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W315/325/345 Linux User`s Manual v3

1. password UserIDs that cannot use PPP at all Check your etc passwd and add any other accounts that should not be able to use pppd guest hostname x master hostname ae root hostname support hostname stats hostname OUTBOUND connections Here you should add your userid password to connect to your providers via PAP The means that the password is to be used for ANY host you connect to Thus you do not have to worry about the foreign machine name Just replace password with your password pap secrets line 1 of 42 2 username hinet net is the username obtained from the ISP to log in to the ISP account password is the corresponding password for the account 4 16 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications 5 Edit the file etc ppp options and add the following line plugin pppoe terminated because it was idle tholdoff lt n gt Wait for up n milliseconds after the connect script finishes for a valid PPP packet from the peer At the end of this time or when a valid PPP packet is received from the peer pppd will commence negotiation by sending its first LCP packet The default value is 1000 1 second This wait period only applies if the connect or pty option is used plugin pppoe so lt End of File gt options line 1 of 342 0 6 Edit the file etc ppp options eth0 name username hinet net na qQ mru 1492 defaultroute
2. Example 2 Connecting to a PPP server over a hard wired link If a username and password are not required use the following command note that noipdefault is optional pppd connect chat v noipdefault dev ttyMO 19200 crtscts If a username and password is required use the following command note that noipdefault is optional and root is both the username and password pppd connect chat v user root password root noipdefault dev ttyMO 19200 crtscts How to check the connection Once you ve set up a PPP connection there are some steps you can take to test the connection First type ifconfig You should be able to see all the network interfaces that are UP ppp0 should be one of them and you should recognize the first IP address as your own and the P t P address or point to point address the address of your server Here s what it looks like on one machine lo Link encap Local Loopback inet addr 127 0 0 1 Beast 127 255 255 255 Mask 255 0 0 0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU 2000 Metric 1 RX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0 pppO Link encap Point to Point Protocol inet addr 192 76 32 3 P t P 129 67 1 165 Mask 255 255 255 0 4 14 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING MTU 1500 Metric 1 RX packets 33 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0 TX packets 42 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
3. cd mnt ramdisk root Moxa mnt ramdisk df h Filesystem Size Used Available Use Mounted on dev mtdblock2 8 0M 6 0M 2 0M 15 dev xram0 499 0k 17 0k 457 0k 4 var dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M mae dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M home dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M etc tmpfs 30 4M 0 30 4M dev shm dev raml 16 0M V0 ee var ramdisk root Moxa mnt ramdisk backupuf mnt ramdisk usrfs backup Sync the file system Now backup the user root file system Please wait Backup user root file system OK root Moxa mnt ramdisk Deploying the User Directory to Additional W315 325 345 Units For some applications you may need to copy one W315 325 345 user file system to other W315 325 345 units Back up the user file system to a PC refer to the previous subsection Backing Up the User File System for instructions and then type the following commands to copy the backup to additional W315 325 345 units upramdisk cd mnt ramdisk upfirm usrfs backup 3 5 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 192 16872 127 PUTTY root Moxa mnt ramdisk ls al drws xe x 3 root Toob 1024 Jun 15 02 47 Ghena see IL roor COOL 0 Sep 29 2004 1 root root WAZ an ALS O25 kosice ry r r il root root 21263140 Jun 15 02 48 usrfs backup root Moxa mnt ramdisk upfirm usrfs backup Moxa W3x5 upgrade firmware utility version 1 0 To check source firmware file context The source firmware file conext is OK
4. Filter Table includes three chains INPUT chain OUTPUT chain FORWARD chain B NAT Table includes three chains PREROUTING chain transfers the destination IP address DNAT POSTROUTING chain works after the routing process and before the Ethernet device process to transfer the source IP address SNAT OUTPUT chain produces local packets sub tables 4 7 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Source NAT SNAT changes the first source packet IP address Destination NAT DNAT changes the first destination packet IP address MASQUERADE a special form for SNAT If one host can connect to Internet then other computers that connect to this host can connect to the Internet when the computer does not have an actual IP address REDIRECT a special form of DNAT that re sends packets to a local host independent of the destination IP address C Mangle Table includes two chains PREROUTING chain pre processes packets before the routing process OUTPUT chain processes packets after the routing process It has three extensions TTL MARK TOS The following figure shows the IPTABLES hierarchy Incoming Packets Mangle Table PREROUTING Chain NAT Table PREROUTING Chain Other Host Packets Mangle Table FORWARD Chain Local Host Packets Mangle Table INPUT Chain Filter Table INPUT Chain Local Process Mangle Table OUTPUT Chain NAT Table OUTPUT Chain Filter Table OUTPU
5. Modifying Network Settings with the Serial Console sseseeeeeeeeeeeeereesreerereerereree 2 6 Modifying Network Settings over the Network e essseesseresresesesrsrsreereresrsrsrerrereesreee 2 7 GPRS Networks meor r eao E e Cai ect inde EE E E EE Sonus EEEE SEEE E EE 2 7 Connecting to a GPRS NetWork isinipon arie aea e ae aE EEES 2 7 Disconnecting from a GPRS NetWwotrk ssesesseesreeeeresesrsrsreresreresrsrereeesesrsrerrereeeseseeee 2 8 SD Socket and USB for Storage EXpansion seesesseeieseerstserreererssrstststeretssesesterereessesrereerees 2 8 Test Program Developing Hell eeeeesccsesecsseeecesecseescesecseesecnevsecnaeeeceaecaeesecseeseenaseeeegs 2 8 Installing the Tool Chain Linux ccecceeseesceesceeeceeeceseceaeceaecaeeeneeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeneees 2 9 Checking the Flash Memory Space seecceesccssesceecreesecsecseceaeeeceaecaeesecseeeeaeeneeaes 2 9 Compiling Helie itis pena eh voici eaten a A a aE E E RETEA ER 2 10 Uploading and Running the Hello Program esseseeseseeseesieresrersesrerrsreesreerereesses 2 10 Developing Your First Application ccc ceeccescesecesececeesecesecaeceeecaeecaeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseenaes 2 11 Testing En virOnme nt ccc 2 sues deeteds E EE a E E vaet sheen E E SE 2 11 Compiling tCps2C ics sehtaseisachestta sth ctscesiess pE EA A E EE REEE EEEIEE 2 12 Uploading and Running the tcps2 release Program eseeeseeseeeeseeeeereseersrsrrererees 2 13 Su
6. Password sss HSH LEE EEE EEEE EEE ME E EEEE g sgg 888 288 82 EEE Ed EEE Ed sgg 88 88 sgg 8 ggg 8 88 88 H SH gg ggg sg g 882 8 ggg ggg ggg 8 2 gS SF 8 88 8 sss 8 sg 888 gg FF FF gg sss 88 f SF FF HF g sgg EEEE EEES s 8 g HEF 88 HFSS sg 2 88 gg 8 88 gg 88 sgg 8 88 8 8 8 8 sgg 8 8 8 88 8 8 8 HHH g 8 SHSSSH g KFFHHH EEEE EEEE SSKKKKK KKFFKSFRKSH KKKKKH For further information check http wiw moxa com root Moxa m m m e Got Break Signa To log in type the Login name and password as requested The default values are both root Login root Password root Telnet Console If you know at least one of the two IP addresses and netmasks then you can use Telnet to connect to the W315 325 345 s console utility The default IP address and Netmask for each of the two ports are given below Default IP Address Netmask LAN 192 168 3 127 255 255 255 0 Use a cross over Ethernet cable to connect directly from your PC to the W315 325 345 You should first modify your PC s IP address and netmask so that your PC is on the same subnet as the W315 325 345 For example if you connect to a LAN you can set your PC s IP address to 192 168 3 126 and netmask to 255 255 255 0 To connect to a hub or switch connected to your local LAN use a straight through Ethernet cable The default IP addresses and netmasks are shown above To lo
7. The tcps2 example demonstrates a simple application program that delivers transparent bi directional data transmission between the W315 325 345 s serial and Ethernet ports As illustrated in the following figure the purpose of this application is to transfer data between PC 1 and the W315 325 345 through an RS 232 connection At the remote site data can be transferred between the W315 325 345 s Ethernet port and PC 2 over an Ethernet connection PC1 PC2 a RS 232 Read serial data Serial Rx Send data to PC2 Buffer LAN Rx Buffer Receive LAN data Write data to PC1 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Compiling tcps2 c NOTE The source code for the tcps2 example is located on the CD ROM at CD ROM example TCPServer2 tcps2 c Use the following commands to copy the file to a specific directory on your PC We use the direrctory home w3x5 1st_application Note that you need to copy 3 files Makefile tcps2 c tcpsp c from the CD ROM to the target directory mount t iso9660 dev cdrom mnt cdrom cp mnt cdrom example TCPServer2 tcps2 c home w3x5 1st_application tcps2 c cp mnt cdrom example TCPServer2 tcpsp c home w3x5 1st_application tcpsp c cp mnt cdrom example T CPServer2 Makefile home w3x5 1st_application Makefile Type make to compile the example code You will get the following response indicating that the example program was compiled successfully root serve
8. This step will destroy all your firmware Ceimesiome A AN 8 WW Now upgrade the file userdisk Format MTD device dev mtd3 MTD device dev mtd3 erase 128 Kibyte 600000 100 complete Wait to write file Compleleted 100 Upgrade the firmware is OK Enabling and Disabling Daemons Daemons are programs which run in the background Usually they provide some kinds of services such as web access FTP and email service etc The following daemons are enabled when the W315 325 345 boots up snmp SNMP Agent daemon telnetd Telnet Server Client daemon inetd Internet Daemons ftpd FTP Server Client daemon sshd Secure Shell Server daemon httpd Apache WWW Server daemon Type the command ps to list all processes currently running 3 6 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manu al Managing Embedded Linux root Moxa cd etc root Moxa etc ps DD nel root root root root TOOR TOOL root root root TELOLONE root root root root POOL VOOL pin root root 582 S 14 24 25 ai AG 604 609 611 625 673 679 682 685 690 500 3004 380 G 464 S SWN SW lt SW lt SW lt SW SW SW SW SW SW SW 694 SEIS 696 697 698 nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody SOL 3012 SOL SOLA 30 WHOA 714 726 352 176 436 1180 628 root POOL root 7217 root 783 root root Moxa ect VmSize
9. Updating the Time Automatically In this subsection we show how to use a shell script to update the time automatically Example shell script to update the system time periodically bin sh ntpdate time nist gov You can use the time server s ip address or domain name directly If you use domain name you must enable the domain client on the system by updating etc resolv conf file hwclock systohc sleep 100 Updates every 100 seconds The sleeping time is 100 seconds Change 100 to a larger number to update RTC less often Save the shell script using any file name E g fixtime How to run the shell script automatically when the kernel boots up Copy the example shell script fixtime to directory etc init d and then use chmod 755 fixtime to change the shell script mode Next use vi editor to edit the file etc inittab Add the following line to the bottom of the file ntp 2345 respawn etc init d fixtime Use the command init q to re init the kernel Cron Daemon to Execute Scheduled Commands Cron is a scheduling service in Linux Cron wakes up every minute and checks the configuration file named crontab to see if any scheduled command should be run in the current minute When executing commands output is mailed to the owner of that command or to the user named in the MAILTO environment variable in the crontab if such a user exists Crontab is located in the etc cron d directory Modify the file etc c
10. W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications The x represents one of the band selections shown in the following table Radio Band Selection Mono band 850 MHz Mono band 900 MHz Mono band 1800 MHz Mono band 1900 MHz Dual band 850 1900 MHz Dual band 900 1800 MHz Dual band 900 1900 MHz Di Nn BL WI W R oO x NOTE After setting customized connection we recommend running the command gprsemd to initiate a GPRS connection NFS Network File System The Network File System NFS is used to mount a disk partition on a remote machine as if it were on a local hard drive allowing fast seamless sharing of files across a network NFS allows users to develop applications for the W315 325 345 without worrying about the amount of disk space that will be available The W315 325 345 supports NFS protocol for client NOTE Click on the following links for more information about NFS http www tldp org HOWTO NFS HOWTO index html http nfs sourceforge net nfs howto client html http nfs sourceforge net nfs howto server html Setting up the W315 325 345 as an NFS Client The following procedure is used to mount a remote NFS Server 1 To know the NFS Server s shared directory 2 Establish a mount point on the NFS Client site 3 Mount the remote directory to a local directory mkdir p home nfs public mount t nfs NFS_Server IP directory mount point
11. noipdefault options ixp line 1 of 5 20 Type your username the one you set in the etc ppp pap secrets and etc ppp chap secrets files after the name option You may add other options as desired 4 17 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications 7 Setup DNS If you are using DNS servers supplied by your ISP edit the file etc resolv conf by adding the following lines of code nameserver ip_addr_of_first_dns_server nameserver ip_addr_of_second_dns_server For example nameserver 168 95 1 1 nameserver 139 175 10 20 8 Use the following command to create a pppoe connection pppd eth0 The ethO is what is connected to the ADSL modem LAN port 9 Type ifconfig ppp0 to check if the connection is OK or has failed If the connection is OK you will see information about the ppp0O setting for the IP address Use ping to test the IP 10 If you want to disconnect it use the kill command to kill the pppd process GPRS Connection GPRS is a packet switched technology which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel In addition GPRS transmits only when there is outgoing data The available bandwidth can be dedicated solely to data communication when needed In general a GPRS network can be viewed as a special IP network that offers IP connectivity to IP terminals The concepts of making GPRS connection are the same as the dial up service using PPP please refer to the sec
12. 0 counter 0 519 snmpEnableAuthenTraps 0 integer disabled 2 SNMP QUERY FINISHED NOTE Click on the following links for more information about MIB II and RS 232 like groups http www fags org rfcs rfc1213 html http www fags org rfcs rfc1317 html The W315 325 345 does NOT support SNMP trap OpenVPN OpenVPN provides two types of tunnels for users to implement VPNS Routed IP Tunnels and Bridged Ethernet Tunnels To begin with check to make sure that the system has a virtual device dev net tun If not issue the following command mknod dev net tun c 10 200 An Ethernet bridge is used to connect different Ethernet networks together The Ethernets are bundled into one bigger logical Ethernet Each Ethernet corresponds to one physical interface or port that is connected to the bridge On each OpenVPN machine you should generate a working directory such as etc openvpn where script files and key files reside Once established all operations will be performed in that directory 4 22 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Setup 1 Ethernet Bridging for Private Networks on Different Subnets 1 Set up four machines as shown in the following diagram local net LANI 192 168 2 173 LANI 192 168 2 171 LAN2 192 168 8 173 Internet LANI 192 168 8 174 LANI 192 168 4 172 LAN2 192 168 4 174 local net Host A B represents one of the machines
13. 127 106 196 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for bin l1s dL root root ISIE gva O OSs oas LEE STS Wi tee I roct root 4996 Jun 12 02 15 tcps2 release 226 Transfer complete Etp gt 3 From the W315 325 345 type chmod x tcps2 release tcps2 release amp root Moxa ls al QIWI Xr x 2 root root 0 Jun 12 02 14 drwxr xr x 15 root Toot 0 Jan 1 1970 il root root Ch Jwa LO Ges sacii AESi E Il e EE 4996 Jun 12 02 15 tcps2 release root Moxa chmod x tcps2 release root Moxa ls al drwxr xr x 2 root root 0 Jun 12 drwxr xr x ILS root root 0 Jan 1 mano il oe SOO 899 Jun 10 bash_history aruxr xr x l root root 4996 Jun 12 root Moxa 2 13 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started 4 The program should start running in the background Use the ps ef command to check if the tcps2 program is actually running in the background ps use this command to check if the program is running 1 Running tcps2 release amp root Moxa ps ef PID Uid VmSize Stat Command TOOL Bae imie z EGOE SWN ksoftirqd 0 BOOL SW lt events 0 root SW lt khelper root SW lt kblockd 0 Toot SW khubd root SW pdflush Trot SW pdflush root SW lt aio 0 root SW kswapd0 604 root SW mtdblockd 609 root SW pccardd Salil OOE 5W pcecardd 625 root SWN jffs2_gced_mtd3 GVS roor SOOM S bin inetd 679 Foot 3004 S usr bin httpd k start d etc apache 682 bin
14. 592 5 SWN SW lt SW lt SW lt SW SW SW SW lt SW SW SW SW SANNI aleve Si kSo0ttirgd 0 events 0 khelper kblockd 0 khubd pdflush pdflush aio 0 kswapd0 mtdblockd pccardd pccaradd Dee 2 eyotcl smercls bin inetd root tcps2 release usr bin httpd k start bin portmap bin sh login bin snmpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd bin reportip bash bin telnetd bash ps erf Adjusting the System Time Setting the Time Manually k Sk k k k Sika start start start start d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache The W315 325 345 has two time settings One is the system time and the other is the RTC Real Time Clock time kept by the W315 325 345 s hardware Use the date command to query the current system time or set a new system time Use hwclock to query the current RTC time or set a new RTC time Use the following command to query the system time date Use the following command to query the RTC time hwclock Use the following command to set the system time date MMDDhhmmYYYY MM Month DD Date hhmm hour and YYYY Year minute Use the following command to set the RTC time hwclock w 3 9 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux Write current system time to RTC The following figure illustrates
15. DROP the packet or LOG the packet 4 10 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications NAT NOTE Examples Example 1 Accept all packets from lo interface iptables A INPUT i lo j ACCEPT Example 2 Accept TCP packets from 192 168 0 1 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p tcp s 192 168 0 1 j ACCEPT Example 3 Accept TCP packets from Class C network 192 168 1 0 24 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p tcp s 192 168 1 0 24 j ACCEPT Example 4 Drop TCP packets from 192 168 1 25 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p tcp s 192 168 1 25 j DROP Example 5 Drop TCP packets addressed for port 21 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p tcp dport 21 j DROP Example 6 Accept TCP packets from 192 168 0 24 to W315 325 345 s port 137 138 139 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p tcp s 192 168 0 24 dport 137 139 j ACCEPT Example 7 Drop all packets from MAC address 01 02 03 04 05 06 iptables A INPUT i eth0 p all m mac mac source 01 02 03 04 05 06 j DROP NOTE In Example 7 remember to issue the command insmod ipt_mac first to load module ipt_mac NAT Network Address Translation protocol translates IP addresses used on one network to different IP addresses used on another network One network is designated the inside network and the other is the outside network Typically the W315 325 345 connects several devices on a network and maps local inside network addresses to one or more global outside IP addresses and un maps the
16. Example mount t nfs 192 168 3 100 home public home nfs public Mail smtpclient is a minimal SMTP client that takes an email message body and passes it on to an SMTP server It is suitable for applications that use email to send alert messages or important logs to a specific user NOTE Click on the following link for more information about smtpclient http www engelschall com sw smtpclient 4 20 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications SNMP To send an email message use the smtpclient utility which uses SMTP protocol Type smtpclient help to see the help message Example smtpclient s test f sender company com S IP_address receiver company com lt mail body message s The mail subject Sender s mail address S SMTP server IP address The last mail address receiver company com is the receiver s e mail address mail body message is the mail content The last line of the body of the message should contain ONLY the period character You will need to add your hostname to the file etc hosts The W315 325 345 has built in SNMP V1 Simple Network Management Protocol agent software It supports RFC1317 RS 232 like group and RFC 1213 MIB II The following simple example allows you to use an SNMP browser on the host site to query the W315 325 345 which is the SNMP agent The W315 325 345 will respond sees SNMP QUERY STARTED sysDescr 0 octet string Ver
17. Input int fd the file handle from swtd_open return value Output OK will be zero The other has some error to get error code from errno int swtd_get int fd int mode unsigned long time Description Get current setting values mode 1 for user application enable WDT need to acknowledge 0 for user application disable WDT does not need to acknowledge time The time period to acknowledge WDT Input int fd the file handle from swtd_open return value int mode the function will return the status of user application need to unsigned long time the function will return the current time period Output OK will be zero The other has some error to get error code from errno int swtd_ack int fd Description Acknowledge sWatchDog When the user application enable sWatchDog It need to call this function periodically with user predefined time in the application program Input int fd the file handle from swtd_open return value Output OK will be zero The other has some error to get error code from errno int swtd_close int fd Description Close the file handle Input int fd the file handle from swtd_open return value Output OK will be zero The other has some error to get error code from errno 6 4 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide 4 Special Not
18. Journaling Flash File System JFFS2 which was developed by Axis Communications in Sweden puts a file system directly on the flash instead of emulating a block device It is designed for use on flash ROM chips and recognizes the special write requirements of a flash ROM chip JFFS2 implements wear leveling to extend the life of the flash disk and stores the flash directory structure in the RAM A log structured file system is maintained at all times The system is always consistent even if it encounters crashes or improper power downs and does not require fsck file system check on boot up JFFS2 is the newest version of JFFS It provides improved wear leveling and garbage collection performance improved RAM footprint and response to system memory pressure improved concurrency and support for suspending flash erases marking of bad sectors with continued use of the remaining good sectors enhancing the write life of the devices native data compression inside the file system design and support for hard links The key features of JFFS2 are e Targets the Flash ROM Directly e Robustness Consistency across power failures No integrity scan fsck is required at boot time after normal or abnormal shutdown Explicit wear leveling Transparent compression Although JFFS2 is a journaling file system this does not preclude the loss of data The file system will remain in a consistent state across power failures and will always be mountable H
19. MD5 tun mtu 1500 tun mtu extra 64 ping 40 up etc openvpn B tap0 br sh bin sh value after net is the subnet behind the remote peer route add net 192 168 2 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 dev br0O end Note Select cipher and authentication algorithms by specifying cipher and auth To see with algorithms are available type openvpn show ciphers openvpn show auths 4 Start both of OpenVPN peers openvpn config A tap0 br conf amp openvpn config B tap0 br conf amp If you see the line Peer Connection Initiated with 192 168 8 173 5000 on each machine the connection between OpenVPN machines has been established successfully on UDP port 5000 5 On each OpenVPN machine check the routing table by typing the command route Destination Gateway Genmsk Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192 168 4 0 255 255 255 0 U 0 0 0 brO 192 168 2 0 255 255 255 0 U 0 0 0 brO 192 168 8 0 255 255 255 0 U 0 0 0 eth0 Interface eth1 is connected to the bridging interface br0 to which device tap0 also connects whereas the virtual device tun sits on top of tap0 This ensures that all traffic from internal networks connected to interface eth1 that come to this bridge write to the TAP TUN device that the OpenVPN program monitors Once the OpenVPN program detects traffic on the 4 26 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual M
20. Now type ping z z z z where z z z z is the address of your name server This should work Here s what the response could look like ping 129 67 1 165 PING 129 67 1 165 129 67 1 165 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 129 67 1 165 icmp_seq 0 ttl 225 time 268 ms 64 bytes from 129 67 1 165 icmp_seq 1 ttl 225 time 247 ms 64 bytes from 129 67 1 165 icmp_seq 2 ttl 225 time 266 ms AG 129 67 1 165 ping statistics 3 packets transmitted 3 packets received 0 packet loss round trip min avg max 247 260 268 ms waddington Try typing netstat nr This should show three routes something like this Kernel routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use iface 129 67 1 165 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 UH 0 0 6 pppO 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 U 0 0 0 lo 0 0 0 0 129 67 1 165 0 0 0 0 UG 0 0 6298 ppp0 If your output looks similar but doesn t have the destination 0 0 0 0 line which refers to the default route used for connections you may have run pppd without the defaultroute option At this point you can try using Telnet ftp or finger bearing in mind that you Il have to use numeric IP addresses unless you ve set up etc resolv conf correctly Setting up a Machine for Incoming PPP Connections This first example applies to using a modem and requiring authorization with a username and password pppd dev ttyMO 115200 crts
21. Stat Command Lae iS Sotti rgd 0 events 0 khelper kblockd 0 khubd pdflush pdflush aio 0 kswapd0 mtdblockd pccardd pecardd laere ceel meel bin inetd usr bin httpd k bin portmap bin sh login bin snmpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd usr bin httpd bin reportip bash bin telnetd bash ps ef To see all the daemons which run at bootup cd ete rc d rc3 d ls zk E Zk I k d etc apache start Stare start Start start d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache d etc apache root Moxa ect rce d rc3 d 1s S19nfs common S20snmpd S55ssh S24pcmcia root Moxa etc rce d rc3 d cd etc rc d init d S99rmnologin S25nfs user serverS99showreadyled Edit a shell script to execute root tcps2 release and save to teps2 as an example cd etc re d rce3 d ln s etc re d init d tcps2 S60tcps2 SxxRUNFILE stands for S start the run file while linux boots up xx a number between 00 99 Smaller numbers have a higher priority RUNFILE the file name 3 7 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 192 16872 127 Pure root Moxa ect rce d rc3 d 1s S19nfs common S25nfs user serverS99showreadyled S20snmpd SoS S hl S24pcmcia S99rmnologin root Moxa ect rce d rc3 d Imi s root tcps2 release S60tcps2 root Moxa ect rce d rc3 d 1s S1
22. cgi bin ls al drwxr xr x 2 TOOGE ALWE xE K 9 EON root EWES KE X Al zoog TOLE root Moxa home httpd cgi bin root 0 Aug 24 1999 0 Nor 5 16 16 nS aee 2A SS Install PHP for Apache Web Server This embedded computer supports the PHP option However since the PHP file is 3 MB it is not installed by default To install it yourself first make sure there is enough free space at least 3 MB on your embedded flash ROM Step 1 SERVER_SOFTWARE Apache 2 1 6 Unix mod_ssl 2 1 6 OpenSSL 0 9 8 PHP 5 0 5 HTTP_ACCEPT image gif image x xbitmap image jpeg image pjpeg application x shockwave flash Internet Check that you have enough free space The following figure illustrates how to check that the dev mtdblock3 has more than 3 MB of free space 192 T6873 T27 PUTTY root Moxa bin df h Filesystem dev mtdblock2 dev ram0 dev mtdblock3 dev mtdblock3 dev mtdblock3 tmpfs root Moxa bin Used Available Use Mounted on 6 0M EROE 488 0k 488 0k DEM 488 0k S SM 0 30 4M 457 0k DEM 2 0M 75 4 var 8 tmp 8 home etc dev shm W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Step 2 Type upramdisk to get the free space ram disk to save the package T92 1683 1 PuTTY root Moxa bin upramdisk root Moxa bin df h Filesystem Size Used Available Use Mounted on dev mtdblock2 8 0M 6 0M AOM VEm J dev ram0 499 0k 18 0k 456 0k 4 var dev mtdbloc
23. global IP addresses on incoming packets back into local IP addresses Click on the following link for more information about iptables and NAT http www netfilter org documentation HOWTO NAT HOWTO html NAT Example The IP address of the LAN is changed to 192 168 3 127 you will need to load the module ipt MASQUERADE W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications GPRS 211 120 21 171 LAN 192 168 3 127 24 IP Network 192 168 3 100 24 Gateway 192 168 3 127 echo 1 gt proc sys net ipv4 ip_forward insmod ip_tables insmod iptable_filter insmod ip_conntrack insmod iptable_nat insmod ipt_MASQUERADE iptables t nat A POSTROUTING o eth0 j SNAT to source 192 168 3 127 iptables t nat A POSTROUTING o eth0 s 192 168 3 0 24 j MASQUERADE o y OU A UNEB Enabling NAT at Bootup In most real world situations you will want to use a simple shell script to enable NAT when the W315 325 345 boots up The following script is an example bin bash If you put this shell script in the home nat sh Remember to chmod 744 home nat sh Edit the rc local file to make this shell startup automatically vi etc rc d rc local Add a line in the end of rc local home nat sh EXIF ethO This is an external interface for setting up a valid IP address EXNET 192 168 4 0 24 This is an internal network address Step 1 Insert modules Here 2 gt dev null means the standard e
24. host name and IP address etc resolv conf This is the most important file that you need to edit when using DNS for the other programs For example before you use ntpdate time nist goc to update the system time you will need to add the DNS server address to the file Ask your network administrator which DNS server address you should use The DNS server s IP address is specified with the nameserver command For example add the following line to etc resolv conf if the DNS server s IP address is 168 95 1 1 nameserver 168 95 1 1 10 120 53 100 PuTTY r root Moxa etc cat resolv conf resolv conf This file is the resolver configuration file See resolver 5 nameserver 192 168 1 16 nameserver 168 95 1 1 nameserver 140 115 1 31 nameserver 140 115 236 10 root Moxa etc etc nsswitch conf This file defines the sequence to resolve the IP address by using etc hosts or etc resolv conf 4 2 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Web Service Apache The Apache web server s main configuration file is etc apache conf httpd conf with the default homepage located at home httpd htdocs index htm1 Save your own homepage to the following directory home httpd htdocs Save your CGI page to the following directory home httpd cgi bin Before you modify the homepage use a browser such as Microsoft Internet Explore or Mozilla Firefox from your PC to test if the Apache Web Se
25. how to develop a program for the W315 325 345 In general program development involves the following seven steps Step 1 Connect the W315 325 345 to a Linux PC Step 2 Install Tool Chain GNU ross Compiler amp glibc Step 3 Set the cross compiler and glibc environment variables Step 4 Cross Code and compile the program Step 5 Download the program to the W315 325 345 via FTP or NFS A Step 6 Debug the program gt If bugs are found return to Step 4 gt If no bugs are found continue with Step 7 Step 7 Back up the user directory distribute the program to additional W315 325 345 units if needed 2 8 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Installing the Tool Chain Linux NOTE The Linux Operating System must be pre installed in the PC before installing the W315 325 345 GNU Tool Chain Fedora core or compatible versions are recommended The Tool Chain requires approximately200 MB of hard disk space on your PC The W315 325 345 Tool Chain software is located on the W315 325 345 CD To install the Tool Chain insert the CD in your PC and then issue the following commands mount dev cdrom mnt cdrom sh mnt cdrom tool chain linux install sh The Tool Chain will be installed automatically on your Linux PC within a few minutes Before compiling the program be sure to set the following path first since the Tool Chain files including the compiler link library and include files are located
26. how to update the system time and set the RTC time 192 168 3 127 PuTTY root Moxa date Wied en 23 2300s Csr ZOO root Moxa hwclock eal Jen AS Ze SOSS ZOO eas WA Secon root Moxa date 120910002004 Thu Dec 9 10 00 00 CST 2004 root Moxa hwclock w root Moxa date hwclock mwa Dee S OOL Sty Csi Z000 Thu Dec 9 10 01 08 2004 0 933547 seconds root Moxa NTP Client The W315 325 345 has a built in NTP Network Time Protocol client that is used to initialize a time request to a remote NTP server Use ntpdate lt this client utility gt to update the system time ntpdate time stdtime gov tw hwclock w Visit http www ntp org for more information about NTP and NTP server addresses 10 120 53 100 PuTTY root Moxa date hwclock Sais dem i 00 00 56 CSi Z000 Sat Jan 1 00 00 37 2000 0 772941 seconds root Moxa ntpdate time stdtion gov tw 9 Dec 10 58 53 ntpdate 207 step time server 220 130 158 52 offset 155905087 9 84256 sec root Moxa hwclock w root Moxa date hwclock miu Deo V M0592 CST 2004 Thu Dec 9 10 59 12 2004 0 844076 seconds root Moxa NOTE Before using the NTP client utility check your IP and DNS settings to make sure that an Internet connection is available Refer to Chapter 2 for instructions on how to configure the Ethernet interface and see Chapter 4 for DNS setting information 3 10 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux
27. in the read write directory dev mtdblock3 Note that the directories home and etc are both mounted in the directory dev mtdblock3 2 9 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started NOTE If the flash memory is full you will need to free up some memory space before saving files to the Flash ROM You can ONLY write files in home tmp etc var directories Files in var directory will not be kept after reboot Users are not allowed to have write privilege in other directories including the directory root Compiling Hello c NOTE The package CD contains several example programs Here we use Hello c as an example to show you how to compile and run your applications Type the following commands from your PC to copy the files used for this example from the CD to your computer s hard drive cd tmp mkdir example cp r mnt cdrom example tmp example To compile the program go to the Hello subdirectory and issue the following commands cd example hello make You should receive the following response root localhost hello make usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcc o hello release hello c usr local arm linux bin arm linux strip s hello release usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcc ggdb o hello debug hello c root localhost hello _ Next execute hello exe to generate hello release and hello debug which are described below hello release an ARM platform execution file created spe
28. ioctl fd MOXA _GET_OP_MODE amp mode Description Get the interface mode Argument 3 mode will return the interface mode There are two Moxa private ioctl commands for setting up special baudrates Function MOXA_SET_SPECIAL_BAUD_RATE Function MOXA_GET_SPECIAL_BAUD_RATE If you use this ioctl to set a special baudrate the termios cflag will be B4000000 in which case the B4000000 define will be different If the baudrate you get from termios or from calling tcgetattr is B4000000 you must call ioctl with MOXA_GET_SPECIAL_BAUD_RATE to get the actual baudrate Example to set the baudrate include lt moxadevice h gt include lt termios h gt struct termios term int fd speed fd open dev ttyM0 O_RDWR tcgetattr fd amp term term c_cflag amp CBAUD CBAUDEX term c_cflag B4000000 tcsetattr fd TCSANOW amp term speed 500000 ioctl fd MOXA_SET_SPECIAL_BAUD_RATE amp speed Example to get the baudrate include lt moxadevice h gt include lt termios h gt struct termios term int fd speed fd open dev ttyM0 O_RDWR tcgetattr fd amp term if term c_cflag amp CBAUD CBAUDEX B4000000 follow the standard termios baud rate define else ioctl fd MOXA_GET_SPECIAL BAUD_RATE amp speed Baudrate error Divisor 921600 Target Baud Rate Only Integer part ENUM 8 921600 Targer Divisor Round up or down Inaccuracy Targe
29. libjpeg so Aisi oy onl E A dbsioy Lai oe cls EKO 6 php plp pip ITI phpinfo php root Moxa mnt ramdisk Step 5 Run install sh and select to install php 192 068 3127 PuTTY _ root Moxa mnt ramdisk install sh Press the number Install PHP package Uninstall PHP package Bical Start to install PHP Please wait Starting web server apache PHP install sucess root Moxa mnt ramdisk W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Step 6 Testit Use the browser to access http 192 168 3 127 phpinfo php File Edt View Favorites Tools Help Ow O amp AD Psahn Prvoms O S I ha ads Address http 192 168 3 127 phpinfo pha System Lire Mosa 2 6 9 uc0 69 Tue Apr 24 1804 23 EDT 2007 awat paoe for 4200522120 If you want to uninstall PHP follow steps 2 to 5 but select the uninstall option IPTABLES IPTABLES is an administrative tool for setting up maintaining and inspecting the Linux kernel s IP packet filter rule tables Several different tables are defined with each table containing built in chains and user defined chains Each chain is a list of rules that apply to a certain type of packet Each rule specifies what to do with a matching packet A rule such as a jump to a user defined chain in the same table is called a target The W315 325 345 supports 3 types of IPTABLES table Filter tables NAT tables and Mangle tables A
30. supports Linux standard simple RTC control You must include lt linux rtc h gt 1 Buzzer Function RTC_RD_TIME int ioctl fd RTC_RD_TIME struct rtc_time time Description read time information from RTC It will return the value on argument 3 Function RTC_SET_TIME int ioctl fd RTC_SET_TIME struct rtc_time time Description set RTC time Argument 3 will be passed to RTC The device node is located at dev console The W315 325 345 supports Linux standard buzzer control with the W315 325 345 s buzzer running at a fixed frequency of 100 Hz You must include lt sys kd h gt Function KDMKTONE ioctl fd KDMKTONE unsigned int arg Description The buzzer s behavior is determined by the argument arg The high word part of arg gives the length of time the buzzer will sound and the low word part gives the frequency The buzzer s on off behavior is controlled by software If you call the ioctl function you MUST set the frequency at 100 Hz If you use a different frequency the system could crash WDT Watch Dog Timer 1 Introduction The WDT works like a watch dog function You can enable it or disable it When the user enables WDT but the application does not acknowledge it the system will reboot You can set the acknowledgement time from a minimum of 50 msec to a maximum of 60 seconds How the WDT works The WDT function is disabled when the system boots up The user applicati
31. that belongs to OpenVPN A B The two remote subnets are configured for a different range of IP addresses When this setup is moved to a public network the external interfaces of the OpenVPN machines should be configured for static IPs or connect to another device such as a firewall or DSL box first openvpn genkey secret secrouter key Copy the file that is generated to the OpenVPN machine Generate a script file named openvpn bridge on each OpenVPN machine This script reconfigures interface eth as IP less creates logical bridge s and TAP interfaces loads modules enables IP forwarding etc bin sh iface ethl defines the internal interface maxtap expr 1 defines the number of tap devices I e of tunnels IPADDR NETMASK BROADCAST it is not a great idea but this system doesn t support etc sysconfig network scripts ifcfg ethl ifcfg_vpn while read f1 f2 f3 f4 r3 do if f1 iface a f2 iface a f3 inet a f4 static then i expr 0 while do if i gt 5 then break fi i expr i 1 read f1 f2 4 23 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications case f1 in address IPADDR S 2 mr netmask NETMASK 2 Ue a broadcast BROADCAST 2 7 esac done break fi done lt etc network interfaces get the ip address of the specified interface mname module_up oIFS SIFS I
32. the remote peer Note that 5 is the argument that the OpenVPN program passes to the script file Its value is the second argument of ifconfig in the configuration file 3 Check the routing table after you run the OpenVPN programs by typing the command route Destination Gateway Genmsk Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192 168 4 174 i 255 255 255 255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 192 168 4 0 192 168 4 174 255 255 255 0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 192 168 2 0 255 255 255 0 U 0 0 0 eth 192 168 8 0 255 255 255 0 U 0 0 0 eth0 4 29 5 Development Tool Chains This chapter describes how to install a tool chain in the host computer that you use to develop your applications In addition the process of performing cross platform development and debugging are also introduced For clarity the W315 325 345 embedded computer is called a target computer The following functions are covered in this chapter Q Linux Tool Chain gt Steps for Installing the Linux Tool Chain gt Compilation for Applications gt On Line Debugging with GDB W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Development Tool Chains Linux Tool Chain The Linux tool chain contains a suite of cross compilers and other tools as well as the libraries and header files that are necessary to compile your applications These tool chain components must be installed in your host computer PC running Linux We have confirmed that the following Linux dis
33. 1 0 To check source firmware file context The source firmware file conext is OK This step will destroy all your firmware Come tous 2 GEN 5 x Now upgrade the file kernel Format MTD device dev mtd1 MTD device dev mtdl erase 128 Kibyte 1C0000 100 complete Wait to write file Compleleted 100 Now upgrade the file usrdisk Format MTD device dev mtd2 MTD device dev mtd2 erase 128 Kibyte 800000 100 complete Wait to write file Compleleted 100 Upgrade the firmware is OK ATTENTION The upfirm utility will reboot your target after the upgrade is OK 3 4 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux Loading Factory Defaults To load the the factory default settings you must press the reset to default button for more than 5 seconds All files in the home and etc directories will be destroyed Note that while pressing the reset to default button the Ready LED will blink once every second for the first 5 seconds The Ready LED will turn off after 5 seconds and the factory defaults will be loaded Backing Up the User Directory 1 Create a backup file First type the following command to enable the RAM disk upramdisk Next use the file system backup utility provided by Moxa backupuf mnt ramdisk usrfs backup 2 Once the file system is backed up use FTP to transfer the file usrfs backup to your PC 192 168 3 127 PuTTY root Moxa upramdisk root Moxa
34. 380 S bin portmap 685 root cose Ponnan legin 690 root 464 S bin snmpd 694 nobody SOLZ usr bin httpd k start d etc apache 695 nobody SOLZ usr bin httpd k start d etc apache 696 nobody SOLZ S usr bin httpd k start d etc apache S S ts Ss S S Aros BlWFWNHE NNNNB E 697 nobody SOLZ usr bin httpd k start d etc apache 698 nobody 3012 usr bin httpd k start d etc apache 701 root B52 bin reportip 714 root LEYG bash 726 Loot 436 bin telnetd UZI selexene 1164 bash 128 root 1264 S tcps2 release T29 BOSC 1592 S ps ef root Moxa NOTE Use the kill 9 command for PID 728 to terminate this program kill 9 728 Summary of the Testing Procedure Compile teps2 c make ee Upload and run teps2 release in the background tcps2 release amp Check that the process is running jobs or ps ef Use a serial cable to connect PC1 to the W315 325 345 s serial port 1 Use an Ethernet cable to connect PC2 to the W315 325 345 On PC1 If running Windows use HyperTerminal 38400 n 8 1 to open COMn On PC2 Type telnet 192 168 3 127 4001 On PC1 Type some text on the keyboard and then press Enter On PC2 The text you typed on PC1 will appear on PC2 s screen SO 088 STON eb The testing environment is illustrated in the following figure However note that there are limitations to the example program teps2 c 2 14 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started NOT
35. 5 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications local don t use Carrier Detect or Data Terminal Ready persist demand modem debug Use the next two lines if you receive the dreaded messages No response to n echo requests Serial link appears to be disconnected Connection terminated Icp echo failure 4 Icp echo interval 65535 connect bin chat v f etc chatscripts chtgprs connect Configuring the AT commands The AT command set for connecting a GPRS module is located at etc chatscripts chtgprs connect You can add your own AT commands in the following the format File etc chatscripts chtgprs connect TIMEOUT 10 ABORT BUSY ABORT NO ANSWER ABORT ERROR SAY Starting GPRS connect script n Get the modem s attention and reset it eee ATZ E0 No echo V1 English result codes OK ATEOV1 Set Access Point Name APN SAY Setting APN n OK AT CGDCONT 1 IP internet Dial the number ABORT NO CARRIER SAY Dialing n OK ATD 99 1 CONNECT Example Selecting the radio band The GSM GPRS module is configured to 900 1800 MHz by default Althought GSM 900 and GSM 1800 are used in most parts of the world operators in the United States Canada and many other countries in the Americas use GSM 850 or GSM 1900 For users in these areas the radio band can be reconfigured by adding an AT command in etc chatscripts chtgprs connect OK AT WMBS x
36. 9nfs common S25nfs user serverS99rmnologin S20snmpd S55ssh S99showreadyled S24pcmcia Sevtcps2 root Moxa etc rce d rc3 d KxxRUNFILE stands for K start the run file while linux shuts down or halts xx a number between 00 99 Smaller numbers have a higher priority RUNFILE the file name To remove the daemon remove the run file from the ete re d re3 d directory by using the following command rm f etc rc d rc3 d S60tcps2 Starting a Program Automatically at Run Level To set a program running automatically at run level you can edit the file rc local as follows cd etc re d vi re local 1927168 32220 PuTTY root Moxa cd etc rc d root Moxa etc rce d vi re local Next use vi to open your application program We use the example program tceps2 release and put it to run in the background 192 168 3 127 PuTTY bin sh Add you want to run daemon home tcps2 release amp 3 8 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux The enabled daemons will be available after you reboot the system 192 168 3 127 PuTTY root Moxa ps ED O fale VmSize Stat Command L TOOL root 3 root A TOOt INS TOCE 14 root 24 root 29 rOOt 2 Oog PAs TOE 604 root 609 rooe 611 root G25 COOL Gifs KOE 674 root 679 root 682 bin SES OE CQO saHoroie 694 nobody 695 nobody 696 nobody 697 nobody 698 nobody 101 root 7L4 root WAG TOSE 7127 TOOT TAS TIGE root Moxa
37. AT gt NAT Example gt Enabling NAT at Bootup Dial up Service PPP gt Example 1 Connecting to a PPP server over a simple dial up connection gt Example 2 Connecting to a PPP server over a hard wired link gt How to check the connection gt Setting up a Machine for Incoming PPP Connections PPPoE GPRS Connection NFS Network File System gt Setting up the W315 325 345 as an NFS Client Mail SNMP OpenVPN W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Telnet FTP DNS In addition to supporting Telnet client server and FTP client server the W315 325 345 also supports SSH and sftp client server To enable or disable the Telnet ftp server you first need to edit the file etc inetd conf Enabling the Telnet ftp server The following example shows the default content of the file etc inetd conf The default is to enable the Telnet ftp server discard dgram udp wait root bin discard discard stream tcp nowait root bin discard telnet stream tcp nowait root bin telnetd ftp stream tcp nowait root bin ftpd 1 Disabling the Telnet ftp server Disable the daemon by typing in front of the first character of the row to comment out the line The W315 325 345 supports DNS client but not DNS server To set up DNS client you need to edit three configuration files etc hosts etc resolv conf and etc nsswitch conf etc hosts This is the first file that the Linux system reads to resolve the
38. Click on the following links for more information about iptables http www linuxguruz com iptables http www netfilter org documentation HOWTO packet filtering HOWTO html Since the IPTABLES command is very complex to illustrate the IPTABLES syntax we have divided our discussion of the various rules into three categories Observe and erase chain rules Define policy rules and Append or delete rules Observe and erase chain rules Usage iptables t tables L n t tables Table to manipulate default filter example nat or filter L chain ListList all rules in selected chains If no chain is selected all chains are listed n Numeric output of addresses and ports 4 9 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications iptables t tables FXZ F Flush the selected chain all the chains in the table if none is listed X Delete the specified user defined chain Z Set the packet and byte counters in all chains to zero Examples iptables L n In this example since we do not use the t parameter the system uses the default filter table Three chains are included INPUT OUTPUT and FORWARD INPUT chains are accepted automatically and all connections are accepted without being filtered iptables F iptables X iptables Z Define policy for chain rules Usage iptables t tables P INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD PREROUTING OUTPUT POSTROUTING ACCEPT D
39. E PC2 LAN bh Read serial data Serial Rx Send data to PC2 Buffer LAN Rx Buffer E The tcps2 c application is a simple example designed to give users a basic understanding of the concepts involved in combining Ethernet communication and serial port communication However the example program has some limitations that make it unsuitable for real life applications 1 The serial port is in canonical mode and block mode making it impossible to send data from the Ethernet side to the serial side i e from PC 2 to PC 1 in the above example 2 The Ethernet side will not accept multiple connections 2 15 3 Managing Embedded Linux This chapter includes information about version control deployment updates and peripherals The information in this chapter will be particularly useful when you need to run the same application on several W315 325 345 units The following topics are covered in this chapter QO System Version Information Q System Image Backup gt Upgrading the Firmware gt Loading Factory Defaults gt Backing Up the User Directory gt Deploying the User Directory to Additional W315 325 345 Units Enabling and Disabling Daemons Starting a Program Automatically at Run Level Adjusting the System Time gt Setting the Time Manually gt NTP Client gt Updating the Time Automatically m Cron Daemon to Execute Scheduled Commands Ooo W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Manag
40. FS FOUND no for LINE in lsmod do TOK echo SLINE cut d f1 if TOK Smname then FOUND yes break fi done IFS SoIFS if SFOUND no J then modprobe mname fi start ifcfg_vpn if d dev net then mkdir dev net fi if r dev net tun then create a device file if there is none mknod dev net tun c 10 200 fi load modules tun and bridge mname tun module_up mname bridge module_up create an ethernet bridge to connect tap devices internal interface brctl addbr br0O brcetl addif br0 iface the bridge receives data from any port and forwards it to other ports i expr 0 while do generate a tap0 interface on tun openvpn mktun dev tap i connect tap device to the bridge brctl addif br0 tap i 4 24 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications null ip address of tap device ifconfig tap i 0 0 0 0 promisc up i expr i 1 if i ge maxtap then break fi done null ip address of internal interface ifconfig iface 0 0 0 0 promisc up enable bridge ip ifconfig brO SIPADDR netmask S NETMASK broadcast S BROADCAST ipf proc sys net ipv4 ip_ forward enable IP forwarding echo 1 gt Sipf echo ip forwarding enabled to cat Sipf stop echo shutdown openvpn bridge ifcfg_vpn i expr 0 while do
41. ROP P Set the policy for the chain to the given target INPUT For packets coming into the W315 325 345 OUTPUT For locally generated packets FORWARD For packets routed out through the W315 325 345 PREROUTING To alter packets as soon as they come in POSTROUTING To alter packets as they are about to be sent out Examples iptables P INPUT DROP iptables P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables t nat P PREROUTING ACCEPT iptables t nat P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables t nat P POSTROUTING ACCEPT In the above example the policy accepts outgoing packets and denies incoming packets Append or delete rules Usage iptables t table AI INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD io interface p tcp udp icmp all s IP network sport ports d IP network dport ports j ACCEPT DROP A Append one or more rules to the end of the selected chain I Insert one or more rules in the selected chain as the given rule number i Name of an interface via which a packet is going to be received o Name of an interface via which a packet is going to be sent p The protocol of the rule or of the packet to check s Source address network name host name network IP address or plain IP address sport Source port number d Destination address dport Destination port number j Jump target Specifies the target of the rules i e how to handle matched packets For example ACCEPT the packet
42. T Chain Filter Table FORWARD Chain Mangle Table POSTROUTING Chain NAT Table POSTROUTING Chain Outgoing Packets W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications The W315 325 345 supports the following sub modules Be sure to use the module that matches your application ip_conntrack ipt MARK ipt_ah ipt_state ip_conntrack_ftp ipt MASQUERADE ipt_esp ipt_tcpmss ipt_conntrack_irc ipt_MIRROT ipt_length ipt_tos ip_nat_ftp ipt REDIRECT ipt_limit ipt_ttl ip_nat_irc ipt_REJECT ipt_mac ipt_unclean ip_nat_snmp_basic ipt_TCPMSS ipt_mark ip_queue ipt_TOS ipt_multiport ipt_LOG ipt_ULOG ipt_owner NOTE The W315 325 345 does NOT support IPV6 and ipchains The basic syntax to enable and load an IPTABLES module is as follows 1smod insmod ip_tables insmod iptable_filter Use lsmod to check if the ip_tables module has already been loaded in the W315 325 345 Use insmod to insert and enable the module Use the following command to load the modules iptable_filter iptable_mangle iptable_nat insmod iptable_filter Use iptables iptables restore iptables save to maintain the database NOTE IPTABLES plays the role of packet filtering or NAT Take care when setting up the IPTABLES rules If the rules are not correct remote hosts that connect via a LAN or PPP may be denied access We recommend using the Serial Console to set up the IPTABLES
43. W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Third Edition September 2008 www moxa com product MOXA 2008 Moxa Inc all rights reserved Reproduction without permission is prohibited W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement Copyright Notice Copyright 2008 Moxa Inc All rights reserved Reproduction without permission is prohibited Trademarks MOXA is a registered trademark of Moxa Inc All other trademarks or registered marks in this manual belong to their respective manufacturers Disclaimer Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Moxa Moxa provides this document as is without warranty of any kind either expressed or implied including but not limited to its particular purpose Moxa reserves the right to make improvements and or changes to this manual or to the products and or the programs described in this manual at any time Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable However Moxa assumes no responsibility for its use or for any infringements on the rights of third parties that may result from its use This product might include unintentional technical or typographical errors Changes are periodically made to the information herein to correct such errors and the
44. W325 and W345 models come with an SD slot and the W345 also has two USB 2 0 hosts and one relay output channel The W300 series embedded computers are ideal for diverse machine to machine embedded applications The computers enable the wireless operation of traditionally wired network and serial devices and can handle transparent data transfer numeric computing protocol conversion data processing and even data encryption You will find it easier to build embedded systems for distributed peer to peer communication turn wired devices into wireless devices and introduce higher mobility and more intelligence to your system In this chapter we cover the various capabilities of the W300 series embedded computers The following topics are covered in this chapter U Overview O Software Architecture gt Journaling Flash File System JFFS2 gt Software Package W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Introduction Overview The W315 325 345 wireless embedded computers come with a quad band 850 900 1800 1900 MHz GSM GPRS module built in to provide long range communication The computers use a Moxa ART 192 Mhz RISC CPU Unlike the X86 CPU which uses a CISC design the RISC architecture and modern semiconductor technology provide these embedded computers with a powerful computing engine and communication functions but without generating a lot of heat A 16 MB NOR Flash ROM and on board SDRAM 64 MB for W345 and 32 MB for W315 325 give y
45. anaging Communications virtual device it sends the traffic to its peer 6 To create an indirect connection to Host B from Host A you need to add the following routing item route add net 192 168 4 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 dev eth0 To create an indirect connection to Host A from Host B you need to add the following routing item route add net 192 168 2 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 dev eth0 Now ping Host B from Host A by typing ping 192 168 4 174 A successful ping indicates that you have created a VPN system that only allows authorized users from one internal network to access users at the remote site For this system all data is transmitted by UDP packets on port 5000 between OpenVPN peers 7 To shut down OpenVPN programs type the command killall TERM openvpn Setup 2 Ethernet Bridging for Private Networks on the Same Subnet 1 Set up four machines as shown in the following diagram local net LAN 2 192 168 2 173 LANI 192 168 2 171 LAN1 192 168 8 173 Internet LANI 192 168 8 174 LANI1 192 168 2 172 LAN2 192 168 2 174 local net 2 The configuration procedure is almost the same as for the previous example The only difference is that you will need to comment out the parameter up in etc openvpn A tap0 br conf and etc openvpn B tap0 br conf 4 27 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Setup 3 Routed IP 1 Set up four machine
46. archives static libraries as Assembler C g C compiler cpp C preprocessor gcc C compiler gdb Debugger Id Linker nm Lists symbols from object files objcopy Copies and translates object files objdump Displays information about object files ranlib Generates indexes to archives static libraries readelf Displays information about ELF files 5 2 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Development Tool Chains size Lists object file section sizes strings Prints strings of printable characters from files usually object files strip Removes symbols and sections from object files usually debugging information On Line Debugging with GDB The tool chain also provides an on line debugging mechanism to help you develop your program Before performing a debugging session add the option ggdb to compile the program A debugging session runs on a client server architecture on which the server gdbserver is installed int the targe computer and the client ddd is installed in the host computer We ll asuumne that you have uploaded a program named hello debug to the target computer and strat to debug the program 1 Log on to the target computer and run the debugging server program gdbserver 192 168 4 142 2000 hello debug Process hello debug created pid 38 The debugging server listens for connections at network port 2000 from the network interface 192 168 4 142 The name of the program to be debug
47. cc V3 3 2 C C PC Cross Compiler Glibc V2 2 5 POSIX standard C library Insight V6 1 Windows environment source level debug utility 1 4 2 Getting Started In this chapter we explain how to connect the W315 325 345 how to turn on the power how to get started programming and how to use the W315 325 345 s other functions The following topics are covered in this chapter U Powering on the W315 325 345 Connecting the W315 325 345 to a PC gt Serial Console gt Telnet Console gt SSH Console Q Configuring the Ethernet Interface gt Modifying Network Settings with the Serial Console gt Modifying Network Settings over the Network U GPRS Networks gt Connecting to a GPRS Network gt Disconnecting from a GPRS Network SD Socket and USB for Storage Expansion O Test Program Developing Hello c gt Installing the Tool Chain Linux gt Checking the Flash Memory Space gt Compiling Hello c gt Uploading and Running the Hello Program Q Developing Your First Application gt Testing Environment gt Compiling tcps2 c gt Uploading and Running the tcps2 release Program gt Summary of the Testing Procedure W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Powering on the W315 325 345 Connect the SG wire to the shielded contact located in the upper left corner of the W315 325 345 and then power on the computer by connecting it to the power adaptor It takes about 30 to 60
48. cifically to run on the W315 325 345 hello debug an ARM platform GDB debug server execution file see Chapter 5 for details about the GDB debug tool Since Moxa s tool chain places a specially designed Makefile in the directory tmp example hello be sure to type the make command from within that directory This special Makefile uses the arm linux gcc compiler to compile the hello c source code for the Xscale environment If you type the make command from within any other directory Linux will use the x86 compiler for example cc or gcc Refer to Chapter 5 to see a Makefile example Uploading and Running the Hello Program Use the following commands to upload hello release to the W315 325 345 via FTP 1 From the PC type ftp 192 168 3 127 2 Use the bin command to set the transfer mode to Binary mode and then use the put command to initiate the file transfer ftp gt bin ftp gt put hello release 2 10 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started 3 From the W315 325 345 type chmod x hello release hello release The word Hello will be printed on the screen root Moxa hello release Hello Developing Your First Application We use the tcps2 example to illustrate how to build an application The procedure outlined in the following subsections will show you how to build a TCP server program plus serial port communication that runs on the W315 325 345 Testing Environment
49. could be because you neglected to put teps2 c and tcpsp c in the same directory The example Makefile we provide is set up to compile both tcps2 and tcpsp into the same project Makefile Alternatively you could modify the Makefile to suit your particular requirements 2 12 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Uploading and Running the tcps2 release Program Use the following commands to use FTP to upload teps2 release to the W315 325 345 1 From the PC type ftp 192 168 3 127 2 Next use the bin command to set the transfer mode to Binary and the put command to initiate the file transfer ftp gt bin ftp gt cd home ftp gt put tcps2 release root serverl lst_application tp 192 168 3 127 Connected to 192 168 3127 220 Moxa FTP server Version wu 2 6 1 2 Mon Nov 24 12 17 04 CST 2003 ready 530 Please login with USER and PASS 530 Please login with USER and PASS KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type Name 192 168 3 127 root root 331 Password required for root Password 230 User root logged in Remote system type is UNIX Using binary mode to transfer files maS bin 200 Type set to I ftp gt put tcps2 release local tcps2 release remote tcps2 release 277 Entering Passive Mode 192 168 3 127 82 253 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for tcps2 release 226 Transfer complete 4996 bytes sent in 0 00013 seconds 3 9e 04 Kbytes s was Ls 227 Entering Passive Mode 192 168 3
50. cts modem 192 168 16 1 192 168 16 2 login auth You should also add the following line to the file ete ppp pap secrets ww The first star lets everyone login The second star lets every host connect The pair of double quotation marks is to use the file etc passwd to check the password The last star is to let any IP connect The following example does not check the username and password pppd dev ttyMO 115200 crtscts modem 192 168 16 1 192 168 16 2 4 15 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications PPPoE Connect the W315 325 345 s LAN port to an ADSL modem with a cross over cable HUB or switch Log on to the W315 325 345 as the root user Edit the file etc ppp chap secrets and add the following text username hinet net password tPp addresses password chap secrets line 1 of 3 33 username hinet net is the username obtained from the ISP to log in to the ISP account password is the corresponding password for the account Edit the file etc ppp pap secrets and add the following text username hinet net password password if you don t use the login option of pppd The mgetty Debian package already provides this option make sure you don t change that INBOUND connections Every regular user can use PPP and has to use passwords from etc passwd e kos Tare username hinet net
51. disconnect tap device from the bridge bretl delif br0 tap i openvpn rmtun dev tap i i expr i 1 if i ge maxtap then break fi done brcetl delif br0 iface brctl delbr br0O ifconfig br0 down ifconfig iface SIPADDR netmask SNETMASK broadcast SBROADCAST killall TERM openvpn case 1 in start start 7 stop stop restart stop start 7 echo Usage 0 start stop restart exit 1 esac exit 0 Create link symbols to enable this script at boot time ln s etc openvpn openvpn bridge etc rc d rc3 d S32vpn br for example ln s etc openvpn openvpn bridge etc rc d rc6 d K32vpn br for example 4 25 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications 3 Create a configuration file named A tap0 br conf and an executable script file named A tap0 br sh on OpenVPN A point to the peer remote 192 168 8 174 dev tap0 secret etc openvpn secrouter key cipher DES EDE3 CBC auth MD5 tun mtu 1500 tun mtu extra 64 ping 40 up etc openvpn A tap0 br sh bin sh value after net is the subnet behind the remote peer route add net 192 168 4 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 dev br0O end Create a configuration file named B tap0 br conf and an executable script file named B tap0 br sh on OpenVPN B point to the peer remote 192 168 8 173 dev tap0 secret etc openvpn secrouter key cipher DES EDE3 CBC auth
52. e UART The normal tty device node is located at dev ttyMO ttyM3 static int swtdfd static int stopflag 0 static void stop_swatchdog stopflag 1 static void do_swatchdog void swtd_enable swtdfd 500 while stopflag 0 mydelay 250 swtd_ack swtdfd swtd_disable swtdfd int main int argc char argv pid_t sonpid signal SIGUSR1 stop_swatchdog swtdfd swtd_open if swtdfd lt 0 printf Open sWatchDog device fail n exit 1 if sonpid fork 0 do_swatchdog do user application main function end user application kill sonpid SIGUSR1 swtd_close swtdfd exit 1 The makefile is shown below all arm linux gcc o xxxx xxxx c lmoxalib The W315 325 345 supports Linux standard termial control The Moxa UART Device API allows you to configure ttyMO to ttyM3 as RS 232 RS 422 4 wire RS 485 or 2 wire RS 485 W315 325 345 supports RS 232 RS 422 2 wire RS 485 and 4 wire RS 485 You must include lt moxadevice h gt define RS232_MODE 0 define RS485_2WIRE_MODE 1 define RS422 MODE 2 define RS485_4WIRE_MODE 3 1 Function MOXA_SET_OP_MODE int ioctl fd MOXA _SET_OP_MODE amp mode Description Set the interface mode Argument 3 mode will pass to the UART device driver and change it 6 6 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide 2 Function MOXA_GET_OP_ MODE int
53. e When you kill the application with 9 or kill without option or Ctrl c the kernel will change to auto ack the sWatchDog When your application enables the sWatchDog and does not ack your application may have a logical error or your application has made a core dump The kernel will not change to auto ack This can cause a serious problem causing your system to reboot again and again 5 User application example Example 1 include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt include lt string h gt include lt moxadevice h gt int main int argc char argv int fd fd swtd_open if fd lt 0 printf Open sWatchDog device fail n exit 1 swtd_enable fd 5000 enable it and set it 5 seconds while 1 do user application want to do swtd_ack fd swtd_close fd exit 0 The makefile is shown below all arm linux gcc O xxxx xxxx c lmoxalib Example 2 include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt include lt signal h gt include lt string h gt include lt sys stat h gt include lt sys ioctl h gt include lt sys select h gt include lt sys time h gt include lt moxadevice h gt static void mydelay unsigned long msec struct timeval time time tv_sec msec 1000 time tv_usec msec 1000 1000 select 1 NULL NULL NULL amp time 6 5 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guid
54. e you sure you want to continue connection yes no yes_ SSH provides better security compared to Telnet for accessing the W315 325 345 s console utility over the network Configuring the Ethernet Interface The network settings of the W315 325 345 can be modified with the serial console or online over the network 2 5 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Modifying Network Settings with the Serial Console In this section we use the serial console to configure the network settings of the target computer 1 Follow the instructions given in a previous section to access the Console Utility of the target computer through the serial console port and then type cd etc network to change directories 2PComm Terminal Emulator COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 5 x Profile Edit PortManager Window Help 2 BIA elles 3 28 BM COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 PE root Gtioxa etc networks i State OPEN 2 Type vi interfaces to use vi editor to edit the network configuration file You can configure the Ethernet ports of the W315 325 345 for static or dynamic DHCP IP addresses Static IP addresses As shown below 4 network addresses must be modified address network netmask and broadcast The default IP addresses are 192 168 3 127 for LAN with default netmask of 255 255 255 0 Dynamic IP addresses By default the W315 325 345 is configured for static IP addresses To configure one o
55. ectly back to the host you should write the necessary log data to the RAM file system After the host accesses the data the application will erase the data to free up the space for further uses The embedded computer has limited resources and for this reason designers should determine if storing data in a file system is really necessary If it is necessary then be sure to choose the most appropriate file system for your application Flash Memory Map Partition sizes are hard coded into the kernel binary To change the partition sizes you will need to rebuild the kernel The flash memory map is shown in the following table Address Size Contents 0x00000000 0x0003FFFF 256 KB Boot Loader Read ONLY 0x00040000 0x00 1FFFFF 1 8 MB Kernel object code Read ONLY 0x00200000 0x009FFFFF 8 MB Root file system JFFS2 Read ONLY 0x00A00000 OxOORFFFFFF 6 MB User directory JFFS2 Read Write Device API The W315 325 345 supports control devices with the ioctl system API You will need to include lt moxadevice h gt and use the following ioctl function int ioctl int d int request Input int d open device node return file handle int request argument in or out Use the desktop Linux s man page for detailed documentation man ioctl 6 2 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide RTC Real Time Clock The device node is located at dev rtc The W315 325 345
56. eenaseeeeas 6 2 Caution Required when Using File Systems cesssssscsesesceseeeceeeeeeeseceeeeeeseeneeees 6 2 Using a RAM File System instead of a Flash File System 6 2 Flash Memory Mapis ciscvsscesceescscocsiscecs cwascsshssscaseaceseus sh eshduben tusecsceovaevechoutocscbeshoveveeraecscouseeneusenty 6 2 Device APh 3 ieni a A R E e onan E A dna ii oes 6 2 RTE Real Time Clock janas sina eke EARP SG eB Sis A AR EA Ea 6 3 BU VAA DEEE ag sashes tiMbssspcs one sddevenssoa svaaaesyesvvce TE 6 3 WDT Watch Dog Timer ieciccescieteiend ovcthecsieteenscensineceselvscsechsenedcaesuaceuts sdeveaigevtens E 6 3 VART eciiatinani vada AE r antisite don matinee mai iis danse on a E genie 6 6 Relay Output W345 Ohly scsi a aeei a e GEK sheds e E Es 6 8 SOMWare LoCkK sisn iiao sited eedecacecaas hncdantcaisaceaesususdtaedscawtotanctaateatacetieaes 7 1 System COMMANGS wa secotec sets teitecs sce ck cect aatchee circa tor eccbewat iacdedatdeliciaeldh A 1 busybox V0 60 4 Linux normal command utility collection eeeceeeceseeeeeteeneeeeenees A 1 He AA E a a r a RT A 1 BOG e a E O EE E EEE EEE E E E E E E E N EE E A 1 NetWotk soise preies ere ar E A EE A E E EE R E E aE A 1 PLOGES Sasa Bee EEE IE Sos He EEE Eo ne Be ea Debs tee Bie ees A 2 1 Introduction The W315 W325 W345 series of wireless RISC based embedded computers feature a GSM GPRS module RS 232 422 485 serial ports and an Ethernet port in a small rugged chassis In addition the
57. g in type the Login name and password as requested The default values are both root Login root Password root 2 3 Getting Started W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started cx Telnet 192 168 27 139 Moxa login root Password HHH HHH HHH HHHHHHH HHHHHH Hit Hitt HitHH Hitt HHH Hitt HHHH Hitt Hitt Hitt Hitt Hitt Hitt itt Hitt Hitt Hitt tit tit Hitt HHHH HHHH HH HHH Hitt Hi HH Hit itt Hit HH HH HHH HH HHHH HH Hit HHH Ht HH HH HH Ht ttt tt H HH Ht HH Hitt HEHEHE tt HH HH HHH Hitt HHT tit Hit Hitt Hi HHH Hitt HH HHH Hitt tit Hitt Hit Hit itt HH Hit HH Ht itt Hitt Ht Hit itt Hitt Ht HHH ft HHHHH HHH HEHHEHE HHHHHHHHHHHE HHHHHH For further information check http www moxa com toot Moxa You can proceed with configuring the network settings of the target computer when you reach the bash command shell Configuration instructions are given in the next section A ATTENTION Serial Console Reminder Remember to choose VT100 as the terminal type Use the cable CBL 4PINDB9F 150 which comes with the W315 325 345 to connect to the serial console port Telnet Reminder When connecting to the W315 325 345 over a LAN you must configure your PC s Ethernet IP address to be on the same subnet as the W315 325 345 that you wish to contact If you do not get connected on the first try re check the serial and IP settings and then unplug and re plug the power cord SSH Conso
58. ged follows these parameters For a program requiring arguments add the arguments behind the program name In the host computer change the directory to where the program source resides cd my_work_directory myfilesystem testprograms Execute the client program ddd debugger arm linux gdb hello debug amp Enter the following command at the GDB DDD command prompt Target remote 192 168 4 99 2000 The command produces a line of output on the target console similar to the following Remote debugging using 192 168 4 99 2000 192 168 4 99 is the machine s IP address and 2000 is the port number You can now begin debugging in the host environment using the interface provided by DDD Set a break point on main by double clicking or by entering b main on the command line Click the cont button 5 3 6 Programmer s Guide This chapter includes important information for programmers The following functions are covered in this chapter Q Before Programming Your Embedded System gt Caution Required when Using File Systems gt Using a RAM File System instead of a Flash File System Flash Memory Map Device API RTC Real Time Clock Buzzer WDT Watch Dog Timer UART Relay Output W345 only OOOOUCOD W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide Before Programming Your Embedded System Caution Required when Using File Systems We recommend that you only store your programs on the on board NOR F
59. in this directory PATH usr local arm linux bin PA TH Setting the path allows you to run the compiler from any directory Refer to Appendix B for an introduction to the Windows Tool Chain In this chapter we use the Linux tool chain to illustrate the cross compiling process Checking the Flash Memory Space If the flash memory is full you will not be able to save data to the Flash ROM Use the following command to calculate the amount of Available flash memory gt df h ae PComm Terminal Emulator COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 Profile Edit Port Manager Window Help a am alele slo 2 E COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 fdev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M fhome fdev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M fete mpfs 30 4M a 30 4M fdev shn RTS root Moxa df h Filesystem Size Used Available Uset Mounted on fdev mtdblockZ 8 0M 6 0M Z2 O0OM 75 f fdev ram0 499 0k 16 0k 458 0k 34 var dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k SM 8 tmp fdev mtdblock3 0M 488 0k 5M 8 home fdev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k SM 8 fetc mp fs 30 4M 4n 0 dev shm root Moxa State OPEN m m m Got Break Signa If there isn t enough Available space for your application you will need to delete some existing files To do this connect your PC to the W315 325 345 with the console cable and then use the console utility to delete the files from the W315 325 345 s flash memory To check the amount of free space available look at the directories
60. ing Embedded Linux System Version Information NOTE To determine the hardware capability of your W315 325 345 and what kind of software functions are supported check the version numbers of your W315 325 345 s hardware kernel and user file system Contact Moxa to determine the hardware version You will need the Production S N Serial number which is located on the W315 325 345 s bottom label To check the kernel version type kversion 192 168 3 127 PuTTY root Moxa kversion W3x5 Version 1 0 root Moxa The kernel version number is for the factory default configuration and if you download the latest firmware version from Moxa s website and then upgrade the W315 325 345 s hardware System Image Backup Upgrading the Firmware A ATTENTION The W315 325 345 s bios kernel and root file system are combined into one firmware file which can be downloaded from Moxa s website www moxa com The name of the file has the form w3x5 x x frm in which x x indicates the firmware version w3x5 x x x frm for customized version To upgrade the firmware download the firmware file to a PC and then transfer the file to the W315 325 345 through a console port or Telnet console connection Upgrading the firmware will erase all data on the Flash ROM If you are using the ramdisk to store code for your applications beware that updating the firmware will erase all of the data on the Flash ROM You sh
61. k3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 tmp dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 home dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 etc tmpfs 30 4M o 30 4M 0 dev shm dev ram1 16 0M Ok 15 1M 0 var ramdisk root Moxa bin Step 3 Download the PHP package from the CD ROM You can find the package in CD ROM software php php tar gz 192 168 3 PuTTY root Moxa bin cd mnt ramdisk root Moxa mnt ramdisk ftp 192 168 27 130 Connected to 102 166 27 120 220 veriPda 2 0 1 Name Gi eAliG ee ells 0 BOO eae nook 331 Please specify the password Password 230 Login successful Remote system type is UNIX Using binary mode to transfer files ceos ec tmp 250 Directory successfully changed ftp bin 200 Switching to Binary mode leo get php ta r gz local php tar gz remote php tar gz 200 PORT command successful Consider using PASV 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for php tar gz 1789032 bytes 226 File send OK 1789032 bytes received in 0 66 secs 2 6e 03 Kbytes sec ee W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Step 4 Untar the package To do this type the command tar xvzf php tar gz 192 168 3 127 PuTTY root Moxa mnt ramdisk tar xvzf php tar gz envvars envvars old Hecponecont mocach Cein lel mmer lieth lib lib libmysqlclient so 15 1o bpo son Ai oy Alls 0 0 oh ola Peo lib libmysqlclient so 15 0 0 isi ey GM srerc lates lab hbm 6 YO A G16 gy kway atl oe jel Keg 3 oO oO lib
62. ks or a local network to the Internet to create a Wide Area Network WAN Click on the following links for more information about ppp http tldp org HOWTO PPP HOWTO index html http axion physics ubc ca ppp linux html The pppd daemon is used to connect to a PPP server from a Linux system For detailed information about pppd see the man page Example 1 Connecting to a PPP server over a simple dial up connection The following command is used to connect to a PPP server by modem Use this command for old ppp servers that prompt for a login name replace username with the correct name and password replace password with the correct password Note that debug and defaultroute 192 1 1 17 are optional pppd connect chat v ATDT5551212 CONNECT ogin username word password dev ttyMO 115200 debug crtscts modem defaultroute If the PPP server does not prompt for the username and password the command should be entered as follows Replace username with the correct username and replace password with the correct password pppd connect chat v ATDT5551212 CONNECT user username password password dev ttyMO 115200 crtscts modem The pppd options are described below connect chat etc This option gives the command to contact the PPP server The chat program is used to dial a remote computer The entire command is enclosed in single quotes because pppd expects a one word argument f
63. lash The log data generated by your programs should be stored on an external storage device such as an SD card or Network File System Note that a Network File System will generally provide the largest amount of storage space In addition it is easier to replace a full or damaged SD card than an on board NOR Flash A NOR Flash has a life cycle of 100 000 write operations in the block 128 KB level but does not support BBM Bad Block Management An SD card also has a life cycle but most SD cards are made from a NAND Flash for which the hardware controllers implement BBM This feature allows FAT to skip bad blocks if they exist Furthermore the memory space of an SD card is much larger than that of the NOR Flash Cautiously utilizing this space will ensure that its life cycle will not be exceeded When creating a file for storing log data we suggest setting up your program to create a large empty file e g 30 MB and then write data evenly over the space When reaching the end of the space the program rewinds the write operations As a result the number of write operations on each block will be reduced Using a RAM File System instead of a Flash File System Although data in the RAM file system will be wiped out after a power off this file system has several advantages over a Flash file system The RAM file system includes faster read write access and has no life cycle issues For timely and or important applications that relay data dir
64. le The W315 325 345 supports an SSH Console to provide users with better security options Windows Users Click on the link http www chiark greenend org uk sgtatham putty download html to download PuTTY free software to set up an SSH console for the W315 325 345 in a Windows environment The following figure shows a simple example of the configuration that is required 2 4 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started NOTE 2 Paul TY Configuration Category E Session a Basic options for your PuTTY session Logging Specify your connection by host name or IP address Terminal Host Name or IP address Port Keyboard Bell 192 168 27 122 22 Features Protocol Window ORaw Ofelnet ORlogin SSH Appearance Behaviour Translation Saved Sessions Selection Embedded Computer Load save or delete a stored session Colours i Load Default Settings Connection 192 168 27 121 EzE 192 168 27 127 192 168 27 128 5 195 226 66 181 Embedded Computer Close window on exit Odlways OvNever Only on clean exit Tunnels Linux Users From a Linux machine use the ssh command to access the W315 325 345 s console utility via SSH ssh 192 168 3 127 Select yes to complete the connection iatexone ikeeeMavesic root ssh 192 168 3 127 oe Chbleleraruealeniayy OE ose OA a a A ake eeo A eane oa ichevel oillalicioveiols RSA key Eingerprint is Spreen EEn SA O er edan E2 9E Coe EGBE AT Ar
65. lease note the SIM card must be installed when the embedded computer is powered off The LED indicators on top panel can be used tocheck the signal strength NOTE Note that the W315 325 345 s GPRS signal strength indicator could indicate a fair or low signal even if an antenna is NOT connected to the W315 325 345 However in this case you will not be able to receive a signal An antenna must be connected to the W315 325 345 in order to transmit and receive signals The W315 325 345 provides a shell script for fast GPRS connection 1 To make a connection use the following command gprscmd connect 2 Connecting by GPRS takes only a few seconds While still connecting you should see the following message from the command shell Connecting Please wait a few seconds 3 When the embedded computer has connected successfully to the GPRS network you should see the message Connected 4 To verify the connection type ifconfig The ppp network interface should show up as follows Link encaps Polini EOIN Protoce Misti ole A Peter se coe eile Mask aol 2 oe 25a oo UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU 1500 Metric 1 RX packets 20 errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 21 errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 txqueuelen 3 RX bytes 954 954 0 B TX bytes 779 779 0 B 2 7 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Disconnecting from a GPRS Network To disconnect from the GPRS netw
66. mmary of the Testing Procedure eeeceseeccsseceeseceeeeecseeeceaecaeesecneeseseseeeeaens 2 14 Managing Embedded Linux ccccccccsssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeensaneeeeeneeeeeens 3 1 System Version Information eccesesecssesscseeseeseceeeecseeeccsaecssesecseeseeneeecsaseeesaecateseeneesrenaeeees 3 2 System Image Backupisisecd aa E iad aise senha ener eet iennn E tease 3 2 Upgrading the Firmware mnre heira ar a ee e R 3 2 Loading Factory Defaults soiirci cecesecssesecneeeecseeecssecateecaecaeesecnevsecnasenesaecateseeneeaes 3 5 Backing Up the User Directory koi egie ea eiea eeik eT ie esa 3 5 Deploying the User Directory to Additional W315 325 345 Units 0 cece 3 5 Enabling and Disabling Daemons esse eesesecseesecneeeecsseeeceseceeesecseeseceaeeecsaecatesecneestenasseeegs 3 6 Starting a Program Automatically at Run Level oe ececeecceeceeeceseceseceseceeceeecaeeeaeseneeeeeee 3 8 Adjusting the System Time sei eheee reeeo cs aaea e dees eed ete te ee 3 9 Setting the Time Manually censa eieiei ienr aie itie T Ea a ee TE 3 9 NTP Clinteria a r e a r ida rE ARE a rE ERNE 3 10 Updating the Time Automatically ssseseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeresssrsestereerserstsesttrsrsesseereessses 3 11 Cron Daemon to Execute Scheduled Commands 20 000 eee ceeceecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseenaes 3 11 Managing Communications ccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeseneeeeeeeseneeeeneeeees 4 1 Telnet EVP E EE E cee A iss T E E E beh Wisk aA
67. n the development PC 3 Inthe development PC run the utility program binencryptor to encrypt your program with an encryption key binencryptor yourProgram ABigKey 4 Upload the encrypted program file to the target computerby FTP or NFS and test the program The encryption key is a computer wise key That is a computer has only one key installed Running the program setkey multiple times causes the key to be overidden To prove the effectiveness of this software protection mechanism prepare a target computer that has not installed an encryption key or install a key different from that used to encrypt your program In any case the encrypted program will fail immediately This mechanism also allows a computer with an encryption key to bypass programs that are not encrypted Therefore in the development phase you can develop your programs and test them cleanly in the target computer W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Software Lock NOTE You may get the following error messages when 1 You try to run an encrypted program on an embedded computer without having encryption key installed Error gt Inconsistency detected by Id so dynamic link h 62 elf_get_dynamic_info Assertion bad dynamic tag failed 2 you try to run an encrypted program on an embedded computer having different encryption key installed Error gt Segmentation fault 7 2 A System Commands busybox V0 60 4 Linux normal c
68. nd also include the header file moxadevice h The DO library only can be used by one program at a time Example File Name tdio c Description The program indicates how to control DO include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt include lt moxadevice h gt include lt fcnt1 h gt ifdef DEBUG define dbg_printf x printf x else define dbg_printf x endif define MIN_DURATION 40 static char DataString 2 Low High static void hightolowevent int diport printf nDIN port d high to low n diport static void lowtohighevent int diport printf nDIN port d low to high n diport int main int argc char argv int i j state retval unsigned long duration W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide while 1 printf nSelect a number of menu other key to exit n 1 get now state n 2 set high state n 3 set low state n 4 quit n Choose retval 0 scanf d amp i else if i 1 get now data printf DOUT data get_dout_state 0 amp state printf s DataString state printf n else if i 2 set high data retval set_dout_state 0 1 else if i 3 set low data retval set_dout_state 0 0 else if i 4 quit break else printf Select error please select again n switch retval case DIO_ERROR_PORT printf DIO er
69. ommand utility collection File manager Editor Network Ee SN ee NAVE eH PE cp Is In mount rm chmod chown chgrp sync my pwd df mkdir rmdir vi cat zcat grep cut find more test sleep echo ping route netstat ifconfig tracerout telnet ftp copy file list file make symbolic link file mount and check file system delete file change file owner amp group amp user change file owner change file group sync file system let system file buffer be saved to hardware move file display now file directly list now file system space make new directory delete directory text editor dump file context compress or expand files search string on file get string on file find file where are there dump file by one page test file exist or not sleep seconds echo string ping to test network routing table manager display network status set network ip address trace route teletype network file transfer protocol W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual System Commands Process m Other 2S AO Oe TE kill ps dmesg sty zcat mknod free date env clear reboot halt du gzip gunzip hostname Moxa special utilities AMP why Pr backupfs bf kversion cat etc version upramdisk downramdisk kill process display now running process dump kernel log message to set serial port dump gz file context make device node display system mem
70. on can also enable acknowledgement When the user does not acknowledge it will let the system reboot Kernel boot User application running and enable user acknowledgement The user API The user application must include lt moxadevic h gt and link moxalib a A makefile example is shown below all arm linux gcc o xxxx xxxx c lmoxalib 6 3 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide int swtd_open void Description Open the file handle to control the WDT If you want to do something you must first to this And keep the file handle to do other Input None Output The return value is file handle If has some error it will return lt 0 value You can get error from errno int swtd_enable int fd unsigned long time Description Enable application WDT And you must do ack after this process Input intfd the file handle from the swtd_open return value unsigned long time The time you wish to ack sWatchDog periodically You must ack the WDT before timeout If you do not ack the system will reboot automatically The minimal time is 50 msec the maximum time is 60 seconds The time unit is msec Output OK will be zero The other has some error to get the error code from errno int swtd_disable int fd Description Disable the application to acknowledge WDT And the kernel will does not to do it at periodic it User
71. or the connect option The options for chat are given below vV verbose mode log what we do to syslog Double quotes don t wait for a prompt but instead do note that you must include a space after the second quotation mark ATDT5551212 Dial the modem and then CONNECT Wait for an answer 4 13 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Send a return null text followed by the usual return ogin username word password Log in with username and password Refer to the chat man page chat 8 for more information about the chat utility dev Specify the callout serial port 115200 The baudrate debug Log status in syslog crtscts Use hardware flow control between computer and modem at 115200 this is a must modem Indicates that this is a modem device pppd will hang up the phone before and after making the call defaultroute Once the PPP link is established make it the default route if you have a PPP link to the Internet this is probably what you want 192 1 1 17 This is a degenerate case of a general option of the form x x x x y y y y Here x x x x is the local IP address and y y y y is the IP address of the remote end of the PPP connection If this option is not specified or if just one side is specified then x x x x defaults to the IP address associated with the local machine s hostname located in etc hosts and y y y y is determined by the remote machine
72. ork type gprscmd disconnect After a few seconds the embedded computer will disconnect from the GPRS network A notification message will NOT be shown NOTE The gprscmd command provides a fast interface for users to connect to the GPRS network using Point to Point Protocol PPP If you are an advanced user and you want to configure your own connection settings please refer to the GPRS Connection section in Chapter 4 SD Socket and USB for Storage Expansion The W325 and W345 models have an SD socket for storage expansion The SD slot allows users to plug in a Secure Digital SD memory card compliant with the SD standard V1 0 for up to 1 GB of additional memory space Please refer to the W315 325 345 Hardware User s Manual to see how to install the SD card After installing an SD card the SD card will be mounted at mnt sd In addition to the SD socket a USB 2 0 host is located on the front panel The USB host is also designed for storage expansion To expand the amount of storage with a USB flash disk you just need to plug the USB flash disk into this USB port The flash disk will be detected automatically and its file partition will be mounted into the OS The USB storage device will be mounted in one of the following four directories mnt usbstorage1 mnt usbstorage2 mnt usbstorage3 or mnt usbstorage4 Test Program Developing Hello c In this section we use the standard Hello programming example to illustrate
73. ory usage print or set the system date and time run a program in a modified environment clear the terminal screen reboot power off on the server halt the server estimate file space usage compress or expand files show system s host name backup file system user directory built the file system user directory show kernel version show user directory version mount ramdisk unmount ramdisk A 2
74. ou enough memory to install your application software directly on the embedded computer In addition a LAN port is built right into the RISC CPU This network capability in combination with the ability to control serial devices makes the W300 Series ideal as communication platforms for data acquisition and industrial control applications The pre installed Linux operating system OS provides an open software operating system for your software program development Software written for desktop PCs can be easily ported to the computer with a GNU cross compiler without needing to modify the source code The OS device drivers e g serial and buzzer control and your own applications can all be stored in the NOR Flash Software Architecture The Linux operating system that is pre installed in the W315 325 345 follows the standard Linux architecture making it easy to accept programs that follow the POSIX standard Program porting is done with the GNU Tool Chain provided by Moxa In addition to Standard POSIX APIs device drivers for the USB storage buzzer and Network controls and UART are also included with the Linux OS AP User Application Daemon Apache Telnet FTPD SNMP API Application Interface POSIX Socket Secure Socket Protocol Stack TCP IP UDP CMP ARP HTTP SNMP SMTP Device Driver RTC USB UART Microkernel Memory control Schedule Process Hardware RS 232 422 485 Ethernet Flash USB The W315 325 345
75. ould back up your application files and data before updating the firmware Since different Flash disks have different sizes it s a good idea to check the size of your Flash disk before upgrading the firmware or before using the disk to store your application and data files Use the a h command to list the size of each memory block and how much free space is available in each block 3 2 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 192 168 2 127 Pure root Moxa df h Filesystem Size Used Available Use Mounted on dev mtdblock2 8 0M 6 0M 2 0M Uses if dev ram0 499 0k 156 MORK 458 0k 3 var dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 tmp dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 home dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 etc tmpfs 30 4M 0 30 4M 0 dev shm root Moxa upramdisk root Moxa df h Filesystem Size Used Available Use Mounted on dev mtdblock2 8 0M 6 0M 2 0M Uses if dev ram0 499 0k INS MORK 458 0k 3 var dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 tmp dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M home dev mtdblock3 6 0M 488 0k 5 5M 8 etc tmpfs 30 4M 0 30 4M 0 dev shm dev raml 16 0M Hehe 15 LN 0 mnt ramdisk root Moxa cd mnt ramdisk root Moxa mnt ramdisk The following instructions give the steps required to save the firmware file to the W315 325 345 s RAM disk and how to upgrade the firmware 1 Type the following commands to enable the RAM disk upramdisk cd mnt ramdisk 2 Type the foll
76. owever if the board is powered down during a write then the incomplete write will be rolled back on the next boot but writes that have already been completed will not be affected Additional information about JFFS2 is available at http sources redhat com jffs2 jffs2 pdf http developer axis com software jffs http www linux mtd infradead org 1 3 W315 325 345 Linux User s Ma nual Introduction Software Package Boot Loader Moxa private V1 2 Kernel Linux 2 6 9 Protocol Stack ARP PPP CHAP PAP IPv4 ICMP TCP UDP DHCP FTP SNMP V1 V3 HTTP NTP NFS SMTP SSH 1 0 2 0 SSL Telnet PPPoE OpenVPN File System JFFS2 NFS Ext2 Ext3 VFAT FAT OS shell command Bash Busybox Linux normal command utility collection Utilities tinylogin login and user manager utility telnet telnet client program ftp FTP client program smtpclient email utility scp Secure file transfer Client Program Daemons pppd dial in out over serial port daemon snmpd snmpd agent daemon telnetd telnet server daemon inetd TCP server manager program ftpd ftp server daemon apache web server daemon sshd secure shell server openvpn virtual private network openssl open SSL Linux Tool Chain Gcce V3 3 2 C C PC Cross Compiler GDB V5 3 Source Level Debug Server Glibc V2 2 5 POSIX standard C library Windows Tool Chain G
77. owing commands to use the W315 325 345 s built in FTP client to transfer the firmware file w3x5 x x frm or w3x5 x x x frm from the PC to the W315 325 345 mnt ramdisk gt ftp lt destination PC s IP gt Login Name xxxx Login Password xxxx ftp gt bin ftp gt ftp gt get w3x5 x x frm 3 3 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux root Moxa mnt ramdisk ftp 192 168 3 193 Connected wo 197 os 2 192 to tos 2 12 220 TYPSoft FIP Server 1 10 ready Name LGN Isis 5 So ILS SB iaioKvene 8 root 331 Password required for root Password 230 User root logged Remote system type is UNIX Using binary mode to transfer files ftp gt cd newsw 250 CWD command successful C ftproot newsw is current directory meS bin 200 Type set to I waos Iig 200 Port command successful 150 Opening data connection for directory list drw rw rw AL Heels ES Now 20 foe drw rw rw dL acea Eea O Nov S0 TOOS rw rw rw lL ftp top User Now 2o 10 74 we Bi s Ao 226 Transfer complete ftp gt get w3x5 1 0 frm local w3x5 1 0 frm remote w3x5 1 0 frm 200 Port command successful 150 Opening data connection for w3x5 1 0 frm 226 Transfer complete 13167772 bytes received in 2 17 secs 5925 8 kB s EED 3 Next use the upfirm command to upgrade the kernel and root file system upfirm w3x5 x x x frm root Moxa mnt ramdisk upfirm w3x5 1 0 frm Moxa W3x5 upgrade firmware utility version
78. r both LAN ports to request an IP address dynamically replace static with dhep and then delete the address network netmask and broadcast lines Default Setting for LAN Dynamic Setting using DHCP iface eth0 inet static iface ethO inet dhcp address 192 168 3 127 network 192 168 3 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 broadcast 192 168 3 255 3 After the boot settings of the LAN interface have been modified issue the following command to activate the LAN settings immediately etc init d networking restart NOTE After changing the IP settings use the networking restart command to activate the new IP address 2 6 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Getting Started Modifying Network Settings over the Network IP settings can be activated over the network but the new settings will not be saved to the flash ROM without modifying the file etc network interfaces For example type the command ifconfig eth0 192 168 1 1 to change the IP address of LAN to 192 168 1 1 LOOLEMOxay lt UtCOnEio ethO Toye Vee 27 125 root Moxa _ GPRS Networks W315 325 345 embedded computers include a GSM GPRS module for wireless communication The module can be used to transmit data over a GPRS network Connecting to a GPRS Network Before connecting to a GPRS network make sure the SIM card is properly installed and the antenna is connected Please refer to W315 325 345 Hardware User s Manual for installation details P
79. r11 home w3x5 1st_application root serverll lst_application pwd home w3x5 1st_application root serverll lst_application 11 cocel 20 aa e i ooe root S14 Nov 27 J1252 Maketile w 2 7 l oae soon 450 Now 27 irs ters 7c Ewor r ll foot root 6164 Nov 27 11 55 Togs C root serverll lst_application make_ usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcc o tcps2 release tcps2 c usr local arm linux bin arm linux strip s tcps2 release usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcc o tcpsp release tcpsp c usr local arm linux bin arm linux strip s tcpsp release usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcec ggdb o tcps2 debug tcps2 c usr local arm linux bin arm linux gcec ggdb o tcpsp debug tcpsp c root serverll lst_application 11 total 92 Sn rook TOOL 514 Nov 27 11 52 Makefile OWE XE X root root 25043 Noy 27 12 03 tcps2 debug EWIE root root 4996 Nov 27 12 03 tcps2 release Seige root Foot 4554 Nev 27 MAS tcps2 c SENE XE X zoare Toce 26025 Noy 27 12 03 tcpsp debug Ywxr xX r xX root root 5396 Nov 27 12 03 tcpsp release rwer r i root root OGA New 27 Miass tepsp c root serverll lst_application Two executable files teps2 release and tcps2 debug are created tceps2 release an ARM platform execution file created specifically to run on the W315 325 345 teps2 debug an ARM platform GDB debug server execution file see Chapter 5 for details about the GDB debug tool If you get an error message at this point it
80. ron d crontab to set up your scheduled applications Crontab has the following format mm h dom mon dow user command min hour date month week user command 0 59 0 23 1 31 1 12 0 6 0 is Sunday The following example demonstrates how to use Cron How to use cron to update the system time and RTC time every day at 8 00 STEP1 Write a shell script named fixtime sh and save it to home bin sh ntpdate time nist gov hwclock systohc exit 0 STEP2 Change mode of fixtime sh chmod 755 fixtime sh STEP3 Modify etc cron d crontab file to run fixtime sh at 8 00 every day Add the following line to the end of crontab 8 root home fixtime sh STEP4 Enable the cron daemon manually etc init d cron start 3 11 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Embedded Linux STEPS Enable cron when the system boots up By default cron service is disabled on boot To enable cron service please refer to the section Enabling and Disabling Daemons in this chapter 3 12 4 Managing Communications In this chapter we explain how to configure the W315 325 345 s various communication functions The following topics are covered in this chapter OOoco Ooo Ooo Telnet FTP DNS Web Service Apache Install PHP for Apache Web Server IPTABLES gt Observe and erase chain rules gt Define policy for chain rules gt Append or delete rules N
81. ror port n break case DIO_ERROR_MODE printf DIO error mode n break case DIO_ERROR_CONTROL printf DIO error control n break case DIO_ERROR_DURATION printf DIO error duratoin n case DIO_ERROR_DURATION_20MS printf DIO error The duratoin is not a multiple of 20 break return 0 6 9 ms n 7 Software Lock Software Lock is an innovative technology developed by Moxa s engineers It can be adopted by a system integrator or developer to protect applications from being copied An application is compiled into a binary format bound to the embedded computer and the operating system OS that the application runs on As long as one obtains it from the computer he she can install it into the same hardware and the same operating system The add on value created by the developer is thus lost Moxa s engineers developed this protection mechanism for your applications using data encryption The binary file associated with each of your applications needs to undergo an additional encryption process after you have developed it The process requires you to install an encryption key in the target computer 1 Choose an encryption key e g ABigKey and install it in the target computer by a pre utility program setkey setkey ABigKey Note set an empty string to clear the encryption key in the target computer by setkey lt 2 Develop and compile your program i
82. rror messages will be dump to null device insmod ip_tables 2 gt dev null insmod ip_conntrack 2 gt dev null insmod ip_conntrack_ftp 2 gt dev null insmod ip_conntrack_irc 2 gt dev null insmod iptable_nat 2 gt dev null insmod ip_nat_ftp 2 gt dev null insmod ip_nat_irc 2 gt dev null Step 2 Define variables enable routing and erase default rules PATH bin sbin usr bin usr sbin usr local bin usr local sbin export PATH echo 1 gt proc sys net ipv4 ip forward bin iptables F bin iptables X bin iptables Z bin iptables F t nat bin iptables X t nat bin iptables Z t nat bin iptables P INPUT ACCEPT bin iptables P OUTPUT ACCEPT bin iptables P FORWARD ACCEPT 4 12 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications bin iptables t nat P PREROUTING ACCEPT bin iptables t nat P POSTROUTING ACCEPT bin iptables t nat P OUTPUT ACCEPT Step 3 Enable IP masquerade Dial up Service PPP NOTE PPP Point to Point Protocol is used to run IP Internet Protocol and other network protocols over a serial link PPP can be used for direct serial connections using a null modem cable over a Telnet link and links established using a modem over a telephone line Modem PPP access is almost identical to connecting directly to a network through the W315 325 345 s Ethernet port Since PPP is a peer to peer system the W315 325 345 can also use PPP to link two networ
83. rver is working Type the LAN IP address in the browser s address box to open the homepage E g if the default IP address is still active type http 192 168 3 127 in the address box T http 192 168 13 23 Microsoft Internet Explorer DAR ka File Edit view Favorites Tools Help Q ak gt Q x la H j Search JF Favortes amp SE S 8 Address http 192 168 13 23 SEa ims It works Internet To open the default CGI page type http 192 168 3 127 cgi bin test cgi in your browser s address box 4 3 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications NOTE i http 192 168 13 23 cgi bin test cgi Microsoft Internet Explorer Q Back Address http 192 168 13 23 cgi binjtest cai ar x E Search sie Favorites Ge br S y E co inks CGI 1 0 test script report argc is 0 argv is SERVER_NAME 192 168 13 23 GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI 1 1 SERVER_PROTOCOL HTTP 1 1 SERVER_PORT 80 REQUEST_METHOD GET PATH_INFO PATH_TRANSLATED SCRIPT_NAME cgi bin test cgi QUERY_STRING REMNOTE_HOST REMOTE_ADDR REMOTE_USER AUTH_TYPE CONTENT_TYPE CONTENT_LENGTH 192 168 13 25 MoN F Done The CGI function is enabled by default If you want to disable the function modify the file etc apache conf httpd conf When you develop your own CGI application make sure your CGI file is executable 192 168 3127 PuTTY root Moxa home httpd
84. s as shown in the following diagram local net LAN2 192 168 2 173 LANI 192 168 2 171 LANI 192 168 8 173 Internet LANI 192 168 8 174 LANI 192 168 4 172 LAN 2 192 168 4 174 local net 2 Create a configuration file named A tun conf and an executable script file named A tun sh point to the peer remote 192 168 8 174 dev tun secret etc openvpn secrouter key cipher DES EDE3 CBC auth MD5 tun mtu 1500 tun mtu extra 64 ping 40 ifconfig 192 168 2 173 192 168 4 174 up etc openvpn A tun sh bin sh value after net is the subnet behind the remote peer route add net 192 168 4 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 gw 5 end Create a configuration file named B tun conf and an executable script file named B tun sh on OpenVPN B remote 192 168 8 173 dev tun secret etc openvpn secrouter key cipher DES EDE3 CBC auth MD5 tun mtu 1500 tun mtu extra 64 ping 40 ifconfig 192 168 4 174 192 168 2 173 up etc openvpn B tun sh bin sh value after net is the subnet behind the remote peer route add net 192 168 2 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 gw 5 6nd W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications Note that the parameter ifconfig defines the first argument as the local internal interface and the second argument as the internal interface at
85. s built in Flash ROM is partitioned into Boot Loader Linux Kernel Root File System and User directory partitions W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Introduction In order to prevent user applications from crashing the Root File System the W315 325 345 comptuers use a specially designed Root File System with Protected Configuration for emergency use This Root File System comes with serial and Ethernet communication capability for users to load the Factory Default Image file The user directory saves the user s settings and application To improve system reliability the W315 325 345 has a built in mechanism that prevents the system from crashing When the Linux kernel boots up the kernel will mount the root file system for read only and then enable services and daemons During this time the kernel will start searching for system configuration parameters with re or inittab Normally the kernel uses the Root File System to boot up the system The Root File System is protected and cannot be changed by the user This type of setup creates a safe zone For more information about the memory map and programming refer to Chapter 6 Programmer s Guide Journaling Flash File System JFFS2 The Root File System and User directory in the flash memory is formatted with the Journaling Flash File System JFFS2 The formatting process places a compressed file system in the flash memory This operation is transparent to the user The
86. se changes are incorporated into new editions of the publication Technical Support Contact Information Www moxa com support Moxa Americas Moxa China Shanghai office Toll free 1 888 669 2872 Toll free 800 820 5036 Tel 1 714 528 6777 Tel 86 21 5258 9955 Fax 1 714 528 6778 Fax 86 10 6872 3958 Moxa Europe Moxa Asia Pacific Tel 49 89 3 70 03 99 0 Tel 886 2 8919 1230 Fax 49 89 3 70 03 99 99 Fax 886 2 8919 1231 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Table of Contents IPEPOGUCTION sca svatsetsacetsceaseciavececcansenaucnscvsnaovasieue tasccnsavastunastunasseasuannsvarsanenaatesa 1 1 OVEIVIEW Si niyi tease E S REEE a Ane E E maiden pies Gite en aes ead eee ce 1 2 Software Architecture nnr ese eieiaeo o A E Ea a E EE EAEE IEEE oS 1 2 Journaling Flash File System JFFS2 seeeeeeeseeeeesesesesrererrereresesrrrerrsrssrreerersesesrerreree 1 3 Software Packages oprea ee Aa TEA AE ETE E A E REE 1 4 Getting St rtedi iiiaae neea aaar aasa aaa a aaa aeaa hee 2 1 Powering on the W315 325 345 A gieter EE E E E ENEE E A EEEE EEEa 2 2 Connecting the W315 325 345 toa PO inaa E E AA REEE 2 2 Seral Consol nvons aitean h wee eo e iti A endows E bate Sevier nk 2 2 Telnet Consoles ceiscsistussissesvestsestheshscascaset stussy cess hesivessbestaasenssaedsteasssssapsonansebschassauseastess 2 3 SSH Consolen e n aer E EER EEE ete Aides aie E AEE 2 4 Configuring the Ethernet Interface iioii tiena EEEE ES EE REEE ARE 2 5
87. seconds for the system to boot up Once the system is ready the Ready LED will light up NOTE After connecting the W315 325 345 to the power supply it will take about 30 to 60 seconds for the operating system to boot up The green Ready LED will not turn on until the operating system is ready A ATTENTION This product is intended to be supplied by a Listed Power Unit and output marked with LPS and rated 12 48 VDC 580 mA minimum requirements Connecting the W315 325 345 to a PC There are two ways to connect the W315 325 345 to a PC through the serial console port or by Telnet over the network Serial Console The serial console gives users a convenient way of connecting to the W315 325 345 This method is particularly useful when using the computer for the first time The serial console is useful for connecting the W315 325 345 when you do not know either of the two IP addresses Use the serial console port settings shown below Baudrate 115200 bps Parity None Data bits 8 Stop bit 1 Flow Control None Terminal VT100 2 2 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Once the connection is established the following window will open ES PComm Terminal Emulator COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 Profile Edit Port Manager Window Help a BIA elhal 28 E COM1 115200 None 8 1 T100 714 root 4z8 S fsbin getty 115200 ttySl 71S root 628 R ps oTR root Moxa RTS Moxa login root
88. seseceseeeeeecseeeceeeecsaeeecsaecaeesecnecateseenees 4 18 Configuring the AT commands cc eesseessecsseeecneeeecsseeeeesecaeesecneeseesaeeeeeaeeateseeners 4 19 Example Selecting the radio band 0 e cee eeesesseeeessecseeeceeeessecneeecsaseeesaeeateneeners 4 19 NFS Network File System eresien n erea ea a p EA ENESES 4 20 Setting up the W315 325 345 as an NFS Client eeeeeseeeeeeeeeeerersersrrrrrrereersrrese 4 20 DAYA Kei SSPE ES AEE E E E E E E E E E EEEE 4 20 SNMP piet en ie Ro a eh Mina ee ee Blt a i a i 4 21 OPen VPN deinen a E E E T E E RERE 4 22 Setup 1 Ethernet Bridging for Private Networks on Different Subnets 4 23 Setup 2 Ethernet Bridging for Private Networks on the Same Subnet 0 4 27 S tup 3 Routed Paea ie tat aie aes 4 28 Development Tool Chains cccccseeeeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeneeeseeeeeeeeeeneeenes 5 1 Linux Tool Chatniissseic5 sss ssisciseds sussespeotss ovat vastpsedsoesussysantpitte sake beassetetshtvasiens seeneiidshasbecstei onsets 5 2 Steps for Installing the Linux Tool Chain oo tee cesecseeeeceeesecsseeeessecaeeseeneseeeeaeeees 5 2 Compilation for Applications tipsi iai e e a a E 5 2 On Line Debugging with GDB ssseessesesseesresesreresrstsrerrererssestrterretsrsrereteessesrereeretsree 5 3 Programme r S Guide 0c 4c a ee nener see iaae danau ee 6 1 Before Programming Your Embedded System 0 ceccssesecssecsseseceeeeeceseeeceaecaeesecneee
89. sion 1 0 sysObjectID 0 object identifier enterprises 8691 12 240 sysUpTime 0 timeticks 0 days 03h 50m 11s 00th 1381100 sysContact 0 octet string Moxa Systems Co LDT sysName 0 octet string Moxa sysLocation 0 octet string Unknown sysServices 0 integer 6 if Number 0 integer 6 9 ifIndex 1 integer 1 10 ifIndex 2 integer 2 11 ifIndex 3 integer 3 12 ifIndex 4 integer 4 13 ifIndex 5 integer 5 14 ifIndex 6 integer 6 15 ifDescr 1 octet string ethO 16 ifDescr 2 octet string eth1 17 ifDescr 3 octet string Serial port 0 18 ifDescr 4 octet string Serial port 1 19 ifDescr 5 octet string Serial port 2 20 ifDescr 6 octet string Serial port 3 AADMNFWNe eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 502 snmpInGenErrs 0 counter 0 503 snmpInTotalReqVars 0 counter 503 504 snmpInTotalSetVars 0 counter 0 505 snmpInGetRequests 0 counter 0 506 snmpInGetNexts 0 counter 506 4 21 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Managing Communications 507 snmpInSetRequests 0 counter 0 508 snmpInGetResponses 0 counter 0 509 snmpInTraps 0 counter 0 510 snmpOutTooBigs 0 counter 0 511 snmpOutNoSuchNames 0 counter 0 512 snmpOutBadValues 0 counter 0 513 snmpOutGenErrs 0 counter 0 514 snmpOutGetRequests 0 counter 0 515 snmpOutGetNexts 0 counter 0 516 snmpOutSetRequests 0 counter 0 517 snmpOutGetResponses 0 counter 517 518 snmpOutTraps
90. t Baud Rate 921600 Divisor ENUM 8 100 E g To calculate 500000 bps Divisor 1 ENUM 7 Error 1 7 The error should less than 2 for reliable data transmission Special Note 1 If the target baudrate is not a special baudrate e g 50 75 110 134 150 200 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 57600 115200 230400 460800 921600 the termios cflag will be set to the same flag 2 If you use stty to get the serial information you will get speed equal to 0 6 7 W315 325 345 Linux User s Manual Programmer s Guide Relay Output W345 only The W345 uses a DO digital ouput for relay output Programming with the following API allows you to change the state of the digital output and to get the current state of the digital output User API int set_dout_state int doport int state Description Set the state of digital ouput Input int doport the port number of digital output It ranges from 0 to 3 int state the output state high or low You can use defined constant DIO_HIGH or DIO_LOW Output 0 int get_dout_state int doport int state Description Get the current state of digital output Input int doport the port number of digital output It ranges from 0 to 3 int state the current state of digital output Output 0 Special Note Don t forget to link the library libmoxalib amp libpthread for DO programming a
91. te 4 2 DNS Sei EEA dese is soba tgs subi ch aetna bestaabus uag piasldideab ets natoatastua neers sae tists 4 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Appendix A Install PHP for Apache Web Servet c cssscsssecssesecseeeeceseeecssecsseecsaecaessecneesecnaeeeesaecateeeeneeaes 4 4 IPTABLES 3h gseeecnd in R E eee Se Re ied ea 4 7 Observe and erase chain Tules wossen i bvtinerec tlie teased aki ek aes 4 9 Define policy for chain rules ce ceeeeeescsseeeceeceseeecesecseesecneeecsaeeecsaecaeesecneseenaeeess 4 10 Append or delete Tiles 4 skate eae tis sen aane E sean sates 4 10 NAT vrai eetii nd Aue N R a R e e a Ren ee ae aad 4 11 NATSEX MP E minacon e e a R e A E euatecevnneeess 4 11 Enabling NAT at Bootup c ccesccesccsceeseeeseeecceeeeeeceeseceseeeseeeaeceaecnaecaeeeaeeaeeneeeaeeeas 4 12 Dyaleinp S C VICE PPP sac ods a so este rere ie eaae te ss auedk copied dp stews o eE EAEE EAE ttre se 4 13 Example 1 Connecting to a PPP server over a simple dial up connection 4 13 Example 2 Connecting to a PPP server over a hard wired link eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 14 How to check the connection 0 ee eeeeecseeeecneeeeceseeeesecaeesecneesecsaeeecsaecaeesesnetseenaeeees 4 14 Setting up a Machine for Incoming PPP Connections cceeceseeseesecseeeeeneeeeeeeees 4 15 PPPOE 33 int da dh iat eee SE a ee ee ee a 4 16 GPRS Comme CuO ties niena sear e a r Rr teal E E setts 4 18 Configuring the options for pppd oo eeeec
92. tion Dial up Service PPP in chapter 4 for details As the pppd daemon starts it prepares the serial port settings for communication Then it runs an external program called chat which sends AT commands to GSM GPRS module to establish connection AT commands are just like the language between chat program and GSM GPRS module The chat program waits for the string CONNECT to establish connection After the connection is established pppd takes over the process to encapsulate TCP IP packets The W315 325 345 embedded computers provide a ready to use sccript gprsemd for fast connections please refer to Connecting to GPRS network in chapter 2 We recommend that users use the gprsemd command instead of rewriting their own connection command Users who need to customize their own connection for specific needs can edit the following files to meet their own connection standard Configuring the options for pppd The option settings for pppd is located at etc ppp peers chtgprs You can enable or disable an option by removing or deleting the File etc ppp peers chtgprs dev ttyS1 modem port used 115200 speed defaultroute use the cellular network for the default route noipdefault usepeerdns use the DNS servers from the remote network nodetach keep pppd in the foreground nocrtscts hardware flow control lock lock the serial port noauth don t expect the modem to authenticate itself 4 18 W315 325 34
93. tributions can be used to install the tool chain Fefora core 1 amp 2 Steps for Installing the Linux Tool Chain The tool chain needs about 485 MB of hard disk space To install it follow the steps 1 Insert the package CD into your PC and then issue the following commands mount dev cdrom mnt cdrom sh mnt cdrom tool chain linux install sh 2 Wait for the installation process to complete This should take a few minutes 3 Add the directory usr local arm linux bin to your path You can do this for the current login by issuing the following commands export PATH usr local arm linux bin SPATH Alternatively you can add the same commands to HOME bash_profile to make it effective for all login sessions Compilation for Applications To compile a simple C application use the cross compiler instead of the regular compiler arm linux gcc o example Wall g 02 example c arm linux strip s example arm linux gcc ggdb o example debug example c Most of the cross compiler tools are the same as their native compiler counterparts but with an additional prefix that specifies the target system In the case of x86 environments the prefix is i386 linux and in the case of 1A204 241 ARM boards it is arm linux For example the native C compiler is gec and the cross C compiler for ARM in the W315 325 345 is arm linux gcc The following cross compiler tools are provided ar Manages

W315/325/345 Linux User`s Manual v3

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