plus software For more details see the User Manual for communication software 3 The ECOPROBE_VIEW_Plus software advanced calibration tool enables users to modify the original f
83. oline fuels are the most common contaminants encountered in a soil vapor survey The Table of measured compounds also offers data for the most generally occurring petroleum fuels such as Diesel fuel 1 Diesel fuel 2 Gasoline 1 Gasoline 2 Jet fuel JP 4 Jet fuel JP 5 Jet Fuel JP 8 Selecting the most suitable mixture enables you to get results which are close to quantitative values ECOPROBE 5 is equipped with 10 6 eV ionization lamp Other lamps are optional and may be ordered from the manufacturer All lamps feature selective methane suppression The table is valid only for a PID analyzer and has no connection with the IR analyzer IR analyzer operates on a different principle ECOPROBE 5 s PID ANALYZER CHARACTERISTICS Detection limit 0 1 ppm for STANDARD mode low ppb values for HISENS mode Calibration for quantitative vapor phase determination for over 200 compounds Zero response for methane which is measured separately by the IR unit Large dynamic range low ppb to 4000 ppm fast response 0 5 sec Ion lamp 10 6 eV other energy levels are optional STANDARD mode with ppm or mg m3 output or HISENS mode with ppb or g m3 output PHOTO IONISATION BREAKDOWN QUENCHING Generally the photo ionisation process has physical limitations For a concentration higher than a certain value the ionization process will breakdown Further increase of concentration may even lead to a diminished output T
84. oyal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich England Latitude is measured as an angle from the equator of the Earth 0 to the North Pole 90 North or to the South Pole 90 South Lines of latitude are described by circles that run parallel to the equator s plane and grow progressively smaller as they get closer to the poles 35 ECOPROBE 5 and GPS ECOPROBE 5 is the first world class earth scientific instrument with a fully integrated GPS positioning system The GPS system in ECOPROBE 5 can be used if a specific software is activated and if a special RS DYNAMICS GPS receiver is available optional GPS logging GPS logging is a very effective data logging system with no need for concern about coordinates while measuring in the field Coordinates are displayed stored in the world geodetic format WGS 84 latitude GPS W longitude GPS L altitude GPS R and also displayed in surface metres X Y Z What do X Y Z surface coordinates mean Imagine a plane tangent to the global ellipsoid made at the first measured station to the global ellipsoid Fig 16 The coordinates of the first measured station are X 0 Y 0 Coordinates of all other stations are related to the first station X 0 Y 0 This system facilitates orientation in the field but slightly reduces the accuracy of positioning of the measured stations Tangent plane made at the first measured station X 0 Y 0 North Y coordinate East X coordinate
85. p Aldehydes compounds with C O bond including acetone methyl ethyl ketone and acetaldehyde Amines amp Amides Carbon compounds containing nitrogen like diethyl amine Chlorinated hydrocarbons trichloroethylene perchloroethylene etc Sulfur compounds mercaptans Unsaturated hydrocarbons like butane and octane Ammonia Inorganic Semiconductor gases arsine inorganic phosphine Nitric oxide Bromine and Iodine What PID s do not measure Radiation Air N2 O2 CO2 H2O Common toxics CO HCN SO2 Natural gas methane propane ethane Acid vapours HCl HF HNO3 Others freons ozone O3 PID ANALYZER Fig 19 Schematic presentation of a PID analyzer 100 ppm 59 PID detection generally requires a more detailed description to understand its principle calibration and interpretation that what is offered in this text PID SELECTIVITY ECOPROBE 5 PID analyzer is calibrated only for one calibration gas Isobutene Isobuthylene A PID analyzer does not provide a selective analysis of a given contaminant but measures total concentration of presented volatile organic compounds VOC and other toxic gases including chlorinated hydrocarbons How can we understand the fact that there are more than 200 calibration compounds stored in the instrument s memory The user must first determine the identit
86. ppm of benzene and in the Configuration file in ECOPROBE 5 is selected Isobutene we will see approximately 2 ppm on the display of the PID If we select benzene in the Configuration file the ECOPROBE 5 software will multiply 2 ppm by CF 0 5 and display the true reading of benzene about 1 ppm Example 2 The ionization potential of chloroform is 11 37 eV It means that this compound requires energy of 11 37 eV to be ionized This energy can be provided only by 11 7 eV lamp and chloroform can be detected only with this lamp Fig 20 Excerpt from the table of measured compounds PID ANALYZER 62 NR means No Response to the particular compound Compound Name Formula Lamp 9 8 eV Lamp 10 6 eV Lamp 11 7 eV IP eV Acetaldehyde C2H4O NR 5 5 NR 10 23 Acetic Acid C2H4O2 NR 22 2 6 10 66 Acetic Anhydride C4H6O3 NR 6 1 2 10 14 Acetone C3H6O 1 2 1 1 1 4 9 71 Acetonitrile C2H3N NR NR 100 12 19 Acetylene C2H2 NR NR 2 11 4 Acrolein C3H4O 42 3 9 1 4 10 1 Acrylic Acid C3H4O2 NR 12 2 10 6 Acrylonitrile C3H3N NR NR 1 2 10 91 Allyl alcohol C3H6O NR 2 4 1 7 9 67 Allyl chloride C3H5Cl NR 4 3 0 7 9 9 Ammonia H3N NR 9 7 5 7 10 16 Amyl alcohol C5H12O NR 5 NR 10 Aniline C7H7N 0 5 0 5 0 5 7 72 Anisole C7H8O NR 0 8 NR 8 21 Benzaldehyde C7H6O NR NR 1 9 49 Benzene C6H6 0 55 0 5 0 6 9 25 Benzonitrile C7H5N
87. related to it HINT You can easily return to any station of the surveyed locality after any period of time Switch on ECOPROBE 5 open the Welcome GPS Menu of the given locality and observe the changing surface coordinates on the screen They can navigate you to any measured station you want to review or to a new position If the locality is stored only in your computer and you want to continue the survey later it is possible to transfer the locality data back to the instrument using the ECOPROBE_VIEW software maintaining all the configuration and position data MEASUREMENT GPS LOGGING 41 MAIN MENU LOCALITY 1 LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY MANAGEMENT CONTINUOUS MEASUREM MONITOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CALIBRATION 6 DELETING A LOCALITY FROM ECOPROBE 5 If a locality is not required any longer download the data to the computer and delete the locality in ECOPROBE 5 to create space on the instrument disk To delete a locality select LOCALITY MANAGEMENT from the Main Menu Window W 2 and window W 4 will appear Open LOCALITY 1 Open LOCALITY 2 Open MONITOR Delete Locality DELETING A LOCALITY FROM ECOPROBE 5 Item Delete Locality provides a way to delete localities in the instrument Select the item and follow the instructions on the screen W 2 Main Menu W 4 Locality 42 7 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT Allows continuous operation without any data being logged which gi
88. sed in industry and include Fuels produce the majority of Hazardous Materials incidents Degreasers Solvents Paints Plastics and Resins However not all the compounds products can be measured by PID PID 12 PID ANALYZER ECOPROBE 5 ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS 58 Gas enters the instrument Current is measured and concentration is displayed on the screen It passes through the UV lamp The gas is now ionized Charged gas ions flow to charged electrodes in the sensor and current is produced Gas reforms and exits the analyzer electrode electrode UV lamp How does a PID work Fig 19 A PID uses an ultraviolet light source Greek photo light to break down chemicals into positive and negative ions ionization that can easily be measured with a detector The detector measures the charge of the ionized gas and converts the signal into current The current is then amplified and displayed as ppm After passing through the PID measuring chamber the ions recombine to form the original gas PID s are non destructive they do not alter the gas permanently and allow the gas to be used for further analysis What does a PID measure The largest group of compounds measured by a PID are the Organics compounds containing Carbon molecules These include Aromatics compounds including a benzene ring such as benzene ethyl benzene toluene and xylene Ketones am
89. splay panel the instrument will boot up in about two seconds and display the Welcome Menu Window W 1 W 1 Welcome Menu 2 STARTING UP ECOPROBE 5 RS DYNAMICS E C O P R O B E 5 Version 990027 TIME DATE Pressure 1009 mb Battery power indicator Atmospheric pressure indicator STARTING ECOPROBE 5 If the instrument has not been used for 5 minutes in standard mode it switches itself off to reduce the current consumption In GPS data logging mode the instrument switches itself off after 30 minutes of no operation In monitoring mode the instrument will switch itself off only when the battery is fully discharged 15 W 2 Main Menu MAIN MENU LOCALITY 1 LOCALITY 2 LOCALITY MANAGEMENT CONTINUOUS MEASUREM MONITOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CALIBRATION Each item of the Main Menu contains sub menus Use to scroll through the menu and to access a selected item LOCALITY 1 or 2 After selecting a new locality by using the Locality Management option this item opens a measuring mode to start measurement of the locality LOCALITY MANAGEMENT Enables you to set and delete localities and monitoring stations CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT Allows continuous measurement without any data being logged MONITOR Enables automatic monitoring of contamination at a predetermined sampling rate COMMUNICATION Enables transferring data from ECOPROBE 5 to a PC or no
90. station X 0 Y 0 The RUN button is used to start measuring the station with the displayed coordinates for measuring the first station or for re measuring a station that has already been surveyed The measuring cycle starts with a resetting period ABC Inc 10 0 X 0 0 Y 0 0 O2 T P PID 118 ppm Meth ppm T P ppm CO2 ppm MEASURING STANDARD GRID W 10 2 Measuring Mode 28 Resetting While resetting the plastic tubing and other parts must not be connected to the gas inlet to ensure that fresh air is let into the instrument Resetting ensures 1 cleaning the inner parts of the instrument of contaminated air from a previous measuring cycle 2 stabilizing and finding zero conditions of analytical units When all contaminated air is flushed from the analytical chambers during resetting the instrument considers the value of clean air from outside as zero Usually air around you is clean and may be used for resetting However if we should measure in an environment where the atmosphere is contaminated and has approximately 20 ppm service stations refineries etc and this air is used for resetting the instrument would consider the contamination concentration as zero It means 20 ppm would be regarded zero or the base level If you were to measure about 80 ppm in the soil the actual value would be around 100 ppm When the zero value is fixed set after resett
91. tebook 2 1 MAIN MENU Window W 2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION In the following Chapters the options LOCALITY MANAGEMENTS and LOCALITY 1 or 2 are described These options are related to the setting the instrument before measuring and to the real measurement with ECOPROBE 5 The other options of the Main Menu are described on p 42 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION Allows editing the default values of the Configuration File CALIBRATION Enables you to perform a Single Point Calibration This item is part of the calibration procedure Locality and Station Fig 10 What do the terms Locality and Station mean The term Locality means the entire investigated area site The term Station means a point within the given Locality where a measurement is taken Contamination STARTING ECOPROBE 5 16 SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 3 SETTING UP ECOPROBE 5 Fig 11 ECOPROBE_VIEW software display from the computer Before starting to measure it is necessary to set the parameters for the locality to be surveyed This procedure can be done either directly in the instrument or using ECOPROBE_VIEW software Both procedures open the Configuration File with default settings Window W 3 and Fig 11 The default value of the different parameters can be changed in either the Configuration File or in the ECOPROBE_VIEW program LOCALITY1 noname Grid Standard X Incre
92. the calibration procedure before having the analytical unit cleaned Never repeat the calibration of the same channel or analyzer immediately It is necessary to measure at least one point in any locality before doing the calibration procedure again CALIBRATION 54 For IR methane IR total petroleum and IR CO2 channels the same Single Point calibration procedure as for the PID unit is valid The IR analytical unit requires calibration over a much longer time interval as the unit has a reference channel capable of compensating for dust moisture and temperature influences The standard IR calibration interval is about 12 months depending on the dust conditions The calibration gases for IR channels are not supplied by the manufacturer and it can be purchased directly from companies providing laboratory and technical gases like Linde Siad and others Both IR Methane and IR Total Petroleum channels are calibrated with methane For their Single Point calibration use a gas comprising 10 000 ppm methane mixed with nitrogen For calibrating the CO2 channel use a gas comprising 10 000 ppm CO2 mixed with nitrogen Reserve one calibration bag for calibrating the IR Methane and IR Total Petroleum channels and a second bag for calibrating the CO2 channel Do not interchange them as they may contain residues of calibration gases and thus cause inaccurate results For calibrating all IR channels simultaneously it is possible to use a mixture of 10 000 pp
93. the screen to return to the Main Menu and continue measuring this locality SETTING ECOPROBE 5 BEFORE STARTING TO MEASURE 19 W 7 Enter Number Menu 3 2 GRID Standard This parameter allows data logging of all measured values according to the allocated X Y coordinates Standard data logging is a versatile tool for network field measurement and subsequent data interpretation Network is defined by number of lines and number of stations on the line The operator can move to any X Y station to record its X and Y coordinates together with all measured data Changing the increments X and Y enables you to proceed by the most suitable measuring interval and thus select an optimum network scheme for a given environment Decimal and negative values can also be entered Measured values are saved in an orderly manner in the network system ENTER NUMBER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Y increment Y With the cursor positioned on Y increment option use to open Enter Number Menu Window W 7 to change the value of the increment in meters The number setting is similar to Enter Character Menu for entering a name of a locality X increment X as above Setting X Y values in the Configuration File defines the basic network grid which may be changed together with X and Y values of coordinates later in the field according to the site requirements directly from the Measuring Mode window see chapter
94. tion Potential of a compound provides an indication of whether it can be detected by a PID analyzer with a specific lamp The Ionisation Potential IP of various organic and also some inorganic compounds and their response to certain lamps are listed in the table Ionization Potential All elements and chemicals can be ionized but they differ in the amount of energy they require The energy required to displace an electron and ionize a compound is called Ionization Potential and it is measured in electron volts eV The light energy emitted by a UV lamp needed for the ionization of a compound is also measured in eV If the IP of the compound is less than the eV output of the lamp then the chemical will be ionized and measured by the PID analyzer If the IP of the compound is higher than the energy output of the lamp the compound will not be ionized and it is not possible to measure it using the PID analyzer Correction Factor CF Correction Factors CF are used to adjust the sensitivity of the PID to directly measure a particular chemical compared to the calibration gas Isobutene The CF s are applied automatically in ECOPROBE 5 after selecting a specific compound The values in the table are just for your reference Table of measured compounds Example 1 We need to measure benzene A PID with 10 6 eV lamp is twice as sensitive to benzene CF 0 5 as it is to the calibration gas Isobutene CF 1 0 Fig 20 So if we are measuring 1
95. tle by selecting other characters Use to navigate to the completed name When the cursor is on the name of the locality use to confirm store the title and to return to the Configuration File The selected name will appear instead the word noname for example ABC LOCALITY1 noname Grid Standard X Increment 10 0 m Y Increment 10 0 m Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l mim Sampl interval 0 1 s Reset period AUT s Preint period 5 s Integr period 20 s Probe Depth 0 50m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Range STANDARD Calibration gas 118 Isobutene Units ppm Evaluation Maximum Infra Red On Off On Continuous Measurement On Units ppm Evaluation Maximum oxygen On Temperature units C Pressure units kPa PID Alarm 1000 methane Alarm 99999 TP Alarm 99999 CO2 Alarm 99999 Save Configuration W 3 Default Configuration File W 6 Enter Character Menu The locality can now be stored without making any further changes by selecting the option Save Configuration at the end of the Configuration File Or use the left arrow and follow the instructions on
96. tor should clean the probe by blowing it out to remove all residual gas and condensation from inside the probe Clean air can be blown through by means of a manual pumping device such as that used for inflating rubber mattresses It is important not to blow into the sampling probe with your own breath as this may cause moisture to enter the probe and may give incorrect results After measuring a contaminated station use a new set of tubing and dust filter for the next station The operator must prepare in advance and carry sufficient spare tubing and dust filters into the field After completing a contaminated station the used tubing and dust filter are stored for future cleaning Used tubing will usually self clean when placed on the room heater overnight and is ready to use on the next day Dust filters may stay contaminated and their residual contamination must be measured before re using in the field At the next station the operator will repeat the measuring procedure by making a hole and inserting the probe Wait a while before starting to measure by pressing right arrow on the instrument handle Always use the right arrow to start measuring the next station because it means that the Y coordinate is increased by the selected increment The measuring cycle starts with resetting and follows the described procedure 4 2 REPEATING A SELECTED STATION If you need to re measure a station do not use the original hole as the soil vapor condit
97. ub microscopic particles of the compound Oscillation consumes energy at a group of particular spectral lines creating a phenomena known as infra red atomic absorption The consumed energy is directly proportional to the concentration of the measured compound Therefore the higher the concentration the higher the absorption of energy at the characteristic wavelength Each selective optical filter lets through only one wavelength of the radiation typical for the measured compound A detector behind the optical filter measures the attenuation of the energy that is directly proportional to the measured concentration Field experience has proved that an IR analyzer is essential for Field experience has proved that an IR analyzer is essential for a general Soil Contamination Survey because a general Soil Contamination Survey because the contaminant concentration is often above 4000 the contaminant concentration is often above 4000 ppm ppm where PID detection cannot be used where PID detection cannot be used If hydrocarbons are present in the contaminant consequent conti If hydrocarbons are present in the contaminant consequent continuity between PID and IR outputs can be nuity between PID and IR outputs can be observed observed Gas output IR source Applications of ECOPROBE 5 IR Analyzer 1 Relative and fast in situ monitoring of contaminant vapor with a concentration up to 500 000 ppm 2 Separate reading for methane hydrocarbon
98. ubsurface bacterial activity Separate measurements of methane and other hydrocarbons help to distinguish between old and new contamination Sequences of measured values at one station reflect soil texture and porosity 14 DATA INTERPRETATION Fig 26 73 Methane Concentration Hydrocarbon Compounds Concentration Organic Compounds Concentration CO2 Concentration Oxygen Concentration CASE STUDY 2 Fig 27 The study site is in the area where the hydrocarbon products were transferred to tank wagons about 10 years ago The task was to survey the site for possible residual contamination An old and almost biodegraded contamination is indicated between 25 and 35 meters distance at the profiles 5 and 10 Some hydrocarbon pollution remains as the PID channel indicates the presence of organic compounds at the given part of the surveyed site IR methane channel indicates presence of methane IR TP channel measures methane plus hydrocarbon compounds The TP value perfectly correspond with methane channel which indicates old contamination showing up as methane with much bacterial activity resulting in methane production IR CO2 channel indicates increasing concentration of CO2 which is connected to bacterial activity bacteria produce CO2 and consume O2 The graph shows a decrease in oxygen which corresponds well with the increase of CO2 DATA INTERPRETATION Fig 27 Conclusion Methane
99. ves you fast screening for a gas leak at the surveyed area CONTINUOUS CONFIG START Group Measurement No Pump Speed 1 25 l min Sampl Interval 0 1 s Reset period AUTs Preint period 5 s Integr period 20 s Probe Depth 0 50 m Save Curr Val No Temperature 99 grad PID On Off On Calibration gas Isobutene Press START for resetting When displayed confirm Press gt with right handle arrow Continuous measurement will start after a short pre integration period Press ESC to stop measuring at any time and to return to the Main Menu The instrument switches itself off after 15 minutes of operation in the Continuous mode as the analytical units may become slightly unstable and need to be reset To continue measuring it is necessary to start Continuous Measurement again The measuring cycle starts with resetting which allows the analytical units to stabilize themselves for the next 15 minutes of operation W 21 Continuous Measurement Menu Note After the instrument has been switched off in the field the IR unit needs to be stabilized It is recommended to measure two blind stations set up Test locality in the instrument for making various test measurements or use CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT mode for about one minute before starting to measure again The operator can thus avoid incorrect readings at the first measured station ECOPROBE 5 OTHER FEATURES To start select the it
100. wn as Soil Vapor Survey SVS which is based on an analysis of the soil vapor In situ soil vapor measurements are affected by several subsurface factors of which the most important are 1 Presence of methane As a product of natural biodegradation methane occurs in varying concentrations everywhere in the subsurface soil environment 2 Soil permeability Soils with differing permeability create differing soil vapor flux conditions Due to their texture relatively impermeable soils such as clay produce soil vapor for a much shorter period of time compared to highly permeable soils such as sand Other factors are 3 Zoning Differences in the physical properties such as vapor pressure solubility in water mobility in the subsurface resistance to degradation etc of the various components of a complex contaminant may give a heterogeneous character to a pollution plume 4 Surface contamination A pollutant occurring in the surface layer will seriously distort the distribution and concentration patterns of an underlying deep source of contamination 5 Age of a contaminant All petroleum products experience some degree of natural biodegradation in the subsurface environment Lighter HC s are more readily degraded than the heavier compounds After a certain period of time the spectral composition of contaminants will dramatically change moreover some contaminants may become morphologized that is composed of non toxic aromatic compounds
101. y of the measured compound or the compound that is dominant in the measured chemical Once the compound is identified the PID sensitivity can be adjusted to that compound by selecting it from the list installed in ECOPROBE 5 in the Configuration file The resulting reading will show the total concentration of VOC but with respect to the selected dominant compound and will be therefore close to the quantitative value Example If Isobutene is selected in ECOPROBE 5 which is being used to measure a benzene leak of one ppm the PID will display two ppm because it is twice as sensitive to benzene as it is to Isobutene Once we have identified the compound as benzene then the PID scale can be set to benzene and the PID will accurately read one ppm if exposed to one ppm of benzene Unknown contaminant The main task of a general field survey is fast mapping monitoring and delineating of contaminated areas and identifying the contaminant sources and paths When approaching an unknown chemical release set the PID to Isobutene as its calibration gas The measured values will be relative but proportional to the contaminant concentration over the surveyed area and will provide the operator with a map of the contaminant plume its source and its migration route Single compound contaminant Imagine the simplest situation when the contaminant consists of one known compound only If you select it from the list of calibration compounds in the Confi

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