User Manual
Contents
1. DyX D ic Hb Maas ee era 12 D xt l Los XU ek n 1 usu T 13 where Lini is the initial litter pool The remaining litter from the newly input litter harvest residue and mortality pools from the previous years n 1 n 2 etc were accumulated following decomposition Net deadwood stock changes ACpy were derived from carbon inputs associated with timber extraction residue Ly timber from mortality Mtimber dead roots from mortality Lmones roots from harvest Lugo and carbon loss due to decomposition of the new and previously existing deadwood pool Dpw ACpw L M mb omn t Ep Dog eem 14 timber A small amount of harvested timber is assumed to be left on site following harvest see equation 7 and this is used to estimate timber residue Ly LSL X RES s EE tos etes ST 15 tr timber The deadwood input from natural mortality Mimber is derived from allometric equations applied to the DBH in yield tables while Limos and Lyrroot are known from the analysis for the litter pool in the previous section above The decomposition losses from the new input deadwood carbon pool eq 14 existing decaying logs DL are calculated using equation 16 based on decomposition factors of 0 095 for stumps and 0 076 for roots Tobin et al 2007 DiogX Dgx Dow p IU M ane DL A DE dame n rana DS e 6 Soils ForCarb All soils were assumed to be blanket peats with an emission loss of 02. 20 8 006 2734 112 107 102 5653 2409 309 305 291 19303 3626 2212 2111 1 906 229 4447 777 43061 1531 585 1775 86 768 571 8454 95222 555 3203 104 425 541 3833 114257 526 8 586 105571 512 2252 107 833 499 8 503 116 336 485 3126 125 463 472 9633 135 096 460 2935 132161 448 3554 135715 436 8326 144041 424 8799 152838 413 9175 4 402 35756 381 19730 381 91 150 370 80 423 by ticking the boxes in the All species window Note these selections can be added to pre existing GPC selections but remember to adjust the representative areas i ii Click one or more list boxes In this example we have added 2 Spruce and Eucalyptus to the species table Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species vi Larch Species Selection Spruce v Scots Pine Lodgepole Pine Other Conifers sh Birch Scots Pine Lodgepole Pine Larch Other Conifers Sycamore Ash Birch Oak Beech Eucalyptus Species Ara Yield Silviculture Rotation Class Age L_T as Scots Pine 20 08 No Thin MMAI Larch 60 08 MTI 2096 less rm Sycamore Ash Birch 5 06 MTI MMAI ER Spruce 08 No Thin MMAI Eucalyptus 0 16 No Thin MMAI Spruce 08 No Thin MMAI Exit You will not be able to save or export table unless the areas selected is equal to Now define the areas sivliculture and rotation age as be
3. FORCARE User Manual Compiled by Kevin Black FERS Ltd Email kevin black ucd ie FERS ForCarb Table of Contents 3 11 Key Tg os fo E kik KER k NAR K R KER REKE RANA N KEKE R KEK EE RO NAN K R ER REKE RONA A KERE R IK ER RON e E 3 Heli m d V d V 4 2 SCONCE r TT TT TT 4 2 1 1 How to forests store CO eene dinal dek Wad nadi Saaa nnns naar nasa arena nant 4 2 1 2 Harvested wood products HWP sss sienne nnns 5 2 1 3 Wood energy x i tto eee baee gage uaa vu pee gue e vayan aue eee aav 5 2 1 4 Dynamics of C sequestration i 0iiiyiiy iia siziye akena y kayan sees EE ii 5 2 2 The Growth Models eid ka k as Va R h En ka a ER S Ea BRA E VR h Eu Sek w 3 a ER 6 2 3 The Carbon flow mode llllllkkkkkkkkk meni kaka kaka kk KAKA KAK KAKA K KK KAKA 7 cXMIICItu0mee 10 3 1 Before you r n Selup eoe eene eerte more RR oe DR HERK tte DURA eese cpu sena iEn REK W 10 3 1 1 System heqguirements 3 sun terre e t wade t Re RR HERRERA hU RN Sa e E ka lan kula 10 S L2 Operating Platforms ehe AD Dea a FEE 10 3 13 Windows Systems e n aae abre 11 3 1 4 Default Application Pall eet ntn Rn Re Re nnn Ru HH nd H nd Re nu wa nue nana una aud 11 3 1 5 MS Access Databases EU RR BR R
4. 5 t CO per year Harvested wood products HWP The storage and decomposition of C in HWP which is removed from site is dependent on the end product utilisation and decay constant of each wood product Wood products were broadly categorised into to short Life time of 1 year Duwe 21 and long term pools life time 15 years Duwp2 0 066 ACyyp 3 Lips HWE The short term product included pulp paper and bio energy timber assumed to come only from the 7 to 13cm volume assortment The 14 20 and 20 cm assortments were assumed to be used for long term products D pyp Xt Dgwp2 Xt HWPyss 1 D gt Liber 1 14em TL jber Mem TUE 1 8 The default for Duwp is 1 one year life time and for D wpz the value applied is 0 046 21 7 years range is recommended to be between 0 033 to 0 067 If the use wishes to calculate fossil fuel replacement from the bioenergy output the fossil fuel FFCOge replacement CO equivalents and mitigation for bio energy can be calculated as FFCO e BioenegyX CRX CEPR sss 19 CF is the carbon fraction 50 Biomass t dry matter CR is the conversion rate of bio energy into energy 5 57 MWh t and CEFR is the counterfactual emission factor replacement assuming mixed fuels 0 607 tCO2 MWh Note is bio energy is used to derive revenue for a individual species stand selection the timber volume from the 7 to 13cm assortment should be subtracted from the total volume to prev
5. window For example the Spruce tab selected above represents the 3 spruce selection as shown below Project Details All Species Spruce Lodgepole Pine Sycamore Ash Birch Spruce F Lodgepo gt Model example Site Area Year Harvest Bioenergy Volume Assort 7 13 Assort T4 20 Assop ff Mean DEH Mean Tvol Site Area ha 1000 Add 16 OpenArea 79 17 Forest Area ha 300 Delete 18 T 1586 6989 4683 70 140 0 070 18 Soil 20 Peat 0 2 Pealy Mineral 22 dies 23 11 2 616 171 3991 1426 180 0 240 Mineral 100 24 Scenarios Decay Rate 2 Pulp Energy 1 000 2 Long Term 0 046 28 31 967 1278 4795 25 833 30 0 0 640 Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species GPC1 Spruce vi List 1 viSpruce GPC2 Scots Pine v Scots Pine 3 Vj Lodgepole Pine List 3 V Lodgepole Pine 34 GPC 4 i jLerch List 4 GPCS C Other Conifers List 5 Other Conifer 7 GPC 6 List 6 Sycampef Ash Birch 36 GPC7 List 7 f 37 List 8 38 List 9 38 40 Species Selection 41 Species Rotation 42 Age 43 Li x 44 Spruce No Thin 309less 45 Lodgepole Pine 12 NoThin 20 less 46 Sycamore Ash Bj 25 06 MT 20 less a eyan m mE hea el 48 T21 1506 6989 4583 2237 70 140 0 070 10 24 MT 30 less 43 miser 10 08 NoThin 20 less 50 Eucalyptus 5 30 No T
6. 3 4915 117898 ma EWAN ut 19 12131 7 764 374 11756 129655 Gece Bena Cod rz eee 20 7491 1886 7477 7 3818 3745 133398 Gece Sycomore Ash Birch 21 12810 7133 344 12166 145565 ere Fek 22 13619 6 805 328 1328 158856 Beech 23 9332 616 9903 3411 1607 11137 169993 24 15205 9447 456 14749 184742 5 112422 1784 9 299 286 3720 7808 192551 Sheer celecuen 26 15250 8871 428 15822 208373 Species Area Yield Silviculture Rotation 27 17112 8 463 408 16 704 225077 X Class Age 28 15952 2277 35857 27783 5903 4928 230004 J X X 29 10030 22153 1 068 8962 228702 Suucs is Te m lore l 30 5874 1414 22106 9 72 3659 3186 231888 Sycamore Ash Birch 25 06 MTI 20 less 32 1 10462 20119 Sn 9492 250 442 SE a oe enna NMA S 33 10831 18193 925 9908 260348 Sce rT ST aaa GOK e 34 11042 18310 883 10159 270507 ye ale oma ores 35 6 800 891 19381 1913 2569 6145 276652 Tucas PE A IONS 36 1084 18 490 892 9750 286402 J nm 37 10800 17 638 851 9950 296351 TE EX ag 8730 3657 30356 13528 8187 3370 292981 v Input fields Output tables The software comprises of one window with input fields and output tables 4 3 Input fields The input field contains all the user defined selections for each set of scenarios called projects The installed software comes with an example project called Model example 4 3 1 Add a new project Select Add in the input field window 13 ForCarb Project De
7. M n 11 PME S nete TES 11 3 3 ForGarD EXGCUtON eec ku duh be k ka sa e na Ra Z na ak 12 4 Running the Software x 4 4 K ii kkkklllkkkkkkkkkk kake k kk kk kk kk AA 12 LM ptc N cece kek k key k Sa cak k E W vu de Kew Ek k an b KEKE REB 12 4 2 Window set Up eor kerka keka kak rere aenea Sa WES Ke a ka ek LEWA DK AWA Ku ek A EE WERK ek ku aa EL a 13 4 3 Np p t GNA cet Rek ER RA RDR KEKE MA DEREK KER ERA SER AE REKE E KERARA SER E SARE R REG ER ENE SEREK SERRE REKE 13 4 3 1 Add a NOW proJeCB anx meter EFE ERR ERE REX ae dr n RE MERE ERRE RENS URN Venu Ran Quna 13 4 3 2 Selection of Species yield class silviculture and representative areas 14 4 4 Saving and editing the project eeeeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeennnnnnnn 18 A5 OULtD L fil Eu REA 18 4 51 All SDOCIOS summary tab nd o Do dO REI HERE ODD TA WAA WE Ta BE Ha Raa Anak ka 19 4 52 Species TaDSscte tit cte eaa aaa AA aA aA Aaaa ka TEA S A AWA II LIU E RIP eS EL ai Aaaa E 20 45 Exporting output tabl8s nasi rie on Ernest n ER A ZE RR REWE b E n Doe RR HERR HAR HA R KG 21 4 57 Importing files eoe rike ke kak kak eke s ka Re Ed DEKA vina kU tror eo U Vu RE SE WEKA V EV 22 4 7 1 Import from EXxGel een RR TEE 22 D IBeISTenceos ccc DIE DUUM 23 ForCarb 1 Scope 1 4 Key Function The ForCarb is a software tool developed to provide support fo
8. active The All species tab provides summary information on the CO sequestration data summed for all species and management selections e g Scots pine Larch and SAB in the window above The table field headers contain the following information a Year The age over the rotation This is repeated for the second rotation b Site CO This is the net C balance on site positive values represent a net storage or sink negative values represent a source or net emission Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields c Bioenergy Is the bio energy yield for all species selections at specifies years Units are in t dry mass for the total area as specified in input field d HWPreserve Is the residual pool of HWP which is decomposing over time New HWP are added from the HWP inputs from harvest Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields Note The HWP reserve will take longer than 2 rotations to decay So the user should be aware that there will be HWP in reserve which has not decayed after 2 rotations This can be seen as a potential emission risk because it has not been accounted for in the aggregated sequestration estimates for a given scenario e HWPstorage this is the input of new harvested HWP into the HWPreserve Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields f HWP CO These are emissions negative value from the decay of the HWPreserve pool Units are in t CO fo
9. arb vii b The individual species selection option The user can select one or many variations of the same species or mixtures of different species Project Details GUESS Scots Pine Larch more Ash Birch piXfPreserve HwPstorage HWP CD2 100 96 Scenario A is eus Year Site C02 Model example he resa RUM 1000 Add Opena 19 Forest Area ha 900 Delete Soil Peat 20 Peaty Mineral 20 Mineral 60 Scenarios Decay Rate Pulp Energy 1 000 Long Term 0 046 Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species GPC1 Spruce GPC2 vI Scots Pine List 2 gorcs Lodgepole Pine List3 GPC4 V Larch List 4 GPCS C Other Coniters List 5 2 post GPC 6 List 6 21 3047 GPC7 List 7 22 3773 List 8 2310394 List 9 24 2060 25 5279 Species Selection 3114 Species Area Yield Silviculture Rotation 3718 X Class Age 10 207 Sycamore Ash Birch 20 foe vim MMA OK 3 1268 Scots Pine 20 08 NoThin MMAI 30 5633 Larch 60 08 Mm 20 less f 31 9081 Sycamore Ash Birch 20 06 MTI MMAI z 9527 34 Li 35 17 30 36 11725 37 8245 38 5108 1508 4306 1428 2914 1132 3245 713 448 484 462 440 420 2307 2430 2318 2212 2110 6 460 5 940 6621 6316 6 026 48810 48 085 45 883 43772 41758 5 2789 22 21
10. arb Execution The ForCarb exe program will be added to the list of programs in the Start Menu Click Start then Programs and then ForCarb 4 Running the Software 4 1 Login The Login dialog is displayed when ForCarb is started A valid password is required to login to the system Password admin Paso Cancel ForCarb 4 2 Window set up The software will run following a password and OK command Project Details Spruce Lodgepole Pine Sycamore Ash Birch Spruce Spruce Lodgepo gt Model example pie Aros Year Site C02 Bioenergy HWPreserve HwPstorage HwP C02 _Soil C02 _ Net CD2 Sum CD2 Model example SiteArea ha 1000 Add 1 1075 1075 1075 OpenArea fio po Rm 2 1758 1758 2833 Forest Area ha ono DE 3 2861 2881 5694 4 3245 3245 8940 Soil 5 4242 4242 13181 Peat 6 4855 4855 18036 Peaty Mineral amp D 7 5628 5628 23664 ELS an 8 6 584 6584 30248 8 7723 7723 37970 DEEST 10 9004 9004 46974 11 1033 10331 57305 Pulp Energy 1000 12 11572 11572 68878 Long Term 0 046 13 42 187 8461 8461 3738 5145 74022 14 8928 8071 389 8539 82561 Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species 15 3555 7700 371 3183 31744 16 1058 7346 354 10156 101901 GPc1 lv Spruce A Spruce 17 naa 7 008 338 11083 112984 ee ale XP eatin 18 6946 1686 8138 1452 348
11. arbon lost from the litter deadwood and soil pools reflects the net uptake of carbon in undisturbed forests However following harvest interventions there is an additional flow of carbon to the harvested wood product pool 2 1 2 Harvested wood products HWP Products from harvest decompose over time and are eventually returned to the atmosphere However carbon life time of HWP depend on the end use For example saw log product would have a longer residence time that paper pulp or timber used for bio energy Timber products in this model are simplified to represent the commonly used assortments and bio energy timber assumed to come from the 7 to 13cm assortment only The default residence time of the 7 13cm assortment class is assumed be 1 year 2 1 3 Wood energy A significant proportion of the harvest from forest is expected to be destined for the energy market for heating and or power generation As far as the climate is concerned combustion of wood fuel is carbon neutral as long as the harvested wood comes from forests that are sustainably managed and delivery emissions i e transport processing are small Emissions associated with the harvest processing and distribution of bio energy product are not considered in this model because these emissions are accounted for under the energy transport and industrial processing sector in national reporting NIR 2010 However under current UNFCCC accounting rules emissions from wood fuel co
12. d assortment yields at thinning and clear fell in cubic meters e Individual timber and assortment yields at thinning and clear fell in cubic meters for individual species yield class selections e Individual stand mean DBH and mean volume at harvest e Total and individual bio energy yield in tons of dry mass ForCarb e Total net annual and cumulative carbon C balance estimates in tons of carbon dioxide COz for all of the defined forest area including C estimates for different pools e Biomass deadwood and litter site e Soils e Harvested wood product assuming two decay classes e The fast decaying pool assumed to represent the assortment range 7 to 13 cm e The slow decaying pool assumed to represent saw log assortments 13cm e Different scenarios can be defined by to user and saved for editing at a later stage e The software model uses static yield look up tables embedded in an Access database which can not be modified by the user However these tables can be modified and changes in new updates of the software if required e The software is written in VB in a modular design so that other functionality can be added e g an economic model climate change or harvest product end use scenario modules 2 Outline 2 1 Concepts 2 1 1 How to forests store CO The model simulates the flow of carbon between forests forest products and the atmosphere Figure 1 Atmosphere reparting Burning Timber Biomass thinn
13. e name fet 3 Save as type Excel files xls You will be prompted to save the scenario output to an Excel file located in the software directory You can define your own file name or change the parent directory 21 ForCarb Note The export function may not be activated unless a species in active in the yellow species selection box and the OK button has not been clicked To open the Excel file navigate to folder and select file name in Excel open the file The scenario input setting and output tables will be shown in different labeled spreadsheets in the exported Excel file 4 7 Importing files 4 7 1 Import from Excel Import Data Import From C Program Files Forestry S pecies11021 ls eIC 4 Program Files r E ok _ Cancel EJ Forestry Species Cancel 4 7 1 1 Model Data The export function is specially designed to import model data from an Excel spreadsheet and store it on the database for new species or changes to existing species Updated files are provided as and when necessary A folder Spp lookups containing the model data for specific species yield class and management scenarios is included with the Zip file or cd New model data can be provided as an update on request The files are named in a specific way to facilitate a look up system when prompted by the user e g 10813 is Spruce YC8 no thin at clearfell 21m H The first number represents species second and third are
14. een unzipped The Setup exe may start automatically CO2 and Harvest Wood Product Projections Welcome welc ae DIKR Setup program This program will install Forest on your c z is Sero recomane Bs you exit Windows programs before this Setup Click Cancel to quit Setup and then close any program you have running Click Next to continue with this Setup program CLs This program is protected by copyright law and inter pu Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this program i en F may est severe civ and erinal penates and wil wegen Next gt 7 start MAFA Mel iin If not Setup exe is included in the CD and must be run to install this package e Click the Start button and then click Run Type the following XASetup exe where X is the CD drive and then press Enter ForCarb CO2 and Harvest Wood Product Projections Choose Destination Location Setup will install Forest in the following directory To install to this directory click Next To install to a different directory click Browse and select another directory Destination Directory C Program Files FERS Space required on drive 5 83 MB Space available on drive 114848 3 MB 74 Start ay ForCarb Manual Mic Gy BlackCoFORcimatec UCD Connect Micros tm software e Follow the instructions in the Setup program e You may be required to restart your computer after Setup 3 3 ForC
15. ent double counting ForCarb 3 Installation 3 1 Before you run Setup If you have installed the ForCarb previously you need to uninstall it and delete any previously saves files e Unzip the set up file if required 3 1 1 System Requirements Minimum system requirements to run the program are Pentium IV 650 MHz 256 Mb RAM 20 Gb hard drive 3 1 2 Operating Platforms Windows 2000 XP and Vista ForCarb 3 1 3 Windows Systems The files in the Setup program are all Microsoft VB6 runtime files in System32 these include comdlg32 0cx msadodc ocx msbind dll mscomctrl ocx mscomm32 ocx msdatgrd ocx msflxgrd ocx msmask32 ocx msstdfmt dll msvbvm60 dll scrrun dll stdole2 tlb sysinfo ocx 3 1 4 Default Application Path The default application path is C Program Files Forest This can be changed to a folder of your choice during the installation setup Desktop Shortcut default is ForCarb 3 1 5 MS Access Database Forest mdb is included in the CD or zip file and will be copied to the default application path or the folder that you choose A runtime version of MS Access will be installed on your system during the installation setup to be able to run the package This database contains the static yield class species and management look up tables with timber yield and C storage over time This Access file can not be updates unless new versions of the software are released 3 2 Setup Open the set up folder which has b
16. five rotations of thinned Sitka spruce YC16 2 m spacing on mineral soils plantations assuming immediate wood C loss at harvest solid line or harvested wood product storage broken line 2 2 The Growth Models The CO emission reductions resulting from forest growth and management interventions are based on estimates of changes in biomass over time using forest growth models and research information see Black and Farrell 2006 Black 2008 Here we use a static growth model describes tree biomass increment AC based on tree level allometric functions e g DBH and top height and stand attributes stocking for representative species according to the British Forestry Commission yield models Edwards amp Christy 1981 Black amp Farrell 2006 or the Irish dynamic yield model Broad and Lynch 2006 for the commercial rotation scenarios fir Sitka spruce comm For this exercise stand attributes from Coillte inventory records and felling license applications such as age mean DBH top height stocking and timber harvested for species of interest spruce larch lodgepole pine and fast growing broadleaves represented by the sycamore ash birch model were used as inputs for the calculation of cumulative stand biomass using species specific allometric relationships Black et al 2004 Black et al 2007 Tobin et al 2006 Black amp Farrell 2006 A modified expo linear growth function Monteith 2000 was used to more accuratel
17. fore and click OK 17 71941 ForCarb Species Selection Species Area Yield Silviculture Pres EI xem Scots Pine No Thin MMAI Larch MTI 2096 less Sycamore Ash Birch MTI MMAI Spruce No Thin MMAI Eucalyptus No Thin MMAI Spruce Comm 3096 less 100 4 4 Saving and editing the project The species selections areas soils silviculture and other setting for the scenario with the output table can be saves by clicking the Save button A save scenario box will pop up with different coded you can rename the file or retain the default names e The project can be edited by selecting the project name and changing selections e When the changes are made and you click save and you will be prompted to overwrite or save as a new scenario Do you want to overwrite the current Scenario Click lt No gt to save selection as a new Scenario Yes No 4 5 Output files Output data appears in the right hand side window This contains numerous tabs spreadsheets summarizing the aggregated data called All species and yield data for individual species compartments by species name 18 ForCarb 4 5 1 All species summary tab BUT T S Scots Pine Larch Sycamore Ash Birch Site C02 Bioenergy HwPreserve HwPstorage HWP CO2 Soil CO2 Net C02 1 1 808 973 823 823 2 2017 853 1 064 1893 2 2RTR qon 1749 RAN If a tab is selected it is highlighted in blue showing that the tab is
18. hin MMAI 51 B 52 TT 53 T22 516 7128 1711 3991 1426 1930 0240 The table field headers contain the following information a Year The age over the rotation This is repeated for the second rotation b Harvest specifies the harvest type T1 1 would be thinning T in the first rotation 1 and first thinning cycle 1 Or 20 ForCarb T2 2 would be thinning T in the second rotation 1 and second thinning cycle 1 CF1 and CF2 flags clear fell after the 1 CF1 and second CF2 rotation c Bioenergy Is the bio energy yield for the selected species at harvest in the specified year Units are in t dry mass for the area of selected table species as specified in species selection d Volume is the total volume of all assortments extracted at harvest Units are in m for the area of selected species as specified in species selection table Note This value excludes timber left on site during extraction see C flow model e Assort 7 13 is the volume of the 7 to 13cm species as specified in species selection table Units are in m for the area of selected species assortment class for the area of selected Note The user can not use both bioenegy and Assort 7 13 yield for economic analysis because this would be double counting f Assort 14 20 is the volume of the 14 to 20 cm assortment class for the area of selected species as specified in species selection table Units a
19. ings energy Products In use Biomass g BI Above ground Emm d T Branches e cycle Bd Timber Leaves Stl Below ground Stumps Roots MOJU PUIM AjeuojA JSEM Decomposition Decomposition Other GHGs Litter dead wood Stable humus soil C Figure 1 Flow diagram of the carbon flows between different forest pools e The removal of CO from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as a function of forest growth is simulated using models parameterised for different species cohorts which exhibit similar growth characteristics Carbon stored in tree components roots leaves ForCarb and stems are then allocated to different biomass pools to simulate various natural and disturbance processes e Senescing leaves dead wood and roots from mortality harvest residue or wind throw are allocated to the litter and dead wood pools where they simultaneously accumulate and decompose carbon over time e Some of the litter and deadwood pool is transferred and accumulated in the soil pool which is also loosing carbon over time e Harvest residues accumulated in the soil litter and deadwood pool also decomposed after clear fell This results in a net C loss in the second rotation for 5 to 20 years after clear fell depending on the growth rate of the second rotation crop e The balance between i e net gains losses the carbon taken in through growth processes and c
20. ised needles and leaves The dead wood pool included all lying and standing deadwood dead roots and stumps with a diameter greater than 7cm Biomass carbon losses from the above ground biomass pool AC 4g were calculated based on harvest Ltimper harvest residue Lap litter fall LiF above ground losses due to mortality L mort AB AC Ag L oua T Ear Pac bad veste ba ae itp idR Stoned 5 Limber is calculated based on the above ground biomass removed as harvest The allocation algorithms for timber based on AB H or DBH were derived from national research information Lpr includes the harvest residue representing all stems and branches with a DBH less than 7cm and litter left on site after timber is removed Los AG eiue site d ia erasa rd adiit tiic dia 6 The proportion of timber left on site after harvest was estimated using the following functions based on mean tree volume obtained from the yield models and tables supplied by Liam Quinn Coillte per comm if species LP then 14 4xlog treevolume else 4 3 8x log treevolume D eL ELEC Ox fL SL IU 7 L r reflects the transfer of carbon from the AB pool to the litter pool based on nationally derived leaf needle biomass LB and the foliage turn over rates F Tobin et al 2006 The F rate was assumed to be 5 years i e F 0 2 for conifer crops and 1 year for broadleaf crops Tobin et al 2006 The mortality of trees is based on the Forest
21. l an analysis based on the major forest species in Ireland Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Uncertainty in Greenhouse Gas Inventories IIASA Laxenburg Austria in press 23 ForCarb Black K 2008 lreland s forest carbon reporting system In Proceeding from COFORD conference on Forestry Carbon and Climate Change local and international perspectives Eds Hendrick and Black COFORD pp 14 20 Hendrick E and Black K 2008 Climate change and Irish forestry COFORD Connects Environment No 9 COFORD Dublin Black K O Brien P Redmond J Barrett F and Twomey M 2009a The extent of peatland afforestation in Ireland Journal of Irish Forestry in press Black K Byrne K Mencuccini M Tobin B Nieuwenhuis M Reidy B Bolger T Saiz G Green G Farrell T and Osborne B 2009b Carbon stock and stock changes across a Sitka spruce chronosequence on surface water gley soils Forestry in press Broad L and Lynch T 2006 Dewar R C Cannell M G R 1992 Carbon sequestration in trees products and soils of forest plantations an analysis using UK examples Tree Physiology 11 49 71 Edwards P N and Christie J M 1981 Yield models for forest management Forestry Commission Booklet no 48 HMSO London Hargreaves KL R Milne and M G R Cannell 2003 Carbon balance of afforested peatland in Scotland Forestry 76 3 299 317 McGettigan M Duffy P Connolly N O Brien P 2006 National Inventory Rep
22. mbustion are not included in the energy emissions account as they have already been accounted for in the forest harvest Emission mitigation through bio energy product is accounted for under the energy sector so fossil fuel emission mitigation is not considered in this model 2 1 4 Dynamics of C sequestration Figure 2 illustrates the long term CO removal from the atmosphere over five rotations based on a model for a thinned Sitka spruce YC 16 stand with and without harvested wood product storage scenarios The annual mean equilibrium CO storage for the national average Sitka spruce yield class YC 16 over the long term is estimated to be 8 7 to 10 0 t CO ha yr depending on which harvested wood product storage scenario is included in the model The equilibrium storage rate After successive rotations with the same crop and same management for most plantations could range between 4 and 12 t CO hayr depending on soil type species rotation length and management The basic concept used in this software tool is that the net carbon gain reaches steady state after two rotations and the once off C sequestration gain is reflected by the cumulative CO over these time periods These can be expressed on an aggregated annual basis for normalization and comparative purposes ForCarb 250 200 a e 100 a eo C storage t C ha 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Years Figure 2 Changes in C storage over
23. ort 2006 Greenhouse gas emissions 1990 2004 reported to the UNFCCC EPA Ireland ISBN 1 84095 196 6 Saiz G Black K Reidy B Lopez S and Farrell E P 2007 Assessment of soil CO2 efflux and its components using a process based model in a young temperate forest site Geoderma doi in press 10 1016 j geoderma 2006 12 005 Tobin B Black K Osborne B Reidy B Bolger T and Nieuwenhuis M 2006 Assessment of allometric algorithms for estimating leaf biomass leaf area index and litter fall in different aged Sitka spruce forests Forestry 79 4 453 465 doi 10 1093 forestry cpl030 24
24. r forecasting forest product returns from afforestation schemes incentives The output data is generated as prerequisite information required in preliminary economic elevation in the feasibility of afforestation incentive projects which have the potential in earning revenue from timber bio energy and carbon sequestration products Key Elements Key elements of the software are seen as The ability to simulate timber volume assortments bio energy products and carbon sequestration estimates for a wide range of forest types following afforestation growth and silvicultural management for two rotations Silvicultural scenarios include e Thinning regime e Rotation age e Area planted e Open area e Species choice and matrices for multiple compartments including user defined mixtures of pure compartments and or pre defined species mixtures as defined in the Irish Forest Service grant and premiums categories GPC e Achoice of selecting the soil type mixture in three broad categories The tool can evaluate yield of the major end products from all major forest species over a range of productivity classes Species are broadly categorized into cohorts e Spruce e Lodgepole pine e Scots pine e Other conifers e Larch e Slow growing broadleaves e Oak e Beech e Eucalyptus The outputs from the software are designed to be exported to Microsoft Excel for use in the Coillte economic model Specific outputs include e Total timber an
25. r the total area specified in the input fields g Soil CO This is the emission from peat and peaty mineral soils Mineral soils are assumed to be C neutral Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields h Net CO This sum of all emissions and sinks i e Site CO HWPstorage HWP CO Soil CO Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields i Sum CO2 is the cumulative CO2 balance The value at the end of the 2 rotations represents the once off carbon sequestration gain for that time period Units are in t CO for the total area specified in the input fields Remember The cumulative CO2 balance does not include potential future losses due to further decay of the HWPreserve pool after the 2 rotation ForCarb 4 5 2 Species tabs These tables contain the yield information for the individual selected species on the project All Species Spruce Lodgepole Pine Sycamore Ash Birch Spruce Lodgepo Year Harvest Bioenergy 18 T11 1 686 6 383 4683 2237 70 14 0 0 070 19 20 21 22 23 T12 515 7128 1711 3991 1426 19 0 0 240 24 25 26 27 28 CFI 460 31 967 1279 4795 25 893 30 0 0 640 23 Select the individual species selection by clicking on the tab of interest e g Spruce Note if more a species is selected more than once in the input window the individual species tables are arrange in the same order as shown in the species selection table in the input
26. re in m for the area of selected species f Assort 20 is the volume of the 14 to 20 cm species as specified in species selection table Units are in m for the area of selected species 9 assortment class for the area of selected Mean DBH is the average harvested tree DBH in cm h Mean T vol is the average harvested tree volume in m 4 6 Exporting output tables To export all output table click on the Export icon Pealy Mineral Mineral 100 Save Scenario Lodgepole Pine Larch Other Conifers camore Ash Birch List 3 List 4 List 5 List 6 List 7 List 8 List 9 V Lodgepole Pine Larch Other Conifers Eucalyptus Species Selection Decay Rate Saver Pulp Energy 1 000 Long Term ng 0 046 2 My Recent Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species Documents V Spruce V List 1 V Spruce 3 Scots Pine v Scots Pine Desktop My Documents qi My Computer Species Area Yield Silviculture Rotation x lass ge 9 My Network o DUE A Ce 2 16 v No Thn 30 less Spruce 20 18 No Thin 30 less a Lodgepole Pine Sycamore Ash Birch Spruce Spruce Lodgepole Pine Places 20 less 20 less No Thin MTI No Thin MTI No Thin 06 08 24 08 Eucalyptus 30 NoThin M MMAI C 30 less 20 less AE MAI G D Counter Scenariol scenario 1 amp test Fil
27. red information ForCarb v vi Species Selection Species Area Yield Silviculture peu Scots Pine Larch ES Class EN No Thin MMAI T No Thin MMA The species will appear in the yellow box and you can enter the information a Area is the percentage area of the total forest area previously specified Remember that this should add up to 100 and there may be other GPC or user defined species selections b Yield class is selected from a drop down menu for each species c Silviculture can be selected from the following drop down menu There are 3 pre defined silviculture treatments all at a standard spacing usually 2 x 2m No thin MTI marginal thinning intensity on a 5 year thinning cycle with 70 of MAI removed over 5 years Comm is a silviculture for Spruce crops only This represents a MTI on a 4 year thinning cycle with 70 of MAI removed over 4 years d Rotation age is selected from the next drop down menu MMAI is clear fell at a rotation age at maximum mean annual increment 20 less is clear fell at MMAI less 20 previously known as commercial rotation 30 less is clear fell at 30 less MMAI Note this selection for Spruce is clear fell at a top height of 21m Once all the species areas and silviculture has been defined and the area is equal to 100 click OK you will notice that the Save and Exit toggle buttons are activated and the out put tables are populated ForC
28. ry commission or dynamic yield model The above ground biomass loss from mortality Lig was calculated using DBH and H as dependent variables in biomass algorithms Biomass carbon losses from the below ground biomass pool AC gs were calculated as the sum of losses due to death of roots after harvest Larroco and natural mortality of roots Limos ForCarb AU e a MA DRAMA ee UAE ree 9 Lurroot is the root biomass transferred to the deadwood pool following harvest All roots are assumed to die and decompose following harvest The below ground biomass loss from mortality Lmorgg Was calculated using above ground and total biomass algorithms Net litter stock change AC was calculated based on litter inputs gains due to litterfall L F as given by equation 8 harvest residue litter input Lug in equation 6 mortality litter inputs Mj and losses associated with decomposition of the litter pool Ldecomp AC Lir Lun M L decomp where M is the input to the litter pool from natural mortality i e all aboveground dead material with a diameter less than 7 cm This is derived from the Linorjag Minus the timber fraction of the new dead pool L morttim M L ort AB L mort tim The decomposition losses of the new input litter Luecomp and existing litter pool Loa are calculated using decomposition factors of 0 14 taken from national research Saiz et al 2007 Black et al 2009b
29. tails Ln NN Model example APANA OK Open Area r Forest Area ha Ie Cancel Soil Peat Ea Peaty Mineral EE Mineral Scenarios Decay Rate Pulp Energy Long Term The Project details will be blank see above a Name the new project under Project details b Input the total area of all compartments with in the project zone c Specify the percentage open areas within forest area These include areas for biodiversity roads etc Note The minimum area is 10 if the area is not entered a warning pop up will be prompted d Enter the percentage breakdown of soil categories in the project forest area Note The soil areas should add up to 100 percent if this is not 100 a warning pop up will be prompted e Enter the decay rates for different end products i The default for pulp and energy product is 1 meaning all C is oxidized within 1 year This is recommended that the range should be between 1 and 0 25 However if bio energy is used then the default value should be used These defaults apply to all 7 to 13cm assortments ii The default for saw log 13cm is 0 046 a life time of 21 years the recommended range is 0 033 to 0 066 15 to 30 years f Click OK if there are no warning pop ups due to incomplete entries the scenario and species selection table should be blank 4 3 2 Selection of Species yield class silviculture and representative areas The user can now select individual species or mixt
30. ures using either the predefined Grants and premiums categories GPC or a user defined selection All Species or both ForCarb a The GPC category The GPC is comprised of 7 combinations of species mixtures based on the Forest service afforestation schemes manual The species selection are pre defined and should contains minimum areas of broadleaves 10 i To select a GPC category by ticking a box ii For example if GPC 3 is selected the following species list should appear Grant Premium Categorie GPC Spruce Scots Pine Lodgepole Pine Larch Other Conifers Sycamore 42h Birch iii The user can now select a combination of species in the list Please note that the Broadleaf Sycamore ash birch category which represents all fast growing broadleaves such as alder is mandatory at 10 96 of total area In this case is it decided that Larch Scots pine and SAB are selected Grant Premium Categorie GPC All Species Spruce v Scots Pine Lodgepole Pine vi Larch Other Conifers PIS ycamore Ash Birch Species Selection Species Area Yield Silviculture Rotation Class Age __ UV ee i 08 No Thin MMAI 08 No Thin MMAI Sycamore Ash Birch 06 MTI MMAI n HER Exit iv Note the species selection now appears in the species table You must now specify the 96 area yield class Silviculture and rotation age for each species To do this click on the species in the list and specify the requi
31. y simulate growth early years of the rotation and interpolate growth over time since both the dynamic and static models do not consider growth of young forest 10 years old Stand biomass St was expressed as ie St Mt oe ee OUR C rr vote a EP sce KN dk al d cies DIE PE NS 1 where Mt Sr 1 Eee UR 2 m m Mtis Monteith s function where Cm is maximum growth rate Co is initial absolute growth rate and Rm is the initial relative growth rate and tis time years Parameters Cm Rm Co ks and kwere fitted using the least squared optimisation method to estimated stand biomass values The current annual increment AC for any given year was then calculated as IG n T Mt 3 The same approach was used to calculate aboveground and belowground biomass changes ForCarb Eucalyptus 2 3 The Carbon flow model The total carbon stock changes for a given forest sub compartment is calculated as the sum of the changes in the above ground biomass AB below ground biomass BB Litter Li deadwood DW soil So and harvested wood product HWP carbon pools AC AC ui PAG PAG AC AC AC pyp ear 4 Biomass estimates include biomass for trees only non tree vegetation is assumed to be in steady state following canopy closure derived from equations 1 to 3 Below ground biomass includes all roots up to a diameter of 5cm Litter is defined as deadwood with a diameter of less than 7cm This includes absc
32. yield class fourth is the silvicultural management and the last number is the rotation age Species Lodgepole Pine Oak 22 ForCarb Yield class ID YC Species YC range 800 8 700000608 600 ef 800000608 1 9000 1630 Silviculture D Silviculture Rotation ID Rotation _______ MMAI 20 less 30 less 21 m TH A separate Excel file is used for each species and related parameters Individual or multiple selections can be made from the list of Excel files by using the shift and lt ctrl gt buttons Please note if existing lookup tables are being replaced with new ones ensure that the filed heading and file format is conserved 5 References Black K Tobin B Says G Byrne K and Osborne B 2004 Improved estimates of biomass expansion factors for Sitka spruce lrish Forestry 61 50 65 Black K Bolger T Davis P Nieuwenhuis M Reidy B Saiz G Tobin B and Osborne B 2007 Inventory and Eddy Covariance Based Estimates of Annual Carbon Sequestration in a Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis Bong Carr Forest Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem Journal of European Forest Research 126 167 178 doi 10 0007 s10342 005 0092 4 Black K and Farrell E P eds 2006 Carbon Sequestration in Irish Forest Ecosystems Council for Forest Research and Development COFORD Dublin p 76 ISBN 1 902696 48 4 Black K G 2007 Scaling up from the stand to regional leve
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