Home

OpenMusic User`s Manual

1. ssssssssseesenenenenenn ennemis 28 Manipulating Items in the Workspace seeen emen 29 Drag amp DOP wii faces ee eer edet a ie dag eee 29 Import arid EXpOT eie e ettet tci ette 29 Contextual menus sininen iea aaa aaan entente nnns ettet 29 3 Patches ooi UPS UR ciim lat fa etta 31 Ircam documentation V The insline documentation e nere eee oce cObeaeccdceteswecessteds 31 Patches in the Workspace sssssssessseeeenenenne nennen nnne nnns 33 Patch Structure aiii c rebours eee e Liebe eee 33 Inputs and Gumus e E A E a A nnne 34 Objects within the patch cceeecceceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeseeeeeseeeeeeaeeeeneeess 34 Making connections within the patch eee 35 Evaluating patches ssssssssseeseeeeene eene nnne nnns 36 Varla Dle Pt 37 Manipulating icons in the Patch Window eeenee 37 hieu 37 Contextual rentus Ee texte Tee p UR ELI Hex e aug Pad 38 Object stateSiai tiie te od e ae Ha a Hd ie Na Ee PO ER a Redes 38 LM PACKAGES EE 41 Managing Glasses 10 edere i e pe deus dup ases ea onde 42 Inheritance d eet ee eee HU edere dated 42 leg T MQ 43 Initialization methods essen 43 Managing EUnctlOns eret tee pte ep pane nu nes 44 Method definitions sssssseeeeeeeenenenen nennen 44 5 GIG AIS 2 52 50 tota eats cheats ume tessa un tait beceenidn Leni
2. eese 11 The Globals Folder sse 11 Maguet S aor noreste 11 Patchiesss a a A teste fieri TA E A 11 Creating a new patch esssssssssssssssssseennene ener entente nnns enne 12 Adding icons to a patch nnne 14 Passing data to iriputs Tele e eere tt degere eoe te e mr rate edd 15 Invoking the built in documentation eee 15 Passing data to inputs continued seeeeeeen 16 Evaluating a patclis ui iti eiie ate er een UI adi Rede Rud 17 FACTORY ICONS e Em 19 Classes and factories 19 Adding a factoty nde oi ede Ree td eed eerie in 19 Editirig MUSIC Objects io de e eed etate esit ei qie rueda 19 Giving input to TaCtOFles eet recae pedore tit reb td at 20 THA S coorta ttt A e UNE Ind 21 Il OM Coricepts erret eee tete detener eee tociens 23 1 Macintosh Common Lisp ssssssssseseeee enne nnne nentes nnne nens 25 The Listener WIndOW eon etie ene err teh tre dn deed 25 2 3 The Workspace etit e RERO RECO HAUS tessa lenges s IE Re e DER Tac oD Cue 27 Managing Workspaces ssssseeee eene nennen Ari Aa en nennen nnns 27 The Menu Bar iid rette ecu tane ck pep cca Reate co Priv E de PER i 27 Thee MeN iiti RE pP e aH E 28 The Edi menu eee eee ecce dee ipte ur eec ent EL deni v ded 28 Presentallori ci 2 e iere iti he e PER ith ii deserere eaten 28 Objects in the Workspace
3. Ircam documentation 39 Chapter 3 Patches 40 Ircam documentation Chapter 4 Packages The packages folder is the place where OM function and class definitions and classes are stored Classes are the models from which new objects are created Functions are opera tions performed on classes Both classes and functions are represented in by icons which can be dragged from the packages folder to the Workspace for use The package concept is inspired by the Java programming language It is a place where related functionalities are stored together A package is represented by a suitcase icon with two parts an upper lighter colored part and a lower darker colored part These two parts give access to different aspects of the package Packages can have subpackages You ll be able to create your own subpackages in the user package and fill them with your own classes and functions Though they may contain any number of packages all OM packages folders must contain at least the four basic packages kernel music libraries and user Double clicking opens the packages folder S packages E mus ic libraries Kernel stores functions and class definitions for the LISP kernel the foundation on which OM is built Here you will find the data types and functions for mathematical calculations basic data processing and list management The music suitcase stores the functions and classes particular to OM i e all the pla
4. 30000 aaO Sao Ces x MIDICONTROR rasan Miba 28117 j E lires a I In this example the initial controller is resampled with a 1000ms sample rate Tempo and Measures The Tempo Map box The Tempo Map object allows separation of tempo and metric information for works on quantification and analysis It contains a list of tempo changes date tempo and a list of measure markers date MIDI time signature Tempo Map can be extracted from any type of musical or MIDI containers provided it contains tempo or metric information MidiFile EventMidi seq Voice Poly Measure using get tempomap method Ircam documentation 97 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 98 get tempomap Tempo Map can be processed like other MIDI objects conversions get midievents Improving quantification With Tempo Map Chord seq to Voice conversion can be improved with cseqttempo gt voice method The tempo and measure informations will be used to quantify chords Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic MidiFile a m aa get midi notez get tempomanp F chords processing COO Creates a new Voice with modified chords G We and same tempo map ES czegttempa waoice cw In this example notes and tempo map are extracted from a midiFile could be from a voice for example Notes are processed as chord seq and then re written in a voice using the initia
5. Chapter 2 Quick Tour If you had typed text OM would have looked for a function or class corresponding to the name Since you typed a number a box representing the number pops up If you messed that up you can double click the box and adjust the quantity ae Passing data to inputs You ll notice the 700 box only has an output That s because all it will do is output whatever quantity it is set to Click the output and drag a connection to the first input of the om icon When you do a bubble pops up with a bit of info about the input When you release the mouse button a connection is established zn Invoking the built in documentation While we re here you should know that OpenMusic has some on line help You can access the documentation for a particular object by selecting it with the mouse and hitting d Try it now with the om icon This pops up Documentation DHE seer onm penay Femina Sum of two of numbers or trees 15 Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour You see the function name the names of the two inputs in italics just after it the type of object and some information about what it does The built in documentation This built in help can be a bit dicey Eventually it will be brought up to date in the same way as this manual For now it s a little like playing the lottery You may get just the names of the inputs You may get the information you need You may get the information you
6. below Objects within the patch There are three methods for adding objects to a patch In the case of functions and class factories you may select them from the pull down menus Functions and Classes which appear when you are in the patch window The cursor changes form and the object is placed where you click You may also drag objects into the patch window either from the Workspace or the Finder itself Any patch may be dragged into your patch window to create a reference to it Any function or class definition from the packages folder may be dragged to the patch window to create a function reference or a class factory option dragging items within the patch or from Ircam documentation Chapter 3 Patches other patches copies those objects to the patch You may also drag certain kind of files from the Finder itself These include MIDI files AIFF sound files and OM objects saved to the finder see the Workspace chapter The third method is the most convenient once you are familiar with the available objects and classes Command clicking on the patch window background opens a field where you can enter text or numbers or a list Press enter not return after entering the information or click elsewhere in the patch window If you enter numbers or a list OM assumes that these are data that you d like to plug into the input of a function and creates a box to hold them If you type text OM attempts to match that text to the nam
7. 10 items 13 94 GB available Fi Microsoft Mouse M README BEFORE init lisp i IF Microsoft Office X gt F Buildimage E MCL Help 3 Midishare 7 chroma MCL compiler 5 0 MSN Messenger L5 code Bi MCL kernel 5 0 Norton Solutions 7 exampleFiles 8 S9 Norton Utilities i font OM 4 7 alpha Image gt Support i amp OmniGraffle gt MidiShare m PlayerSharedPPC fy omnioutliner 7 modfolder Bi saif DLL J Palm p L3 Patches gt SdifTypes STYP 2 UserLibrary 2 PixelNhance a Preview t 3 WorkSpaces v QuickTime Player Y J R pertoire Warcraft Ill Pu I We re interested in the folder called Image which contains the OpenMusic application program somewhat unintuitively titled oM image Double click this file to start OpenMusic After the title screen you ll be asked to choose a Workspace Ircam documentation 7 Chapter 1 Installing OM e WorkSpaces Lib Workspace f New gt HaHuTh OMWorkspace f Delete f Rename Remote The Workspace is the top level of the OM environment Everything you do happens in the workspace Multiple workspaces can be maintained so that several users can use the same computer If you go back to the OpenMusic folder where you located the Image folder you ll notice a folder called workspaces Each subfolder within this one is a Workspace you can choose to work in at the menu above Important While the folders in the worksp
8. Ag changing to an Ab Then with the Ab selected hit the 1 key to change it to a Bb Music Font Size field Sets the default font size in the music editors Set by dragging the value itself up and down with the mouse Delta Chords field Colors buttons These two buttons bring up the Mac Color Picker window where you can select a color for the display of the staves and notes in musical objects Staff System menu This sets the default staff system choice for newly created music objects F and G rep resent bass and trebl clefs respectively Doubled letters indicate an additional cleff of that type displaying notes in octave transposition up or down depending the clef useful if your objects have lots of ledger lines Quantify button This button brings upa dialog box where you make the default settings for the omquantify method This method is used to transcribe durations into traditional musical notation and is used whenever you connect the self output of a Chord seq object to the self input of a Voice object These settings are identical to those of the stand alone function omquantify See the reference entry on omquantify for a complete explanation Dynamic Table This brings up the Dynamic editor When you select the dyn option from the display options popup menu in a musical editor traditional dynamic symbols are displayed next to each not based on the value of the ve key velocity slot for that note a valu
9. Fy sound za midifile d note Ej pest j chord 1 Imidic lyel laffzet dur You may edit add and delete slot definitions in the slot list window for user defined classes the OM classes are locked and cannot be modified This window is accessed by double clicking the icon representing the class definition either in the package window or the in heritance heirarchy window A list of all the slots you ve added to the class appears slots inherited from other classes do not appear You may choose whether the slot will apply to instances of the class or whether it will exist only within the class definition for subclassing for example by choosing a method from the Allocation menu If you have chosen instance you have the option to include the slot graphically in the factory icon for the class by checking the Show You may also edit the default value for the slot by double clicking the value shown in the Default value column 43 Ircam documentation Chapter 4 Packages Initialization methods You can edit the initialization methods for your user defined classes by option clicking the class icon in the package window A new column with an icon representing the initialization method appears on the right Double click this icon to open the initialization method editor See Classes for more details Managing Functions 44 In order to view the function definitions stored in a particular package you may option
10. HOW Magu ES sssecs e 69 The structure of a Maquette cee eeceeeeeeeene eee teen ee ee eeaeeeeeeaeeeeeetaeeeenee 69 Objects in the Maquette frame cccecceceeeeeeeeeeeteeceeeeeseeeeeeeaeeeeeeeess 70 Acceptable types iiie did eat d iecit 70 Adding objects to the Maquette sssesseeeee 70 The Maquette frame sssssssesssseeeseneeeeenneneeen enne nnne 70 The General Palette sssssssssssssseseeeenennene enne tne 71 vi Ircam documentation Gontextualiqmenus 2 re tees it eri cet orte IET 72 The Metrc R ler inire ederent need plebe rh HR ONE aaa 72 Markers uei e Ee pe teeta eee 73 The Temporalbox ObDjeCt 0 0 eee eeeeee cette ee ee eee eee ee eaeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeeaeeeenee 73 The self OUIpUts cce iet ev pce pecu see rev Te de ede 74 Maquettes in patches sssssssssssseeeeenn een eene nnne nnns 74 11 Midi and OpenMusic sessi entente nns nr enne 75 Introduction to MIDI in OpenMusic sse 75 Basic COriCepts 3 c esperto ete ci ee e pue nne ie t ees 75 MIBImessagseS 2 temet tei e tete eR tuners 75 About MIDI events esssssssssssssssseseeeenene nennen nennen sten n nnn 76 Note events sssssssssssssssssssesee esten nerntrrer sten nh nnn neret nnns 76 Control Change events ssssssssssssseeeenennene ene 76 Program Change Events ss
11. Hosts dem a tes secet 45 6 Data Types uet teo tite ante teo at et cr PE c Ud eg 47 VEMM E TELLE TI 49 The STUCCIU ee eer ein ed eget exe t edle ates 49 Some Examlples 2 i dei EE E n eid aste Ric anu siepe 50 SuFunctlons ether t Mr tee e Pega ene deis tta etas Moree E E Ee edenda 53 Functions and methods esee 53 Function deflnitionis cin atcha eda Mee the areca nente at teet cedi aed ae 53 Dead Methods i iat at ne eei ei ee de 53 Creating New f nctlons ues itio cn bnc e rr feta nce i a t E PER 54 Creating the function name and appearance ssssssssss 54 Defining the first method sse 55 Adding additional Methods sssaaa aaa 56 9 Classes Instances ANd Factor EO t eaaa aaa a A E TAa ATA 59 Glass Definitioris ie de ete e n e e e aE e a 59 OLS iic aH E E ce t re e ee eene i e Ra ene ta aede ug eaa eee eee adea n ER 59 Factories and Instances eeeesiseessseeeeeeseeenee enne 59 hMs and OUTS Beds emet tormenta et i reti aneas 60 InDetltance ameet cseteris e t ode cele desto 60 Variable8 ice e tepore ts 61 Creating a new class sssssssssssssseeee nennen nennen entente nens 62 Setting the inheritance i n ranu uens e a aa entente nitent 62 Adding slots tO classes re MEE EEEE A AEE E 63 Changing the initialization method for a class ssesssssssss 65 The get set slot construction 66
12. Midishare software that OM uses to communicate with MIDI devices is also between versions There are both OS 9 and OS 10 versions Both included on the distribution CD ROM You should install whichever version is apprpriate for your computer following the instructions included with the software Midishare can control most kinds of MIDI equipment through a selection of driver software Drivers are included for Apple s built in QuickTime synthesizer and MIDI equipment connected to your computer and managed by Opcode s OMS software Once the software is correctly installed and the appropriate drivers are in the appropriate places again see the Midishare documentation Midishare operates identically as far as configuration is concerned Install Midishare before con tinuing Midishare provides 256 possible communication ports for making connections between components We will set OM to send and recieve on port 0 the first one Go to the prefer ences File 5 Preferences panel and click the Midishare icon featuring the little keyboard in the lower half of the icon Ircam documentation Chapter 1 Installing OM preferences Midi Share SetUp Default Output Port Default Input Port Co cancel defaults save Ne Ne _ a 4 Click in each box and set the input and output ports to zero Then click the Midishare icon in the center of the panel to open the Midishare Drivers Manager The following window opens Input S
13. OM display your objects as a list sorted by either name or type Objects in the Workspace 28 The Workspace contains patches maquettes and folders Two of these folders are special folders globals and packages They cannot be deleted The packages folder holds all of the function and class definitions for the environment organized into a series of suitcases See the chapter Packages for more info Ircam documentation Chapter 2 The Workspace M Workspace 3 patch patch2 maquet te my folder S N packages globals Manipulating Items in the Workspace Drag amp Drop The Workspace supports drag amp drop actions just like the Mac finder The standard mouse actions of shift selecting multiple objects and dragging a rectangle to enclose objects work as well You may copy objects by holding option as you drag them Import and Export Drag amp Drop can also be used to pass objects between the Finder itself and OM Dragging an OM object to the finder creates an export copy of that object in the finder which can then be dragged back into any OM Workspace In addition some file types MIDI for example can be imported directly into OM by dragging from the finder into a patch window Contextual menus Holding ctrl while clicking the mouse brings up a contextual menu The items on this menu depending on the where you clicked When you click on the background you may choose from among the following impor
14. a structure whose duration is a whole note 1 which is subdivided into 4 equal parts which would be 4 quarter notes in this case Similarly 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 is a structure with a duration of two whole notes containing two equal substructures each lasting a whole note These substructures in turn contain 4 equal values i e quarter notes So it can be interpreted as a voice containing 2 measures in 4 4 As mentioned the D element is measured in whole note units The first element of a Voice object for example will therefore be the duration of the sequence in whole notes Sublists on the first level of the tree represent measures When the quantity D is at the level of a measure it is still expressed in whole note units but by convention it is expressed in a more intuitive form closer to that of a time signature This may either be a fraction i e 4 4 7 8 5 2 or a list of two elements i e Ircam documentation 49 Chapter 7 Rhythm Trees 4 4 7 8 5 2 Note that fractions in LISP are always automatically reduced to their lowed common de nominator by the machine which turns a time signature of 4 4 into 1 1 To avoid this you can use a special double slash notation 4 4 7 8 5 2 Otherwise use lists At the very top level of the tree it can be difficult and tedious to calculate the duration element D ot the entire sequence On the highest level and on the highest level only D can be repl
15. available e 9 9 e MYPLUSxIxI MYPLUSxIxL MYPLUSxLxI MYPLUSxLxL Each method for the function is stored separately and indicated by a suffix attached to the name of the function Copy these files to the user directory of the Workspace you use in order to access the functions Creating new functions When you create a function you define a unique name and a first method for the function which also permanently sets the number not the type of inputs Afterwards new methods may be added as needed Follow these steps to create a new generic function Creating the function name and appearance In the patch window choose File New Generic Function The following dialog box ap pears Documentation Sum of two numbers or lists Icon Choose a name and write a description of the function for the on line help see the Chap ter on patches for more information Important Though OM will permit it you shouldn t spaces in you function names as it causes problems when trying to add the function to patches by the typing in method 54 Ircam documentation Chapter 8 Functions Now choose an icon by clicking the icon itself and selecting one from the window that appears choose icon window E TENTE Icons on the right are standard OM icons Icons on the left are user customizable icons You may customize the icons using a resource editor such as ResEdit an
16. can also read and produce ETF files completing the bridge between the two programs It is also worth noting that since the F in ETF already stands for file the term ETF file is redundant in the same way as the oft used expression ATM machine Factory A factory is a function that knows how to create instances of the class it is associated with Factories are created by moving class icons to the workspace and are represented by icons which you can evaluate creating the instance Fibonacci Series Discovered by mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci in the 12th century a fibonacci se ries also called a fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers It starts by definition with O and 1 giving 0 1 1 as the third term 1 1 2 as the fourth term 1 2 3 as the fifth term etc The first 10 terms of the sequence are thus 0 1 12 358 13 21 34 55 The fibonacci sequence has the special property that the ratio between two consecutive terms approaches the golden section with increasing precision as the sequence progresses The golden section is a proportion found in many naturally occuring patterns the chambers of the conch shell for example and this proportion has been used by many cultures both ancient and modern in their art and architecture 1 http evolutionoftruth com goldensection goldsect htm Ircam documentation 111 Glossary Function A function is a b
17. change the time scale at the bottom of the frame also adjusts the scale of the metric ruler However the time display is not updated when the metric ruler is dragged This is a graphic bug only dragging the time scale axis a bit will update it To fix this click the Recenter button on the tool bar To adjust the metric ruler double click it which brings up the metric ruler settings dialog Ircam documentation Chapter 10 Maquettes Tempo j Metric C Max Subdiv u amp loop measures 2 last measure Changes to the tempo value will be reflected in the relationship between the metric ruler top of frame and the absolute time bar bottom of frame when the dialog is closed The Metric option allows you to change the time signatures of the measures displayed in the ruler They are entered as a list of lists in the form A B as in a rhythm tree When the metric ruler is turned on the horizontal position of all objects is constrained to an invisible grid and changes in their position are snapped to this grid The Max Subdiv field lets you set the resolution of the grid It is measured in subdivisions of a 4 4 bar regardless of the time signatures of the metric ruler The default value is 16 i e sixteenth notes Setting this to 4 for example constrains all object positions and movement to quarter notes against the metric bar The loop measures last measure radio buttons control how the Metric field is interpret
18. click on either half of the small package icon A new column opens on the right displaying icons representing all the function definitions of present in the package m fi Play fin get midifile fin mf info get aiff rest get enve loppe chord ng merger group mp concat measure mp assemble voice mm stretch 2 poly gn mask d nidifile nu nand pitch w HJH H h sound Ja cmn Q1 nuthm l ine IP omquant i fy jl eherd seq m expert 5 nidi libraries user n Method definitions You may option click on a function icon in the package window in order to see a third column with the method definitions displayed represented as the the function icon itself combined with a series of other icons representing the data types processed by that method In order to add or edit methods you must double click the function definition icon bringing up a new window with the method definitions They can be opened and edited by double clicking them Adding new methods is also possible with the File New Method To clear a method select it in this window and choose Edit gt Clear Ircam documentation Chapter 5 Globals The globals along with packages is one of two special folders in the Workspace It cannot be deleted The globals folder stores variables i e class instances that you want to share among patches This is an advanced feature that is not covered in this manual
19. important in recursive functions Ircam documentation Glossary Maquette A maquette is a special OM object incorporating a temporal dimension A maquette has to axes the x axis representing elapsed time Any playable OM object or patch can be placed within a maquette Objects within a maquette always play based on their position along the x axis and also have access to data about their y axis position and their shape which you can then use to further influence their behavior See the chapter on Maquettes for more information Macintosh Common Lisp Macintosh Common Lisp or MCL is the standard for the LISP language on the Mac intosh Digitool MCL is a compiler for the LISP language translating the LISP code of the OpenMusic software and of any functions you create within OpenMusic into machine code so that your computer can execute it Method In a generic function a method is a set of instructions that tell the function how to behave based on the data type s passed to the function when it is called All functions have at least one method MIDI An acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface a standard of communication between digital music hardware agreed upon by all the major instrument manufacturers in the early 1970 s The MIDI standard contains 16 independant channels for commu nication instruments can be set to receive on individual channels or on all channels simultaneously There are 128 different types of m
20. in a patch which you simply can t open because it generates an error every time you try to open it Ircam documentation 33 Chapter 3 Patches 34 Therefore resolve the errors BEFORE leaving OM If you can t resolve the error disconnect or delete the objects producing the error If you don t you risk losing the contents of the patch Inputs and outputs The patch itself may have inputs and outputs allowing it to communicate with the outside world when used in other patchs These are added with the two buttons in the upper left corner of the patch window They are deleted by selecting them and hitting delete They can be renamed by clicking on the name portion of the icon Double clicking an input icon brings up a window where you can edit the default value given at that input Note that objects may be dragged directly into the default value field to set it Documentaion Index My Documentation Defval 259 When you use the patch in another patch this default value will be passed by that input whenever there is nothing connected to that particular input Additionally this value is used if you evaluate within the patch regardless of what is connected to it on the outside Additional inputs and outputs and changes to existing ones may not be readily visible on the patch icon from the outside In this case you can use the contextual menu selection update doc on the patch to update the icon See contextual menus
21. in a second Listener window which appears While MCL will continue to allow you to manipulate objects in OM while waiting for a restart this is not advisable Click in the Listener choose Abort from the Lisp menu The Listener should clear and the last thing written in the listener should be a question mark which indicates you can continue working with OpenMusic Ircam documentation 25 Chapter 1 Macintosh Common Lisp 26 SSS Listener nil OM gt nil OM gt 135 O0M O 100 Qrt Opentusic bpf xF9FSOE ON gt lt 0 100 eee E C T A O 8 S Ioui Ircam documentation Chapter 2 The Workspace The main interface to OpenMusic is the Workspace window The Workspace is a icon oriented browser which behaves in much the same way as the Macintosh Finder Icons represent OpenMusic objects or folders where objects or subfolders may be stored Objects the Workspace are persistent This means they hang around until you delete them which is done with the Clear command OM performs a general save of the Workspace and all objects in it at the end of each session Nonetheless you may force a save of any part of the Workspace by using the Save command If you are in a patch only that patch is saved If you are in the Workspace you may either select an object and save it or click in the background so that no object is selected and then save which sa
22. in the folder midi tutorial in OMWorkspace Selection tools For easier access to Midi objects and functions some menu functions allow to choose parameters with their standard names internally converted into corresponding integer values rm E eh Qm progream on drumnote controal change mz event G G L G gm program select a MIDI program General MIDI specifications gm drumnote selects the note corresponding to a drum element General MIDI control change select a control change number ms event Select a MidiShare Event type number Examples e G fa p qm nrognam F contra l i qm deumna te ss E M a CUT OLIT pamout ctr lchq e A GEOUOU aja g 2 3 1 Select the instrument timber to set to a MIDI channel 2 Select the controller number for a Control Change message 3 Select the pitch of a Note supposed to play a drum element channel 10 is usually reserved for drums Ircam documentation 79 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic We will see further on the practical parametric capabilities of these tools regarding objects and functions settings The Settings Controller The Settings Ctrl class is a visual MIDI controller for MIDI settings Input slots determine MIDI Outport Number of tracks in the console table SETTINGS CTEL Channel L Channel E Channel 4 Channel i Channel E Channel Li Acme Fear Hj Ej Masa m J er liniris mj 15 gt B
23. its slots Evaluating self yields a class instance The other inputs and outputs correspond to the slots of the class as defined in the class definition Here a Chord icon has been dragged to the patch window creating a Chord factory C6000 LUN The pop up bubble is for the second input Imidic When you evaluate the class the inputs of the class are evaluated and a new instance of the class is created If connections to the inputs are present this data is used in the instance provided it is of the right type If not the default value for that input is used The default value of a slot is shown when you put the mouse pointer over its input on the factory icon You may change the value of this default input by clicking the input and entering a new value This default will then be used only at this factory for all future instances Connecting a value to this input overrides the default value Most classes have a se1 f output and input which allow you to pass or set all of their values as a group by making a single connection this is easier than connecting all of the inputs of the object to their corresponding outputs on another object If you have things connected to both se1f and the other slots of a factory self is preferred The instance will be created using the slot values of the object coming through self and the other connections will be ignored Discconnect se1 f if you need to use the other inputs If you are trying to chan
24. ls MIDI Continuous Controllers The MidiControl box Ircam documentation 93 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic GCeecetceag MidiControl is a special case of Midi Sequence representing a single MIDI continuous controller evolution Such controller can be pitchbend or any kind of Control Change It contains a single event type a single channel port and track and a list of dates and values In this way it s like a kind of BPF object set to control a MIDI parameter In reality chan nels ports and tracks can be lists of numbers In this case the same continuous controller dates values applies to all the channels ports tracks of the lists Dates values BPF can be edited with the BPF MidiControl editor MIDICON TROLI MidiControl editor Like all other MIDI objects it can be converted and filtered in a list of MidiEvent get midievents method and in EventMidi seq The MidiControl can be played by pressing P key when the box is selected It can also be put in a maquette There it can be streched to fit the desired duration The following example shows a Channel volume controller in a maquette 94 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic SONN c mymadquette More examples of MidiControl application in a continuous controller tutrorial Continuous controllers values A List of controllers is available as an input menu for the first input controller type of the MidiContro
25. manual if you don t find what you want There is also an information window describing the type of object that can be brought up by selecing the object and typing command i Finally there is also a list of keyboard commands available in the patch window by hitting h Note that these commands are case sensitive M and m are different commands Check that capslock is off if you re having problems 32 Ircam documentation Chapter 3 Patches delete slected boxes or connections Shortcuts make an abstraction from a patch box add a keyword input showlhide button in boxes remove a Keyword input S change color in selected connections h show documentation E edit Lisp source definition t open this help window click selectlunselect open editor box c reinitialise selected boxes or connections selection exclusive u showlhide mini visualization i contextual menu T open Spiona t play selected boxes 8 amp show help balls S stop Gwa selocied boxos click drag multiple selection ORANE o 3 amp 8 in maquette make empty temporal object show hide Mini visualization for all boxes in patch get new box by name type move boxes by 1 pix shiftkey by 10 pix a generic fonction name i i aclass name alias input patch to make an internal patch remove optional input comment to create patch s comments Patches in the Workspace Patches in the Workspace are represented by a patch icon
26. message with pitch and Press key pressure 0 pressure 127 100 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Event Event Event fields with value et Description Number Name ranges control number 0 4 CtrlChange 127 Control Change message with controller and value control value 0 127 Program Change message ProgChange with a program number used P program numberitcter to set the instrument for a MIDI channel 6 ChanPress channel pressure 0 127 A Channel pressure message with pressure value ES inu or DNS Pitch Bender message with a pitch swing 0 127 7 PitchWheel 14 bits resolution In OM also PitchBend MS 7 Bits of 14 bits m pop arenes pitch swing 0 127 g LS 7 Bits of 14 bits location 0 127 A Song Position Pointer 8 SongPos message with a 14 bit location MS 7 Bits of 14 bits unit 6 Midi Clocks location 0 127 ith 9 SongSel song number 0 127 Sarig Select message with song number 10 Clock Real Time Clock message 11 Start Real Time Start message 12 Continue Real Time Continue message 13 Stop Real Time Stop message 14 Tune Tune message 15 ActiveSens A Real Time ActiveSens message 16 Reset Real Time Reset message Ircam documentation 101 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 102 Ircam documentation Chapter 12 Preferences The Preferences pane is brought up by
27. of A package is a set of objects Double clicking the packages folder displays the available packages You ll create your own packages later Leave this alone for now The Globals Folder The globals folder stores variables i e class instances that you want to share among patches Don t worry about this for now either Maquettes Maquettes are a type of object which allows other objects to be connected in temporal relationships They re not covered in the Quick Tour See the Tutorials section instead Ircam documentation 11 Chapter 2 Quick Tour Patches The patch is the basic unit of programming in OM Generally speaking a patch can consist of three types of object linked up to create a flowchart representing a task They are the basic building blocks of object oriented programming and they are represented by icons on the screen These objects may also be called boxes or modules the terms are synonymous The first two types of object are functions and factories Functions are as their name suggests boxes which perform some kind of calculation on their input and output the result Factories are boxes which produce a certain type of object representing some kind of data Here are two empty factory icons and a few function icons i hel C interpolation nth random random loop Each factory icon knows how to produce only one type of data structure The blueprint for this data structure is called a class The factor
28. of classes a given factory can accept at self from by using the online help in the patch window accessed by selecting the object and hitting d Note Though passing a Note to a Chord is sort of like an example of inheritance this is not really the case Note does inherit but from a class called simple score element see below When you pass se1f between factory objects the factory is actually calling an internal method which translates the object Chord has methods for dealing with Chord obviously but also for dealing with Note and a list of Notes at its se7 f input Variables The output of a factory icon at the se1 output or any other output producing a collection of values i e list or other OM musical class can be captured by shift option clicking it This creates an instance that is separate from the factory chord 1 This can be thought of as a fixed variable representing a particular instance of the class The single output of this instance is equivalent to the se7 output of the class Variables are useful for preserving interesting musical results of evaluations Be sure to lock the factory before creating the variable if you have random elements as this does cause evaluation You may edit the variable as you do the factory icon by double clicking too open the graphic editor associated with that class Not all classes have graphic editors associated with them however There is a second kind of generalized editor which
29. of the most important features regarding MIDI events Note events We call Note Events Midishare events of type KeyOn KeyOff and Note the type Note event is internally converted into a KeyOn event followed by a keyOff event after a corresponding delay according to the Note duration In fact while converting MIDI files or sequences in OpenMusic it is these kind of events that are dealt with For voice and poly we also consider tempo and time signature MIDI events In multi seq or poly conversion track number of the event determine the voice in which the notes will be displayed Control Change events The Control Change events type CtrlChange set values for the instrument channel con trols The first field of a Control Change event is a control number which specify which controller we want to set A list of standard controllers numbers is provided see Selection Tools The second field of the event is the controller s value setting 0 127 There can be continuous controllers on off switch controllers data controllers or unde fined controllers Not all controllers are implemented by transmitting devices On off switch controllers are considered as Off for value 64 and On for value 64 Some Continuous controllers number 0 to 31 accept fine settings with 7 bits of additionnal definition called LSB value in an extra controller number 32 to 63 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Program Chan
30. other objects you have the option to evaluate the patch to show or hide the object state button see below to copy the item equvalent to option dragging it to get info on the object equivalent to selecting it and hitting command i and import or export an object from the Finder also possible with drag amp drop see the chapter on the Workspace for more information Object states 38 Objects both factories and classes in OM have five modes or states which affect the results of evaluation In its normal state a box returns the results of whatever operation it performs for functions or slot you evaluate for classes In addition there are four special states They are activated by selecting an object and hitting b or by choosing s h boxes from the contextual menu When you do this a small box appears in the upper left corner of the icon representing its special state You can cycle through the four states by clicking the small box or return the object to its normal state by hitting b again The four states are Ircam documentation Chapter 3 Patches zamplefun Locked The object is locked and will not recalculate its outout In the case of functions it will return the last value calculated when evaluated In the case of factories it will return the last instance produced through evaluation or editing of the con tents in the graphic editor This state is primarily used to preserve the contents of edited musical
31. patch 1 Within the Workspace this icon represents the master copy of the patch it may be moved around the Workspace but there can be only one patch icon for a particular patch If you make a copy of the patch it represents a distinct patch with no connection to its parent When you drag a patch into a patch window you create a reference to this master code You may therefore have as many references to the patch as you wish in the form of patch icons within the patch window Double clicking any of these brings up the patch editor window When you change the patch in this window you make changes to the master copy of the patch and those changes are thus reflected in every reference i e patch icon in all of the other patch windows where it appears If therefore you wish to make changes on the patch which will be local only you have two options create a copy of the patch in the Workspace and use that patch instead or create an abtsraction of the patch see below Patch structure Patches may contain any number of other OM objects including other patches Don t leave errors unfixed Occasionally you will encounter errors while programming your patches It is very important to fix the part of the patch that generated the error before quitting out of OM This is important because when you open a patch OM reconstructs it from the save file Reconstructing the patch can generate the same errors as evaluating the patch and this can result
32. section of this Manual has been revised and completed and now includes both classes and their graphic editors There is also an index to the en tire Manual including the Tutorials which have been reorganized and revised We will be producing an html version of this document The Function Reference will be searchable by keyword and the entire Manual will be cross referenced with numerous hyperlinks In writing this manual we have erred on the side of caution imagining our least experienced reader to be a composer with lots of motivation and curiosity but almost no computer expertise Much of this manual will therefore seem superfluous to our more experienced users please forgive us Get your bearings by reading the next section which will guide you to the material most appropriate to your skill level This documentation is a collective work with numerous contributions by Mikhail Malt Karim Haddad Jacopo Baboni Matthew Lima has reorganized all the materials for this new edition written several new parts and fleshed out others and last but not least transformed the text from its original Franglish incarnation to normal English Questions and comments about the software and the documentation should be addressed tO lt openmusic ircam fr gt Of lt forum support ircam fr gt if you are a member of the Ircam User Forum Have fun Ircam documentation Chapter 1 How To Use This Manual Organization of the Manual This manual i
33. selecting File Preferences from anywhere within OM When you change settings be sure to click OK or else they will not become valid If you want to keep the Preferences set for the next session click Save There are four subpanels Genreal Midishare Notation and Csound represented by icons along the left border of the Pane Their options are described below The General Preferences FS MUT Special file writer and Message Error handle buttons These are settings for MCLs interaction with OM You should not have reason to adjust them Comment Style button Brings up a dialog box where you set the default font size and style for any commment objects you add to your patches These settings can be changed individually for each com ment via the contextual menu Comment Color button Brings up a dialog box the Apple color picker where you set the default color for any commment objects you add to your patches These settings can be changed individually for each comment via the contextual menu User Name field Your name here Screamer Valuation buttons Controls the manner in which values are assigned to the screamer variables of the back track module The Midishare Preferences Ircam documentation 103 Chapter 12 Preferences Here you can set the default input and output Midishare port for newly created objects only These settings will not replace those already set for existing objects They can be overrid
34. separately by the corresponding outputs at the bottom of the function The seif output returns the entire Note object which contains all of these values You can verify this by holding the mouse over each input which will display the default settings for the Note then option clicking the corresponding outputs which will return these quantities Ircam documentation 19 Chapter 2 Quick Tour Editing music objects Midicents or midics are OM s way of representing pitch 6000 is middle C and each semitone is equivalent to 100 midicents See the glossary Notice that the default value for the midic input is 6000 Double click the Note icon An editor pops up NOTE mwdmiai fee a Bees InPort cF QutPort B Our note is displayed here along with a palette of tools All music objects have graphic editors like this in which you can edit the object with the mouse For now close the editor Now click on the Note icon and hit m This turns on a mini view of the contents of the Note Using option and the cursor 1 keys allows you to move the view so you can see whats in there DGG Giving input to factories This miniview exists for all notation objects too Hit p to hear the Note provided you ve set up Midishare Now we want to change the pitch of the Note We will do this by connecting the output of om 26700 to the mi di c input of the Note When we evaluate the Note factory 20 Ircam documentation Cha
35. standard communication protocol that enables MIDI instruments and sequencers or computers to communicate It can be considered as a set of musical commands messages which electronic instruments send to control each other In OpenMusic the musical objects are played or recorded with MIDI using the MidiShare library In a basic configuration MIDI messages sent by OpenMusic via MidiShare are recieved and played by the default computer built in MIDI device QuickTime However other MIDI instrument like synthesisers expanders samplers can be connected to the application see Midishare documentation in ports setup section The OpenMusic MIDI toolkit will allow you to control directly the communication between OpenMusic and MIDI instruments with a set of tools for analysis filtering conversions and control of MIDI data All MIDI objects and functions are to be found in the Music Midi menu Basic concepts MIDI messages All MIDI communication is based on messages called events When a sequence of notes is played it s first internally converted into a sequence of MIDI events These MIDI events are then sent to the MIDI instrument to be interpreted So it s important to understand what a MIDI Event message is made of The MidiShare library provides a high level set of attributes used to define MIDI events These attributes are the values we will deal with while working with MIDI a Date Is the date when the MIDI event is sup
36. way the set of whole numbers is passed through a sieve which leaves only primes An interesting web page can be found at http www math utah edu alfeld Eratosthenes html slot In a class a slot is a space for holding data A slot always contains a value of a par ticular data type A class can be defined as a group of slots and methods for processing data in those slots In OM slots are represented by the inputs and outputs of the factory icon Tree In the LISP language lists can contain any number or type of element this includes other lists When a list occurs inside another list it is said to be nested A nested list is also called a tree because each sublist can be visualized as a branching out of the parent list In this documentation the term tree denotes a list which may or may not be nested In contrast the term list is used to refer to a list which is flat i e none of its elements are lists Variable A variable is a symbol which represents a quantity as you ll rememeber from algebra Computer languages use variables to perform calculations Some variables have values which are permanent by general agreement for example the greek letter m represents pi the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius Most variables however have a value which is assigned to them at the moment they are declared The graphic environ ment of OpenMusic spares you the trouble of having to deal with variables most of the time
37. 000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 IP BP BE BF Boo BOF BVO Moving the mouse cursor over the green lit port will reveal its number on the bottom of the panel below the grid eo Drivers Manager Input Slots gt gt Ports gt p Output Slots Modem ajenas eel Modem Printer CRIDOOOOOOOOOOOOOG Printer oooooooooo0o0o000o0no 0000000000000000 oo0o00000000000000 oo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 oo000000000000000 oo0o00000000000000 oo00000000000000 oo0o00000000000000 0000000000000000 o0o00000000000000 oo00000000000000 0000000000000000 opo00000000000000 EZS ee eS port 0 BP d That s it Close the panel and return to the Preferences If you use a setup where more than one port is used remember that OM musical objects have their own Input Output port designations which override the default assignment and which you will have to set if you don t want the data to go out over the default port Ircam documentation Chapter 1 Installing OM e8e886 CHORD niai E fel Ea chor Starting OM In both system 9 and 10 OpenMusic resides in a folder called om 4 x somewhere on your hard drive depending on where you put it at installation time In that folder are a collection of other folders with names like BuildiImage chroma code etc rhdge E A Gm E A A Back Forward Path View Computer Documents Home Applications Find Search
38. E oo x G amp L d M E rE E L2 nd s ETa EE inf umo wy wm m o ow wm DAT OUT OUT Ga CRIT OUT Gir widi o pitchbernd pi Echehaal ckrlcha volume pamit ofbes touch polum does pires midi G t E EL 3 midi o General output function Sends input to the serial modem port pitchbend pitchwheel Send Pitchbena events Change tuning of MIDI instrument Pitchweel use 14 bits precision 8192 to 8191 Pitchbend use 7 bits precision 64 to 63 Used to set micro tones see OpenMusic tutorial Playing MIDI ctrlchg Sends control change events Parameters of a Control Change event are a controller number and a value 0 127 For example 10 64 stands for set controller 10 pan to 64 middle volume Sends volume event with a volume value Note volume is a particular Control Change event controller number 7 pgmout Sends Program Change events with a program number 0 127 Used to set instrumental timbre to be applyed to different MIDI channels see OpenMusic tutorial Playing MIDI aftertouch sends a channel pressure event with pressure value polykeypres sends a key pressure event with pressure and pitch values sysex Sends a system exclusive message midi reset Resets default MIDI settings Note Selection Tools section 4 can make the use of these functions easier 78 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic see the patch 01 midievents MIDI included
39. File New New Patch Example Functions music score OMQUANTIFY Names of functions are never capitalized and are always printed like this Names of classes are always capitalized and printed like this Data types are not normally capitalized except when a class is a data type and are printed like this Examples first Poly t Note 1ist integer All set Then let s go Ircam documentation l Getting Started Chapter 1 Installing OM The distribution CD ROM OpenMusic is distributed bi annually on CD ROM by the IRCAM By the time you read this OpenMusic will exist in incarnations for Mac OS 9 Mac OS X and Linux How you install depends on which configuration you are running the software on and will probably evolve quickly over time For this reason we ve not included installation instructions in this manual For the latest information please visit the OpenMusic website at http www ircam fr equipes repmus OpenMusic The system requirements if you are using a Macintosh are as follows Power Macintosh G3 G4 or G5 System software 9 x or 10 x In System 9 15 MB of RAM assigned to OpenMusic itself RAM is allocated automatically in system X 64MB of installed RAM is recommended as the minimum for your machine A CD ROM drive You will need to use Midishare see below if you want to connect OpenMusic to external MIDI instruments Installing Midishare amp Important As of this printing the
40. Ircam documentation 45 Chapter 5 Globals 46 Ircam documentation Chapter 6 Data Types Data type is an important concept in OM OM function and class inputs will only accept certain data types For example attempting to give a Note object a list of midics at the midic input will generate an error This is because the midic input is typed to accept only numbers and list is not a type of number Some inputs can accept more than one data type in which they case they select one of a set of internal tools called methods to deal with that particular data type The idea of data type is related to and overlaps somewhat with the concept of Classes A class defines a data structure which is itself an organization of data types used as a model for producing objects The class Note for example contains information about the note s pitch volume and midi channel The ensemble of these elements is the class definition When a class is used as input for a function or another class the class is a data type Indeed some OM functions will only accept one kind of OM music object class as their data type For more on data types see the glossary entry and the table in the Introduction to the Function Reference Ircam documentation 47 Chapter 6 Data Types 48 Ircam documentation Chapter 7 Rhythm Trees Rhythm trees are a special type of nested list used to represent rhythmic structures pri marily for use in t
41. Slots slats SeeGces amp pchange c init instance Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories 68 Ircam documentation Chapter 10 Maquettes Note For those curious maquette is a French word which translates as model or sketch The Maquette is a special container object which incorporates a time element A Maque tte can contain any musical object but can also contain a special object called Temporal box These boxes can contain other patches and even other Maquettes Maquette Any OM playable musical object may be put in a Maquette as may MIDI files AIFF files other Maquettes When these objects are dropped into a Maquette they are represented by boxes in the frame Double clicking the box opens a graphic editor for the object asso ciated with it You may also drop whole patches into a Maquette in which case they are automatically enclosed in a special object called a TEMPORALBOX described below Ob jects in the Maquette are placed in time along the x axis and are played in that order In addition if the object is a patch within a Temporalbox it has access to information about its placement and shape within the frame of the Maquette and these quantities can thus be used to change the way the patch behaves This information comes into the Temporalbox through the outputs of the special se1f object In addition you can create your own inputs and ou
42. a set of radically new features that make it a second generation compositional tool OpenMusic or OM is written in and runs on top of Digitool Macintosh Common Lisp It provides a visual programming interface for Lisp programming as well as to CLOS Common Lisp Object System The Listener Window OM runs on top of the Digitool MCL OM Communicates with the user via Digitool MCL and Digitool MCL communicates with the user via the Listener Results from the evaluation of OM patches are printed here listener Welcome to Macintosh Common Lisp Version 4 1 When the Listener is the active window you are effectively in Digitool MCL as evidenced by the change in menus at the top of the screen Errors encountered while running a patch are printed in the Listener For example Listener Error Stack overflow on temp stack To globally increase stack space increase minimum stack over f ow size While executing lt standard method OpenMusic omng box value 0 penMusic omboxcal gt gt gt Type Command to continue Command to abort gt f continued Continue with a larger stack See the Restarts menu item for further choices UNES CE S When errors of this kind are encountered patch execution stops and the Listener i e MCL waits for the user to choose a restart from the Lis Restarts menu Sometimes an error will even occur
43. aced by a question mark In this case OM will automatically figure out the actual value of D Our previous example could thus have been written as 1 1111 1 11 1 1 Some Examples 50 Chae Tb yj considered as a single group The choice of the quarter note here to represent the first 1 is arbitrary this list could have taken place at any level of the tree js 60 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 11 1 1 1 considered as a voice Note the question mark telling OM to figure out the actual voice du ration Notive also that there are some negative numbers and some numbers with a decimal point The negative numbers are rendered as rests and the floats numbers with decimals are rendered as tied to the previous note Note also how the quintuplet is notated The list 1 2 1 1 represents five elements evenly dividing a quarter note Because the sum of the digits is 5 not counting minus signs The second and third values are combined in a single event signified by the use of the sum of 1 and 1 2 The two is negative meaning that it is a rest Ircam documentation Chapter 7 Rhythm Trees Here we put a triplet inside a quintuplet 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 111 1 1 1 1 And another example using nested irrational pulses Note how we notate the time signa tures as their own little lists 4 4 4 1 11111 1 2 11 1 1 1 111 1 1 111111 1 1 1 Irca
44. aces folder represent your Workspaces they are man aged by OM and the contents should not be modified directly The one exception is in the event of a total OM apocalypse where your Workspace becomes unusable in which case you can re constitute a completely virgin Workspace by deleting the entire contents of the Workspaces folder and restarting OM recommend doing two things in this folder Firstly make a copy of the folder ow Workspace and call it Empty or Blank or something just keep this copy around in case you want access to a pristine Workspace without reinstalling from the CD ROM Secondly make a back up copy of whatever Workspace you use Command d makes a duplicate of a folder and adds copy to the end of the filename At the end of each session throw out your old copy and create a new one This way if anything goes wrong during your session you can throw out your Workspace and make a new one from the back up This is important because unfortunately there is no Undo function in OpenMusic Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour Note Many terms used here are defined in the glossary to save space What is OpenMusic OpenMusic or OM is a visual programming environment for the LISP programming lan guage fine tuned for but by no means restricted to the processing of musical objects It is the descendant of the venerable Patchwork software Patchwork was also a musical pro gramming language but had no graphic
45. am i m E MidiFiles can be coneverted into musical sequences or superpositions chord seq multi seq which is another way to extract note informations from MidiFiles Lyrics Some MIDI files contain events of type Lyrics in which we can read eventual lyrics of the file song The get m 1yrics extracts all these lyrics into a single string Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic New ALL rights reserved Hot for broad transmission of ang kind F DO HOT DUPLICRTE HOT FOR RENTAL Ooh yeah Hell all right He re jammin wanna jam it with you get mf luricsz We re jammin jammin and hope you like jammin too Ain t na rules ain t no vou we can do it anyhow and will see you through Cause every day we pay the price we re the Living sacrifice G Gc amp jammin till the jam is through We re jammin to think that jammin was a thing c g E MIDI Events The MidiEvent box The MidiEvent box represents a single MIDI event in OpenMusic Si ee As explained in section 2 MidiEvent class slots are type date track port channel and fields In popup menus and selection tools see Selection Tools can help to set MidiEvent inputs slots A MidiEvent can be played sent to MIDI outport by pressing P key while its box is selected Ircam documentation 85 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic A MidiEvent can also be used like
46. any other MIDI or musical object in a maquette Note If a date is assigned to a MidiEvent it will be sent in milliseconds at a corresponding time after play is selected Example G G Qm program gm program m i B puoi peunews L LISP List Figo B 3088 co T Example E Change program af a channel L 34 while playing a maquette mumaduet te A chord seq put in a maquette with two MidiEvents for changing MIDI program Processing MidiEvents Mostly all types of MIDI or musical objects chord seq voice note eventmidi seq midifile settings ctrl can be converted into a list of MidiEvents using the method get midievents It s a very useful function since it allows all kinds of conversions and MIDI processing of objects amp zx get mi Seven tz 86 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic This function has an optional input in which can be connected a lambda test function for MidiEvents Using this test MidiEvents extracted from an object can be filtered Here are some functions that can be used to filter MidiEvents 6605 5 6 G 6 e 5 5 6 6 6 b 6 mu m ie amp 9 uw ied i i ber n test date test channee test track test tupa test port midiavant filtar t L test date tests if MidiEvents occur between a min date and a max date test type tests the MidiEvent type e test track tests the MidiEvent track test port tests the MidiEvent por
47. arketing and Communication Dept IRCAM 1 place Igor Stravinsky F 75004 Paris FRANCE Phone 33 1 44 78 16 05 Email haddad ircam fr For more information http www forumnet ircam fr Table of Contents icol Beet i 1 How To Use This Manual ciiieecec reiecit ioi e enun zer aiara 1 Organization of the Manual ssssssssssssssseeeeenenee enne enne nnne nennen nennen rens 1 What Is assumed cenean cu a EA N ANA 1 Notation Conventions c ccceccceceeeeceeneeseeeeeeeeaeeneaeeecaeeeeaaaeseeeesaeeeseaaeseeeeeesaeeseeeeeeaees 1 Getting Started nonet iens Dead ec eua cue ec crate ce sad e SUC u a pe ci E IUe 1 1s Installing OM iie oe eite rg i PE p e Debo de I e eic qute iere 3 The distribution CD ROM sss nennen nennt nnne nnns 3 Installing MidishareQ ssesssssssseseeseeeneneeen nennen nennen nennen 3 Starting OM eL 7 2 QUICK TOUF 2 3 5 diii Ait eee iene aly nn ee 9 Whatis OpenMUusie 2 Ebeotre tite iret eb a iere pied Phases de 9 Object oriented programming with OM seeeeeeeennn 9 The Workspace eate ni ede eee ete ae he tende 9 The Listener Window esessssesseeeeeeee entere enn nnne nnne nnne 9 The Workspace Window 0 ceccccceceecccceeeeeeceeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeseeeaeeeeeeeeaeenenees 10 Fold6 s stes aia ep AG Sen 11 The Packages Folder
48. asic conceptual unit in OpenMusic Functions are objects they are represented by graphic icons on your screen Along with classes they make up the basic building blocks of OM Generally functions perform tasks and classes are the materials on which these tasks are performed This distinction is somewhat artificial From a programming standpoint at the most fundamental level functions and classes are the same thing objects Therefore functions can sometimes behave like classes and vice versa Functions in OpenMusic can be user defined Writing your own functions is covered in the Users Manual Whether they are standard or user defined OM functions are generic Function Call When you place an icon for a function in OM you are graphically making what is known as a function call To add two numbers for example you would use the function om You can think of the code for the function as the master copy of a book at the printing house When you call the function OM looks for the master copy of the code for the function within the body of OM code A copy of this code is then made like a copy of the book being printed for you to read The function call is a like a bookmark a reference to the code of the function as if the entire code of the function were inserted The om function needs to know which numbers to add These two numbers are passed to the function as arguments In most cases a function call will include arguments to pass along
49. ated alias to the user package class hierarchy window Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories Connect Note to Pnote alo Dori Adding slots to classes Now we add a slot PChange to the class Pnote We ll use this slot to store the value of the program change Double click on the icon of the class Pnote A class slots editor window appears Slots Show as 0 v4 pehange x Choose File New Slot Locate the icon of the class integer from the package kernel lisp Ircam documentation 63 Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories a kernel MT E lisp amp t c integer Q float IR number A rational list tr string Drag the icon of the class integer from the package kernel lisp to the icon defining the class of the slot in the class slots editor window Enter a default value for the slot Check the Show check box When checked the slot will be visible as an input to the Pnote factory Otherwise the slot is hidden The class has been created Check the user package packages Ej music E libraries E user Drag it to a patch window in order to get a Pnote factory 64 Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories amp pechange PCH ANGE Notice that all the slots from Note are present in addition to our new slot pchange with its default value Note also that Pnote has inherited a graphic edit
50. ay Selection button Loop Playback button Select tool Zoom tool Display Grid toggle Hand tool Recenter View button Plays the Maquette Evaluate first with the Eval button Stops playback Pauses playback Currently disabled Plays back only the boxes currently selected or the time span selected using the z command followed by dragging in the frame Causes the play sequence to repeat indefinitely when selected The default tool used for selecting boxes by clicking or dragging rectangles to enclose them and for dragging around the boxes themselves Adjusts the axes so that a rectangle dragged with this tool is enlarged to fill the frame Turns display of gridlines on and off grid Allows you to adjust the view by dragging in the frame Recenters the view and adjusts the axes so that all boxes fit in the frame Also resets the scale of the metric ruler see below 71 Chapter 10 Maquettes 72 Print button Currently disabled Color Picker button choose a color for the selected box If no box is selected sets the color of the background Evaluates all the boxes in the Maquette preparing them for playback You must click this after making changes and before playing in order for the changes to be heard Eval button ia Brings up the Mac color picker so you can Contextual menus Holding ctrl while clicking on Maquette boxes or the background of the frame brings up a contextual men
51. can view the internal structure of the class by expanding it in this view As with the Chord above each class is composed of a number of pieces of data Each place where data is stored is called a slot Slots Slots are the internal components of classes The Chord above has been expanded to reveal its slots Imidic lvel loffset 1dur 1 chan Each slot holds a piece of data of the data type indicated by the icon to the left of the name Notice that these data type icons are simply the icons from the classes of the kernel lisp package Factories and Instances When you place a class icon in a patch window either by dragging it from the Workspace or entering its name directly you create what is called a factory box The class is a definition Ircam documentation 59 Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories of a data structure not a data structure itself When you evaluate a factory you create a data structure following the class definition This data structure is called an instance of the class A factory produces instances of the class it is associated with when you evaluate it A mini visualization mode allows you to see into the factory icon from the patch window It is activated by selecting the factory icon and hitting m Ins and Outs A factory box in the patch window has an equal number of inputs and outputs The first leftmost input and output are always called se1f se1f represents the entire object with all of
52. coding your patch cables inproves visibility and can help you understand what s happening in a complicated patch you haven t looked at in a long time When you move the mouse pointer over an input which is not connected to anything the default value for that input pops up This value is encoded with the function or class but may be changed for the present icon only by clicking the input and entering a new value in the field that appears In addition shift clicking an input puts the default value in a newly created data box and creates a connection to that input automatically a real time saver Evaluating patches To get the results of a patch you must evaluate it This is done either by option clicking the output of the function or class you d like to evaluate or by selecting an object and hitting Ircam documentation Chapter 3 Patches v in which case it is automtatically the leftmost output that is evaluated The results are returned in the Listener and any graphic views in the patch window are updated Evaluating a patch is usually done at the last item in the chain but you may see intermediate results by evaluating any link in the chain Variables Certain kinds of outputs can be used to create variables A variable is like a snapshot of the output it was taken from This variable will always return the value it was created with when evaluated It s a useful way to save in
53. ct or delete the objects producing the error If you don t you risk losing the contents of the patch Factory icons Classes and factories In our example we ve added two numbers together using om we will convert this number into a pitch with the aid of a factory box As mentioned earlier a class is a model of a data structure A factory produces a rubber stamp of a class We will add a factory icon for a single note and pass the 6700 to it as measure of its pitch Adding a factory From the Classes menu select Classes Music gt Score Note Again the cursor changes Place the Note somewhere below the om icon As with functions you could have typed the name note directly in by option clicking or dragged a Note factory icon from the packages folder At any rate you ve just placed a note factory a Gecedc You ll notice that the factory icon has as many outputs as inputs This is always the case Command click each of the Note inputs in turn starting from the left The first self is common to all factory objects sei f represents the object in its entirety The other inputs have different names and depend on the factory in question For the Note object they are midic vel dur and chan and each of these inputs take some piece of data about the Note its pitch midic volume velocity duration in milliseconds and MIDI channel Other factories have many more inputs and outputs These quantities are all returned
54. d adding these icons to the file wSPL rsrc file in the current workspace folder O Cj Tutorialwrks El EJ 5 items 133 7 MB available p Q elements E user package lisp p Cg user 3 WSPL rsrc b Cj globals Css a preferences lisp Be careful editing these resources Always work with a copy Defining the first method After you click OK you wind up in a method definition window This looks and acts a lot like a normal patch window We can add inputs and outputs and combine other functions and patches in any way we like The difference is that we must type our inputs When you add inputs to a patch they are a universal type in fact they are the LISP type t which can apply to any data type Ircam documentation 55 Chapter 8 Functions 1 input A method for type t will always be called if a more appropriate one cannot be found You could leave it like this but that would defeat the purpose of creating methods for different data types In order to type our inputs we drag an icon representing the data type we want to handle onto the input These are all found in the Packages folder We find all our functions and classes in this folder In fact any class is a data type when used as a function input Here are shown the LISP package classes but classes from any package can be used to type inputs Rememeber that though you will be able to add methods at any later point in time the number of inputs and
55. den by settings made within individuals objects after creation The Midishare SetUp button takes you to the msdrivers control application Configuring and installing Midishare is covered in the Getting Started section The Notation Preferences This panel controls the default appearance and behavior of musical objects in OM Enharmonic spellings The Approx radio buttons control the default display mode for rounding of midic values in the graphic editors for music objects You may choose to display objects in semitones quartertones or eighthtones by selecting the appropraite button Double clicking any of the Approx buttons brings up an editor window where you can select the way enharmonic equivalents are displayed for that display mode By default OM displays all chromatic pitches as raised notes You can choose an alternate spelling for each note by selecting the note and hitting o which brings upa list of alteration symbols to attach to the note Default 1 2 alterations Scale editor w e4 faa Changing the alteration changes the symbol displayed in front of that note you must still change the scale tone by selecting the note and using the arrow keys For example to change all Atts to Bbs you would select Aj in the scale editor hit o and click the b icon click 104 Ircam documentation Chapter 12 Preferences OK which results in the
56. e between 0 and 127 The Dynamic editor lets you set which dynamic symbols correspond to what range of velocity values OM automatically adjusts the other ranges so that there is no overlap Ircam documentation 105 Chapter 12 Preferences The Csound Preferences IC These preferences apply to the omChroma package They are discussed in the library documentation 106 Ircam documentation Chapter 13 Libraries A library is a specialized set of class and method definitions written directly in L SP as opposed to a class or method that you create with OM s graphic interface Libraries add extra functionality to OM Many libraries are included with OM on the CD ROM and should have been automatically installed simultaneously with it They are stored in the UserLibrary folderm within the OM folder itself You can browse the available libraries in the packages window in the special libraries subpackage the yellow suitcases In order to use the library you must first load it by double clicking the lower half of the suitcase icon after which the suitcase opens and you can view the contents The functions and classes of the suitcases will also become available in the Functions and Classes menu bar when in the patch window Ircam documentation 107 Chapter 13 Libraries 108 Ircam documentation OM 4 6 Glossary of Terms A Atom A discrete unit of data in a list Although lists may be nested an atom is n
57. ed When set to loop the entire sequence is repeated ad infinitum When set to last measure only the last measure in the list is repeated Markers Markers are used to align objects in maquette precisely You add a marker by option clicking in the x axis at the bottom of the maquette frame A little flag appears representing the marker You can link boxes within the frame to this marker by holding shift and dragging a connection from the marker to a box If you drag the connection to the front left end of the box the start time of the box is snapped to the marker that is the o set of the box is changed to match the marker s position If you drag to the back right end of the box the end of the box is snapped to the marker s position that is the stretch fact is set such that the box ends at the marker s position A line indicates the connection You may connect as many boxes as you want to a marker after which moving the marker moves all of them simultaneously To delete a connection or a marker click the line representing it to select it and hit delete You may need to move the marker a little bit in order to select it before deletion When the marker is selected you may hit Command i to view its attributes Ircam documentation 73 Chapter 10 Maquettes The Temporalbox object When a patch is dropped into a Maquette it is enclosed in a Temporalbox which has two unique elements the self box and the tempout output The
58. es of all the objects and classes in OM If it finds match that object replaces the field Typing gets you These data fields can be edited at any time by double clicking them Remember to confirm your changes by hitting enter not return Ircam documentation 35 Chapter 3 Patches 36 Making connections within the patch To connect one object to another simply drag a connection from any output to any input While you are dragging information bubbles automatically appear above any input the cursor touches in order to make choosing an input easier When you release the mouse button a patch cable connection is drawn To remove a connection you may either click on the patch cable line and hit delete or option click the input to which it is connected Note that it is not necessary to delete connections before making a different connection to an input as only one thing may be connected to a given input at a time The patch cable itself may be graphically adjusted by clicking on it and dragging the square handles which appear This has no effect on the patch although it will prevent automatic adjustment of the patch cable if you move either of the objects to which it is connected While it is selected you may also change its color by hitting c which cycles through a pallete of available colors Shift clicking to include other patch cables allows you to do this to all of them at once Color
59. eseeeeseaeeseneeeeaes 100 12 Preterences ton dteetuutenuteatotes attitude eruta 103 The General Preferences sse ener nnne 103 Special file writer and Message Error handle buttons 103 Comment Style Dutton ya ior tee e ie tempe handed gis 103 Comment Color button sessssssssssseeeenenneeee nennen 103 User Name fleld iic eet tret ehe elec 103 Screamer Valuation buttons sssssssssseeeeenennene 103 The Midishare Preferences esee iiaia 103 The Notation Preferences eessseeseeee eese enne 104 Enharmonic spellings cic ce tne e codes 104 Music Font Size field sssssssssssseseeeeneee nennen 105 Delia Chords field etri redatto dade apis edi irse n 105 Colors DUONS 5m hedge ei ed hid hea eaten 105 Staff System menu sss ener 105 Ircam documentation vii viii Quantify DUTO zero rre d d Le P i d Ped 105 Dynamic Table nei ut iR RI ME 105 The Gsound Preferences iiti ice d actin e ded nant a dara da aad dada ada 105 1S ALIDFAKIOS im toot eter eer adeat te cei o efte toa E edo Ienvamicn booed baad loti aauuanauaieueeesane 107 OM 4 6 Glossary Of Tetms uoce redo Dreier entere IE ce aor eI seu aata aat 109 Ircam documentation Foreword Ircam documentation Foreword OpenMusic is a sea in which a gnat may drink or an elephant ma
60. essages that can be sent on the 16 channels with some types being reserved for common information like Note On a key being pressed or Note Off a key being released and some types being left open for proprietary message types common only to instruments of a certain manufacturer In order for OpenMusic to communicate with your MIDI instruments you must have both a MIDI interface a physical device connected to your computer translating the MIDI data into signals your computer can understand and a MIDI driver or drivers software programs that tell your machine how to talk to your MIDI interface OpenMusic uses Midishare to for input and output of MIDI data You can configure Midishare to send this data to your MIDI hardware or you can use Apple s built in Quicktime synthesizer to listen directly on your computer See the Midishare documentation for more informa tion Midic An abbreviation of midicent Midicents are OM s way of representing pitch The sys tem is based on the MIDI standard where notes are represented by numbers In MIDI middle C is arbitrarily set to 60 so middle Ci is 61 and so forth OM divides each Ircam documentation 115 Glossary of these MIDI semitones into 100 increments Thus middle C is represented by the midicent 6000 Midics have the advantage of being able to represent both quarter and eighth tone temperaments with whole numbers middle C quarter i is 6050 an eigth tone below that would be 6025 e
61. ever a list It is a single piece of data Atoms would include the number 3 the fraction 1 4 and the string hello Boolean Logical Operators car A system of functions developed by the English mathematician George Boole 1815 64 Boolean logical operators are based on comparisons of truth values which can be either true or false In computers these are usually represented by 0 or 1 LISP has a special truth value t to represent true with nil representing false Boolean operators compare two or more truth values and return a truth value Two basic examples are AND and or AND Compares any number of truth values and returns true if they are all true OR compares any number and returns true if any one among them is true See the functions omor and omana for example The first element of a list For example the cax of 1 2 3 is 1 This rather cryptic designation has its roots in ye olde days of the IBM 704 an old mainframe that ran one of the first versions of LISP Pieces of data were stored with two fields an address and a decrement The address was the first part of the register the decrement was the second The decrement could point to some other address register and in this way a chain of elements could be created car originally stood for Contents of Address part of Register i e whatever came first cdr stood for Contents of Decrement part of Register i e whatever came after In Common LISP car came to mean the first e
62. ge The self input accepts an entire object This object may be of the same type as the factory or it may be a class from which the current class can inherit data Inheritance 60 Inheritance is a characteristic of classes in object oriented programming languages Take the example of two imaginary classes publication and book A publication would have slots like number of pages and editor All books have a number of pages and apublished But a book might also have a single author Rather than redefining the number of pages and the the editor of the book anew the class book could inherit from the class publication book would include all of the slots of publication with an extra slot author Other kinds Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories of publications pamphlet magazine would also inherit from publication but have their own additional slots with information specific to them Organizing classes into heirarchies of inheritance makes prorgams more logical and easier to write Inheritance can be put to work for you OM music factory icons have the capacity to accept data directly from other classes via their se1f inputs As an example a Note s se1f output can be plugged directly into the sei f input of Chord A Chord is generated containing that note because Chord knows what to do with Notes Similarly a list of Note objects is also acceptable at the self input of Chord You can find out what kinds
63. ge Events Program Change events type ProgChange set a specific instrumental timbre or sound for the channel it s adressed to The General MIDI standard bank of 128 timbres and sound can be used to choose the desired sound see Selection tools Pitchbend events Pitch Bend events type Pitchbend or Pitchwheel set the Pitch Bend Controller of a MIDI Channel This control has 14 bits resolution 8192 to 8191 However OpenMusic MIDI tools provide using both 7 bits 64 to 63 or 14 bits resolution The sensitivity pitch range of the Pitch Bend depends on the MIDI recieving device In most cases it s a 2 tone range e g If pitch range 2 tones 1 to 1 with 7 bits resolution 64 to 63 value 32 represent a 1 semi tone upper bending For using microtones in openMusic We use Pitch Bend settings to detune some midichan nels Micro tonals notes will then be dispached in the corresponding micro tuned channels See details in OM Tutorial Playing MIDI Using MIDI in OpenMusic Notes can be considered as MIDI objects In Notes Chords Chord seq and other score editors each note has its own MIDI channel That means that the event sent for playing this note will be sent to this channel to which can correspond any particular setting instrumental timbre volume effects pitchbend Changing the note s channel is equivalent to change the MIDI event s channel The same thing exists for MIDI ports The MIDI port determines t
64. h it does contain it The size of any object can be adjusted by moving the mouse pointer over the lower right corner of the box The mouse cursor changes to two small arrows You can then drag the box out to the right size Change the box so that you can see the entire number 6000 Ls e of Ircam documentation 17 Chapter 2 Quick Tour Evaluating a patch Now you are ready to evaluate this little patch Option click the output The blue point below the icon The result will appear in the listener window O SSS Listener ON 6700 Kuga TeIsup DN You may also just click the om icon and hit v which has the same effect for functions with one output For functions with two outputs v always returns the leftmost one You ll need to option Click for the others 18 Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour Don t leave errors unfixed Occasionally you will encounter errors while programming your patches It is very important to fix the part of the patch that generated the error before quitting out of OM This is important because when you open a patch OM reconstructs it from the save file Reconstructing the patch can generate the same errors as evaluating the patch and this can result in a patch which you simply can t open because it generates an error every time you try to open it Therefore resolve the errors BEFORE leaving OM If you can t resolve the error disconne
65. he Voice object They are an alternative to traditional music notation The rhythm tree is inspired by the structure of L SP itself a series of nested lists The advantage of a rhythm tree is that it represents the totality of the hierarchical relationship of traditional rhythmic notation measures divided in to groups divided into beats divided into notes in a numeric form unlike the simple lists of durations and onsets of the Chord seq object for instance The disadvantage of the rhythmic tree is that the symbolic form while very con venient for computers is somewhat less convenient for human beings They can contain ridiculous numbers of parentheses that will test the eyesight of even the most assiduous user Making sense of rhythm trees requires a complete understanding of their structure Users are therefore advised to complete the tutorial on rhythm trees and then come back to this section for the most complete picture possible The structure A Rhythm tree is a series of nested lists which all have the same form D S wherein Dis a quantity expressing a duration relative not absolute Sis a list of items defining a series of subdivisions of the duration D each item of S being either anumber asublist itself having the same structure D S The actual duration indicated by D depends on the group of which its list is a part At the highest level the basic unit is assumed to be the whole note So a Cl Seale L is
66. he box value The object connected to the box s tempout posy The height of the top edge of the box as measured against the y axis stretch factor The ratio of the distance spanned by the box graphically against the time axis to the real duration of the object A value of 1 means the object is drawn at actual length Values smaller than 1 represent a compression larger values an expansion sizey The length of the left edge of the box as measured against the y axis free store An open slot where you may store values using the get set slot mecha nism See the chapter on Classes for more information on the get set slot mechanism Reference The OM internal reference for the Temporalbox object The se1f object can t be put in reference mode so you must take this value here if you need it See the Chapter on Patches for more info on reference mode Maquettes in patches 74 Maquettes can also be manipulated from within patches by using their inputs and outputs rather than opening the frame and dragging objects in See Tutorials 32 33 and 40 for more information The functions addbox2maquette removetemporalbox temporalboxes and get maquette allow you to perform operations on the Maquette via its Reference mode See their Function Reference entries for more information Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Introduction to MIDI in OpenMusic MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface is a music industry
67. hru which port the events will be sent Then the MIDI devices connected to this port will recieve the MIDI message It s an important setting to consider if you want to play with one or more external MIDI devices The MIDI port can also be set for each Note Score editors also have a record function with a InPort parameter This one determines the port from which will be sent messages for MIDI recording Eventual remote keyboard must be connected to this port See MidiShare port setup for MIDI ports configuration in MidiShare s own documentation Objects conversions Objects containing compatible MIDI informations can be processed with MIDI we ll see in this documentation the use of a special method get midievents which extracts MIDI events from them MIDI and Musical objects MidiFile EventMidi seq Chord seq Voice can be con verted into one another provided they contain some compatible data by simply connecting the self output slot of an object with the self input slot of another Ircam documentation 77 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Sending MIDI events with simple functions Some MIDI functions send MIDI events when they are evaluated Such evaluations will modify MIDI playing device state One of the input is a MIDI channel or list of channels on which the event will be sent Other optionnal input is MIDI port If no port is specified the event will be sent to the default MIDI port E L L G eu b 2 L
68. iEvents So as we have already seen regarding all MIDI and musical objects that can be converted into a list of MidiEvents using get midievents method all these objects can also be directly converted using an EventMidi seq or a list of objects The MidiEvents can be extracted and filtered from EventMidi seq with the get midievents method The method get midi notes see MidiFile section can also be applyed to EventMidi seq EventMidi seq will be usefull for temporary storage of filtered or processed MIDI data It can also be played in maquettes or by using the P key in a patch The following example is extracted from midi sequences tutorial patch 90 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic i Original Hidi File O migntT ipm Tueeric eis Se fered ee Creat g named Danti gt Exbrect filtered dalata noma chonnalr idi Zequzneem P ds amp agtperis p liri o ri EE HidiEverdas p alati dae and bose 37 mor rnp n be pe LM LIS IEIDUP ST zhasrel 2 and 10 Cdruwe amd Dess con diste z HidiZaquance Wihan drem Bet initial settings nad osc chases i The sare Hidi sequence with ell eventa sek i onensel T oe bom mat uidia antg e b All tegekber ereadii J aight Bia af Eb H diEwenka Amr Dur fiai sequel i phase werih P bini In this example MidiEvents are extracted from a MidiFile and then filtered to separate channels in order
69. ide the test patch extract from tutorial patch filters 88 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic EIM Input for Midi Event gt amp Input GCEEEEREE mU iim UE bull Coeeees l tes t type tes t type T E PUE Y This patch returns TRUE if E the HidiEvent is type Keyfn OR cc Key ff AND A amp the second field af the event velocity for keyUn key ff Midi Messages is 65 4 Dutput true or false eu tput Note Some MIDI events types are called textual typeSeqName typelnstrumentName type Lyrics typeCopyright It means that their content fields is a textual coded information To translate these fields into text use the me text info method It can be applyed to MidiEvents or MidiEvents lists ma textinfo L Ircam documentation 89 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic MIDI sequences The EventMidi seq box Geeeeea The EventMidi seq object represents a sequence of MIDI events Its slots are lists of the corresponding MidiEvent slots types dates tracks ports channels fields It can store all types of MidiEvents notes controllers etc and in this way can be com pared to a MidiFile object The main difference is that EventMidi seq is not written on your hard disk as a file so it can be manipulated more easily An EventMidi seq can be constructed by setting its input slots or by connecting its self input with a list of Mid
70. interface commands were entered and results ob tained as text OpenMusic adds a graphic interface which makes it much easier to work with OpenMusic is written in a programming language called LISP LISP is simply a standard syntax for writing code many different programs exist for writing and compiling LISP code OpenMusic was written using Digitool Macintosh Common Lisp and includes a graphic in terface for programming in LISP as well as CLOS the Common Lisp Object System This makes OpenMusic a graphic interface for an object oriented programming environment Object oriented programming with OM All the elements you will manipulate in OM are represented by icons that you move around and interconnect graphically with a combination of keyboard and mouse commands The types of musical objects you can manipulate include Musical Notation both measured and non measured Audio AIFF files and MIDI files Eventually you will be able to create new objects to fill your particular needs The Workspace Everything you do in OM happens in the Workspace Like the desktop on your Macintosh the Workspace is the highest organizational level in OM When you open OM you will see two windows the Listener and the Workspace The Listener Window When you run OM you re actually using the Digitool Macintosh Common Lisp program ming tool as mentioned above OM runs on top of the Digitool Environment if you will The Listener is your direct c
71. ircam Centre Pompidou Software Documentation OpenMusic User s Manual by Carlos AGON G rard ASSAYAG Jaccobo BABONI Jean BRESSON Karim HADDAD Matthew LIMA and Mikhail MALT OpenMusic User s Manual Edited by Karim Haddad Published Date 2004 02 03 14 26 48 This manual can not be copied in whole or part without the written consent of IRCAM This manual was produced under the editorial responsibility of Karim Haddad Marketing and Communication Dept IRCAM OpenMusic was conceived and programmed by G rard Assayag and Carlos Agon Patchwork was conceived and programmed by Mikael Laurson Camilo Rueda Jacques Duthen G rard Assayag and Carlos Agon This documentation corresponds to version 4 6 or higher of OpenMusic OpenMusic is a trademark of IRCAM Patchwork is a trademark of IRCAM MidiShare is a trademark of GRAME Macintosh Common Lisp is a trademark of DIGITOOL Inc Apple Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc Acknowledgments Markus Buser Copyright 2003 IRCAM All rights reserved The use of this software and its documentation is restricted to members of the IRCAM software users group For any supplementary information contact Marketing and Communication Dept IRCAM 1 place Igor Stravinsky F 75004 Paris FRANCE Phone 33 1 44 78 49 62 Fax 33 1 42 77 29 47 Email palumbo ircam fr Send comments or suggestions to the editor Karim Haddad M
72. is accessed by option double clicking the variable or class It looks like Ircam documentation 61 Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories CHORD chord 0 0 OOD vel loffset Idur superposition Imidic 1 2 score element and while it is primitive it works for all objects and allows access to all slots It also shows all layers of inheritance The Chord class for example inherits from a more general superposition class which itself inherits from the very general score element class You can edit the slots by typing in values directly or dragging objects from a patch Creating a new class 62 Here we create a user class named Pnote a note that triggers a program change every time it is played We ll tell OM that Pnote is just a Note plus some added information by defining Pnote as a subclass of Note Pnote will inherit all of Note s slots and we ll add an extra slot to hold the program change Setting the inheritance Here s how to do it Open the User package class hierarchy window by double clicking the upper light part of the user package icon Choose File New Class Enter a class name Pnote a documentation string an icon in the dialog window dis played e Open the Music Score package class hierarchy window by double clicking the upper light part of the score package suitcase icon Select the icon of class Note Choose File Make Alias Drag the newly cre
73. l and MIDI objects including maquettes can be stored in a MidiFile using the save as midi method or by connecting them to the MidiFile box input 82 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Collect a Multi 3eq and a settings ctrl ina MidiFile Saving a multi seq and a settings ctrl in a midi file MidiFile informations MIDI events processing can be done by using the get midievents method see Mi diEvents section However some special methods output specific informations from Midi Files e Notes The get midi notes method returns a matrix of notes Each list of the matrix is a track containing notes A note is a list pitch offset duration velocity channel 83 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 84 New 865 2766 31 188 180 65 2828 31 BB 18 55 65 3012 31 26 18 65 3135 31 92 18 65 32 35 3034 31 184 18 71 3934 318 188 1 62 57 3940 29 81 9 35 3945 235 112 2 57 4 54 4252 46 84 5 66 4416 41 99 7 62 4471 N 57 4421 323 81 9 42 4426 31 BB 18 35 4 71 4426 87 88 3 74 4426 67 93 3 71 4426 qet midi notes 62 4426 3790 97 1 35 4438 272 111 2 54 4 f 57 4913 333 88 9 42 4018 31 74 10 35 49 66 4916 348 95 1 62 4916 338 95 1 50 52 35 5255 138 188 2 71 5485 97 63 3 78 54 35 5418 31 184 18 35 5418 382 114 2 74 62 5418 169 95 1 66 5418 36 87 7 82 541 54 5727 62 79 5 50 5727 57 7 6 57 5727 1m A P
74. l box Most of the controllers are classical ControlChange controllers For this type of controllers values must be given in 0 127 range 7 bits For On Off switch controllers value lt 64 means off and value gt 64 means on Some of them controllers 0 to 31 have a corresponding Fine controller 32 to 63 For these controllers values must be set in 0 16384 range 14 bits The Pitchbend controllers value ranges from 64 to 63 and 8192 to 8191 for fine pitchbend also called pitchwheel Creating MidiControls A MidiControl object can be created using its input slots but also by diferent ways Using its BPF editor Extracting a Midi continuous controller from another Midi object Ircam documentation 95 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 96 A MidiControl object can be extracted from Midifile or EventMidi seq using the get continuous ctrl method HidiFile echanne Vo Lume G bL amp G G EE Pane get continuauz ctrI G G G G G O G Selected controller extracted from the MidiFile Channel volume controller extracted from a MidiFile Resampling an other Midi Controller The MidiControl BPF dates values can be resampled using resample method This function creates a new control BPF with a regular given sample rate Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic MIDICONTROL WM nani Bee TET j E 1ines a Bl fo eee id 8 ee
75. l tempo and metric informations Tempo Map is also internally used to convert MidiFile to voice or poly considering tempo and measure when they re included in the MidiFile Saving objects as MidiFile will also save tempo information and measure markers as MidiEvents in the created MidiFile However tempo information is used with some limits a Midi file cannot contain different tempo maps for each track if a poly with different tempo is saved all tracks are set to tempo 60 Ircam documentation 99 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Voices and polys don t yet accept tempo changes If a MidiFile with variable tempo is converted to voice only first tempo will be taken in account MidiShare MIDI events table Event Event Event fields with value ee Description Number Name ranges A note with pitch velocity and Pitch note number 0 duration When a Note event is 127 sent to external Midi devices 0 Note actually a NoteOn message is Vel velocity 0 127 first sent followed after a delay specified by the Dur duration 0 215 1 duration by a NoteOn with a velocity of 0 to end the note Pitch note number 0 127 ite Note On message with pitch Rayon and velocity Vel a note velocity 0 127 Pitch note number 0 ee Note Off message with pitch seyor and velocity Vel a note velocity 0 127 Pitch note number 0 127 Polyphonic Key Pressure 3 KeyPress
76. lement of a list and car the rest of the elements If the car of 1 2 3 is 1 the cdr of 1 2 3 is 2 3 By extension the caar is the car of the car i e the first element of the rest of the list i e the second element The cadar is the first element of the second part of the second element are you still with me i e the third element Mercifully LISP includes plain english functions first second and third SO our heads don t explode 109 Ircam documentation Glossary 110 Cardinality The number of pitch classes in a pitch set 0 3 7 is said to have cardinality three cadr See car caddr See car See car cddr See car Class A Class is a very common concept in object oriented programming languages In OpenMusic data structures anything you store in order to keep track of are described using classes A class is a prototype for a data structure For example the class Chord is the prototype for all actual Chord objects When you put a class icon in a patch window by dragging or any other method you create a factory which refers to the class from which it originates When evaluated this factory generates objects Classes are described in more detail in the Reference section Complement The complement of a pitch set is the set of pitch classes not contained in it Two pitch sets are complementary if the sum of their elements is 12 and they share no pitch classes They fill the octave wi
77. ll continue to call themselves on to infinity eventually saturating the available memory and creating an error When might you use a recursive function Recursive functions have many uses a very common one is for performing some kind of task on a tree whose dimensions are unknown until the function is called The tree to be processed is passed to the function which processes each element sequentially until it detects that an element is itself a list The function then calls itself passing itself the sublist and the newly called function processes the sublist in the same way When the newly called function and its child functions if it called any finishes control passes back to the parent function Set Complex A set complex is a group of pitch sets sharing a certain property Examples would be auto complementary and limited transposition Ircam documentation Glossary Sieve of Eratosthenes A method for finding prime numbers developed by the Greek mathematician Eratos thenes of Cyrene approx 275 195 B C E Eratosthenes was the first to accurately estimate the diameter of the earth His method for finding prime numbers consists of starting with a set of all whole numbers eliminating from that set the multiples of 2 then the multiples of the next number still available in the set of whole numbers in this case 3 then the next number still available after that here 5 since 4 is a multiple of 2 already eliminated In this
78. lots Modem Printer MP BLP BF SF hoe Drivers Manager oooo0o00000000000 Modem 0000000000000000 Printer 0000000000000000 QuickTime GM Synth OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0O0O00000000 pnaogoguauaagaagauaadauadg OOOOOO0000000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 opooo000000000000 pnaaagagaagaagaaugaadgaad OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOOO0O00000000 OOoOoOooOoooooooo000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0O00000000 gt gt Ports gt p Output Slots RF BF What is listed in the columns on the left and right may vary depending on what s installed on your system If you have installed the QuickTime driver you will see QuickTime GM Synth among the output slots If you ve installed the OMS driver you ll see IAC Bus 1 or something like it in both the input and the output slots If you haven t you should install the QuickTime driver as it will allow you to play objects through your computer s built in hardware instead of depending on your MIDI rig Each of the boxes in the middle represents a port In order to assign a driver to a port one must select the driver and then choose a port or vice versa Click once on the QuickTime Ircam documentation Chapter 1 Installing OM GM Synth on the right Click the box in the upper left of the grid It will turn red That means its been assigned eo Drivers Manager Input Slots gt gt Ports gt p Output Slots Modem msooo000000000000 Medem Printer 0000000000000000 Prin
79. lue of the original slot to pass so we use sequence Which evaluates all of its inputs but only returns the output evaluated which in this case is the value of the slot pchange The newly created instance is available at the single output of the init instance box You may modify it after the fact using the get set slot construction The get set slot construction When you drag a class icon from a package to a patch window you create a Factory If you shift drag the same class icon or if you shift drag the factory icon within the patch window you get a get set slot icon specialized for that class labeled s1ots The Get set slot or s1ots is a function that takes an instance of the class from which it was created at its self input This can be a factory self output the instance coming from init instance Or a variable instance created with option shift click If you evaluate the leftmost output of the get set slot you get the object connected to its leftmost input unchanged If you evaluate the other outputs you get the values of the slots of the object connected to the leftmost input Here s where it s different If you connect something to its other inputs you change the value of that slot within the object connected to the leftmost input Any of these examples would set the pchange slot of the Pnote to a value of 64 Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories PE CENE E nate E B4 oo J oo
80. m documentation 51 Chapter 7 Rhythm Trees 52 Ircam documentation Chapter 8 Functions Functions in OM can respond to more than one data type Take om for example When you give it a number and a list it adds the number to all the elements of the list However you can also give it two numbers in which case it simply adds them How does it know what to do Functions and methods It turns out that within the function om are a series of sub functions called methods A method is a set of instructions for processig a specific combination of data types in a function When you use om with a list and a number om automatically calls a method for adding a list and a number You can see the methods of a function by opening its box with a double click If the function cannot find a method appropriate to the data types you are trying to give it it generates an error A function composed of methods for different data types is called a generic function All OM functions are generic functions The advantage of working with generic functions is that operations which are conceptually similar but apply to widely differing data types can be organized into a single function with a single name which is much more logical for humans When you define functions in OM then you are really just defining a name What you implement with the graphic interface are the methods Functions in OM are also multivalued This means that they can yield m
81. mply ing a horizontal or melodic dimension or non ordered implying a vertical or harmonic dimension Pitch classes are usually notated with the numbers 0 11 representing the 12 tones of the octave enclosed in parentheses Predicate Predicates are a special class of function with two distinguishing features they only have one output this output only produces one of two values t or nil Predicates perform some sort of test on their inputs and return t true if certain conditions are fulfilled Otherwise they return nil false Predicates include om a11diff and omand They are usually used to control program flow by causing one task or another to be performed depending on whether certain conditions are fulfilled or to exit or continue loops See Also Boolean Logical Operators Prime Numbers Prime numbers are numbers which can only be evenly divided by 1 and themselves 1 is a special number being itself 1 The fact that prime numbers have no integer divi Sors except 1 and themselves makes them useful for creating certain kinds of musical structures Programming Language A programming language is any code which instructs the microprocessor of your com puter to perform a task In fact your microprocessor only understands one type of code Ircam documentation 117 Glossary called Machine Code or Assembly Language which is a small set of very basic in structions for the microprocessor which can be grouped to perfo
82. n that will add the two numbers From the pull down menus select Functions Kernel Arithmetic om The cursor changes to indicate you are placing a function Click somewhere in the patch window and you ll see the function icon There are actually three ways to place an object in the patch window The first is by menu selection as you ve just done The second is to type the name of the function directly into the patch window Command click anywhere in the patch window and type the name of the function in this case om and hit enter The function icon pops up You can delete this second icon we won t need it The third way is to drag the icon of the function or factory you are placing from another patch window or from the packages folder in the Workspace The packages folder is explained in its own chapter Check out the icon for om You ll notice two blue points above the function these are the inputs Any blue dot above an icon is an input Obviously enough the blue dot below the function is the output Most functions have one but a few have more than one Now we need to tell om what to add Command click somewhere above the function in the patch window Instead of typing a function name type the number 700 and hit enter Return Vs Enter Remember that values are confirmed in OM with the enter key not the return key Use return only if you want a carriage return in a comment box for example 14 Ircam documentation
83. need but in French or another language Or you may get nothing at all Always check this manual if you don t find what you want Remember the little help bubble that popped when you were connecting the 700 to om You can get that help bubble to pop up at any time by holding command and holding the mouse button down on any object any input or any output When you start connecting boxes in OpenMusic you often need to know the types of input a module can receive Command click on an input will issue a balloon style help The bubble that pops up will tell you about the input or output or the function itself Sob ject abject or abject list Returns a list of numbers starting from begin ta end with increment step Passing data to inputs continued Move the mouse over the right hand unconnected input You ll see the number 0 This 0 represents the default setting of that input When nothing is connected to an input you can see the default setting by moving the mouse over it You can save time by creating the data and the connection at the same time by shift clicking on an input Keeping the mouse over the right hand input shift click it A box comes up with the default value in it connected to the input and ready for you to edit the value 16 Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour oc aim L Type 6000 in and hit enter You ll notice that the box does not automatically adjust to display the full value thoug
84. objects zamplaefun Eval once The object only calculates a result for a given evaluation even if the objects output is connected to multiple inputs of other objects or in a loop This state is primarily used with objects with random elements which pass data to multiple inputs so that each input receives the same value and not a re evaluated and most likely different value from the random function zamplefun Lambda The value returned is not the result of the calculation but rather the object itself as a function This state is primarily used with functions like mapcar and funcall Which apply another function to data Note that when used in a calculation by another function the empty inputs in a lambda mode function always pass their default values as set in the function definition and if you want to change these you must connect data boxes to the inputs of the lambda function not simply modify the defaults at the input concerned zamplefun Itself or Reference the value returned is the OM reference pointed to by the icon i e the digital address of the object in the OM code If used with a patch icon the patch object itself is passed If used with a function icon the CLOS generic function object is passed For a factory the class definition it references is passed if you don t understand these don t worry about it This state is primarily used to work with Maquettes in order to add or remove or submaquettes from them
85. on Within OpenMusic four types of help are always available to the user The first is a pop up bubble help This is accessed by command clicking on any object or any input or output of an object When you do this on an object a description of the object pops up Returns a list of numbers starting from begin to end with increment step Ircam documentation 31 Chapter 3 Patches and when you click on an input or output its name is displayed along with a decription of the input data types if available this information is not always present fob ject object or object list The second type of help is a more complete on line doc which is brought up by selecting an object and hitting d A window with any available documentation pops up For example Documentation l pentiusic interpolation Ze giz ead samples curve generic function interpolates 2 numbers or 2 trees from begin to end through samples steps curve is 1 for linear interpolation 0 0 1 0 for convex and 1 0 2 0 for concave Note This built in help can be a bit dicey Eventually it will be brought up to date in the same way as this manual For now it s a little like playing the lottery You may get just the names of the inputs You may get the information you need You may get the information you need but in French or another language Or you may get nothing at all Always check this
86. onnection to the Digitool Macintosh Common program Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour Listener Welcome to Macintosh Common Lisp Version 4 1 Click on the listener You ll notice the menu at the top of the screen changes to include items like Lisp and Tools Return to the OMWorkspace window by clicking on it or select ing it from the Windows menu amp File Edit Lisp Tools Mittin Aide OM Workspace and you ll see the menu bar at the top of the screen change to include elements like Pre sentation This menu bar will always change depending on where you are in the Workspace Digitool MCL prints its output to a window called the Listener This output may be the result of a calculation an acknowledgement that a task is finished or an error message if you screw something up or tell MCL to do something it doesn t like which might look like this Listener Error Stack overflow on temp stack To globally increase stack space increase minimum stack over f ow size While executing lt standard method OpenMusic omng box value 0 penMusic omboxcal gt gt gt Type Command to continue Command to abort gt f continued Continue with a larger stack See the Restarts menu item for further choices 1 gt eee CCCP During your sessions you will undoubtedly encounter many such errors When it encoun
87. ons or data structures are considered to be discrete objects which are then called when needed by any function This means that important code need only be written once since it can be called over an over again by any part of any program including itself see recursivity Objects can themselves be made up of other objects working with an object oriented programming language is sort of like building with an erector set Ircam documentation Glossary Patch Those of you who have used either very old analog synthesizers or the program Patchwork will recognize the term The term itself comes from the early days of syn thesizers when sound producing components were patched together with cables to create a signal path OM programming works in the same manner and both the term and the concept have come back into vogue in other programs as well A patch is a basic conceptual unit in OpenMusic It is a user defined object Inside a patch you can con nect functions and other objects including other patches together to perform musical tasks Pitch Class All pitches representing a given frequency or its octave transpositions This will in clude all notes of the same name as well as their enharmonic equivalents All the Cs and Bis on a keyboard are part of the same pitch class for example There are thus only 12 pitch classes numbered 0 11 Pitch Set Simply a group a pitch classes with no repetitions A pitch set may be ordered i
88. or from Note Changing the initialization method for a class That takes care of configuring the new slot for the program change But all that does is hold a value How do we get it to actually issue the program change It turns out a factory can be programmed to process the data in its slots both before and after creating the instance of the class If you option double click on the Pnote factory icon an instance initialization window ap pears where you can establish a mapping between the inputs of the factory and the inner slots of the instance to be created at initialization time i e when the instance is created i e evaluation 1 PNOTE B Dzmemum midic vel chan pchange ud ul init instance You may insert functions patches etc between the input icons i e midic vel etc and the inputs of the init instance box In order for our program change to play on the correct channel we must add a pgmout function with input from the appropriate slots Ircam documentation 65 Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories 66 m ePNOTE 1 Z midic el B ini t instance elf Note the use of the sequence function Though it sends the program change anyway pgmout returns nil at its output when it is evaluated This nil would thus be output at the pchange Output of our Pnote We want the va
89. ore than one result This is symbolized by multiple outputs on certain function and class icons Function definitions All function definitions including functions defined by you are stored in the packages folder Functions are managed here as detailed in the chapter on the packages folder You may delete a function definition and all associated methods by selecting the function definition icon and choosing Edit Clear Functions are created in the Patch window itself by choosing File New Generic Function Dead methods As mentioned earlier a function icon is a reference to a master copy of the function in the packages folder If the master copy is not present or not found the function icon is replaced by the special dead method icon in all the patches in which it is used Gu land HV PLUS 6 The dead method cannot be evaluated nor can anything connected to it The dead method indicates one of two things Firstly it s possible that the function definition it refers to was Ircam documentation 53 Chapter 8 Functions deleted from the packages folder Second it s possible that the patch where the dead method is found was imported from a workspace without also copying the function to which the dead method refers User function definitions can be found in folder for the Workspace you are using see the chapter on Workspaces for information in the subfolder user ti 3 user E 4 items 134 5 MB
90. outputs is fixed at function definition time and cannot be modified packages es kernel E arithmetic combinatorial E sets E series lists functions Ey conversions Lisp e z integer Q float R number pod rational List eyg string J mu I gt r7 data qvvVIIVITT 4 Drag the icon of the data types class definitions you wish to use to the input icons in your patch window The icons change to represent the new typing At this point you may also double click the inputs to set the default values and write a documentation entry for the inputs as you would do in a patch window See the chapter on Patches for more information Now you can design the method exactly as you would any patch All OM objects are fair game Ircam documentation Chapter 8 Functions Adding additional methods Once you define the function it will appear in the packages folder Option click the user suitcase to reveal the functions within packages muzic libraries Double clicking the function definition icon brings up a window where its methods are listed Each method has the icon for the function itself with a series of other icons added in order from left to right representing the data types it handles at its inputs Deleting methods can be done here by selecting them and choosing Edit Clear To add a new method choose File New Method Another method definition window comes up The radio but
91. posed to be sent In OpenMusic s default configuration units for dates are miliseconds 1000 units per quarter note tempo 60 bpm 1 quarter note second b Port Each MidiEvent is sent to a particular port port 0 by default where it will be recieved by the MIDI device s connected to this port see Midishare documentation in ports setup section c Reference number The reference number can be used to determine a device reference ID but it s gen erally used in Midi files to determine the differents song tracks usually one track per instrument 75 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 76 Note Track 0 is generally used for Tempo and metric informations events of type Tempo TimeSignature which can not be applyed to a single track d Channel MIDI provides 16 different channels in standard All MIDI events are adressed to one single channel 1 16 However some particular events called Meta events doesn t affect only one channel in this case channel number is ignored e Event type The event type is an identifier for the type of MIDI message Annex 1 is a table of all MidiShare events types f Fields The value s sent for the event Number of fields depends on the event type For exam ple for a KeyOn event values sent are pitch and velocity etc The annex table describe fields of each MIDI events type About MIDI events In this section we will explain some
92. pter 2 Quick Tour hitting v the new midic value of 6700 turns the Note into a G You ll also notice that the second output of the Note object now returns 6700 Try setting the dur input to 3000 to change the length of the Note remembering to evaluate it before listening in order that the changes be made Thats it That s the basic scheme of building patches in OM Data is processed by functions and given to factory icons to build musical objects The reverse is also common taking data from a musical object and analyzing it in some way with functions maybe passing it back to a factory to display the results From here you may jump to the Tutorial section or read up on the OM concepts for in depth info about the Workspace and its components Ircam documentation 21 Chapter 2 Quick Tour 22 Ircam documentation ll OM Concepts The Meat of the Matter This part of the Manual is devoted to an exhaustive description of the elements of the OM environment They are not presented in any particular order and can get quite technical which may cause some confusion to the neophyte It is recommended that users who are taking their first steps with the software read the Tutorials first Chapter 1 Macintosh Common Lisp OpenMusic is an interactive graphic environment for composition and MIDI processing It is a spiritual descendant of the Patchwork software some of you may be familiar with How ever OpenMusic implements
93. r LISP programs This functionality is the premise of OpenMusic you are using a program written in LISP to write other programs your patches in LISP More information is easily found through a web search for example at http www lisp org table contents htm List In LISP a list is a group of elements enclosed in parentheses for example 1 2 3 The elements may be of different types for example 1 hello 34 5 A list may be empty or it may contain other lists as its elements 1 2 3 4 5 in which case it is called a nested list or a tree A list is a data type Loop A loop is a portion of code which is repeated for every element of a set of data or as long as a certain condition is true or both OM provides this capability with a special function om1oop though it is not the only way to create repeating code Loops may contain other loops This is called nesting imagine a function which collected the names of all the children in a certain school class by class The function which asks for the child s name would be nested in a loop which executes as many times as there are kids in the class This loop would itself be nested in another loop which repeated as many times as there are classes in the school Care must be taken when programming loops that the conditions for repetition are clearly specified and that the exit condition can be met at some point otherwise the loop will continue to execute ad infinitum This is especially
94. ractions are represented by red versions of the icons they were abstracted from Ircam documentation 37 Chapter 3 Patches E e LS H mgmaguet te mupatch Abstracting cannot be undone You can however create a new patch and drag the entire contents of the abstraction from its window to the patch window Inputs and outputs must be recreated from scratch in the new patch window since they cannot be copied Abstractions may be created from scratch by command clicking in the patch window back ground and typing patch for a patch abstraction and maquette for a maquette Patch ab stractions are useful for organizing complicated patches Putting related sub functions in a specially created and named subpatch abstraction makes your patches easier to understand and reduces clutter Contextual menus Holding ctrl while clicking in the patch window or on an object brings up a contextual menu On the patch window background this menu has two choices comment allows you to add a comment box which contains text of any kind about the patch The other option is last saved which reverts the patch to its last saved state Useful because there is no Undo in OM On patch objects the option update doc checks for new or deleted inputs and outputs changes to input definitions and documentation within the patch and updates the patch icon This is sometimes necessary when adding new inputs to a patch you are using in another patch On
95. resenting the class definition and choosing Edit Clear Inheritance Opening a suitcase is done by double clicking the lower half of the icon Double clicking the upper half however brings up a window with a graphic representation of the inhertance heirarchy for any class definitions in the suitcase If the suitcase contains only subsuitcases or the class definitions it contains do not inherit from other classes this window will be blank New classes are created here with the File New Class command Subclassing for the creation of user classes which inherit from OM objects is done in this window by creating an alias of the icon of the class from which your new class will inherit with the File Make Alias command of the menu and then dragging it to the class inheritance window of the user package and connecting it to the icon representing the class you are creating See Classes for more details Ircam documentation Chapter 4 Packages Epi score SHER simple score element sequence v v EE E d Y P A note rest sound midifile i measure rou T Y Y Y vore d ary Slots To view the slots for a class definition click the arrow icon to its left to expand it Some classes integer or list for example have no slots and so there will be no arrow icon When expanded each of the class slots will be listed along with an icon representing the data type accepted at that slot score
96. rett aas m m Treni Hc fasma tras Tou mE Sieluma Volume Valzme dolurme Volume 5 LO iM r OG Fich Baad G Pech Bend 0 Ficch Gerd D Fic Band Fich kad d Pizh Bend O a5 Bil Lege E lb bassin E H Ed Bah aiki EL H Pens ics m A Beilh Candi E AF Bera Lis E ag p B3 t 7i y 95 _ Esar Ferer Aerer Reve 80 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic In this console the main MIDI controllers can be set For each track a channel a MIDI program using General MIDI standard specifications pan volume pitch bend and two extra choosable controllers could be set Settings are sent by pressing the space key while the controller is active The Settings Ctrl can also be considered as a MIDI object It can be put in a maquette to initialize or change MIDI settings MIDI Files The MidiFile box The MidiFile is a file containing a sequence of MIDI events Evaluating the box will open a file chooser dialog to select a MIDI file to open The MidiFile box have a specific MIDI Editor Ircam documentation 81 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic MIDIFILET1 Pitch i53 file HD Usersijean Desktop midifilezitunezi X timae 5335 SHH 4688 SHE BER 888 Shee gaba ibaa 118580 1 z In this editor each MIDI track is represented with a different color Saving OpenMusic objects in MIDI files F zuave uazs midi L All Musica
97. rm more complicated actions A metaphor would be visualizing taking a sip of coffee as a series of small sim ple actions close fingers on mug raise mug to mouth level bring mug to mouth tilt mug and so on This was obviously very tedious and it wasn t long after the advent of the microprocessor that programs were written to simplify this process by putting a layer of functionality between the programmer and the machine code The programmers could than write more intuitive code like take a sip of coffee which the program would then interpret and compile into machine code breaking the sip of coffee down into its component actions These programs or compilers were not mind readers however They demanded a certain syntax in order to be able to interpret The syntax demanded by a particular compiler is known as a programming langauge LISP is a programming language the language in which OpenMusic is written The compiler it uses is called Digitool Macintosh Common Lisp or MCL Recursivity Recursivity is a special property of the LISP language When you use OM you ma nipulate functions as graphic icons recall that you can place a function icon anywhere including inside itself When a function contains a reference to itself it is called a re cursive function Recursive functions constitute a special kind of loop Since a recursive functions call themselves it is important that they do this only on certain conditions otherwise they wi
98. s a class which may be combined with other Group objects into Measures It is also a musical unit in the Notation Editors being a group of notes beamed together or bracketed into a tuplet Instance An instance is a single specific example of a Class created by evaluating thefactory icon A group of specific notes in a Chord object is an instance of the class Chord while the class itself simply defines what was stored i e the notes inheritance In an object oriented programming language inheritance is a property of class defini tions Classes may inherit the slots and methods of another class in addition to having their own slots and methods This saves the time of defining all aspects of a class anew each time and makes the program structure more logical since classes with related Ircam documentation 113 Glossary functions are related in an inheritance tree Creating a class which inherits from another is known as subclassing the parent class LISP An acronym for LISt Processing LISP was created by John McCarthy in the late 1950 s making it one of the oldest programming langauges still in use today LISP is an extremely flexible language it allows users to make changes to code even while the program is running and has the particularity that the structure of the code used to write functions and the structure of the code used to store data are the same with the result that LISP programs can be made to write othe
99. s a list In this case the method adds the number to all the elements of the list and the answer 2 3 4 5 is returned Generic functions are a very important ingredient of OM they allow a large degree of flexibility and conceptual simplicity since the same function performs many different tasks based on the type of data it is given Since a data type is a class we can imagine a function called add which when passed two numbers adds them but which when passed two chords performs a union of their notes and returns a single chord Ghosted Appearing in many contexts ghosted items are visible but not available either be cause they are in the background or because they are not valid choices This is indicated visually by dimming or otherwise greying out the button icon or object Graphic User Interface A graphic user interface also known as a GUI is a program or part of a program which allows the user to visually manipulate information The advantage of a GUI is that the user does not need to confront the raw computer code and thus does not necessarily have to know anything about programming Your internet browser is an example of a GUI try selecting View Source in Internet Explorer and you ll see the raw code of an internet page OpenMusic is a GUI for the L SP programming language Group In OM a Group is a group of rhythmic values corresponding to a measure or part of a measure independent of any pitch data The Group i
100. s divided into four main parts 1 Getting Started how to install and launch the software and a quick tour intended to demonstrate the basic notions of the software 2 The OpenMusic Concepts The meat of the Manual being a systematic description of the elements of the OM environment I ve put them in what seems the most logical order but there is not necessarily any continuity between the sections These chapters are comprehensive but not progressive 3 The Tutorials the counterpart to the Concepts Here a series of tasks are presented in increasing order of complexity Unlike the Concepts section only what is directly relevant to the task at hand is discussed These chapters are progressive but not comprehensive 4 Reference a series of indexes All the functions and classes are documented on their own pages There follows a glossary and an index What is assumed As mentioned before we ve assumed a lot of motivation but little expertise on the part of the reader We do assume you know how files and folders are heirarchically organized on your computer and how to open close and move them around If this describes you but only just you probably should start at the beginning of the Getting Started section install OM set it up then take Quick Tour from start to finish Then start the first of the General Tutorials Work your way through the tutorials refering to the Reference and the Concepts as you feel necessary User
101. s very comfortable with computers but unfamiliar with object oriented programming should should take the Quick Tour and then go to the General Tutorials skimming or skipping the first few until things start looking interesting Users with a bit of OM experience will be primary interested in the newly rewritten Con cepts section and the all new entries on the graphic editors in the Reference section Notation Conventions As in all computer manuals we ve adopted certain notation conventions throughout the documentaton for clarity The following typographical rules apply When we talk about keys on the computer keyboard they are represented like this Examples a r space Combinations of keystrokes are sometimes required meaning that one key is held while another is pressed or while the mouse is clicked Examples option i command a option Ircam documentation 1 Chapter 1 How To Use This Manual The possible keys to hold down are ctrl option and command also known as the apple key The one exception is shift with letter keys where I ve chosed simply to indicate the uppercase letter The cursor movement keys are represented by the arrows f When talking about selecing items from the pulldown menus they are indicated in the order you must select them from the top level For example selecting the item New Patch from the New submenu in the File pull down menu at the top of the screen is represented
102. sssssssseseee enne 76 Pitchb ndeVeDls z at e er NEUE a a 77 Using MIDI in OpenMusic sseseeneenenennneenn nnne 77 Sending MIDI events with simple functions sseeeeene 77 Selecion LOOIS e 79 The Settings Controller esses enne entente 80 MIDBIEIBS i iiio emo beue coge latte bat sedie ims 81 The MidiFile DOX on e re tret te CH i poen 81 Saving OpenMusic objects in MIDI files seeeees 82 MidiFile informations ssssssssssseseeeneneemeene nennen 83 MIDUEVSTIS tirer tbv date tutetepiic utin 85 The MidiEVent Dok smse eee ase tee e see t Rent 85 Processing MidiEvents sssssseem 86 MIDI Sequences cte d re tere tee etre extre 89 The EventMidi seq box ssseseeeeeneeeenneeeneeeen enne 90 Using Midi sequences for musical objects operations 92 MIDI Continuous Controllers sese 93 The MidiControl boxi nia e iia ennemis 93 Continuous controllers values sese 95 Creating MidiControls ssssssssssssssseeeeneennnn enne 95 Tempo and Measures soria E AARTE nennen enne nnne 97 The Tempo Map box sesessesesessesseeeeeeeeee entente nnn tnnt nnen nnn 97 Improving quantification ess ean e aea aN ERA emn 98 MidiShare MIDI events table 0 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeesene
103. t test channel tests the MidiEvent channel midievent filter Various tests on MidiEvent slots type track port channel Example channel slot hy amp Returns true when Midi Event n tested has channel 1 mus tes t channe L 1 T A test on MidiEvents channel Now let s use these test functions to filter MIDI events extracted from a container with get midievents In this example we are applying a filter to all MidiEvents from a MidiFile with the same test as in the previous example Ircam documentation 87 Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic Original MidiFile A iy i Lambda test function test channel ese 2x get nidiavantz c Beaultimg PTidi Events sequence stored in a Eventilidi seg object or ina new MidiFile get midievents OUtputs a list containing all MidiEvents which channel is equal to 1 The test function is a parameter of get midievent therefore it must be a lambda function and have only one free input for the MidiEvents to be tested The output list can be saved as a new MidiFile or stored in a EventMidi seq object For complex filtering functions a patch set as a lambda function with a single free input can also be plugged to the get midievents test input for complex filtering functions a patch Lambda test are get midieventz MidiEvents of a MidiFile filtered with a test patch This is an example of what could be ins
104. t file same as drag amp drop importing of a file from the finder except that you locate the file in a standard Mac OS dialog box import folder same as above for folders view duplicates the View menu in the menu bar When you click on an object you may choose from among the following open opens the object Ircam documentation 29 Chapter 2 The Workspace 30 get info brings up any information added about the object duplicate creates a copy of the object same as option dragging it export same as drag amp drop export of an object to the finder except that you choose the save location in a standard Mac OS dialog box Ircam documentation Chapter 3 Patches A patch is the basic unit of OM object oriented programming Within a patch you create a flowchart which graphically describes LISP code accomplishing a specific function The primary building blocks of patches are functions and classes although other objects are used albeit more rarely m Patchi 2 CCA 74 C1 Cl C1 01 155 1 7000 Here we see some of the possible contents of a patch OM musical objects with a graphic view of their contents OM functions merger play etc numerical values 7000 and the rhythm tree above external MIDI and sound files with graphic representations of their con tents and other patches test and test2 The in line documentati
105. tc Nesting A programming concept nesting refers simply to embedding one object or function or set of instructions within another With functions nesting is a powerful tool nest ing saves time by allowing the same function to be nested within several other parent functions rather than re writing the same code each time The same function may be nested such that it is called repeatedly this is called a loop A function may even be nested within itself This is an example of recursivity A second common use of nesting is within lists A list or series of lists may be nested in another list Imagine the roster of names of children in a school sorted by class Each name would be a list with two elements Each class would be a list of names and the master list would be a list of classes It would be a list of lists of lists i e a list nested three levels deep Object An object is the unit of code in an object oriented programming language this can be code for a function or for a data structure It is an individually controllable element Ob jects in OM include functions factories classes folders maquettes and patches They are represented in OM by graphic icons which you manipulate within the Workspace Object oriented Programming OM is an example of an object oriented programming language As its name sug gests the idea behind object oriented programming is the manipulation of objects Pieces of code for commonly used functi
106. temporal box returns information about the geometry and positioning of the box within the frame You can use these values to affect the behavior of the patch The output t empout must be connected to a playable music object as this is the object that will be played within the Maquette when the play pointer crosses the left edge of the box Additional inputs and outputs may be added with the usual buttons as with any patch These are represented in the Maquette frame as tick marks on the upper and lower edges of the box and may be used to create connections between Maquette boxes in order to pass data between them The se1f outputs The self object represents the box itself The 10 outlets return the following information about the box in the context of the Maquette frame self The Temporalbox object itself Can be used with addbox2maquette and related functions offset The distance of the left edge of the box from the zero point of the x axis in milliseconds extend The duration of the object or of the musical object connected to tempout if a patch as played not as represented graphically in milliseconds Changing the scale of the view will not affect this value If you have changed the size of the box this real duration of the object is nonetheless represented graphically the extension of the box beyond the real duration will not be colored like the front portion of the box colorframe A value representing the color assigned to t
107. ter pnoagaggaagagagaagagaaad opo000000000000000 opo0o00000000000000 po0o00000000000000 opo00000000000000 oo000000000000000 pnoagagagaagagagaagaagaad po00000000000000 opo00000000000000 oo0o00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 oo000000000000000 oo000000000000000 To test this close the Driver Manager and reopen it from the Preferences eo Drivers Manager Input Slots gt gt Ports gt p Output Slots Modem opoo000000000000 Medem Printer popoo0o000000000000 Printer OQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOD QuickTime GM Synth opoo0000000000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0O00000000 OOOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0o0Oo0o0o000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOOO0O000000000 opoo0o000000000000 popooo00000000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOOOO0O000000000 OOOoOoOoOooOoooo0o0o000 OOOOOO00O00000000 RP BLP BaP BP oe SP NP You ll notice that port zero is now outlined in blue which indicates it s been assigned To check what ports a particular driver has been assigned to click its name in the Input or Out put columns The ports to which it has been assigned will turn green Try it with QuickTime GM Synth Ircam documentation 5 Chapter 1 Installing OM eo Drivers Manager Input Slots gt gt Ports gt p Output Slots Modem sooo000000000000 edem Printer OOOOOOOOO0OO00OOO0DO Printer opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 popo00000000000000 opo00000000000000 popo00
108. teresting results of an operation Variables may be not be created at outputs yielding LISP primitives i e the classes in the package kernel lisp kernel with the exception of lists Otherwise any output may be used to create a variable Variables are created by holding shift while option clicking the desired output See the section on Classes for more information Manipulating icons in the Patch Window Icons can be dragged with the mouse to move them around They can also be moved with the cursor arrow keys Holding shift while using the cursor keys increases the distance of the nudge The size of any icon can be changed by moving the cursor near the bottom right part of its box The cursor will change to a small arrow You may then drag the icon out to any size you wish useful for de crowding inputs and outputs 5 Abstractions As mentioned earlier the patch icon when used in a another patch window represents a reference to the master copy of the class kept in the Workspace and any changes made to the patch are made to the original master If you don t want to do this you must either make a copy of the patch in the Workspace and use that instead or you may use an abstraction Abstractions may be made of patches and Maquettes Abstracting creates an exact copy of the object that exists only locally i e it has no master copy in the workspace Any changes you make to this object only affect the object itself Abst
109. ters an error MCL stops whatever it s doing and waits for you to tell it how to handle the error When this happens click the Listener and select Lisp Abort or hit Command Command period If you continue other tasks before you abort the error they may not run correctly Now let s look at the objects in the Workspace Window The Workspace Window The Workspace window looks like and behaves similarly to the Mac OS 9 Finder You ll probably see a larger version of something like this Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour M Workspace 3 patch patch2 maquet te my folder S N packages globals Objects in the Workspace can be dragged from one place to another In fact you pro gram in OM by dragging objects to patch windows There are three types of objects in the Workspace folders patches and maquettes Objects in OpenMusic are persistent which means they stick around as long as you don t specifically delete them The Workspace ap pears as you left it at the end of your last session To delete an object click on it and select Edit Clear By careful here there s no Undo feature in OM Folders Folders function exactly as they do in the Mac Finder Create them with Command n or the menu item File New New Folder There are two special folders in the Workspace which cannot be deleted Packages and globals The Packages Folder The packages folder contains all the stuff OM is made
110. th no overlap Data Type Type is an important concept in OM Data types in OM include integers numbers with no decimal point rationals fractions lists strings lists of text characters like hello Data type is important principally in determining the behavior of generic functions which can deal with more than one data type A data type is a class therefore chords and polys are also data types Certain functions expect certain data types To imagine an analogy answering yes to the question how many apples would you like is confusing this is because we expect a specific data type a yes no answer Likewise try using om to add hello and Ircam documentation Glossary my name is You will get the error No method defined for inputs in box OM This is because om doesn t know what to do with text Driver A piece of software which allows control of either a piece of hardware you need to install a printer driver before you can use your printer with your Mac for example or another piece of software Midishare requires a driver to communicate with the Mac s built in QuickTime synthesizer Enigma Transportable File An acronym for Enigma Transportable File Enigma is the graphics engine used by the popular notation program Finale The ETF format is thus a type of raw file which can be imported into Finale Finale can also produce ETF files of its documents using the File Save As function OpenMusic
111. the time axis the objects at the second input will be placed If the onsets list does not have the same number of elements as the list of objects then the difference of the last two onsets is used as the distance between remaining objects Using the function addbox2maquette described in the reference and demonstrated in the tutorials section and the Maquette box in reference mode Ircam documentation Chapter 10 Maquettes The Maquette frame The axes of a Maquette are numbered The x axis is a time dimension labelled in sec onds The y axis is an arbitrary value which can be used to control the Temporalbox objects in various ways You can change the scale of the axes by dragging their numeric labels The Temporalboxes and other objects themselves are represented by colored boxes in the field They can be resized by moving the cursor over their lower right corner and dragging as with any OM box The contents of the boxes can be view directly through the minivisualization just like in the patch window which is turned on by selecting a Temporalbox and hitting m Double clicking on the boxes opens the associated editor or the patch window if the box is a patch To jump directly to the musical object connected to the output of that patch from the frame window Hold option while double clicking The General Palette s elele E 6 E Ede Ircam documentation Play button Stop button Pause button Record button Pl
112. the values are passed between functions by the patch cords you draw between them The patch cord is the variable in a sense If you really need to you can still set variables and read their values with the LISP functions set and eval Ircam documentation 119 Glossary 120 Velocity Also called key velocity In the MIDI standard velocity is how dynamics are repre sented being the velocity with which a key is struck Velocity information is transmitted every time you play a note on a MIDI controller keyboard Like many types of MIDI data velocity is measured on a scale with 128 values running from 0 to 127 inclusive Ircam documentation
113. to aplly different process The resulting sequences are put in a new EventMidi seq with a setting ctrl object to add the initial settings events to the sequence Note Using the function create midiseg converts a list or an object into an EventMidi seq The second optionnal input is for setting a name to the newly created sequence This name will appear in the EventMidi seq s miniview Events are automatically time sorted in each converted EventMidi seq However manu ally created sequences can be sorted using the temporal sort method 91 Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic 92 G E Au temporal zor t G Using Midi sequences for musical objects operations All OpenMusic musical objects can be converted into MIDI sequences Note informations and tempo measure markers for voice and poly objects are converted into MIDI events This conversion allows special treatments filters with get midievents method and operations on MidiEvents The function separate channels processes all Events of the EventMidi seq and put each channel on a diferent track 6 E Sait zeparate channeaelz L In MIDI sequence to Multi seq or Poly conversions a voice is created for each MIDI track In the following example we separate notes of different channels in chord seq into different tracks via MidiEvents processing Ircam documentation Chapter 11 Midi and OpenMusic sr or pepo teechorre
114. to the end of the filename At the end of each session throw out your old copy and create a new one This way if anything goes wrong during your session you can throw out your Workspace and make a new one from the back up This is important because unfortunately there is no Undo function in OpenMusic Ircam documentation 27 Chapter 2 The Workspace The Menu Bar The Workspace has its own menu bar at the top of the screen different from what you ll see when you re in a patch or in the Listener The following are the most relevant selections The File menu Under New you may choose to create new folders patches or maquettes There are keyboard shortcuts which are listed With Save you can force a save of the current patch or of the entire Workspace as described above Duplicate makes a copy of the item s currently selected It is equivalent to option dragging the item s Make Alias is a special command used to create copies of class definitions for subclassing during the creation of a new class definition It s use is described in the section Classes Preferences brings up the Preferences pane described in its own chapter The Edit menu The usual Mac commands Cut Copy and Paste can be found here Clear is used to remove items from the Workspace You must use the menu item as the delete key will not work Presentation This controls how the Workspace looks The default setting is icons but you can also have
115. to the function so the function knows what to do The arguments may be any kind of data including other functions Function calls can be placed within other functions This is known as nesting This is in effect what you are doing when you write patches Your patch is itself a function which contains calls to other functions Generic function All functions in OM are generic Generic functions are also known as polymorphic functions To understand generic functions consider the following two situations In the first we want to add 1 and 2 In the second we want to add 1 to all the elements of the list 1 2 3 4 In the first case we want to perform a simple mathematical calculation on the two quantities In the second we want to apply that calculation to all the elements of the list In OM functions automatically choose the best operation based on the type of data they are presented with This is the meaning of the designation generic The specific procedure required in each case is called a method A method is the set of instructions which tells a function how to deal with a specific type of data Let s say we pass 1 and 2 to the function om It contains a method for dealing with two single numbers which adds them together and returns the answer 3 If we pass 1 and 1 2 3 4 to the function a different method is called a method which tells om what to do Ircam documentation Glossary when the first input is a number and the second i
116. tons across the top represent advanced functions that are not dis cussed in this manual Leave primary checked Notice that inputs and outputs cannot be added or subtracted as they were defined when you first defined the function Type your inputs as before by dragging the appropriate class definition icons from the packages folder and design the new method as you would any other patch Close the window The new method is defined and appears in the method definitions window of the packages folder Ircam documentation 57 Chapter 8 Functions 58 Ircam documentation Chapter 9 Classes Instances and Factories Class is an important concept in object oriented programming languages A class is aa prototype for a certain kind of object It is a definition of a data structure It groups together any number of data items in a single object Classes in OM include whole numbers integers decimal numbers floats lists Chords Voices and many others Class Definitions OM Class definitions are kept in the Packages folder in the Workspace You can expand them by clicking on the down arror next to the name You ll notice that Classes are grouped according to the part of OM which defines them LISP functions are in the Kernel and most of OM s music objects are in the Music Score package packages n kernel m music score J note Y rest F chord f nidic ve 0 loffset dur chan m group You ll
117. tputs between Temporalboxes which can carry other data between them Finally the output of a Maquette may be saved directly as a midi file using the save as midi function Ircam documentation 69 Chapter 10 Maquettes The structure of a Maquette 70 Objects in the Maquette frame Acceptable types A Maquette object may contain any number of the following objects An AIFF sound file A MIDI file A patch Another Maquette Any playable i e score class factory Aclass icon directly from a package window if that class is available for use in Maquettes same restrictions as for factories A variable created inside a patch with shift option click Variables must be produced from one of the objects listed above Adding objects to the Maquette Objects can be added to the Maquette in four different ways Any of the object types may be dragged right into the Maquette frame from the Finder or the Workspace or the packages folder An empty Temporalbox can be created by command dragging a box in the Maquette frame when the Select tool is active Objects can be added to the Maquette via the inputs to the Maquette icon when used in a patch window E maguette The second input of the Maquette box takes a list which can contain any of the above objects for insertion into the Maquette The first input takes a list of onsets measured from the zero point in milliseconds which determine where along
118. u with relevant commands When used on a box they are Open opens the object Get info opens an inspector window equivalent to selecting the object and hitting command i where you can adjust certain attributes of the box Changes are confirmed simply by closing the box Midi Ports opens a dialog where you can set the input and output MIDI ports of the object overriding settings made for objects within the box When brought up on the background of the frame the contextual menu contains the fol lowing elements Eval equivalent to the Eval button Play equivalent to the Play button Hide Show connections turns on and off display of patch cables between Maquette boxes Hide Show metric ruler turns on and off display of the metric ruler see below Last Saved reverts to the last saved state Useful since there is no Undo function in OM Midi Ports opens a dialog where you can set the input and output MIDI ports of the entire Maquette overriding settings made for objects within it The Metric Ruler When turned on with the contextual menu option described above a third ruler bar is shown along the top of the frame It displays a series of measures by default in 4 4 The small tick marks are beats and the numbered tick marks are bar numbers This ruler is automatically calibrated to agree with the absolute time ruler in the bottom of the frame according to the tempo set in the dialog below Dragging to
119. ves the entire Workspace This is useful since there is no undo function in OM It will also save you a good deal of stress in the event of a crash Managing Workspaces The Workspace is the top level of the OM environment Everything you do happens in the workspace Multiple workspaces can be maintained so that several users can use the same computer When you start OM if there is more than one Workspace present a dialog box will appear asking which Workspace you d like to work in If you go to the OpenMusic folder you ll notice a folder called workspaces Each subfolder within this one is a Workspace you can choose to work in at the startup dialog While the folders in the workspaces folder represent your Workspaces they are manages by OM and the contents should not be modified directly except in case of disaster fe WorkSpaces Lib Workspace MaMuTh OMHorkspace From this dialog you can also choose to create a new Workspace delete a Workspace or rename one The Remote option allows you to work in a Workspace which is not in the Workspaces folder see below recommend doing two things in this folder Firstly make a copy of the folder om Workspace and call it Empty or Blank or something just keep this copy around in case you want access to a pristine Workspace without reinstalling from the CD ROM Secondly make a back up copy of whatever Workspace you use Command d makes a duplicate of a folder and adds copy
120. y bathe ancient Indian saying Welcome to OpenMusic OpenMusic or OM is a graphic user interface for the popular LISP programming language OpenMusic is just that open It was not created for any one task but rather as a dynamic environment which you gradually adapt to your work It is thus impossible to completely document the functionality of the software since you the user will ultimately decide what you ll do with it Besides the graphic interface to Lisp OM implements a great set of music objects operators and music specific editors This flexibility is the appeal of OM Composers can use OM to refine aspects of their mu sical language requiring computation without resorting to cumbersome code or calculating by hand Musicologists can use OM to perform analytical computations on musical material in the form of notation or MIDI files Functional programming lovers can enjoy one of the best graphic programming interfaces developed to date independent of its musical features OM was and continues to be written by Carlos Agon and G rard Assayag at Ircam It follows on the heels of PatchWork a piece of music software previously developed at Ircam by M Laurson C Rueda and J Duthen with contributions by C Agon and G Assayag This documentation has been significantly improved for the new release of the software There is now a comprehensive glossary containing definitions to key terms you might not be familiar with The Reference
121. y takes inputs and produces an object based on the model of a particular class Classes in OM include notes chords audio files numbers and lists anything we use as raw material The third type of object is another patch once you ve written a patch you can use it as a subpatch in other patches This modular approach saves you lots of time and is one of the most powerful aspects of working with OM Patches can even be put within themselves creating what s called a recursive patch We re now ready to put together a very simple patch in which we ll add 700 to 6000 and turn this number into a pitch using a Note factory Creating a new patch 12 In the workspace window choose File New 95New Patch Ircam documentation Chapter 2 Quick Tour Ti Edit Presentation Palettes New Patch New Wiaquete New Folder New Project Duplicate 3D Make Alias SF Preferences Show Inspector New Listener Quit Q A new icon appears in the Workspace possibly on top of an already present icon in which case you should just drag it to a clear part of the Workspace OM Workspace Double click the patch icon to open the patch window The two buttons in the upper left are for adding inputs and outputs to the patch as a whole Ircam documentation 13 Chapter 2 Quick Tour to permit linking it with other patches don t worry about those for now Adding icons to a patch First we ll add the functio
122. yable musical objects and the functions which act on them The libraries folder holds classes and functions for any libraries available to OM A library is a stand alone module of class and function definitions grouped into a suitcase Before you can access these functions and classes you must load the library by double clicking the lower half of the suitcase icon after which the suitcase opens and you can view the contents The functions and classes of the suitcases will also become available in the Functions and Classes menu bar when in the patch window The user folder holds class and function definitions created by you O great user In order to view their contents packages may be expanded with the icon to their left or opened in in a separate window by clicking in the lower darker portion of the suitcase icon Ircam documentation 41 Chapter 4 Packages gt packages EH kernel music score d note Y rest chord m group re measure voice 2 poly midifile h sound i rythm ine jljj chord seq expert midi Managing Classes 42 When you open a suitcase you will see any class definitions it contains Some pack ages contain only function definitions an so you ll see no class definitions If there are class definitions they will be represented by icons Adding subpackages is done here with the File Add Package command Deleting classes is also done here by selecting the icon rep

OpenMusic User`s Manual

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents