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1. 100 k 95 y 8e 002 x 53 e d L 90 en 3 85 wn 2 X O 3 80 oe measured data Curve Fit 75 b a a Free Space 70 65 Eo o F 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 36 Free space model with curve fitting for 1800MHz Free Space Plot with curve fitting for 900MHz 90 A PA A EOE LPP 2 O AA Q B 75 a AAA TH N di n 2 measured points 3 Curve fitting al gee Free Space model he 65 _ lt lt AN m 55 E 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 37 Free space model with curve fitting on 900MHz 49 Above graph shows path loss at 900MHz with curve fitting applied on it the level of attenuation is relatively less as compared to 1800MHz However there is a fixed loss of about 6db moving down from 1800MHz to 900MHz Figure below shows the path loss that is attained at 385 MHz which is relatively less than the path loss that have been attained at 1800 MHz and 900 MHz if we analyze it we can see that It obeys the rule that their is a loss of 6db with each doubling in frequency Value attained at 385MHz is roughly 6db less as compared to 900MHz and 1800MHz is 6 db higher than 900MHz Free Space Plot with curve fitting for S385MHz y 4 4e 002 x 50 Measured Dat Curve Fit pathloss db Free Space 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045
2. 90 90 85 85 PLS r 28 1 for 90MHz e 80 80 NI PLS r 26 4 for 900MHz kej n de 75 375 y4 E oO a 70 70 F 65 65 de 60 60 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Distance m PLS model with 0 coverage for 900MHz 90 85 80 Q Do o 9 75 s a PLS r 21 for 900MHz rm N 70 AL ES 65 60 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Fig 45 PLS plots for different coverage scenarios for different PLS coefficient 60 Table below summarizes the value of PLS coefficients that are varied in order to show coverage range at different frequencies S NO Frequency 100 50 25 0 1 385MHz 22 5 18 4 16 9 11 2 900MHz 30 24 22 2 16 5 3 1800MHz 36 28 7 25 7 23 7 Table 5 coverage range at different PLS coefficient for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 7 2 Future Work Some of the suggested future work that would be in great interest and in extension of this thesis might be 1 2 3 4 5 Some more analysis of lower level frequencies should be tried like Tetra frequency range used in this thesis as less work is done on Tetra frequencies range especially focusing on indoor coverage Some more indoor models should be used like the modified IB model that have been used in this thesis Different indoor scenarios could be tried to study the behavior of indoor models and character
3. 65 e A EB Gffice Online Connect to Microsoft Office ine Get the latest news about using Excel Automatically update this list From the web Search For Example Print more than one copy Open A Book29 Bookza Bookz7 Bookz6 BF More L Create a new workbook Fig A4 importing data in excel sheet Press the data menu and then press the option import external data you have to select some of the options in that menu and then the entire text file would be transferred on the excel sheet Afterwards you can select the obtained data range and then take an average of the data that you attained at the selected measurement point that corresponds to the measured value at that particular place ES Microsoft Excel Book1 HS file Edit Mew Insert Format Tools Data Window Help Type a question for hep iw a OX 2 This copy of Office is not genuine Click here to learn more online B mwe gt FTE 7 3 Arial 210 B712U 3333 D gt so lie a A Al X fe CCT e c D E F 6 H 1 J K L M N 0 P Q R S Ei Fl 160 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 161 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 162 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 163 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 164 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 165 02 47 9 MS1 O MPH State Report 85 85 166 02 47 9 MS1 D MPH State Report 85 85 167 02 47 9 MS1 D M
4. TEMS software on the PC records the data in log files these log files are saved in different format In this project the log files generated by TEMS is converted to text format and then we have imported the data in to excel sheet in order to attain the mean of the received samples Same procedure is repeated for both 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency measurements We have to calculate mean of the received signal due to the reason because TEMS investigation tool kit does not generate the local mean as we could attain in our first phase of measurement in the spectrum analyzer Some of the procedure is presented for convenience First of all we have to set up the scanning procedure in TEMS investigation software Once we have stared recording the scanning of the RSSI signals figure below shows how it look like the channel that we have focused for illustration is GSM 1800MHz DEX TEMS Investigation 10 1 Data Collection investigation wcdma gsm tdc GSM RSSI Scan Bar Chart MS1 File View Logfile Scanning Configuration Control Presentation Worksheet Window Help ea a dd Sl E ax 3 us1 RSSI Scanning B4 Presentation A CDMA a DEN EQ sm Ea El Data Services 8 si Ga Spectrum Analy 1 RSSI Scan Bar E E Interference 62 Y Uplink Data AMR Call Average E AMR Cell Average AMR Codec Usage AMR Settings 3 Current Channel Hopping Channels Modified MS Behavic 3 Radio Paramet
5. 35 required measurements The receiver is moved in the adjacent corridor there are no specific measurements points that we have chosen The spots are chosen more or less are random One more fact that the these measurements are not focused to limited distance the max distance that we have measured is up to 55m and there is no specific focus on line of sight readings Following locations are considered for measurements 1 Swedish tax department facilities in Solna 2 Electrum Building in Kista In summary there are three phases in which measurements were carried out A Measurements for 385MHz at Electrum B Measurements for 900 1800MHz at Electrum C Measurements in Tax office building Solna 5 1 385 MHz Measurement Strategy In this phase measurements for 385MHz frequency range was carried out to investigate Tetra Technology As a result we used a classical signal generator HP 8640B which was used to generate the CW signal Fig 21 Hp 8640B Signal generator and MARS MA CQ26 1X Antenna 19 20 A broad band indoor antenna by MARS was used at the transmitter and receiver ends HP series spectrum analyzer 8590 was used to analyze the signal at the receiver end The procedure to tune the spectrum analyzer is like other spectrum analyzer that we used earlier HP FSH3 but the most important thing that needs to be mentioned here is the variation in the received signal level Due to fading and scattering of the received signal
6. 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 38 Free space loss with curve fitting on 385MHz The collective result of free space model is shown in the graph below that focuses the curves that are attained at different frequencies 50 Free Space Plot for 385MHz 1800MHz and 900MHz 75 1800MHz S a 65m E E F eol 380MHz 50 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 oe eN distance km Fig 39 Free space model at 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 6 3 Keenan Motley model Graph below shows the modified KM model plot for 1800 MHz frequency with curve fitting we can see that the attenuation per wall is set to about 9 5db pathloss db kenen motely plot for 1800MHz 115 110 y 8e 002 x 53 105 100 95 90 85 80 data points 75 a curve fit 70 Kenan Motely Model 65 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 40 Keenan motley curve fit for 1800MHz 51 In the figure below we can see the path loss for 900MHz have gone 6db down as compared to 1800MHz In this observation four walls have been taken in to account in order to produce the ideal fit and to ensure the proper coverage we have chosen the value of attenuation per wall to be 8db for 900MHz Keenan Motley plot with curve fitting for 900MIHz y 6 6e 002 50 Path Loss in dh i i i i i 0 025 0 03 0 035 0
7. 0 1db So we can simply do the mathematics to figure out the final result Rx Level 20 2 0 6 0 1 30 16 8 9db approx 9dbm through formula Measured value 11dBm 5 3 2 Verification for 900MHz Now we will consider the case for 900MHz 41 We have following parameters Transmitter power 20dbm Antenna gain at the transmitter 1dbi Transmit cable loss 2 4db Receive cable loss 2 34db TEMS cell planner antenna So by using the free space loss formula Rx Level 20 1 0 37 2 34 60 74dbm And the value that we have measured through TEMS Investigation is 61dB 5 3 3 Verification for 1800MHz same procedure is repeated for 1800MHz We have following parameters Transmitter power 20dbm Antenna gain 1db1 Transmit cable loss at transmitter 2 4db Receive cable loss 3 46db TEMS cell planner antenna So by using the free space loss formula Rex Level 20 1 43 52 3 46 2 4 68 38dbm And the value that we have observed through Tems Investigation is 71dbm 5 3 4 CONCLUSION Hence we can see from the results stated above that the equipment behaves well Measured levels are within 2 3 db 42 5 4 Measurement results from skatteverket As mentioned in previous section that some of the measurements were done in Skatteverket building which is located in Solna For measurement underground parking lot and the entrance floor were selected Figure below shows the two floor plans 2 z ES a 2 z a O
8. 385MHz PLS model for 385MHz with Curve Fitting 80 y 0 447x 50 PLS r 311 75 F o 70 5 2 2 F 2 E S LL ij a 65 measured points Curve Fit fan PLS r 3 1 60 55 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Fig 34 PLS plot for 385MHz at r 22 5 with curve fitting Figure below shows the combined plot of three different frequencies with diffrenet PLS coefficients 47 PLS model for 90MHz 1800MHz and 385MHz 105 100 PERE 03 6 B W9 PLS r 83 7 85 Path loss db 80 PLS r 31 65 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Fig 35 PLS plot for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz But in this thesis none of the values given in the table are found to be feasible for my set of measurements As a result I have done my own analysis in order to produce the estimate that best resemble the measured data _FREQUENCES O Cd 900MHz 1800MHz 385MHz Open Environment few RF obsticles convention centre Moderate open Slight dense 3 61 3 31 Moderately dense Table 1 values for PLS for different environments 6 48 6 2 Free Space Propagation Model Free space model is valid for all the frequency ranges that I need to analyze in my project the graph below shows final result of the free space model Figure below shows the plot for free space model for 1800MHz Free Space Plot with curve fitting for 1800MHz
9. a distance of 55m 13 it does not take in to account any clutter loss or reflections 13 Free space loss formula is given as under Free space loss 32 5 20 log f 20 log d 12 f Frequency MHz d Distance km 3 1 2 Keenan Motley model In contrast to the losses that we account between the medium of transmitter and the receiver there are other losses too that play a vital role when we focusing indoor environment like floor separation penetration losses due to walls hence the complete loss could look like this Path loss free space loss wall loss 13 Hence the Keenan Motley model is given as under L db 32 5 20 log f 20 log d K P W k k F k 13 L path loss db F frequency MHz d transmitter to receiver separation km K number of floors transverse by direct wave F floor attenuation factor db P number of walls transverse by the direct wave W wall attenuation factor db But the simplified form of the model is known as IB model using walls only which is given by 900MHz L db 91 5 20 log d P w K 13 1800MHz L db 97 6 20 log d P w K 13 20 IB model has been designed for two different frequencies IB is more convenient to use They are rather much simple to implement Some efforts have been done in this thesis that lead to modification of IB model which provided a successful integration to 3830MHz in this model simply by amending the constants of the formula by substituting the fr
10. channels Like GSM Tetra also posse s protection against eavesdropping it also provides air and end to end encryption To transmit information Tetra usually uses 4 DPQSK this is a form of phase shift keying 1 5 Hence the symbol rate is 18000 symbols per second and each symbol maps to two bits so resulting in 36 000 bits s 2 4 Efficient Channel Usage Tetra have good voice quality and it also posses low bit error rate for data Tetra usually have packet as well as circuit switched data transmission and also offer less error rates Tetra use TDMA with four user channels interleaved in to one carrier with 25 KHz carrier spacing In this way only one radio unit is needed to transmit four user channels 14 oS A A A Four user channels multiplexed into one 25 KHz traffic channel bandwidth Fig 4 Tetra channel efficiency 1 Tetra is used by emergency services and also by Special Forces so as a result it provides quite good data voice signaling protection There are two types of encryption provided by this service 1 First is air encryption that protect from eavesdropping from base station to mobile station 4 2 End to end encryption for critical applications where encryption is essential throughout the system to the end terminal 7 Beside these qualities Tetra provides direct mode operation between two mobile stations without the need of any network architecture As shown in the fig below Un DIRECT MODE BETWEEN RAD
11. department I placed transmitter in adjacent building The cross sectional distance between the transmitters and received was roughly 25 metres with LOS Distance varies depending on the spots that have been considered to be observed for the measurements Measurements have been focused up to 55 metres The environment that have been chosen corresponds to the typical office environment Selected environment have moderate amount of obstacles that come in between the transmitter and the receiver The nature of obstacles that have normally been encountered is glass semi glass and light wooden or plaster walls In front face of the corridor we have windows In each of the room window have a tinted coating that produces 33 attenuation in the received signal level as observed through the measurement results The floor plan is being illustrated in the figure below I corridor Reciever unit q a 1 1 TY F 1 F T F q l 1 x CCI mA a I oa MIFA Entrance corridor AAA T y TE AT Y j computer launge lt A i E x x JE x Front line Faculty Rooms Roof Top aprox 25m vale JOPLLIOS Fig 19 Measurements floor plan Wireless KTH ELECTRUM Some generalize comments which make the selected building common to other office buildings are 1 More and more offices are open space and part of the office consist of cub
12. first kind of telecommunication systems that have a well defined network architecture and services It is the most prosperous 2G technology Before the arrival of GSM people in Europe used different cellular standards there was a lack of common subscriber unit GSM was focused to serve as a pan European system Through GSM worldwide network coverage was made a reality by the help of ISDN structures GSM gained popularity soon it was lounged according to an estimate there were about 350 million subscribers worldwide In 1980 a major step was taken by gathering group of special mobile system which was a common working body of CEPT and it was to specify a common mobile communication platform for Europe in 900MHz band 12 But in 1992 GSM changed to global system for mobile communication under the agencies of European technical standards institute due to some marketing reasons 23 GSM was first lounged in Europe in 1990 but after 1992 it was introduced to Asia Australia America and South America 2 8 GSM 900MHz Channels GSM 900MHz have two frequency bands Uplink and downlink 1 Uplink 890 2 915 MHz 2 Downlink 935 2 960 MHz Both bands lie at a distance of 20MHz from each other With a duplex distance of 45MHz Frequencies are expressed as channel number from 1 to 124 absolute radio frequency channel number If the ARFCN n is known the absolute frequency can be calculated by For the downlink F DL 935 2 0 2 n 1 MHz For the upli
13. that are now a days common in Sweden this work recommends PLS model as feasible choice for modeling indoor characteristics One more thing that PLS coefficient used in this thesis were bit modified which were used to get desired results So there is flexibly in this model it could be altered by playing with PLS coefficient The newly discovered PLS coefficient for 1800MHz is r 36 for and for 380MHz r 31 while for 900MHz it is found to be the same as in standard table r 33 7 so its first time that a new value of PLS for 380MHz range has been defined while earlier it existed for 900MHz and 1800MHz on the other hand the modification made on the IB model related to 380MHz also generates feasible results that meet our requirement Maximum and minimum values attained using different models are shown in the table below S NO Frequency Path Keenan Free Loss db Motley db Space db Max Max Max 1 1800MHz 88 33 100 4 67 110 2 73 96 2 2 900MHz 80 90 60 46 98 15 66 58 85 64 3 385MHz 69 45 71 53 06 84 75 60 46 73 76 Table 4 Maximum and Minimum values with respect to Models Following figure shows different level of coverage at different values of PLS coefficient 1 58 Path loss db Path loss db Path loss db 80 PLS model with 50 coverage for 385MHz 75 70 PLS r 2 83 50 coverage 65 60 55 25 80 30 35
14. z 3 gt o 2 e Fig29 Entrance floor plan Solna tax office courtesy Skatteverket 43 Fig30 Parking floor plan courtesy Skatteverket In these measurements the tools used were different Hand held test sets were used one for GSM technology and other for Tetra One of the difficulties that i faced there was we were not able to locate where the transmitter was as a result we have taken a rough estimate of its location Two sets of measurements were taken one in the entrance hall and other the parking lot of the building 44 CHAPTER 6 Results Conclusions This chapter is focused on the result and conclusion that have been drawn by measurement and simulation results Major task of this thesis is to figure out the characteristics of propagation loss in indoor environment focusing on GSM 900MHz GSM 1800MHz and Tetra 385MHz One thing that needs to be mentioned in this section is that the measurements are not focused to some limited distances neither they are in line of sight between transmitter and receiver Measurement points for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz are given in the plot as under which we may call as cluster plot measurements points for 385M Hz 900M Hz and 1800M Hz 100 95 90 85 pathloss db 385MHz 65 9D0MHz 1800MHz 55 i 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distante km Fig 31 cluster plot measurement points for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 45 6 1 Path Loss Model for GSM 900MH
15. 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 Distance in Km Fig 41 Keenan Motley model curve fit for 90OMHz The modified Keenan Motley model for 385 MHz shows the best result It shows the least loss for the four walls that we have taken in the observation Slight modification is made to this model in order to make it compatible for 335MHz The model adjustment is done so that proper coverage is ensured and there might be no uncovered areas In 385MHz attenuation taken per wall is 6 5db and path loss is 6db less then 900MHz modification done is mentioned in chapter 3 52 Keenan Motely plot with curve fitting for 335MIHz pathloss db Measured points Curve fitting Kenan h ote hy 50 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 42 Keenan Motley model for 385 MHz The plot below shows the cascaded version of the Keenan motley plots that focuses all the three frequencies we can conclude from the figure below that under the scenario that have been considered or the place where we have conducted our measurements for such types of layout Keenan motley model for 385MHz produce much better result We can observe from the figure below that there is an increase of 6db in each doubling of the frequency Keenan Motley plot for 32851M1Hz 900MHz and 123001 4MHz 120 pathloss dh 1 1 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 43 Keenan Motley plots for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 53 According to the expectations the atten
16. 80MHz and 900MHz for entrance floor is found to be 10 28db and 12 14db We can also see attenuation loss at parking lot for 380MHz and 900MHz it is found to be 30 66db and 27 33db respectively so its clear that 900MHz produces more loss as compared to380MHz On the other hand floor separation loss is found to be 16 5db for 900MHz and 15 3db for 330MHz 57 7 Conclusion and Future work 7 1 Conclusion In this section we can draw conclusions from measurement and simulation results PLS model generates best result as compared to Keenan motley and Free Space model It has been observed that free space model produces less path loss but it provides poor coverage prediction as a result major drawback with this model is we get really less attenuation loss but at the same time if we implement this model then we get a lot of outage and bad coverage problems On the other hand Keenan Motley model produces better result in terms of coverage prediction but 1t ends up with higher attenuation loss as compared to Free space and Path Loss model so it s also not a feasible choice if we narrow down the canvas towards Path Loss model it can be visualize that it produces less loss then Keenan Motley model and provides same coverage prediction as KM model while the loss is higher than free space but it s no use because free space doesn t provides good coverage So from our measurements and calculations results we can say that for typical office buildings
17. Bi gain It covers the frequency range 1700 to 2700 MHz The antenna is delivered with a 12 ft 3 66 m coaxial cable called Pro Flex Plus 195 In the table below is shown the total cable attenuation at various frequencies Frequency Total Attenuation of MHz Cable dB 1700 2 15 1800 2 22 1900 2 22 2000 2 33 2100 2 50 Table cl signal attenuation on diffrent frequency 68 Frequency Total Attenuation of MHz Cable dB 2200 2 50 Table c3 cable attenuation on different frequency continued C 2 2 Smarteq Minimag Antenna This is a magnetic mount antenna with O dBd gain It covers the frequencies 890 to 960 MHz and 1710 to 2170 MHz The antenna is delivered with a Smarteq RG 174 cable whose loss at 2100 MHz is specified at 1 47 dB per meter cable maximum The total length of the cable is 2 6 m In the following table is shown the total cable attenuation at various frequencies Frequency Total Attenuation of MHz Cable dB O a ICI ANECA Table c4 cable attenuation on different frequency continued 69 Appendix D Opposition Report Question and Answers Q 1 You have mention in chapter 5 that you have taken 9 to 10 points of measurements is there any specific reason for this Ans Measurement points are focused to some number of readings there are various reason for it Major Reason behind this is that we faced some problems in model tuning that we fixed later on as we made some close analysis s
18. IOS ae F l j GATEWAY TO ap Fig 5 Tetra modes of operation 1 15 2 5 TETRA and GSM different dimensions There is confusion among people that Tetra and GSM have been alternative to one another but it s not true both have different precised aims and they do not overlap each other GSM is designed to be used for public usage while on other hand Tetra focus on emergency services Some people think that 1f Tetra features could be integrated in GSM it could be cheaper because GSM handsets are quite much cheaper then tetra handsets But most functionality of Tetra couldn t be implemented in GSM because it would require some deep amendments in core of GSM network which could be obviously expensive Fig 6 GSM and Tetra handsets 5 2 6 Tetra limitation Beside all these features that have been discussed above tetra have some disadvantages 1 2 3 Handsets are very expensive compared to cellular system 1 Data transfer rate is better and its long range but may be regarded as slow as compared to modern standard It can generate interference with old designed handsets or with some electronic devices because it have higher power than cellular handset 5 16 2 7 GSM Overview GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications 13 GSM is a second generation standard the reason for its creation was to solve the fragmentation issues of first cellular system in Europe 12 GSM is known for its
19. IR e o e A ae 45 Results Conclusion os Putas ay a ae a dida the BAe 45 6 1 Path Loss Model for GSM 900MHz and GSM 1800MHZ cccccceee 46 Table 1 values for PLS for different environments cccccccccsseesseeees 48 6 2 Free Space Propagation Models di 49 6 3 Ken Moe Mod AA RE 51 6 4 Comparison between different models ooooonoccnnncccnoncccnoncccnnncncnoncconancconnncnnnns 54 6 5 Comparison of Path Loss slope with Keenan Motley and Free Space Model ot dato obleas E T ENT A sbi anea o EE da e 54 0 6 Slope Equations e poutine Meeraded facade aetna tena Seinen teak hese earse 55 CHAPTER Vii eeir NN 58 Conclusion and Future WOTK occcononnoonoonnnncononnnnonononononnoncnnanononnnconononnnnononnnnnnonons 58 TL CONCISO tin AA AA A AAA EAS EEE A AAA 58 TONES Works cr io cerda OR SELE S ES 61 A OO 62 APPENDIX e e Dd ad 64 PPPS INTE es a a a sR a ha eels aah Sa MR E 67 APPENDIX Esos A E Loh Ooo ADA ALEA 68 APPENDIX DE ua ii alos 70 List of Figures Fig 1 Tetra used by police fire department and Special Forces 12 Fig 2 Tetra standard interface tods 13 Fig 3 Modes of connectivity ai a 14 Fig 4 Tetra channel efficiency nsniinn usd lidia 15 Fig 5 Tetra modes of operation i lt c acess ties ee ore ae ices 15 Fig 6 GSM and Tetra handsets curia iii 16 Fig7 GSM 900MHz frequency plan oo ee eee cssecesecseeeeeseecnaeeneesseeeenees 18 Fig 8 Path Loss illustration between transmitter and re
20. Introduction to Indoor Coverage eseeessseessessserssereesetssstesstsseesseresseeessressesseesset 26 4 1 why in building coverage is important oooooocnnocccnoncccnnncncnonnnononanononcncnncninnncno 28 4 2 Indoor coverage business point of view ocoocooccconoccccoacncooncnononacononcnnnnncnnnnncno 28 4 3 Basic s of indoor planning id 28 O A AI N EREA E EET ES EEEIEE EA 28 4 3 2 Tinted WindOwS sui ii ei aii a a i i ei ia Deas 29 4 4 Brief overview of Active and Passive DAS oooononcococononononononononononononononononononos 29 4 4 1 Difference between Active and Passive DAS ooooocccccconononononononononononononos 30 CHAPTER a dio 32 A EE 32 5 2 MEASUREMENTS FOR 900MHz 1800MHZ ooooccocccocccoccnonnnconncconocancninnnos 38 Practical Measurement strate Sed y2 i i cccassceseiecssosccesssesdensscncsadessonccesnaedeananenstactds 40 5 5 3 MEASUREMENTS VERIFICATIONS c ccsscssussscscssorsesnssescenssonsootsovesesnens 40 5 3 1 Verification for 385 MHZ onocncnnnnnnononononnnnnnnnnnnconononononononononononononanicininineness 41 5 3 2 Verification for QOOMHZ ooonnccnnnnnnnncnnonocinononononononononononononononononinenicininineness 41 5 3 3 Verification for 18QQOMHZ ococccnnnncncnnnnnnnnnnnnonononononononononononononaninanecinicinenes 42 3 41 CONCLUSION taa LIT LD eR AT dat a Sas a 42 5 4 Measurement results from skatteverket ococcccccnnnnnnnnnnncnnnnocininicinicananes 43 GHAR TER O A ic leet
21. Outdoor to Indoor Radio Wave Propagation For Wireless in Buildings Solutions SYED MUHAMMAD NAVEED UL HAQ Master of Science Thesis Stockholm Sweden 2011 TRITA ICT EX 2011 2 OUTDOOR TO INDOOR RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION FOR WIRELESS IN BUILDINGS SOLUTIONS SYED MUHAMMAD NAVEED UL HAQ Master Of ScienceThesis Radio Communication System Group KTH Stockholm Sweden 2010 Mobile Indoor Components Internal Advisor Mats Nilson Wireless KTH External Advisor Tord Sj lund MicNordic Examiner Prof Ben Slimane 2 Abstract A need for high data rates and reliable communication is required as we are moving from 2 to 3 and 4 generation of mobile communications Therefore we see a tremendous rise in data rates We know that most part of mobile users are indoor as compared to outdoor users a new challenge for radio planners is to ensure proper coverage to indoor users so the prime focus is to ensure proper coverage and capacity requirements There are various factors that account for poor coverage hence various techniques have been introduced to create a breakthrough in this process This thesis basically focuses on indoor coverage for technologies like GSM 900MHz and 1800MHz as well as Tetra380MHz 385MHz I have tried different indoor models that could produce a feasible result There is a lot of work that have been done in past that focus on outdoor models Analysis of this thesis reveals that for the typical office environment
22. PH State Report 85 85 168 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 169 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 170 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 171 02 47 9 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 172 02 48 0 M51 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 173 02 48 0 M51 0 MPH State Report 85 85 174 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 175 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 176 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 177 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 178 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 179 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 180 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 181 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 182 02 48 0 MS1 O MPH State Report 85 85 183 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 184 02 48 0 M51 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 185 02 48 0 M51 0 MPH State Report 85 85 186 02 48 0 M51 0 MPH State Report 85 85 187 02 48 0 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 188 02 48 1 MS1 0 MPH Measurement Report 85 85 189 02 48 1 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 190 02 48 1 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 191 02 48 1 MS1 0 MPH State Report 85 85 y M 4 gt bt Sheet1 Sheet2 Sheet3 lt i Ready 9 New Tab El Volume c Uh cv ande T cover_ge Fig A5 Sample view of data imported from TEMS Investigation to Microsoft Excel sheet 66 APPENDIX B hs a MARS ANTENNAS amp RF SYSTEMS LTD Sn A 380 MHz 6 GHz Multi Band Omni Antenna MA CQ26 1X MARS Multi Band Omni Antenna cov
23. PLS model with 0 coverage for 385MHz 40 Distance m 45 50 55 75 O 70 65 60 D PLS r 19 8 for 385MHz 55 50 25 100 30 35 40 Distance m 45 50 PLS model with 25 coverage for 1800MHz 55 95 90 70 25 30 35 40 Distance m 45 50 55 Path loss db Path loss db 80 75 PLS model with 25 coverage for 385MHz Path loss db 70 PLS r E 26 3 for 385MHz_ 65 60 55 25 30 35 40 Distance m 45 50 PLS model with 50 coverage for 1800MHz 100 55 95 im 90 PLS r 28 7 for 1800MHz_ 85 N 80 70 25 30 35 40 Distance m 45 50 PLS model with 0 coverage for 1800MHz 100 55 95 oO 90 85 80 PLS 23 7 for 1800MHz 75 70 25 30 35 40 Distance m 45 50 55 Path loss db PLS model with 50 coverage for 900MHz PLS model with 25 coverage for 90MHz
24. a in excel Sh 8t o ooonncnnnnnnnncnnnnononnconnnnnncnnncnoncnnncnnnnoo 66 Fig A5 Sample view of data imported from TEMS toMS XCel oooonoccnnoncccnoccccnononos 66 List of Tables Table 1 values for PLS for different environments occoccnnncnnonnnonnnannnnnnnss 48 able 2 Slope EQU did 55 Table 3 Signal attenuation levels at different floor plan of solna tax office 56 Table 4 Maximum and Minimum values with respect to Models 58 Table 5 coverage range at different PLS coefficient for 335MHz 900MHz and 1 800M IZ coil 61 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Mobile communication has a rich and versatile history Digital era came in to existence in early 1990 At the beginning phase DECT was adopted as a standard digital cordless telephony after GSM was standardized in 1991 As time went on need for high data rates was felt It s quite amazing that there were no question of high data rates twenty years ago At the beginning of 2000 GPRS came in to existence in order to fulfill the requirement of high data rates As time went on EDGE WCDMA UMTS etc were introduced In contrast to all these advancement need for better coverage was also felt indoor coverage has not always been a hot topic as compared to outdoor coverage because a lot of new technical issues are to be kept in to consideration Indoor coverage is gaining its importance as time is going on because most of the users use cell phone indoor as compared to outdoor users acc
25. active DAS compared to passive DAS Cos Ict Kth Master thesis 2008 7 Tetra group industries Tetra healthy and safety information www tetramou com 8 Jose Manuel Martin An introduction to tetra and its functionality www tetramou com uploadedFiles Files Vegas2009Martin pdf 9 David Pelts Wouth Joseph Leen verloock Emmeric Tanghe Luc Martens Evaluation of building penetration loss for 100 buildings in belgium 2008 10 Sergio Aguirre amp Lynette H Lowe and Yeh Lo Radio Propagation into Buildings at 912 1920 and 5990 MHz Using Microcells 11 Constantine Perez Vega Jose Luis Garcia G and Jose Miguel Lopez Higuera A simple and efficient model for indoor path loss prediction IOP publishing 1997 12 Wireless communication principles and practise theodore s rappaport second edition 2000 13 Indoor radio planning a practicle guide for GSM DCS UMTS and HSPA Morten Tolstrop 2008 14 http www informatik hu berlin de goeller isdn GSMDmChannels pdf 15 Tems investigation 10 1 data collection user manual 16 Tems investigation 10 1 MRU User s Manual 17 Mobile communication engineering William C Y Lee 1982 18 Wikipedia contribution curve fitting http en wikipedia org wiki Curve fitting 62 19 R amp S FSH3 website http www teknetelectronics com Search asp p_ID 20288 06 12 2005 20 HP 8590 Agilent Technologies http www esat kuleuven be telemic public measdevice
26. asic setup diagram to calculate the path loss ooononnnnnnnnnnnnon 41 Fig29 Entrance floor plan Solna tax office courtesy Skatteverket 43 Fig 31 cluster plot points for 335MHz 900MHz and 1800MHzZ 45 Fig 32 PLS model with curve fitting for 1800MHz at r 36 ee 46 Fig 33 PLS plot for 90OMHZz at r 30 ocoocioccnnccc neciornadacinnicnnrcnncnnancancaciniess 47 Fig 34 PLS plot for 385MHz at r 22 5 with curve fitting eee 47 Fig 35 PLS plot for 3835MHz 900MHz and 1800MHZ eee eeeeeeeee 48 Fig 36 Free space model with curve fitting for 1800MHZ eee 49 Fig 37 Free space model with curve fitting on 9OOMHZ eee 49 Fig 39 Free space model at 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 51 Fig 40 Keenan motley curve fit for 1800MRZ 0oooonocccoccconcnnnnncnoncnoncnnnncnanos 51 Fig 41 Keenan Motley model curve fit for 900MHZ oooconcccnoccccocononcnnnnnnnnos 52 Fig 42 Keenan Motley model for 385 MHZ oooooooccnoconoccconnnonancnancnoncnnnncnnos 53 Fig 43 Keenan Motley plots for 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 53 Fig 44 Comparison between Keenan Motley and Free Space Plots 54 Fig 45 PLS plots for different coverage scenarios for different PLS 60 Fig Alobxporting los flen eee ea ede REALS 64 Fig A2 selecting the text file parameters arguments ocoocccnnnnnnoninonnnannnnnnns 65 Fig A3 compilation of text file viii aia dis 65 Fig A4 importing dat
27. ay come across too few samples of received signals Antenna was moved in random directions and the received signal samples were recorded We applied local mean procedure in order to calculate the accurate measured signal level MARS MA CQ26 1X o Y Fig 27 recording received signals by moving antenna randomly 5 3 MEASUREMENTS VERIFICATIONS Measurement verification are important because they give us an estimate to how much extent we are close to the value that we have obtained through the measurement And one more important factor is that we get an idea that which component generates much loss as a result we can also calculate the resultant received signal by the help of link budget equations Link budget equation is used in order to calculate the loss that is attained between the transmitter and receiver at a separation of 2 meters We have free space formula given as under Free space db 32 44 20 logF 20 log d 13 d distance km f frequency MHz 40 Tx antenna Rx antenna Reciever Transmitter Path loss Fig 28 Basic setup diagram to calculate the path loss Loss obtained at 2m distance for 385MHz 5 3 1 Verification for 385MHz By substituting the values in the free space formula we got following answer By our observation we have 11dbm measured received level So we will verify it Tx power 20dbm Antenna gain per antenna 1dBi Transmit cable loss 0 6db Receive cable loss
28. ceiver ee 19 Fig 9 Vertical Residuales visi ius sectaasesierveliat doit 22 Fig 10 Sample points curve fitting on straight line 22 Fig11 local mean view on FSH Vie WeT oocooccconccnocnconncconcconnnnnnnnon cnc nnnoncnrnnnos 23 Fig 12 Basic concept indoor coverage in the home ooooocccnnccnnoconoccnancninnos 26 Fig 13 Femto cells and repeater used with DAS ooooccnnccnoccnooccnonnnannnnnnos 27 Fig 14 Indoor coverage is using Distributed Antenna System 29 Fig Lo Passive DAS Syste siii ta 31 Fig 16 Active distributed antenna System eee eeeeeeeeeeseeessecnseeeseeeenees 31 Fig17 Electrum picture and location Map eee eescesesseeeseeensecsseeeseeeeaees 32 Fig18 Satellite image of Electrum building Kista courtesy Google Map 33 Fig 19 Measurements floor plan Wireless KTH ELECTRUM 34 Fig20 Wireless KTH COS department fourth floor Electrum 35 Fig 21 Hp 8640B Signal generator and MARS MA CQ26 1X uo 36 Fig 22 Rhode and Schwarz Fsh3 and HP 8590 spectrum analyzer 37 Fig 23 Sample setup for 395 MHz measurement ocooococccoccnnonnnnoncconnnancnnnnos 37 Fig 24 TEMS tool kit interfaced with PC acts as a receiver unit 38 Fig 25 HP 8922 signal generator for 900MHz and 1800MHz 0 38 Fig 26 scanning procedure in TEMS investigation software 39 Fig 27 recording received signals by moving antenna randomly 40 Fig 28 B
29. d above 1 Fig 1 Tetra used by police fire department and Special Forces 1 2 12 2 2 Tetra Interfaces Tetra usually supports some variable interfaces like Al air interface that supports the compatibility of different terminals made by different vendors PEI Peripheral Equipment Interface supports connectivity of terminals with the computer so it helps the terminal to develop independent data application For Tetra network from different manufactures could be connected by inter system interface ISI Whereas direct mode operation DMO allows the connection of different terminals when there is no network coverage 8 1 Network A a Network B a Fig 2 Tetra standard interface 9 2 3 Tetra Connectivity Tetra can easily be connected to different networks and can support private calls individual call Apart from this phone call PSTN or PABX it also posses group calling option that can be used to call a conference comprising all these ability 1t have one more prominent feature and that is the emergency call option it is considered as the most higher priory call 13 Fig 3 Modes of connectivity 1 Tetra mobile station can communicate by the help of direct mode or by using trunked infrastructure made of tetra base station Tetra also supports several types of data communication such as short data services While on the other hand packet or circuit switched data is specially assigned to the traffic
30. door coverage focusing that the coverage is uniformly distributed Some of the ways that are famous is the active and passive distributions or by using the hybrid solutions One should focus that different solutions have different impacts on the coverage this means that some solution might prove to be better for one strategy and might prove to be less efficient for the other Thus this all is dependent what sort of building you have and how large budget is allocated to provide the sufficient coverage Distributed antenna system comprises multiple antenna that are capable to cover 1858 060sqm and they are distributed in the desired building in a way that they could uniformly cover desired area practically low powered equipment is connected to long cables As I have mentioned above that there are two branches in distributed antenna system namely active and passive DAS Main disadvantage of the passive das system is that the losses accounts in the transmission are higher as compared to the active DAS system It also increases loss power near the distribution antenna increases noise figure in base station at higher frequencies when used for HSPA UMTS Normally for the passive systems the loss is higher Passive system is mostly feasible in harsh environment i e dust moist etc 30 10014 paly 1 100 4 puogag Uneven Power Splitter J00 4 38114 Coaxial Cable Fig 15 Passive DAS system 6 Active system uses power to transport RF signa
31. e out the propagation path loss it is important that proper distance interval should be known that can enable long term or local mean values that could be attained from the received signal strength of the data There are two main methods through which the local mean could be founded out 1 Median approach 2 Mean approach We have focused on the mean approach so we will give a brief account of that method A Mean Approach In the mean approach the local mean value could be estimated by the help of Rayleigh fading effects r y m y r y X L X L moz r y dy 3121 m y r y dy X L X L Under this assumption that m y is the true local mean and r y is a stationary Rayleigh process with unit mean m y constant x L lt y lt x L the estimator then becomes X L m x 1 2L f m x r y dy m x r y X L 24 Where r y should approach 1 when m x approaches to m x Fig11 local mean view on FSH viewer 25 CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Indoor Coverage As we are moving from second generation to third generation voice and data demand is increasing and due to this fact demand for wireless infrastructure have become prominent Indoor coverage is gaining importance in today s world as most of the voice traffic is generated by the indoor users according to a research that 80 of the traffic is generated by the indoor users 13 There are a tremendous amount of challenges from business and technical perspectives that are considered
32. e reasons that make indoor coverage really important are to increase the coverage capacity so reduce the network load on existing macro outdoor network To offer higher data rates to the users In fact that above mentioned facts are important but before you deploy any sort of indoor network it is really important that you should evaluate building thoroughly that which type of deployments is feasible and what should be the cost per user etc These factors are considered in business evaluation This sort of evaluation is normally carried out by using standard tools templates and metrics in order to secure valid comparable business case 4 2 Indoor coverage business point of view When considering the case for UMTS power load per user is an important factor The higher the power drain from the base station the higher the capacity drain from the base station per mobile user will be 13 As a result there will be high production cost for indoor traffic for UMTS trying to accommodate users inside the building by using the macro base station from outside 13 On the other hand there is one more factor that should be considered By deploying the indoor network the strain on outdoor network would be reduced and one more factor that should be considered is that the outdoor network must overcome high penetration loss about 20 50db By the help of in building coverage you can reduce the production cost per call minutes or MB and can also reduce the noise
33. ecting the text file parameters arguments Select following parameters and add it in the selected IE as shown in above figure The parameters are Scanned received level on ARFCN dbm and scanned received level dBm it lies beneath the GSM drop down box add it in the menu space that is adjacent to it Afterwards select the edit button and choose the external equipment that is connected to TEMS investigation software and in the argument drop list select the channels number that you have set in the transmitter And then press ok m tdc Export Logfile Window Help ax Lig E a a E rr A IO e gt oo a ef ana Bw Source Destination Action Status C Documents and 5 C Documents and Setti Text file E Gan wean Quay 1 6 LTE W CQ TD SCOMA trol B E unter Su et Ov iqneling E JT Be star Me Info Elem Workshe OUR Signaling J Dota J Map J Scanner Cua Conti press Fl PA o c the Fig A3 compilation of text file After doing these steps the windows looks like this then press the start scanning button then run the scan on the selected file which you have given Once the scanning is complete then calls the file in the Microsoft excel ES Microsoft Excel Book1 ELA Bile Edit View Insert Format Tools 5 This copy of Office Is not genuine Click here to lef Import External Data A List xme gt
34. equency and adding it with the constant 32 44 we can use the same formula for Tetra frequency and it generates results that meets our expectations The modified form of the Keenan Motley for 385MHz is given as under 385MHz L db 84 1 20 log d P W k 3 1 3 Path Loss Slope Model Another model used to calculate path loss in indoor environment is the PLS model PLS are attenuation slopes that are obtained from different indoor environments by performing large amount of measurements 12 PLS model obeys the distance power law model as described in log distance model PL db PL do 10 n log d 13 Where the PL do is the path loss that is measured at 1m distance which is given by 32 5 20log f 20log d where n is the PLS coefficient n is different for different indoor environments 3 2 Curve Fitting Curve fitting is the process of formulating a mathematical function that can generate best fit to the measured data points 18 In this process we could use two types of procedure one is the interpolation in this process the exact fit to the data points is required and the other process is called the smoothing procedure In smoothing the main target is to construct a smooth function that can fit to the data points smoothly One of the close topics in this regard is the regression analysis which focuses more on the statistical interference the main aim is to analyze how much deviation is present in between the curve that is required
35. erates less path loss as compared to the curve fitted model But there is a trade off that we can see free space model lacks all the measurements points above it as a result if we adopt it for the coverage scenario then we get bad coverage we can see similar situation if we focus 900MHz case with little bit less loss In the same way we can use the slope equations and can calculate the values for different models at different frequency and can evaluate the results by comparing it to the selected models 55 Table below shows the measurements results that are attained at Skatteverket building Received signal levels in Solna Tax Office Building Entrance Floor Receive level S NO Technology dbm Attenuation 2 GSM 900MHz 86 19 SC GSM900MHz 86 Jae 6 CO GSM900MHz J5 y gt GSM900MHz 34 9 Receive level S NO Technology dbm Attenuation 2 Tetra 380MHz 81 17 40s Tetra3somHz _ 82 Je ps Tetra3somHz 79 8 _______ 6 535 Tetra3somHz 899 3 3 6 Average Attenuation db 10 28 Received signal levels in Solna Tax Office Building Parking Lot Receive level S NO Technology dbm Attenuation Tetra 3830MHz 127 2 2 7 Receive level S NO Technology dbm Attenuation GSM 900MHz 95 a Average attenuation db 30 66 Table 3 Signal attenuation levels at different floor plan of solna tax office 56 After analyzing the received signal level it s clear that the average attenuation level for 3
36. ers SUB Aa7y pauueos jeabuons 4 8 8 Le lt gt 3 Speech Quality 27 GSM Line Chart Radio Quality Bar Ct EE GAN Status E GAN WLAN Quality L Que 6 TD SCDMA a weoma B E wimax S gueu g ugp AaTXy pauueos 4 Y 8 8 gt 979 22 3 lt Value Ms lessage Window Status Window Line Chart du Bar Chart Event Counter GB Control E lt gt _Me J Info Elem J Workshe Start recording ee Start YouTube Ty PATCHES TG final thesis dBm 1 Lev dBm 2 dem 3 Play 1 0 Rec oF EJ final thesis A Downloads E My Comput M9 TEMS Inves EN Fig 26 scanning procedure in TEMS investigation software Once the scanning is over depending on how long you want to scan you can press stop scan and save the log file After that you can disconnect the device which will enable the open log file menus option Select the log file on which you have done the recording You can then choose the export log file option present in the log file menu see appendix A for detailed procedure 39 Practical Measurement Method Different measurement procedure was adopted in order to observe the fast fading process We have generally moved the antenna clockwise and anticlockwise in random directions in order to jot down accurate readings If we would have kept Antenna static then we m
37. ers all the bands for 2G 2 5G and 3G cellular as well as ISM WLAN UNII Bluetooth Wi Fi WMTS and IMT MC450 The antenna is aesthetic and has unobtrusive profile that blends easily with any environment The antenna is easy installed and is highly recommended as an outstanding logistic solution for In Building Installations i tions Electrical 50 Watt 50 Ohm DC Gruunded Mechanical Base Diameter 275 mm Height 200 mm 250 gr N Type Female Aluminum protected through chemical passivation UV Protected Polycarbonate Ceiling Mountin Environmental 40 C to 65 C According to IEC 60721 3 4 UL94 ETS 300 019 1 4 EN 302 085 annex A 1 1 gt 10 vears Patent Pending Specifications for Ground Plate of 40 cm and up or above a metal surface with a spacing of 35 45 mm Ordering Options MA CQ26 1X MA CQ26 IXR MA CQ26 1XT Antenna Indoor with DC Retum Option Specifications subject to change without notice MALQIEIX 67 APPENDIX C Technical Notes on PCTel Scanners C 1 Reference Point for Signal Level Measurement This section applies to all supported PCTel SeeGull LX and EX scanners The signal level reported by the scanner is that measured at the scanner s antenna connector No adjustment is made in the scanner to compensate for antenna or cable loss C22 Antenna Cable Attenuation C 2 1 PCTel OP216 Antenna This is a magnetic mount antenna with 4 d
38. es the path loss model and in the end comes the Keenan motley model but with free space model there is an issue that it cannot provide good coverage inspite of least loss So it is clear that PLS model with 54 tuned coefficient gives the best result then afterwards in terms of coverage comes Keenan motley model and in the end comes the free space model 6 6 Slope Equations Equation of the slop based on different frequencies and different models that we have tested for our measurements S NO Frequencies Equation 1 1800MHz 8e 02 x 53 900MHz 6 6e 02 x 50 3 385 MHz 4 4e 02 x 50 Table 2 Slope Equations By analyzing the curve fit equations I can draw some general conclusions We for simple illustration consider PLS model for 900MHz at 40 meters distance in Fig 33 we have a path loss value of 86db At same distance we have 76 4db on the curve fit line that is produces by matlab so there is a gross difference of 9 6db between both of them Chosen value of PLS coefficient result in a better coverage scenario without any outage problems While the curve fit remain low for all the measurement points but it has most of the points that are in outage so good service is not guaranteed In free space for 1800MHz at distance of 40 meters in Fig 36 Path loss through the curve fit is 85db And if we focus at same distance Free space model gives 68db so there is a difference of 17db if we analyze that free space model gen
39. ge Window EE Status Window Line Chart 2 Bar Chart Ea Event Counter EE Control oe eB DAR s i s Me J_Info Elem For Help press F1 J gt Workshe Fig Al Exporting log file It looks like the figure shown above Choose the text file option and then select the setup option following window opens Help Mia gt Per Se ER sn E E Data Services a 88 Scanning lx Spectrum Analy du RSSI Scan Bar w EX Interference Information Elements Options 4 E Uplink Data Export to Text File E AMR Call Average Available Es Selected lEs Cox E ame cell average AMR Codec Usage Gsm E AMR Settings Scanned Band E Current Channel Scanned BSIC MS1 Scanned FixLev dBm 0 Hopping Channels Scanned BSIC On ARFCN Modified MS Behavic Scanned C A 1 dB Ea Radio Parameters Scanned C A 2 dB E serving Neighbor vee EZ Serving Neighbors Edit IE Scanned RxLov On ARFCN dBm Ex Ea Speech Quality GSM Line Chart IE settings lu Radio Quality Bar CH Mobile M151 3 E GAN Status s GAN WLAN Quality L je Ga LTE 1 EJ TO SCOMA Gy weoma Ca wimax EY Analysis i C Signaling E Positioning S E Templates EF Message window EF status window kal Line Chart Bar Chart EF Event Counter Control lt final the 64 Fig A2 sel
40. icles This object should be considered as open to moderate dense are with regards to PLS coefficient 2 Windows in such new buildings effectively attenuate the signal and limit influence from macro base stations inside the building there are more often plaster walls together with an open architecture I would say that this building architecture is very common nowadays Tod Sj lund MIC Nordic AB Some snaps of the corridor are shown in the figure where we have been taken measurements 34 Fig20 Wireless 0KTH COS department fourth floor Electrum The stragedy has been to characterize the outer wall and also to measure where people usually are in the building distances between the transmitters and receiver is varied on random basis I have taken one measurement point by opening the front window and then the second point by closing the window to measure the attenuation level this procedure is only repeated for the front windows not for all chosen measurement points At least 10 to 12 readings were taken Due to some practical reasons it has been difficult to do more measurements it is believed to be sufficient to configure the characteristics of received signal at different frequencies In order to visualize the results and to do model tuning As in the Fig 19 the placement of the transmitter is shown in adjacent building the window of that block faces the roof top that is roughly 25m from the corridor where we actually took
41. increase in the network According to the estimate by using the In Building coverage there would be a reduction of about 50 70 on production cost per call per minutes 13 4 3 Basic s of indoor planning 4 3 1 Isolation Isolation plays a key role in indoor signal analysis Isolation is basically defined as the difference between two signal levels i e signals level outside to the signal level inside One of the alternative ways to consider the isolation phenomena is that the dominance of the indoor network should be high as compared to the outdoor macro network when an indoor user is at the boundary of the building If isolation is good then unwanted interference may not rise that causes deteriorate of the wanted signal level 28 4 3 2 Tinted windows Now a day s indoor signal are secured by interfering to the outdoor signal by the help of metallic coated film that typically attenuates the signal by about 20 40db 13 depending on the radio frequency WIFI proof glasses and walls are also available which usually help to reduce the WIFI signal from been leaked outside the building so that risk of hackers outside the building using laptops and camping on the indoor networks could be reduced 13 By using isolation glasses the signal level could be reduced by 40 70db this sort of isolation the nearby macro site could be shielded and as a result the Omni directional antenna could be used In this way the handover zone is easy to desig
42. istics of frequency Some more work could be done to study the materials like some offices have lower height cubical as we saw in tax office buildings some have more glass interior i e glass walls instead of solid walls some have mixture of both so all these types of environments must be tested to draw a generalized result These results could be used as a reference for case study for such types of indoor environments and more measurements could be avoided Some more measurement data needed to secure statistics due to some unexpected problems with the equipment the number of points turned out to be lower than originally planned 61 References 1 Introduction to Tetra Technology ET industries http www etiworld com tetra pdf 2 Risto Toikkanen Tetra radios for harmonized disasters communications Nokia amp TETRA MoU Association 2 Tampere conference on disaster communications Inc 2001 www reliefweb int telecoms conference cdc2001 RT ppt 3 Comparative study of path loss propagation measurements at 450MHz 900MHz 1 35MHz and 1 89GHz in the corridor of a multifloor laboratory office building IEEE 1999 4 Wikipedia contribution terrestrial trunked radio the free encyclopedia http www en wikipedia org wiki Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio 5 Dr Ashok Chandra Comparative study of 900 MHz and 450 MHz radio signals propagation in an indoor environment IEEE 6 Asher Ali Bajwa Investigation on radiation conditions using
43. it has varying amplitude As a result this sort of signal level is not feasible Local mean of the received samples were taken in order to jot down the correct data that were attained at the correct location 36 Fig 22 Rhode and Schwarz Fsh3 and HP 8590 spectrum analyzer 19 21 Fig 23 Sample setup for 385MHz measurements 37 Fig 24 TEMS tool kit interfaced with PC acts as a receiver unit In Rhode and Schwarz spectrum analyzer local mean method is built in so we need to save the data and reload it in Fsh3 viewer in order to recover the data point the exporting procedure of the data points have been mentioned in appendix A 5 2 MEASUREMENTS FOR 900MHz 1800MHz In the second phase measurements for GSM 900MHz and 1800MHz have been conducted In this series of measurements HP 8922 GSM test instrument that can generate 900MHz and 1800 MHz signals have been used in the second phase different approach is utilized to receive the desired signal TEMS investigation 10 1 professional tool kit is used to investigate the received signal level Fig 25 HP 8922 signal generator for 900MHz and 1800MHz 21 Different channels numbers have been selected to check the received signal level For GSM 900MHz we used channel number 979 and for GSM 1800MHz used channel number is 787 Specific channels on the downlink band have been chosen so that focus on the selected stuff is paid more attention rather whole band needs to be scanned 38
44. l from the equipment to the end points Active system is easily installed as it comprises of cabling optical fiber and IT types of cables As a result the installation work is easily done as compared to the passive das system it does use rigid cabling In active system uplink and downlink amplifier are located close to the installed antenna The main reason for this type of installation is to avoid excessive transmit power and permit easy cabling from the base station As a result the system is configured for low to medium power from the RU unit Figure below shows active DAS setup upto 6km xX upto 400 m A l K l EXPANSION UNIT EXPANSION UNIT Optical Fiber Cat 5 cable Coaxial cable Fig 16 Active distributed antenna system 6 31 CHAPTER 5 Measurements In order to perform measurements we have chosen different equipments to meet measurement requirements We have taken Wireless KTH fourth floor as our measurement area this department is located in Electrum Electrum was inaugrated on 1987 Address of Electrum is Kistag ngen 16 16440 Kista Kistag ngen 16 Isaljordsgatan 22 Fig17 Electrum picture and location map 25 32 ME P industriomr de gt e0Eye Lantm teriet Metrid Fig18 Satellite image of Electrum building Kista courtesy Google Map some measurements is also done in Skatteverket Tax office building in Solna but major focus of the thesis is at Wireless KTH
45. lso provides a comprehensive knowledge on stuff like curve fitting and local mean and provides an insight to the theory behind Chapter 4 It includes introduction to indoor coverage and its importance How it could be made more efficient and effective etc some basic tips and techniques to make indoor coverage prominent One of the key to the indoor coverage is the DAS systems it also provides basic insight in to its advantages and disadvantages Chapter 5 This chapter discusses the measurement methods and results that is obtained by using different models First some of the individual results are discussed based on different test frequencies and then finally the comparative results are discussed Chapter 6 The measured or observed results are analyzed through different models when curve fitting is applied on it This chapter gives an account on the calculated results and comparing different models on the bases of the calculation results Chapter 7 Conclusion and future work 11 Chapter 2 Introduction to Technologies 2 1 Introduction to Tetra Mobile communication has made rapid advancement in past decades Among these advancements Tetra is also note worthy It is basically standardized by ETSI This body also has standardized the first phase of GSM Tetra is the only ETSI digital trucking standard in Europe 1 2 Hence Tetra MOU Memorandum Of Understanding have been made in order to promote and support implementation of Tet
46. mplify the received signal and transmit it to the covered area Under this stragedy mobile receives a better signal Repeaters could also be used with DAS Distributed antenna system setup to amplify the received signal focusing the indoor users It is seen that when repeaters are used with DAS setup there is an improvement in coverage capacity and gain in SIR and in uplink and downlink power Mobile operator Network Internet Femto Cell _ Broad Band Router Femto Cell Solutions Donor Antenna 22X C amp D ae sl lt DAS Antenna Repeater to DAS Fig 13 Femto cells and repeater used with DAS 6 Some of the difficulties which a network designer may face which are briefly stated as under 1 In contrast to the free space loses signal might face penetration losses too as it passes to and from the building 2 HSDPA and HSUPA offers higher data rates but to support this it requires good RF link conditions 27 3 Buildings having multiple coverage from different base stations have better coverage But a problem arises when we have UMTS users that are being served by more than one macro BS when they enter in soft handover then it creates a lot of interference issues which might also create load on the network 13 4 1 why in building coverage is important There are many factors that are dependent both on technical and commercial bases that makes indoor coverage really important some of th
47. n so there is no leakage between outdoor to indoor networks Hand over zone could be designed really close to the building So as a result the indoor network could not service the outdoor network or leaky interference outside the building 4 4 Brief overview of Active and Passive DAS Indoor coverage setup consists of hubs repeaters and multiband antennas Main focus of all the components is to ensure that coverage is perfect Distributed antenna system of any category shows better performance as the power requirement for both the mobile and the base station is reduced Y DAS Antenna Base Station spitter Fig 14 Indoor coverage is using Distributed Antenna System 6 29 This sort of infrastructure includes a distributed antenna system DAS Two types of distribution strategy that is available in indoor coverage solutions 1 Active DAS 2 Passive DAS There is a major difference between the active and passive distributed antenna system Active systems use power to transport the RF signal passive systems do not use power to amplify or convert the RF signal and require only cables and antenna to operate 4 4 1 Difference between Active and Passive Das This thesis doesn t focus on performance analysis of different antenna technologies and 1ts distribution criteria but we will briefly introduce an overview on active and passive distributed antenna system There are different ways through which one can provide in
48. nk F UL 890 2 0 2 n 1 MHz 14 Need for more frequency was felt after starting GSM so as a result an extended band called E GSM came in to existence hence the uplink and the downlink ranges are shown as under Uplink 880 2 890 0 MHz Downlink 925 2 935 0 MHz 17 FDMA Frequeney Division Multiple Access 935 0 MHz MS BS Uplink MS BS Downlink Fig7 GSM 900MHz frequency plan 14 In this version GSM ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number channel number n ARFCN 975 1023 so as result the absolute frequency could be calculated by the formula that is given as under Downlink F DL 935 2 0 2 n 1024 MHz Uplink F UL 890 2 0 2 n 1024 MHz 14 Higher values are selected in order to avoid from collapse between ARFCN and DCS 1800 system 2 9 Digital Communication System 1800 In DCS 1800 uplink and downlink allocations are as under Uplink 1710 2 1785 MHz and Downlink 1805 2 1880 MHz In DCS 1800 the frequencies n ARFCN 5 12 885 absolute frequency can be calculated by using the following formula shown as under For the downlink F DL 1805 2 0 2 n 512 MHz For the uplink F UL 1710 2 0 2 n 512 MHz 14 18 Chapter 3 THEORY Wireless radio channels are hard to predict because mobile radio channels have a random behavior unlike the stationary line of sight channels When we are considering wireless radio channels we have to consider all the fac
49. o models Q4 You have mentioned some local mean procedure what for you used it Ans Fading could not be recorded in static conditions either there are peoples moving in if its not that case then one have to record fading by moving antenna in some random directions As we know that at different points we get different reading due to fading effects so we calculated the local mean so that accurate value of reading at specific point could be found rather having uncertainty in the obtained measured points 70
50. o we made this fix for other technologies too in this way we ended up in less measurement point Secondly due to disorder of the equipment it created a long delay to proceed with the measurement so we finalized to take less points so that we can end in due date according to the schedule Q 2 Modification that has been mentioned for 385MHz Keenan motley plots can these types of modification be done to other frequencies ranges Ans Well if I focus my case then I may say yes because in literature IB model is focused on 900MHz and 1800MHz only it doesn t focus on any other frequency I just amended first part adding constant in the frequency and the rest remains same as I said in chapter 3 And it helped to generate satisfactory result as I expected Q3 Tuned model proved to produce a good estimate then curve fitting in two cases but it doesn t seem to produce good result for free space case what can you say Ans If you are referring to two cases then its Keenan motley and PLS one I think that s because here we had some controlling factors like in PLS we had PLS coefficient while in Keenan Motley we had number of obstacle between transmitter and receiver and wall attenuation factor which could be varied to fit the measured data point while in free space we had all the fixed value that could not be altered so it proved to be un tuned and less prone to be tuned If it would have been tuned then it might also produced better result like other tw
51. ording to a rough estimates more or less 80 of the people use cell phone indoor Major priority in today s world is thus to improve the indoor coverage But this seems not to be easy as coverage and capacity would target both types of user s i e voice and data users One of the most prominent factor that should be considered when dealing with indoor signaling is the wall penetration loss that degrades the signal quality even under some scenarios the attenuation may result in poor received signal quality that might be not tolerateble Hence all these factors should be considered in order to provide better indoor coverage Hence it has been studied that in building solutions help in providing better coverage and capacity quality which could decrease the output power from mobile phones up to 80 13 Lot of work has been done in this regard that focuses on different frequency ranges and various models have been used to approximate the in building penetration loss Like study in 1 that shows that the penetration loss could be approximated by log normal distribution for 600MHz band MIC Nordic group Sweden is working to provide better indoor future to the users Its various ranges of products are purely targeted to the indoor solutions This thesis is developed in collaboration with MIC Nordic group and includes testing various frequency bands like GSM 90081800 MHz including Tetra 380 MHz to be investigated for the indoor coverage 1 2 Previou
52. r penetration loss in to account in which distance varies beyond 15m or more considering various obstacle taken in to account like multiple concrete wooden glass walls and windows etc As mentioned above that much of the work done in indoor signal propagation is in higher frequency ranges This thesis will focus on following prospects 1 2 Major focus is on service like Tetra 380MHz GSM 900MHz and 1800MHz band Different indoor scenarios based on number of obstacle between the transmitter and receiver Measurements would be not limited to less than 15m separation And finally these measurements would be analyzed by the help of different propagation models applying curve fitting to the obtained measured points Hence the scope of the thesis is to find out answers to the following questions 1 Which model and parameters settings are suitable to approximate the indoor signal characteristics especially 380 MHz Tetra 2 Are there some amendments needed in the standard propagation models If yes then what are they 3 Comparison of indoor properties between 385MHz 900MHz and 1800MHz 10 1 4 Report Outline Chapter 2 This chapter provides an insight in to Tetra and GSM technology its interfaces efficiency channel numbers etc and it also discusses some of the basic features of these two systems Chapter 3 This chapter includes some of the basics of indoor propagation models found in the literature its types It a
53. ra in member nations Main difference between Tetra and GSM is that tetra handsets have higher range as compared to GSM 4 It is basically a two way transceiver Like other mobile communication Tetra terminals and base station use low power radio waves in order to transfer voice or data service Lot of research have been conducted through the world researches have investigated various signals belonging to different frequency ranges as well the research canvas includes Tetra too Various bodies like national radiological health organization world health organization and government agencies have gathered around a conclusion that there are no harmful effects by getting exposed to radio waves specifically belonging to Tetra 7 Tetra handsets typically transmits low power which is 1 watt on the other hand the handsets have adaptive power control mechanism to keep the power level as low as possible to maintain reliable communication with base stations Tetra have been used specially by government agencies for emergency services like police forces fire departments ambulances military rail transport etc Tetra is already active in many parts of the world like in Europe Asia and Latin America One of the most prominent properties of Tetra system is that it has fast setup time typically 300msec as compared to GSM handsets One really prominent feature of tetra is that its mobile station can adjust power with respect to the needed field strength as mentione
54. s work Some of the work done is not directly related to this thesis as most of the work target different frequency ranges not specially 380 MHz and secondly a majority of the work done on Tetra is related to outdoor Well some relevant work done in this regard and its conclusion is stated as under 1 2 3 Evaluation of Building Penetration Loss for 100 Buildings in Belgium by DAVID PLETS 11 this work measures DVB H SIGNALS in 602 MHz band in different buildings of Belgium Here an appropriate model has been developed to investigate signal penetration loss inside various buildings house apartment malls villas stations etc Radio Propagation into Buildings at 912 1920 and 5990 MHz Using Microcells by SergioAguirre 12 This thesis investigates the signal penetration in different ranges of frequencies by using microcells base stations antennas Comparative Study of 900 MHz and 450 MHz radio signal propagation in an indoor environment Dr Ashok Chandra 6 in this research paper transmitter and receiver have maximum separation of 15m and they are kept in line of sight of each other 1 3 Thesis problem Studies done so far deals with cellular frequency ranges 900MHz 1800MHz and 2100MHz Only some of the work deals with 380MHz band A majority of them are related to outdoor signal attenuation because TETRA and other 380MHz services are used in outdoor environment No work have been done so far in 380MHz range considering indoo
55. s7 pdf 21 HP8922Websitehttp www home agilent com upload cmc_upload All 08922_90213 pdf Jan 1998 22 Mars Catalog _ http www matrix lt download mars antennas catalogue 2008 V 1 3 matrix It pdf 23 Global system for mobile communications http burnsidetelecom com whitepapers gsm pdf 24 Numerical methods curve fittings http kobus ca seminars ugrad NM5_curve_s02 pdf 25 Google search electrum pictures 26 Indoor pictures website http site accessorygeeks com images amplifiers wireless diagram jpg 13 11 2010 27 http en wikipedia org wiki Femtocell 28 http en wikipedia org wiki Picocell 29 Indoor solution picture http site accessorygeeks com images amplifiers wireless diagram jpg 63 APPENDIX A Continuation of file exporting procedure from TEMS 10 1 tool kit jata Services Scanning da RSSI Scan Bar Interference E uplink Data Add Export Order AMR Call Average EE AMR cell Average AMR Codec Usage AMR Settings Current Channel Hopping Channels EE Modified MS Behavic Radio Parameters Dutput Serving Neighbors Serving Neighbor C Merge output ES Speech Quality E GSM Line Chart Directoy 1 Radio Quality Bar Ct C Documents and Settings N My Documents Browse dir Browse fie ag GAN WLAN Quality L Prefix Suffix Extension log Ga ue E to scoma Y Wwecoma Gl wimax 4 Y Analysis A Signaling Positioning Templates Messa
56. to fit with the measured data having Radom errors Curve fitting works by finding sum of squares of vertical errors as shown in the figure below 21 Fig 9 Vertical Residuals 18 Now we are going to consider an example Wee X gt f gt Fig 10 Sample points curve fitting on straight line 24 We denote values as x y and consider the points on the fitted lines as x f x Summing error at four data points results the following equations a Sid i fD 0 flx y3 AY ya fx a In this case we are considering straight line so we can substitute f x ax b As in this technique we already know that the best fit line has minimum points between the curve line and the actual data points 22 data points en data points n er pfo O lax b i 1 To minimize squares of errors following methoud could be adopted data points n 5 err gt y ax by i 1 In order to find the minimum value of function we can take derivative of the slope and setting it to zero So derivate of the error with respect to a and b are taken and letting it to zero 3 n err _ 2 j O ax b 0 da 2 gt r 1 n enr ax b 0 Rewriting both the equations Y tEn YO aYx b n yy To find value of a and b we use use Gaussian elimination i p _ gt gt 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 3 3 Local Mean In order to figur
57. tors in to account that transmission path could be in line of sight or could be obstructed with objects like buildings mountain etc In contrast to wireless channel Wired channels are reliable and they are easy to predict When we are considering the case of wave propagation in urban environment then we have multiple reflection from high rise buildings and many such types of objects under these circumstances electromagnetic waves travel through different paths having varying lengths when these waves interact at a point when received it generates multipath fading Due to these factors the received waves have varying strengths and also depends on the distance between transmitter and receiver NLOS paths ad Fixed transmitter Mobile receiver Fig 8 Path Loss illustration between transmitter and receiver 3 1 Propagation Models There are different models to calculate the path loss especially for outdoor environments Some of them have been modified to be used for monitoring indoor propagation also But none of them have been accepted as standard It depends on what scenario we are calculating and also depends upon the reading that we get from the calculation Many of the papers have adopted the hit and trial rule to figure out the best model that meets their requirements 19 3 1 1 Free Space Model Path loss between transmitter and receiver plays a vital role when we are doing link budget calculation This formula is valid up to
58. uation level of 385MHz is the lowest and 1800MHz is the highest 6 4 Comparison between different models In this section Comparision of different models are going to be done and then we can figure out which model is most appropriate or could be used in moderate office environment The figure below shows the graph between two different models namely Keenan motley and free space model First we are going to compare two models that are compatible in distances because we can t compare PLS model with it because it takes distance in meters In the figure below we have compared Keenan Motley model with free space model the figure shows clearly that free space model is more feasible as compared to the Keenan Motley its evident from the figure that the typical loss between different frequency range increases by 6db per doubling of the frequency If i focus free space model at different frequencies it s clear that increase of attenuation loss is symmetric and it is more or less 6db kenen motely and free space plots for 385MHz 1800MHz and 900MHz T20 SS HOSP AAA 110 pathloss db 505 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 0 055 distance km Fig 44 Comparison between Keenan Motley and Free Space Plots 6 5 Comparison of Path Loss slope with Keenan Motley and Free Space Model If we analyze all the three results produced by all the three models we can see that free space model generates least loss and following it com
59. when one is planning and implementing indoor coverage that should focus future proof solutions For indoor radio planners it is essential that they should not only focus on the technical challenges ahead but they should try to fill in the room of any need that is going to come in their way in future Outside Antenna Omni Antenna Shown Wireless Operation No Physical Connection to Cell Phone M j ea 80M T Fig 12 Basic concept indoor coverage in the home 29 Indoor coverage is normally provided by outdoor macro cell In contrast to macro cells Femto Pico cells solutions are also available which could be used A femtocell is a small cellular base station typically designed for use in a home or small business 27 where as A picocell is a wireless communication system typically covering a small area such as in building offices shopping malls train stations etc or more recently in aircraft A Pico cell is analogous to a Wi Fi access point 28 Femto cells are preferred to be used in those places which have a limited setup like in small offices environment which have limited number of users in this way power consumption by the base station could be 26 scaled down 6 Pico cells are used as an alternative where Femto cells fails to provide full coverage and capacity requirements One of the options may be to use repeaters Repeaters are commonly used in underground tunnels and roads Prime task of repeaters is to a
60. with moderate amount of obstacle 380MHz gives the best result as compared to 900MHz and 1800MHz Observations reveals that 900MHz generates better results as compared to 1800MHz All PLS coefficients used for 90OMHz 380MHz and 1800MHz are modified ones they are not taken from the standard table focusing on PLS Keenan Motley and Free Space models a general summarization can be drawn that free space model generates least path loss but providing a poor coverage prediction on the other hand path loss model generate higher loss as compared to free space model but provides good coverage while Keenan Motley model provides good coverage but shows the highest attenuation loss among all the selected models ACKNOWLEGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank my supervisor Mats for providing his tremendous support guidance from his experience throughout this tenure I will also like to thank Tord Sj lund for his support that he provided in providing broad band indoor antenna and correspondence with Solna Tax office Not forgetting to thank my Examiner Ben Slimane for his support technically and morally and flexibility that he showed due to some delay in schedules partly due to the loss that were created during my thesis Not forgetting to thank Mr Zeeshan Zubair for the measurement support he provided in Tax office building in Solna And finally I would like to appreciate the patience displayed by all the staff in Wireless KTH department during m
61. y measurements which might have created some interruptions in their daily routine of work I cannot forget to thank my mother father and my sisters who kept on praying for me all the entire duration of my master s studies in Sweden And I would like to appreciate my friends for their concerns guidance and moral support which they provided to me Contents ACENOWLEGEMEN Tit a dos 4 CHAPTER Lisa 9 INFRODUCTION a n aR a eet ees ey 9 12 PREVIOUS Work ones A ie E AA aida Bees 10 1 3 Thesis problem enesenn indias 10 LA Report OM iii 11 CHAPTER lO 12 Introduction to Technologies iao iis 12 2 1 Introduction to Drain tas 12 QD Tetra Interfaces cali 13 2 3 Letra EOI is 13 24 Efficient Channel Usage is 14 2 5 TETRA and GSM different dimensions oococnonnnnnnnnnnnononnnnnnnononinano nico nonananos 16 2 6 letra limitat onaman neck e ad 16 DANOS Mi OVERVIEW Fs vic dei utten ta erie ae vias 17 2 8 GSM 900MHz Channels occcnnnnnnnnnnonononnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonononononononononinicininineness 17 2 9 Digital Communication System 1800 0 0 ceeseceeeeeceeeeeceeeeeceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeees 18 CHAPTER Iii ania wy ae INAS Ai 19 TAROR Vi e e e eka 19 3 1 Propagation Models tii A A RE 19 AA PACS VOUS sageehg GS ok ati deed esac tater ada ca desde aerate RE 20 3 1 2 Kcenanemotley MOE orde sroti 20 3 1 3 Path Loss Slope Model iicocoiincdir rindiera idea 21 A O Ss 21 3 3 Local Med A Ars 24 A Mean Approach siii ias 24 CHOAPTERA nr A tin 26
62. z and GSM 1800MHz First some conclusions are drawn on PLS model 13 This conclusion is based on 1800MHz 900MHz and 385MHz Figure below shows the plot for PLS model PLS curve is drawn for coefficient value r 36 if we choose some value that is lower than this then we get some of the points that are in outage in order to avoid this scenario selected value of of r is 36 PLS model for 1800MHz with Curve Fitting Path loss db OO E Dl re E measured data T we curve fit r PLS r 36 TS HH i i 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Fig 32 PLS model with curve fitting for 1800MHz at r 36 In the figure below PLS graph for 900MHz is shown the value that give a better result is found to be at r 33 7 Attenuation loss is bit less than 1800MHz hence at this value the coverage is guaranteed and the probability of outage is less 46 PLS model for 9OOMHz with Curve Fitting eA y 0 664x 50 PLS r E3 37 85 de _ 80 Path loss db 70 a p measured points a T Curve Fit PLS r 3 37 65 60 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Distance m Fig 33 PLS plot for 900MHz at r 30 It is evident from both of the figure that loss at 1800MHz is higher as compared to 900MHz figure below shows the PLS plot for

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