Otto Van Geet - Passive House Institute US
Contents
1. Net Metering www dsireusa org May 2012 ME 660 L MT 50 ND 100 WY 25 MN 40 amp muris 10 WI 20 1007 m MA 60 1 000 150 000 10 000 20007 UT 25 2 000 mma Em no limit NY 10 25 500 1 00072 000 In 40 2 000 co ops mans 10 25 His 25 200 IMO 100 va 20 5007 iN 1 000 30 fox 100 State policy KIUC 50 Voluntary utility program s only AR 25 300 1 000 50 3 000 5 0007 DE 25 100 2 000 co ops amp munis 25 100 500 GA 10 100 MD 2 000 DC 1 000 LA 25 500 Ow State policy applies to certain utility types only e g investor owned utilities 2 000 ote Numbers indicate individual system capacity limit in kW Some limits vary by customer type technology and or application Other limits might also apply This map generally does nat address statutory changes until administrative rules have been adopted ta implement such changes Solar Assessment PV is VERY shade sensitive Once site preliminary assessment has been completed What you want to know Estimated system size Estimated production KWh yr Estimated cost Some economic analysis2. Where to land the powe Backfeed Breaker in Building Panel Sum of Main Breaker and PV breaker not to exceed 120 of panel rating for commercial building 100 for residential Too big Survey Loads and reduce main breaker rating Too big Upgrade Panel Too big Line side tap Too big Upgrade Electrical Service Roof Access Issues l JS pi Most ach ln li Ip RE nr ls Il ll li lI J U Sudra vons Large Commercial Building Axis gt 250 ft 4 ft Walkways 8 ft x 4 ft Venting Opportunities Every 20 ft Along Walkway http lirecusa org wp content uploads 2010 10 Brooks Fire Guidelines Webinar Nov2010 pdf PV System Size and Energy Delivery Net Zero on Annual Average Basis Solar System Size Prated lt _L Tboslave rated PV power kW L Daily Load on PV kWh day T ave average daily solar radiation sun hours day Annual Electricity Generation Egen Prated Nbostave 365 January June December Month Tipos balance of system efficiency typically 0 77 U S amp Germany Comparison Pop 2006 Pop Density peck 230 E Annual electricity use per capita MWh 2066 64 125 Average rate en 2006 USD 104 ranges
3. g 35 8 30 2 5 25 i 20 15 10 5 o 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Price of PV Systems Soft Balance of System BOS Cost Analysis National Renewable Energy Laboratory RESIDENTIAL SCALE PV 5800 5 71 W 4 39 W ta se ssoo 048 1 50 W 72 reduction in soft BOS costs is needed betwoon 2012 and 2020 to reach SunShot cost targets e NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Use PERFORMANCE SPECS kWh year not specific manufacture or kW Provide clear requirements and evaluation criteria Costs depend on Size bigger is better Balance of system costs including structures inverters electrical and interconnection Lowest cost is direct roof attachment such as standing seam metal roof Installed approx 4 Wdc for 100kW Ballasted or racks add 0 3 W Ground mount fixed tilt add 0 35 W Single axis tracking over 300 kW add 0 7 W Carports add 0 6 W careful w snow and ice High efficiency modules GT 17 add 0 5 W Priorities Where to Install Solar t On the Built Environment where unshaded size to capacity pipes amp wires and load kWh amp thermal a Onexisting building roofs that have an expected life of at least 15 more years and can accept added load Reduces solar load on building NEPA categorical exclusion b OnALL new buildings all new building sho
4. Photovoltaics PV Otto Van Geet PE Principal Engineer National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL Session m Objectives 1 Understand PV system options and benefits 2 Understand what conditions are needed to minimize installation costs and maximize electricity production 3 Be able to use a sizing tools for estimating system size costs and energy production Understand what PV Ready design means 5 Beable to integrate PV Ready design principles in their PHIUS certified buildings Van Geet Home http Avww nrel gov docs fyO4osti 32765 pdf 9300 ft 9600 HDD 0 CDD 3000 sqft Off grid high mass passive solar Average ANNUAL total energy 150 gal propane cord firewood 1 2 kW PV ASHRAE 2001 1 Place Technology Award winner Simple Direct Drive PV System NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENER AC PV System with Inverter MS Batteries d PV Technology Overview Direct conversion of sunlight into DC electricity DC converted to AC by inverter Solid state electronics no moving parts High reliability warranties of 20 years or more PV modules are wired in series and parallel to meet voltage and current requirements NATIONAL RENE Photovoltaic Cell Structure Transparent Antireflection Cover adhesive oating e g glass Front contact n type p type semic
5. tom 5 17 NATI PV Watts NREL PV Watts v1 and v2 Photovoltaic Analysis Select default values or input customized system parameters for size electric cost array type tilt angle and azimuth angle Typical Meteorological Year weather data for the selected location TMY files used to calculate incident solar radiation and PV cell temperature for each hour of the year Benefits Easy to use Very Quick Useful for users of all technical levels Widely accepted tool Click onthe site where you want to use PVWATTS to calculate the electrical energy produced Choose the site nearest to your locatcn thot has similar topography F near a state border you may wish to review ste location in the adjacent state Adjacent States Arkansas New Mesico Okkhems Louisiana PV Watts v2 Flex Viewer http gisatnrel nrel gov PVWatts_Viewer index html Solar Grid Data 40 km grid Send the location data to PVWatts v2 lavane ocean PV Watts v2 a v PV Net Zero Energy Home Example in Boulder CO Annual Energy use 6000 kWh PV on south facing roof sloped at 20 degrees produces 1458 kWh kW Annual with 0 8 derate factor 6000 kWh 1458kWh kW 4 1 kW Expected cost at 4 W 16 4K before incentives Area required 4100 W 11W sq ft 373 sq ft IMBY In My Backyard IMBY Use a cursor to track the
6. RNSYS calculation engine Flexible ways to display data run basic models or component based models Full time user support and development team Capable of running parametric simulations Free download htips www nrel gov analvsis sam ES ilu _ Resources Solar Energy Resources NREL http www nrel gov rredc Firstlook http firstlook 3tiergroup com TMY or Weather Data http rredc nrel gov solar old data nsrdb 1991 2005 tmy3 State and Utility Incentives and Utility Policies http www dsireusa org Solar PV Analytical Tools Solar Advisor Model SAM https www nrel gov analysis sam HOMER https analysis nrel gov homer PVWatts http www nrel gov rredc pvwatts RETScreen http www retscreen net IMBY http www nrel govieis imby Questions Otto VanGeet nrel gov
7. area outline tool returns the feasible system size Looks up incentives rebates system costs Runs the production calculation using PVWatts v1 Benefits Calculates system size for the user Quick PVWatts calculation run time Interactive and allows the user to modify all calculated values RETScreen International Excel based integrated worksheets Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada that run a suite of EE and RE technologies Photovoltaic Solar Thermal Wind Small Hydro Biomass Ground Source Heat Pump Combined Heat amp Power CHP Energy Efficiency RETScreen Five Step Standard Analysis Energy Model Cost Analysis Emissions Reduction Financial Analysis Sensitivity amp Risk Analysis Benefits Comprehensive Training Resources On line webcasts presentations instructor notes Case studies assignments worked out solutions Detailed user manual e textbook Clean Energy Legal Toolkit Free Download htip www retsereen net System Advisor Model Sophisticated software tool that can run very detailed RE models Photovoltaics Solar Hot Water Concentrating Solar Power Small Wind Large Wind Geothermal Power System Advisor Model SAM Detailed Economic Models Cost of generating electricity LCOE Type of financing Applicable tax credits and incentives Can model variety of rate structures Benefits T
8. onductor semiconductor Power out W x 100 Solar cell efficiency 96 Area m x 1000 W m 10 efficiency 100 W m or about 10 W ft PANEL area NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENI En s 2 and in parallel to increase current PV Cells are wired in series to increase voltage PV is Modular Photovoltaics Single Crystal Multi Crystal Thin Film Cadmium Telluride CIGS E 14 to 2396 13 to 17 6 to 11 10 to 11 12 to 14 Efficiencies Shingles Glazing Baseine RE 0 _ Standing Seam Single Ply Photovoltaics System grid connected Milby r PV Modules AC Disconnect Combiner Box n H H H H 1 Electrical Panel is 225 Amp Transformer DC Disconnect Inverter 500V DC amp 240VAC Total Area Required for PV Varies by technology tilt and location Roof mount sloped roof flush mounted power densities of 11 DC watt W square foot ft crystalline Flat roof slope panel 8 DC W ft Ground mount Fixed Tilt Energy Single Axis Tracking Energy pete ipe Density DC Wift Density DC Wift Crystalline Silicon 4 33 Thin Film 33 27 Hybrid High Efficiency 4 8 39 PV Cells l V Curve Short Circuit Current Curren
9. t PV between 2 and 6 Ib ft2 ST between 2 and 5 5 Ib ft2 The wind loads on rooftop solar equipment must be analyzed in order to ensure that the roof structure is sufficient Y fitis going to be a rack mounted system consider installing the mounting hardware at the time the roof is installed and use flashings for every penetration Ifthe collectors will be placed on the roof check if the roof installation carries a warranty Determine if the roof warranty contract has terms involving solar installation Make sure all equipment is in compliance with the current version of the National Electrical Code Additional Guidelines for PV v Identify electrical panel location for PV system inter connections and keep space available in the electrical panel for a PV circuit breaker v Specify panel capacity sufficient to accommodate proposed PV system size power generation plus size of breaker protecting main panel NEC allows for the sum of these two sources of power to be 20 greater than the panel rating Consult the local authority having jurisdiction Lay out the locations for the inverter and the balance of system BOS components v Identify the inter connection restrictions for the location of the building site that apply to grid tied PV systems Begin by reviewing interconnection standards at http www dsireusa org OR 25 2 000 amp munis 10 25 1 000 CA 1 000
10. t Amps Maximum Power Point 7 Open Circuit Voltage Voltage Volts Optimal voltage changes with sunlight and temperature IV Curve Voltage Temperature Voltage Volts of each cell depends on the materials band gap eV Goes down slightly with increasing temperature Allow for airflow around PV Current A 053 057 0 60 0 64 0 68 072 Voltage V Changing voltage with changing temperature PV Module Nameplate Rating Rated Power is the output of a PV module under standard reference conditions 4 kW m sunlight 25 C ambient temperature 1 m s wind speed ASTM E1036 96 Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays Using Reference Cells PV Module Nameplate Example SUNPOWER rema SI 237 W Voltage ump Current mp sa Open Cheuk votage vo 64 v short circult Current se 66 Maximum Series Fuse 20 WARNING HAZARD eqnesaermoase places sea apore tol ale oer almoatesinthe Ps araywthepuaie meer tre mama open the tama Redent rossa hot etn comers ate atre ay ination matern Oss Em isus CE Balance of System Efficiency 60 82 Module Efficiency 6 20 Diodes and Connections 99 99 7 land V Mismatch 97 99 7 Inverter 88 98 Transformer 97 99 Soiling 30 99 5 Price of PV Modules
11. uld be solar ready see http Avww nrel gov docs fy10osti 46078 pdf C Over parking areas pedestrian paths etc energy generation and nice amenity On compromised lands such as landfills amp brownfields a Saves green fields for nature IF installed on green fields minimize site disturbance plant native low height vegetation as needed Roof Characteristics Ideal Install PV on new roof require 25 year roof warranty WI PV installed PV comes with 25 year warranty Acceptable Install PV on roof with at least a 15 year expected life Roof MUST be able to accept added weight and wind load of PV Typically 2 Ibs square ft not install PV on lightweight roofs such as mobile homes or on roofs in poor condition Avoid shading from trees buildings etc especially during peak sunlight hours Check the zoning laws for the proposed site to ensure that future neighboring construction will not cast shade on the array Determine where a future solar array might be placed If the roof is sloped the south facing section will optimize the system performance keep the south facing section obstruction free if possible Minimize rooftop equipment to maximize available open area for solar collector placement General Solar Guidelines v The type of roof installed can greatly affect the cost of installing solar later v The roof must be capable of carrying the load of the solar equipmen
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