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1. Stachybotrys Trichoderma Unknown Figure N37 Building 1 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified amp 5 ES 4 m TEE 92 S I 0 SIEIEIELSISIGIEIS ELETE SISIDIE FIEIELE ZISIGIS fis Ss SES sie Ssisiflelesiclsisisificisis S S 5s SEES 5S SE ESS Ba S 8 8 8 l2Z Fails S 8 s le s a s s S s lz Ql olH a D ciL gt lo gt 2 C 2 a a gt 2 a Ll alol ESE 51 o8 E E 51 08 ESE 5 OIS olo O S olo O S olo oE SE oS BSE OS BSE 1 2 3 Day Figure N38 Building 2 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not C adosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium 258 NCEMBT 080201 unknown fungi not identified APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 5 2 4 Es or 3 oD 59 m i l li S ElE lE SIV lOlS SlElElEIS SGIS S ElElEe
2. A MUL Chaetomium aqospo lum m Location Figure N51 Building 4 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 CFU g Log10 OQ Al sladosporium TSAR ASI D Location Figure N52 Building 5 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotiys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 NCEMBT 080201 265 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 O Si Ai U z Location Figure N53 Building 6 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6
3. 6 REFERENCES Griffiths W D I W Stewart S J Futter S L Upton and D Mark 1997 The development of sampling methods for the assessment of indoor bioaerosols J Aerosol Sci 28 437 457 Griffiths W D I W Stewart J M Clark and I L Holwill 2001 Procedures for the characterization of bioaerosol particles Part II Effects of environment on culturability Aerobiologia 17 109 119 Hanna R 2002 Environmental appraisal of historic buildings in Scotland The case study of the Glasgow School of Art Building and Environment 37 1 10 Harris L Lou Harris Associates for Steelcase 1987 The office environment index 1987 full report and 1987 summary report Steelcase Haugland R A and J L Heckman 1998 Identification of putative sequence specific PCR primers for detection of the toxigenic fungal species Stachybotrys chartarum Mol Cellular Probes 12 387 396 Haugland R A S J Vesper and L J Wymer 1999 Quantitative measurement of Stachybotrys chartarum conidia using real time detection of PCR products with the TaqMan fluorogenic probe system Mol Cellular Probes 13 329 340 Hedge A 1991 Healthy office lighting for computer workers a comparison of lenses indirect and direct systems Proceedings IAO 91 Healthy Buildings 61 66 Atlanta GA American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Henningson E W and M S Ahlberg 1994 Evaluation of microbiological aerosol sam
4. Building Only once or rarely Occasional work days Some work days Most work days Every day Figure M77 Summary of occupant responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the frequency of unacceptable odors Responses in their workplace 90 DE 60 Building a a 70 o Other parts of bldg not my work area Work area throughout bldg Work area throughout office Work area elsewhere in bldg Work area nearby Only in my work area Figure M78 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked where they believed there were odors in their building NCEMBT 080201 RPARx Appendix M IEQ Results 50 Responses 30 10 4 Occasional or sporadic Unpredictably Mornings and afternoons Afternoons only Morni I Building lornings only Figure M79 Summary of occupant responses on the perception questionnaire when asked when during the day there were unacceptable odors in their workplace Responses Don t notice smells Food Exhaust machine chemicals Sewage garbage Body odor human odor Perfume or cologne Musty moldy Cleaning chemicals Building Figure M80 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked what they believed the sources of odors to be in their workplace Ye NCEMBT 080201 Responses 60 Appendix M
5. CFU g Log10 Location Figure N54 Building 7 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 PACE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 s i ek l z 0S A reo AU Location Figure N55 Building 8 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 CFU g Log10 Location Figure N56 Building 9 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony form
6. Appendix M IEQ Results 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Never 0 Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Q a a 3 2 o i i 5 Building 7 Figure M85 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor in their building they closed a door 100 90 Responses a oO x 7 Ps Never oe z Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 8 All of the time Figure M86 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if they reported to management when there was a noticeable odor in their building NCEMBT 080201 PXJ Appendix M IEQ Results 90 a SS Oa 80 me ia e n 60 50 Responses Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 7 All of the time Figure M87 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if they mentioned odors to others when there was a noticeable odor in their building 100 e 90 oo 80 70 60 50 Response l 40 30 20 10 Never Jaa Occasionally i EA Some of the time Most of the time All of the time 0 Building 7 Figure M88
7. 19 A nearby building from the window Measure the brightest spot of a nearby building The surveyor should not take this measurement if the workstation is windowless or there is no building or construction in the field of view through the window 20 Floor Measure three locations on the floor which represent geographically the workstation floor area Record the average value in the space provided in the table 21 The last section of the table records luminances of room surfaces and window surfaces The surveyor divides each surface approximately into 15 pieces of equal area five horizontally by three vertically The lighting surveyor then takes the luminance of a representative point of each area located near the center of each area This last section of data was not collected for the first six office buildings because this was not included in the original measurement protocols We added this data because we realized later in the project that it might provide important information to the building lighting environment J4 LIGHTING DATA ENTRY PROCEDURE The lighting data are entered manually into the database The procedure is described as below 6 Start the Online Data Entry Module by opening the file CondEntry adp Then the following screen will appear z lgix ED pe Gat Yew peert Farmet Gecords Toole idon teip g alslxj Ma Bay GEACA ali say aia mo Be O iv Ejire z o s Zg 2l a UNLV NCEMBT
8. Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M39 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when the air in their work area is too dry Responses Figure M40 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they mention to co workers when the air in their work area is too dry PACES NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results N TE Se a n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M41 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the air in their work area is too dry ER EE Responses N E o Rae ENRERE deime time z ome of the time ccasionally ever e Figure M42 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when the air in their work area is too dry NCEMBT 080201 EPA Ke Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M43 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when the air in their work area is too dry Responses Figure M44 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a personal fan when the
9. Figure P98 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they postponed a telephone conversation until later due to lack of privacy in their work area KUYEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS a o a a c 3 2 a Q a Close door Don t close door Building ID Figure P99 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning closing of a door to gain privacy in their work area NCEMBT 080201 ZS APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Summary of Calculated Values Q1 DBA Bumps These data are used to describe sound level measurements for various frequencies that exceed the levels of their immediate neighbors by the variances shown below Items that equal or exceed the variance are identified with the value of 1 otherwise they contain the value of zero 1 1 octave band 4dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_4 7 1 1 octave band 6dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_6 7 1 1 octave band 8dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_8 7 1 3 octave band 4dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_4 22 1 3 octave band 6dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_6 22 1 3 octave band 8dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_8 22 Q2 DBC See SPL C in raw data Float Q3 DBC DBA Use SPL_C SPL_A in raw data Float Q4 NC NOISE CRITERIA NC selects the highest measured sound level that fits within a standardized
10. S moneta FINAL REPORT NCEMBT 080201 MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION OF BUILDING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FEBRUARY 2008 Prepared by Linda D Stetzenbach Ph D Principal Investigator University of Nevada Las Vegas Technical Contributions by Building Sciences Database Sean Hsieh Ph D Indoor Environmental Quality Samir Moujaes Ph D and Liangcai Tom Tan Ph D Graphics sucseseeeeseeee ee L D Stetzenbach Ph D lighting cccccccces haie irasai Xin Hu Ph D Sound ssseseee ss MR AF o B J Landsberger Ph D Graphics sasssssessesrennesnenennennnns L D Stetzenbach Ph D Report Eqiting cccccsseeseeseees L Nemnich M A R Hewitt B S and Amy Puhl M S University Of Nevada Las Vegas Statistical Analysis and Data Interpretation James Craner M D Verdi Technology Associates Davor Novosel National Center for Energy Management and Building Technologies FINAL REPORT NCEMBT 080201 NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES TASK 1 MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION OF BUILDING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FEBRUARY 2008 Prepared by Linda D Stetzenbach Ph D Principal Investigator University of Nevada Las Vegas NV Technical Contributions by Building Sciences Database Sean Hsieh Ph D Indoor Environmental Quality Samir Moujaes Ph D and Liangcai Tom Tan Ph D Graphics fait nie nil L D Stet
11. 3 Power switch This switches the 1 meter ON and OFF External display Eyepiece Measuring mode selector switch a ek Response speed selector switch This feature switches between FAST and SLOW The FAST mode is used to measure a normal light source such as daylight lamplight and fluorescent light The SLOW feature is used to measure average illuminance of a flicker light such as a movie projector video projector and TV screen 8 Focal plane indication 9 Tripod socket 10 Handgrip Figure J2 Luminance Meter LS 100 11 Wrist strap Basic Operation 1 Slide power switch to ON 2 Set the MEASURING MODE selector switch to ABS 3 Aim the LS 100 at the subject and turn the focusing ring until the subject appears sharp NCEMBT 080201 179 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 4 Pull the measuring trigger and hold it in until the luminance value appears in the viewfinder display approximately 2 seconds at FAST response speed or 4 seconds at SLOW response speed The luminance value will also be shown in the external display 5 Read the number on the display window Notes on Use 1 When taking measurements be sure that subject fills the measurement area If the subject does not fill measurement area move closer and refocus Measurements of subjects smaller than the measurement area will not be accurate 2 Measuring mode information e g cd m2 will appear and measured values will not be displayed if the m
12. Focusing distance Minimum measuring area Measurement distances areas with close up lenses Receptor Relative spectral response Response time Luminance units Measuring range Accuracy Repeatability Temperature humidity drift Calibration mode Color correction factor Reference luminance Measurement modes Display Data communication External control Power source Power consumption Operating temperature humidity range IWC NCEMBT 080201 Konica Minolta LS 100 Digital SLR spot luminance meter 19 85mm f 2 8 9 1014mm 40 in to infinity 014 4mm Close Up Lens No 153 623mm to 1 210 918 7 to 8 0mm No 135 447mm to 615 05 2 to 8 7mm No 122 323mm to 368 03 2 to 4 3mm No 110 203mm to 205 91 3 to 1 5mm Silicon photocell Within 8 f1 of the CIE spectral luminous efficiency V A FAST Sampling time 0 1s Time to display 0 8 to 1 0s SLOW Sampling time 0 4s Time to display 1 4 to 1 6s cd m or fL switchable FAST 0 001 299 900cd m 0 001 to 87 530fL SLOW 0 001 49 990cd m 0 001 to 14 590fL 0 001 to 0 999 cd m or fL 2 2 digits of displayed value 1 000 cd m or fL or higher 2 1 digit of displayed value Illuminant A measured at ambient temperature of 20 to 30 C 68 to 86 F 0 001 to 0 999 cd m or fL 0 2 2 digits of displayed value 1 000 cd m or fL or higher 0 2 1 digit of displayed value Measurement subject Illuminant A Within
13. Unwanted noise can be enough of a distraction or annoyance to building occupants to motivate them to take what they consider appropriate action to mitigate the noise If the noise is caused by conversations the simplest action is to ask the persons to be quiet or move Sound Hypothesis 27 If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area they will move to a more private area for confidential conversations Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear talking in person or by telephone or speakerphone can cause building occupants to delay or postpone a private conversation in their work area The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when the inter zone sound transmission loss is less than 10 dB in the 500 to 2000 Hz range The size of the workstation also correlates with worker perception of privacy Witterseh and others 2002 and Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 1999 provide qualitative information concerning privacy for open offices versus private offices Sound Hypothesis 28 If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area they will postpone confidential conversations to a time when people are not present in adjacent areas NCEMBT 080201 27 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES 2 4 LIGHTING Lighting Hypothesis 1 Most people will be comfortable when the lighting in their work areas is neither too
14. over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 6 ype Cor L_5_dBA Pearson 0 219742 0 142282 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 133436 0 376663 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 238694 0 110147 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 279094 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 163888 0 276449 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 097841 0 517709 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 23607 0 114231 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 279094 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 097429 0 519480 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 146653 0 330777 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 226883 0 129444 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 213297 0 154656 Table Q10 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 7 Toe con value O L_5_dBA Pearson 0 046887 0 644906 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 071886 0 479512 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 010774 0 915707 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 10362 0 307436 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 17181 0 089047 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 153721 0 128731 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 0343 0 736088 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 13694 0 176491 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 124047 0 221213 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 204069 0 04276 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 025119 0 805063 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 054596 0 591458 Table Q11 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 8 Tye Con f
15. After synchronization with all units the measurement is moved from the Pending folder to the Inbox folder Figure E15 Measurements 12 45 Pending Name Status PV 1 done Draught Rate measured according to ISO 7730 standard New Delete ICS IG Figure E15 Screen shot of PDA Inbox E2 2 Recommended Installation Of Testing Station Please note that field applicability can override these recommendations The sensors on the six stationary carts and one movable cart are positioned at three different heights 0 1m 0 6m and 1 1m for seated occupants The six stationary carts are placed in a representative location in the room studied and operated for 8 hours in that location A suggested layout can be found in Figure E16 Moving Cart Stationary Cart Figure E16 A representation of the geometric location of the monitoring stands in an office building PZ E NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS The battery has an output which can be connected to any one of the sensors Make sure that the VIVO draught sensors at all the three heights are out of the shaft before starting to record any data Once the sensors are setup the display should record the sensors serial number location of the instrument and position of the occupant seated or standing This is an indication that the sensors and the connections have been properly made After this is done the output cable from the sensors is plugged
16. Building history N A In which city is the building located In what year was the building opened for occupancy Has the building undergone any major additions Has the building undergone any major remodeling What is the primary function of the operations in the building Is there a single employer in the building If no how many different employers How many occupied floors are in the building Is there more than one building How many occupants work full time in the building Do at least 75 of occupants spend at least 75 of their time in the building Do all employees have the same work week What are operating hours of the building not when open but when occupied Is there a manager or other individual who is familiar with its operating history maintenance records layout floor plan HVAC and IAQ issues Is energy usage and maintenance cost information available to us in advance of the study Is the building mechanically ventilated Does the building have any history of e significant construction or design defects e significant water intrusion or mold problems that have required formal remediation minor leaks that were immediately repaired are acceptable e significant insect pest particulate or gas contaminants e systematic or recurrent occupant health complaints that have required formal IAQ investigation or workers comp claims e recurrent or systematic complaints of odors or climate proble
17. Figure P74 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the hearing of sounds from the air conditioning system the building KEIBE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS o D 7 Q o f Q H Q a Never Occasionally Some of the fime Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P75 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they could hear sounds from the air conditioning system the building Responses Not annoyed distracted Annoyed distracted Building ID Figure P76 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance distraction from hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building NCEMBT 080201 RKRI APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS A Q 2 Q 72 c e a 7 a Occasionall Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P77 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often the hearing of sounds from the air conditioning system in the building is annoying distracting Responses Doesn t affect Affects productivity 8 Building ID 9 40 Figure P78 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building affecting productivity KEY S NCEMBI 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND
18. Nakano J S Tanabe and K Kimura 2002 Differences in perception of indoor environment between Japanese and non Japanese workers Energy and Buildings 34 6 615 621 N sman A G Blomquist and J O Levin 1999 Air sampling of fungal spores on filters An investigation on passive sampling and viability J Environ Monitoring 1 361 365 Ne eman E G Sweitzer and E Vine 1984 Office worker response to lighting and daylighting issues in workspace environments A pilot survey Energy and Buildings 6 159 171 Nevalainen A J Pastuszka F Leibhaber and K Willeke 1992 Performance of bioaerosol samplers collection characteristics and sampler design considerations Atmos Environ 26A 531 540 New York City Department of Health Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Disease Epidemiology 2002 Guidelines on Assessment and Remedation of Fungi in Indoor Environments Wwww cl nyc ny us Odom J D and C R Barr 1997 Sick building litigation the role that occupant outrage plays Synergist Oct 28 30 Op t Veld P and C Passlack Zwaans 1998 IEA ANNEX 27 Evaluation and demonstration of domestic ventilation system Assestments on noise Energy and Buildings 27 3 263 273 Oral K G A K Yener and N T Bayazit 2004 Building envelope design with the objective to ensure thermal visual and acoustic comfort conditions Building and Environment 39 3 281 287 88 NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES Pahl O Ph
19. Never In my work area and throughout the entire building Not applicable Never Never Never Never Never Never Lighting On average over the past 4 weeks would rate my satisfaction with the lighting in my work as The quality of lighting in my work area is important to my ability to be productive If had the ability the adjust the lighting in my work area would do so In general I m most comfortable when the lighting in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the brightness of the lighting in my work area fluctuates l e goes from bright to dim and or dim to bright Throughout the mornings the lighting in my work area is usually Throughout the afternoons the lighting in my work area is usually In general the lighting on my desk surface or work station where do most of my work is In general the lighting on my computer screen is The distribution of lighting across the surface of the area s where I read at my desk or work station is The distribution of lighting across the surface of my computer screen is prefer to have natural light from outdoors come into my office or work area There is glare harsh uncomfortably bright light at my desk or work station The most noticeable source of glare at my desk or work station comes from Very satisfied Strongly agree All of the time Very bright All of the time Very bright Very bright
20. gt O O gt gt gt 1 1 L 1 Luminance at brightest light sources in field ofview cd m 1000 5 t 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buildings NO 140 120 4 100 80 60 i Buildings NO Luminance at partitions orwalls cd m 800 a 70 i c 6004 2E 3 g 500 J l 2 2 400 4 SE 3 300 4 eg 2004 f z 100 a Ese z 0123 4567 8 9 10 Buildings NO 25 5 20 z 2 _ 154 l 2 E 2 gt a g i i og f 012 3 45 67 8 9 10 Buildings NO 50 5 454 5 z 22 g 3 304 35 5 25 9 5 154 i 1 10 Z a i i a 54 pi N w gt a a o o S Buildings NO Figure S2 Luminance related measurements a Luminance at ceiling between luminaires b Luminance at brightest ceilings in field of view c Luminance at brightest light sources in field of view d Luminance at floor e Luminance at partitions or walls and f Luminance at darkest partitions or walls in field of view 412 NCEMBT 080201 Luminance at nearby buildings CRI of the lighting measured from windows cd m2 at work surface K 2500 2000 4 1500 a 90 85 80 75 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buildings NO Luminance at brightest sky from windows cd m2 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 APPENDIX S b Building
21. infrequently on specific responses The time period from hearing the sounds and being annoyed distracted is generally brief and the sound most commonly annoys or distracts within 30 seconds The duration of the annoyance distraction is brief and is usually lt 30 seconds Statistically significant correlation was observed with L_80 minus L_50 for RC RC rumble and hearing the sounds for Building 2 Pearson p 0 03 Significant correlation was observed for being annoyed for Building 6 Pearson p 0 02 No correlation was found for affecting productivity or for the time period within the sound was annoying However statistically significant correlation was observed for Building 7 Spearman p 0 04 and Building 10 Pearson and Spearman 0 00 for the length of the disturbance NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comments Most of the occupants never or only occasionally heard sounds from air supply or return diffusers Of those who did hear these sounds most were infrequently or never annoyed distracted and their productivity was never or infrequently affected The sound most commonly annoyed or distracted within 30 seconds and the duration of the annoyance distraction was usually less than 30 seconds None of the occupant perception questions consistently correlated with L_80 minus L_50 for RC Sound Hypothesis 16 Annoyance or distraction from sound from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can be caused by the overall sound
22. 0 25811 0 537104 Table Q5 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 2 pwale O L_5_dBA Pearson 0 39671 0 378247 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 5631 0 188095 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 10623 0 820675 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 31739 0 487912 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 34165 0 453239 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 5631 0 188095 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 04385 0 925625 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 133097 0 776043 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 41458 0 355073 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 15357 0 742349 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 120842 0 796347 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 133097 0 776043 NCEMBT 080201 EZK APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q6 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 3 2 ee ee L_5_dBA Pearson 0 69816 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 74245 i L_5_dBC Pearson 0 41509 0 13997 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 22321 0 443039 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 73015 0 003026 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 75287 0 001885 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 39065 0 167271 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 22321 0 443039 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 73632 0 002673 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 73017 0 003025 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 34187 0 231548 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 21213 0 466578 Table Q7 Statistical results in comparison of
23. 1 slightly cool 2 cool 3 cold In the perception questionnaire however a five point thermal sensation scale was used 1 very cool 2 somewhat or slightly cool 3 neither cool nor warm 4 somewhat or slightly warm 5 very warm To calculate MV the five point scale is converted to a seven point scale by using the following equation 3X 9 Where X the mean value of votes based on the five point thermal sensation scale PMV is then compared to MV NCEMBT 080201 EE Et APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS The predicted percentage of dissatisfied occupants PPD is an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people determined from PMV ASHRAE 55 2004 The following equation is used to calculate PPD PPD 100 95exp 0 03353PMV 0 2179PMV 2 The percent dissatisfied PD represents the percentage of occupants that are dissatisfied due to discomfort including vertical air temperature difference either cool in feet or warm on head humid or dry air either very humid or very dry and stuffy environment never or occasionally feel fresh To verify the correctness of the PPD value Table E8 the PD is calculated by the following equation PD 100 95exp 0 03353MV 0 2179MV 3 MV is the scaling factor that links survey responses to ASHRAE standards Table E8 Description of PPD Calculations Criteria Measurement Information Reference P
24. 2 green 3 orange 4 purple 5 black 6 red NCEMBT 080201 AKI APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD Figure 05 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for surface associated culturable fungi vacuum dust samples For each of the 10 buildings Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between the days day 1 blue 2 green and 3 red YA Ye NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD M g o je oO o Z O X WO e gt 07 3 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bldg ID Figure O6 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for surface associated culturable fungi vacuum dust samples For each of the 10 buildings 9Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between locations location 1 blue 2 green 3 orange 4 purple 5 black 6 red NCEMBT 080201 293 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Acceptable Unacceptable Building ID 10 Figure P1 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the acceptability of the sound noise in their work area Responses All of the time Most ot the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Building ID 9 10 Figure P2 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often the sound noise in their work area was acceptable PATEE NCEMBT 08
25. 2000 The cost resulting from microbial contaminants in indoor environments has not been adequately investigated but a recent report estimated that airborne Rhinovirus alone results in an annual cost of 70 billion due to respiratory infections allergies and asthma Russell et al 2002 Outdoor air serves as a source of microbial contamination indoors entering buildings through mechanical air conditioning systems and through open doors and windows Lighthart and Stetzenbach 1994 Shelton et al 2002 Mechanical systems Bernstein et al 1983 Burkhart et al 1993 Foarde et al 1997 and heating system humidifiers Fink et al 1971 serve as reservoirs of contamination and become a means for dispersal of biocontaminants throughout a building Sterling 1982 Components of mechanical systems may become contaminated in areas of high moisture near cooling coils and drain condensation pans and lines Foarde et al 1997 and as a result of condensation Pasanen et al 1993 Condensation in duct systems can occur when humid air lingers in the duct when the system is turned off e g when the building is not occupied Pasanen et al 2000b Installation of HVAC components is also important and improper installation of humidification systems or improper sizing of air conditioning units can result in excess moisture Garrison et al 1993 Materials that absorb and retain moisture from condensation e g duct materials and high humidity e g a
26. 72 were satisfied with their lighting with 36 averaging the results of two questions were very satisfied and the same percentage of respondents were somewhat satisfied About 14 of the respondents had neutral opinions and 12 were somewhat dissatisfied while 2 were very dissatisfied In the questionnaire there are four questions related to productivity The results are shown in Figure 10 As to the first question the quality of lighting in my work area is important to my ability to be productive in my job about 90 of respondents agreed 9 stayed neutral and only 0 8 somewhat disagreed This result suggests that occupants believe that lighting is an important indoor environmental factor which affects the occupants productivity The second question is regarding the lighting factor that most adversely affects productivity About 23 of respondents chose that the lighting is too bright or too dim Another 19 of respondents chose too much glare Very few respondents chose other factors including light flickering lighting patterns and distorted colors About 42 of respondents did not answer this question at all As to the question when there is too much glare on my desk surface or workstation and or on my computer screen my productivity is adversely affected 70 of respondents believed that their productivity never or only occasionally was affected by glare but 20 thought they were affected some of the time and 10
27. Hockstra 1994 Common fungi occurring in indoor environments In Health implications of fungi in indoor environments ed R A Samson B Flannigan M E Flannigan A P Verhoeff O C G Adan and E S Hoekstra 541 546 Elsevier Amsterdam Schiller G E 1990 A comparison of measured and predicted comfort in office buildings ASHRAE Transactions 96 1 609 622 Schiller G E E A Arnes F S Bauman C Benton M Fountain and T Doherty 1988 A field study of thermal environment and comfort in office buildings ASHRAE Transactions 94 2 280 308 Schmechel D J P Simpson and D M Lewis 2002 The production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the fungus Aspergillus versicolor In Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002 Monterey CA 9 International Conference of Indoor Air Quality and Comfort Sebastian A and L Larson 2002 Characterization of the microbial community in indoor environments a chemical analytical approach In Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002 Monterey CA 9 International Conference of Indoor Air Quality and Comfort Seitz T A 1989 NIOSH indoor air quality investigations 1971 1988 In Proceedings of the Indoor Air Quality International Symposium Cincinnati OH National Occupational Safety and Health Sheeran T J 2002 Bioterrorism In Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology ed G Bitton 771 782 New York John Wiley and Sons Inc Shelton B G K H Kirkland W D Fla
28. Research teams have studied annoyance in an assessment on the effects of sound on building occupants in real environments Holmberg et al 1996 and 1997 They rated sound according to dBLIN dBA dBB dBC dBD and the difference dBC dBA They found that these levels alone did not correlate well with annoyance Instead they found significant correlation between the irregularity of the sound levels and annoyance and many complaints of low frequency noise referred to its throbbing or pulsing nature The combination of noise and other factors produce effects that are not usually determined by an investigation performed investigating a single factor Witterseh et al 1999 combined ventilation noise with air pollution and observed that a 3 dBA noise level increase significantly increased the severity of headaches Pellerin and Candas 2004 explored the combine effects of noise and heat They found thermal unpleasantness increases when noise levels increase Charles and Veitch 2002 investigated the effects of three workstation characteristics area minimum partition height and windows on privacy and other environmental factors The statistic results showed that workstation area significantly predicted satisfaction with privacy including speech privacy The effects of noise are complex Occupant response is related not only to the physical environment but also to their perception of the environment and their reactions towards them Charles and Ve
29. SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q79 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 9 Pye Con value O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 158144 0 231587 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 07119 0 592094 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 25183 0 224601 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 21133 0 310546 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 08625 0 681843 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 033996 0 87184 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 236395 0 378066 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 137079 0 61269 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 1048 0 699303 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 136522 0 614148 Table Q80 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 10 pvale U O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 382131 0 000717 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 417021 0 000198 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 04031 0 802425 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 18475 0 247535 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 01994 0 901508 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 07838 0 626183 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 13195 0 601729 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 11602 0 646637 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 085692 0 735302 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 096381 0 703619 NCEMBT 080201 1 10 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q21 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE OFFICE EQUIPMENT SOUND DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical a
30. SndMusDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrFor Spearman n a n a SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd KYLEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q62 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 6 P Variable Type Con Tvl SndMusHear Pears 0 20152 0 179281 SndMusHear Spear 0 12022 0 426121 SndMusAnnoy Pears 0 330349 0 123672 SndMusAnnoy Spear 0 347612 0 104105 SndMusDistrWithin Pears 0 12770 0 663522 SndMusDistrWithin Spear 0 28369 0 325650 SndMusDistrFor Pears 0 304638 0 289592 SndMusDistrFor Spear 0 221578 0 446470 SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd Table Q63 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 7 pvalue O SndMusHear Pears 0 00895 0 929968 SndMusHear Spear 0 036246 0 721708 SndMusAnnoy Pears 0 04915 0 807666 SndMusAnnoy Spear 0 07916 0 694700 SndMusDistrWithin Pears 0 35433 0 178136 SndMusDistrWithin Spear 0 33488 0 204843 SndMusDistrFor Pears 0 07315 0 787744 SndMusDistrFor Spear 0 02356 0 930974 SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd Table Q64 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question
31. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bldg ID Figure 01 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for airborne culturable data Andersen samples For each of the 10 buildings Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between the days day 1 blue 2 green and 3 red Vests NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 95 Cl logconc Bldg ID Figure 02 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for airborne culturable data Andersen samples For each of the 10 buildings 9Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between locations location 1 blue 2 green 3 orange 4 purple 5 black 6 red NCEMBT 080201 sy APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 95 Cl logconc I I I I I I I I I I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bldg ID Figure 03 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for airborne non culturable data Burkard samples For each of the 10 buildings Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between the days day 1 blue 2 green and 3 red VASTOR NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 95 Cl logconc I I I I I I I I I I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bldg ID Figure 04 Error bar plot at the 95 confidence for airborne non culturable data Burkard samples For each of the 10 buildings 9Bldg ID overlapping lines indicate no significant difference between locations location 1 blue
32. Table Q22 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 8 Pye con value O SndOSHear Pearson 0 32372 0 038954 SndOSHear Spearman 0 42313 0 005845 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 22930 0 317387 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 18998 0 409465 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 05114 0 825764 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 07136 0 758568 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 11809 0 700799 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 02937 0 924111 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 081203 0 792000 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 134923 0 660319 SelM NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q23 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 9 Pye Co pvaue OOOO SndOSHear Pearson 0 43795 0 000523 SndOSHear Spearman 0 29396 0 023833 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 090919 0 557239 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 216704 0 157678 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 15491 0 315369 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 05635 0 716351 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 03095 0 862068 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 090978 0 608854 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 05348 0 763874 SndOSDistrFor Spe
33. Therefore this section of the hypothesis was excluded NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 9 The concentration of culturable fungi in non problem buildings is expected to be lt 10 CFU gram of dust Null Hypothesis Concentrations of culturable fungi in surface dust samples collected in non problem buildings are gt 10 CFU gram of dust Test Results Mold summary statistics shows that the proportion of dust samples in each building with total CFU gm lt 10 varies widely among buildings ranging from 11 to 61 Logistic regression analysis demonstrates a zone effect for Building 5 only Variance components analysis shows that neither zone nor building nor sample day is a significant factor in explaining total dust concentration variability Interpretation and Comment Total dust concentrations lt 10 vary widely within buildings The zone effect is relatively small on these findings and sampling date has virtually no effect The null hypothesis is not supported Mold Hypothesis 10 The range of concentration of surface associated culturable fungi in dust samples collected in non problem buildings is expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference at different sampling locations in the building Null Hypothesis There is a significant difference in the concentration of culturable surface associated fungi by location in non problem buildings Test Results The average ratio of the lo
34. When the air in my work area is too humid use a personal fan When the air in my work area is too humid put on lighter clothing or remove clothing When the air in my work area is too humid open or close a door When the air in my work area is too humid report it to management or facilities personnel When the air in my work area is too humid temporarily leave my work area to go to a more comfortable area When the air in my work area is too humid I report it to management or facilities personnel When my work area feels too humid my productivity is adversely affected Draft On average over the past 4 weeks would rate the air in my work area as acceptable in terms of feeling a draft In general I m most comfortable when the air in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the air in my work area fluctuates from drafty to not drafty and vice versa Throughout the mornings the air in my work area is usually Throughout the afternoons the air in my work area is usually The air in my work area is too drafty during my work day for at least some part of the work day When feel a draft in my work area during my work day block the diffuser When feel a draft in my work area during my work day open close a door 428 NCEMBT 080201 Every work day All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All
35. and S Grinshpun 1997a Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms In Manual of environmental microbiology ed C J Hurst G Knudsen M McInerney M V Walter and L D Stetzenbach 629 640 Washington D C ASM Press 2002a Sampling and analysis of airborne microorganisms In Manual of environmental microbiology 2 edition ed C J Hurst G Knudsen M McInerney M V Walter and L D Stetzenbach 814 826 Washington D C ASM Press 2002b Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms In Manual of Environmental Microbiology 2 edition ed C J Hurst G Knudsen M McInerney M V Walter and L D Stetzenbach 814 826 Washington D C ASM Press Buttner M P A J Alvarez L D Stetzenbach and G A Toranzos 1997b PCR detection of airborne microorganisms In Environmental applications of nucleic acid amplification techniques ed G A Toranzos 145 158 Lancaster Technomic Publishing Co Buttner M P P Cruz Perez P J Garrett and L D Stetzenbach 1999 Dispersal of fungal spores from three types of air handling system duct material Aerobiologia 15 1 8 Buttner M P P Cruz Perez and L D Stetzenbach 2001 Enhanced detection of surface associated bacteria in indoor environments using quantitative PCR Appl Environ Microbiol 67 2564 2570 Buttner M P P Cruz Perez L D Stetzenbach P J Garrett and A L Luedtke 2002a Measurement of airborne fungal spore dispersal from three types of flooring mat
36. non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 NCEMBT 080201 263 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 0S A reo AU Location Figure N49 Building 2 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Logio in 6 indoor locations 1 6 CFU g Log10 PO gt O ee OdermMa WacnyoOorrys aacnyporys ncnogerm Location Figure N50 Building 3 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Logio in 6 indoor locations 1 6 Ac NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 NO IN FAA A Il U Eg poo25 z Aureoba adospor Sta
37. open close a door When smell this most noticeable odor during my work day report it to management or facilities personnel When smell this most noticeable odor during my work day temporarily leave my work area to go to a more comfortable area When smell this most noticeable odor during my work day my productivity is adversely affected 430 NCEMBT 080201 All of the time Cleaning chemicals All of the time Only in my work area Mornings Every work day All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Most of the time Musty moldy Most of the time In my work area and in some nearby work areas or offices Afternoons Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Perfume or cologne Some of the time In my work area and in scattered other locations elsewhere in the building Mornings and Afternoons Some work days Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Occasionally Body odor human Occasionally or intermittently In my work area and throughout my entire floor or office but not elsewhere in the building Unpredictably during the work day Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Never Sewage or garbage
38. 0 748738 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 290323 0 576751 Table Q16 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 2 P Variable type Con SndOSHear Pearson 0 246018 0 594871 SndOSHear Spearman 0 285727 0 53449 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 928593 0 007466 a SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 783349 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 894459 i 0 016120 F SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 783349 0 065322 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 1 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 1 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 1 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 1 KELES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q17 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 3 P Variable Type Con value SndOSHear Pearson 0 18333 0 530418 SndOSHear Spearman 0 75000 0 002006 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 148109 0 683025 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 04444 0 90297 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 239423 0 505266 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 026836 0 941339 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 30877 0 551565 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 65727 0 156069 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 21093 0 688298
39. 028 M W 1 3 96 x 10 F x 4 273 273 Fah Cota 2 38 f4 h per 2 38 4 4 gt 12 1 v 42 1 Va per 2 38 14 4 9 lt 12 1 Tn Pa 1 00 1 290 per lt 0 078 m C W el 1 05 0 645 per gt 0 078 m C W M is the metabolic rate W m2 Wis the external work W m2 la is the thermal resistance of clothing m2 C W fa is the ratio of man s surface while clothed to man s surface while nude tais the air temperature C Pa is the partial water vapour pressure Pa hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient W m2 C Calculation The PMV index can be determined when ASHRAE 55 e the activity metabolic rate and the clothing thermal resistance are estimated 2004 e air temperature mean radiant temperature relative air velocity and partial water vapor pressure are measured The mean vote MV represents the mean value of the votes of the questionnaire participants on the seven point thermal sensation scale Predicted Mean Vote PMV is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the seven point thermal sensation scale ASHRAE 2004 PMV can be calculated from the known air temperature mean radiant temperature humidity mean air speed metabolic rate and clothing insulation ASHRAE 2004 The ASHRAE seven point thermal sensation scale is defined as follows 3 hot 2 warm 1 slightly warm 0 neutral
40. 080201 i APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q20 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 6 Pte Cor vais SndOSHear Pearson 0 11632 0 441416 SndOSHear Spearman 0 19947 0 183840 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 21812 0 264821 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 25174 0 196268 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 11479 0 560804 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 039172 0 843120 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 39221 0 119449 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 28968 0 259398 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 43312 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 39974 0 111895 Table Q21 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 7 LL vae OOOO SndOSHear Pearson 0 235489 0 018954 SndOSHear Spearman 0 144126 0 154660 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 057356 0 613314 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 044391 0 695805 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 06697 0 555058 SndOSProdaAffect Spearman 0 06507 0 566329 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 15470 0 246263 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 08227 0 539262 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 08671 0 517497 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 07440 0 578881
41. 097548 10 Spearman 0 241382 0 334571 NCEMBT 080201 spi APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD Table 06 Results of non culturable fungi o CO Oo NN DD aA a A A Wo WwW N DY FP KF ma 10 282 NCEMBT 080201 Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear Pears Spear 0 569137 0 266749 0 293065 0 02286 0 0764 0 01835 0 576993 0 660876 0 084165 0 01177 0 697992 0 531647 0 04353 0 090701 0 547723 0 569541 0 292747 0 212076 0 04197 0 22295 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 04 RATIOS AMONG THE SIX INDOOR LOCATIONS ZONES Table 07 Across sampling days for airborne culturable fungi 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1080 0 4583 1 2 944 3 1 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 5 1 0 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 0 1 1 8 1 0 1 1 9 1 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 1 Table 08 Across sampling days for airborne non culturable fungi 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0588 0 2425 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 5 1 0625 0 2500 1 2 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 0625 0 2500 1 2 8 1 088 0 2642 1 2 9 1 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 1 NCEMBT 080201 P4sx APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD Table 09 Within the same sampling day for airborne culturable fungi 0 1 11 0 4583 o Oo on OO oOo FP WO ND e e e e e BP BP PP PP p PR et er ee es es ein Me S 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ma o Table 010 Within the same sampling day for airborne non culturable fungi 0 1 1
42. 10523 0 677727 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 24973 0 317596 NCEMBT 080201 10L APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q118 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 6 PVaiable Te Copal SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 26109 0 079664 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 21363 0 154004 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 205181 0 237041 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 233396 0 177220 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 077587 0 667803 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 01689 0 925659 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 11394 0 527807 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 1346 0 455162 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 097924 0 581660 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 092123 0 604336 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 027167 0 876889 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 06612 0 705908 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 05786 0 741305 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 06435 0 713440 Table Q119 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 7 P pve SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 10217 0 314274 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 11596 0 253028 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 10261 0 347149 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 10782 0 323106 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 033731 0 764984 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 014141 0 900291 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 036713 0 744883 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 046369 0 681032 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 0674 0 537496 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 07348 0 501335 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 164269 0 140287 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 116561 0 297011 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 066244
43. 2 Spearman 0 524554 0 226767 3 Pearson 0 08660 0 768474 3 Spearman 0 146760 0 616615 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson 0 07466 0 747729 5 Spearman 0 056695 0 807158 6 Pearson n a n a 6 Spearman n a n a 7 Pearson 0 02512 0 805044 7 Spearman 0 095572 0 346699 8 Pearson 0 06291 0 695959 8 Spearman 0 10674 0 506532 9 Pearson 0 07319 0 581701 9 Spearman 0 03005 0 821268 10 Pearson 0 013945 0 905481 10 Spearman 0 00479 0 967491 NCEMBT 080201 EEIE APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q56 Results for understandable and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL Cor 1 Pearson 0 379225 0 354183 1 Spearman 0 168763 0 689526 2 Pearson 0 60434 0 150628 2 Spearman 0 81264 0 026310 3 Pearson 0 1 3 Spearman 0 037796 0 897927 4 Pearson 0 41578 0 096936 4 Spearman 0 40508 0 106741 5 Pearson 0 04717 0 839102 5 Spearman 0 21733 0 343984 6 Pearson 0 14229 0 345511 6 Spearman 0 24097 0 106694 7 Pearson 0 00327 0 974399 7 Spearman 0 00417 0 967321 8 Pearson 0 02082 0 897194 8 Spearman 0 04492 0 780323 9 Pearson 0 085347 0 520410 9 Spearman 0 134542 0 309653 10 Pearson 0 121672 0 298396 10 Spearman 0 110687 0 344460 KICS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q18 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM PIPED IN Music OR MASKING SOUNDS IN MY WORK AREA SndTelHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivi
44. 2002b Ellringer et al 2000 Hodgson and Scott 1999 Storage of samples for up to 25 days at refrigeration or room temperature has been shown not to affect the results Macher 2001a and 2001b but other researchers recommend storage at lt 20 C Koch et al 2002 Surveys comparing mold damaged buildings and reference buildings have been conducted elsewhere Hyvarinen et al 2001b but few studies have been conducted in the United States comparing buildings with varying characteristics Su et al 1992 and a database of non problem office buildings is not currently available These data would be valuable to assist in comparing office building across the United States and in the establishment of threshold limit values for exposure to biocontaminants ACGIH 1999 NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 3 SOUND Previous research found that sound is a major factor in occupant perception of the quality of their indoor environment Beranek 1956 investigated occupant perception of their indoor environment and found that occupant perception of sound was primarily a function of sound level Subsequent studies by other researchers determined that occupant perception was also a function of the frequency composition of the sound Blazier 1981a 1981b 1995 and 1997 Boner 1994 Hanna 2002 conducted a study in Glasgow Scotland measuring over a typical workday the sound equivalent energy levels Leq of L10 and L90 values the level exceeded 1
45. 3 1 digit of value displayed at 20 C 68 F within operating temperature humidity range Konica Minolta standard or user selected standard switchable Set by numerical input Range 0 001 to 9 999 1 set by measurement or numerical input Luminance luminance ratio peak luminance or peak luminance ratio External 4 digit LCD with additional indications Viewfinder 4 digit LCD with LED backlight RS 232C Baud rate 4 800bps Measurement process can be started by external device connected to data output terminal One 9V battery Power can also be supplied by optional Data Printer DP 10 While measuring button is pressed and viewfinder display is lit 16mA average While power is on and viewfinder display is not lit 6mA average 0 to 40 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS Storage 20 to 55 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation temperature humidity range 79 x 208 x 150mm 3 1 8 x 8 3 16 x 5 7 8 in Weight 850g 30 oz without battery Standard accessories Lens cap Eyepiece cap ND eyepiece filter 9V battery Case Names and Functions of Parts This section is limited to discussion of the parts used for this task The following are features of the meter Figure J2 1 Distance scale 2 Measuring trigger This feature collects a measurement when the trigger is pulled in and measurements are continuously made while trigger is held in
46. 417786 0 409782 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 27735 0 821088 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 1 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 18898 0 878962 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 1 Table Q100 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 2 PVariable type Cor pvalue OOOO SndAirHear Pearson 0 807769 0 027974 SndAirHear Spearman 0 563104 0 188095 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 755929 0 454371 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 866025 0 333333 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 5 0 666667 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 5 0 666667 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndAirDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndAirDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndAirDistrFor Spearman n a n a KELE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q101 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 3 P Variable Type Conve O SndAirHear Pearson 0 30211 0 293823 SndAirHear Spearman 0 007293 0 980259 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 26265 0 409510 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 1824 0 570446 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 13443 0 677014 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 137335 0 670384 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 210042 0 734546 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 1 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 722222 0 168229 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 740436 0 152413 Table Q102 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear So
47. 5 66 5 67 0 68 2 64 7 65 6 65 3 64 2 64 9 61 4 62 8 63 1 59 0 62 0 62 6 58 6 20 7 22 8 24 5 19 8 21 7 23 9 19 2 21 0 23 4 18 6 20 1 22 7 NCEMBT 080201 Table Q123 Cumulative probability sound level by building Building ID ESRA 62 1 57 0 61 0 55 7 52 0 53 5 53 0 489 503 49 9 45 7 47 6 45 7 404 45 1 44 2 382 44 1 408 355 42 6 39 7 345 42 2 68 5 67 9 67 4 66 7 64 5 65 3 66 0 63 7 64 7 65 0 629 623 628 612 588 619 60 1 57 6 60 3 57 1 56 0 59 6 55 8 55 4 23 6 29 5 22 5 22 0 27 7 204 21 3 261 187 20 1 244 167 i es ce 62 5 58 7 61 0 54 8 53 7 57 1 52 7 51 3 54 9 51 2 48 4 53 1 47 5 42 9 50 8 46 3 40 1 49 7 44 2 36 9 48 3 43 2 34 3 47 8 72 1 69 9 68 3 69 9 67 7 66 0 68 4 66 8 65 2 67 0 64 9 64 1 63 8 57 7 61 8 63 3 55 9 60 9 62 3 51 3 59 0 62 0 40 4 58 3 22 3 29 7 16 0 21 3 27 4 14 1 20 6 25 7 13 4 19 6 22 7 12 5 58 2 54 2 52 6 51 3 48 8 47 3 44 9 43 7 68 4 67 5 66 9 66 1 61 3 59 3 56 5 55 5 20 5 18 4 17 3 16 1 L_50_dBC_dBA L_33_dBC_dBA L_10_dBC_dBA L_5_dBC_dBA L_99_NCMax L_95_NCMax L_90_NCMax L_80_NCMax L_50_NCMax L_33_NCMax L_10_NCMax L_5_NCMax L_99_RC L_95_RC L_90_RC L_80_RC L_50_RC L_33_RC L_10_RC L_5_RC L_99_SIL L_95_SIL L_90_SIL L_80_SIL L_50_SIL L_33_SIL L_10_SIL L_5_SIL 16 9 16 3 12 5 9 6 59 0 53 6 49 6 46 3 44 6 41 8 39 8 39 4 57 4 52 6 48 2 42 4 39 1 38 0 34 2 33 1 55 2 50 3 46 1 40 2 36 7 35 5 31 5 30 3 17 6 16 3 12 7 10 3
48. 5 Pearson 0 104163 0 653192 5 Spearman 0 099449 0 668001 6 Pearson 0 18179 0 226610 6 Spearman 0 19589 0 192001 7 Pearson 0 16368 0 105484 7 Spearman 0 18448 8 Pearson 0 142476 0 374204 8 Spearman 0 165128 0 302195 9 Pearson 0 13568 0 305546 9 Spearman 0 04655 0 726243 10 Pearson 0 05682 0 628261 10 Spearman 0 05186 0 658582 KETE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q26 Results for intermittent unpredictable and L_95 minus L_50 for dBA TS cor Pearson 0 093056 0 826524 Spearman 0 255146 0 541958 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 094299 0 748473 3 Spearman 0 01972 0 946651 4 Pearson 0 23703 0 359665 4 Spearman 0 17186 0 509531 5 Pearson 0 19470 0 397699 5 Spearman 0 13229 0 567580 6 Pearson 0 050315 0 739833 6 Spearman 0 05076 0 737611 7 Pearson 0 185226 0 066434 7 Spearman 0 188806 0 061264 8 Pearson 0 087062 0 588328 8 Spearman 0 071611 0 656374 9 Pearson 0 12925 0 329233 9 Spearman 0 16443 0 213334 10 Pearson 0 003346 0 977269 10 Spearman 0 00577 0 960797 Table Q27 Results for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA Pte Con Pearson 0 51396 0 192587 Spearman 0 59534 0 119450 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 09045 0 758460 3 Spearman 0 11007 0 707967 4 Pearson 0 18729 0 471648 4 Spearman 0 17186 0 509531 5 Pearson 0 20949 0 362086 5 Spearman 0 28347 0 213047 6 Pearson 0 04449 0 769054 6 Spearman 0 06967 0 645469 7 Pear
49. 51 50 Lx 30 40 50 55 50 48 38 30 In this case an NC of 52 is the highest permissible row as the 500Hz level of 55 becomes the first value that would exceed Lyer value at NC 51 Once the appropriate row of the table is determined a value for each frequency in the sample is determined as NC 10 Cottfieg Lx Lren Where NC is the lowest NC selected in the prior paragraph Corrfeq is the Correction for the selected frequency taken from the table L is the measured level for the frequency and L e is the value shown in the table for the NC and the frequency 63Hz 52 10 7 30 73 4 10 00 125Hz 52 10 8 40 65 6 20 00 NCEMBT 080201 167 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS 250Hz 52 10 8 50 59 6 40 00 500Hz 52 10 9 55 55 8 51 11 1000Hz 52 10 10 50 53 49 00 2000Hz 52 10 10 48 51 49 00 4000Hz 52 10 10 38 50 40 00 8000Hz 52 10 10 30 49 33 00 These NC values are shown as kx 30 40 50 55 50 48 38 30 NC value 10 00 20 00 40 00 51 11 49 00 49 00 40 00 33 00 The highest calculated NC value is 51 44 which will be stored in the NCMax field and the frequency 500 will be stored in the NCFreq field In the event of a tie any frequency having the highest value can be saved as the NCFreq 15 3 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria Rumble The Balanced Noise Criteria BNC is used to analyze for rumble and hiss Both criteria use a standard tabl
50. 56 9 51 8 49 7 46 5 43 3 40 8 38 9 38 3 54 4 50 4 48 3 45 0 42 1 37 7 34 5 33 8 52 5 48 4 46 1 42 8 39 7 35 3 32 2 31 5 19 5 18 3 15 4 13 6 50 2 45 5 44 6 43 6 39 8 36 9 34 7 33 8 47 8 42 6 40 8 39 1 36 6 35 3 31 6 29 3 45 7 40 1 38 3 36 6 34 0 32 8 29 3 27 1 17 1 15 3 10 6 8 5 59 1 52 0 49 0 46 0 40 0 38 4 34 3 33 0 56 7 50 0 47 3 44 3 39 6 37 8 33 1 31 7 54 3 47 7 45 0 42 1 37 3 35 3 30 6 29 0 20 1 16 8 12 1 10 0 53 3 48 2 44 4 40 5 34 6 31 5 27 8 26 5 51 4 46 4 43 2 39 8 34 4 31 7 27 4 25 8 49 8 44 5 41 4 38 1 32 5 29 9 25 9 24 2 13 3 12 2 9 0 7 0 58 2 49 5 45 9 44 3 40 3 38 9 36 0 35 6 54 8 47 6 44 3 41 1 37 3 36 2 34 8 33 9 52 8 45 2 41 9 38 8 34 9 33 9 32 1 31 2 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA 16 8 15 2 11 8 10 4 58 4 50 7 48 4 46 8 42 0 40 4 37 7 36 4 56 9 49 3 47 2 45 7 40 5 39 2 36 3 35 4 55 6 46 7 44 8 43 4 38 5 37 1 34 3 33 3 13 7 11 0 10 0 10 1 3 7 7 4 3 5 6 0 55 0 57 7 49 5 52 9 46 8 50 6 43 3 48 6 37 0 46 6 33 4 44 7 29 9 43 7 27 2 43 3 53 3 55 6 48 4 51 7 45 9 49 4 42 9 47 2 36 9 44 3 33 6 43 0 29 5 41 1 27 2 40 4 51 3 53 3 46 5 49 3 44 1 47 1 41 3 44 9 35 5 41 6 32 1 40 2 28 0 38 0 25 7 37 2 NCEMBT 080201 12 9 11 2 8 1 6 6 54 2 49 8 48 2 46 8 43 4 41 6 39 0 37 6 52 8 49 0 47 5 46 1 43 5 42 0 39 4 38 0 50 7 47 0 45 6 44 2 41
51. 694534 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 24456 0 249424 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 062249 0 772615 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 031035 0 885536 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 47319 0 087462 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 29736 0 301849 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 17292 0 554405 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 08886 0 762584 Table Q91 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 7 Pi pvalue O O U U O SndMechHear Pearson 0 26055 0 009196 SndMechHear Spearman 0 232596 0 020516 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 124122 0 411159 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 034143 0 821774 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 199669 0 178432 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 111256 0 456566 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 11714 0 603666 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 18956 0 398169 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 2476 0 266582 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 165579 0 461484 Table Q92 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 8 Variable Type Con o o value SndMechHear Pearson 0 19222 0 228590 SndMechHear Spearman 0 20602 0 196266 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 057599 0 892241 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 1 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 15785 0 708913 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 42524 0 293576 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 927019 0 244724 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 1 0 SndMechDistrFor
52. 7 40 2 37 6 36 3 APPENDIX R DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS APPENDIX R DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS Table R1 Descriptions of Ten Office Buildings and Lighting Systems Building Office Ambient Lighting Task Task Lighting LEED IB pap Mounting Light Source ae Type Light Source carine Height m 1 Cubicles Direct 2 63 and T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 17 32w 3 04 3375K CRI75 integrated 3184K CRI81 2 Cubicles Direct 3 06 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 andT12 No 3210K CRI75 integrated 17 32w 3148K CRI85 3 Cubicles Direct 2 55 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 17 25w No 3207K CRI76 integrated 3288K CRI82 4 Cubicles Direct 2 73 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 and CFL No 3195K CRI83 integrated 32w 3166K CRI83 5 Cubicles Direct 3 00 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 25w No 3639K CRI83 integrated 2718K CRI84 6 Cubicles Direct 2 70 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T12 16w Gold indirect 3751K CRI86 integrated 4153K CRI67 7 Cubicles Direct 2 64 T8 4ft 32w Furniture T8 32w No 3840K CRI85 integrated 3655K CRI82 8 Cubicles Direct 2 44 T8 4ft 32 w No task units for T8 32w Silver and open indirect 3175K CRI85 open office setup 3913K CRI63 office and furniture integrated units for cubicles 9 Open Direct 2 54 T8 4f 32w Furniture mounted CFL 13w Platinum office indirect 3834K CRI85 height and position 4113K CRI79 adjustable units 10 Open Direct 2 88 T8 4f 32w No task lighting No task lighting Certified office indi
53. 7 ceiling wall and or floor air supply or return air diffusers This hypothesis is based on the 2005 ASHRAE Applications Handbook and collective knowledge of the investigators NCEMBT 080201 21 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES Sound Hypothesis 5 Sound in the work area that comes from outside the building can annoy or distract occupants Annoying or distracting sound from outside the building can come from various sources collective knowledge of the investigators Sound Hypothesis 6 Annoyance or distraction from outside sound can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature on off cycle of the sound time variations in the sound intensity or irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated w
54. ASHRAE standard 55 whose different versions were used Chan deDear Stephen 1998 deDear et al 1994 deDear 1999 Demokritou et al 2002 Donnini et al 1999 Jitkhajornwanich et al 1998 Schiller et al 1988 Tham and Ullah 1993 Wang et al 2003 1 2 AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD In the 1980s and early 1990s most of indoor air quality research focused on measuring and implicating chemical contaminants e g formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds sources from building materials and furnishings in occupied spaces e g new carpeting construction plywood asbestos and general air quality parameters e g carbon dioxide levels total volatile organic compounds environmental tobacco smoke Batterman and Ping 1995 Gold 1992 Main and Hogan 1983 Ninety five percent of problems were associated with inadequate ventilation entrainment of outdoor contaminants or building furnishings Seitz 1989 However it is increasingly evident that microorganisms in the indoor environment especially fungi have a significant role in causing human health disorders and resultant disability as well as contributing to unacceptable air quality in the workplace Flannigan and Morey 1996 Yang and Johanning 1997 It has been reported that 35 50 of indoor air quality complaints are probably microbial in origin Lewis 1995 and fungal contamination was found in 12 of buildings investigated in Minnesota during a six year period Ellringer et al
55. All of the time All of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely About 15 minutes About 15 minutes One tone dominates the sound Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Never Never Never About 30 minutes or more About 30 minutes or more The sound or conversation is understandable Never Never Never adversely affected When I hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When I hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When I hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my
56. Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 PAPAE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS d o 6 l a 5 5 We O 4 3 o amp B Dd al ald 9al ald 515S E SC ESSE 255 5 SE Ps vlogi glz Ss Sg 3 z sz alol g 3l Salle lt Siale aTa S a Egea Oo o0 29 o 8 0 2 o G8 0 2 GIS E 2il ale 25l SE 519015 51905 51010 lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N67 Building 10 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotiys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 7 o 6 aa oa 5 5 iL 9 3 oO i O uv gt G i 5 10 oo 2S 5 6 oo 2 5 o oO olv gt 19 oF O 53 D GD E ol gt 5 Oo OE B FLSsl E SB P Loa El B PLSS E a Sele lala 9z l lt a z S lt S lt S 1 2 3 Day Figure N68 Building 1 Concentrations of
57. BECS Online Data Entry Module Version 3 18 05 General Lighting Resorts Gata an J Buding List Location Survey Set Ruding Location Details Microbial Data entry J Anderson Culturable A Burkard Hon Viable 0 Dust Culturatile V Tamteaance Orgamsm List torn ven sent 9 o a aoar E ory turier E Contaci mevonet j E Contine Catabace EN contretPanet O 2 a E De1pm NCEMBT 080201 185 Append IX J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 7 Click on Location Survey Set button under the Lighting Section A Lighting Data Location window props up to ask you to Enter Minor Location ID for Light Measurement Data Set shown as below 10 After entering the Minor Location ID which you may get from the database administrator you will get the following screen 1m Dror Spree soon Benuesnr f Dcoarey 0 DR costae EF convetranct IK GEE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 12 13 Enter the required information and then click Maintain Data Sets bar at the bottom of the screen Then you enter the following screen Input the information as recorded in the lighting field survey form The above screen is an example from one of the building monitoring events NCEMBT 080201 187 APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE K1 ROOM DESCRIPTIONS Table K1 Template used to list the general characteristics of each location zone in wh
58. CO was measured using a Bacharach sensor placed outdoors away from an entrance but under an overhang to protect it from the weather Indoor and outdoor CO was collected during the same time periods that thermal comfort was collected indoors Summary of the protocols for the HOBO and the Bacharach instrumentation used in the office buildings are listed in Appendix F However the BACHARACH meter failed during initial data collection Prior to the failure the data were questionable compared to HOBO CO meters so the BACHARACH was no longer utilized Instead one IAQRAE see VOC section below was used to measure outdoor CO concentrations The HOBOs attached to each thermal comfort station were used to measure indoor CO concentrations in each indoor location The indoor to outdoor CO differential concentration was then calculated for each location by deducting outdoor CO concentration from the indoor CO concentration at each station 3 2 3 VOCs Air samples for VOCs were collected for a discrete time period at the same six indoor locations as the airborne culturable and total fungal spore samples using the RAE Systems IAQRAE 042 1211 012 with Calibration kit according to the manufacturer s protocol Summary of the protocol used is listed in Appendix G 3 3 AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD Measurements of airborne and surface associated mold were determined using commercially available instrumentation routinely used in the field Butt
59. Chatigny M A J M Macher H A Burge and W R Solomon 1989 Sampling airborne microorganisms and aeroallergens In Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants 7th edition ed S V Hering 199 220 Cincinnati OH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Chiang C M and C M Lai 2002 A study on the comprehensive indicator of indoor environment assessment for occupants health in Taiwan Building and Environment 37 4 387 392 Collins B L W S Fisher G Gillette and R W Marans 1989 Evaluating office lighting environments Second level analysis NISTIR 89 4069 Gaithersburg MD National Institute of Standard and Technology 1990 Second Level Post occupancy Evaluation Analysis Journal the Illuminating Engineering Society 19 2 21 44 Cruz Perez P M P Buttner and L D Stetzenbach 200la Specific detection of Stachybotrys chartarum in pure culture using quantitative polymerase chain reaction Mol Cellular Probes 15 129 138 2001b Detection and quantitation of Aspergillus fumigatus in pure culture using polymerase chain reaction Mol Cellular Probes 15 81 88 DeDear R J M E Fountain and K Cena 1994 Field Experiments on Occupant Comfort and Office Thermal Environments in a Hot Humid Climate ASHRAE Transactions 100 2 457 474 DeDear R J 1999 Field Study of Occupant Comfort and Office Thermal Environments in a hot arid Climate ASHRAE Transact
60. Hospitals health care facilities schools non university prisons casino hotels museums theatres other primarily public facilities any mixed residential usage Multiple employers gt 3 If the city is a state capital there is a higher likelihood of recruiting state government buildings In some cases it may be necessary to extend buildings to 2 cities within a region This ensures buildings will have a modern construction and ventilation system no asbestos and relatively modern furnishings A range of 15 years is sufficient to stratify into three 5 year categories for analysis of age as a confounding variable on various outcomes The building may have additions or remodeling after initial construction date The exclusion criteria are designed to avoid uncontrollable confounding variables inherent to the building function as opposed to structure operation Subsequent studies may incorporate some of the excluded list with more specific protocols The mix of government vs private will not be fixed but ideally no more than 33 50 government A manufacturing facility can be attached but not directly connected to the same ventilation system Logistical constraints of recruitment Multiple floors preferred so that floors can be randomly selected for testing APPENDIX B BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA Number of occupants Time in building Information Ventilation gt 75 full time occupants gt 75 of
61. I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 8 P Variable Type Con value SndMusHear Pears 0 26169 0 098385 SndMusHear Spear 0 046734 0 771702 SndMusAnnoy Pears 0 50385 0 248942 SndMusAnnoy Spear 0 38464 0 394229 SndMusDistrWithin Pears 0 23533 0 653525 SndMusDistWithin Spear 0 098374 0 852915 SndMusDistrFor Pears 0 67438 0 141783 SndMusDistrFor Spear 0 76667 753 SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd NCEMBT 080201 SEYA APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q65 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 9 Type Con SndMusHear Pears 0 011108 0 933453 SndMusHear Spear 0 08568 0 518756 SndMusAnnoy Pears 0 365502 0 015945 SndMusAnnoy Spear 0 274030 ll SndMusDistrWithin Pears 0 048341 0 826622 SndMusDistrWithin Spear 0 150775 0 492267 SndMusDistrFor Pears 0 186063 0 395312 SndMusDistrFor Spear 0 00295 0 989358 SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd Table Q66 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area of Building 10 SndMusHear Pears 0 04476 0 702948 SndMusHear Spear 0 10085 0 389269 SndMusAnnoy Pears 0 09413 0 771059 SndMusAnnoy Spear 0 2514 0 430578 SndMusDistrWithin Pears 0 07266 0 852634 SndMusDistrWithin S
62. IESNA standard recommends 10 76 W m 1 0 W ft for office spaces Building 9 had very low LPD only 6 89 W m 0 64 W ft because this building uses a great deal of daylight Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA was used to analyze whether different buildings had statistically different lighting measurements The building was the independent variable with ten levels Buildings 1 to 10 The six key measurements including illuminance at work surface luminance at walls or partitions luminance at floor luminance at ceilings between luminaires luminance at brightest ceilings luminance at brightest light sources were used as dependent variables Multivariate tests show that the buildings had significantly different lighting measurements F 54 1020 9 411 p lt 0 001 Univariate testing for the six dependent variables showed that all these dependent variables are significantly different all p lt 0 001 The same MANOVA analysis was performed for buildings with direct lighting systems Buildings 1 5 and 7 The results show that the buildings had significantly different lighting measurements F 30 505 3 713 p lt 0 001 although they all use direct systems Univariate testing for the six dependent variables showed that all these dependent variables are significantly different all p lt 0 05 The analysis was also performed for buildings with direct indirect lighting systems Buildings 6 8 9 and 10 The results showe
63. It was designed to be a stand alone document for field team members who have some familiarity with sound testing and instruments knowledge of the instruments The manufacturer supplied user guides are used for in depth knowledge of the equipment and for troubleshooting equipment problems Sound measurements were made at two locations in each of six zones in the tested building The intent was to have one microphone in a typical location in an area of normal activity and the second microphone in a location away from normal activities where sound levels may be typical of the background sound in study area In practice this was not practical because those two locations if they existed were often too far apart to safely run connecting microphone cables safely In some cases there was no location away from normal activity that was accessible Therefore for all cases the microphones were positioned such that one was co located with the monitoring stand The other was positioned as far away as possible consistent with safety and not interfering with normal work at the location In nearly all cases the close microphone was located in a cubicle with the comfort station The second microphone could be at a different area of the same cubicle in the neighboring cubicle or in the hallway near that cubicle This arrangement is shown in Figure 12 In a few cases the first microphone and the monitoring stand were in a hallway or common area That alternate arra
64. K and most respondents had neutral opinions or did not know how to answer this question NCEMBT 080201 75 5 CONCLUSIONS 5 CONCLUSIONS 5 1 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS Access to office buildings was problematic Therefore the geographic and climate diversity of the monitored buildings was compressed Details of the building characteristics are listed in Appendix T The true value of the data in this study will increase as additional building measurements are added to the database Placement of monitoring instrumentation required space in work areas without disruption of the work activities of the space Every effort was made to be the least disruptive as possible as still gather reliable data representative of the building Figure 12 depicts the standard set up of the static instrumentation IEQ and sound Lighting and mold measurements were made with additional instrumentation by a member of the research time visiting the area Figure 12 Standard setup of the static IEQ and sound instrumentation 5 2 THERMAL COMFORT INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Temperature was perceived as acceptable by a majority of respondents in all buildings Figures 1 10 There is limited inter zone variability in the perception of thermal comfort Temperature fluctuation between AM and PM was not problematic in the population of buildings studied In most buildings where occupants can adjust the temperature themselves via thermostat lt 10 did so in resp
65. Never All over my body Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never All over my body Never is adversely affected Humidity On average over the past 4 weeks would rate the humidity dryness of the air in my work area as acceptable In general I m most comfortable when the air in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the air in my work area fluctuates between humid and dry i e goes from humid to dry and or from dry to humid Throughout the mornings the air in my work area is usually Throughout the afternoons the air in my work area is usually The air in my work area is too dry during my work day for at least some part of the work day When the air in my work area is too dry during my work day use a personal humidifier When the air in my work area is too dry adjust the thermostat When the air in my work area is too dry use a moisturizer cream or lotion on my skin When the air in my work area is too dry put lubricant drops in my eyes When the air in my work area is too dry report it to management or facilities personnel When the air in my work area is too dry open or close a door When the air in my work area is too dry temporarily leave my work area to go to amore comfortable area When the air in my work area feels too dry my productivity is adversely affected The air in my work area is too humid during my work day f
66. Never Never work area am annoyed distracted When I hear sound s from air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When I hear sound s from air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When I hear sound s from air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because When hear sound coming from air supply and or return air diffusers it seems to come mainly from When hear sound coming from air supply and or return air diffusers the predominant distinguishing characteristic that notice is a When hear sound coming from air supply and or return air diffusers some or all of it sounds like mechanical equipment When hear sound coming from air supply and or return air diffusers some or all of it sounds like voices hear sound s from sounds or noises created by building occupants music cell phones body sounds in my work area When hear sound s from sounds or noises created by building occupants
67. PMV None The PMV is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of personson ISO the following 7 point thermal sensation scale 7730 1994 3 hot 2 warm 1 slightly warm 0 neutral 1 slightly cold 2 cool 3 cold Global comfort The PMV index is derived for steady state conditions but can be applied with good approximation during minor fluctuations of one or more of the variables provided that time weighted averages are applied Measure the following environmental parameters e air temperature e mean radiant temperature e relative air velocity e partial water vapour pressure or relative humidity In homogeneous environments these parameters should be measured at the abdomen level only In heterogeneous environments they should be calculated as the average of the measured values at the head abdomen and ankle levels Estimate the following personal parameters e activity metabolic rate e clothing thermal resistance Determine the PMV index either from the equation given in ISO 7730 which may be solved by iteration or using tables given in ISO 7730 Calculating equations are the following PMV 0 303 e 0 028 M M 3 05x 10x 5 733 6 99 M W p1 0 42 x M W 58 15 1 7 x 10 5 867 p 0 001 4M 34 3 96 x 10 x 4 273 4 273 f A fy 4 where IKIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS ty 95 7 0
68. RESULTS Responses Never Occasionall Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P79 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building affects productivity Responses Long Brief Building ID 9 10 Figure P80 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how quickly brief or long period hearing sounds from the air conditioning system is disturbing NCEMBT 080201 EXX APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses ai O x A few seconds 7 Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID Figure P81 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building is disturbing Responses Brief Long Building ID 9 10 Figure P82 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the length brief or long period that the disturbance lasted following hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building KELES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses A few seconds Y Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID 10 Figure P83 Specific responses on the occupant perception
69. Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 9 Ptype con pvalue SndAirHear Pearson 0 13724 0 299945 SndAirHear Spearman 0 25039 0 055787 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 36490 0 094962 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 10430 0 644148 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 15603 0 488064 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 1 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 40080 0 221864 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 43781 0 178062 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 113938 0 753971 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 167162 0 644381 Table Q108 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 10 l pwale O SndAirHear Pearson 0 11287 0 334990 SndAirHear Spearman 0 13795 0 237907 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 011175 0 926847 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 03200 0 792589 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 017889 0 883140 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 017696 0 884396 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 077735 0 615985 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 142590 0 355832 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 494135 0 000652 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 491961 0 000694 NCEMBT 080201 HERE APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q25 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE AIR DIFFUSER AIR SUPPLY SOUND DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight sig
70. SHIFT MODE Set SHIFT to SHIFT Set ST SP to Normal Only use CLEAR SETUP to reset the setup Set RMS INTEGRATION to LINEAR For REFERENCE LEVEL set SOUND to 20micro Pa Set VIBRATION UNITS to METRIC This does not affect the data Set WARNINGS to RES NOT SAVE Set VECTOR DEF to1 00 for all This does not affect sound data The default settings for HAV WBV DOSE are fine They do not affect sound data The last item is AUX FUNCTIONS The default settings are fine These settings do not affect sound data Before exiting the setup menu enter the TIMER settings last again if already entered previously Hit ESC to get out of the menu and into the test ready mode You can always check any settings by reentering the menu mode and selecting the item of interest Once out of the menu mode the SLM returns to whatever display was last up when you entered the menu mode Because all files and buffers have been cleared the displays should be blank The display selection can be changed with the UP or DOWN keys The channel display should show battery status time CH 4 or CH 1 SPL dB FAST You can change the displayed channel by holding SHIFT and pressing the UP or DOWN keys NCEMBT 080201 163 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS Pressing the LEFT or RIGHT keys will change the type of value shown SEL Ld Ltm3 Ltm5 L01 PEAK MAX MIN If SPECTRUM was checked in DISPLAY MODES you can click through plots of each channel with th
71. Sisjolsg QiSS SEES SQ SIS SEES Sle SSIS El ESS a2 E 5 8 9 0 s a S E 5 8 8 s a S e 5 8 eile aalo 8 a nalo aSa xlo n ola gt e lt aolo ols allo l ols D aloalo lols Oo wo O olu wl o amp w O o ciels olc Ole l olc gis la 5080 F 5 0 S 0 510S 0 IF zi 9 z l9 z O 1 2 3 Day Figure N39 Building 3 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified Zea baal D3 0 5 K oz 2 1 o 0 SIEIEIE 2 8 S EVES E 2 S EEE vs e slslZifelisiziclslslaifeisizi izisscieisis SISIES OI PIO CS SESS PMOle SSlES lO GOle Stalo aae x a 5 8219 x a 582 x gt D2 Cc o gt 2 Cc gt lo D2 lt x Kajfa cE Ec Q Q O 5 gt 12 o ol Tago 5 D 9 E9 gE 9e Gg E 920a 5 ov 3 O M 5 ov lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N40 Building 4 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not C adosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaet
72. Spearman n a n a GPE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q26 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION OF PRIVACY SndPrivLevel with follow on questions concerning privacy to have a conversation SndPrivConv with follow on questions concerning postponing a conversation until later SndPrivConvLater leaving the are to gain privacy SndPrivConvLeave and having privacy to have a telephone conversation SndPrivTel postponing a telephone conversation until later SndPrivTelLater and leaving the are to gain privacy for a telephone conversation SndPrivTelLeave Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q113 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 1 ype Con pve SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 328148 0 427464 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 175014 0 678489 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 16535 0 723120 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 37507 0 407088 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 212542 0 647272 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 233021 0 615064 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 41828 0 350358 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 12502 0 789409 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 16535 0 723120 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 37507 0 407088 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 13976 0 765054 Sn
73. Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if they left the area when there was a noticeable odor in their building P T E NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results 100 e o 90 D 80 onn 70 j 60 Responses a oO x Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 7 All of the time Figure M89 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor in their building it affected their work NCEMBT 080201 P X APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS n 2 Q E _ o amp gwig Hum E ager f ate mium stachybotrys Building Figure N1 Percentage of samples in which selected fungal genera were isolated using the Andersen sampler reported as the percent of samples by building and the percent of samples for all 10 buildings total of samples Bldg ID Figure N2 Percentage of samples in which selected fungal genera were observed using the Burkard sampler reported as the percent of samples by building and the percent of samples for all 10 buildings total POUES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS Samples 4 Non cuulturable Culturable Building ID Figure N3 Th
74. TE a E E E 58 ADA SOUNG RESUS eraa a aaa EA AAA a aa EEEa ueascvonsaicanasss 58 4 5 2 Sound Hypotheses Results sii in nian ea aR ee anamanna anaana 58 e ET a O A A A A N EE E E ET 69 AG Lighting amnre A wenn eee 69 4 6 1 Lighting System RESUlts si ciscccsdesiscestseieacstastineddeiviasdesiaeti siiianiarieavisiiaddaxiienistadiineia Annana nna 69 4 6 2 Lighting Measurement ReSUItS cccccsscsseceseeseeeseeeseeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneseneseneeenesenesenesenesenessneseesnesenesenaseas 70 4 6 3 Lighting Hypotheses Results ccssccsscssecsseesecseeeseeeseeeneeeneeeneeenaseneeeneeeneeeneseasenessneesnessnaenesnesenasenastas 74 5 CONCLUSIONS vaicsccschetueseshadicvscbaevstesbedisnnsisdcncestudnebeeceacesdevhsdenaacsadsedasnecsbisarecedhciiesisasncnueVindestasd cai sdevbadbennainseany 76 5 1 Building Characteristics iisciviscisscisccvssevsscvsactsccvvdevvaccvectsccvscevsscevecssacvvacvvactvacesscvuccviacivyavustvatvvarsvacdvateuanvvants 76 5 2 Thermal Comfort Indoor Environmental Quality csccssscesseesseesseessenseesaenseeeseensaessaessaeesaeesaensaenensensaens 76 5 3 Airborne And Surface Associated Mold ssssessssesussssunnnnununnununnunununnununnununnununnnnununnununnununnnnunnanunanunnanunnnnnnnna 77 a a E hedceneee uate caveeeds tad 77 5 5 Lighting nann anA peas aiel aah aa a Aai 79 5 6 Lessons Leanned aiian a aeaa aa ea erie dears EE EN N 80 O REFERENCES iin a a a r a E atts 82 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED
75. The questionnaire was to be completed by the occupants on the day of monitoring by the UNLV survey team The questionnaire was computer administered to a subset of all the occupants in the work area where measurements were collected The questions were designed to obtain sufficient data to verify or refute their underlying hypotheses The questionnaire was converted to a digitized format by Verdi Technology Associates The final Word version of the questionnaire is listed in Appendix U Eleven hypotheses were posed to answer questions about the ability of the engineering data to predict the responses of building occupants regarding thermal comfort The hypotheses rely on the ASHRAE Standard 55 2004 to define parameters for thermal comfort IEQ Hypothesis 1 280 of occupants in a building will be thermally comfortable if temperatures are 27 C T 24 C summer and 24 5 C gt T gt 20 C winter and 0 012 kg W 0 0032kg of water kg of dry air As defined by ASHRAE Standard 55 2004 the operative temperature T is measured and absolute humidity W is calculated from the measured relative humidity and other parameters According to the comfort conditions provided by ASHRAE Standard 55 2004 there is a box on the psychometric chart ASHRAE 55 2004 figure 5 2 1 1 p 5 that is applicable for summer and 16 NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES winter comfort conditions This hypothesis addresses valu
76. Unknown Other Unknown Unknown Aspergillus Unknown Aspergillus Other Cladosporium Cladosporium 5 6 7 Location oO an ine w A Figure N16 Building 10 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 247 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS spores m3 Log10 O NW HOOD Cladosporium o Other Cladosporium o Other E Cladosporium oo Other L Unknown O Other E Cladosporium E mN Unknown EJ Other E Cladosporium 2ao Other Hoa Unknown Eq Other LJ Unknown EJ Unknown EJ Cladosporium o Other Cladosporium 4 N 3 4 5 6 Location oO M Figure N17 Building 1 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergillus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the mo
77. Very bright Very bright Very uniform even Very uniform even Strongly agree All of the time Sunlight or daylight from windows Somewhat satisfied Somewhat agree Most of the time Somewhat or slightly bright Most of the time Somewhat or slightly bright Somewhat or slightly bright Somewhat or slightly bright Somewhat or slightly bright Somewhat uniform even Somewhat uniform even Somewhat agree Most of the time Task light s on my desk or from adjacent areas Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Neither agree nor disagree Some of the time Neither too bright nor too dim Some of the time Neither too bright nor too dim Neither too bright nor too dim Neither too bright nor too dim Neither too bright nor too dim Neither uniform nor uneven Neither uniform nor uneven Neither agree nor disagree Some of the time Ceiling lights Somewhat Very dissatisfied dissatisfied Somewhat Strongly disagree disagree Occasionally Never Somewhator Very dim or slightly dim dark Rarely Never Somewhator Very dim or slightly dim dark Somewhator Very dim or slightly dim dark Somewhator Very dim or slightly dim dark Somewhator Very dim or slightly dim dark Somewhat Very uneven uneven Somewhat Very uneven uneven Somewhat Strongly disagree disagree Occasionally Never Ceilings NA NCEMBT 080201 431 There is reflected glare uncomfortably bright refle
78. a filename by move the Active cursor to the letter you wish to select using the Softkeys and finish the filename entering by press FINISHED The measurement is then stored in the Active Memory under the filename entered Retrieve the measurement data to a computer using LightSoft software J2 ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS For all of the illuminance measurements the surveyor should choose locations which are representative of the area not obviously brighter or darker than the surrounding area 1 AR LN Primary work surface far left divide the primary work surface into four approximately equal areas far left far right near left and near left respectively Choose a location near the center of each area whose illuminance is not obviously darker or brighter than the surrounding area which generally represents this area Primary work surface far right Primary work surface near left Primary work surface near right Primary work surface brightest Move the illuminance meter around on the primary surface to find the brightest spot If task lighting is used the brightest spot is generally the center of the task light beam To make the measurements more meaningful and to minimize the influence from partitions or other barrels all the measurements should be at least 3 inches from partitions or other barrels because they block light Primary work surface darkest Move the illuminance meter around on the primary surface to fin
79. air in their work area is too humid PALEE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M45 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they adjust the thermostat when the air in their work area is too humid Responses 7 lLof tin os fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M46 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they put on lighter clothing or remove clothing when the air in their work area is too humid NCEMBT 080201 SPANI Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M47 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when the air in their work area is too humid Responses Figure M48 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they mention to co workers when the air in their work area is too humid PAKES NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results ee i 3 N S L QQ Z 5 pe p Figure M49 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the air in their work area is too humid Responses Ay Allof O ome of t ccasiona ever Figure M50 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire
80. and A J Mohr 68 69 New York Chapman and Hall Lin X T A Reponen K Willeke S A Grinshpun K K Foarde and D S Ensor 1999 Long term sampling of airborne bacteria and fungi into a non evaporating liquid Atmos Environ 33 4291 4298 Macher J M 1999 Bioaerosols Assessment and control 12 1 12 8 Cincinnati American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 2001a Review of methods to collect settled dust and isolate culturable microorganisms Indoor Air 11 99 110 2001b Evaluation of a procedure to isolate culturable microorganisms from carpet dust Indoor Air 11 134 140 Macher J H A Burge D K Milton and P R Morey eds 1999 Assessment and Control of Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment Cincinnati OH American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists MacNeil L and K T Robertson 1995 Molecular techniques and their potential application in monitoring the microbiological quality of indoor air Can J Microbiol 41 657 665 NCEMBT 080201 87 6 REFERENCES Maggi O A M Persiani F Gallo P Valenti G Pasquariello M C Sclocchi and M Scorano 2000 Airborne fungal spores in dust present in archives proposal for a detection method new for archival materials Aerobiologia 16 429 434 Main D M and T J Hogan 1983 Health effects of low level exposure to formaldehyde J Occup Med 25 896 900 Martin R A C Federspiel and D Auslander 2002 Responding
81. are significantly different NCEMBT 080201 71 4 RESULTS From the above statistical analyses it was determined that the lighting measurements were not significantly different for different days for most of buildings with only one exception Building 3 A question in the perception questionnaire asked about the respondents attitudes toward brightness in office work areas I am most comfortable when the lighting in my work area is very bright somewhat or slightly bright neither bright nor dim somewhat or slight dim or very dim or dark Most lighting experts believe that people should be most comfortable when the lighting in the work area is neither bright nor dim Only 24 respondents however chose this answer Most respondents 69 liked very bright and somewhat or slightly bright lighting in their work area Seven percent respondents liked somewhat dim lighting This result is very important allowing correlation of brightness perception with psychological comfort Figure S5 a b provide the results of two questions regarding brightness on work surfaces and computer screen As can be seen most respondents thought that the lighting on their desk and computer screens was somewhat bright or neither bright nor dim These results correspond with the illuminance measurements which were 657 Lux on the work surface and 339 Lux on the computer screens Figure S6 shows the repondents answers on the uniformity of light distributio
82. area EEE ee sia due i Figure P41 Specific response on the occupant oe isan when asked how often they could hear sounds of music or masking while in their work area sonal i date Figure P42 Summary of occupant due to the hearing sou nge P equip ie eq lipment in the build Figure P56 Summary of occupants responses o0 period the iiia of sounds from equipment in the building i is sd Figure P57 Speci 1e occupant percep sounds from th NCEMBT 080201 Figure P58 Summary of occupants response son the perception vipa concerning how long brief or H period the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building is distracting TEIE nnau ee Figure P66 lt sounds in the buil i gi ff cts th pil Figure period Figure P68 Speci Figure P71 Specific responses on the isi lala AEN sked the location of hearing the sounds from mechanical equipment in the building javis l ific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire w sounds form the air conditioning system the building Figure P76 ponies of occup ts responses on the p Figure P77 Specific responses on the occu pani perception eia v K sounds from the air conditioning system in the building is annoyance distracting vem NCEMBT 080201 period h g Figure P81 ja Figure P83 Specific responses on the dii E e questionnaire when asked how long the disturbance lasted 7 so
83. as these are critical to a total quality of the indoor environment occupant satisfaction and they impact energy usage Protocols for documenting energy usage and building operational performance were also developed and selection criteria for buildings to participate in the study were integrated in the study design This study was tasked to provide data on the selected parameters across ten office buildings in the United States and to correlate those data with responses of building occupants to a computer based questionnaire focused on their perception of their indoor work environment Ten office buildings were selected based on building design and construction characteristics as determined by a series of screening questions answered by the buildings facilities department personnel This information included the physical characteristics of the building the age of the structure its geographical location and the type of mechanical air handling system Critical to building participation was concern expressed by building management owners that a costly response would be necessary to renovate or retrofit their building if poor IEQ or other parameters were evident during the monitoring Additionally there were concerns that the monitoring process itself would place undue hardships on the work flow of the offices in the building A computer based occupant perception questionnaire was developed to obtain information from the building occupants regarding t
84. bright nor too dim Collins et al 1989 1990 reported that the pattern of illuminances in the space rather than the illuminance on the task was a major determinant of lighting quality and satisfaction Collins et al 1990 also found that occupants satisfaction is related to the presence of daylight but not directly related to the illuminance on the work surface and that the pattern of luminances in the space is a more determinant factor to the lighting quality than the illuminance on the work surface Lighting Hypothesis 2 The lighting over 700 Lux on the work surface will be considered as very bright or somewhat bright and lower than 300 Lux may be considered as very dim or dark or somewhat dim or dark IESNA Lighting Handbook ASHARE IESNA 90 1 2001 and addendum ANSI ASHARE IESNA Standard 2003 and experience of researcher Lighting Hypothesis 3 Lower than 50 Lux of the lighting at computer screens will be considered as very dim or dark or somewhat dim or dark IESNA Lighting Handbook ASHARE IESNA 90 1 2001 addendum ANSI ASHARE IESNA Standard 2003 and experience of researcher Lighting Hypothesis 4 The uniformity of illuminance less 3 at work surfaces will be considered as uniform IESNA Lighting Handbook ASHARE IESNA 90 1 2001 addendum ANSI ASHARE IESNA Standard 2003 and experience of researcher Lighting Hypothesis 5 When there is too much glare on desk surfaces or workstations and or o
85. can also contribute to biocontamination in indoor environments Miller et al 2000 Catastrophic events e g floods strong winds and hurricanes earthquakes and fires also result in water damage to buildings and building systems Morey 1993 In the absence of construction defect and catastrophic events maintenance practices are important in minimizing microbial contamination Foarde et al 1997 Garrison et al 1993 Failures of caulking and joints and the lack of maintenance of drain pans and sump pumps can result in the proliferation of biocontaminants Miller et al 2000 Floor coverings can serve as sources and reservoirs of microbial contamination especially when poorly maintained Fungal contaminants accumulate in settled dust in flooring systems and may proliferate if adequate moisture is available Beguin and Nolard 1996 Hodgson and Scott 1999 Moisture requirements for colonization and growth of biocontaminants vary Some xerophilic fungi that grow under conditions of low availability of water are capable of growth at 60 75 relative humidity Pasansen et al 1991 Hyvarinen et al 2002a 2002b and 2002c while others are organized into groups based on their water activity availability of water requirements Grant et al 1989 Pasanen et al 1991 Penicillium a primary colonizer that proliferates with relatively low water activity Grant et al 1989 Pasanen et al 1991 was isolated in over 80 of bulk samples collect
86. close a WINdOW ccccecssecssceseceeeeeeeesceesseneeseeeeseesseenseenaeens 12 3 4 5 6 2 Open or close a door to the OUutside ccescesceseeeceeeeesseeseeteeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 3 Open or close a door to an interior SPAaCe eeeeeseeseeeseeeeesteeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 4 Adjust a th rmost t scssi neiii 12 3 4 5 6 5 Adjust the drapes or D INdS 0 ccc ecceccseeseceeeceeeceseeeseeesecnseeeeenteeenes 12 3 4 5 6 IKIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 6 Turn a local space heater on or Off cccccesceeeceseeeseeetseeseeeteeseeess 12 3 4 5 6 7 Turn a local fan on or Off ccieecccccccccsssssceseecesssssssesesceesensseeceeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 Job satisfaction The questions below ask about different characteristics of your job Please indicate how satisfying your job is with respect to each characteristic by circling the number that reflects how you feel 6 very satisfied moderately satisfied 5 4 slightly satisfied 3 slightly dissatisfied 2 moderately dissatisfied 1 very dissatisfied How generally satisfied are you with Circle one number for each item 1 Your job overall ecenin ener e aE 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Your company s Policies ccccceesccssececeeeceeeeesecesecseseeeeeeeeeseesaes 12 3 4 5 6 3 The degree of access to other people you work with ee 12 3 4 5 6 4 The opportunity to develop your skills ceecceeseesseesseesteeteeeteeees 12 3 4 5 6 De YOUE JOD
87. course of one day did not correlate with perceived sound fluctuations except for Building 4 This negative finding may be due to the absence of perceived fluctuation and the low number of participants Larger numbers of respondents may have resulted in the moderate values being listed as statistically significant Sound Hypothesis 3 Sound in the work area that comes from outside the building can annoy or distract occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using the measurements L_90 minus L_10 for dBA A series of questions probed this hypothesis The overall question Over the past 4 weeks In general I m most comfortable when my work area is resulted in a majority of responses liking neither quiet nor loud with most specific responses stating somewhat quiet or neither quiet or loud When asked if in their work area they could hear sounds from outside of the building such as airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment or sirens most respondents replied that they did not hear sounds When asked how often they heard these sounds the majority replied some of the time or occasionally or never Statistical correlation was demonstrated with occupant responses and hearing of sounds for Building 3 Spearman p 0 00 Building 7 Pearson p 0 02 Building 8 Pearson p 0 04 and Spearman p 0 01 and Building 9 Pearson p 0 00 and Spearman p 0 02 Whe
88. darkest partitions or walls in field of view was 16 cd m 45 cd m Daylight was observed to have influence on a large number of workstations in one of the buildings resulting in large variations in partition luminance Luminance at nearby buildings and at brightest sky from windows greatly depended on the weather window orientation and measurement time Lighting measured at the work surface for all the buildings demonstrated that the average correlated color temperature CCT was 3387 K which is considered as slightly warm in color The average color rendering index CRI was 81 which is considered as fair color rendering The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America IESNA recommends using lamps NCEMBT 080201 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY with CRI of 70 or greater in offices or 85 CRI or above if color critical tasks are being performed No color critical tasks were performed in any office buildings monitored Therefore color rendering capabilities of the lighting in these offices should be appropriate This study resulted in the development of integrated building protocols and normative baseline data to assess the relationships of building performance and energy consumption and contributes to solving problems in JEQ and other building performance concerns The monitoring was completed for ten buildings across the United States and the measurements of selected environmental parameters are available in the NCEMBT Building S
89. do not report frequent fluctuations in perceived humidity dryness Correlation analysis shows that changes in perceived humidity between morning and afternoon do not correlate with actual AM PM measured humidity differences within any buildings or among buildings Changes in perceived humidity correlate with AM PM measured temperature differences only in Building 1 but amongst all buildings there is no significant correlation Interpretation and Comments Most occupants report perceived humidity as acceptable most or all of the time in all buildings Fluctuations in humidity are uncommon Perceived changes in humidity from morning to afternoon do not correlate with actual measurements of humidity or temperature in most or all buildings The latter may be due to minimal changes in actual humidity i e a small range and or the low prevalence of respondents who report humidity related problems Perception questionnaire data from Building 1 should be considered circumspect because the questionnaire participation rate was very low The null hypothesis is supported IEQ Hypothesis 7 lt 20 of occupants will make adjustments to their environment when they are in a too dry AH lt 0 0032 Pa or too humid environment AH gt 0 012 Pa Null Hypothesis gt 20 of occupants will make adjustments to their environment when they are in a too dry AH lt 0 0032 Pa or too humid environment AH gt 0 012 Pa Test Results Of the relatively small proport
90. each building had only one LPD value The fifth section measurements of workstations included the measurements of illuminance luminance and color properties of multiple locations Iluminances were measured with Minolta illuminance meter T 10 while luminances were measured with Minolta luminance meter LS 100 Illuminances on the work surfaces source documents of computer work computer screens and floors were measured Luminances were measured for ceilings between luminaires the brightest light source in field of view brightest ceiling area in field of view darkest partition area in field of view wall and partitions surrounding the workstations brightest area of the sky from the window a nearby building from the windows and floors In addition spectral power distributions SPDs of the lighting at work surfaces were measured with 32 NCEMBT 080201 3 METHODS GretagMacbeth Lightspex spectrometer and chromaticity coordinates color rendering index and correlated color temperature were derived from the measured SPDs Illuminance and luminance measurements are very sensitive to locations and directions which is very different from other environmental measures For example temperature and sound pressure level sensors are omni directional and their measurements do not vary much within the space of a workstation However with even as little as one inch or 5 angle of difference two measurements of illuminances and luminances can be s
91. each microphone For mounting microphones Used instead of mic stand Backup power for SLM Downloads data from SLM Power for SLM adaptors Microphones and preamps are matched to a specific SLM channel and labeled accordingly The SLM has the specific calibration correction for that microphone preamp combination entered into the corresponding channel 14 3 Pre departure Checks Verify proper operation of all instruments prior to departure Make checks sufficiently early so that if necessary replacements or suitable substitutes can be obtained See On Site Setup and Testing below for detailed instructions on SLM use or refer to the SLM operation manual 1 Connect one microphone turn on the SLM and check for standard startup and full battery level Replace batteries if level is below full POP o e Ensure data stored on SLM is recorded elsewhere or not needed then clear all buffers and files Set up SLM for sound recording on the channel with the microphone Set up for continuous recording with 10 second integration time and buffer on Lin Set the display to display the same channel SPL dB Record sound for a short time about a few minutes making some loud noises and observing proper indications on the SLM Save the file 7 Check the file by downloading the data to a computer or loading it into the SLM for display If you encounter any problems refer to SLM troubleshooting Otherwise shut down the SLM and disconnect microp
92. facilities personnel When the temperature in my work area is too warm leave my work area to go to a more comfortable area When the temperature in my work area feels too warm feel it most in my When the temperature in my work area feels too warm my productivity CAM NCEMBT 080201 All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Head face All of the time Every work day All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Head face All of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Feet Most of the time Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Feet Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Hands Some of the time Some work days Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Hands Some of the time Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Chest back Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Chest back Occasionally Never Never Never Never
93. in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 Sound Hypothesis 13 Sound in a work area from nearby office equipment copy machines typewriters etc can annoy or distract building occupants Office equipment is an ever present potential source for significant noise Office equipment has changed considerably over the last decade requiring repeat evaluation of the importance of the noise it generates collective knowledge of the investigators Sound Hypothesis l4 Annoyance or distraction from nearby office equipment copy machines typewriters etc can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when th
94. level the intermittent nature of the sound fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was testing using the sound measurement L_90 minus L_10 for RC for too loud L 90 minus L_ 50 for RC was used for the response intermittent unpredictable and L_80 L_50 for RC was used for the response increases decreases The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for NC The majority of respondents selected too loud 46 intermittent unpredictable 20 or one tone dominants 25 when asked the cause of the annoyance disturbance from sounds from ceiling or air supply diffusers Statistically significant correlation was observed for sound measurements and too loud for Building 4 Pearson p 0 03 and Spearman p 0 04 and Building 6 Pearson 0 03 and Spearman 0 048 Moderate correlation was observed for sound measurements and intermittent unpredictable for Building 9 Spearman p 0 053 Statistically significant correlation was observed for increases decreases for Building 7 using Pearson p 0 02 and moderate correlation was found using Spearman p 0 06 Nearby walls was the location most often cited as the location of the sound from air diffusers supply registers and a variety of sounds were reported Interpretation an
95. like the data are still there but when you shut the monitor down and power up again it will be gone THIS MONITOR NEEDS TO BE CHARGED EVERY NIGHT F3 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF HOBOS The Standard Operating Procedure for the use of HOBOS for the measurement of inside CO was developed from the manufacturer s user manual TO LAUNCH HOBO DATALOGGERS 1 Connect GREY cord to back of computer and to the HOBO Turn on CO2 Monitor by pressing blue button Open BOXCAR 3 7 Saved on Desktop Select LOGGER Select LAUNCH Launch Screen appears Check battery status NOTE This is the battery level for the HOBO ONLY Change Description ID to the appropriate MINOR ID Change Log Interval to 1 Minute It should already be set at one minute but check just in case DESELECT Wrap around when full Select Start A warning screen will appear UNPLUG THE LOGGER BEFORE SELECTING OK Do p PO oe ee oe imi S IETS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX F C02 SENSORS TO DOWNLOAD DATA eS YP ee e OS ii r e 16 iga 18 Connect cord to computer and HOBO Open BOXCAR HOBO Program Select LOGGER Select HOBO SHUTTLE READOUT UNPLUG LOGGER BEFORE SELECTING OK A Save As Screen will appear HIT CANCEL Select FILE Select EXPORT Select MICROSOFT EXCEL Under Data Setting select the following Channels Temperature in Celsius Humidity Dew Point in Celsius THE L
96. manager The letter s objective was to notify the manager of the researcher s interest in the building and to request a telephone conversation to discuss the building s participation further Once one on one communication was established the project liaison posed the building selection questions to determine whether or not the building met participation requirements 3 1 3 Building Selection General Questions Strategy for the selection of non problem buildings involved several components Major components were types of structures geographical locations and the building s maintenance history Screening also included number of floors the number of daily occupants and employees ability to participate in the occupation perception questionnaire The selection questions were asked by the project liaison in a conversation with the building managers via telephone The building selection general questionnaire is listed in Appendix C 3 1 4 Building Characterization Questionnaire A more advanced building characterization questionnaire was then sent to building managers of those buildings that met the requirements addressed in the two previous selection screenings This questionnaire was used to ascertain the more detailed features of the building in a comprehensive manner Questions focused on multiple aspects of the building s demographics The physical characteristics e g age of building amount of windows total square footage the typ
97. menus and screens and provides the labels for the Softkeys Softkeys There are four Softkeys with the numbers from 1 to 4 Softkeys activate a variety of system functions Keys re assigned to operate only with the current screen Power switch Toggle the switch to the 1 position to turn the instrument ON toggle it to the 0 position to turn the instrument OFF Sliding Cover When sliding down the Sliding Cover on the side of the instrument you will see a Ram Card Slot and a RS 232C Connector The Ram Card Slot can hold a Ram Card which provides an external storage space The RS 232C connector enables you to connect the instrument to an external computer and to the battery charger Figure J3 GregTag Macbeth Light Spec Escape Key It returns the display to the previous screen or menu Press this several times to return to the Main Menu Menu Key Toggles the Softkeys between menus Basic Operation 1 ae p 6 Recharge the battery when the low battery indicator appears in the Display Screen The battery recharging procedure is described as follows Turn the instrument Power Switch to the OFF position Connect the RS 232C Charger Communications Cable to the Unit Insert the Charger Pigtail of the RS232C Cable into the charger Cord Insert the Charger AC plug into an electrical outlet The battery will automatically begin to recharge Recharge the battery pack for a minimum of 16 hours Taking a mea
98. music cell phones body sounds in my work area am annoyed distracted All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud Nearby wall s Rumbling sound All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Ceiling Roaring sound Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Floor Hum or whistle Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Rarely Never About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more One tone The sound or dominates conversation is the sound understandable Can t tell Not applicable Hiss Noticeable rattles Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never NCEMBT 080201 439 When I hear sound s from sounds or noises created by building occupants music cell phones body sounds in my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from sounds or noises created by building occupants music cell phones body sounds in my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When hear sound s sounds or noises created by bu
99. necessary to minimize hazards Connecting microphones or cables while meter power is on may cause permanent damage to the microphones or the sound level meters Always turn off power before a cable is connected or disconnected None of the sound measurement equipment is waterproof and has only mild shock resistance The equipment must be kept dry handled with care and stored within the temperature range 20 to 45 C Further details on handling and use of the equipment are contained in the product user manuals A copy of manuals should be taken with the equipment on each field measurement for reference sets NCEMBT 080201 14 2 Equipment List Quantity Item 6 Svantek 948 Sound Level Meter SLM 6 Sets of microphone cables connectors 1 Svantek 948 power supplies 1 Svantek 947 SLM 13 Svantek 1 2 in microphones 13 Svantek microphone preamps 10 ft BNC cables 50 ft BNC cables 6 100 ft BNC cables 12 Standard microphone stands 12 Microphone holders stand adaptors 12 Microphone mounting clips 24 AA size batteries 1 Laptop with SVEN program 6 12 ft 3 wire extension cords APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS Comments Can record 4 microphones For use with SLM Microphone 1 2 3 4 cable Svantek to BNC connector F F Svantek to BNC connector M F BNC cable connector M M Primary power for SLM Backup SLM unit Compatible with 947 948 Compatible with 947 948 For remote microphones For remote microphones For remote microphones One for
100. non problem buildings and mixed populations were present The null hypothesis is not supported Mold Hypothesis 8 The concentrations of surface associated fungal genera present in non problem buildings are consistent among buildings Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference in the concentration of surface associated fungal genera between non problem buildings Test Results Frequency statistics show that the ratio of maximum to minimum culturable fungal concentrations in dust in each building is within 1 5 orders of magnitude except for Building 8 The standard deviations of these ratios are relatively large compared to the mean in over half the buildings indicating a wide distribution of concentrations Logistic regression analysis shows no statistically significant inter zone variability in dust concentrations in all buildings Similarly variance components analysis shows no variability due to zone The comparison of these data is illustrated in a box and whisker plot in the appendix with the mold statistics tables Appendix 0 Interpretation and Comment Null hypothesis is generally confirmed with regard to the distribution of concentrations Some buildings have wider ranges of distributions max min than others Originally this hypothesis included the phrase and vary by geographic region However due to limitations on the number of buildings i e ten there were insufficient numbers of buildings in each region
101. occupants spend at least 75 of their time in the building 5 days per week Full time 30 hrs week Building may operate during normal business work week or 24 7 Building must have a manager or other individual who is familiar with its operating history maintenance records layout floor plan HVAC and IAQ issues Energy usage and maintenance cost information must be available Mechanically ventilated central Operable windows non central ventilation The perception questionnaire has time constraints This quantity increases the number of potential participant buildings vs Bluyssen cutoff of 125 For buildings with gt 20 occupants a random selection of respondents in building or within target floors will be conducted Ideally a range of occupant numbers between 75 and 500 will be identified Building type distribution does not need to be equal in each city This ensures a stable occupant population for whom meaningful perception questionnaire can be obtained Reflects building stock that will be relevant to our study for future data usage Parking in basement is acceptable NCEMBT 080201 109 APPENDIX B BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA a a Building history Smoking Resources Employee representation 110 History of significant construction or design defects significant water intrusion or mold problems that have required formal remediation minor leaks that were immedia
102. occurs Ranges from within a few seconds to up to two minutes the most often cited times The duration of time that the annoyance distraction continued was divided among the respondents as there was a wide distribution of the duration of annoyance distraction Statistically significant correlation between the L_80 minus L_50 for SIL sound measurement and occupant perception questionnaire responses were observed for hearing of conversations Building 1 Spearman p 0 02 Building 3 Pearson p 0 00 and Building 9 Pearson and Spearman p 0 00 No correlations were observed in any buildings for the conversations being annoying having an affect on productivity or for the time within the annoyance occurs Statistically significant correlations were found for the duration of the time of annoyance distraction and the sound measurement for Building 4 Pearson p 0 04 and Spearman p 0 03 and Building 6 Spearman p 0 03 Moderate correlation was also observed for Building 6 using Pearson p 0 06 Interpretation and Comments Most respondents reported frequently hearing conversations from adjacent work areas However most were never or infrequently annoyed distracted and their productivity was never or infrequently affected The sound most commonly annoyed or distracted within a short time but there was a wide distribution of the duration of annoyance distraction The measurement L_80 minus L_50 for SIL did not consistently correlate for any of t
103. of the time Very drafty All of the time Very drafty Very drafty Every work day Every work day All of the time Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Somewhat or slightly drafty Most of the time Somewhat or slightly drafty Somewhat or slightly drafty Most work days Most work days Most of the time time Some work days Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Neither too drafty nor too stagnant Some of the time Neither too drafty nor too stagnant Neither too drafty nor too stagnant Some work days Some work days Some of the time Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Somewhat or slightly stagnant Rarely Somewhat or slightly stagnant Somewhat stagnant Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Very stagnant Never Very stagnant Very stagnant Never Never Never When feel a draft in my work area during my work day report it to management or facilities personnel When feel a draft in my work area during my work day temporarily leave my work area to go to a more comfor
104. office buildings The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 24 Annoying or distracting sound from mechanical equipment within a building can have predominant distinguishing characteristics The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when sound content is dominated by low frequency sound levels below 250 Hz and sound levels more than 10 dB over overall exist Leventhall et al 2003 Sound Hypothesis 25 Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear talking in person or by telephone or speakerphone can cause workers to believe that they cannot have a private conversation in their work area Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear talking in person or by telephone or speakerphone can cause building occupants to delay or postpone a private conversation in their work area The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when the inter zone sound transmission loss is less than 10 dB in the 500 to 2000 Hz range The size of the workstation also correlates with worker perception of privacy Witterseh and others 2002 and Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 1999 provide qualitative information concerning privacy for open offices versus private offices Sound Hypothesis 26 Building occupants take positive action to mitigate a distracting or annoying noise
105. on the perception questionnaire when asked where they feel it most when the temperature in their work area is too warm Responses 7 llof tin os fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M28 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the humidity in their work area throughout the course of an entire work day is acceptable PAIE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Building ID Figure M29 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the humidity fluctuates in their work area during the course of an entire work day Responses Building ID Figure M30 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the humidity in their work area when they are the most comfortable NCEMBT 080201 Ady Appendix M IEQ Results ey gt N Q D Q 2 YZ Building ID Figure M31 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how humid the air in their work area is throughout the mornings Responses Building ID Figure M32 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how humid the air in their work area is throughout the afternoons PALES NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a je E e4 SSPga ome work days casionally 7 Never
106. or too dim Most of the time Task light s on my desk or from adjacent areas Most of the time More than sufficient Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Somewhat agree Somewhat cool Most of the time There is too much glare Some of the time Ceiling lights Some of the time Neither excessive nor insufficient Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Neither agree nor disagree Neither too cool nor too warm Some of the time The lights flicker Occasionally Ceilings Occasionally Somewhat or slightly insufficient Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Somewhat disagree Somewhat warm has a yellow hue Occasionally Irregular lighting patterns on walls ceiling and or furniture or partitions Never NA Never Very insufficient Never Never Never Never Never Strongly disagree Too warm Never Colors are distorted When the lighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable adjust the lighting for the entire work area When the lighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable adjust the window blinds or shades When the lighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable use a desk lamp to augment or improve the lighting on my desk or work station When the l
107. or facilites personnel when the temperatur in their work area is too warm s ssssssssseseseeersseees 205 Figure M23 S to their co workers when the Figure M26 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when the temperature in their work area iS t00 WaIM s sscecssesresesesesees 20 e responses on the perception questionnaire when ask neir work area throughout the course of an entire work day X NCEMBT 080201 Figure M30 Summary of occupants responses on the E questionnaire when asked the humidity in their work area when they are the most confortable rer AEE AE E EEA m Figure M34 a es of aiani responses on the poi questionnaire when asked how often the air in tiir work area ist ddai catia cents ere Figure M35 Summary personal hum Figure M3 the thermo Summ occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they a the beni sb itich the air in their work area is too humid ee NCEMBT 080201 xi Figure M51 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their s aiia cee unblock air suppl Figure M64 ieee of occupants responses on the ee eee ire when asked how often the freshness of air in their work area is acceptabl i E 226 Figure M6 Figure M68 Summary of occupants responses on the aan anni
108. or organization 6 Work phone number 7 Location in Building 8 How long have you lived in the area Years Months 9 Are you using your home air conditioner at this time of year 1 Yes 21 No 3 not available 10 On the average how many hours per week do you work at this job Hour s at work 11 On the average how many hours per day do you sit at your work area Hours at desk 12 What is your approximate height Centimeters 13 What is your approximate weight Kilograms 14 What is your age Years Please tick the following 15 What is your gender i Male Female 16 Your ethnic background 1 Native American 2 Asian or Pacific Islander 3 Hispanic 4 African American 5 Other please specify 17 Is English your primary language 1 Yes 21 No 18 What is the highest grade of school you completed NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 11 school leaving certificate or less 51 university college bachelors degree 21 higher school certificate Yr 12 6 some graduate school 31 some college 71 university higher degree 41 college diploma 8i PhD Work Area Satisfaction Using the scale below please indicate how SATISFYING YOUR WORK AREA IS with respect to each characteristic by circling the number that reflects how you feel 6 very satisfied moderately satisfied 5 4 slightly satisfied 3 slightly dissatisfied 2 moderately dissatisfied 1 very dissatisfied Circl
109. person to person conversations in their work area NCEMBT 080201 309 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Affects productivity Doesn t affect productivity Building ID Figure P33 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning overhearing person to person conversations in their work area affecting productivity Responses Never 7 Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID 10 Figure P34 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often overhearing person to person conversations in their work area affected their productivity KALBE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Building ID 9 40 Figure P35 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how soon brief or long period overhearing person to person conversations in their work area affected their productivity Responses A few seconds Y Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID 10 Figure P36 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly overhearing person to person conversations in their work area affected their productivity NCEMBT 080201 EAI APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Building ID 9 46 Figure P37 Summary of occupants responses on the pe
110. project sdwr2004 litsurv intwebsites epa ost epa gov iaq largebldgs base_page htm March 20 2006 U S Environmental Protection Agency Ezeonu I M J A Noble R B Simmons D L Price S A Crow and D G Ahearn 1994 Effect of relative humidity on fungal colonization of fiberglass insulation Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2149 2151 Fanger P O 1970 Thermal Comfort Copenhagen Danish Technical Press Fanger P O and A K Melikov 1989 Turbulence and draft ASHRAE Journal 31 4 18 25 Fetters J L 1998 The handbook of lighting surveys and audits New York NY CRC Press Fink J N E F Banazak W H Thiede and J J Barboriak 1971 Interstitial pneumonitis due to hypersensitivity to an organism contaminating a heating system Ann Intern Med 74 80 83 Flannigan B 1997 Air sampling for fungi in indoor environments J Aerosol Sci 28 381 392 Flannigan B and P R Morey 1996 Control of moisture problems affecting biological indoor air quality In ISIAQ guideline Task Force I 1 55 Ottawa Canada International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate Foarde K D VanOsdell and E Meyers 1997 Investigation of contact vacuuming for remediation of fungally contaminated duct materials Environ Internat 23 75 1 762 Garrison R A L D Robertson R D Koehn and S R Wynn 1993 Effect of heating ventilation air conditioning system sanitation on airborne fungal populations in residential environments Ann All
111. quest sound noise in their work area SOET E E E E Figure P5 Summ in their workplac erning the hearing of sound noise PPPOE eee eee anon 297 Figure P12 Specific responses on the percept iai affected cie Figure P14 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly the dis starts after hearing sound noise from outside of the buiIdiNg seeeee 1 brief or long a 301 NCEMBT 080201 xxi Figure P16 Specific responses on the occupant perception einai asked how long the distraction lasts after hearing sound noise from outside of the building E TT jii ansint anna SOL Figure P18 Summary of occupants response son the perception questionnaire concerning sounds from the telephone or speakerphone carrying into their work area deread wh Figure P27 Speci telephone or Figure P28 Specific aia ise fr mthe ing person to 308 Figure P31 Su overhearing person Figure to person iconv Figure P35 Summary of occupants response son the perception questionnaire concerning how soon iia or long period daik person to person conversations in their work area affected their productivity vied OLL vei NCEMBT 080201 Figure P lt disru Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the length of the ption brief or long from overhearing person to person conversations in their work
112. questionnaire participation rates and to knowing the temperature Building 4 Interpretation and Comments The prevalence of adverse work productivity perception is relatively low compared with perception of overall perception of thermal acceptability There is minimal inter zone variability in perceived work productivity impacts related to thermal acceptability in all of the buildings studied In comparison to responses to overall thermal acceptability there is a disproportionately lower percentage of respondents who report that thermal unacceptability frequently affects work productivity Low questionnaire participation rates likely account for some false positive findings Perceived thermal unacceptability does not correlate with perceived lowered work productivity in most buildings The null hypothesis is not supported IEQ Hypothesis 5 The occupants of a building will be thermally comfortable if the vertical temperature gradient is lt 3 0 C Null Hypothesis The occupants of a building will not be thermally comfortable if the vertical temperature gradient is lt 3 0 C Test Results All 10 buildings have an average vertical temp gradient lt 3 0C For the questions asking about where the occupant feels too cold and too warm the most prevalent response is all over my body 43 and 58 respectively Correlation analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between acceptable temperature and where the temperature fee
113. questionnaire when asked how often they mention to co workers when the air in their work area is too stuffy YIU NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results T wn Q N l Q F e4 Building ID Figure M73 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when the air in their work area is too stuffy Responses llof tin os fe Fine i Some of the time ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M74 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when the air in their work area is too stuffy NCEMBT 080201 EP Appendix M IEQ Results a S a a 2 a O a Acceptable Unacceptable Building Figure M75 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if the odors in their workplace were acceptable 100 90 80 vi 70 50 E 40 j 30 20 E 10 0 Responses All of the time Most of the time Some of the time 4 5 Occasionally 6 7 Never Building Total Figure M76 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the frequency of acceptable odors in their workplace PEVA NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results 90 an 80 70 Responses a 3 x
114. raw SPL_C minus the raw SLP_A data taken form the samples Float NCMax is the calculated sound level from the NC sections above Float RC is the value stored in the RC sections above Float SIL is the value stored in the NCB sections above Float NCEMBT 080201 175 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS APPENDIX J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS J1 DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS J1 1 Illuminance Meter T 10 Table J1 Summary of the features of the meter used to record illuminance Konica Minolta T 10 Multi function digital illuminance meter with detachable receptor Receptor Silicon photocell NARs TE ise Within 8 f1 of the CIE spectral luminous efficiency V A Cosine correction Within 1 at 10 Within 2 at 30 Within 6 at 50 Within 7 at 60 Within 25 at characteristics 80 Measuring range Auto range 5 manual ranges for analog output Measuring functions IIluminance Ix fcd IIluminance difference Ix fcd IIluminance ratio Integrated illuminance Ix h fed h Integration time h Average illuminance Ix fcd Measurement range gt Illuminance 0 01 to 299 900Ix 0 001 to 29 990fcd Integrated illuminance 0 01 to 999 900 x 103Ix h 0 001 to 99 990 x 103fcd h 0 001 to 9 999h User calibration function CCF Color Correction Factor setting function Accuracy 2 1 digit of displayed value based on Konica Minolta standard Temperature humidity Within 3 1 digit of value displayed at 20 C 68 F within
115. the thermostat when the air in their work area is too stuffy ss xii NCEMBT 080201 Figure M72 Summary of occupants responses on the perception ST when asked how often Dn mention to co workers when the air in their work area is too stuffy rere PEA E 230 unacceptable kaas Figure M79 Su there were calle ate they sees in in their work are igure M85 Summary of occupants responses on the perce oteiceable odor in their building they closed a door Figure M89 Summary of occupants responses on the percept noticeable odor in their building it affected their work Figure N1 Percentage saa as th was menor I NCEMBT 080201 xiii Figure N4 The percentage of outdoor culturable and non culturable air samples in which aiai ai as the predominant taxo E E E E E A T E E E died asta ana 2 fu ele tax Figure N6 The percentage of indo the predominant taxon outdoor location in the mane 0 and the aa n 7 Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or sa tagline times other fungal genera not eee Pe Aureobasidium unknown fungi not i tines s other fungal pairs not Cladosponun unknown fungi not identified Xiv NCEMBT 080201 ie the sae n 7 mium Trichoderma or NCEMBT 080201 XV n PA Figure N24 Building 8 sie ass nf rel a sn e Parata spor rc ose in the fiona tt vacate afternoon Ds sampl
116. the time 4 AIl of the time 5 b The most noticeable source of reflected glare on my computer screen comes from Sunlight or daylight from windows 1 Task light s on my desk or from adjacent areas 2 Ceiling lights 3 Ceilings 4 Some other source 5 Don t have much glare 255 NCEMBT 080201 EE ko APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS 40 45 35 a A0 b 30 J 35 4 30 4 25 4 25 4 20 4 20 4 15 4 15 10 4 10 4 5 4 5 4 o o 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Satisfaction toward lighting Satisfaction toward lighting repetition Percentage Percentage Figure S9 The perception questionnaire results regarding two satisfaction questions a in the past 4 weeks would rate my satisfaction with the lighting in my work area and b over the past 4 weeks have been satisfied with the lighting in my office The answers 1 to 5 represent very satisfied somewhat satisfied neither satisfied nor dissatisfied somewhat dissatisfied and strongly dissatisfied 60 45 40 50 J a b 35 g 40 g 30 amp amp 25 304 2 g g 20 5 20 4 154 10 10 E a E 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 255 Importance of lighting to productivity Lighting factors adversely affect productivity Figure S10 Four perception questionnaire results related to productivity a The quality of lighting in my work area is important to my ability to be productive
117. time span should be long enough to capture both the general background sound with no occupants present and the sound levels over a typical workday 14 6 Sound Meter Automatic Recording Setup 1 Turn on the meter To turn on power to the meter hold down the PROCEED button and press the START button Refer to the Svantek front panel illustration Figure 16 E E ES PROCEED START PAUSE STOP L power Figure 16 Svantek Front Panel IKIE NCEMBT 080201 rA APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS Start a recording by pressing START and check for proper operation Stop the meter by pressing STOP Do not save the checkout Set up the SLM for recording With SLM on and warm up time expired or skipped enter the setup menu Hold down SHIFT and press MENU Figure I7 illustrates the main menu with different selections highlighted Highlighted items are selected using the UP or DOWN arrows Other menus behave similarly FUNCT IOW Figure 17 Illustration of Main Menu With FUNCTION highlighted press ENTER In the FUNCTION menu choose MEASUR FUNCTION by pressing the UP arrow and pressing ENTER Select 1 3 OCTAVE from the display that appears after step 2 by using the DOWN arrow It should show 1 3 OCTAVE Press ENTER The display will return to MEASUR FUNCTION Press ENTER again to confirm that 1 3 OCTAVE is selected Press ENTER then ESC or ESC twice to return to the MENU display Select INPUT with the do
118. to its sound collective knowledge of the investigators Sound Hypothesis 8 Annoyance or distraction from sound from telephone conversations and speakerphones in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels 22 NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 The
119. to the laptop using the RS 232 cable E2 3 Collecting VIVO Data Using Laptop There are two programs VIVO Explorer and VIVO Controller VIVO Explorer is used for monitoring the unit and to verify that the instrument is operating properly Figure E17 is a screen shot of the VIVO Explorer Make sure that the correct communication port COM1 is used lal File View Tools Help com e AS Se OO type se Name info seam novram Listen Draught 1 136 N DR 1 1m Draught 1 137 Draught 1 139 Humidity 0 145 Temperature 0 146 Pa m Ze a a S gt tihe 356 1 s Ta 25 7 C Av 0 00 mjs paaa Time interval Conmmmication port i i Current values of the Instantaneous values sensors i n Information about the Stop the simulation sensors 25 8 Vahe of air J temperature Percentage of sinmlation f done 25 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 t s Air Temperature C 2nd axis Low air velocity m s 1st axis 20 1 13PM Figure E17 Screen shot of the VIVO Explorer The second program the VIVO Controller is the most important one This is the program that helps download the data from sensors to the laptop NCEMBT 080201 129 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS To download data 1 Install the VIVO Controller software in the laptop Only install the software once 2 From the Start Menu select Programs Dantec VIVO controller Figure E18 illus
120. to thermal sensation complaints in buildings ASHRAE Transactions 108 407 412 Martikainen P J A Asikainen A Nevalainen M Jantunen P Pasanen and P Kalliokoski 1990 Microbial growth on ventilation filter materials In Proceedings of the 5 International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 203 206 Ottawa Canada International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate Maus R A Goppelsr der and H Umhauer 1996 Viability of micro organisms in fibrous air filters In Proceedings of the 7 International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate Nagoya 3 137 143 Mehta S K S K Mishra and D L Pierson 1996 Evaluation of three portable samplers for monitoring airborne fungi Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1835 1838 Menizes D J Pasztor T Rand and J Bourbeau 1999 Germicidal ultraviolet irradiation in air conditioning systems effect on office worker health and wellbeing a pilot study Occup Environ Med 6 397 402 Miller J D P D Haisley and J H Reinhardt 2000 Air sampling results in relation to extent of fungal colonization of building materials in some water damaged buildings Indoor Air 10 146 151 Montacutelli R O Maggi G Tarsitani and N Garielli 2000 Aerobiological monitoring of the Sistine Chapel airborne bacteria and microfungi trends Aerobiologia 16 441 448 Morey P 1993 Microbiological events after a fire in a high rise building Indoor Air 3 354 360
121. water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 NCEMBT 080201 273 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 o A o O N 00 S 5 z 3 5 5 2 3 5 S 3 2 P8 2 8 Fs 2 a Fie 8 2 jt s lt 5 lt lt 5 x _ x x lt x Sj lt lt lt lt x Sj lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N69 Building 2 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versicolo and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log1o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 o 7 5 g6 D 55 L O 4 3 Le Pig oOo ola ols 5 10 oo 2 1 5 6 oo 2 5 6 oO olv gt oD oo S o s 5D oO f amp o s 5 osio amp l zL oal E a PLE B SLA SE a ez l l l lt e l lt 21s lt L lt g lt g 1 2 3 Day Figure N70 Building 3 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio n
122. well built and well maintained buildings would provide indoor environments free of microbial contaminantion and could minimize operation costs Therefore airborne and surface associated mold were included in this project to provide data on the presence of these organisms in non problem office buildings The methods for the microbial sampling and analysis were selected from the commercially available instrumentation and analytical support laboratories and this information is presented in the Methods section of this report Rationale for selection of the instrumentation is presented below The Andersen single stage impactor sampler Graseby Andersen Atlanta GA is a commonly used device for monitoring airborne culturable microorganisms in indoor environments Buttner et al 1997a and 2002b This device requires electrical power and positive hole correction is needed to avoid bias due to multiple impactions of organisms at the same location Andersen 1958 Bellin and Schillinger 2001 Buttner et al 1997a 2002b Other frequently used impaction samplers with culture based analysis are the SAS Slit to Agar STA and RCS Plus Buttner et al 1997a and 2002b Montacutelli et al 2000 The SAS and RCS Plus samplers are battery powered and commonly used in clean room environments e g pharmaceutical and food processing facilities These samplers operate at higher flow rates and can be pre programmed to collected specific volumes of air but the colle
123. with worker perception of privacy Witterseh and others 2002 and Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 1999 provide qualitative information concerning privacy for open offices versus private offices Sound Hypothesis 21 Sound in a work area from mechanical equipment within a building can annoy or distract occupants Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most office buildings The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 22 Annoyance or distraction from mechanical equipment within the building can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver e
124. work area When I hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my work area am annoyed distracted When hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When hear sound s from nearby office equipment copy machine printer fax in my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud All of the time All of the time All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decr
125. work more efficiently i e more productively Test Results For the question concerning temperature being to cool and affecting their work only an average of 7 of respondents report that their productivity is adversely affected most or all of the time 23 are affected some of the time For temperature being too warm and affecting their work these values are 2 and 31 respectively Kruskal Wallis and Chi Square tests show that there are only two buildings where there is significant inter zone variability in responses to work affect questions Buildings 1 and 3 neither of which has significant variability in overall temperature acceptability and both of which have very low questionnaire participation rates In Building 1 where there is significant inter zone variability for productivity from too warm and too cold there is corresponding inter zone variability in the range of desirable thermal conditions though in this building the participation rate was very low Correlation between acceptable temperature and the various temperature perception questions shows significant correlations to liking the 42 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS temperature Buildings 2 6 8 9 and 10 frequency of heat Buildings 1 6 7 8 9 and 10 and ai condicioning frequency Buildings 1 7 and 10 in multiple buildings but only to temperature affecting their work in Building 2 Pearson correlation only and Building 7 Spearman correlation only both with low
126. 0 554317 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 020497 0 854970 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q120 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 8 Cor SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 11745 0 464571 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 26127 0 098947 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 206942 0 225897 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 06867 0 690684 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 35037 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 33175 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 399833 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 18203 0 295299 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 301929 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 05288 0 759379 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 57305 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 48441 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 386272 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 275742 0 108863 Table Q121 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 9 l pvalue O SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 04775 0 719489 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 08409 0 526618 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 14869 0 274081 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 16085 0 236310 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 08473 0 542418 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 09749 0 483100 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 152198 0 271914 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 143429 0 300819 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 0843 0 536783 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 07689 0 573262 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 02002 0 885739 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 03527 0 800142 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 1016 0 464760 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 091456 0 510721 NCEMBT 080201
127. 0 and 90 percent of the time respectively The range between the L10 and L90 values was defined as the noise climate A questionnaire determined occupant reaction to the sound finding the problems related to sound were associated with a lack of concentration distraction from work annoyance loss of performance and irritation Hanna 2002 also concluded that the nature and content of sound rather than just its level cause occupant annoyance and dissatisfaction Office noise is often associated with ventilation and air conditioning systems Controlling sound levels from ventilations systems is one of the most important factors that contribute to the satisfaction of the system Op t Veld and Passlack Zwaans 1998 To ensure a healthy indoor environment and optimal performance of building occupants the environment must be adjusted to desired thermal visual and acoustic conditions Oral Yener and Bayazit 2004 Zibrowski and Powers 2005 http gepower com_serv compiled a glossary of sound terms In this text the following terms are defined A weighting is defined as a frequence weighting that relates the response of the human ear The term decibel dB is used when describing the degree of loudness and is expressed on a scale from zero for the average least perceptible sound to approx 130 for the average pain level Noise for a sound level meter reading with an A weighting network simulating the human ear response at a loudness of 40 phons is ter
128. 00 H1 1000 H1 2000 H1 4000 as previously described SIL 16 SUMMARY OF CALCULATED VALUES 16 1 dBA Bumps Used to describe sound level measurements for various frequencies that exceed the levels of their immediate neighbors by the variances shown below Items that equal or exceed the variance are identified with the value of 1 otherwise they contain the value of 0 Integer dBC See SPL C in raw data Float dBC dBA Use SPL_C SPL_A in raw data Float NCEMBT 080201 173 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS 16 2 NC Noise Criteria NC selects the highest measured sound level that fits within a standardized sound level NCMax stores the maximum sound level found Float NCFreq stores the frequency where this sound level was found Integer 16 3 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria NCB is one method to determine if rumble and hiss exist in a sound sample SIL stores the Sound Interface Level used to select the NCB reference level for rumble Float NCBRumble stores a 1 if rumble is detected otherwise a 0 Integer NCBRefHiss stores the NCB reference level for hiss Integer NCBHiss stores a if hiss is detected otherwise a 0 Integer 16 4 RC Room Criteria RC stores the RC table level that is used for analyzing hiss and rumble Float RCRumble stores a 1 if rumble is detected otherwise a 0 Integer RCHiss stores a 1 if hiss is detected otherwise a 0 Integer 16 5 RC Mark II RCII Alternate Room criteria R
129. 0201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Don t fluctuate Do fluctuate Building ID Figure P3 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning sound noise fluctuation in their work area Responses Ae Zionall ihe ime ost ott e time AFUE Tae Building ID Figure P4 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often sound fluctuates in their work area NCEMBT 080201 295 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses gl QO aS Neither quiet nor loud Very quiet or very loud Building ID 9 40 Figure P5 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how they liked the sound in their workplace 2 a c o ri oc 7 Nery quiet 7 Somewhat quiet Neither quiet nor loud Somewhat loud Very loud Building ID Figure P6 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked what volume of sound noise in their work area was most comfortable VAS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID Figure P7 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the hearing of sound noise from outside of their building Responses Never y Occasionally Some of the fime Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure
130. 1 1 2 1 06 0 2425 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 5 1 06 0 2500 1 2 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 06 0 2500 1 2 8 1 09 0 2643 1 2 9 1 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 1 PTE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 05 STATISTICAL RESULTS INDOOR VS OUTDOOR Table 011 Statistical results in comparison of culturable fungi in indoor and outdoor air samples Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 E eee Pearson 0 369848 1 29E 07 Spearman 0 492866 3 81E 13 1 Pearson 0 122503 0 628206 1 Spearman 0 305197 0 218125 2 Pearson 0 827356 0 000001 2 Spearman 0 688279 0 000201 3 Pearson 0 17249 0 480107 3 Spearman 0 15464 0 527316 4 Pearson 0 171851 0 495328 4 Spearman 0 0685 0 787105 5 Pearson 0 355399 0 135377 5 Spearman 0 312926 0 192076 6 Pearson 0 704818 0 000520 6 Spearman 0 409376 0 073069 7 Pearson 0 076269 0 763575 7 Spearman 0 09681 0 702358 8 Pearson 0 488563 0 028832 8 Spearman 0 320378 0 168469 9 Pearson 0 643377 0 003969 9 Spearman 0 608159 0 007411 10 Pearson 0 402696 0 097548 10 Spearman 0 241382 0 334571 NCEMBT 080201 PX 1 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD Table 012 Statistical results in comparison of non culturable fungi in indoor and outdoor air samples Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significa
131. 166667 NCEMBT 080201 iR eni APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q31 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 3 ype Con value SndTelHear Pearson 0 33665 0 239214 SndTelHear Spearman 0 47739 0 084299 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 07000 0 837950 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 292877 0 382102 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 32913 0 322999 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 142899 0 675106 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 171002 0 615160 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 287914 0 390590 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 06536 0 848573 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 393422 0 231280 Table Q32 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 4 P Variable o pe Con pwale OO SndTelHear Pearson 0 14054 0 590564 SndTelHear Spearman 0 13493 0 605637 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 05024 0 858869 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 03924 0 889585 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 105124 0 709255 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 155894 0 579028 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 144614 0 671395 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 080294 0 814458 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 059849 0 861241 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 090763 0 790702 Table Q33 Statistical results in comp
132. 1870 Table Q49 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 7 SndConvHear Pearson 0 044515 0 661743 SndConvHear Spearman 0 03553 0 726973 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 090461 0 378209 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 052212 0 611514 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 140882 0 168695 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 149952 0 142644 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 11809 0 303142 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 011238 0 922208 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 106259 0 354485 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 055050 0 632150 Table Q50 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 8 SndConvHear Pearson 0 015406 0 923839 SndConvHear Spearman 0 032749 0 838929 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 03781 0 814440 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 091192 0 570688 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 0034 0 983186 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 067967 0 672858 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 187482 0 304181 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 198669 0 275695 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 132086 0 471139 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 09315 0 612001 KYLEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q51 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 9 P pve SndConvHear Pearson 0 391823 0 002148 SndConvHe
133. 1N APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q122 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 10 SndPrivLevel SndPrivLevel SndPrivConv SndPrivConv SndPrivConvLater SndPrivConvLater SndPrivConvLeave SndPrivConvLeave SndPrivTel SndPrivTel SndPrivTelLater SndPrivTelLater SndPrivTelLeave SndPrivTelLeave Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Q27 CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY DATA Sound level data were compiled in the commonly used metrics listed in Section 3 0 180573 0 199116 0 007445 0 012370 0 07441 0 06323 0 20732 0 18939 0 085310 0 089258 0 020859 0 015418 0 21229 0 22089 0 121066 0 086781 0 951587 0 919645 0 555798 0 616780 0 097499 0 130790 0 485823 0 465793 0 869001 0 902976 0 089558 0 077020 Cumulative probability levels of that data without the descriptors were created so that manageable data tables were available for the correlation analysis Metric L_99_ dBA L_95_dBA L_90_dBA L_80_dBA L_50_dBA L_33_dBA L_10_dBA L_5_dBA L_99_dBC L_95_dBC L_90_dBC L_80_dBC L_50_dBC L_33_dBC L_10_dBC L_5_dBC L_99_dBC_dBA L_95_dBC_dBA L_90_dBC_dBA L_80_dBC_dBA 408 EAR 62 4 60 1 54 0 57 7 56 0 49 3 54 0 54 0 48 1 49 8 51 0 47 1 47 7 48 5 44 8 46 5 45 6 42 9 45 0 43 9 40 9 44 3 43 4 40 5 69 2 70 3 69 2 68 0 69 2 68 8 67 5 68 4 68
134. 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 In addition the levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater than otherwise when sound content dominated by conversations and speakerphones exist Intelligibility versus background noise can make sound more difficult to ignore The speakerphone frequency spectrum which is narrow and centered around the most sensitive region of human hearing adds extra harshness to its sound collective knowledge of the investogators NCEMBT 080201 23 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES Sound Hypothesis 11 Sound in a work area from building piped in music and background masking system can annoy or distract building occupants While often inserted for speech privacy paging speaker music and background masking sounds can be annoying and distracting especially for work that requires high le
135. 22 E2 1 Set up of VIVO Instruments saciscccsscivscivscevs civecevecivscuvscivscevscevseevscivedivsceveeevscavicivecivsasvscivecivschivecanveciveas s 122 E2 2 Recommended Installation Of Testing Station cscsscesscessesseessenssensseessensaeeseenseenseeesaensensensneneaens 128 E2 3 Collecting VIVO Data Using Laptop csccsscessessesseeseeeseeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeesaeessaeesaessaeesaessassaessnensaees 129 iv NCEMBT 080201 E2 4 Output From Sensors Both Measured And Calculated ccscsscsscsscessesseessensseesesseesseeessenseensaees 131 E2 5 Assembly Of Super Battery And Stand cccccsscesscesseesseessenseeessensaeesaenseeesaensaeesaensaessaessaessaensaesaeneaaens 133 E3 Types Of Raw Variables Measured For Thermal Comfort cscccscccscecseeeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeeneesneesneseneneneneneneaes 134 E4 Calculated Indices For Thermal Comfort ssssssssussususuununnnnununnununnunununnununnununnununnnnunnunnununnunannnnunnnunnnnnnnnnnnnna 138 APPENDIX F CO2 SENSORS sarosuresakarosond onia aaa iinet envi enantio 142 F1 Description Of Sensors cis cscccssccscccstacscceseacsvenseacscanseadesacsssdavaeeescsvauessesdadvsdacscaessesseanssessecevecssesdecessassteceensie 142 F2 Standard Operating Procedures for the use of the DaChAraCh ccscccscescecseeeseeeseeeseeeneesseesneteneeenenenenenes 143 F3 Standard Operating Procedure for the use Of HOBOS cscccsscseecseecseeeeeeseeeeneesneeeneesn
136. 275131 7 Spearman 0 10112 0 319288 8 Pearson 0 00248 0 987715 8 Spearman 0 103575 0 519297 9 Pearson 0 16941 0 199605 9 Spearman 0 25253 10 Pearson 0 01249 0 915297 10 Spearman 0 00322 0 978097 Table Q111 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air Diffuser Air Supply Sound Distraction of increases decreases pvalue 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 06357 0 829062 3 Spearman 0 14676 0 616615 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson n a n a 6 Spearman n a n a 7 Pearson 0 234835 0 019298 7 Spearman 0 190666 0 058706 8 Pearson 0 0371 0 817857 8 Spearman 0 1 9 Pearson 0 14631 0 268831 9 Spearman 0 11785 0 374035 10 Pearson 0 18941 0 103622 10 Spearman 0 20582 0 076477 NCEMBT 080201 1NI APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q112 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air Diffuser Air Supply Sound Distraction for understandable Bldg ID Type LT 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson 0 613131 0 143175 2 Spearman 0 524554 0 226767 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson n a n a 6 Spearman n a n a 7 Pearson n a n a 7 Spearman n a n a 8 Pearson n a n a 8 Spearman n a n a 9 Pearson n a n a 9 Spearman n a n a 10 Pearson n a n a 10
137. 2972 0 575181 5 Spearman 0 09449 0 683706 6 Pearson 0 08733 0 563866 6 Spearman 0 06876 0 649809 7 Pearson 0 108630 0 284486 7 Spearman 0 106225 0 295347 8 Pearson n a n a 8 Spearman n a n a 9 Pearson n a n a 9 Spearman n a n a 10 Pearson n a n a 10 Spearman n a n a RieteM NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q22 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM BUILDING MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT IN My WORK AREA SndMechHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndMechProdA ffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndMEchAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndMechDistrWithin and for how long SndMechDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q85 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 1 o Tye Con value O SndMechHear Pearson 0 39044 0 338918 SndMechHear Spearman 0 23703 0 571940 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 403542 0 427545 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 750366 0 085697 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 109134 0 836948 SndMechProdAffect Spea
138. 3 2 3 VOCS raa sata cece tracts Dad civ tata sented aa aaa aTa Ea AAA a EAEn 30 3 3 Airborne And Surface Associated Mold s ssssssussssesunnunusnununnnnunuunununnununnununnnnununnnnunnununnnnunnnnununnnnanununnnnnnnnnan 30 IJA SOUNG sirsiran isneus cesta siiip sled da tiaa giidan iisi eisai i aiiai 31 A A E E 31 A RESULTS oan aE EAE a AEEA A EA AA A 34 4 1 Building LOCAtiOM S ics cies ccs ees ncc casted coves nce cds tse NARREA NARA RAKAN RANEA NARRAN KANARAN KANRA RAKAN NA KANARA KE A NAN RARA ANARAANANAKAN RRRKN 34 AsV Energy Talble E E A A A A E A A E E E E 34 4 2 Overview of RESPONSES 3 ciisiiivscdisevis Slave ie ie n RANAN E N EAA EN E EE E ATE ak 35 4 3 Thermal Comton 1EQ seeneniit aeaa e aN AA AARNEN ANRE NEN ERNEA A AENEA EANA NE 40 4 3 1 IEQ Hypotheses Results ccsiccsscccssccstesssecssecssecsdecssnssdasssecsdesstecsiecstecniacsiecsiassiessiessiessiasissiatssessiassienss 40 4 3 2 EO SUMMAI sisi cichtiaiensnicieineedi sneer neeh niches ninety E 49 NCEMBT 080201 4 4 Airborne And Surface Associated Mold ccccccccsccsscccssceesscessssceeseeeeeeeessceeseeeeesusssseesseeeeeeeescgeeaaeesauaseueaenevssaas 50 AA MOld RESUS siiin aeaea aaa ana danaa ae a iaar i iaaa eaan ip aaia Naa E aaan 50 4 4 2 Mold Hypotheses Results siisecisiisiiciiiiiciiniaiiniieieviisininviniiinaininhnilinnwiniin 50 44 3 Mold SUMMA si iiciaictsincicraeaisincsiiiasaisinaassadsaisas didnt SANARE NA KANAPA SKENEN RESAN RAA KEEPA REAREA E RA RANE 57 A SOU
139. 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson 0 18729 0 471648 4 Spearman 0 17186 0 509531 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson 0 241657 0 105669 6 Spearman 0 257399 0 084176 7 Pearson 0 035503 0 727185 7 Spearman 0 02795 0 783591 8 Pearson 0 250788 0 113750 8 Spearman 0 191316 0 230823 9 Pearson 0 08242 0 534854 9 Spearman 0 060096 0 651171 10 Pearson 0 212712 10 Spearman 0 186671 0 108804 KIUB NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q69 Results for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA A Yc o pvalue Pearson n a n a Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 14321 0 625257 3 Spearman 0 29352 0 308431 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson 0 06363 0 674382 6 Spearman 0 09964 0 510008 7 Pearson n a n a 7 Spearman n a n a 8 Pearson n a n a 8 Spearman n a n a 9 Pearson 0 13003 0 326322 9 Spearman 0 12907 0 329914 10 Pearson 0 084206 0 472588 10 Spearman 0 09813 0 402264 Table Q70 Results for understandable and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA pidge con vate O Pearson n a n a Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson n a n a 6 Spearman n a n a 7 Pearson 0 08346 0 411485 7 Spearman 0 11337 0 263846 8 Pearson n a n a 8 S
140. 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N26 Building 10 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichodermain the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified PPA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS Unknown Aspergillus Cladosporium Penicillium Cladosporium Unknown Figure N27 Building 1 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the logo number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified Cladosporium Penicillium Penicillium Figure N28 Building 2 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the logi
141. 413 0 219482 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 41625 0 096523 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 253617 0 451749 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 435692 0 180413 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 233583 0 489398 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 381025 0 247625 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 019229 0 967361 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 19627 0 673182 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 387455 0 390476 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 257248 0 577588 Table Q75 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 5 Pye Co pve O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 2985 0 188643 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 2718 0 233271 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 1179 0 701156 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 2191 0 471972 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 0385 0 900439 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 2263 0 457167 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 0743 0 874064 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 2504 0 58797 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 3408 0 454397 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 5114 0 240726 NCEMBT 080201 MRts APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q76 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 6 P Variable Type co pvaue O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 223015 0 136286 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 191777 0 201677 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 08895 0 672425 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 033772 0 872674 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 056824 0 787321 SndEquipProdAffect
142. 4149 0 723780 KIME NCEMBT 080201 D Type Con value Pearson n a n a Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 1499 0 609013 3 Spearman 0 47697 0 084614 4 Pearson 0 11536 0 659303 4 Spearman 0 10459 0 689528 5 Pearson 0 213112 0 353657 5 Spearman 0 188982 0 411972 6 Pearson 0 041985 0 781747 6 Spearman 0 08594 0 570093 7 Pearson 0 094176 0 353822 7 Spearman 0 082213 0 418523 8 Pearson 0 04749 0 768108 8 Spearman 0 04467 0 781537 9 Pearson 0 07708 0 561741 9 Spearman 0 11408 0 389608 10 Pearson 0 075713 0 518532 10 Spearman 0 058219 0 619795 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q41 Results for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA Table Q42 Results for understandable and L_90 minus L_50 for dBA pType Con Pearson 0 386271 Spearman 0 232397 2 Pearson 0 60434 2 Spearman 0 81264 3 Pearson 0 060453 3 Spearman 0 15776 4 Pearson 0 21728 4 Spearman 0 324067 5 Pearson 0 27345 5 Spearman 0 42021 6 Pearson 0 1564 6 Spearman 0 10272 7 Pearson 0 0298 7 Spearman 0 05484 8 Pearson 0 12862 8 Spearman 0 07862 9 Pearson 0 103821 9 Spearman 0 110256 10 Pearson 0 116112 10 Spearman 0 121339 0 344560 0 579690 0 150628 0 837344 0 590129 0 402196 0 204452 0 230367 0 299298 0 496928 0 769672 0 589771 0 422862 0 625137 0 433908 0 405799 0 321183 0 299728 NCEMBT 080201 367 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q16 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARIS
143. 4pm then the equipment was not boxed up and ready for the next shipment until 7pm at the earliest Many buildings did not keep the doors open that late security alarms could be activated For other security reasons the building administration may not want outsiders on the premises without supervision Finally as previously mentioned the VIVO stations are time consuming to disassemble as well New Cabbage Cases were purchased to transport the VIVO equipment so that it would not have to be completely disassembled for every shipment Yet this might be a threat to the delicate nature of the instruments Several probes needed repair after sampling trips A recruiting trip by the liaison to the respective field location prior to the sampling trip was helpful in establishing a relationship with the building s employees A meeting with the building manager was helpful for two main reasons First the manager knows the project on a more personal level The liaison could discuss the logistics of what would be expected in a clearer manner with the manager as well as other administrative staff who might need to be aware of the project They have opportunity to ask questions as they think of them instead of back and forth over email and missed telephone calls over the course of multiple months Second the liaison could view the environment of the building Issues such as the building s shipping dock for unloading loading the equipment a refrigerator for stori
144. 80201 4 RESULTS Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never GOccasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 9 Building 8 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WE Never E Occasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 10 Building 9 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting NCEMBT 080201 39 4 RESULTS Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting a R eos oa oa 5 oan E 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never E Occasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 11 Building 10 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting 4 3 THERMAL COMFORT IEQ Results of the IEQ portion of the occupa
145. 9 minus L_50 for SIL o Tye Con vais Pearson 0 03677 0 931127 Spearman 0 389742 0 339863 2 Pearson 0 392977 0 383159 2 Spearman 0 487582 0 267032 3 Pearson 0 10853 0 711905 3 Spearman 0 092113 0 754137 4 Pearson 0 338169 0 184304 4 Spearman 0 270056 0 294503 5 Pearson 0 228588 0 318931 5 Spearman 0 386795 0 083249 5 Pearson 0 000354 0 998138 5 Spearman 0 00342 0 981982 7 Pearson 0 04809 0 636416 7 Spearman 0 07968 0 433054 8 Pearson 0 04887 0 761557 8 Spearman 0 02573 0 873114 9 Pearson 0 08312 0 531378 9 Spearman 0 07501 0 572308 10 Pearson 0 09829 0 401472 10 Spearman 0 07247 0 536635 KIPAS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q54 Results for intermittent unpredictable and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL value Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 03834 0 896478 3 Spearman 0 11007 0 707967 4 Pearson 0 22163 0 392611 4 Spearman 0 17753 0 495454 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson 0 07397 0 625182 6 Spearman 0 12292 0 415750 7 Pearson 0 076736 0 450293 7 Spearman 0 110845 0 274719 8 Pearson 0 02395 0 881852 8 Spearman 0 028718 0 858539 9 Pearson 0 062121 0 640209 9 Spearman 0 048476 0 715412 10 Pearson 0 04325 0 712555 10 Spearman 0 05469 0 641183 Table Q55 Results for increases decreases and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL BigDye Con pve Pearson n a n a Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson 0 566149 0 185189
146. A L_95 _dBC L_95 _dBC KIPAS NCEMBT 080201 Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman 0 147992 0 145156 0 125206 0 145156 0 131565 0 157931 0 121706 0 145156 0 004386 0 00162 0 122608 0 139107 0 205115 0 214029 0 284475 0 214029 0 260526 0 175973 0 298259 0 214029 0 970206 0 988996 0 294665 0 233942 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q11 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS IN WITH ANSWERS To THE OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE QUESTION THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF THE ENTIRE WORKDAY THE SOUNDS OR NOISE IN MY Work AREA FLUCTUATES Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table Q14 Pearson and Spearman Tests Results for Individual Buildings Pye Con value Pearson 0 285779 0 492624 Spearman 0 258113 0 537104 2 Pearson 0 292009 0 525133 2 Spearman 0 048086 0 918461 3 Pearson 0 16162 0 580941 3 Spearman 0 039647 0 892955 4 Pearson 0 553256 0 021237 4 Spearman 0 525468 0 030296 5 Pearson 0 14598 0 52779 5 Spearman 0 16042 0 487267 6 Pearson 0 111175 0 462 6 Spearman 0 105222 0 486463 7 Pearson 0 013732 0 89269 7 Spearman 0 069466 0 494466 8 Pearson 0 07197 0 65478 8 Spearman 0 016214 0 919855 9 Pearson 0 039309 0 767543 9 Spearman 0 045759 0 73074 10 Pearson 0 130723 0 263615 10 Spe
147. A table excerpt for a RC of 51 is RC 31 5Hz 63Hz 125Hz 250Hz 500Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz RC_freq 51 81 76 71 66 61 54 51 46 If any sample value exceeds the table value within the range of 31 5 to 500Hz by 5 or more dB then rumble exists In this case the 250Hz value of 72 exceeds 66 in the table by 6 dB so the field RCRumble is set to 1 When any of the values in the 1000 through 4000Hz frequency range exceed the table by 3dB or more the sample is said to have hiss and the RCHiss field is set to 1 The above sample does not have hiss If both the RCRumble and RCHiss fields are 0 the sample is considered neutral 15 3 1 RC Mark II RCI f 31 5Hz band to 4000Hz band RCI is used to determine quality descriptors for low frequency rumble medium frequency roar and high frequency hiss RCII uses the same table as that of RC and is inclusive of the 16Hz band An RCII for each sample line is calculated the same way that RC above is as RCII Round Avg H1_500 H1_ 1000 H1_ 2000 Using the following sample Lx 70 70 68 65 61 58 54 50 38 RCII is calculated as Round Avg 58 54 50 54 NCEMBT 080201 171 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS The table excerpt for an RCII of 54 and the measured values are RCII 16Hz 31 5Hz 63Hz 125Hz 250Hz 500Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz RC_ref 54 84 79 74 69 64 59 54 49 70 70 68 65 61 58 54 50 First differences or delta values for 3 of the low frequency bands are calculated as ALi6 Lis Lre
148. AM Operative temperature C Mean 26 5 Standard Deviation 0 3 RI Gas Monitor N20 RI Gas Monitor SF6 Teq 00 RI Humidity rene Equivalent temperature C Mean 25 9 RI Humidity Fast Activity correction Off RYJ NCEMBT Task 1 cro 0 8 IQ NCEMBT Task 1 copy mT 12 R Operativ temperatur fast Low air velocity unit info RI Operative Temperature Serial number Office 1 seated 0 6 m R pmy and PPD Air Velocity no 1 137 RRJ PMV and PPD key in humidity Last calibrated 4 29 2004 10 17 32 AM 0 Air Temperature C Mean 26 3 R Pm and PPD fast Low air velocity m s Mean 0 17 Standard Deviation 0 03 ey Radiation temp RI Short circuit N20 Operative temperature unit info R Short crcut sF6 Serial nunber Office l seated 0 6 m RJ Template 00 Operative Temperature no 0 146 E ft Templates Trash Last calibrated 2 25 2004 8 12 11 AM O E a Project BetaTest 1 Operative temperature C Mean 26 5 Standard Deviation 0 3 i Drafts Outbox Pending amp B Inbox E Damaged NT1 Office 1 N Trash Figure E18 Screen Shot of VIVO Controller 3 Select File Open Project Ex project beta test the project file is predefined 4 Modify the project by inputting information about the locations and heights of the sensors for sedentary or standing occupants 5 Click the synchronize button This helps in setting up all the required files and reads the required data from the sensors Make sure that this
149. AST VOLTAGE CHANNEL Channel 4 It is VERY important that you select the LAST voltage channel This is our CO Data Select EXPORT The EXPORT screen will appear Under File Name Change this to the MINOR ID txt ENSURE THAT IT IS SAVING AS A TXT FILE Select the appropriate folder for saving this file F4 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF IAQRAE The Standard Operating Procedure for the use of IAQRAE for the measurement of CO was developed from the manufacturer s user manual To Turn ON 1 Press MODE The unit will beep once and screen will display program information 2 The monitor will display the sensor name after the monitor is turned on 3 The IAQRAE begins the instantaneous reading of the actual gas concentrations 4 The Instantaneous Reading function alternately displays the instantaneous reading and the sensor name 5 The instantaneous reading is the actual gas concentration in parts per million PPM for CO or VOC gases percent relative humidity RH for relative humidity and degrees Celsius C or degrees Fahrenheit F for temperature 6 The monitor displays the number of minutes that the instrument has been running To stop instantaneous readings turn off the IAQRAE NCEMBT 080201 145 APPENDIX F C02 SENSORS You may enter an eight character site identification which will be included in the datalog report To change the site identification 1 At the Change Site ID sc
150. Building ID Figure M33 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the air in their work area is too dry Responses SSPga 7 Some work days casionally eve r Building ID Figure M34 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the air in their work area is too humid NCEMBT 080201 EPAI Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M35 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a personal humidifier when the air in their work area is too dry a Responses ini REE ae ae en ea SSRs Sha Dey TERASE Figure M36 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they adjust the thermostat when the air in their work area is too dry PAPAE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Figure M37 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a moisturizer lotion on their skin when the air in their work area is too dry Responses 7 lLof tin Ost fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M38 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use lubricant drops in their eyes when the air in their work area is too dry NCEMBT 080201 SPAR
151. CAD Unknown Ceiling Diff Ducted Plenum Packaged roof Packaged roof type unit s type unit s Unknown Unknown Unknown No Unknown No Unknown Yes Yes Yes Unknown Boiler with std efficiency Unknown Parabolic Direct Direct Yes Yes Unknown Unknown NCEMBT 080201 aI APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA Lighting installed load w ft2 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Lighting system voltage 277 volts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Lighting system voltage 208 volts No No No No No Lighting system voltage 120 volts No No No No No Lighting control methods Manual Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes switching Lighting control methods Timing Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Device Lighting control methods Yes Yes Yes No No Occupancy sensors Lighting control methods No No No No No Photosensors Lamp replacement On Burnout On Burnout On Burnout On Burnout On Burnout Group replacement interval yrs N A N A N A N A N A between replacement CYA NCEMBT 080201 DOE Climate Zone Total count of occupants Number of floors Constructed after 1990 Construction Year Oriented on a north south axis Major glass areas face North Major glass areas face Northeast Major glass areas face East Major glass areas face Southeast Major glass areas face South Major glass areas face Southwest Major glass areas face West Major glass areas face Northwest Major glass areas face Equally Window area ft2 North Window area ft2 South Window area f
152. CEMBT 080201 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE Building Characteristics Location Bldg 1 The number of floors in the building is One Two Three Four or more 1 2 3 4 2 The building was constructed after 1990 4 The building s major glass areas face check all that apply East West North South Equally 1 2 3 4 distributed Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest 9 5 6 7 8 5 The total area of windows on each orientation is North East South West 6 The building construction type is choose only one Heavy masonry material e g cement block poured cement or stone facing 1 Framed walls with exterior sheathing e g wood metal 2 Insulated masonry type panels 3 7 The total roof area is NCEMBT 080201 113 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE 8 The building has a flat type roof 10 The building s windows have a low E type insulated glass Yes No 1 2 11 The window system of the building is capable of reducing solar penetration by Awning Technique Shading Technique Tinted Technique 1 2 3 12 The R value of the building s roofing system in regards to the current standard required by the local building energy code is Not Met Met Exceeded Don t Know 13 The specific R value for the roofing system is 14 The R value of the insulation installed in the perimeter walls in regards to
153. CEMBT 080201 199 Appendix M IEQ Results Sn n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M11 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the temperature in their work area is too cool Responses Figure M12 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when the temperature in their work area is too cool VAR NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Building ID Figure M13 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they mention to their co workers when the temperature in their work area is too cool Responses T lLof tin os fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M14 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when the temperature is too cool NCEMBT 080201 PJN Appendix M IEQ Results 2 n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M15 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they block or unblock air supply registers when the temperature in their work area is too cool Responses lLof tin os fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M16 Summary of occupants respo
154. CI is another derivative that analyzes rumble hiss and an intermediate quality descriptor named roar RCII stores the RC table level that is used for analyzing hiss rumble and roar Integer DeltaLF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured low freq values Float DeltaMF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured med freq values Float DeltaHF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured high freq values Float RCIQual stores the indicator for the highest Delta O none 1 LF 2 MF 3 HF whenever DeltaMax is greater than 5 Integer DeltaMax QATI stores the largest difference between any pair of Deltas above Float 16 6 CPL Cumulative Probability Levels CPL defines a level for a measurement where a specified percentage of the samples fall at or below the indicated percentage The following table shows how to construct the eight field names for the each of the four measurements dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC and SIL ee ee ee ee ee L_99_ dBC_dBA NCMax L_95_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_90_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL IRCE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS L_80_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_50_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL som dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_10_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_05_ dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL dBA is raw SPL_A data taken form the samples Float dBA is raw SPL _C data taken form the samples Float dBA_dBA is
155. Comments Sounds from nearby office equipment that are too loud or are intermittent unpredictable represent most of the reasons of annoyance distraction No measured or calculated sound values consistently correlated with perception questionnaire responses regarding sound from nearby office equipment Sound Hypothesis 13 Sound in a work area from mechanical equipment within a building annoys or distracts occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using sound measurements L_80 minus L_10 for RC The majority of respondents did not report hearing the sound of mechanical equipment in the building and specifically replied never when asked the frequency of hearing mechanical sounds The majority of respondents was not annoyed distracted by mechanical sounds and replied never or only occasionally The majority did not report affect on their productivity and specifically responded never or infrequently The period of time before a mechanical sound becomes distracting was brief generally within 30 seconds and the period of distraction generally was also brief and within 30 seconds Statistically significant correlation was observed for sound measurements L_80 minus L_10 for RC and hearing of mechanical sounds for Building 7 Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 02 and Building 9 Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 00 Moderate correlation was observed for Building 6 Pearson p 0 05 Significant corr
156. E Standard 55 2004 sect 5 2 4 3 p 8 indicates potential vertical temperature difference temperatures over the body as a possibility for thermal discomfort IEQ Hypothesis 6 lt 15 of building occupants should feel a draft anywhere if the draft rate percent feeling draft is lt 15 If the draft rate is 15 280 of occupants in a building should feel comfortable The draft rate percent feeling draft DR PD is explained earlier indicating its relationship to the ambient air temperature local mean air speed and the mean turbulent intensity of air locally ASHRAE Standard 55 2004 has also alluded to this effect as a potential cause for thermal discomfort in section 5 2 4 2 IEQ Hypothesis 7 lt 20 of occupants will make adjustments to their environment to reduce the presence of a draft in their work environment This hypothesis considers what action the occupants will take to mitigate the effects of perceived excessive draft IEQ Hypothesis 8 Eighty percent or more of the occupants in a work area will not feel stuffy if the indoor to outdoor differential concentration of CO is not greater than about 700 ppm The specified ventilation rates and occupant densities for specified spaces listed in ASHRAE Standard 62 reflect the consensus that the provision of acceptable outdoor air at these rates would achieve an acceptable level of indoor air quality by reasonably diluting human bioeffluents particulate matter odors and other co
157. E standard thermal comfort criteria in the field Jitkhajornwanich et al 1998 studied transitional spaces in Bangkok Results indicated in several cases that occupants preferred cooler environments although some of these transitional spaces were mechanically ventilated Demokritou et al 2002 combined experimental and computational fluid dynamics CFD studies to evaluate occupants comfort in elderly housing in the Boston area High vertical air temperature differences above 6 C were found which created thermal discomfort for the majority of the occupants It was also found that excessive air change rates and the location of the heating equipment were factors in adding to the thermal discomfort The CFD approach proved to be a very effective tool for predicting some of these thermal comfort conditions related to the buildings studied A questionnaire was also administered to building occupants Various indices derived by Fenger 1970 have been calculated from these studies including predicted percent dissatisfied PPD predicted mean vote PMV and draft rate DR These indices estimate the percent of dissatisfaction by calculating from these predicted indices using some of the engineering data obtained from collection sites and comparing it with actual percentages obtained by evaluating the NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW outcome from the administered questionnaire The basis for these thermal comfort evaluations come from
158. EEE SS aS Pl SS S S ESS CSS SS ES FC SSIS SE 3 GLESS SONS SSE SS GOS aS EOS Sos NBO 2S7 ALga EL aeae E Lido scle Stigoscle Saa aog Ee 5 oS go oS go oS go DL gD OC g Sl Dc 8 B SO GOOF SO GOOF SO GOOF lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N44 Building 8 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not C adosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 261 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS ey 5 Eo 4 AT 3 o D 502 i aan I j o o ol C s cle ol icic ollie S555 SES SF SSS Ses SoS Sess SSlESISSISILS SES SOS Sl ses a ase Sa 6 28 2 8 Fialg 8ie8 Ras eag qt Sia size lt q S 2 EE lt S 2 EE Q O Q O Q O 0 B G O 2 0 G G O 2 olt B 0 O 5 S S E O15 S S IE M5 SiSIE 3 O n gt oO 5 O n lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N45 Building 9 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Peni
159. EQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting ccsscsseeee 36 Figure 5 Building 4 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting cccsscsseeee 37 Figure 6 Building 5 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting ccsseceseeee 37 Figure 7 Building 6 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting c cscsseeseeees 38 Figure 8 Building 7 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting ccsseceseeee 38 Figure 9 Building 8 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting cccseceseeee 39 Figure 10 Building 9 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and li
160. IEQ Results 90 eal 80 4 _ m eee Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 7 All of the time Figure M81 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor Responses 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 it made them sneeze Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 8 All of the time Figure M82 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor it made them blow their nose NCEMBT 080201 AR Appendix M IEQ Results 90 80 70 60 50 Responses 30 20 10 Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time Building 8 All of the time Figure M83 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor they used an air freshner 100 90 80 70 60 50 Responses 40 30 20 10 Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time 0 Building 7 Figure M84 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked if when there was a noticeable odor they used a fan in their work area P NCEMBT 080201
161. Indust Hyg Assoc J 56 55 65 Beguin H and N Nolard 1996 Prevalence of fungi in carpeted floor environment analysis of dust samples from living rooms bedrooms offices and school classrooms Aerobiologia 12 113 120 Beis D A and C H Hansen 1997 Engineering Noise Control London E amp FN Spon Bellin P and J Schillinger 2001 Comparison of field performance of the Andersen N6 single stage and the SAS sampler for airborne fungal propagules Indoor Air 11 65 68 Beranek L L 1956 Criteria for office quieting based on questionnaire rating studies Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 19 883 851 1993 Acoustics New York Acoustical Society of America Bernstein R S W G Sorenson D Garabrant C Reaux and R D Treitman 1983 Exposures to respirable airborne Penicillium from a contaminated ventilation system clinical environmental and epidemiological aspects Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 44 161 169 Bischof W A Koch U Gehring B Fahlbusch H E Wichmann and J Heinrich 2002 Predictors of high endotoxin concentrations in the settled dust of German homes Indoor Air 12 2 9 Blazier W E 198la Revised noise criteria for the design and rating of HVAC systems ASHRAE Transactions 87 1 1981b Revised noise criteria for applications in the acoustic design and rating of HVAC systems Noise Control Engineering Journal 16 2 64 73 1995 Sound quality considerations in rating noise from
162. L95 dBA Spearman and Pearson p 0 00 and Building 7 L95_dBA Spearman p 0 4 Moderate significance 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 was observed for Building 6 L_5 dBC and L50 dBC Spearman p 0 06 and for Building 9 L95 dBA Pearson p 0 07 and Spearman p 0 06 Interpretation and Comments Building occupants rated the sound noise in their building as acceptable Specific responses by building demonstrate that a majority of occupants rated sounds noise as acceptable most of the time Larger numbers of respondents may have resulted in the moderate values being listed as statistically significant Sound Hypothesis 2 Annoyance or distraction from fluctuations in sound correlates with the midrange of the probability plot of sounds levels over the course of one day using the measurements of L_ 80 minus L_10 for sound interference level SIL Null Hypothesis N A Test Results The majority of respondents reported that the sound in their building did not fluctuate Specific responses of never and occasionally and some of the time predominated Correlation with sound measurements in the buildings were only statistically significant p lt 0 05 for Building 4 Pearson p 0 02 and Spearman p 0 03 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comments Nearly all of the occupants in all of the buildings did not perceive sound as fluctuating during the course of the day Mid range of the probability plot of sound levels over the
163. Levels CPL cc ccssccssecssecseeseecseeeseeeseeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneesneesneeeneesneesneseneeenesenesennseas 345 Q9 Covariance In Sound Measurements Using Analysis Of Covariance ANCOVA cs ccscccsccseecsetseetsesneeeneeeas 346 APPENDIX R DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS ssccsssseeseseeseseeseseeeeseneeaseeaesenensesesassesaneeneseseeaseeeeaenens 410 APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS cscsccsssseseseesseseseeeeseeeeaeseeaesenenseseeaesecasseensesesaseeassenensesesassenesesesetaneenaneeeets 411 APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA csccssscesesseeeseseeseseeanseceeseneeansecansenensesecasesaneenetaesesaneneneseas 417 APPENDIX U LISTING OF THE QUESTIONS WERE DIGITIZED FOR THE OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE 425 NCEMBT 080201 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 International Energy Conservation Code Climate Zones Map and Locations of Monitored Buildings 34 Figure 2 Building 1 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting 35 Figure 3 Building 2 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting c cssecsseee 36 Figure 4 Building 3 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of I
164. MOLD RESULTS 265 3 FE ot 1 0 Unknown Penicillium _ Other mus Em E Aspergillus Trichoderma E 2 a 2 no O kel amp O Figure N33 Building 7 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the log1o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified Penicillium Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Cladosporium Penicillium fe a n fe ne O Figure N34 Building 8 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the log1o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified PAE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU m3 Log10 Unknown Aspergillus Cladosporium Unknown k M
165. N g D lt Figure N35 Building 9 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the log1o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified Cladosporium Unknown Aspergillus Unknown Figure N36 Building 10 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the logio number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 257 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 5 4 Es eS oD og a gt 2 N 1 0 Asp Pen Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Stachybotrys Trichoderma Unknown Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Stachybotrys Day Trichoderma Unknown Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium
166. ND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SOUND DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q95 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Mechanical Equipment Sound Distraction for too loud EB 1 Pearson 0 160814 1 Spearman 0 389742 2 Pearson n a 2 Spearman n a 3 Pearson n a 3 Spearman n a 4 Pearson 0 638476 4 Spearman 0 553614 5 Pearson 0 046898 5 Spearman 0 01890 6 Pearson 0 335497 6 Spearman 0 334936 7 Pearson 0 018193 7 Spearman 0 010156 8 Pearson 0 00199 8 Spearman 0 07362 9 Pearson 0 06383 9 Spearman 0 011557 10 Pearson 0 07748 10 Spearman 0 02345 0 703632 0 339863 n a n a n a n a 0 005808 002136 0 840023 0 935198 0 858150 0 920524 0 990144 0 647341 0 630998 0 930772 0 508764 0 841725 NCEMBT 080201 EEK APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q96 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Mechanical Equipment Sound Distraction for intermittent unpredictable Pye Cor pve 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson 0 654872 0 110406 2 Spearman 0 812636 3 Pearson 0 06472 0 826017 3 Spearman 0 083666 0 776134 4 Pearson 0 28567 0 266348 4 Spearma
167. O in four buildings all of which have low perception questionnaire participation rates The null hypothesis is not supported IEQ Hypothesis 13 If occupants smell unpleasant odors in their work area no more than lt 20 will be uncomfortable and make adjustments in their environment to reduce the odor Null Hypothesis If occupants smell unpleasant odors in their work area gt 20 will be uncomfortable and make adjustments in their environment to reduce the odor Test Results Preception questionntaire responses shows that the vast majority of occupants 87 mean rate the smells as acceptable all or most of the time An average of 49 of respondents range 29 73 never notice odors Of the 199 of 390 total respondents 51 who do notice odors food odors comprise the single largest category 32 mean consistently across all buildings Musty odors are rarely 2 reported Across all buildings odors are infrequently noticed unpredictably and or sporadically without a consistent AM vs PM vs all day pattern Fewer than 10 of respondents in any building have symptoms e g sneezing blowing nose or respond to odors frequently An average of 5 of respondents report that odors frequently affect their work productivity Kruskal Wallis Chi Square analysis shows that none of the odor response questions varies significantly from zone to zone within buildings This latter finding may be due to the relatively small numbers of respondent
168. O Temperature Measures the operative temperature 5 40 C VIVO Humidity Measures the humidity of the air 0 100 RH VIVO Draught Air Temperature 5 40 C VIVO Draught Turbulence Intensity IKA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS E2 5 Assembly Of Super Battery And Stand A super battery was purchased with an additional device for the regular battery In a case of exigency this provides an uninterrupted power supply The battery is placed in the space provided at the bottom of the stand Figure E20 The battery has a LED and a sensor which shows the adequacy of electric charge Figure E21 so that the battery can be charged at regular intervals 8 hours and be ready for the next data collection Sag t MTS ei aa Par A oe 2 e A Height at 0 1m of the Stationary Cart Stand with the Portable Battery PA f Figure E20 Complete Assembly NCEMBT 080201 133 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS gt Discharged Charged lt 25 25 100 BATTERY INDICATOR 12 V For accurate use turn off battery charging units and all electrical loads C Ineico DK 9690 Type 421 888 7201 Figure E21 Battery Indicator E3 TYPES OF RAW VARIABLES MEASURED FOR THERMAL COMFORT Several variables are measured using the VIVO instruments and several others are calculated by the sensors such as the different indices PMV and PPD to help in evaluating the overall thermal comfort in each o
169. ON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM CONVERSATIONS THAT CARRY INTO My WORK AREA SndConvHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndConvProdAffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndConvAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndConvDistrWithin and for how long SndConvDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q43 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 1 Po tye Con SndConvHear Pearson 0 528707 0 177920 SndConvHear Spearman 0 797468 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 511067 0 241103 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 695522 0 082711 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 05403 0 908411 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 258075 0 576321 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 30852 0 551906 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 43771 0 385361 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 20959 0 690214 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 18759 0 721913 Table Q44 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 2 Tye Con value SndConvHear P
170. ORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 w A ODN OO E E 2 8 od E E 2 2Z od El EJL s ol 313 JlE S SSIS Els S 2 6 E s s 5 gll g 5z glS E Ol gl ol lE 315 81 22 3151818312358 2z Sialis Sille Blo ZEII o O 2 olto Oo 8 oO 2 oSls E Do Sls E oSls E g g g 5196 5 O 1H 5 O 1a lt x lt x lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N59 Building 2 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Logo for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 e7 p 5 6 T oO 4 3 o 8 B 2o D 9o lD SV Ble Ee 2 51515 21 2 5 5 5 2 E ele 5lglglolE 5S glelotl ESES IE vilolg g z wiol g glz la olg glz Sla z el lt Sja Zle aLa S al zlea oliti 0 92 oS 0 2 oS olo os gs E 25 2E 5l gE 519015 3 ep 5 ep xt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N60 Building 3 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units pe
171. P8 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they could hear sound noise from outside of their building NCEMBT 080201 PATI APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS X a a fe 2 a O ao Not annoyed distracted Annoyed distracted Building ID Figure P9 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance or distraction by noise from outside of their building Responses Occasionally ever Building ID Figure P10 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they were annoyed or distracted by noise from outside their building P STE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Affects productivity Doesn t affect productivity Building ID Figure P11 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaireconcerning the noise from outside the building affecting their productivity Frequency Most of the time Some of tng time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P12 Specific responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often noise from outside the building affected their productivity NCEMBT 080201 299 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Brief a 5 Long Building ID 9 410 Figure P13 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concernin
172. Pearson 0 890361 0 300904 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 5 0 666667 NCEMBT 080201 EIJI APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q93 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 9 P variable tye con pvalue SndMechHear Pearson 0 33454 0 009604 SndMechHear Spearman 0 40015 0 001688 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 298698 0 176918 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 410143 0 057983 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 244244 0 273328 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 269326 0 225487 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 24768 0 393243 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 42429 0 130525 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 16746 0 567163 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 24445 0 399639 Table Q94 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 10 Variable Type Compal SndMechHear Pearson 0 16175 0 165621 SndMechHear Spearman 0 178565 0 125326 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 029202 0 859922 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 07268 0 660156 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 082061 0 619447 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 06468 0 695669 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 04984 0 808927 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 025555 0 901380 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 385494 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 282503 0 162017 KEPE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q23 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOU
173. Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Unknown Yes No Yes Unknown No Other Unknown gt 100 ft2 Rectangular Unknown Carpet Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Less than 10 ft Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown No No Yes No Unknown Yes No No Unknown Unknown Multipurpose Unknown 50 100 ft2 Square Partition Partial Carpet Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No Inside sound sources not in work area Pumps motors on floor Inside sound sources not in work area Activity above Inside sound sources not in wk area Conversation in adjacent rooms Inside sound sources not in work area Plumbing air handlers Inside sound sources not in work area Other Inside sound sources not in work area Copiers fax Inside sound sources not in work area Computers Inside sound sources not in work area Conversations Inside sound sources not in work area Air conditioners Inside sound sources not in work area Speech masking systems Work areas have background music Self cont roof top mechanical equipment room units exist Air handl
174. Public Health 3 133 139 Hyvarinen A T Reponen T Husman J Ruuskanen and A Nevalainen 1993 Characterizing mold problem buildings concentrations and flora of viable fungi Indoor Air 3 337 343 Hyvarinen A M Vahteristo T Meklin M Jantunen A Nevalainen and D Moschandreas 2001 Temporal and spatial variation of fungal concentrations in indoor air Aerosol Sci Tech 35 688 695 IES PHS 1963 How to make a lighting survey Illuminating Engineering February Jensen P A W F Todd G N Davis and P V Scarpino 1992 Evaluation of eight bioaerosol samplers challenged with aerosols of free bacteria Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 53 660 667 NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES Jensen P A B Lighthart A J Mohr and B T Shaffer 1994 Instrumentation used with microbial bioaerosols p 226 284 In B Lighthart and A J Mohr ed Atmospheric microbial aerosols Theory and Applications New York Chapman and Hall Jitkhajornwanich K A C Pitts A Malama S Sharples 1998 Thermal Comfort in Transitional spaces in the Cool Season of Bangkok ASHRAE Transactions Symposium n Pt 1B SF 98 11 4 104 1181 1191 Juozaitis A K Willeke S A Grinshpun and J Donnelly 1994 Impaction onto a glass slide or agar versus impingment into a liquid for the collection and recovery of airborne microorganisms Appl Environ Microbiol 60 861 870 Kemp S J T H Kuehn D Y H Pui D Vesley and A J Streifel 1995a G
175. RBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 4 3 CFU ms3 Log10 0E Hat AL Tl lal 0 EEEE S SEE El lE E E SIE ES 3 253 35 6 23 g s 2s 6 g 5l g 65l gl 5 8058 gOS apg Elo Ela CEA j So ol Silia Zlo AE Pes 2 Ps E a ia elg iaj S TS O O O O O O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N11 Building 5 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 1 0 gE 53 S5 p m Sle 5 5 cla oa 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 5 a 2 elz isle le 5 5 6 5 5 B 5 5 3 5 5 SDS O x x Qa olo x 2 ol lt Q S cg o To gt Srela DIO 3 DI O o o 3S Dlo 5 5 als olgil d amp TS amp HTA O O O wn O 0 1 213 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N12 Building 6 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and a
176. SCCUMILY ouere aeiee rere aE EE E EE 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 Your relations with your CO WOrkeTIS cccccsseeseeteeeteceteeseeeseeeees 12 3 4 5 6 7 Your relations with your supervisors cccecsceeseeseeeteeeteeeteeeseeeees 12 3 4 5 6 Be YOUR PAY jececcasccedlesnevecasiewsvsisceveschsdeneecedeadsdedeadansecesbacedastusesteneed oat 12 3 4 5 6 9 Your chances or advancement 00 0 ececeeccecceseeeeeeeceseeaeeeeeeeeaeeaeenee 12 3 4 5 6 10 Your level of responsibility cccccscecsseeseceseceeeceseesseeeeeeeenseees 12 3 4 5 6 11 Your independence or autONOMy eccccceeeseeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 12 The degree of recognition for good WOrk 0 0 cccceeseeeceeeeeeeeeeseeseee 12 3 4 5 6 13 Your interest in the work itself 0 0 cceceeseesececeeeeeeeeteeeeceeeeeeeeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 14 The quality of equipment you work With cc ceceeeeseeteetteenees 12 3 4 5 6 NCEMBT 080201 101 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 15 The time pressures Of your JOD 0 ceceecceesceesceeeeeteeeseceeeneeeeeeaes 12 3 4 5 6 13 Your interest in the work itself 0 0 ceceeceesececeeeeeeeeteeteceeeeeeeeeeeees 12 3 4 5 6 14 The quality of equipment you work With ccceseeseeseeteesteenees 12 3 4 5 6 15 The time pressures Of your JOD ccceecceecceseceeeeeeeeeceeeeteeneeeaes 12 3 4 5 6 Health Characteristics Below are some symptoms that people experience at different times Please indicate how often you
177. SES 2 3 SOUND Sound Hypothesis 1 Sound in a work area can annoy or distract occupants Sound in a work area can annoy or distract workers dBLIN dBA dBC do not predict annoyance and distraction associated with sound with a confidence level above 70 and noise criteria NC nosie reduation NR PNC and NCB do not predict annoyance and distraction associated with sound with a confidence level above 80 Bies and Hansen 1997 cover limitations in the various measurement criteria Holmberg Landstrom and Kjellberg 1997 found that dBLIN dBA dBB dBC and dBD and the difference ABC dBA alone did not correlate well with annoyance Beis and Hansen 1997 As a general guideline the levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when the reverberation time of the building is greater than 0 8 seconds However the reverberation time changes with different occupancy levels effecting speech intelligibility Beranek 1993 There is also some evidence that high sound levels simultaneous with temperature outside the normal range result in higher incidence of annoyance and distraction than either condition alone Pellerin and Candas 2004 Sound Hypothesis 2 There is variation in an occupant s preferences and tolerances to sounds or noise in the work area It can be assumed that in every perception measure ever performed on human subjects variation exits in the subjects perceptions of the measures Some percept
178. SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 42426 0 401788 Table Q18 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building g 4 Pte Con vais O SndOSHear Pearson 0 056954 0 828117 SndOSHear Spearman 0 124274 0 634634 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 151389 0 605417 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 266391 0 357257 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 111374 0 704649 SndOSProdaAffect Spearman 0 198380 0 496586 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 204424 0 571046 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 153624 0 671766 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 252947 0 480742 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 310517 0 382536 Table Q19 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 5 Pye con value SndOSHear Pearson 0 18592 0 419738 SndOSHear Spearman 0 21749 0 343618 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 19768 0 431709 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 24749 0 322104 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 3944 0 105319 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 3962 0 103589 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 20705 0 441644 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 09805 0 717914 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 15573 0 564671 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 09415 0 728711 NCEMBT
179. Spearman 0 036457 0 862644 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 20984 0 491399 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 03451 0 910874 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 09544 0 756444 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 09737 0 751654 Table Q77 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 7 f Variable type con pve O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 04650 0 647624 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 10667 0 293318 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 063454 0 576040 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 00840 0 941081 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 163912 0 146265 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 103795 0 359542 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 002998 0 985748 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 154672 0 353819 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 210824 0 203897 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 137020 0 412039 Table Q78 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 8 Pye Cor o palue O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 063316 0 694115 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 064022 0 690874 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 10959 0 518485 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 16401 0 332070 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 15766 0 351367 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 15302 0 365895 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 050126 0 883637 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 147844 0 664423 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 277662 0 408421 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 288675 0 389283 KITEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q
180. Strongly agree 1 Somewhat agree 2 Neither agree nor disagree 3 Somewhat disagree 4 Strongly disagree 5 b The lighting factor in my work area that most adversely affects my productivity is The lighting is too bright or too dim 1 There is too much glare 2 The lights flicker 3 Irregular lighting patterns on walls 4 ceiling and or furniture or partitions 5 Colors are distorted 6 Did not answer the question 255 c When there is too much glare on my desk surface or workstation and or on my computer screen my productivity is adversely affected Never 1 Occasionally 2 Some of the time 3 Most of the time 4 All of the time 5 d When the lighting in my work area on my desk surface or workstation and or on my computer screen is deficient or unacceptable during my work day my productivity is adversely affected Never 1 Occasionally 2 Some of the time 3 Most of the time 4 All of the time 5 GAEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA Table T1 Characteristics of Buildings 1 5 ESS SSS SS es 5a 5a 3c 3c DOE Climate Zone Total count of occupants Number of floors Constructed after 1990 Construction Year Oriented on a north south axis Major glass areas face North Major glass areas face Northeast Major glass areas face East Major glass areas face Southeast Major glass areas face South Major
181. V 2 120V 3 The lighting control methods used in the offices are Choose all apply Manual Switching 1 Timing Device 2 Occupancy Sensors 3 Photosensors 4 What is the regular cleaning schedule for luminaries Luminaries were last cleaned The lamp replacement is on burnout 1 on group replacement 2 56 If the lamp is on group replacement what is group replacement interval NCEMBT 080201 119 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS E1 DESCRIPTION OF SENSORS Thermal comfort engineering data were collected using VIVO sensors with tiltable arms mounted on a movable telescoping stand Figure E1 _J Air Temperature Air Velocity and j Turbulence Intensity Sensors and Transducers Bi d oa d Operative Temperature _ Relative Humidity Y e ig Power Supply PDA for recording Transport Case Figure E1 Schematic diagram based on the VIVO sampling cart and related hardware assembled from VIVO Dantec information on line A single operative temperature sensor Figure E2 measured the operative temperature a measure of the temperature experienced by a person as a result of the actual temperature convection and the effects of radiant heat The unit provides a very close representation of the body s perception of temperature Figure E2 VIVO operating temperature sensor A single relative humidity RH sensor Figure E3 used
182. a telephone conversation 100 90 80 9 70 4 g 60 50 9 A g 40 c 30 20 0 oe All of the ti of the time 7 Most Orne ine Some of the time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P94 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they moved to another location for telephone privacy KUUES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses oi Q xs Postpone 8 Don t postpone Building ID 9 40 Figure P95 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning postponing a conversation until later due to lack of privacy in their work area Responses oi Oo x All of the time I Most of the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P96 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they postponed a conversation until later due to lack of privacy in their work area NCEMBT 080201 EZS APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses oi Q Postpone Don t postpone Building ID Figure P97 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning postponing a telephone conversation until later due to lack of privacy in their work area Responses oi Oo x All of the time 7 Most of the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Buidling ID
183. a Ela a Scio clo V clo a clo olo 0 O o olo ol O DIO olo O olo sag lt a g AG g eg e elg 2 O O O O Ol O O 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N9 Building 3 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 1 0 b 2E S S BESS S S ZEE B E 5 E S DIS clo Clo cl lo zS siglo D2 xi xo x ola 2 al a 8 5181 15 558 55 5385 lt g E lt ajg jo g O O O O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N10 Building 4 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified POTE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AI
184. a capacitive sensor that measures the relative humidity as a percentage range 0 100 This unit also had a sensor to measure air temperature IPEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Figure E3 VIVO relative humidity sensor Three draught sensors Figure E4 measure low air velocity and air temperature using omnidirectional spherical thin film sensors The unit s measurement range for velocity was 0 05 5 m s it measured fluctuations up to 2 Hz in air velocity Figure E4 VIVO draught sensor The accuracy of VIVO sensors come reasonably close to the accuracy range recommended by ASHRAE 55 Table E1 Table E1 Difference between accuracy of VIVO sensors and those stipulated in ASHRAE Standard 55 Type of measurement Unit of measurement Range of measurement ASHRAE standard VIVO accuracy Air temperature oC 0 45 C 0 2 C 0 5 C Air velocity m s 0 05 1 m s 0 05 m s 0 01 m s Operative temperature XG 0 45 C 0 2 C 0 5 C mean radiant temperature Relative humidity 0 100 NCEMBT 080201 121 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS E2 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR VIVO IEQ INSTRUMENTS PREPARED IN PART WITH INFORMATION FROM THE VIVO INSTRUCTION MANUAL Experienced users may move directly to secrtion E2 2 Recommended Installation Of Testing Station Please note that field applicability can override these recommendations Important Read this before you use the VIVO units Read all inst
185. a oe a xola S 2 D D ome Q 5 918 5 5 5 2 5 5 G 2 3 S s S TS S amp ras O O O O O o O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N21 Building 5 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergillus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified 6 5 2 TH D 53 gt 2 2 0 0 HAHH H H C V E S PIE SIE DS lEl SIS lElSl l Ele aane Z els cl2 Se slclelseclselscesciceese g SOB slO slo Bs Ojs Ba O B 90 8 a g 0 slo a D22 a D2 xo D2 Sola aoao Qu no aoa au au caa DIa o n O e olo DIO o o2 o n 2 lt 8 lt 8 g lt 8 lt L8 Sg O O O O O O n O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N22 Building 6 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicill
186. able criterion There is some inter zone variability in reporting of draftiness however low questionnaire rates may explain some of this In addition large standard deviations in draft measurements may reflect intermittent draftiness that affects respondents responses to these questions in some zones within buildings The significance for KruskalWallis but not Chi Square is not surprising given that Chi Square is looking for a much less specific difference a different profile of responses rather than a skewed distribution of responses There are insufficient data to support or refute the null hypothesis NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS IEQ Hypothesis 9 Occupants will make adjustments to their environment to reduce the presence of a draft in their work environment Null Hypothesis Occupants will not make adjustments to their environment to reduce the presence of a draft in their work environment Test Results The questionnaire responses show that of those respondents who perceive draft problems the percentage who make no adjustments in the work environment is very high in every building register 94 door 100 complains reports 98 or mentions 88 the problem leaves 97 or perceives an adverse impact on work productivity 94 The proportion test shows that the proportion of respondents who make adjustments is Statistically significantly gt 20 for questions concerning draft from the register no buildings draft clos
187. ably the most common well known sound level measure SIL values SIL Speech Interference Level Speech Interference Level values are averages of sound levels in 500 1000 2000 and 4 000 Hz octave bands SIL emphasizes the frequency range sensitivity that is most critical for understanding human speech Reynolds 2003 PSIL values PSIL Preferred Speech Interference Level Preferred Speech Interference Level values are averages of sound levels in 500 1000 2000 Hz octave bands PSIL is the same as SIL without the 4000 Hz contribution PSIL is used to set the level of the RC curves at 1000 Hz ASHRAE 1995 dBC dBA values dBA A weighted sound level dBC C weighted sound level The C weighted sound criteria was designed to approximate the response of the human ear at sound levels of 85 dB Because at 85 dB down to 125 Hz the human ear has a much flatter frequency response than at low sound levels A weighting criteria subtracting dBC from dBA results in highlighting the low frequency content of the sound Beis and Hansen 1997 dBLin dBA values dBA A weighted sound level dBLin Linear weighted sound level This also results in highlighting the low frequency content of the sound but has higher emphasis on very low frequencies below 125 Hz than the dBC dBA values Beis and Hansen 1997 Values associated with the above sound descriptors if not directly recorded were calculated from the recorded data A
188. ailability Yes No Window orientation North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest West Northwest Distance to nearest window Weather clear partly cloudy overcast Note K5 2 Illuminance Measurements K11 Template used to record the illuminance measurements at each zone s workstation s 1 Primary work surface far left Lux 2 Primary work surface far right Lux 3 Primary work surface near left Lux 4 Primary work surface near right Lux 5 Primary work surface brightest Lux 6 Primary work surface darkest Lux 7 VDT workstation source document Lux 8 VDT workstation center of VDT screen Lux 9 VDT workstation keyboard Lux 10 Floor average over 3 measurements on the floorof Lux the workstation IKPA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE K5 3 Luminance Measurements K12 Template used to record the luminance measurements at each zone s workstation s 11 Ceiling between luminaries cd m2 12 Brightest light source in field of view cd m 13 Brightest ceiling area in field of view cd m 14 Darkest walls or partition area in field of view cd m2 15 Wall or partition area straight ahead cd m 16 Wall or partition area 90 deg to the right cd m2 17 Wall or partition area 90 deg to the left cd m2 18 Brightest area of the sky from the window cd m 19 A nearby building from the window cd m 20 Floor average over 3 measurements on the floor
189. al Carpet Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Unknown Yes Open Unknown 50 100 ft2 Rectangular Partition Partial Carpet Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No N A Unknown No Open Unknown Unknown Square Partition Partial Carpet Raised 10 ft or more Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No N A Unknown N A Open Unknown 50 100 ft2 Rectangular Partition Partial Carpet Perm 10 ft or more Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Inside sound sources not in wk area Conversation in adjacent rooms Inside sound sources not in wk area Plumbing air handlers Inside sound sources not in wk area Other Inside sound sources not in wk area Copiers fax Inside sound sources not in wk area Computers Inside sound sources not in wk area Conversations Inside sound sources not in wk area Air conditioners Inside sound sources not in wk area Speech masking systems Work areas have background music Self cont roof top mechanical equipment room units exist Air handling system Air distribution system Supply register type Return air type HVAC system type Energy perf of chiller in kW Ton Has thermal storage syste
190. aluation study and Temporal Indoor Monitoring Evaluation study While they collected data from 156 buildings the focus of the EPA studies was on indoor air quality not lighting In the past ten years the trend of office lighting design has changed significantly More daylight is integrated into the office space and indirect and direct indirect lighting has become a more popular trend than direct lighting in new office buildings In 2003 the allowable Lighting Power Density LPD was reduced from 1 3 to 1 0 W ft according to the ANSI ASHARE IESNA Standard 2003 All of these changes may significantly influence both the office lighting environment and occupants satisfaction This research will provide information on the lighting environment in relatively new office buildings and occupants perceptions of their lighting environment The human body does not respond to an environmental input monotonically Any response depends on a great number of factors including indoor air quality thermal comfort lighting and noise However most previous research regarding indoor environmental factors focused on air quality thermal comfort and or noise Only a few studies focused on lighting In the past ten years no comprehensive field surveys considering all the parameters of indoor environmental quality included in this study lighting noise thermal comfort indoor air quality and fungal contamination have been conducted Significant research proj
191. ampling sites is sufficient to determine the airborne fungal poulations in non water damaged buildings Common airborne fungi were noted and airborne culturable Cladosporium and Penicillium were isolated from 100 of the buildings sampled using the Andersen sampler Airborne fungi associated with water intrusion water damage were rarely present in the buildings Airborne culturable Chaetomium and Stachybotrys were never isolated Trichoderma was isolated in only one building and Aspergillus flavus was isolated in only two of the buildings Airborne Aureobasidium Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spores were not observed in any of the 10 buildings with the Burkard sampler and Chaetomium was only found in one sample from one building Surface associated Stachybotrys was isolated in 15 of the 180 vacuum dust samples 8 but the concentrations in the majority of the positive samples were at or near the lower limit of detection No locations were positive for culturable Stachybotrys in vacuum dust on more than one of the three sampling days at any of the buildings The results of acoustic testing in the ten buildings did not reveal any consistent correlation with measured sound levels within buildings and occupant responses relating to sound existence annoyance and effect on productivity Thus it was not shown that sound levels measured in a zone can be a good predictor of occupant perception of sound and its effect on performance There can be several reasons
192. an p 0 075 Interpretation and Comments The majority of respondents never hear piped in music or masking sounds Of those that did most were only infrequently annoyed distracted The measurement L_50 L_10 for dBA does not consistently inversely correlate with background noises from piped in music or masking sounds Sound Hypothesis 10 Annoyance or distraction from sound from piped in music or masking sounds can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using L_80 minus L_10 for dBA for too loud and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA for intermittent unpredictable and increases decreases The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L 80 L_50 for dBA Of the small number of NCEMBT 080201 63 4 RESULTS respondents who heard piped in music or masking sounds there were several reasons for distraction with no one predominating The only statistically significant correlation was observed in Building 10 Pearson p 0 02 and Spearman p 0 01 and too loud Interpretation and Comments Of the small number of respondents who hear piped in music or masking sounds there are several sources of distraction with no one predominating None of the perception ques
193. ants in a building should feel comfortable Null Hypothesis gt 15 of building occupants should feel a draft anywhere if the draft rate is lt 15 If the draft rate is lt 15 lt 80 of occupants in a building should feel comfortable Test Results The average draft rate exceeds 15 in two buildings Building 4 and 7 A mean of 64 of respondents report perceived draft as acceptable most or all of the time In two buildings Building 3 and 6 a majority of respondents rated the draftiness as unacceptable 10 of 10 buildings have respondent rates gt 20 for draft non acceptability The mean rate of feeling a draft during some part of the work day is 17 range 13 27 with often drafty most work days or every work day gt 20 of respondents in 3 buildings Building 3 4 and 8 note low respondent rates in the first two buildings An average of 99 of occupants prefer the air neither drafty nor stagnant an expected finding Kruskal Wallis but not Chi Square analysis shows significant inter zone variability in responses to the question of too drafty in Buildings 3 4 and 7 Draft acceptability shows significant inter zone variability in Building 1 2 3 4 6 and 8 Interpretation and Comments Most buildings have an average draft rate that is lt 15 A majority of respondents find draft acceptable and in the two buildings where a majority of respondents report draft unacceptability the measured draft rates are within the accept
194. ar Spearman 0 451778 0 000828 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 124438 0 352014 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 172839 0 194481 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 027626 0 836909 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 028961 0 829139 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 19011 0 190741 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 09836 0 501335 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 089918 0 538936 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 147478 0 311902 Table Q52 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 10 P Variable type Con pve o SndConvHear Pearson 0 037604 0 748738 SndConvHear Spearman 0 005957 0 959546 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 051526 0 660640 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 031714 0 787076 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 01275 0 913572 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 009255 0 937184 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 05864 0 637360 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 06170 0 619906 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 019782 0 873754 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 033577 0 787356 NCEMBT 080201 EYA APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q17 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF CONVERSATION DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q53 Results for too loud and L_9
195. arameter Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Symbol PPD Unit Definition The PPD is an index that predicts the number of thermally dissatisfied persons among a large ASHRAE group of people 55 2004 Applies to Global comfort Determination PPD can be determined by the equation ASHRAE or the graph 55 2004 MO rH SRAHAEEDSCRURAUOAKOOULAUIE a PUNE coal PREDICTED PERCENTAGE OF DISSATISFIED eS a 0 5 0 5 10 15 20 PREDICTED MEAN VOTE The vertical air temperature difference is usually defined as the difference of the air temperature between the head location for a seated person 1 1m and the feet i e 0 1m This has been suggested also as a possible contributor to thermal discomfort for occupants Although its value is not included in any of the calculated indices i e PPD its effect on thermal comfort is being sensed from the questionnaire and also in the section involving the hypotheses to be tested from the engineering data and the questionnaire presented later on Draft rate DR is a function of local air temperature mean air speed and turbulence intensity It represents the predicted percentage of people dissatisfied due to annoyance from drafts The model used to calculate DR DR ASHRAE is based on known air temperature mean air speed and turbulence intensity ASHRAE 2004 Based on the occupant perception questionnaire results the percentage of IKEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS peop
196. aresinadaieainaanniainsauueciatarmscineauniavaianadvisatmeaunidiaraiin 191 Table K8 Template used to characterize additional taks lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if additional task lights are used in the zone ssssssssssssssssesserssesssesseesssesssnsessesseesssesesssesesesesensesstesesenesenneenes 191 Table K9 Template used to describe the light power density ssssssssssssssnesnsnnsnnsnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnna 192 Table K10 Templates used to describe general information at each zone s workstation S sseseeeeeeens 192 Table K11 Template used to record the illuminance measurements at each zone s workstation S s ee 192 Table K12 Template used to record the luminance measurements at each zone s workstatiOn S 0 cseeee 193 Table K13 Template used to record the color of the lighting at the work surface at each ZONE sseeeeeeeeees 193 NCEMBT 080201 feu Table K14 Template used to record the color of the lighting at other locations at the ZONGC ccssseeeeeees 193 Table L1 Energy Usage for the Ten Monitored Buildi Table 01 Chi square values for presence of a Senin taxon in airborne cultruable fungal samples Table 02 Chi square values for presence of a predominant taxon in airborne non culturable fungal samples 279 Table 03 Variance component analysis of airborne Culturable fUNQ cccccssseeess
197. arison of sound measurements and the question conversations that carry into my work area for building 4 cscessssssssssssesesseseeseeseseeseeserseesesenseesensesensesensenseeses my work area for building 5 sults in P of sound measurements and the question ings area vere i he question i question i e question i hear sounds from surements and the question i hear sounds from sans so Table Q054 kai and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL EE E TE Table Q55 Results for increases decreases and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL sss ssssssrrsrssrrrrrssrrerrssnrrnrssnrenessnnene OLD Table Q56 Results for understandable and L_95 minus L_50 for SIL cscs STA Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measure Ques banan hnui Foy Building 2 sisisi Table pa Statistic sults In C In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area Table Q60 Statistical Re In Music Or Masking Sounds In N sults In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds Work Area For Building 4 c cscssseseseeeeees Table Q61 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurt In Music Or Masking Sounds In a Work Area For Building 5 Table Q6 ical In Music Or Masking So ae n 376 rom Piped nonnnnn 376 d Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From p zuilding 6 A T E E E 377 mannnnnnnnnannnannnnnnnnnnnns Ta
198. arison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 5 ype Con pve OO SndTelHear Pearson 0 125565 0 587590 SndTelHear Spearman 0 147542 0 523324 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 24431 0 328557 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 31176 0 207890 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 00968 0 969579 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 05803 0 819100 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 16302 0 561574 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 24189 0 385090 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 43168 0 108112 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 53409 0 040288 KI 7 E NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q34 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 6 Type Con SndTelHear Pearson 0 142766 0 343893 SndTelHear Spearman 0 05154 0 733709 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 27303 0 072946 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 30689 0042744 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 18042 0 241200 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 29614 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 00987 0 951810 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 04139 0 799820 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 17377 0 283573 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 27432 0 086719 Table Q35 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questio
199. arman 0 052284 0 769017 Table Q24 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 10 Tye Con vais O SndOSHear Pearson 0 11841 0 311622 SndOSHear Spearman 0 11690 0 317899 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 00589 0 974896 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 075250 0 687442 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 25493 0 166344 SndOSProdaAffect Spearman 0 22206 0 229896 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 326046 0 119978 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 287187 0 173613 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 197818 0 354147 SndOSDistrFor Spearman 0 241364 0 255868 NCEMBT 080201 EEY APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q13 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE SOUND DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q25 Results for too loud and L_99 minus L_50 for dBA Pte Com value o Pearson 0 161394 0 702600 Spearman 0 454699 0 257663 2 Pearson 0 567634 0 183780 2 Spearman 0 524554 0 226767 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson 0 513297 0 035091 s 4 Spearman 0 507651 0 037502
200. arman 0 13318 0 254668 NCEMBT 080201 EEEX APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q12 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS WITH ANSWERS TO THE OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM OUTSIDE THE BUILDING AIRPLANES TRAFFIC TRAINS CONSTRUCTION MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SIRENS ETC IN MY WORK AREA SndOSHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndOSProdA ffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndOSAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndOSDistrWithin and for how long SndOSDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table Q15 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building 1 Toe con value SndOSHear Pearson 0 35642 0 386147 SndOSHear Spearman 0 45004 0 263195 SndOSProdAffect Pearson 0 24961 0 551056 SndOSProdAffect Spearman 0 2905 0 485186 SndOSAnnoy Pearson 0 22601 0 590436 SndOSAnnoy Spearman 0 063786 0 880724 SndOSDistrWithin Pearson 0 118435 0 823178 SndOSDistrWithin Spearman 0 131165 0 804381 SndOSDistrFor Pearson 0 16912
201. around their air conditioned work spaces An ASHRAE sponsored study surveyed occupants n 935 of 22 mechanically ventilated buildings in Kalgoorlie Boulder Australia a hot and arid climate deDear 1999 During summer months about 65 of indoor measurements were within the ASHRAE standard 55 while about 85 of indoor measurements were within the standard during winter The study also found that 86 of occupants considered their thermal conditions acceptable Other similar studies have been performed in other locations worldwide A study was performed in residential buildings in Harbin China in winter Wanget al 2003 It was found that about 92 of occupants felt their thermal environment is acceptable Over 80 of these occupants felt dry at a relative humidity of 20 30 and over 40 felt dry at a relative humidity of 30 55 Tham and Ullah 1993 examined thermal comfort in the humid climate of Singapore In this study a computer simulation using DOE2 1B software was used to evaluate the variations of envelope design on energy performance and thermal comfort An equation designed by Fanger 1970 was used to evaluate the expected levels of thermal comfort of the occupants By considering the variations of the envelope designs the predicted percentage of dissatisfied occupants varied about 1 between the extremes A study of office buildings conducted by Chan et al in Hong Kong 1998 raised concern about the validity of the traditional ASHRA
202. ase complete each of the following statements by checking the box that best expresses your personal feelings or preferences 1 On average I perceive my work area to be check one 6 very comfortable 5 moderately comfortable 4 slightly comfortable 3 slightly uncomfortable 2 moderately uncomfortable 1 very uncomfortable 2 On average I perceive the temperature of my work area to be disregarding the effects of air movement lighting and humidity 6 very warm 5 moderately warm 4 1 slightly warm 3 slightly cool 2 1 moderately cool 1 very cool 3 On average I perceive the air Movement of my work area to be disregarding the effects of air movement lighting and humidity Answer on both scales 3 too much very acceptable 21 just right moderately acceptable 1f too little slightly acceptable wo A Nn DW slightly unacceptable NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 2 moderately unacceptable 1 very unacceptable 4 On average I perceive the Lighting of my work area to be disregarding the effects of temperature air movement and humidity 6 3 4 3 2 1 j very bright moderately bright slightly bright slightly dim moderately dim very dim 5 On average I perceive the humidity of my work area to be disregarding the effects of temperature air movement and lighting N Ww A Nn A very humid moderately humid slightly humi
203. ater indicator fungal taxa but marginally as the majority of the taxa were not found Chaetomium was observed as gt 1 in the non culturable air samples and A versicolor was isolated as gt 30 of the culturable fungi Stachybotrys was not present in indoor air samples NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 14 Indicator fungi i e indicators of water intrusion moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth are expected to be not present in surface dust samples in non problem buildings Null Hypothesis Fungi commonly associated with water intrusion will be present in surface dust samples collected in non problem buildings Test Results Chaetomium Stachybotrys and Trichoderma were not isolated as greater than 1 of the culturable fungi in vacuum dust samples A versicolor A flavus and A niger were not isolated as gt 30 of the culturable fungi in vacuum dust samples Penicillium spp were not isolated as gt 30 of the cultruable fungi Interpretation and Comment The high prevalence of Auerobasidium likely accounts for the overall elevated presence of atypical fungi in dust samples The other water indicator fungal taxa were rarely isolated in elevated concentrations from the vacuum dust samples Null hypothesis is confirmed 4 4 3 Mold Summary Cladosporium was isolated from 100 of the buildings sampled Airborne Stachybotrys spores were never found indoors However su
204. ature Measurements s csscssssessessensees 135 Table E5 Description of Relative Humidity Measurement c ccsccsscessesseessensseeseenseesensaeesaessaeessensensensaens 136 Table E6 Description of Air Velocity Measurement cssccsscessesseessenseesseesaeeseeesaeesaessaensaessaenesaeneenseneaeneaens 137 Table E7 Descrpition of PMV Definition and Calculations c csscesscessessenssenssenssensensaessaensensensenssenseensaees 138 Table ES Description of PPD Calculations siciisi sisieisi sin siii sanveiwisinscxnisanveinisinnaxnicunveux sein suinveunisimiexsiermeinveiniermerainin 140 Table E9 Summary of the Number of Measurements by Category for Raw Data and the Calculated Indices for the IEQ Instruments for Database Allocation Space s s ssusssensrssnsseussunnnrunenunnununnusunnaonnnanunaunanonnnanusaananannenunanannnnannaanna 141 Table I1 Data Field Names for Stoning Vales 0 s c scccsesensccsccesnsesesencossasnsereseaeenastatesceecsianeassenenciassteseaseeansaneses 166 Table J1 Summary of features of the meter used to record illuminance s s ssssssssussssusnununuunnununnunununnununnununnununnnas 176 Table J2 Summary of features of the meter used to monitor luminance s ssssssessssssusnsrunuununnnnununnununnnnunnnnunnnnnnns 178 Table J3 Summary of the features of the meter used to monitor light source and surface luminance and chromaticty E E E evs aediides same E E E E E E E dae 180 Table J4 S
205. avus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 N CFU g Log10 w A o1 O m A flavus A niger Allmold i O Allmold All fungi ___T Allmold _ a SD si sial 5 Q gt D O gt D fo O 2 SB eLoas EL S o s A o z D D pes S 2 o lt lt o lt lt D gt lt gt T gt 1 2 3 Day Figure N76 Building 9 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versicolo and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 NCEMBT 080201 277 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 8 7 d O 6 l D 535 5 HII E 6 ue gt wo wu Goil i am 5 o oo 2 1 35 oo 9oo 2 35 60 oO olv gt D o amp o 5 5 oOo o s5 BD S Oo lesa a zL gale a PLIE ld o gl gt Se e ei lt ea a lt x oct lt L lt x o 1 2 3 Day Figure N77 Building 10 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples re
206. ax 0 Building L_90_RC 14 Zone L_90_RC 73 Sampling Date L_90_RC 13 Residual L_90_RC 0 Building L_80_RC 15 Zone L_80_RC 69 Sampling Date L_80_RC 15 Residual L_80_RC 0 Building L_50_RC 19 Zone L_50_RC 62 Sampling Date L_50_RC 19 Residual L_50_RC 0 Building L_10_RC 28 Zone L_10_RC 44 Sampling Date L_10_RC 28 Residual L_10_RC 0 KUTE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q10 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS WITH ANSWERS TO THE OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE QUESTION OVER THE LAST FOUR WEEKS WOULD RATE THE SOUND OR NOISE IN My WORK AREA AS ACCEPTABLE Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table Q4 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 1 Ppvaue O O L_5_dBA Pearson 0 639205 0 087935 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 619471 0 101431 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 128336 0 761998 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 114708 0 786802 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 746249 0 033468 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 210132 0 418226 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 105442 0 803756 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 25811 0 537104 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 062286 0 883515 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 361358 0 379126 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 109636 0 796075 L_95_dBC Spearman
207. become reaerosolized Buttner et al 2002a The populations of fungi in settled dust in non problem buildings should reflect that found in the air samples as mixed populations with no genus except Cladosporium present as the predominant organism Horner et al 2004 Mold Hypothesis 8 The concentrations of surface associated fungal genera present in non problem buildings are consistent among buildings Variation in the concentrations of culturable fungi in settled dust in non problem buildings should be minimal as the populations are reflective of that settled from the indoor air Buttner et al 2002a NCEMBT 080201 19 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES Mold Hypothesis 9 The concentration of culturable fungi in non problem buildings is expected to be lt 10 CFU gram of dust Studies have reported populations of fungi in settled dust to be lt 10 CFU g Ellringer et al 2000 Stetzenbach 2002 Mold Hypothesis 10 The range of concentration of surface associated culturable fungi in dust samples collected in non problem buildings is expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference at different sampling locations in the building Variation in the concentrations of culturable fungi in settled dust in non problem buildings should be minimal as the populations are reflective of that settled from the indoor air Buttner et al 2002a Mold Hypothesis 11 Within the same building at different time
208. before that The half hour before that 9 Clothing Please indicate whether you are wearing any of the items listed below by circulating the appropriate number 0 not wearing item light weight item 2 medium weight item 3 heavy weight item FEMALES MALES Under layer under layer 0 12 3 top 0 12 3 top 0 12 3 bottom 0 1 2 3 bottom 0 12 3 slip NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED Footwear 0 1 2 3 socks 0 12 3 socks 0 1 2 3 pantyhose 0 1 2 3 shoes 0 1 2 3 shoes Mid layer Mid layer 0 12 3 short sleeved shirt 0 1 2 3 short sleeved shirt 0 1 2 3 long sleeved shirt 0 12 3 long sleeved shirt 0 12 3 dress 0 1 2 3 pants 0 12 3 skirt 0 12 3 shorts 0 1 2 3 pants or slacks 0 1 2 3 shorts Outer layers Outer layers 0 12 3 sweater 0 12 3 sweater 0 12 3 vest 0 12 3 vest 0 1 2 3 jacket 0 1 2 3 jacket 10 Please indicate whether you have consumed any or the flowing items within the last 15 minutes i Hot drink Caffeinated drink i Snack or Meal j Cold drink i Cigarette 11 Are you presently using air conditioning at home and or or in your car Compressor based air Evaporative air Not Conditioning conditioning available yes No Yes No at home in my bedroom at home in my living area in my car NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED A1 INDOOR BACKGROUND SURVEY QUESTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ASHRAE SURVEY 1 Name 2 Date 3 Department or group 4 Occupation 5 Company name
209. ble Q67 Results for too loud and L_80 minus L_ 10 fo for dBA E EE AIEI NET E EEE T Table Q68 Results for intermittent unpredictable and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA ssssssseseeeeeeees SOO Table Q69 Results for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for ABA ssssssisissrsrrsresrrisirrrerininrnsnnnn GOL NCEMBT 080201 XXxi Table Q70 Results for understandable and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA sssceseeeeseeeseeeteeteeeeeeetneee GOL Table Q71 St Equipment In ical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And OTK Al ei a for Building i ee nnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Table Q72 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Si saan In My Work Area for Building 2 1e Question I Hear Sounds From O nnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn ion I Hear Sounds From Office E atistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the cause of the office a S distraction EE amenas and L_90 minus L_50 for NC kiisti n I Hear Sounds From sae ii 390 on Hear Sounds pon OALE NCEMBT 080201 Table Q91 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the icin Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical ree In y Work Area for Building for Building 7 E E E E E eee Table Q92 Sta a Mechar Table Q97 Statistic ults in Paipai f Sound Distraction for increases decreases Statistical Results in Compar
210. c while in their work area No responses on this question at 2 buildings KACE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS DS o Q a fo 2 a Q ao ional neared the time ost of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P43 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked if hearing sounds of music while in their work area was annoying or distracting Responses Building ID Figure P44 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often hearing sounds of music while in their work area adversely affected their productivity NCEMBT 080201 ESA Ke APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Long Brief Building ID 9 410 Figure P45 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how quickly brief or long period after hearing the sound of music it is distracting Responses p to 30 min Building ID Figure P46 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly the sound of music is distracting KJEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS o D n Q o a 2 7 Q o Building ID Figure P47 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how long a duration brief or long period the sound of music is distracting Responses 0 min p to mi Building ID Figure P48 Specific respo
211. ccceseseeseeseseeseeeeeeeseeseeenseeseeaesasenseesesaseassesseeaesassenessesaeaetaseeneeeaees 93 A1 Indoor Background Survey Questions Associated with the ASHRAE Surve ccsccssseesesseresesessnsseneaes 96 A2 Spagnolo and de Dear 1988 Questionnaire ccscsscsscessesseesseesseeseeesseesseesneeseesesessnessnessneseneeseeeeneteaes 105 A3 Nakano et al 2002 Questionnaire cccccsscsssesssecsseecsseeesseeesseeesseeessaeesseeessesessseessaeessessaeeesesaeessaaess 106 A4 Center for the Built Environment Survey ccscsscsscsseessesseesseesseeseeesseesseeseesneessesssessseesseesnessneseneneneneaes 107 APPENDIX B BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA scceceecesseeeeeeeeeeeseseneenseesecaeeanseeseeaesassenseeseeaseaseeseeaesaseensensees 108 APPENDIX C BUILDING SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE cesseeeeseeceseeeeeeeeeeseeaeeeeseeseeaesaneenseesesaseaneeseesetaneeneesees 111 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE cseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeaneeneesesaseaneeeeeesesateeneeesees 113 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS ssceceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseeaecassenseeseeaeeaseeseeaeeaseeneesnesaeeasneseaeeees 120 E1 Description Of SOnsOrS soisista aiei aana ea Eaa N Ea aae as te Stan ee atid eae 120 E2 Standard operating procedure for VIVO IEQ instruments Prepared in part with information from the VIVO Instruction Manual sssaaa AnA destin aided RATAAN ieee debian AAA RA AAAA ERNEA AEA AARIATE 1
212. chiller in kW Ton is 0 8 0 7 0 7 0 6 0 6 0 5 1 2 3 39 The building has a thermal storage system Yes No 1 2 NCEMBT 080201 117 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE 40 There are small self contained water source heat pumps within the rooms 41 There is a use of an economizer cycle 42 The air distribution system is Ceiling Air Under floor Distribution CAD air distribution UFAD Both 1 2 3 43 The type of control system the building has is Direct Digital control DDC Pneumatic control 1 2 44 The filters are installed in the buildings HVAC units and are regularly replaced in adherence with a preventive maintenance schedule 45 The building has a boiler with standard efficiency 1 boiler with high efficiency furnace with standard efficiency furnace with high efficiency a A U N packaged air conditioning w gas pack heater 46 The type of light fixtures is Diffusers Parabolic 1 2 IEKE NCEMBT 080201 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE The type of lighting used is Indirect Direct 1 2 There is a usage of task lighting The type of lighting used for general purposes is Incandescent Magnetic core ballasts T 12 Electronic core ballasts T8 1 2 3 The average installed load including ballast in offices is w ft2 The voltage for office lighting system is Choose all apply 271V 1 208
213. ciences Database www ncembt org NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1 THERMAL COMFORT INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Previous research projects involving the study of thermal comfort in office buildings have utilized questionnaires The Center for the Built Environment CBE and the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers ASHRAE questionnaires Appendix A were reviewed Previous research projects focused on performing their engineering studies by sampling the local work station of participants in the survey for a relatively brief time i e 10 20 minutes An ASHRAE sponsored thermal comfort study surveyed a large number of occupants of several buildings in the San Francisco area Schiller et al 1988 In general occupants perceptions were closely related to the acceptable levels of thermal comfort as defined by engineering data within ASHRAE standard 55 81 More recently ASHRAE commissioned a study of thermal comfort in cold climates Donnini et al 1999 Occupants of 12 air conditioned buildings were surveyed about 15 of the occupants had thermal dissatisfaction ASHRAE standard 55 81 allows a maximum of 10 thermal dissatisfaction Another ASHRAE sponsored study surveyed occupants n 836 of 12 air conditioned buildings in Townsville Australia deDear et al 1994 It found the thermal discomfort perception of occupants was related to the need for a higher air velocity
214. cillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified Zo a 3 o D 59372 i x o c o VIGIC CSEVE E M BIG SIS ElElE V Bl gig 555E e555 e555 SESE Ke Zlo oA Ealo ZIO oA l Eao ZI ols E Ba ssSesCepassssCseasasse gt lo gt 2 cLa zio SO C2 eselani aC 8885s S lt 8ese5 s lt geses 5 9 eG E QL S s 9 ebe 5 O n 5 ow 3 O n lt x lt x lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N46 Building 10 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergillus Penicilliumspores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified PAGPA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS o 2 a G D O 3 icillium Se um 4 _ versicolor Apg nelo mium Stachybotrys Building Figure N47 Presence of selected culturable fungi in vacuum samples 8 Lad LU Ean Se CFU g Log10 O07 QOTO t Ona Location Figure N48 Building 1 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast
215. cnis 70 84 14 AL31 5 Lya1 s Lacnsis 70 79 9 ALs Lies Lrcnes 68 74 6 A cumulative low frequency delta is calculated as ALF 10 Log10 1 3 LO AL 16 10 10 AL3 5 10 104 AL63 10 10 Log10 1 3 10 14 10 104 9 10 10 6 10 8 571 Calculations for the medium frequency are processed similarly AL 125 Lms Lecis 65 69 4 AL250 Lm250 Lrcnzso 61 64 3 AL 500 Lasoo Lrcusoo 58 59 1 A cumulative medium frequency delta is calculated as AMF 10 Log10 1 3 10 A Li2s 10 10 A Lo50 10 10 AL500 10 10 Log10 1 3 10 4 10 10 3 10 10 1 10 2 483 As is the calculations for the high frequency AL 000 Lm00 Lrcmooo 54 54 0 AL 2900 Lm2000 Lrcir2000 50 49 1 AL 4000 Lm4o00 Lrcu4o00 38 44 6 A cumulative medium frequency delta is calculated as AHF 10 Log10 1 3 L0 A Lyoo0 10 10 A Ly 900 10 10 AL 4000 1 0 10 Log10 1 3 104 0 10 10 1 10 10 6 10 0 774 The selected RCI reference level is stored in the RCH field 54 4000Hz 44 38 The cumulative frequency deltas are stored in the DeltaLF DeltaMF and DeltaHF fields 8 571 2 483 and 0 774 ITPA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS The largest difference between any pair of DeltaLF DeltaMF and DeltaHF fields is stored as DeltaMAX QAI If DeltaMax is less t
216. ct productivity NCEMBT 080201 T7 5 CONCLUSIONS 78 The sound levels in the buildings did not reach a sufficient difference between zones such that occupants perception would be sensitive to the differences In that case there was no correlation between measured sound levels and occupant perception of the effects of sound due to low variation between zones None of the buildings were observed to consistently have sound at levels considered to objectionably outside the normal range for office buildings In particular within a building for nearly all cases measured differences between zones in significant sound levels L_5 to L_90 were less than 6 dB 6 dB is considered noticeable but well below twice as loud and may not normally be perceived as a large difference However if a 6 dB or greater consistent difference actually existed between the zones that can result in significant differences in occupants perceptions between those zones Therefore the limited variation in the measured levels cannot be considered the main cause of the inability to identify correlation The measured sound levels used in the correlation were not the correct levels and other levels would have correlated with the perception questionnaire results The sound levels used were based on engineering experience and judgment However other levels were not tried and may be better suited for the correlation Therefore this is a possible contributor in some correlat
217. ction from one or more light sources on my computer screen The most noticeable source of reflected glare on my computer screen comes from When there is too much glare on my desk surface or work station and or on my computer screen my productivity is adversely affected The amount of daylight or sunlight that enters my work area is When the amount of natural sunlight or daylight that enters my office or work area is excessive close the drapes or close the blinds to those windows When the amount of natural sunlight or daylight that enters my office or work area is insufficient open the drapes or open the blinds to those windows There is flickering of the lights in my work area The lights in my work area make a humming or buzzing sound There are distracting irregular lighting patterns on the walls ceiling and or furniture in my work area The color of people s faces and objects in my work area appears natural The color of the lighting in my office or work area is Shadows are created in my work area because the light source is blocked The lighting factor in my work area that most adversely affects my productivity is 432 NCEMBT 080201 All of the time Sunlight from windows All of the time Excessive All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Strongly agree Too cool has a blue hue All of the time The lighting is too bright
218. ction surface is smaller and overgrowth of fungi is common in environments with a high background population of organisms Additionally newly developed samplers are being designed to capture airborne microorganisms especially for use as personal monitoring devices Aizenberg et al 2000 Comparison of air samplers has shown that all these devices have advantages and disadvantages Bellin and Schillinger 2001 Buttner and Stetzenbach 1993 Jensen et al 1992 Smid et al 1989 The smaller agar surfaces of the SAS and RCS Plus devices are a concern due to rapid spreading of some fungi over the smaller surface area making enumeration and identification difficult but the requirement for electrical NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW power with the Andersen makes sampling in some buildings difficult if outlets are not readily available Despite this limitation the Andersen single stage impactor sampler supplied with a broad base fungal growth medium was used throughout this study Malt extract agar MEA with 2 malt extract is widely used for the isolation of mesophilic fungi Shelton et al 2002 and is often amended with an antibacterial compound i e chloramphenicol to minimize the growth of bacteria that will grow quicker and mask the presence of fungi in the sample Total fungal spore samples for non culturable microscopic assay are often collected using a slit sampler Buttner et al 1997a and 2002b and analyzed with light microsc
219. ctions of parts basic operation procedures and notes on use of Chroma Meter CS 100A are exactly the same as the Luminance Meter LS 100 see Section J3 2 above The only difference between these two meters is that the values of luminance and chromaticity coordinates x and y will be shown on the display window by the Chroma Meter CS 100A but only luminance will be shown on the display window of the Luminance Meter LS 100 J1 4 Spectroradiometer Table J4 Summary of the features of the meter CE Grestagmaceth CE tightspex 360nm to 750nm Anm FWHM 0 2 nm A 2856K and D65 6500K Standard 1 7 nm pixel 0 1 10 000 fc 2 Traceable to NIST at A amp D65 CMFs 5 nm CIE 1931 2deg amp CIE 1964 10deg Supported 0 1 Short Term 0 5 Long Term 001 xy at 2856K and 6500K 25K at 2856K and 6500K O 47x 4 wx8 D 10x10x20 cm 3 5 Ibs 1 6 kg Battery Included 45 F to 90 F 8 C t0 32 C 6 Month Recommended Interval 1 0 RS 232 and Type II PCMCIA NCEMBT 080201 181 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS Names and Functions of Parts This section is limited to discussion of the parts that will be used in this task The following are features of the meter 1 cm 8 Top Handle Cosine Receptor with the Dust Cap uncovered Cosine Receptor is a precision optical element This element should be kept covered with a Dust Cap unless measurement is being taken Display Window The Display Window shows all
220. cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergillus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown 251 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS spores m3 Log10 O NOU fF UO OD C c elslic eisie 5 8 5 8 8 5 g S ESE 55g 0 QO E O e oOJ ojs o oOojJ 5 c o cio SCIOISIS cig c C o 0 xiao xia lt x Era x lt x O clo Clo Cc clo Cc Cc E VENO Se D gt o D D 2 0 oO O O O O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N25 Building 9 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified spores m3 E i g leclecle ci ge s 53 S5 Sll SlSJEE ES Siz g BIES 2 2 ele EEES zig zig x x xlsx osg 0 C o clic E ie le D D D XD OD lo 6 E E g O O O 0 1 2 13
221. cy spectrum which is narrow and centered around the most sensitive region of human hearing adds extra harshness to its sound collective knowledge of the investgators Sound Hypothesis 10 Annoyance or distraction from sound from conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon
222. d It also aided the field team in working more efficiently NCEMBT 080201 81 6 REFERENCES 6 REFERENCES Aizenberg V S A Grinshpun K Willeke J Smith and P A Baron 2000 Performance characteristics of the button personal inhalable aerosol sampler Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 61 398 404 American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE 1995 ASHRAE handbook HVAC applications 2002 Risk management guidance for health and safety under extraordinary incidents American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers Atlanta GA ANSI ASHRAE 55 1992 Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy ANSI ASHRAE 62 2001 Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality ANSI ASHRAE IESNA 2003 ANSI ASHRAE IESNA Addendum G to ANSI ASHRAE IESNA Standard 90 1 2001 energy standard for buildings except low rise residential buildings Awbi H B 1998 Ventilation Renewable amp Sustainable Energy Reviews 2 1 2 157 188 Andersen A A 1958 New sampler for the collection sizing and enumeration of viable airborne particles Journal of Bacteriology 76 471 484 Andersen B and A T Nissen 2000 Evaluation of media for detection of Stachybotrys and Chaetomium species associated with water damaged buildings Internat Biodeterioration Biodegradation 46 111 116 Batterman S and C Ping 1995 TVOC and CO2 concentrations as indicators in indoor air quality studies Am
223. d slightly dry moderately dry very dry Personal Control To what extent are you able to control the environment of the office space where you usually work For each question below make a check mark next to the statement that best expresses your personal feelings or behavior patterns 1 HOW much control do you feel you have over the thermal conditions of your workplace Check one N WwW A U complete control high degree of control moderate control slight control no control 2 How satisfied are you with this level of control Check one NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 6 very satisfied 5 moderately satisfied 4 slightly satisfied 3 slightly dissatisfied 2 moderately dissatisfied 1 very dissatisfied 3 Can you exercise any of the following options to adjust the thermal environment at your workplace Check Y yes or N no for each item 1 Y j N j open or close a window 2 y N open or close a door to the outside 3 y N open or close a door to an interior space 4 y N adjust a thermostat 5 y N adjust the drapes or blinds 6 Y N turn a local space heater on or off 7Y a Nj turna local fan on or off 4 In general how often do you exercise any of the following options to adjust the thermal environment at your workplace 6 always 5 often 4 sometimes 3 rarely 2 never 1 not available Circle one number for each item 1 Open or
224. d Comments Too loud or intermittent unpredictable sounds from ceiling or air supply diffusers represented most of the reasons of annoyance distraction No measured or calculated sound values consistently correlated with occupant perception questions regarding sound from ceiling or air supply diffusers Sound Hypothesis 17 Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear other people talking having telephone and or speakerphone conversations can cause workers to believe that they cannot have a private conversation in their work area Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was testing using sound measurements L_50 for SIL The respondents varied in their responses to privacy to have a private conversation Respondents also were asked about telephone privacy and responses were mixed There was little NCEMBT 080201 67 4 RESULTS correlation for the sound measurement and these questions The only correlation was observed in Building 8 were moderate significance was observed for telephone privacy Pearson p 0 08 Interpretation and Comments There is wide variability in the proportion of respondents and the extent of sound privacy acceptability including speech privacy for person to person and telephone conversations Responses to the perception questionnaire consistently correlated with L_50 for SIL only in one building which had the highest participation rate Sound Hypothesis 18 If building occupants believe t
225. d Sons Inc Su H J A Rotnitzky H A Burge and J D Spengler 1992 Examination of fungi in domestic interiors by using factor analysis correlations and associations with home factors Appl Environ Microbiol 58 181 186 Syzdek L D and J H Haines 1995 Monitoring Aspergillus fumigatus aerosols from a composting facility Aerobiologia 11 87 93 Szponar B and L Larsson 2000 Determination of microbial colonization in water damaged buildings using chemical marker analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry Indoor Air 10 13 18 Teeuw K B C M J E Vandenbroucke Grauls and J Verhoef 1994 Airborne gram negative bacteria and endotoxin in sick building syndrome Arch Intern Med 154 2339 2345 Tham K W and M B Ullah 1993 Building Energy Performance and Thermal Comfort in Singapore ASHRAE Transactions 99 308 321 Thorne P S M S Kiekhaefer P Whitten and K J Donham 1992 Comparison of bioaerosol sampling methods in barns housing swine Appl Environ Microbiol 58 2543 2551 Tiffany J A and H A Bader 2000 Detection of Stachybotrys chartarum the effectiveness of culturable air sampling and other methods J Environ Health 62 9 11 Tourville D R W I Weiss P T Wertlake and G M Leudemann 1972 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to contamination of home humidifier J Allergy Clin Immunol 49 245 251 Toftum J 2002 Human response to combined indoor environment exposures Energy Build
226. d States government or any agency thereof UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS CONTACT Linda D Stetzenbach Ph D Professor Department of Environmental and Occupational Health School of Public Health University of Nevada Las Vegas 4505 South Maryland Parkway Las Vegas NV 89154 4009 702 895 5509 linda stetzenbach unlv edu NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES CONTACT Davor Novosel Chief Technology Officer National Center for Energy Management and Building Technologies 601 North Fairfax Street Suite 240 Alexandria VA 22314 703 299 5633 dnovosel ncembt org www ncembt org NCEMBT 080201 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY scaiecessisznsstsiesiteacdstacsesdanndsstadconissesadsiesntstavedsasandstadsivdenndsardesbisssdelusdactelaasialtitssudssedarnigelteanasiedels 1 1 LITERATURE REVIEW nisinsin nannaa sszenseuascasecoasgenscuivieiecaitasndcasntaeedascnsndedceceasaselcateneseiatgaatueenthbsbaneaasenensnstanas 5 1 1 Thermal Comfort Indoor Environmental Quallity ccsscesscessesseesseeseeseeseeeseeeseeeseeeeseeesaeeseeesaessanseeseenaees 5 1 2 Airborne And Surface Associated Mold ssssssssussssusnsuunnsunrnonnnnonnnunnnnununannnnunnnounnnonnnannnaunnnannnnunnnennnaennnannnnnn 6 1S SOUNQ E E a ee ia 10 GAR LEMANS cassava pecan ncaa ancch A axaaudesejaibssnaestcdenaitieded A 13 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES csssceceeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeseeenseeseeaesaseenseeseeaes
227. d annoying or distracting Responses Understandable 7 One tone dominates Increases decreases loud Intermittent unpredictable Too loud Building ID 10 Figure P28 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the reason that the sound noise from the telephone or speakerphone is distracting NCEMBT 080201 IIT APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Don t hear conversation Hear conversation Building ID Figure P29 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning overhearing person to person conversations in their work area Responses All of time ost O e ime ome of the time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P30 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they overheard person to person conversations in their work area KIIRES NCEMBT 080201 Responses APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Not annoyed distracted Annoyed distracted Building ID Figure P31 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance when overhearing person Responses to person conversations in their work area Never Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P32 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they are annoyed from overhearing
228. d that low frequency noise has a negative impact on human comfort health and performance Characteristic symptoms of low frequency noise reported are fatigue lack of concentration and headaches Persson Waye et al 2001 Persson Waye and Ryland 1997 and 2001 Also Witterseh et al 2002 discovered an increase of ventilation noise from 42 dBA to 45 dBA had a significant effect on the dissatisfaction rate A study conducted by Persson Waye and Ryland 2001 showed psychological evidence of increased stress related to noise sensitivity and noise exposure during work A ventilation noise level of 40 dBA was used in the study In another study Persson Wayeet al 2001 showed that it was more difficult to ignore or habituate to low frequency noise As a result the performance of subjects decreased when exposed to elevated levels ILIE NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW of low frequency noise A recent study by Persson Wayeet al 2003 found lower levels of sleep quality and subject mood when exposed to nighttime low frequency noise Yamazaki and others 1998 studied the annoyance of indoor sound for different noise levels Equivalent sound pressure levels ranging from 40 to 60 dBA were examined They found that work suitability decreases monotonically as the sound level increases In a study investigating annoyance and ventilation noise Persson Waye and Rylander 2001 observed that dBA noise levels were unable to predict annoyance
229. d that the buildings had significantly different lighting measurements F 18 195 12 7606 p lt 0 001 although they all use indirect systems Univariate testing for the six dependent variables show that five of all these dependent variables are significantly different all p lt 0 05 except the luminance at brightest are not significantly different for buildings F 3 68 1 782 p 0 159 In summary the above analyses show that there are significant differences in lighting measurements for different buildings For each building a total of 18 workstations were measured in three days with six measurements in each day The MANOVA statistical method was used to analyze whether different days had different lighting results The day is taken as the independent variable with three levels Tuesday Wednesday and Thursday The six measurements same as in the above analysis are used as dependent variables Separate tests were run for different buildings Multivariate tests show that the day is significant only to Building 3 F 12 22 6 p 0 02 All the other eight tests show that the day is not significant with p values of 0 835 0 367 0 661 0 807 0 991 0 756 0 301 0 291 and 0 852 for Buildings 1 2 and 4 to 10 respectively The results of a univariate test for Building 3 shows that two of the six measures illuminance at work surface F 2 157737 6 p 0 12 and illuminance at partitions or walls F 2 150 2 3 76 p 0 047
230. d the darkest spot If task lighting is used the darkest spot is normally located near the NCEMBT 080201 183 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 10 border of the work surface To make the measurements more meaningful and to minimize the influence from partitions or other barrels all measurements should be at least 3 inches from partitions or other barrels because they block light VDT workstation source document Identify where the worker usually puts the source document The document location is obvious if there is a document holder or a document present Otherwise the surveyor should decide the location according to computer setup keyboard and any other observations of the workstation The source document is normally set on the left or right of the keyboard If a document holder is used measure the illuminance by putting the illuminance meter on the top of the holder parallel with the document If the source document is horizontal on the work surface measure the horizontal illuminance VDT workstation center of VDT screens Put the illuminance meter on top of the VDT parallel with the screen Measure the illuminance near the center VDT workstation keyboard Put the illuminance meter on top of the keyboard and measure the illuminance near its center Floor Put the illuminance meter on the floor and measure three locations which represent geographically the workstation floor area Record the average value in the space provided
231. dPrivTelLater Spearman 0 098039 0 834362 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 30626 0 504119 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 1 NCEMBT 080201 1K APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q114 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 2 ype Cop value O SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 00176 0 997011 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 115406 0 805383 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 01399 0 979019 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 1 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 38507 0 450944 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 39728 0 435437 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 24328 0 642279 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 318182 0 538834 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 01399 0 979019 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 1 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 31907 0 537636 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 25426 0 626833 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 13082 0 804885 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 12713 0 810335 Q115 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 3 Cor SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 409317 0 146135 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 159729 0 585443 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 428574 0 143969 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 230685 0 448298 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 235605 0 438401 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 200928 0 510395 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 092103 0 764743 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 03349 0 913514 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 460148 0 113604 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 306028 0 309206 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 311579 0 300058 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 341489 0 253477 SndPrivTelLeave P
232. ders and Collins 1995 performed a post occupancy evaluation on the Department of Energy Headquarters Building Lighting measurements occupant responses and other environmental conditions were collected before and after a lighting retrofit Physical measurements were conducted on 100 workstations before the lighting retrofit and on 75 workstations after the retrofit There were 244 occupant respondents before the retrofit and 220 respondents after the retrofit The physical measurements indicated that the lighting levels were higher and more evenly distributed after the retrofit Post evaluation techniques including questionnaires and physical measurements similar to the survey by Collins et al 1990 were used The occupant responses suggested that the appearance of the building 14 NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW and lighting of individual workstations had been improved substantially and the general lighting was evaluated more positively There are four principal methods of assessing human response to environments subjective objective behavioral and modeling Parsons 2000 With subjective methods occupants report on their response to the environment by answering questionnaires Subjective methods are easy to deploy and particularly appropriate for psychological responses such as comfort and annoyance Objective methods directly measure the occupant Examples include body temperature and speed and accuracy of the occupant s tas
233. designed for a specific building and used only once Therefore it is always very difficult to determine which questionnaires and methodologies are best suited for obtaining accurate perceptions of occupants As Hygge and Lofberg 1999 stated the important thing is that the main set of questions is preserved from one building to the next In this way the knowledge about different buildings can be expanded and compared The lighting survey method adopted by most studies and with most available database was developed by Collins and others Collins et al 1989 1990 Gillette and Brown 1986 1987 Marans and Brown 1987 and Sanders and Collins 1995 In this study the data from 912 workstations and 950 questionnaires surveys from 13 buildings were collected using this method A similar method was adopted in later studies Rubin and Collins 1988 Sanders and Collins 1995 Therefore the physical measurements and questionnaire of our study were developed mainly based on this research The 24 question Tenant Survey Questionnaire was developed by National Research Council Canada Tiller and Phil 1992 to determine whether occupants were satisfied with building services Three questions were relevant to lighting systems these asked the occupants to rate the lighting attributes electrical lighting brightness of lights and glare from lights of their particular desk location on five point scales The questionnaire used in this study included question
234. different sampling locations in the building Because the indoor fungal populations should reflect that found in the outdoor air the concentrations indoors should be similar to that found in the outdoors Lighthart and Stetzenbach 1994 Samson et al 2001 Shelton et al 2002 Mold Hypothesis 5 The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non culturable air sampling and the number of colony forming units CFU of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non problem buildings are expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference on different days of sampling In non problem buildings the concentrations and populations of airborne culturable fungi and fungal spores should not vary by the day of sample collection Mold Hypothesis 6 Between non problem buildings both types of air samples are expected to show the same genera of fungi with lt I order of magnitude difference in concentration and absence of atypical fungi The fungal populations in non problem buildings should be similar in concentration and water indicating fungal genera should be absent Samson et al 2001 Mold Hypothesis 7 Among non problem buildings a mixed population of fungi in the surface dust is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region Fungal spores will settle from the air onto surfaces and settled spores may
235. dings Building 8 and 10 the questionnaire participation rates are so low that they cannot be considered representative of the entire building population In these two buildings acceptability approached 80 however they did not meet the winter ASHRAE temperature criteria Those two buildings also have the overall highest workplace environment acceptability ratings which may or may not bias the responses to thermal acceptability There are insufficient data to support or refute the null hypothesis IEQ Hypothesis 2 There is a significant difference between mornings and afternoons in thermal perception by occupants Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference between mornings and afternoons in thermal perception by occupants Test Results In all buildings most mean 74 occupants report that the temperature does not fluctuate frequently between AM and PM Most respondents report that the temperature in the AM and PM 83 and 84 respectively does not reach the extremes of too cool or too warm In contrast almost 1 3 mean 31 of respondents reported that the building is frequently too cool at least some part of the day There is a statistically significant correlation in perceived temperature acceptability and actual differences in morning vs afternoon average least squared mean temperatures in Buildings 5 and 8 only Among the questionnaire variables tested in this hypothesis knowing the temperature has the most consiste
236. ds It takes a couple of minutes to warm up Plug the IrDA interface cable into the computer Open the Plus Com Bacharach program The top left data box should read Not active with the LINK button right next to it Line up the CO2 monitor and the IrDA cable The sensor sight should be about 1 inch apart Select LINK Check the battery status on the bottom left Check the memory status on the bottom right Check the time to make sure it matches the computer Select configure monitor from top menu A Log frequency menu will appear Select the Log time that you want We have been logging every 5 MINUTES Hit Program Hit OK NCEMBT 080201 143 APPENDIX F CO2 SENSORS DO THE FOLLOWING STEPS OUTSIDE AS THE MONITOR MAKES A LOUD BEEPING SOUND WHEN YOU TURN IT ON TO BEGIN DATALOGGING On the CO2 Monitor PRESS AND HOLD F 1 until the blinking appears on the right side of the menu screen You are now Datalogging TO SAVE THE DATA OUTSIDE of the building because of loud beep PRESS AND HOLD F1 for 3 SECONDS The will disappear This stores the data DO NOT SHUT THE MONITOR OFF 1 Attach the cord and line up the IrDA sensor with the CO2 monitor sensor Select Link Select Download 2 3 4 Select Save 5 At this point you have the option of where you like to save it 6 Once you have saved the data you must erase it from the monitor To do this select CLEAR It will look
237. ds from mechanical equipment that were too loud or intermittent unpredictable represented most of the reasons for annoyance distraction Statistically significant correlations were observed for too loud and the sound measurements for Building 4 Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 02 and Building 6 Pearson and Spearman p 0 02 Statistically significant correlation was observed for Building 6 Spearman p 0 01 and Building 7 Pearson p 0 03 for increases decreases No correlation was observed for understandable Interpretation and Comments Sounds from mechanical equipment that were too loud or intermittent unpredictable were the most distracting but most responses were not annoyed distracted No measured or calculated sound values consistently correlated with occupant perception questionnaire responses regarding sound from mechanical equipment Sound Hypothesis 15 Sound in a work area from the air conditioning system air supply or air return within a building annoys or distracts occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for RC RC rumble Most 70 respondents reported never or occasionally hearing sounds from air supply or return diffusers but 17 heard it constantly Of those who did hear these sounds most 76 were infrequently or never annoyed distracted The majority 88 of respondents productivity was not affected and reported never or
238. ds most of the time or all the time This may be because electronic ballasts which generally do not produce flickering or noise were used in all of the buildings surveyed Irregular lighting patterns were also not a reason for complaints because less than 2 of respondents noticed them Shadows were also not a big problem over 83 of respondents did not observe much shadow and only 10 reported some shadows in their work area There are two very similar questions regarding respondents satisfaction towards the overall lighting environment One is in the past 4 weeks I would rate my satisfaction with the lighting in my work area and the other is over the past 4 weeks I have been satisfied with the lighting in my office These two questions are placed at the beginning and near the end of the group of lighting questions This repetition was designed intentionally because respondents satisfaction towards lighting was very important information and reliable answers could be obtained by asking them repetitively In both these questions a time frame of the past four weeks was added because the building lighting may change over time and this time frame helps clarify the questions The answers to these two questions are shown as Figure S9 The results of two questions were very close which suggested that respondents take the questions seriously and they had consistent opinions about their lighting satisfaction A majority of respondents
239. e Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Somewhat or slightly quiet Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Neither too quiet nor too noisy loud Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Somewhator Very noisy loud slightly noisy loud Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never NCEMBT 080201 433 When hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area my productivity is adversely affected When hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment siren
240. e On average over the past 4 weeks would rate the temperature in my work area as acceptable In general I m most comfortable when the temperature in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the temperature in my work area fluctuates I e goes from warm to cool and or cool to warm Throughout the mornings the temperature in my work area is usually Throughout the afternoons the temperature in my work area is usually The temperature in my work area is too cool for at least some part of the work day When the temperature in my work area is too cool adjust the thermostat When the temperature in my work area is too cool use a personal space heater All of the time All of the time All of the time Much better All of the time Very cool All of the time Very cool Very cool Every work day All of the time All of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Somewhat better Most of the time Somewhat or slightly cool Most of the time Somewhat cool Somewhat cool Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time No different Some of the time Neither too cool nor too warm Some of the time Neither too cool nor too warm Neither too cool nor too warm Some work days Some of the time Some of the time These Response Choices Rarel
241. e UP or DOWN keys The STATISTICS plot is for one channel Hold down the SHIFT key and press the UP or DOWN keys to change to a different sound channel In both the SPECTRUM and STATISTICS plot clicking the LEFT or RIGHT keys steps along the location of the cursor and the digital readout on the right Holding down the SHIFT key and clicking the LEFT or RIGHT keys moves the cursor to either end 14 7 Equipment Setup Review each station for the physical setup possibilities and where microphones can be mounted Several options exist for the set up One microphone on the comfort station one clipped to room furniture One microphone on the comfort station one on a stand One microphone clipped to furniture one on a stand Both microphones on stands Consider pre mounting the microphones on the comfort stations Pre mounting may speed up setup in the room where recording is done If needed consider pre building the microphone stands This depends on the ease of carrying a built up stand to the test room and the amount of interference setup in the test room will cause occupants Be careful to avoid locating directly at a dominant noise generating device such as directly below a noisy register or a loud printer The SLM can be located on a cabinet desk or on the floor near the number 4 microphone Select a location being careful to choose a location where the SLM could get knocked onto the floor kicked or stepped on Run cabl
242. e illustrated in a series of figures for air and surface mold measurements in Appendix N Statistical tables for analyses of these measurements are listed in Appendix 0 The percentage of buildings in which airborne culturable fungi were isolated is illustrated in Figure N1 Airborne Cladosporium were isolated from 100 of the buildings sampled using the Andersen sampler while airborne culturable Chaetomium and Stachybotrys were never isolated Airborne culturable Trichoderma was only isolated in Building 7 and Aspergillus flavus was only isolated from Building 4 and 6 The percentage of buildings in which airborne fungal spores were observed using the Burkard non culturable method is illustrated in Figure N2 Airborne Aureobasidium Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spores were not observed in any of the 10 buildings and Chaetomium was only found in one sample from one building Building 5 Surface associated Stachybotrys was isolated in 15 of the 180 vacuum dust samples 8 Stachybotrys positive vacuum dust samples were found in at least one sample in eight of the 10 buildings no positive Stachybotrys vacuum samples were found in Building 5 and Building 7 No locations were positive for Stachybotrys in dust samples on more than one of the three successive sampling days and at any of the buildings 4 4 2 Mold Hypotheses Results Mold Hypothesis 1 In outdoor air a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladospo
243. e ASHRAE thermal comfort criteria Also in all but two buildings the questionnaire participation rates were so low that they cannot be considered representative of the entire building population In the two buildings with low questionnaire response acceptability approached 80 However these buildings did not meet the winter ASHRAE temperature criteria Those two buildings also had the overall highest workplace environment acceptability ratings which may or may not have biased the responses to thermal acceptability Temperature fluctuation between the morning and the afternoon was not problematic in the buildings monitored Occupant perception of temperature acceptability correlated with the minimal actual temperature fluctuation in only two buildings one of which had significant inter zone variability among respondents The lack of consistent correlation was likely due to the relatively low number and percentage of occupants in each building who perceive a temperature fluctuation problem In most buildings where occupants could adjust the temperature themselves via a thermostat lt 10 did so in response to temperatures being too cool The proportion approached 10 in response to being too warm The average vertical temp gradient for all ten buildings was lt 3 0 C The vertical temperature gradients were within the acceptable level in all buildings and thermal acceptability was not associated with perception of thermal discomfort in a particular body pa
244. e appearing as 10 69 61 40 31 22 15 12 8 5 2 L_ref L_ref 20 74 66 47 39 31 25 22 18 15 12 L_ref 30 79 71 54 47 40 35 32 28 25 22 L_ref 40 84 76 61 55 49 45 42 38 35 32 L_ref 50 89 81 68 63 58 55 52 48 45 42 L_ref 60 94 86 75 71 67 65 62 58 55 52 L_ref 70 99 91 82 79 76 75 72 68 65 62 L_ref 80 104 96 89 87 85 85 82 78 75 72 L_ref 90 109 101 96 95 94 95 92 88 85 82 L_ref 100 114 106 103 103 103 105 102 98 95 92 L_ref 110 119 111 110 111 113 115 112 108 105 102 Correction 10 5 5 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 IKE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS NCB values as granular as 1 dB are calculated either by interpolation or by using the formula Lieg Lrefio Corrfreg 10 Lrefncg 10 The Lireq for an NCB of 70 at 250Hx would be 26 8 10 70 10 or 74 The Lfreq for an NCB of 64 at 63Hx would be 40 7 10 64 10 or 77 8 To determine rumble first SIL is calculated as follows SIL Round Avg H1_500 H1_1000 H1_ 2000 H1_ 4000 Which means that SIL is the average of the 1 1 octave band levels for the 500 1000 2000 and 4000Hz frequencies rounded to the nearest integer The non rounded value is stored as SIL SIL is then used to select an NCB row from the above level SIL NCB If ANY of the measured 1 1 octave band levels from 16 to 500Hz is more than 3dB above the values shown in the table the sample is said to have rumble The rumble value will be stored in a field named NCBRumble as a 1 if rumble exists ot
245. e area with two microphones separated by 10 feet on average The location of the microphones was determined by the criteria covered in Section 3 which made the locations a reasonable cross section of locations in the building but not for any zone It is quite likely that for many buildings sound level variation within a zone was often as high or higher than the zone to zone variation An additional inaccuracy was introduced by the proximity of zones Often a particular floor of an office building was divided into two or more zones that were contiguous This resulted in cases where a respondent may actually be much closer to the microphones of the neighboring zone than those of their zone yet had their answer paired to the results from the latter In statistical terms the sample rate was two samples per zone that were not independent but closely coupled and thus there was only one independent sample per zone Because of the known noise level variation within the zone one independent noise measurement sample per zone is an insufficient sample size Such an analysis is highly susceptible to a Type II error Specifically an analysis performed under these circumstances can easily fail to identify any existing correlation between actual sound levels and the occupants perception of the effect of those levels This is the dominant reason that the inter zone comparisons failed to identify consistent correlation NCEMBT 080201 5 CONCLUSIONS The failur
246. e background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen 24 NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES and Wyon 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Be
247. e conversations but statistically significant correlations were only observed for sound measurements and the response understandable for Building 2 Spearman p 0 03 and Building 5 Spearman p 0 06 Interpretation and Comments Sound that is too loud or understandable accounts for most of the causes of occupant annoyance distraction from outside sounds There are not consistent correlations between various sound measurements or calculations and responses to sound from telephone speakerphone conversations The L_90 minus L_50 was not significantly correlated with understandable conversation except in Building 2 which had a low questionnaire participation rate although it was moderately significant in Building 5 which had a higher participation rate NCEMBT 080201 61 4 RESULTS Sound Hypothesis 7 Sound in a work area from conversations in adjacent work areas can annoy or distract building occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results Most occupants in all buildings frequently heard conversations from adjacent work areas and the frequency of hearing these conversations was mixed Most occupants were never or only occasionally annoyed distracted The majority of respondents reported that their productivity was never or only occasionally affected The sound most commonly annoys or distracts occupants within 30 seconds and the majority responded that it was a brief period after hearing the conversations that the annoyance distraction
248. e conversations was also mixed The only statistically significant correlation observed for L_80 minus L_50 for SIL in hearing telephone speakerphone conversations was Building 9 Spearman p 0 04 The majority of responses concerning annoyance from _telephone speakerphone conversations were negative and the occurrence of annoyance was mixed Only NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS moderately significant correlation for annoyance from _ telephone speakerphone conversations and sound measurements was found in Building 6 Spearman p 0 05 The majority of responses stated that hearing telephone speakerphone conversations affected their productivity but never or occasionally or some of the time were the most often cited answers Correlation between telephone speakerphone conversations affecting productivity and sound measurements was only observed for Building 6 Pearson p 0 06 and Spearman p 0 04 Brief was most response for the period after which annoyance occurred and responses of within a few seconds up to 2 minutes predominated Significant correlation of how quickly the disturbance from telephone speakerphone conversation occurs and sound measurements was found for Building 7 Spearman p 0 05 The length of annoyance reported on the questionnaire was mixed and the length varied from a few seconds to 15 minutes Statistically significant correlation for the length of the disturbance from telephone speakerphone co
249. e one number for each item How satisfied are you with 1 The type and levels of sounds 0 0 eccecceseceseceseceeeeeeesseeneenseenes 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Thelighting carieni nisin inaran KAE a Reiet 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 The temperature sissies ceisctibesnacdevsaasteteasstsdngadncaGeadest ENN EA ENa 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Verdi Quality sca seuss cuted onandetectevssatel aaeeedsaariceeateierseonttbontaantes 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 The ventilation and air circulation ccceceeceeeseeeeeeseeesteeseeeseees 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 The colors of walls or partitions ccccesceseeeceeeeeeseeseeseeteees 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The furniture and equipment 00 0 cccccccecseeseeeseeeseeeeceteceeeeseeesnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 The amount of space available to YOU ccecceeseceseeeeeeeeeeensees 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 The level Of privacy seins cdienasnediiakiiadetaia inns 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 The comfort of your Chair cccccecscceseceeeceeeceeessceesecneeeteenteeeees 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 Provision of non smoking work areas c ccescceseeeseeeteeeteeeneeesees 1 2 3 4 5 6 In terms of comfort how acceptable is your office work area overall Check one below NCEMBT 080201 97 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED 6 i very acceptable 5 moderately acceptable 4 slightly acceptable 3 slightly unacceptable 2 1 moderately unacceptable 1 very unacceptable Do you have any additional comments about the comfort of your office work area Personal Comfort Ple
250. e percentage of outdoor culturable and non culturable air samples in which a predominant organism was observed 3 8 50 Lo a E 40 a 30 Non culturable Culturable Building ID Figure N4 The percentage of outdoor culturable and non culturable air samples in which C adosporium was present as the predominant taxon NCEMBT 080201 PZ APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS T D Pa 2 a 2 Non culturable Culturable Building ID Figure N5 The percentage of indoor culturable and non culturable air samples in which there was a predominant fungal taxon Samples Building ID 9 10 Figure N6 The percentage of indoor culturable and non culturable air samples where Cladosporium was present as the predominant taxon PVE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 H HiH 0 Cc z C 0 ae P E a e Eri S E E SP eB EiS se SS 2 Ss 5558 OSES OSS lS O ESE S O S OEE SIR OI O S PIS O S Rl SlO a O S 2 i Sj a O x ela xio a x 2ela a olx ela 5313 38 5 8 558 831 51 55 8 a g lt 3 ag g lt 2 3 O O O O O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N7 Building 1 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony form
251. e period for which consumption of both electric enegy and natural gas was reported 2 Unknown marks a field for which no data could be obtained from the building operator IRCE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results APPENDIX M IEQ RESULTS n Q a lt i Qo b e4 Building ID Figure M1 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they would rate the acceptability of the temperature in their work area Responses het Aie ome of the time Occasionally Never Figure M2 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the temperature in their work area fluctuates throughout the course of an entire work day NCEMBT 080201 195 Appendix M IEQ Results ey gt N Q D Q 2 YZ very a ann eit gt cool Hor warm omewhat coo ery cool Building ID Figure M3 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the temperature in their work area when they are the most comfortable Repsonses a Omewhat warm eit gt cool nor warm omewhat coo ery coo Building ID Figure M4 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the temperature in their work area throughout the mornings IKIE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results ey gt N Q D Q 2 YZ a very a ann eit gt cool nor warm omew at coo ery coo Build
252. e screw counter clockwise to release it Figure E9 When the cap has been lowered tighten the screw again Figure E9 Hollow shaft of the VIVO Draught VIVO units are mounted on a stand using a clamp Figure E10 that can grip rounded items with a diameter of 13 to 55 mm The units can be mounted on the clamp using the mounting bolt and a male connector Figure E11 NCEMBT 080201 125 Figure E10 Clamping unit for VIVO stand Figure E11 Mounting holes for clamping unit Using different mounting holes makes it possible to mount the units at different angles There are 2 places where the mounting bolt can be secured and 6 locations for the male connector Figure E12 Figure E12 Locations of mounting bolts Either a current feed or a VIVO battery can be used as the power supply Connect the current feed to the 220 V or 110 V electricity mains APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Before starting a measurement check that all cables are connected and that the battery is fully charged Starting a measurement using a PDA 1 Switch the PDA on Select the VIVO icon Check that it has the desired time set up Select the synchronize button Synchronization starts automatically It is finished when the program says that it is ready Synchronization can be stopped by pressing the Cancel icon If units are not interconnected you must synchronize them individually O 2 Se Ja Measurement starts automatically Measurement f
253. e to identify any correlation between inter building zone sound levels and occupant perceptions does not preclude the existence of a correlation in general between sound levels and occupant perceptions A comparison between buildings of the sound data suggest that buildings have similar variation in sound levels from one zone measurement station to the next but also have significant differences in average sound levels Respondent data from different buildings also shows noticeable differences Figures 1 10 It remains to be determined if the differences correlate The method of coupling questionnaire respondents with zone sound levels introduced sufficient error into the data to guarantee a failure to accurately identify any correlation between the measured sound levels and the questionnaire respondents data The physical characteristics of the sound in the buildings in particular the significant variation of sound levels within a zone the contiguous locations of many zones and the lack of evidence of significant differences in the overall sound environment between the zones made the method inappropriate Although the measured sound levels do not accurately represent the respondents to whom they were paired the levels may be representative of the sound environment in the building Using six stations with a total of twelve microphones is below the desired number of samples to accurately represent the sound environment of a building yet it is much bet
254. e to the remote microphone routing the cable to avoid trip hazards or cable pulling Tape down cables as necessary Use channels 1 and 4 for the microphones being sure to match the microphones with the proper channel The channel 1 cable can be extended using the BNC cables Pick an appropriate length of cable Do not exceed 100 ft Because channel 4 has the shorter cable that microphone is normally situated with or near the comfort station 14 8 Office Sound Data Recording Once setup is complete running the test should entail only placing the turned off SLM in the proper location and monitoring as desired Confirm the start time for testing with the test team If the meter was set up properly and functions properly it will come on automatically and start recording data after the warm up delay Check the display for proper operation The time display will change to a count of the time passed in that integration time 10 hours IKE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS A small speaker icon with waves will appear on the top of the display showing that data is being taken as shown below If a bell icon appears instead check system settings This is a warning for things such as low battery or high input signal If the meter does not come on at the proper time manually turn on the meter and check the settings for accuracy Push start to start the recording In some cases a meter will turn on at the proper time but fail t
255. earchers also recorded the switching controls types and positions of luminaires and researchers observations of the presence of visible reflections on the VDT screens Occupants n 621 responded to questionnaires which contained many questions related to lighting brightness flickering glare and occupants satisfaction The results of Rubin and Collins study 1988 showed that illuminances were generally low for all areas of the building The mean was 22 to 28 foot candles fc for all areas and 12 to 20 fc for areas with VDTs About 55 of occupants considered the lighting quality as fair to poor To improve the general lighting conditions in these buildings Rubin and Collins 1988 recommended the US army field station buildings use uniform lighting fixtures and lamps better CRI sources and higher overall illuminances as well as adding adjustable task lighting for some workstations and providing localized lighting controls Hedge 1991 evaluated two windowless offices which were mainly used for computer tasks Illuminance temperature and humidity levels were measured at work surfaces Using a questionnaire Hedge also collected data from 358 workers on complaints related to environmental conditions lighting preference and job satisfaction and other issues The results showed that indirect lighting was more favorably evaluated than parabolic direct lighting which was inconsistent with the results from Collins and others 1990 San
256. earman 0 176777 0 776099 Table Q72 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 2 pType Con vate O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 063329 0 892705 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 047170 0 920011 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 808056 0 097989 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 789474 0 112222 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 640070 0 244736 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 459627 0 436097 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 20217 0 797828 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 055556 0 944444 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 52476 0 475244 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 0 50000 0 500000 KI E NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q73 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 3 f Variable type con vais O SndEquipHear Pearson 0 204327 0 483496 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 390439 0 167521 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 224054 0 629109 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 328165 0 472397 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 224054 0 629109 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 328165 0 472397 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 1 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 1 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 1 SndEquipDistrFor Spearman 1 Table Q74 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 4 P variable Type Con pvatue OOOO SndEquipHear Pearson 0 31
257. earson 0 10342 0 736718 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 25988 0 391190 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q116 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 4 l pve SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 064150 0 806764 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 047624 0 855973 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 011410 0 969120 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 0529 0 857464 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 102503 0 727320 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 054717 0 852617 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 37012 0 192714 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 36545 0 198821 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 011410 0 969120 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 0529 0 857464 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 067788 0 817895 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 059033 0 841119 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0 33593 0 240293 SndPrivTelLeave Spearman 0 32522 0 256542 Table Q117 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy for Building 5 P Variable pe Con pve O SndPrivLevel Pearson 0 13251 0 566920 SndPrivLevel Spearman 0 00035 0 998799 SndPrivConv Pearson 0 09362 0 694625 SndPrivConv Spearman 0 138858 0 559322 SndPrivConvLater Pearson 0 044899 0 864138 SndPrivConvLater Spearman 0 01292 0 960747 SndPrivConvLeave Pearson 0 10646 0 684242 SndPrivConvLeave Spearman 0 19057 0 463764 SndPrivTel Pearson 0 109857 0 644756 SndPrivTel Spearman 0 197884 0 402986 SndPrivTelLater Pearson 0 041974 0 868653 SndPrivTelLater Spearman 0 00782 0 975424 SndPrivTelLeave Pearson 0
258. earson 0 065534 0 888985 SndConvHear Spearman 0 112621 0 810019 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 212581 0 647210 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 00943 0 983985 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 067524 0 885629 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 1 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 105384 0 866069 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 25 0 685038 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 14612 0 814621 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 15811 0 799525 KIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q45 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 3 P Variable Type Con pve OOO SndConvHear Pearson 0 73872 0 002545 SndConvHear Spearman 0 42297 0 131851 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 17281 0 572357 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 321052 0 284810 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 13454 0 661241 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 228927 0 451861 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 21381 0 483041 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 103679 0 736069 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 37508 0 206643 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 278549 0 356761 Table Q46 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 4 Pye Con o value O SndConvHear Pearson 0 07881 0 763681 SndConvHear Spearman 0 06263 0 811270 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 078312 0 781462 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 094747 0 736965 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 150273 0 592950 SndConvProdA
259. earson p 0 00 Spearman p 0 70 Building 8 Pearson p 0 03 and Building 9 Pearson p 0 00 and Spearman p 0 01 Differences between indoor and outdoor non culturable data were also statistically significant p lt 0 05 in four of the 10 buildings Building 1 Pearson p 0 01 Building 4 Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 00 Building 6 Pearson p 0 00 Spearman p 0 02 and Building 8 Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 01 Interpretation and Comment Statistically significant differences in indoor and outdoor culturable and non culturable measurements were observed for four of the ten buildings While Cladosporium was commonly found in outdoor air samples indoors this taxon was rarely observed Therefore the null hypothesis is confirmed Originally this hypothesis included the phrase is dependent on the geographic region However due to limitations on the number of buildings i e ten there were insufficient numbers of buildings in each region Therefore this was excluded in the null hypothesis Mold Hypothesis 4 The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non culturable air sampling and the number of colony forming units CFU of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non problem buildings are expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference at different sampling locations in the building Null Hypothesis Culturable and non culturable fungal taxa in air sampl
260. eases in loudness over time About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more One tone The sound or dominates conversation is the sound understandable Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more One tone The sound or dominates conversation is the sound understandable NCEMBT 080201 437 hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area When I hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area am annoyed distracted When I hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When I hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When I hear sound s from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps in my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because When hear sounds from building mechanical equipment air condit
261. easuring trigger is released before the measurement has been completed 3 The viewfinder display will automatically turn off approximately 5 seconds after the trigger is released 4 If the meter is mounted on a tripod for extended metering and there is a bright light source near the viewfinder meter readings may be affected by this light source Cover the eyepiece with the included eyepiece cap whenever measurements will be taken without looking through the viewfinder 5 Ifthe LS 100 is being used to measure a CRT do not place the meter closer than 8 inches from the CRT J1 3 Chroma Meter CS 100A Table J3 Summary of the features of the meter used to monitor light source and surface luminance and chromaticity Konica Minolta Type Acceptance angle Optical system Angle of view Focusing distance Receptors Response time Measuring range Accuracy Repeatability VES 0M NCEMBT 080201 CS 100A SLR spot colorimeter for measuring light source and surface luminance and chromaticity 4 2 85mm f 2 8 lens SLR viewing system flare factor less than 1 5 9 with 1 measurement area indication 1014mm 40 in to infinity 3 silicon photocells filtered to detect primary stimulus values for red green and blue light Spectral response Closely matches CIE 1931 Standard Observer curves 2A A 24 FAST Sampling time 0 1s Time to display 0 8 to 1 0s SLOW Sampling time 0 4s Time to display 1 4 to 1 6s Lumina
262. ects my productivity for as long as When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because Sound is too loud All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time One tone The sound or dominates conversation is the sound understandable Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more About 15 About 30 minutes minutes or more One tone The sound or dominates conversation is the sound understandable NCEMBT 080201 435 When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area do not have enough privacy to have a conversation with another person or a private telephone conversation When hear
263. ects related to lighting field surveys in the United States were performed ten or more years ago Ne eman et al 1984 collected lighting data and occupants perceptions n 162 of lighting of a nine story office building in St Louis MO The physical measurements included illuminance source luminance temperature background sound levels and physical dimensions of representative furniture The questionnaire asked occupants perceptions and attitudes towards lighting windows and lighting controls The four point rating scales were used in the questionnaire Telephone surveys of occupants in office buildings were conducted for Steel Case Inc to determine the importance of various features of the office environment Harris 1987 Approximately 1550 office workers took the survey The results showed that 91 of occupants considered tasking lighting to be a very important factor for their task performance Lighting was only one of the minor features investigated in the study Between 1984 and 1986 Collins et al conducted a large scale occupant evaluation survey for commercial office lighting Collins et al 1989 1990 Gillette and Brown 1986 1987 Marans and Brown 1987 and Sanders and Collins 1995 The research was sponsored by the DOE and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The primary objective of this survey was to explore possible causal factors associated with successful lighting design with a special emphasis on
264. ed from water damaged wallboard following incubation in humidity chambers Pasanen et al 1991 Aspergillus Cladosporium Stachybotrys and Trichoderma were also isolated demonstrating the ability of these fungi to colonize and proliferate in the indoor environment Fluctuating temperatures and humidity moderate the growth of fungi Pasanen et al 1991 but because many fungi have the ability to proliferate at low humidity relative humidity is not a limiting factor for fungal contamination indoors Hyvarinen et al 2002a 2002b and 2002c Once moisture has accumulated on building surfaces biocontaminants may proliferate and be dispersed as bioaerosols Air flowing over contaminated building materials Gorny et al 2001 and air handling duct materials Buttner et al 1999 Gorny et al 2001 release biocontaminats to the indoor air The organisms present in settled dust are also readily dispersed into the indoor air Buttner et al 2002a and this release from surfaces is accomplished with normal human activity such as vacuuming and walking on contaminated flooring materials Buttner and Stetzenbach 1993 Unlike chemical contaminants biocontaminants are particulate not gaseous they do not reach equilibrium in indoor environments and they have temporal and spatial variations in fungal concentration and populations Hyvarien et al 2001c Therefore determining the concentration and populations of biocontaminants in indoor environments i
265. ed to measure average illuminance of a flicker light such as a movie projector video projector and TV screen A oO C J Tripod fixing screw hole Power switch Battery cover Figure J1 Illuminance Meter T 10 Basic Operation l pa Uncover the receptor window Set the power switch to T ON The illuminance value will be shown in the display widow Notes on Use 18 19 20 Take care not to scratch or allow the receptor window to get dirty If you are not going to use it attach the cap If the receptor window gets very dirty wipe it gently with a soft dry cloth If the dirt cannot be removed or the receptor window is scratched contact the nearest KONICA MINOLTA SENSING authorized service facility This instrument should be stored at temperatures of between 20 and 55 C at lt 85 RH Do not leave the instrument near the rear window or inside the trunk of a car Under strong sunlight the increase in temperature can be extreme and may result in breakdown or deformation If you are not going to use the instrument for two or more weeks remove the batteries from the instrument Failure to do so may cause leakage of electrolyte resulting in damage to the instrument NCEMBT 080201 177 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS J1 2 Luminance Meter LS 100 Table J2 Summary of the features of the meter used to monitor luminance Acceptance angle Optical system Angle of view
266. eesneesneesneesnesneneaaes 144 F4 Standard Operating Procedure for the use Of IAQRAE cssccsceeseeeseecseeeseeeseeeneeeneeeneesneesseesnessnesenenseneaaes 145 APPENDIX G VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS ceccecesseeseeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeaseaseeneeesetaseeneenaees 148 Gd Description Of SensOn crise ikea ia ieee 148 G2 Standard Operating ProCeCure ssccssccsscseccsseeseceseeeseeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneseneeenesenesenessneseneseneseneesneseneseas 148 G2 1 To Launch IAQRAE niisiis nasaian aana dadaanan aanas daaa aaisa ii 148 eP RT AD a E A 149 APPENDIX H AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD Protocols ceceeeeseeseeeeeeseeeeeeneeeeeeseeaseeneetsees 151 H1 General Description of Sampling Logistics cscccsccsseeseeeeeeeneeeeeeeneesneesneesneesneesneeeneesessneesneesneesneneneeeaas 151 H2 Culturable Air Sampling Protocol c ccscccssecseecseecseeeseeeseeeseeeneesneeeneesneesneesneesneseneesneeeneesneesnessneneneneneneaes 151 H3 Non Culturable Air Sampling Protocol ccccscccsccscecseecseesseeeseesneeeneecneeeneesneesneesnessneesneesneesnesneseeneneneneaas 151 HA Vacuum Sampling Protocol vis isicsiicisiessiiesceesieet sit ineiieaiiascsieisiesin dis disasieasitiseadieateainaiienieeiieaieae 151 APPENDIX I SOUND PROTOCOLS ceccecesseeeeseseeseeeneeeseesesseeseeneeassenseeseeaesassenseesesaseassessesaesasseneeesesseeeaseeneenees 153 11 Instrument Selection And DeSCTri
267. eesseessseecseeesseeeeseeneaees Table 04 Variance compi Table 05 Results of culturable ii r E E A E E E aE OL 282 Table 07 Across sampling days for airborne culturable fungi s sssssssnsnsnsrsnsnsnnsnsnrnnnnnnnnnnnsnnnnnnsnsnsnnnnennnnsrsnnne 283 Table 08 Across sampling days for airborne non culturable fungi 1 1esrserrrrrrrssssnnrrnreenssnnnrrnneensnnnrrnreensnns a 283 284 Table 011 Statistical results in comparison of culturable ja in indoor and outdoor air sampleS 000000 285 Table 013 Frequency of wate indicator fungi isolated from indoor culturable air samples 287 Table 09 Within the same sampling day for airborne culturable fungi Table 010 Within the same sampling day for airborne non culturable fungi sssssssssrsrrsssrrrrnnurnnrnnunnnnnnunnnrnnennnnnne Table 012 Statistical results in compa Table Q1 Variance in sound it ence level SIL measurements sssssesesseseeeseseseeeeseeecseetststststatstesstsssees G40 Table Q2 Variance in sound GBA measurements cicccscscsissrccaisecaccesseascsasrsnscsesriancsadceaosisereatstadaeaicsasraraiacraeiaceaics SAL Table oi Variance in sound NC max and RC measurement sccssesesssesessssssssssssssessssesesssevarsssstesesstanensnseeesenes G4 questionnaire for the qu acceptable for building NCEMBT 080201 Q14 Statistical resul in n of sound meas for the question TI it the c
268. eetrock hard surface hung ceiling cathedral 1 2 3 4 28 These fixed outdoor sound sources are from air handling equipment motor engines wind on building construction other 1 2 3 4 5 29 Sources of sound from transportation are from highways railways airplanes other 1 2 3 4 30 Sources of sound within the building but outside of the work area are pumps activity above conversations in plumbing motors on floor adjacent rooms air handler other 1 2 3 4 5 31 Sources of sound within the work area are copiers fax speech masking machines computers conversations air conditioning system 1 2 3 4 5 32 Do work areas have background music IREE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE 33 There are self contained roof top or mechanical equipment room units 34 The type of control system used in the building is Variable Air Constant Air Volume VAV Volume CAV VAV amp CAV Dual Duct 1 2 3 4 35 The type of supply registers used in the building is Ceiling Linear diffusers diffusers Other 1 2 3 36 The type of return air flow system in the building is Plenum type Ducted type 1 2 37 The Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system is A chilled water type system with cooling towers 1 A chilled water type system with air cooled A packaged roof type A wall mounted unit nA A vu N A hydronic radiator system with mechanical ventilation 38 The energy performance of the
269. el is above the reference level 15 5 RC Room Criteria Similarly to prior derivatives room criteria RC relies on a standard table for many of its calculations RC 16Hz 31 5Hz 63Hz 125Hz 250Hz 500Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz RC_ref 10 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 RC_ref 20 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 RC_ref 30 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 RC_ref 40 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 RC_ref 50 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 RC_ref 60 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 RC_ref 70 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 RC_ref 80 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 RC_ref 90 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 Note that the 16Hz band is not used for RC calculations but will be used for the RCI calculations further on The Correction factor for the RC and for every value is always 10 RC values as granular as dB are calculated either by interpolation or by using the formula RCref RCrreqio RC 10 The RCyer for an RC of 70 at 250Hz would be 25 70 10 or 85 The RC er for an RC of 64 at 63Hz would be 35 64 10 or 89 An RC value for each sample line is calculated as WA0RE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS RC Round Avg H1_500 H1_1000 H1_2000 Which means that RC is the average of the 1 1 octave band levels for the 500 1000 and 2000Hz frequencies rounded to the nearest integer The non rounded value is stored as RC Using the following sample Lx 32 41 40 72 55 50 48 38 The RC value is calculated as Round Avg 55 50 48 51
270. elation was observed for the sound measurements and the duration that the distraction occurred for Building 10 Pearson p 0 05 The majority of respondents answered that the mechanical sounds came from the ceiling but can t tell was also noted The sound of the mechanical equipment was predominately described as a hiss whistle or a rumble Interpretation and Comments Most occupants in all buildings never or only occasionally heard sounds from mechanical equipment Of those who did nearly all were infrequently or never annoyed distracted and never or infrequently had their productivity affected The sound most commonly annoyed or distracted within 30 seconds but there was a wide distribution of its duration None of these questions correlated consistently with L_80 minus L_10 for RC NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Sound Hypothesis 14 Annoyance or distraction from the sound of mechanical equipment within the building can be caused by the overall sound level fluctuations in the sound intensity or harsh tones contained in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using the sound measurements L_80 minus L_10 for NC for too loud and L_ 80 L_50 for NC for intermittent unpredictable L_80 minus L_50 for NC for increases decreases The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for NC Soun
271. ence Total 12 10 21 NCEMBT 080201 141 APPENDIX F C02 SENSORS APPENDIX F C02 SENSORS F1 DESCRIPTION OF SENSORS Three different instruments were used to measure CO concentrations A single Bacharach comfort check sensor Figure F1 measured outdoor CO concentrations for eight hours every day of data collection Figure F1 Bacharach Comfort Check Sensor Six Hobo sensors Figure F2 were used to measure indoor CO concentrations in six locations continuously during data collection Figure F2 HOBO C02 Sensor http www onsetcomp com Products Product_Pages HOBO_H08 HO08_family_data_loggers html Anchor HOBO 23240 Anchor HOBO 23240 ICY NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX F CO2 SENSORS One IAQRAE sensor Figure F3 was used to measure indoor CO concentrations for a short time period less than 10 minutes in six locations to compare readings with those of the Hobo Another IAQRAE was used to measure outside CO concentrations continuously iN IAQRAE amm Figure F3 IAQRAE Sensor F2 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF THE BACHARACH The Standard Operating Procedure for the use of BACHARACH for the measurement of outside CO was developed from the manufacturer s user manual TO LAUNCH THE BACHARACH i 2 Po n e pa 10 ii 12 13 Ensure temp probe is locked in place Push and hold orange button to turn on This makes a loud beep so try to muffle the monitor with your han
272. ences Database was designed to store the data obtained in the task and can be efficiently reused easily expanded and aggressively searched at www ncembt org NCEMBT 080201 33 4 RESULTS 4 RESULTS 4 1 BUILDING LOCATIONS Figure 1 depicts the locations of the selected office buildings overlayed on the International Energy Conservation Code Climate Zones Map Figure 1 International Energy Conservation Code Climate Zones Map and Locations of Monitored Buildings 4 1 ENERGY TABLE Available information gathered from the building s facilities manager detailing the energy usage and costs are compiled in Appendix L 34 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS 4 2 OVERVIEW OF RESPONSES Figures 2 through 11 depict the overview of responses of building occupants to the acceptability of IEQ i e temperature relative humidity draft odors sound and lighting Specific measurements collected during monitoring and responses of occupants are presented in Section 4 3 through Section 6 4 The IEQ questionaire was submitted electronically and occupants could complete it any time during the monitoring period e e oreoasrerwesweesrersssreroresoreerorereormwreererwreo3owsc lt ouwaeeavsareoWouwuwnVursrerereereeouuwwrea econ w es 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 W Never E Occasionally O Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 2 Building 1 Summary of occupan
273. erception questionnaire results of somewhat uniform Lighting Hypothesis 5 When there is too much glare on desk surfaces or workstations and or on my computer screen most occupants productivity will be adversely affected Test Results The occupant perception questionnaire results show that 70 of respondents believed that their productivity never or only occasionally was affected by glare and only 30 believed that they were affected from some of the time to most of the time and all the time 74 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Lighting Hypothesis 6 Most people prefer to have natural light from outdoors come into their office or work area Test Results The results of the questionnaire show that a majority of respondents 91 who answered questions preferred natural light and only less than 2 somewhat disliked natural light Lighting Hypothesis 7 If the CRI of lighting is 75 or greater the color of people s faces and objects in work area will appear natural Test Results The CRIs of all the buildings were all over 75 and with the average of 81 The median answers of the perception questionnaire results were that respondents somewhat agreed that people s faces and objects in work area appear natural Lighting Hypothesis 8 The CCT of the lighting lower than 3000 K will be evaluated as visually warm and higher than 5000 will be evaluated as visually cool Test Results All the buildings recorded CCTs between 3000 to 5000
274. ergy 71 548 556 General Accounting Office GAO 1996 School facilities Conditions of america s schools GAO HEHS 95 61 Gillette G 1988 Evaluating office lighting environments Reference lighting power density data NBSIR 88 369 Gaithersburg MD National Bureau of Standards Gillette G and M Brown 1986 Occupant evaluation of commercial office lighting Volume I methodology and bibliography ORNL TM 10264 V1 Oak Ridge TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1987 Occupant evaluation of commercial office lighting Volume III data archive and database management system ORNL TM 10264 V3 Oak Ridge TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory Gold D R 1992 Indoor air pollution Clin Chest Med 13 215 229 Gorny R L J Dutkiewicz and E Krysinska Traczyk 1999 Size distribution of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in indoor air Ann Agric Environ Med 6 105 113 Gorny R L T Reponen S A Grinshpun and K Willeke 2001 Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material Atmos Environ 35 4853 4862 Grant C C A Hunter B Flannigan and A F Bravery 1989 The moisture requirements of moulds isolated from domestic dwellings Internat Biodeterioration Biodegradation 25 259 284 Gravesen S P A Nielsen R Iversen and K F Nielsen 1999 Microfungal contamination of damp buildings Examples of risk constructions and risk materials Environ Health Perspect 107 505 508 NCEMBT 080201
275. erials Aerobiologia 18 1 11 Cage B R K Schreiber C Barnes and J Portnoy 1996 Evaluation of four bioaerosol samplers in the outdoor environment Ann Allergy 77 401 406 Carter D J R C Sexton and M S Miller 1989 Field Measurement of Illuminance Lighting Research and Technology 21 1 29 35 CBE 2004 Occupant Indoor Environmental Quality Survey College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley CBE IEQ Survey on the web http www CBE Berkley edu research briefs survey htm NCEMBT 080201 83 6 REFERENCES Cena K ed 1998 Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot arid climate Atlanta American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Cena K and R de Dear 1998 Field Study of Occupant Comfort and Office Thermal Environments in a Hot arid Climate Final Report on ASHRAE RP 921 Perth Institute of Environmental Science Chan D J Burnett R de Dear R and N Stephen 1998 Large Scale Survey of Thermal Comfort in Office Premises in Hong Kong ASHRAE Transactions 104 1172 1180 Chang J C S K K Foarde and D W VanOsdell 1996 Assessment of fungal Penicillium chrysogenum growth on three HVAC duct materials Environ Internat 22 425 431 Charles K E and J A Veitch 2002 Environmental satisfaction in open plan environments Effects of workstation size partition height and windows Institute for Research Construction
276. eries Figure 11 Svantek SVAN 948 and SVAN 947 Sound Level Meters To support the microphones and sound level meters various length BNC cables microphone stands and microphone clips were used One microphone could be placed up to 100 feet from the meter while the other was on a 10 foot cable The stands allow placing the microphone anywhere on the floor space The microphone clips made it possible to place the microphone near any object shelf or piece of furniture without occupying floor space The clips were also much smaller and lighter than the stands The Svantek meters store all measurements in their on board non volatile memory This has the advantage of storing multiple measurements and retaining measurement data even if the meter is NCEMBT 080201 153 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS shutdown or loses power The data can be easily downloaded in file format to any PC using Svantek software 12 FIELD TESTING PROCEDURES Beta testing was performed with the meters to measure the sound environment of several rooms on the UNLV campus as an example of the types of measurements that would be collected during Task 1 From this a standard operating procedure SOP for Task 1 was developed to compensate for any difficulties that may be encountered during sampling of the buildings The SOP included safety instructions equipment lists field testing departure checklist packing and shipping procedures on site setup and office testing
277. es S2 a c display luminances at ceilings between luminaires at brightest ceilings and at brightest light sources in field of view The luminances at ceilings in direct indirect lighting systems are much higher than those in direct systems due to the influence of upbeat light in the direct indirect systems The average luminances between luminaires were 98 and 36 cd m for buildings with direct indirect and direct systems respectively The results for luminances at brightest ceilings were 471 and 55 cd m for two systems respectively In addition the variations in direct indirect systems were much higher than those in direct systems The luminances at brightest light sources were 2089 and 4839 cd m respectively for two different lighting systems Compared to direct indirect systems direct systems obviously have much brighter light sources and darker ceilings Figure S2 d plots luminances at floor levels The luminance greatly depends on floor colors Dark colors are normally used on floors The average floor luminance measured in this study was 10 cd m Figures 2 e f show luminances at partitions or walls and at the darkest partitions or walls in the field of view These two results were significantly affected by the colors of partitions and influence of daylight The average luminance at partitions was 49 cd m with the standard deviation of 45 cd m The luminance at darkest partitions or walls in field of view was 16 cd m with the same
278. es collected in non problem buildings are not similar and will vary by gt 1 order of magnitude at different indoor sampling locations Test Results Results for both culturable and non culturable air samples were consistent within or very close to one order of magnitude for the indoor locations 1 6 Logistic regression showed that zone location had no effect on concentration ranges for both culturable and non culturable air samples Similarly variance components showed no zone effect This results from the concentrations being uniform within one order of magnitude for the respective types of air samples within a building 52 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comment The null hypothesis for both culturable and non culturable air samples is not supported as the results were consistent and did not vary over an order of magnitude in the indoor locations Mold Hypothesis 5 The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non culturable air sampling and the number of colony forming units CFU of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non problem buildings are expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference on different days of sampling Null Hypothesis Culturable and non culturable fungal taxa in air samples collected in non problem buildings are not similar and will vary by gt 1 order of magnitude on different sampling days Test Results Result
279. es in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified PASUES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 5 9 4 PA ES or 3 oD x O0 2 O 4 aL i l 0 SIEIELE SISIGISISIElEIEISISIOIS S EElE S Slag 338 Els Fle SlSiSlf ElslzielsislsiflEls z SIPlE SIS SO ElSIS ElS SS OlSlSSlElS 8 e Ole D Q ke x Q ko x Q ko x Y olal gt o lt l 2 2 g a gt al alol gt lt L 9 5 oE lt S 5 a SE e lt S 5 aE e 25 2 2815 2go ols 25 2 28 S o 5S2 ogol gle o gogle LO SOF e jo 8 r eos o E zi 9 zi 9 zi 9 1 2 3 Day Figure N43 Building 7 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified 5 Eo 4 Gk 3 H ar a gt dp 0 S EEESTIS SS EEES SOS S
280. es of T and W for the overall temperature humidity conditions to judge whether these conditions have been satisfied according to ASHRAE IEQ Hypothesis 2 There is a significant difference in thermal perception by occupants of mornings versus afternoons According to ASHRAE 55 2004 section 5 2 5 fluctuations in temperature can affect the perception of thermal comfort In office buildings HVAC equipment usually runs for only part of a day In the mornings HVAC equipment may take some time to achieve comfortable thermal conditions at the beginning of the workday due to the large thermal inertia of the structure of the office building This hypothesis also uses T and AH values IEQ Hypothesis 3 lt 10 of occupants will make adjustments to their work area to make it more thermally comfortable This hypothesis predicts what typical occupants might do faced with options of either being too cool or too warm IEQ Hypothesis 4 If the occupants work areas are thermally unacceptable the occupants in that area will work less efficiently i e less productively These four questions focus on the perception of being unproductive due to thermally unacceptable conditions The CBE questionnaire APPENDIX A is the only one of those cited that probes the perception of the occupants regarding productivity IEQ Hypothesis 5 The occupants of a building will be thermally comfortable if the vertical temperature gradient is lt 3 0 C ASHRA
281. es of materials used e g flooring lighting ceiling and the mechanical systems e g HVAC system the energy management system were asked in the questionnaire Building characteristics questionnaires were completed by facility managers The building characterization questionnaire is listed in Appendix D 3 1 5 Procedure to Generate MLID MLID stands for Minor location ID The MLID is unique to all sampling zones from all buildings Users can use the MLID to extract information from any specific sampling zone within a specific building The MLID is generated sequentially by the Microsoft MS Visual Basic VB code implemented within the MS ACCESS database NCEMBT 080201 29 3 METHODS 3 2 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY The IEQ parameters include thermal comfort CO and VOCs 3 2 1 Thermal Comfort Six stationary stations obtained data over three days These stations were usually placed in spaces that would give an overall evaluation of the differences in space allocations in a typical office building i e individual offices versus open spaces The methods including descriptions of equipment used variables measured and indices calculated can be found in Appendix E 3 2 2 C02 Measurement of CO at indoor and outdoor locations was accomplished using two different instrument packages Indoor CO was measured using a HOBO with data logger suspended from the tripod housing the thermal comfort instrumentation Initially outdoor
282. eseessesaesaseeneenneneas 16 2 1 Thermal Comport LEQ ees aici scecisesscesscesicenicexsecesceaseveievesetusdts ieveieve nivaaetashvvieveaevaacevesevenevuacieseiany acta acessnedaaaivaas 16 2 2 Airborne And Surface Associated Mold ssssssussssessnnususnununnunununnununnununnunununnununnununnnnunnnnunnnnununnnnnnununnnnnnnnnan 18 PAEO T oa seca cava cn sa antes A A A sani se tvacuassany tettaassviestenszteuusetestuaa ese 21 2A LISKING inanicio aaa a a a a 28 Ss METHODS wsicsscscastessicvactazcerdeesechanstaccentseaadvenstnatentianadenscanpseeue adaa Naia raana aata aaa Aaaa NAKA NEA uNa SNA SAADE aaia 29 3 1 Building a a ane ies 29 3 1 1 Building Selection Criteria sxisssrinsrsnicinsnnsaninnnnrinnnnnakanannnn ANARAN KANARA NEKANA RARA NARAMA KARKAA REKA ANAK AKRARAKAKKANRAK 29 3 1 2 Building RECrUItMe nits sss efcccssi efeeett iventietea teea teas iia tetas ani init lest 29 3 1 3 Building Selection General Questions cesccesccesecseceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeseneeeneeeneeeneeeneenneennesenesnaeenaetas 29 3 1 4 Building Characterization Questionnaire ccccssccssccsseesecseeeseeeeeeeseeeneeeneeeneeeneeenaeeneeeneseneseesnasenaseas 29 3 1 5 Proc d re to Generate MLID svc czsscssccezcacesaxastescenszasesciscceaecasznanesuesaainenszpaeecaivaiaaiesapsasisadvtastastenstgiaeds 29 3 2 Indoor EnvironmentalQ ually sarnana 30 32A Thermal COMON vriat aaa aaa araa aa aaa aa aa aa aaa aaaea a Naaa NEEN EES 30 322 COn n aia ete ee alee ies 30
283. essnessnaseaes 185 APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE ceceeceseeseeeeeeeseeseeeneenseeseeaeeesseeseeaesaseenseesesaseeseeseessetaseeneeeees 188 K1 ROOM Descriptions ois ccscicetscsvicsascscicetacavccsnccsvacsdadsvccsnsdsvaussscavacsscesiaesiacsvacsnetesdsdsiassiadsvassiaeedsiuesieesiansiedeieeee 188 K2 Lighting Control System Typa Soacra sini iin 188 K3 Luminary Information ccccccsscssecseecseecseeeneeeneeeneecneesneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneesneeeneeesneesnessnesenessaesnessneesnessneseneseaas 189 K3 1AmDient Light Wass sista chee cated a aaa Ka Ei Laaa AEA Aaa AAAA ETA a 189 K3 2 Ambient Light 2 iissa a N a aa aaa aaan adaa Aaaa aaa aSa 189 K3 3 Ambient Light 3 gt vccsscinscsvsecesdevscessdacacenecarnartaccancensensceenscesetanacecennnervaccnscevanssienedatsaiettaceitannenatatinnsenines 190 K3 4 Task light Wis sisi vtareediaaetinveniieatei inva a aa a aa N NEE 190 VS TAS A 2 ergs eva cargoes eva E na ena tv E Beak a stan neta adem ep 191 K3 6 Task Light 3 03 i ais ainasn tenn niente titra tii tials Gini a a aa 191 K4 Light Power Density scsicssiscssccieestaxieecelccdeccvictscncssccasdsevacaviiavaaadi einaciidavidasd NAKER A KARARINA KAREAR RNAAK edad 192 K5 Measurements of Workstations s ssssusssuususunsnsunnnonsnununnununaunnnunnnnunnnonnnanunaunnnannnnunenounnnonnnnnnnnonnnannnnan nannat 192 K5 1 General Informatio M s icssccciccetccaccecceceassnaccsceeasssedenascectuaziseesenesdunennsssecvonnadncteuentecessiigs
284. f selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichodermain the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi ius Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified spores m3 Log10 Cc wn 5 5 z 25 2 2 x alg a a gt oa S g gt 8 amp amp amp 6 O O ojo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N20 Building 4 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 PZK APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS iL 5 m Bos oO D 535 a7 2 7 0 c a k zlo w wn clon s S 2 5 2 S 2 2 5 2 S 2 2 2 5 35 5 6 0 6 0 6 0 2 6 0 56 0 8 SI o a7 roe rom ol
285. f the different offices Table E3 summarizes these variables knowing that the dry bulb temperature relative humidity and velocity draft were the measured variables while the remaining variables are all calculated Table E3 Parameter Names in Statistical Plots their Meaning and their Unit Values Parameter Name in Table E2 Parameter Name in Parameter Meaning Unit tatistical Plots Temperature AirTempLA0_6m Dry bulb air temperature at 0 6 m above the floor Operative Temperature OpTemp Operative Temperature measured at 0 6 m ce above the floor Relative Humidity RelHumidity Relative Humidity measured at 0 6 mabovethe floor Humidity Ratio HumidityRatio Calculated Humidity Ratio based on kg water temperature and relative humidity kg dry air Velocity LoAirVelO_6m Air velocity at 0 6 m above the floor m s Draft Rate DR MaxDraftRate Maximum draft rate among the draft rates in three heights i e 0 1 m 0 6 m and 1 1 m above the floor PMV PredMeanvote Predicted Mean Vote PPD PredPctDissatis Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Vertical Air Temperature VertAirTempDiff Vertical Air Temperature Difference between C Difference the air temperatures at 1 1 m and 0 1 m above the floor Indoor to Outdoor CO2 Indoor to Outdoor CO2 Differential ppm Differential Concentration Concentration IKTE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Dry bulb air temperature data Table E4 are obtained from the VIVO instruments at a height
286. ffect Spearman 0 06055 0 830266 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 20166 0 508822 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 125251 0 683487 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 574285 0 040108 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 609904 0 026873 Table Q47 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 5 Variable type Cor vate o SndConvHear Pearson 0 360662 0 108240 SndConvHear Spearman 0 362826 0 105985 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 162805 0 480744 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 084865 0 714552 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 01204 0 958700 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 15954 0 489694 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 039099 0 881566 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 03659 0 889116 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 40555 0 106298 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 3759 0 137011 NCEMBT 080201 1 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q48 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the question i hear sounds from conversations that carry into my work area for building 6 SndConvHear Pearson 0 186093 0 215620 SndConvHear Spearman 0 005305 0 972087 SndConvAnnoy Pearson 0 11379 0 451478 SndConvAnnoy Spearman 0 24872 0 095559 SndConvProdAffect Pearson 0 1554 0 302416 SndConvProdAffect Spearman 0 24088 0 106824 SndConvDistrWithin Pearson 0 03794 0 818635 SndConvDistrWithin Spearman 0 0524 0 751399 SndConvDistrFor Pearson 0 30492 0 059091 SndConvDistrFor Spearman 0 34426 0 03
287. for occupants perceptions of their work environments Spagnolo et al 1988 Nakano et al 2002 CBE IEQ Survey on the web This study emphasized a long term sampling approach at several fixed locations in the building by gathering data for three consecutive days to detect variances in thermal comfort conditions both over time and time of day Past research and the ASHRAE 55 2004 standard obtained data in laboratory rooms using subjects whose feedback were obtained over a relatively short period and where thermal conditions were controlled The situation in a typical study involves persons who occupy the office space for a relatively long period of time and on a daily basis during different seasons and at different times of operation of the HVAC units for that particular building These varying office thermal conditions are suspected to create a variety of working conditions that may not be duplicated in a laboratory environment Differences between the current thermal comfort questionnaire and the ASHRAE questionnaire included the following Use of a five point Likert scale instead of a seven point scale Responses were rescaled using mean value MV calculations to calculate predicted mean vote PMV and predicted percentage of dissatisfied PPD More questions to gather more information about the immediate environment of the building s occupants Questions to determine the effect of thermal comfort on the productivity of occupants
288. for the inability to identify correlation One is that there is no relationship between measured sound levels and occupant 2 NCEMBT 080201 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY perception of the effects of sound However it is well documented in published literature that occupants are annoyed by high sound levels and such levels do affect productivity It is possible that the sound levels in the ten buildings did not reach a sufficient difference between zones for occupants perception to be sensitive to the differences In that case the lack of correlation was due to low variation between zones This is likely as none of the buildings were observed to consistently have sound at levels considered to objectionably outside the normal range for office buildings In particular within a building for nearly all cases measured differences between zones in significant sound levels L_5 to L_90 were less than 6 dB The 6 dB value is considered noticeable but may not normally be perceived as a large difference However if a 6 dB or greater consistent difference actually existed between the zones that could result in significant differences in occupants perceptions between those zones The limited variation in the measured levels cannot be considered the only cause of the inability to identify correlation It is possible that other levels would have correlated with the perception questionnaire results However the sound levels used in this study were based on engineerin
289. format of the converted data files are formatted for entry and storage as permanent records into the database used for statistical analysis Convert Svantek ASCI files to csv files Doubie Ciick on file to select Figure 14 User Interface for Conversion of Svantek Files to Database Entry Files Data recording date 30AUGO01 Data recording start time 13 13 44 Building address 4505 S Maryland Pky Las Vegas NV Building floor first Location on floor VAST laboratory Time SPL_A SPL_C SPL_lin 1 116Hz 1 131 5 Hz 1 1 63 Hz 13 13 44 35 1 39 1 40 9 33 1 34 6 33 8 13 13 54 35 1 39 40 8 32 9 34 6 33 3 13 14 04 35 1 39 41 1 34 3 34 6 33 3 13 14 14 35 1 38 9 40 8 33 2 34 5 32 9 13 14 24 35 1 38 9 40 8 33 8 34 33 2 13 14 34 35 1 38 9 40 6 32 2 34 5 33 13 14 44 35 1 38 9 40 8 33 3 34 2 33 2 13 14 54 35 1 38 8 40 6 32 9 33 8 32 8 13 15 04 35 1 39 40 9 33 4 34 5 33 4 13 15 14 35 1 39 40 9 33 8 34 3 33 5 13 15 24 35 1 39 40 8 33 1 34 2 33 6 13 15 34 35 1 38 8 40 6 33 2 34 1 33 13 15 44 35 1 39 40 8 32 8 34 5 33 4 Figure I5 Representation of a Spreadsheet Data File Created for Svantek Database Input slo NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS The following sound descriptors were derived from the measured sound data RC values RC Room Criteria Room Criteria Mark II method is the ASHRAE recommended method to determine the acceptability of background HVAC related sound in unoccupied indoor areas Reynolds 2003 RC curve
290. formed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table Q29 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 1 Pye Cor pve O SndTelHear Pearson 0 504866 0 201933 SndTelHear Spearman 0 28026 0 501380 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 04618 0 913532 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 269321 0 518911 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 269851 0 518056 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 594937 0 119766 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 13751 0 768763 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 038837 0 934118 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 117797 0 801406 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 283069 0 538466 Table Q30 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 2 Ppvalue O SndTelHear Pearson 0 11263 0 810012 SndTelHear Spearman 0 130847 0 779764 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 354265 0 490833 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 223906 0 669754 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 518566 0 291875 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 318182 0 538834 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 42187 0 578133 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 38889 0 611111 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 90999 0 090014 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 83333 0
291. g Responses 23 4 oo y a DO FS gi ctivity Building ID Figure P54 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building affecting productivity KPIS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS DS o Q a fo 2 a Q ao Building ID Figure P55 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked if the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building affected productivity Responses Building ID Figure P56 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how quickly brief or long period the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building is distracting NCEMBT 080201 EYA APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS a o Q a r fo 2 a ao few seconds pto 35 Sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID Figure P57 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building is distracting Responses Building ID Figure P58 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how long brief or long period the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building is distracting KPY NCEMBI 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS a o Q a r fo 2 a ao Building ID Figure P59 Specific respon
292. g Tinting Exceeded Met 20 21 Yes Yes DDC DDC Setback N A No N A NCEMBT 080201 421 APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA EMCS used for electric demand limiting Has programmable ES thermostats Type of thermostats Thermostats are tamperproof Typical Type of work space Majority size of work space Typical Individual cube office space person Typical shape Type of walls Typical floor material Typical Ceiling heights Types of ceiling surfaces Cement structural Types of ceiling surfaces Acoustic tile hung Types of ceiling surfaces Drywall sheetrock Types of ceiling surfaces Hard surface cathedral Fixed outdoor sound sources Air handlers Fixed outdoor sound sources Motor engines Fixed outdoor sound sources Wind Fixed outdoor sound sources Construction Fixed outdoor sound sources Other Transportation sound sources Highways Transportation sound sources Railways Transportation sound sources Airplanes Transportation sound sources Other Inside sound sources not in wk area Pumps motors on floor Inside sound sources not in wk area Activity above 422 NCEMBT 080201 Yes N A Unknown No Open Unknown 50 100 ft2 Square Partition Partial Carpet Raised Less than 10 ft No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No Unknown Unknown Other Unknown gt 100 ft2 Square Partition Parti
293. g experience and judgment and other levels were not collected A comparison of sound data between buildings suggest that buildings have similar variation in sound levels from one zone measurement station to the next but also have significant differences in average sound levels Respondent data from different buildings also show noticeable differences but the question remains whether the differences correlate The ANSI ASHARE IESNA standard for lighting recommends 10 76 W m 1 0 W ft for office spaces The average lighting power density LDP for the ten office buildings overall was 12 71 W m 1 18 W ft 18 over the recommended value Six of the buildings that used direct lightining systems had 14 27 W m 1 33 W fi and the four buildings that used direct indirect systems had 10 37 W m 0 96 W ft One building had very low LPD only 6 89 W m 0 64 W ft because this building uses a great deal of daylight The overall illuminance at work surfaces of the ten buildings was 657 Lux 243 Lux The design guide recommends 300 to 500 Lux for office lighting depending on the characteristics of visual tasks The measured illuminance in the monitored buildings was greater than the maximum of this design range The four buildings that utilized direct indirect lighting systems had lower average illuminance at the work surface than the other buildings which used direct lighting systems The IESNA lighting handbook lists the uniformity of l
294. g the effects of air movement lighting and humidity O hot J warm O slighty warm C neutral J slightly cool O cool C cold 3 How do you prefer the temperature to be 0 warmer C no change cooler 4 Do you feel any AIR MOVEMENT in the work area O Yes No 5 If yes do you find the AIR MOVEMENT uncomfortable O Yes No 6 On average I perceive the HUMIDITY of my work area to be disregarding the effects of temperature air movement and lighting J very humid J slightly humid J neutral o slightly dry Q very dry Q13 Below are some symptoms that people experience at different times Please indicate how often YOU HAVE EXPERIENCED EACH SYMPTOM IN THE PAST MONTH by circling the appropriate number from the scale below Please circle one number for each symptom Very often Headache TIZTINCID ovesinossvsuesscoxtavesesentsassensrevesscgasscesconsnseanseses l ICCD INESS ao ansa irean oie mime aen aa paapa aaia raanei l Sore or irritated throat Nose irritation itch or running Eye irritation Trouble focusing eyes Difficulty concentrating Skin dryness Skin rash or itch Fatigue Unpleasant Odor NMNMNYNMYNNYNN WN tv WWW WWW WwW WwW Ww WwW Ww heehee RRL SES IKIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED A4 CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT SURVEY Thermal Comfort Which of the following do you personally adjust or control in your workspace check all that apply M Window blinds or shade
295. g the time period brief or long period between when they hear the sound noise from outside of the building and they are distracted Responses few seconds Up to 35 Sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID Figure P14 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly the distraction starts after hearing sound noise from outside of the building SOME NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS gt n Q a fa e g Q o Building ID Figure P15 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the length brief or long period of distraction from sound noise outside of the building Responses f p emscesess R toe min Building ID Figure P16 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long the distraction lasts after hearing sound noise from outside of the building NCEMBT 080201 IN APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS xl S a a a ral fe 2 a a oa Too loud Intermittent unpredictable Increases decreases loud One tone dominates Understandable Building ID Figure P17 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the reason that the noise from outside their building is distracting Responses Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID Figure P18 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning sound
296. garithm of concentrations of fungi cultured from surface dust samples was 1 36 in all but one building Building 8 where the ratio was less than 1 5 orders of magnitude There were significantly large outliers which skewed the data Logistic regression analysis showed no statistically significant inter zone variability in dust concentrations in all buildings Variance components confirmed this finding Interpretation and Comment Sample dust concentrations were generally within 1 5 orders of magnitude at different locations within a building Results showed that in most buildings the range of concentrations is lt 10 The specific effect of different zones did not explain the variability in data among buildings The null hypothesis is not supported NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 11 Within the same building at different times of day in the same location the same genera of fungi are expected to be measured with up to a 1 order of magnitude difference in concentration Samples were only collected at one time period Therefore this hypothesis was not tested in the final experimental design used in this task Mold Hypothesis 12 Regional differences between non problem buildings are reflected in the different surface dust composition of fungal genera not the distribution among them Due to limitations on the number of buildings i e ten there were insufficient numbers of buildings in each region Therefore this hypot
297. ghting cscecseeee 39 Figure 11 Building 10 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting 40 Figure 12 Standard Setup of the Static IEQ and Soudn Instrumentation csssssscesseesseesesseesseesseeeseesneeeseeeaes 76 Figure 13 Photograph of the Two Shipping Pallets c ssssssssssssssersscssesssesssesssesssesssessseessesssessessseseseseseneaes 80 Figure E1 Schematic diagram based on the VIVO sampling cart and related hardware assembled from VIVO Dantec E ON INNS E E E vase seis vaseais vais aais sia ei ei a Ne RR NNER NR TRIER RE 120 Figure E2 VIVO operating temperature Sensor csscccssecssecssecssecseecssecseecseesseesseesseeeseesseesseesseesseesseeneesseesseesenesas 120 Figure E3 VIVO relative humidity SON SON soccicsaiceanicarccaieedteciccatdeaeeaione headed eae ee anaia e naiai 121 Fico EA VIVYO drought SONS OM rnia 121 Figure EO VIVO DaS Ossidiana aaia ana Ea E SE E aa EO SEa E 123 Figuro ES VIVO FEU Gonto ncocrcsnnaninaan a tasecees tava aah lassi eestee cave ceed taseemestuve esate 123 Figure E7 VIVO connection assembly SCQUENCE ccscccescceeeeseeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneseneseneseneesneeenessneeeaesnestnaeenaseas 124 Figure E8 Positioning Of the mechanical BIW siccsccscisdzseszvesczvsiciacveseve diva sxiedzvasaveshvsiciacuvaiave tava sdie devasduanvetxvai
298. glass areas face Southwest Major glass areas face West Major glass areas face Northwest Major glass areas face Equally Distributed Window area ft2 North Window area ft2 South Window area ft2 East Window area ft2 West Construction Type Flat roof Light colored roof coating Total roof area Roof R value vs bldg code Roof R value E type insul glass Window solar penetration reduction Perimeter walls R value vs bldg code Perimeter walls R value Control system type HVAC uses advanced EMCS 5a 65 1 No 1988 No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Insulated masonry type panels Yes Yes Unknown Met Unknown Yes Tinting Exceeded Unknown DDC Yes 400 1 No 1988 No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Insulated masonry type panels Yes NIA Unknown Met Unknown Yes Tinting Exceeded Unknown DDC Yes 600 2 No 1987 No No No Yes No Yes No No No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Insulated masonry type panels Yes Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes Tinting Exceeded Unknown DDC Yes 50 1 Yes 2001 No No No Yes No No No No No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown NIA NA Unk No Unknown Unknown Unknown No None Unknown Unknown Unnown Yes 300 2 Yes unknown No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Heavy ma
299. gure M67 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the air in their work area is too stuffy BHR Responses 7 lLof tin Ost fhe time T ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M68 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they adjust the thermostat when the air in their work area is too stuffy P NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M69 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a personal fan when the air in their work area is too stuffy B TE E Responses 4 llof tin os fe Tithe 7 some of the time ccasionally ever Figure M70 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the air in their work area is too stuffy NCEMBT 080201 PYA Appendix M IEQ Results n v a lt jer E e4 ll ofthe tin Ost of the Lime ome of the time ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M71 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when the air in their work area is too stuffy Responses PP llof tin Ost fe Tithe 7 some of the time ccasionally ever Figure M72 Summary of occupants responses on the perception
300. han or equal to 5 RCIIQual is set to 0 Otherwise RCIIQual is set to 1 if the DeltaLF field is highest 2 if DeltaMF is highest and 3 if DeltaHF is highest If there is a 2 way tie for highest RCIIQual is set to the lower of the two possible values 15 4 CPL Cumulative Probability Levels Cumulative probability levels are calculated for dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC and SIL measures In each case both a consolidated set of data for the overall building is generated plus sets of data for each MinorLocationID that was documented To calculate CPLs the data for the specific measure will be ordered from the lowest value L_00 to the highest value L_100 The following cumulative probabilities will be calculated 10 L_99 11 L_95 12 L_90 13 L_80 14 L_50 15 L_33 16 L_10 17 L_05 For example the L_99 value is that value where 99 as closely as possible of the samples fall at or below the value and 1 of the samples are above L_50 is similar to the statistical median of the sample but not exact as this method does not interpolate between values dBA is the raw SPL_A reading taken directly from the table dBC is the raw SPL_A reading taken directly from the table dBC_dBA is the raw SPL_A minus the raw SLP_C reading taken directly from the table NCMax is the reference value for the lowest row chosen from the NC reference table NCRef RC is the Avg H1_ 500 H1_ 1000 H1_ 2000 as previously described RC SIL is the Avg H1_ 5
301. have experienced each symptom in the past month by circling the appropriate number for the scale below 5 very often 4 often 3 sometimes 2 rarely 1 never Circle one number for each symptom l Headache zcisteescescestedsaseiasdineissdanbevicaiseie guides uissnes E A 12 3 4 5 2e DIZZINESS enei eriin gern NEE SE Eai a EEIE 12 3 4 5 3 SICSPINESS vss esseceeass slagsadsecadedbwaddadovea conned gcaancwssage caandassanideabenedaabediads 12 3 4 5 4 Sore or irritated throat 20 0 eeeeceeeesceeeesecceeeeeeeeseceaeeaeeaeeeeceeeeaeeas 1 2 3 4 5 5 Nose irritation itch OF rUnNing ceeeeceesesseesseceeceeceeeeseeeeeeeenees 12 3 4 5 6 Hy C2 ritalin sansin nE a EEE 1 2 3 4 5 Te Trotible focusing eyes sc c cccssscecstevsescasbsassagheds dean etajdeavstguaaaseaedtecenecss 12 3 4 5 8 Difficulty concentrating 2 0 2 ceeeceecceseeseceeeeeeeseceeceeeeseeseeeeceaeeaeeaeees 1 2 3 4 5 9 Skin dryness rash or iteh 00 ceccecccessessseesceeeceeceseeeeeesseeeseeeeenseees 12 3 4 5 10 Fath Que sasien n a E E T E E 1 2 3 4 5 11 Do you take over the counter or prescription medication that might influence your comfort while at work 1 1 Yes 2 No IIVE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED On the average 12 How many cigarettes do you smoke per day cigarettes 13 How many cups of caffeinated beverages do you drink per day Cups per day 14 How many hours do you exercise per week Hours Your Environmental Sensi
302. have predominant distinguishing characteristics Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most office buildings NCEMBT 080201 25 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 19 Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can originate from mechanical equipment Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most office buildings The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 20 Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can originate from conversations elsewhere in the building Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear talking in person or by telephone or speakerphone can cause building occupants to delay or postpone a private conversation in their work area The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when the inter zone sound transmission loss is less than 10 dB in the 500 to 2000 Hz range The size of the workstation also correlates
303. he questions concerning sound from conversations in adjacent work areas Sound Hypothesis 8 Annoyance or distraction from sound from conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using several measurements The response of too loud was tested using L_99 minus L_50 for SIL The response of intermittent unpredictable was tested using L_95 minus L_50 for SIL The response increases decreases was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for SIL The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_90 minus L_50 Respondents to the occupant perception questionnaire answered that most of the annoyance distraction from conversations in the work area was associated with the sound being too loud or being understandable However there was no statistical correlation 62 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS between the sound measurements and the occupant responses except for Building 2 Spearman p 0 03 which had a low response rate Interpretation and Comments Sound that is too loud or understandable accounts for most of the causes of occupant annoyance distraction There were no consistent correlations between various sound measurements or calculations and
304. he majority of responses were either too loud or intermittent unpredictable especially by occupants of Building 3 Statistically significant correlations were observed for sound measurements and the response too loud for Building 2 Pearson p 0 04 and Spearman p 0 04 and moderate significance was observed for Building 7 Spearman p 0 07 Responses of intermittent unpredictable were moderately significant for Building 7 Pearson p 0 07 and Spearman p 0 07 and increases decreases were moderately significant for Building 9 Pearson p 0 06 No correlations were observed for understandable for any building Interpretation and Comments Sound that is too loud or intermittent unpredictable accounts for most of the causes of occupant annoyance distraction from outside sounds There were not consistent correlations between various sound measurements and characteristics of outside sounds Sound Hypothesis 5 Sound in a work area from telephone speakerphone conversations can annoy or distract building occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using the measurement of L_80 minus L_50 for sound interference level SIL and a series of questions on the occupant perception questionnaire The responses on hearing of telephone speakerphone conversations were approximately evenly divided between hearing and not hearing sounds Specific responses as the frequency of hearing telephone speakerphon
305. heating ventilating and air conditioning HVAC systems in buildings Noise Control Engineering Journal 43 3 53 63 82 NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES 1997 RC Mark II A refined procedure for rating the noise of heating ventilating and air conditioning HVAC systems in buildings Noise Control Engineering Journal 45 6 243 250 Broner N 1994 Determination of the relationship between low frequency HVAC noise and comfort in occupied spaces ASHRAE Transactions 100 2 Buchanan L M J B Harstad J C Phillips E Lafferty C M Dahlgren and H M Decker 1972 Simple liquid scrubber for large volume air sampling Appl Microbiol 23 1140 1144 Burge H A D L Pierson T O Groves K f Strawn and S K Mishra 2000 Dynamics of airborne fungal populations in a large office building Cur Microbiol 40 10 16 Burge H P J R Boise J A Rutherford and W R Solomon 1977 Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non viable modes of volumetric collection Mycopathologia 61 27 33 Burkhart J E R Stanevich and B Kovak 1993 Microorganism contamination of HVAC humidification systems case study App Occup Environ Hyg 8 1010 1014 Buttner M P and L D Stetzenbach 1993 Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling Appl Environ Microbiol 59 219 226 Buttner M P K Willeke
306. heir perception of IEQ lighting and sound in their workspace and to obtain sufficient data to verify or refute the underlying hypotheses of the measurements In each building the indoor office area available for participation in the study was divided into six zones locations An attempt was made to make these zones representative of natural divisions within a building e g floor interior areas perimeter areas private offices open offices Measurement instrumentation was located in each of the six indoor zones Additionally an outdoor location was selected to obtain specific IEQ measurements Details on the placement and types of instrumentation are listed in the Methods section of this report Based on average values of temperature and humidity only 6 of the 10 buildings were within the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE measurement criteria for thermal acceptability However thermal comfort temperature and humidity was perceived as acceptable by a majority of building occupant respondents in all ten of the buildings There was limited NCEMBT 080201 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY inter zone variability in the perception of thermal comfort which was not consistently related to variables e g frequency of air conditioning heating or ability to control or know the value of the temperature None of the buildings had both measured conditions and occupant responses to thermal comfort that met th
307. herwise as a 0 15 4 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria Hiss The Hiss calculation uses a simplified least squared fit to match the lower frequencies 125 250 and 500Hz in a sample to the referenced NCB table above and then examines some of the higher frequencies to determine whether Hiss is present A number is calculated using the sample measurement for each row of the table as follows FIT Lee 12542 LX 1251 Lref 2s0Hz LX 25092 r4 Lref soonz LX soonz 2 The row exhibiting the smallest FIT value is chosen for the next step and the reference NCB is stored as NCBRefHiss Consider the following case DEES Sz E L_ref 52 6 50 2 47 6 50 2 42 44 2 16 52 L_ref 38 53 4 48 4 43 53 4 50 2 48 4 50 2 43 44 2 15 12 L_ref 39 54 2 49 2 44 54 2 50 2 49 2 50 2 44 44 2 18 28 Lx 50 50 44 In this excerpt the lowest FIT number is 15 12 All other values not shown are higher Therefore the NCB of 38 is the best fit and 38 is stored in the NCBRef_Hiss field NCEMBT 080201 169 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS Higher frequencies are then compared using the selected NCB row L_ref 38 40 36 33 Lx 40 40 32 If any of the sample levels in the 1000 2000 or 4000Hz bands are higher than those shown in the selected NCB row the sample is said to have hiss This value is stored in a field named NCBHiss as a 1 if hiss exists otherwise as a 0 In this case we store a 1 as the measured 2000Hz lev
308. hesis was not tested in the final experimental design used in this task Mold Hypothesis 13 Indicator fungi i e indicators of water intrusion moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth are expected to be not present in air samples in non problem buildings Null Hypothesis Fungi commonly associated with water intrusion will be present in air samples collected non problem buildings Test Results Neither Stachybotrys nor Chaetomium were isolated from any of the indoor culturable air samples Andersen data Figure N1 Trichoderma and Aureobasidium were isolated but infrequently and in low concentrations compared to the total concentration of culturable airborne fungi in indoor samples Chaetomium was the only water intrusion taxon observed in the indoor non culturable samples Burkard data Figure N2 and it was present as 1 of the observed spores no Stachybotrys Trichoderma or Aureobasidium spores were present in the indoor non culturable samples Aspergillus versicolor was isolated as 15 of the culturable fungi in 2 of the indoor air samples fungi A flavus was isolated as 1 of the culturable fungi and A niger was isolated as 4 Penicillium spp were present as gt 30 of the culturable fungi in 1 of samples but in the non culturable air samples Aspergillus Penicillium spores were never observed as gt 30 Interpretation and Comment Null hypothesis is confirmed for some of the w
309. hey cannot have a private conversation in their work area they will move to a more private area for confidential conversations Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis includes conversations on the telephone and was tested using sound measurements L_50 for SIL Respondents were divided as to moving to another location to obtain privacy The only correlations observed for sound measurements and responses to these questions concerning privacy were observed in Building 8 Statistically significant correlations for this building were observed for leaving to have a conversation Pearson p 0 04 Moderate significance was observed using Spearman p 0 051 Responses were varied when asked if they moved to another location to obtain telephone privacy Statistically significant correlation was observed for leaving the area to have a telephone conversation Pearson p 0 02 Interpretation and Comments There is wide variability in the proportion of respondents and the extent of sound privacy acceptability including speech privacy for person to person and telephone conversations The only correlation between perception responses and L_50 for SIL was observed in one building which has the highest participation rate Sound Hypothesis 19 If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area they will postpone confidential conversations to a time when people are not present in adjacent areas Null Hypothesi
310. hiang and Lai 2002 but did not include the questionnaires or surveys administered to building occupants The surveys questionnaires fit in two general categories those given to test subjects during laboratory experiments where the room environment is artificially manipulated and those given to occupants performing their normal tasks in actual functioning work areas In laboratory experiments the sounds are generally constant broadband noises that simulate air conditioning noise Pellerin and Candas 2003 Toftum 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 These surveys questionnaires used in these studies reveal subject reaction to noise levels but cannot differentiate between noise sources or differentiated sensitivity to different characteristics in noise at equivalent levels In the studies where occupants performing their normal tasks in actual functioning work areas were surveyed the questions covered sound thermal lighting and air quality issues Chiang and Lam 2002 Hanna 2002 The survey questions by Chiang and NCEMBT 080201 11 1 LITERATURE REVIEW Lai did not probe details of the noise character or seek the source of the noise The occupants surveyed by Hanna worked in an old historic building with little sound insulation Noise sources and character were identified and complaints centered on impulse and intermittent sound from moving furniture in the room one floor above The questionnaire used in this investigation was designed to extract occ
311. hone preamp and cables NCEMBT 080201 iet APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS 14 4 Packing Shipping Procedure Svantek SLMs are somewhat delicate instruments and should be packed surrounded by protective material One half inch of packing foam in a hard shell case should be sufficient Ensure the SLM is held in place and cannot move in the case Microphones and preamps are kept together and packed in a bag That bag is packed with the chs 1 3 cable the ch 4 cable power adaptors a 10 ft BNC cable and connectors in an individually marked bag Batteries should be packed in their store or equivalent packaging to avoid electrical shorting Other items such as tripods microphone holders cables and Velcro straps are packed in a large case They should be packed with foam or suitable material to prevent shifting while in transit 14 5 On Site Setup The goal is to take sound recordings from the office space in two locations one that is at or near a common center of human activity and one that is in a location away from normal activities and more typical of a study or personal work area Often conditions demand setting both microphones a short distance apart It may be preferable to locate one microphone near the comfort station and the second microphone as far as safety and non interference with occupants allows Begin the recordings before the start of the workday and continue recording until some time after the end of the workday The
312. how on the display SPECTRUM FILTER LIN BUFFER RMS Then press ENTER Repress ENTER to verify settings Repeat for CHANNEL 4 Press ENTER again or ESC to go up the menu to the input setup display Highlight TRIGGER SETUP and press ENTER Select TRIGGER Off and press ENTER Press ENTER again to confirm then ESC twice to go up to the menu display Highlight DISPLAY and press ENTER The display settings do not affect the stored data It is recommended that you select a display that allows easy monitoring of the data real time For example In DISPLAY MODES check SPECTRUM and STATISTICS For DISPLAY SETUP for Channels 1 and 4 select DISPLAY SCALE SCALE LOG NCEMBT 080201 54 J 56 57 58 59 60 6l 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 TL 73 74 75 76 pee 78 79 80 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS DYNAMIC 80dB X ZOOM Ix For total values Select A for 1 Select C for 2 Select LIN for 3 For SPECTRUM TYPE select RMS Ignore other display setup items Back in the menu display highlight SETUP and press ENTER Enter or verify the following settings Set TIMER to EVERYDAY Set RTC to the local time and date of the location being monitored know your time zone Set FIELD CORRECTION to FREE For USER FILTERS set all SOUND filters to 0 0 For STAT LEVELS default settings are fine 1 10 20 30 etc For EXT I O SETUP set MODE to ANALOG for all channels For
313. ht source T12 18 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others Mounting height m Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD K3 2 Ambient Light 2 Table K4 Template used to characterize secondary ambient lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if secondary ambient lights are used in the zone Numbers of luminaries in the room Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Light source 7T12 18 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others Mounting height m Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD NCEMBT 080201 EE E t APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE K3 3 Ambient Light 3 Table K5 Template used to characterize additional ambient lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if additional ambient lights are used in the zone Numbers of luminaries in the room Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Light source 712 18 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others Mounting height m Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD K3 4 Task Light 1 Table K6 Template used to characterize the primary task lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if task lights are used in the zone Numbers of luminaries in a workstation Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Light source T12 1T8 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others Work surface height m for w
314. ht source and color properties for ambient and task lighting respectively An office space normally has only one type of ambient lighting system and one type of task lighting system However the table can record up to 3 different types of ambient lighting and task lighting in case more systems were used in surveyed buildings In the fourth section Lighting Power Density LPD was estimated The LPD was obtained by two different means in the survey One was by seeking information from building facility mangers or building owners However in most cases they could not provide the LPD information Therefore the second method was more often used which was to compute the ratio of the total installed power of luminaires for both ambient lighting and task lighting to the floor area The surveyor tried to obtain the information on lighting systems including lamps and ballasts from the building facility managers However if the information was not available the surveyor would count the number of lamps and luminaires in the space and observe lamp information in the field Then the total installed power was computed by assuming zero ballast losses The floor area of the room was either directly measured with an ultrasonic measuring tool or calculated from drawings With information on the total installed power and floor area LPD could be computed In this study LPDs were computed for an entire office building not for different rooms in the building so
315. i f era n t As ergillus P nia illi m 1 Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or 1 ma bane PE PEI scoters 2 perui Hiner ty a mi paip 6 a doc 1 er afternoon 7 sampling times her fungal genera not a ANR Aureobasi lium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified oe xvi NCEMBT 080201 fungal AFRE E illus Auret fungi not rigiolseas fu on pro nt Ape s Aureob fungi not identified Trichoderma or Aureobasidium aiaa aay notid identif bam N38 Building a ACAO of spores in mpn non culturable indoor air sa ae fiers aa dium aioe sina nat Rg NCEMBT 080201 xvii ite re N43 n 7 pianos taboos _ int a non oe abeh indoor air samples reported a asthe te rane pee iat Cla spon inv unknown fungi not identified mold in in vacuum nd eats aiii das the es aber of pirti fonning units fed iain mF indoor locations 1 6 jatarin priait sai praana Figure N50 Building 3 eara of ee vinhoiiieal sheesh Trichoderma ana thes sum concentration of all cu n eli Iturabl mold in vacuum dust s indoor locations 1 6 Figure N52 Building 5 Concentrations of Au _ richoderma and the sum re of seen RTE i fu e ulturable mold All iaoi N54 Building 7 um Chaetomium Stachybot s Trichoderma and the sum on of bile he Al plese pan ni and culturable mold All mold i in vacuum dust s ei iain as the jikin number of c colony for
316. ic region Spores of the mold Cladosporium are the most common airborne fungal spores worldwide Lighthart and Stetzenbach 1994 Shelton et al 2002 Mixed populations of fungal spores are normative and expected in urban outdoor environments Mold Hypothesis 2 Among non problem buildings a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region Due to the abundance of Cladosporium worldwide spores of this mold or mixed populations of fungal spores indoors in non problem buildings are normative and expected Samson et al 2001 Mold Hypothesis 3 The concentration of airborne fungal genera present in non problem buildings should reflect the outdoor fungal population in that region Outdoor fungal populations are the source for indoor populations Lighthart and Stetzenbach 1994 Shelton et al 2002 In non water damaged indoor environments the airborne fungal populations should reflect that found in the outdoor air Samson et al 2001 18 NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES Mold Hypothesis 4 The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non culturable air sampling and the number of colony forming units CFU of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non problem buildings are expected to be similar lt 1 order of magnitude lt 10X difference at
317. ich lighting measurements were collected City building room Area of the room m2 Room height m Work surface height m Windows availability Circle one that applies yes no Daylighting control means Circle all that applies blinds shades overhang shelf none others Whether have computers Circle one that applies Yes no Notes and comments K2 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM TYPES Table K2 Template used to describe the type of lighting components at each location zone Lighting control methods circle all that apply Manual Timing devices Photo sensors Occupancy sensors Others Type of ambient lighting system circle one that applies Direct recessed fluorescent with parabolic louvers Direct recessed fluorescent with prismatic lens Direct fluorescent surface mounted with egg grate Indirect fluorescent furniture integrated Indirect fluorescent pendant mounted Direct indirect fluorescent pendant mounted Indirect metal halide HID pendant mounted Other configurations Type of task lighting circle one that applies No task units Furniture integrated units Desk movable units Others k t NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE K3 LUMINARY INFORMATION K3 1 Ambient Light 1 Table K3 Template used to characterize the primary ambient lighting device s at each location zone Numbers of luminaries in the room Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Lig
318. idual L_90_SIL 0 Building L_80_SIL 16 Zone L_80_SIL 67 Sampling Date L_80_SIL 16 Residual L_80_SIL 0 Building L_50_SIL 19 Zone L_50_SIL 62 Sampling Date L_50_SIL 19 Residual L_50_SIL 0 Building L_10_SIL 27 Zone L_10_SIL 46 Sampling Date L_10_SIL 27 Residual L_10_SIL 0 KUUES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q2 Variance in sound dBA measurements Factor O Percentage O Building L_99_dBA 11 Zone L_99_dBA 78 Sampling Date L_99_dBA 11 Residual L_99_dBA 0 Building L_95_dBA 11 Zone L_95_dBA 79 Sampling Date L_95_dBA 11 Residual L_95_dBA 0 Building L_90_dBA 14 Zone L_90_dBA 72 Sampling Date L_90_dBA 14 Residual L_90_dBA 0 Building L_80_dBA 17 Zone L_80_dBA 66 Sampling Date L_80_dBA 17 Residual L_80_dBA 0 Building L_50_dBA 22 Zone L_50_dBA 56 Sampling Date L_50_dBA 22 Residual L_50_dBA 0 Building L_10_dBA 31 Zone L_10_dBA 37 Sampling Date L_10_dBA 31 Residual L_10_dBA 0 NCEMBT 080201 EZTI APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q3 Variance in sound NC max and RC measurements Building L_90_NCMax 11 Zone L_90_NCMax 77 Sampling Date L_90_NCMax 11 Residual L_90_NCMax 0 Building L_80_NCMax 14 Zone L_80_NCMax 72 Sampling Date L_80_NCMax 14 Residual L_80_NCMax 0 Building L_50_NCMax 17 Zone L_50_NCMax 66 Sampling Date L_50_NCMax 17 Residual L_50_NCMax 0 Building L_10_NCMax 29 Zone L_10_NCMax 42 Sampling Date L_10_NCMax 29 Residual L_10_NCM
319. iew The surveyor should measure the darkest walls or partition area in the field of view which can be seen from the normal sitting position The surveyor should not choose the darkest area that is very small such as a black plastic edge of a partition or a small area of shadow caused by a hanging telephone bookshelf because the very small area does not have significant influence on the entire field of view As a rule in this study the area should be more than 0 25 m2 2 7 ft2 which corresponds to 5 of field of view when viewed at the distance of 1 m 3 3 ft NCEMBT 080201 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 15 Wall or partition area straight ahead The surveyor should measure the representative location of the wall or partition area straight ahead at eye level when seated at normal sitting position 16 Wall or partition area 90 to the right 17 Wall or partition area 90 to the right 18 Brightest area of the sky from the window The surveyor should move close to the nearest window and measure the brightest area of the sky from the window If the workstation is windowless the surveyor does not need to take this measurement As windowless workstation exists when 1 the worker does not have a direct view to windows when normally seated in the workstation 2 there are more than 6 m 20ft from worker s seat to the nearest window or 3 the worker has a direct view to windows but there is more than 10 m 33ft to the nearest window
320. ific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked about how often there was privacy to have a conversation in their work area NCEMBT 080201 EXI APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS g f 8 g 7 Unacceptable Acceptable Building ID Figure P89 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning privacy to have a telephone conversation in their work area Responses Never CC Sionally the time me Building ID Figure P90 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often there was acceptable privacy to have a telephone conversation in their work area Rice NCEMBI 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Move Don t move Building ID Figure P91 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning moving to another location have privacy for a conversation Responses ol O L All of the time 7 Most of the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P92 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they moved to another location to have privacy for a conversation NCEMBT 080201 JERRY APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Move Don t move Building ID Figure P93 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning moving to another location have
321. ificant for either culturable or non culturable air samples This was confirmed in logistic regression analyses using building as the effect instead of zone Logistic regression also demonstrated no significant zone effect on whether samples were predominant for culturable air However for non culturable air samples zone had an effect in one building Building 7 on predominance Variance components analysis showed that zone accounted for zero percent of Cladosporium predominance variability for culturable air vs 20 for non culturable air samples This is consistent with the findings reported above The effect of sample date i e day 1 vs day 2 vs day 3 accounted for 24 of the variability in Cladosporium predominance for culturable air samples but only 7 for non culturable air samples Interpretation and Comments Among the ten buildings sampled a finding of mixed populations of mold taxa and or Cladosporium predominance was not consistently found in culturable and non culturable air samples Thus the null hypothesis is not confirmed There was a high degree of consistency within each building between culturable and non culturable air samples with regard to Cladosporium predominance and whether samples showed the presence of a predominant taxon The effect of zone differences on these parameters was relatively small and the effect of day to day sampling variability was more significant for culturable air than non culturable air on Clados
322. ight distribution on task plane as one of the important design criteria Most of buildings monitored had uniform lighting distribution at work surface and the four buildings with direct indirect lighting systems had more uniform light distribution and lower variations The uniformity of illuminance at the work surface was computed by averaging the ratio of the maximum illuminance to the average illuminance at work surface Uniformity less than 3 0 is generally considered as uniform The overall uniformity was 1 91 41 15 indicating that most of the buildings had uniform lighting distribution at work surface The four buildings with direct indirect lighting systems had more uniform light distribution and lower variations The illuminance at the center of computer monitor screens was close to the vertical illuminance in offices The vertical illuminance is considered a very important design criterion in offices and the recommendation value is 500 Lux The average measured illuminance at the screens was 339 Lux which was lower than the recommendation value The average illuminance at VDT source documents and keyboards were 574 Lux and 525 Lux respectively Luminance at partitions or walls and at darkest partitions or walls in the field of view was measured This parameter was significantly affected by the color of partitions and the influence of daylight The average luminance at partitions was 49 candela per square meter cd m 45 cd m The luminance at
323. ighting due to lack of lighting knowledge Although they may observe some differences in the colors of objects they seldom correlate this with the lighting The answers given for these two questions show a high percentage of neutral opinions or did not know which emphasizes this point Among 394 respondents 64 of them were in the buildings with windows facing the outdoors Only these respondents were allowed to answer questions regarding daylight The results of the survey show that a majority of these people 91 who answered questions preferred natural light and only less than 2 somewhat disliked natural light Approximately 19 of the respondents thought the amount of lighting entering their work area was very or somewhat excessive 71 thought it was neither excessive nor insufficient and 10 thought it was somewhat or very insufficient When the amount of natural sunlight or daylight that enters the office or work area was excessive or insufficient 66 of the respondents never or occasionally adjusted windows drapes or blinds 7 of the respondents adjusted some of the time and 26 adjusted most of time or all of the time In the questionnaire occupants were queried about flickering buzzing sounds irregular and distracting lighting patterns and shadows The survey results show flickering and buzzing sounds are not a big 72 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS problem as less than 2 of respondents experienced flickering or buzzing soun
324. ighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable report it to management or facilities personnel When the lighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable temporarily leave my work area to go to a more comfortable area When the lighting in my work area is deficient or unacceptable complain about it to co workers but don t do anything When the lighting in my work area on my desk surface or work station and or on my computer screen is deficient or unacceptable during my work day my productivity is adversely affected Sound On average over the past 4 weeks would rate the sound or noise environment in my work area as acceptable In general I m most comfortable when the sound or noise in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the sound or noise in my work area fluctuates l e goes from loud to quiet and or quiet to loud hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area When hear sound s from outside the building airplanes traffic trains construction mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area am annoyed distracted All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Very quiet All of the time All of the time All of the time Most of the time Most of the tim
325. ighting quality than the illuminance on the work surface Several results from this study were very controversial however Collins et al found that occupants satisfaction was consistently lower for workstations with furniture integrated task lighting They also found higher rates of occupant satisfaction with direct lighting systems compared with indirect systems In the study fixed task lighting combined with indirect ambient lighting systems was rated as the lowest lighting quality and associated with noticeable dissatisfaction in the survey However the furniture integrated task lighting is still used widely in new office buildings and indirect lighting especially in combination with task lighting is used in new offices more than ever before Therefore additional research is necessary to investigate these questionable issues Rubin and Collins 1988 conducted an environmental survey for three U S Army field stations The survey included physical measurements of lighting temperature humidity and noise The illuminances were measured at primary task locations the screen and keyboard of Visual Display Terminal VDT stations Luminances were measured for a standard target which contained white gray and black surfaces Luminances were also measured in the following locations the ceiling between luminaires the brightest and darkest surfaces in the field of view and the center left right top and bottom of the VDT screens The res
326. ignificantly different This difference is caused by the intrinsic characteristic of lighting distribution which is normally not very uniform over a surface and space Therefore the decisions of illuminance and luminance measurement locations in lighting surveys are quite challenging and depend greatly upon the surveyor s lighting knowledge and survey experience Lighting was measured for six workstations each day a total of 18 workstations for each building in three days This decision was made because lighting measurements are intrinsically different from other environmental measurements in that they are discrete measurements on multiple points not continuous readings on one point In addition monitoring one workstation three times does not provide as valuable a database as monitoring three different workstations As a result 18 workstations were measured for each building in this study among which six workstations were the same as for the other measurements The other 12 workstations were spread throughout the building with two in each zone Six workstations were monitored each day with the measurements spaced through the day The lighting data were recorded manually and then entered into the database through a data entry tool Manually recording into a table was the most convenient way to deal with the lighting measurements because the lighting data were discrete and taken at multiple locations with different instruments The Building Sci
327. ilding occupants music cell phones body sounds in my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When hear sound s from sounds or noises created by building occupants music cell phones body sounds in my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because When I hear sound s or noise created by building occupants music cell phones body sounds that annoys distracts me and or affects my work productivity ask the person s who is are making the sound noise to be quiet or move On average over the past 4 weeks would rate the privacy in my work area as acceptable When hear any sound s in my work area that annoy distract me and or affect my work productivity do not have enough privacy to have a conversation with another person s in my work area When hear any sound s in my work area that annoy distract me and or affect my work productivity do not have enough privacy to have a telephone conversation in my work area When I do not have acceptable privacy in my work area move to a more private area to have private conversations with others NCEMBT 080201 All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable M
328. ilding variability in responses for using a fan and leaving the room in Buildings 1 and 2 Interpretation and Comments Of those respondents perceive the air as being stuffy at least some portion of the work day nearly all do not make adjustments to their workplace to address the problem These findings do not support the null hypothesis NCEMBT 080201 47 4 RESULTS IEQ Hypothesis 12 If the occupants work areas perceive their air as stuffy or stagnant the occupants in that area will work less efficiently i e less productively Null Hypothesis If the occupants perceive their work areas air as stuffy or stagnant they will work more efficiently 1 e more productively Test Results Among respondents who perceive air as stuffy 56 the majority are not frequently affected in terms of work productivity Correlation is significant between indoor outdoor CO concentration and each of the following questionnaire responses acceptable fresh air Buildings 2 and 9 like it as it is no buildings air is too stuffy Buildings 1 2 3 and 5 and freshness of the air effects their work Building 1 and 3 Interpretation and Comments Air stuffiness does not appear to significantly impact work productivity CO concentrations do not consistently correlate with responses to perception questionnaire regarding acceptability of workplace air freshness or impact on work productivity Fresh air being too stuffy correlates with C
329. ill blink in the center of the monitor display If you get a PUMP warning blinking in the center of the display on the IAQRAE turn the it off hold the MODE button for 5 seconds as it powers down And turn it back on If that does not work then you may need to change the filter on the pump There are extra filters in the case G2 2 To Save Data The IAQRAE has finished datalogging when the L is no longer blinking on the display l a ee ee le 8 9 10 11 LZ Follow Steps 2 6 Under TO LAUNCH IAQRAE Select COMMUNICATION Select Receive Data A screen will appear with the datalog Your data will be that LAST EVENT OR HIGHEST NUMBERED EVENT under text mode of the Event Column Left Side of Screen Select Option then Export data The Save as Box will appear Select the location where you want the file save to File name should be the Minor ID location File type is tab delimited text file Go to folder on the computer and open the file you just saved TO OPEN THE FILE YOU MUST DO THE FOLLOWING RIGHT Click on the file Select OPEN WITH Select EXCEL NCEMBT 080201 E KK APPENDIX G VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS 3 The Date and Time will be HHHH Highlight the column 5 RIGHT Click and Select Format Cell 6 Select Date 17 Select 3 14 01 13 30 Format 18 Resave File pi p pi p s IRIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX H AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD Protoc
330. illips V R J Lacey J Hartung and C M Wathes 1997 Comparison of commonly used samplers with a novel bioaerosol sampler with automatic plate exchanger J Aerosol Sci 28 427 235 Palmgren U G Strom G Blomquist P Malmberg 1986 Collection of airborne micro organisms on Nuclepore filters estimation and analysuis CAMNEA method J Appl Bacteriol 61 401 406 Parks S R A M Bennett S E Speight and J E Benbough 1996 An assessment of the Sartorius MD8 microbiological air sampler J Appl Bacteriol 80 529 534 Parsons K C 2000 Environmental Ergonomics A Review of Principles Methods and Models Applied Ergonomics 31 581 594 Pasanen A L P Kalliokoski P Pasanen M J Jantunen and A Nevalainen 1991 Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal growth and atmospheric temperature and humidity Environ Internat 17 225 228 Pasanen A L J P Kasanen S Rautiala M Ik heimo J Rantam ki H K ri inen and P Kalliokoski 2000b Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions Internat Biodeterioration Biodegradation 46 117 127 Pasanen A L T Juutinen M J Jantunen and P Kalliokoski 1992 Occurrence and moisture requirements of microbial growth in building materials International Biodeterioration Biodegradation 30 273 283 Pasanen P A L Pasanen and M Jantunen 1993 Water condensation promotes fungal growth in ventilat
331. in the table J3 LUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS For luminance measurements the surveyor should always sit in the seat at the workstation and face the computer If no computer is present face the primary worktable instead The surveyor should always adjust the luminance meter to the appropriate focus before taking measurements 184 li IKA 13 14 Ceiling between luminaries The surveyor should measure from a spot on the ceiling between luminaires which is near the middle of two luminaires It can be most easily seen from the normal sitting position Brightest light source in field of view The surveyor should measure the brightest spot from the light source in the field of view which can be seen from the normal sitting position with eyes horizontal The field of view here is defined as 120 vertically and 160 horizontally to the eyes Brightest ceiling area in field of view The surveyor should measure the brightest spot of ceiling area in the field of view which can be seen from the normal sitting position In indirect or direct indirect lighting systems the brightest ceiling area is generally located right above luminaires For a location with daylighting the brightest ceiling area is generally located at the place where daylight has the greatest input When the brightest area is not obvious the surveyor should take several measurements and choose the brightest one among them Darkest walls or partition area in field of v
332. infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 Sound Hypothesis 17 Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can come from various room boundaries Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most office buildings The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 18 Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can
333. ing ID Figure M5 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the temperature in their work area throughout the afternoons Responses da a ays Figure M6 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the temperature in their work area has been too cool NCEMBT 080201 197 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a je E e4 NESEY Wor day ost work da ome work days casionally Never Building ID Figure M7 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the temperature in their work area has been too warm Responses A ome of the time ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M8 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they adjust the thermosat in their work area when the temperature is too cool IRIE NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results Responses Building ID Figure M9 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a personal space heater when the temperature in their work area is too cool Responses 4 fthet ro me ome of the ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M10 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they wear warmer clothes when the temperature in their work area is too cool N
334. ing a door Building 1 reporting the draft no buildings mention the draft no buildings and leave the area because of draft Building 6 The lack of significance in other buildings is likely a reflection of a small occupant response rate The Kruskal Wallis Chi Square tests show significant inter zone variability in all adjustments for Buildings 2 3 4 7 and 8 except for leaving the area due to draft Building 8 Correlation analysis does not demonstrate a consistent correlation between draft rates at the three heights measured and various responses to the questionnaire including the various adjustments to the environment to reduce draft and perceived impact on work productivity In the two buildings Building 4 and 7 with high average draft rate almost no significant correlations are observed Building 1 in which the average draft rate was well below 15 has multiple statistically significant correlations with adjustments However the questionnaire participation rate was exceedingly low in this building making the results of questionable significance Building 10 is the only building with consistent correlations between questionnaire questions and draft defined as gt 15 for any of the 3 draft height measurements Interpretation and Comments Although draft unacceptability is higher than postulated most occupants do not respond to the problem by making adjustments nor do most perceive it as having an adverse impact on work prod
335. ing system Air distribution system Supply register type Return air type HVAC system type Energy perf of chiller in kW Ton Has thermal storage system Has self cont water src pumps in rooms Uses economizer cycle Filter replaced per maint schedule Heating source Light fixture type Lighting type delivery Task lighting used Gen purpose lighting type No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist CAD Other Plenum Packaged roof type unit s Unknown No No Yes Yes Furnace with std efficiency Diffusers Direct Yes Unknown No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist CAD Other Plenum Packaged roof type unit s Unknown No No Yes Yes Furnace with hi efficiency Diffusers Direct Yes Unknown APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist CAD Other Plenum Packaged roof type unit s Unknown No No Yes Yes Furnace with std efficiency Diffusers Direct Yes Unknown Unknown No Unknown Yes Unknown No Unknown No Unknown No Unknown No Unknown No Unknown Yes Unknown No Unknown No Unknown No Unknown Yes N A Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist Ceiling Air Dist CAD
336. ing thermal comfort VIVO Draught VIVO Temperature VIVO Humidity and VIVO Battery The following characteristics are common to VIVO instruments A display showing the unit s status A power indicator and infrared communication port A mechanical arm for positioning the unit s sensor A female connector used when combining several units A female connector for mechanical mounting bolt used when combining several units A plug for connecting units in a network A mechanical wheel used to turn mounting bolt A mounting bolt A plug for the power supply A male connector used when combining several units The VIVO base is illustrated in Figure E5 IYE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Figure E5 VIVO base VIVO Temperature VIVO Temperature measures the operative temperature which is a measure of the temperature experienced by a person as a result of the actual temperature convection and the effects of radiant heat The unit provides a very close representation of the body s perception of temperature In the vertical position the unit represents a standing person at an angle of 30o it represents a sitting person and when it is horizontal it represents a person reclining VIVO Humidity VIVO Humidity measures the relative humidity of the air and the air temperature VIVO Draught VIVO Draught is capable of measuring air velocities in the range 0 to 1 m s type 01 or 0 to 5 m s
337. ing units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 4 3 o Es 23 l O 0 vlefslelslelslelslelslele slelelslelelels 3S Si 3S 3S3 S3353 3S eisisis 88 9 89 39 89 89 e s o 7898 T89 co no 7 72 72 clio CI Eelco SiS S isl 8 e es 2S geie Sie je jo jw ea Sl Sea ll ol jOl l jo O ol l l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N8 Building 2 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 243 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 i HiH HH il 0 CIPIE ESG VE EGDEE GDASlEDEVEDEDE E o FZ sl s selslsisisizis s ziaisisisisiaisizizis oD DI Hl5 S Co 5 O 15 52 890 89789 989318989389 Z
338. ing units per gram CFU g Logio in 6 indoor locations 1 6 NCEMBT 080201 267 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 All TUNQI All mota aJar A perg L Aureoba reniciiywum haciomium saGnyOotrys Location Figure N57 Building 10 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 8 o 7 3 2 6 55 L O 44 l 3 o S o s 9 a 98 xz 5151SJ 215 5 5 E 3515 8 El 2 8 zlgElglol El E5 glog zlglglojlElE alol g gal z zla gB alol glial z S ll ZIEL a Ele gi Ziel lt O ISioloQ Ollo o Oou iliolo JEI RJE AEI 510 la 51S ln 51060 lt lt lt 1 2 2 3 Day Figure N58 Building 1 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotiys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 Maelo NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRB
339. ings 34 601 606 United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA 2001 Mold remediation in schools and commercial buildings Washington D C Office of Air and Radiation Indoor Environments Division Unver R N Y Akdag G Z Gedik L D Ozt urk and Z Karabiber 2004 Prediction of building envelope performance in the design stage An application for office buildings Building and Environment 39 143 153 Wang Z L Wang and L Lian 2003 A field study of the thermal environment in residential buildings in Harbin ASHRAE Transactions 109 2 350 355 Westman J C and J R Walters 1981 Noise and stress A comprehensive approach Environmental Health Perspectives 41 291 309 Witterseh T G Clausen and D P Wyon 2002 Heat and noise distraction effects on performance in open offices Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002 4 1084 1089 Witterseh T P Wargocki L Fang G Clausen and P O Fanger 1999 Effects of exposure to noise and indoor air pollution on human perception and symptoms The 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2 125 130 Wu P C H J J Su and H M Ho 2000 A comparison of sampling media for environmental viable fungi collected in a hospital environment Environ Res Section 82 253 257 NCEMBT 080201 91 6 REFERENCES Yamazaki K S Nomoto Y Yokota and T Murai 1998 The effects of temperature light and sound on perceived work environment ASHRAE Transac
340. inishes with an acoustic signal and a message Status is finished 10 When the measurement is finished the units are resynchronized A Screen shot of the PDA is illustrated in Figure E13 Go Templates Thermal Measurement Settings Synchronize sg Vivo Humidity Graphs i i Ternplates viva Temperature Measurements Vivo Draught Equivalent Temperature Measurement Points ZP Monitoring Units U Effective Temperature O FreeRun Drought Rote C Nights Off ria Kadiation Temp 7 Remarks Based on PMY Air Tempergture Differences MA Figure E13 Screen shot of the PDA To maintain accuracy it is mandatory for to check the output of sensors at regular intervals to see if it is within the expected range Results can be checked periodically using the PDA as an interface Connect a cable between the PDA and the VIVO assembly Figure E14 Figure E14 VIVO assembly with connection to PDA NCEMBT 080201 127 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS When a measurement is finished the PDA will beep 4 times Confirmation of this is displayed with the finished measurements in the Pending folder The measurement data will be transferred to the PDA on synchronization and any new measurement set up will be transferred to the VIVO units at the same time If the measurement consists of data from several VIVO units that have not been interconnected during the measurement you must synchronize with each unit individually
341. inniins 164 14 9 Packing Shipping Procedure For Return To UNLV Or Next Building ccscsscsscesseessessnssenssenssensaens 165 15 Calculation AlSOrith ins vis cscscsicevecavtssse suse casecavtcssetestcase anit cdvecest caus caddcdsesetsn cash sasesustsass sadbeasyennesst cane catteaieeesicayi 166 5 1 ABA BUMPS iieri nanana ANANA Joe ciaeusavesdts seusinesacuiaes joceaes aedescds joes saedeadvascuneasersneteadtaiernidins 166 NCEMBT 080201 V 15 2 NG Noise Cite NA sacesscosszecveseadexcctsxezsseceiececezstvevacdetecesetatavssceetesoytters eiussesaesitaesseteaeeees nies deere 166 15 3 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria Rumble ssssssssussususnunununnununnunununnununnununnnnununnununnununnnnunnnnunnnnununnnnnnnana 168 15 4 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria HISS s ssssesussususuunununnununnunununnununnununnununnunununnununnununnnnunnunnunuonnunnnnnnnana 169 19 9 RC ROOM Crete rie sic cede coi dia da ceses daeancaceeansse cgenancaecoasasecgevuaciade ateustedcendseagtaceeneagixas suavansusgssencessnainia 170 16 Summary of Calculated Values ccccssccscecseecseecneecneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeseeseeeneesneeeneseneeenessnesneseneeeeneneneseaes 173 16 1 dBA BUMPS iraa aaa aa AEAEE AAEREN a AEA REAA RAE AEAEE AEEA 173 16 2 NC NOIS Chtena soc csiciecsceccissecsatincels yates csedee dest cats deeeetvs dete nnedsevadsvsinurdecesaisieenneeeatuainiesddsinadenesiniee 174 16 3 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria sssunsrsunruensru
342. ion differences in sound can be physiological e g hearing loss with age and increased sensitivity to loud noises with age Other differences can be psychological or task related such as wanting quiet when concentrating Such differences may help explain why standard measures often do not correlate well with annoyance Holmberg et al 1996 Holmberg Landstrom and Kjellberg 1997 Information on the building occupant s preferences toward sound will help with the correlation of perception data to field data Sound Hypothesis 3 Sound in a work area can fluctuate during the day It can be assumed that in many buildings outdoor activity work schedules work activities and building equipment operations can cause fluctuations in sound levels during the day Research has shown that fluctuations in sound levels and characteristics in the office can be a source of annoyance Holmberg et al 1996 Holmberg Landstrom and Kjellberg 1997 Determining occupants perceptions of that fluctuation can be compared to actual fluctuations and perceptions of the acceptability of sounds and noise in the work area Sound Hypothesis 4 Intruding sound in a work area can come from one or more of the following sound sources 1 sound from outside the building 2 conversations in adjacent areas 3 telephone speakerphones conversations 4 building masking system piped in music paging system 5 nearby office equipment 6 HVAC mechanical equipment and
343. ion ducts Indoor Air 3 106 112 Pasanen A L S Rautiala J P Kasanen P Raunio J Rantam ki and P Kalliokoski 2000a The relationship between measured moisture conditions and fungal concentrations in water damaged building materials Indoor Air 11 111 120 Pellerin N and V Candas 2003 Combined effects of temperature and noise on human discomfort Physiology and Behavior 78 1 99 106 2004 Effects of steady state noise and temperature conditions on environmental perception and acceptability Indoor Air 14 129 137 Persson Waye K J Bengtsson A Kjellberg and S Benton 2001 Low frequency noise pollution interferes with work performance Noise and Health 4 33 49 Persson Waye K A Clow S Edwards F Hucklebridge and R Rylander 2003 Effects of nighttime low frequency noise on the cortisol response to awakening and subjective sleep quality Life Sciences 72 863 875 Persson Waye K S Benton H G Leventhall and R Rylander 1997 Effects on performance and work quality due to low frequency ventilation noise Journal of Sound and Vibration 205 4 467 474 Persson Waye K and R Rylander 2001 The prevalence of annoyance and effects after long term exposure to low frequency noise Journal of Sound and Vibration 240 3 483 497 Pessi A M J Suonketo M Pentti M Kurkilahti K Peltola and A Rantio Lehtimaki 2002 Microbial growth inside insulated external walls as an indoor air biocontaminati
344. ion of respondents who report conditions too dry or too humid the vast majority do not respond by adjusting their environment The proportion test shows that in all the buildings lt 20 of occupants make any type of adjustment to excessively dry or humid conditions The most prevalent perception questionnaire responses are applying moisturizer when too dry or removing clothing when too humid Kruskal Wallis and Chi Square analysis shows significant inter zone variability for perception of s too dry in all responses for Building 1 only For responses of too hot only adjusting the thermostat opening closing a door or leaving are significant for Building 1 Building 1 is one of only two buildings that falls below the acceptable minimum humidity level NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comments All but two of the buildings fall within the target humidity range Most occupants in all the buildings do not report conditions too dry or too hot of those who do most do not make adjustments Inter zone variability in making adjustments is limited to one building Building 1 which had a mean humidity below the target range but which also had a very low questionnaire participation rate which may have produced a false positive result s The null hypothesis is not supported IEQ Hypothesis 8 lt 15 of building occupants should feel a draft anywhere if the draft rate is lt 15 If the draft rate is lt 15 280 of occup
345. ion of sensors NOTE Fresh ambient air cannot be used to zero the VOC CO or RH sensors because of the background presence of these components 1 The PID sensor zero should be performed using a cylinder of dry zero VC air or nitrogen 2 When the Calibrate Monitor screen appears Press Y to start calibration If a bottle of zero air is being used attach the calibration adapter to the gas inlet port Connect the other end of the tube to the bottle of zero air 4 NOTE Ifa bottle of zero air is not available place the monitor in a contaminant free area outdoors or attach a single use zeroing tube 5 Press Y to start zero air calibration 6 The display will show calibration is progress followed by the name and reading of the CO and VOC sensors and the messages zeroed 7 The display should show a reading 0 0 or a very small number for both sensors Clem NCEMBT 080201 10 11 14 APPENDIX F C02 SENSORS After a two second pause the display will show Zero Cal Done and flash sensor readings for about ten seconds before moving to the next submenu The next display will read Multiple Sensor Calibration Press N to move onto the next submenu ingle Sensor Calibration At the Single Sensor Calibration screen press Y 12 13 The display shows the sensors installed in the monitor with the cursor blinking on G0 Press Y to select a sens
346. ioning compressors pumps it seems to come mainly from When hear sounds from building mechanical equipment air conditioning compressors pumps the predominant distinguishing characteristic that notice is a hear sound s from Air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my work area When I hear sound s from Air supply or return air diffusers located on ceiling wall and or floor in my 438 NCEMBT 080201 All of the time All of the time All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud Nearby wall s Rumbling sound All of the time All of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable The ceiling Roaring sound Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time The floor Hum or whistle Some of the time Some of the time Rarely Rarely Rarely About 15 minutes About 15 minutes One tone dominates the sound Through the window Hiss Rarely Rarely Never Never Never About 30 minutes or more About 30 minutes or more The sound or conversation is understandable Through a doorway Noticeable rattles
347. ions 105 204 217 Dillon H K P A Heinsohn and J D Miller eds 1996 Field guide for the determination of biological contaminants in environmental samples Fairfax VA American Industrial Hygiene Association Donnini G D H C Lai M Laflamme J Molina H K Lai V H Nguyen C Martello C Y Chang and F Haghighat 1999 Field Study of Occupnat Comfort and Office Thermal Environments in a Cold Climate ASHRAE Transactions 105 204 217 Duchaine C and A M riaux 2001 The importance of combining air sampling and surface analysis when studying problematic houses for mold biodiversity determination Aerobiologia 17 121 125 Eduard W J Lacey K Karlsson U Palmgren G Str m and G Blomquist 1990 Evaluation of methods for enumerating microorganisms in filter samples from highly contaminated occupational environments Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 51 427 436 Elixmann J H W Jorde and H F Linskens 1987 Filters of an air conditioning installation as disseminators of fungal spores Adv Aerobiology 10 238 286 NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES Ellringer P J K Boone and S Hendrickson 2000 Building materials used in construction can affect indoor fungal levels greatly Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 61 895 899 Environmental Protection Agency EPA 1998 ORIA s Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation BASE Study and Temporal Indoor Monitoring Evaluation TIME Study Available online http env1 kangwon ac kr
348. ions but not likely to be the cause of the inability to identify any consistent correlation The questionnaire failed to capture the true perceptions of the occupants The sound related questions were developed through a cooperative effort by sound engineers and perception questionnaire experts The questionnaire no doubt introduced some experimental error but is unlikely to be the cause of the inability to identify any consistent correlation Insufficient sample size of questionnaire respondents reduced the chances of identifying correlation This certainly applies for some buildings where sample size was small The way that data were correlated the smaller the sample size the harder to achieve a 95 percent confidence level in a positive correlation This would have reduced the number of positive correlations but would not account for the absence of any consistent correlation The sound level measured in the zone does not accurately represent the sound level in the immediate environment of the questionnaire respondent In a typical building a zone covered a large area in some cases nearly 2000 square feet Based on personal observation of the co PI and a study of the HVAC systems on a floor the sound levels that exist in a zone over a distance of less than 50 feet can vary significantly equal to or greater than the sound level variation that was measured between zones However the sound level that was used to represent a zone was measured in on
349. ipping pallets Figure 13 Equipment traveling in such bulk needed to be scheduled for shipment at least 14 days prior to sampling The investigators chose to send the equipment from sample location to sample location without having it shipped back to the university between locations If all sampling trips were scheduled in advance then the equipment only had to cross the country once instead of being shipped back and forth Scheduling this way keeped shipping costs down because the distance traveled was much smaller and the time between field sampling was less Therefore a research location could be sampled every other week this way instead of once a month However the equipment could not be stored at a sampling location for an extended period of time Shipping schedules should be made in advance and communicated to the shipping company as well as an employee at the pickup and the drop off locations Figure 13 Photograph of the two shipping pallets required for transport of the instrumentation and equipment for this task NCEMBT 080201 5 CONCLUSIONS The use of the VIVO probes for temperature humidity and draft took a great deal of time to set up download and disassemble First the set up of the VIVO meters required many small tedious connections Second each of the six thermal comfort stationstook 20 minutes to download for a total of two hours post data collection just for downloading If the research time frame was from 8am to
350. iquid using impingement samplers is limited due to the hydrophobicity of many fungal spores decreased culturability of vegetative bacteria due to increased sampling stress and loss of collection buffer due to evaporation Buttner et al 1997a and 2002b Because of the variability inherent in air sampling and concern for false negative results Burge et al 2000 surface sampling is used in conjunction with air sampling to characterize indoor environments Duchaine and Meriaux 2001 Tiffany and Bader 2000 Vacuum sampling is used to sample porous or hard surfaces for settled particulate that may indicate the presence of fungal contaminants indoors Hyvarinen et al 2002a 2002b and 2002c Sampling is conducted using an individual field filter cassette attached to a vacuum pump e g mixed cellulose ester filters Ellringer et al 2000 polycarbonate Hogdson and Scott 1999 or a traditional vacuum cleaner Macher 2001a and 2001b Samples may be collected from materials e g flooring upholstery and duct system components over a defined area using a template e g 0 1 m2 or the data can be reported per gram of sample processed Samples for fungal analysis are blended with a known volume of a buffer solution serially diluted and plated to a variety of culture media Macher 2001a and 2001b Enumeration is reported as the number of colony forming units per area of sampled surface or per gram of collected material Buttner et al 1997a and
351. ir filters can readily become contaminated Elixmann et al 1987 Kemp et al 1995a 1995b Levetin et al 2001 Martikainen et al 1990 Pasansen et al 1992 1993 2000a 2000b Simmons and Crow 1995 Filters that are composed of cellulose mixed with polyester fiber on a cardboard frame can serve as nutrient sources Simmons and Crow 1995 but not all filter material will support microbial growth in the absence of trapped dust and debris Maus et al 1996 Building materials e g wallboard ceiling tiles painted surfaces and furnishings e g wallpaper carpeting and vinyl flooring upholstery can also serve as sites for microbial colonization Hyvarinen et al 200la b and c Shelton et al 2002 Stetzenbach 2002a Interior construction in commercial building primarily involves the use of gypsum wallboard and cellulose based ceiling tiles but ceiling tiles Gorny et al 2001 and the paper sides of wallboard Pasansen et al 2000a and 2000b have been shown to serve as a nutritional source for fungal contaminants Lubricant oils on fiberglass and galvanized steel ducting may contain nutrients for fungal growth Hyvarinen et al 2002a 2002b and 2002c Insulation of wall cavities and ceiling plenums and fibrous flooring materials provide thermal and acoustical benefit in buildings and wall coverings enhance the visual context of indoor environments However if these materials are composed of cellulose e g blown cellulose insu
352. ise Criteria NC calculations reference a standard table of reference values by NC value and frequency as a e f ae f se f aooo T ooon T ioon f soome 43 32 26 18 11 9 8 7 L_ref 10 L_ref 20 50 40 34 27 21 19 18 17 L_ref 30 57 48 42 36 31 29 28 27 L_ref 40 64 56 50 45 41 39 38 37 L_ref 50 71 64 58 54 51 49 48 47 L_ref 60 78 72 66 63 61 59 58 57 IKE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS L_ref 70 85 80 74 72 71 69 68 67 L_ref 80 92 88 82 81 81 79 78 T7 L_ref 90 99 96 90 90 91 89 88 87 L_ref 100 106 104 98 99 101 99 98 97 L_ref 110 113 112 106 108 111 109 108 107 Correction 10 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 Values granular to 1dB are calculated by interpolation or by using the following formula Liet Lrefne10 F CotTiieq 10 Lrefnc 10 Where Lrefync1o is the base value shown in the first NC 10 row of the table Corrfreg is the Correction for the selected frequency divided by the base value Corryc of 10 and NC is the selected NC level or row Therefore the Lye for an NC of 80 at 500Hz would be 18 9 10 80 10 or 81 The Lye for an NC of 105 at 63Hz would be 44 7 10 105 10 or 110 5 For each sample the lowest NC row possible is chosen where all 1 1 octave band levels from 63 to 8000Hz are at or below those shown in the table Consider the following table excerpt and sample measurement 51 72 7 52 50 49 48 L_ref 64 8 58 8 54 9 L_ref 52 73 4 65 6 59 6 55 8 53 51 50 49 L_ref 53 74 1 66 4 60 4 56 7 54 52
353. ison of Sound Measurements a Die Supply In My Work Area for egies Las sain Table 9104 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Questio aei diaa In My Work Area for Building 6 aiaia GIE ae Air Supply in My Worl Table Q108 Statistical Results in TEIN of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear neon In My Work Area for aie 10 i Table Q110 Statistical Results in bran ceca z ee Meas Sound Distraction for inter NCEMBT 080201 Table Q112 Statistical Results in caeai of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air e Sound Distraction for understandable E A E E taal EEE 102 Table Q122 Statistical Results in re of Sound Measurements and the ee Of vay for Table Q123 Cu e probability sound level by bu Table R1 Descriptions of Ten Office Buildings and Lighting Systems ssssssssseseeseseseseseeseteteteeeteteeeeeteteeeeers 410 Table T1 Characteristic 11 TT e A E eee npn Sr oD Corer E A E Table T2 Characteristics of Buildi esum BL yee NCEMBT 080201 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Building performance characteristics influence energy usage and environmental conditions in indoor environments Therefore building owners and managers architects industry and regulatory agencies are focusing on design construction maintenance and remediation solutions for buildings and building systems to improve ene
354. itch 2002 As a result subjective results may not correlate with physical measurements For example perceived enclosure accounted for 43 of the variance in satisfaction with privacy whereas physical enclosure measured as workstation area and average partition height accounted for only 8 Charles and Veitch 2002 This is contrary to the physics of sound where the partition height and continuity have a more significant effect on transmission loss than the mere existence of a physical enclosure This suggests that perceptions of enclosure were formed from more than the actual physical effects resulting from the enclosure Also as noted above there have been challenges in relating annoyance to an actual physical measurement Other factors that affect occupant response to noise are the following gender job level job complexity organizational tenure experience of alternative office environments abilities to screen out distracting stimuli personal need for privacy and how one s workstation compares to both one s co workers workstations and one s desired workstation Wittersehet al 2002 observed that the effects of noise distraction depend on the job complexity In this study noise decreased the performance of an open ended creative task on the other hand it improved typing speeds as well as proofreading speeds Several previous studies surveyed building occupants for their reaction to noise in terms of annoyance and distraction C
355. ith hi Boiler with hi efficiency efficiency Diffusers Unknown Indirect Direct Indirect Yes No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown No Yes NCEMBT 080201 423 APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA Lighting system voltage 208 volts No No Unknown Yes No Lighting system voltage 120 volts No No Unknown No No Lighting control methods Manual Yes Yes No No Yes switching Lighting control methods Timing Yes Yes Yes No Yes Device Lighting control methods No Yes Yes Yes Yes Occupancy sensors Lighting control methods Yes No Yes Yes No Photosensors Lamp replacement On Burnout On Burnout On Burnout On Group On Group Replace Replace Group replacement interval yrs 0 0 0 0 3 between replacement CYOSE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX U OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE This table list all the questions which were included in the computerized version A number of questions are interdependent i e a particular answer will trigger one or more additional questions interdependencies are not presented in this table Work Environment Over the past 4 weeks the environment in my work area has been acceptable Over the past 4 weeks have noticed significant differences in the environment in my work area between mornings and afternoons perceive that my co workers find the environment in their work area to be acceptable to them Compared with 6 months ago the overall environment in my work area is Temperatur
356. ith sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 Sound Hypothesis 7 Sound in a work area from telephone speakerphone conversations in adjacent work can annoy or distract building occupants The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater than otherwise when sound content dominated by conversations and speakerphones exist Intelligibility versus background noise can make sound more difficult to ignore The speakerphone frequency spectrum which is narrow and centered around the most sensitive region of human hearing adds extra harshness
357. ium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified Malt NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS spores m3 Log10 Unknown Oo Unknown Unknown Cladosporium 4 5 Location o Cladosporium Cladosporium fungi not identified Figure N23 Building 7 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown spores m3 Log10 Unknown Oo Cladosporium Cladosporium Cladosporium E E 2 2 re re a a no 72 5 5 amp amp O O 4 5 Location Cladosporium Unknown Stachybotrys Penicillium Cladosporium Other fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 Figure N24 Building 8 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergillus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichodermain the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per
358. k performance Objective methods however cannot predict psychological responses such as comfort and satisfaction With behavioral methods behavior e g changing posture and adjusting environment is observed and recorded but training observers and interpreting behavior remain considerable challenges to researchers Finally the modeling methods are used to predict human response based on previous investigations However modeling methods do not consider all the factors one may encounter in a real situation Of these methods subjective methods are the most appropriate to investigate occupants perceptions toward building environments Questionnaire tools are normally adopted for this purpose The physical measurements and perception questionnaire tools were developed based on these basic design issues and considerations for office lighting The IESNA Lighting Handbook classifies design issues by importance According to IESNA the very important design issues of office lighting for intensive VDT use include direct glare luminances of room surfaces reflected glare source task eye geometry and vertical illuminance The important design issues include appearance of space and luminaires color appearance daylighting integration and control flicker lighting distribution on surface lighting distribution on task plane modeling of faces or objects shadows surface characteristics and horizontal luminance Often questions and questionnaires are
359. k area is too warm Responses me Allof 0 ome of t ccasiona ever Figure M22 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when the temperature in their work area is too warm NCEMBT 080201 jie Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Building ID Figure M23 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they mention to their co workers when the temperature in their work area is too warm Responses Building ID Figure M24 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when the temperature in their work area is too warm YAU NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results a n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M25 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they block or unblock air supply registers when the temperature in their work area is too warm Responses Figure M26 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when the temperature in their work area is too warm NCEMBT 080201 PAINI Appendix M IEQ Results S n zZ 24 p A paii e 7 Fe a or face Figure M27 Summary of occupants responses
360. known fungi not identified P NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS Other Cladosporium Other 235 3 SB Be au 0 S 5 5 Penicillium Penicillium Cladosporium Cladosporium Figure N31 Building 5 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the logo number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified 4 oOo 22 5362 WL ot 1 0 N p 5 5 2 O D re Oo iS D a e Q no oO 7 A lt g O 1 2 3 Day Figure N32 Building 6 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the log1o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 255 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED
361. l RIGHT NOW at this moment 4a Thermal environment Please tick the scale below at the place that best represents how you feel at this moment You may tick in an appropriate place between two categories if you wish a A e SCO Cold Cool slightly Neutral Slightly Warm Hot Cool Warm 4b Is the thermal environment acceptable to you liunacceptable 2 acceptable 4c Please select the box below that best represents how you feel at this moment I would like to be 3 Warmer 2 No Change 1 Cooler 5 Please select the boxes that best represent how you feel at the moment about the air movement in your office 6 very acceptable 5 moderately acceptable 4 slightly acceptable 3 slightly unacceptable 2 1 moderately unacceptable 1 very unacceptable NCEMBT 080201 93 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED I would like 3 More Air movement 2 No change l iLess Air movement 6 General Comfort How comfortable is your office right now 6 1 very comfortable 5 moderately comfortable 4 slightly comfortable 3 slightly uncomfortable 2 moderately uncomfortable 1 i very uncomfortable Ta Temperature What would you estimate the temperature to be Right now 8 Activity What activities have you been engaged in during the preceding hour Sitting sitting standing on your feet driving walking quietly typing still working a car around Last 10 minutes The 10 minutes preceding The 10 minutes
362. lation or paper wall NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW coverings they may also serve as a nutritional source for microbial contaminants Even if these materials are not a source of nutrition they may trap moisture and organic debris within cavity spaces thereby providing a suitable environment for the proliferation of microorganisms Chang et al 1996 Thermal bridging and the use of non porous wall coverings acting as air retarders increase the likelihood of fungal growth on interior surfaces Additionally water intrusion resulting from plumbing and roof leaks flooding and condensation may provide conditions favorable for microbial growth in buildings Stetzenbach 2002a Moisture may accumulate in floor materials in below grade areas and floors above crawlspaces Beguin and Nolard 1996 Placement of gypsum wallboard on masonry subfloor can lead to the transport of moisture as wicking of moisture in basements increases moisture in lower floors of buildings Lawson et al 1998 Capillary barriers are needed to prevent wicking amendments to traditional gypsum products e g the addition of wax to prevent moisture accumulation have been suggested Ellringer et al 2000 Relative humidity can affect the growth of fungi on insulation materials Ezeonu et al 1994 Pasanen et al 2000b but common problems with construction defects that result in accumulation of moisture in wall cavities plenum spaces and other areas of a building
363. ld eall lt SS e ei lt ea lt L lt L lt L 1 2 3 Day Figure N73 Building 6 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versicolo and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 o 7 y ge j D 55 L O i F i pa 7 pe ij 7 S E 5 0 oa S 5 0 oo 2 5 6 Oo olv gt D osio gt dD S o gt ld osio B F L Ss E a FPLSsle B FLSS E a S S ele Seizlai lt sala lt tic D lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N74 Building 7 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versicolo and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log1o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 PALEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 8 o 7 5 9 6 D 55 I L O 4 s a I ols ola ol 5 0 oo 2 1 5 6 oo 2 5 6 Oo olv gt gt o slol gt D aS o s 5a o S oO B FLESelelB PLSSleE a a L SIS Ee a S S d ez l lt 21s lt lid lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N75 Building 8 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A fl
364. le dissatisfied due to draft DR Survey either very drafty or very stagnant can be calculated and compared to DR ASHRAE ASHRAE 2004 The DR ASHRAE may or may not agree with the DR Survey because the DR ASHRAE model was developed from laboratory tests and survey results but the DR Survey is derived from field measurements The equation governing DR is ASHRAE 55 2004 DR 34 1 v 0 05 0 37 v Tu 3 14 4 Where DR is the predicted percentage of people dissatisfied due to draft t4 is the local air temperature measured in C v is the local mean air speed measured in m s and Tu is the local turbulence intensity The total number of estimated measured and calculated entries for the database is summarized in Table E9 Table E9 Summary of the Number of Measurements by Category for Raw Data and the Calculated Indices for the IEQ Instruments for Database Allocation Space Height Calculated Indices Number of Category s Categorys Bie 0 1m VIVO Draught Air Temperature 3 PD DR 4 Air Velocity 0 6m for sedentary VIVO Draught Air Temperature 3 PD DR 1 4 occupants Air Velocity 1 1m for standing occupants yiyo Operative 1 PMV 5 6 Operative Temperature PPD Temperature ET Radiant Temperature EHT for car measurement VIVO Humidity Relative Humidity 2 Absolute Humidity 1 2 1 1m for sedentary VIVO Draught Air Temperature 3 PD DR 2 5 occupants Air Velocity Vertical Air Temperature 1 7m for standing occupants Differ
365. levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 In addition the levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater than otherwise when sound content dominated by conversations and speakerphones exist Intelligibility versus background noise can make sound more difficult to ignore The speakerphone frequency spectrum which is narrow and centered around the most sensitive region of human hearing adds extra harshness to its sound collective knowledge of the investigators Sound Hypothesis 9 Sound in a work area from conversations in adjacent work areas can annoy or distract building occupants The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater than otherwise when sound content dominated by conversations and speakerphones exist Intelligibility versus background noise can make sound more difficult to ignore The speakerphone frequen
366. lighting over 700 Lux on the work surface will be considered as very bright or somewhat bright and lower than 300 Lux may be considered as very dim or dark or somewhat dim or dark Test Results The mean illuminances at work surface of three buildings Building 3 4 and 7 were over 700 Lux and the median values of occupant perception questionnaire results are somewhat bright In comparison the median illuminances at work surface of two buildings Building 8 and 9 were lower 547 and 542 Lux respectively and the median responses of the perception questionnaire were neither bright nor dim In the second part of the hypothesis there are not enough data because no building had a mean illuminance lower than 300 Lux Lighting Hypothesis 3 Lower than 50 Lux of the lighting at computer screens will be considered as very dim or dark or somewhat dim or dark Test Results All the measurements in this questionnaire are much greater than 50 Lux at the computer screens with the average of 327 Lux Most respondents evaluated the lighting at their commuter screens as neither bright nor dim and some evaluated it as somewhat bright Lighting Hypothesis 4 The uniformity of illuminance less than 3 at work surfaces will be considered as uniform Test Results Eight buildings had the uniformities lt 3 and Building 3 had the uniformity a little higher 3 5 All the buildings had median values of p
367. ll measures were calculated for each 10 second interval over a continuous time intervals that comprise a typical workday Statistical analyses were then conducted on the descriptors in the form of a cumulative probability function From that function it was straightforward to determine the following levels that define the percent of the time that the sound exceeds that level Reynolds 2003 L01 the level of sound that is exceeded 1 of the time L05 the level of sound that is exceeded 5 of the time normally representative of average of peak sound levels NCEMBT 080201 157 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS L10 the level of sound that is exceeded 10 of the time 120 the level of sound that is exceeded 20 of the time L33 the level of sound that is exceeded 33 of the time normally representative of overall average sound level L50 the level of sound that is exceeded 50 of the time L67 the level of sound that is exceeded 67 of the time L90 the level of sound that is exceeded 90 of the time normally representative of general background sound levels L95 the level of sound that is exceeded 95 of the time Other levels such as L15 or L25 are also available for use To account for possible occupant accommodation to certain levels differences in the levels were also used to look for correlation with occupant perception of their sound environment For example LOS L90 gives the increme
368. llection to avoid degradation of the samples IKY E NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS APPENDIX I SOUND PROTOCOLS 11 INSTRUMENT SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION Meters were chosen based on the investigators personal knowledge of sound testing and knowledge gained from the literature review on what data should be captured Svantek sound level meters were chosen for measurement of sound in the building interior Six Svantek 948 meters that can record up to four microphones each and the one backup Svantek 947 that can record one microphone were determined to be suitable for the measurements desired Figure I1 The meters recorded one third octave band and three overall sound levels for each interval specified For Task 1 two microphones per meter were used One third octave band levels from 0 8 Hz to 20K Hz were recorded but based on microphone sensitivity only the one third octave levels from 20 Hz to 10K Hz were faithfully captured The three overall levels were the weighted sound levels of dBA dBC and Linear The overall levels full octave band levels and all the sound descriptors can be derived from the one third octave band levels The meters were set up for autonomous automatic startup and shutdown for a specific period each day of testing Power from a local electrical receptacle was used for nearly all testing but meter could also record for approximately 24 hours slightly over two days of Task 1 testing on internal batt
369. ls too warm in Buildings 1 3 and 8 and with where the temperature feels too cold in Buildings 1 Spearman correlation 2 Pearson correlation 3 Pearson correlation and 8 Buildings and 3 may be false positives due to low questionnaire participation rates Interpretation and Comments Vertical temperature gradients are within the acceptable level in all buildings Thermal acceptability is not associated with perception of thermal discomfort in a particular body part Perceived thermal unacceptability is correlated with a particular body part in only a minority of buildings two of which had very low questionnaire participation rates The null hypotheses is not supported NCEMBT 080201 43 4 RESULTS IEQ Hypothesis 6 There is a significant difference between mornings and afternoons in relative humidity and related occupant comfort perception Null Hypothesis There is no difference between mornings and afternoons in relative humidity and related occupant comfort perception Test Results Occupant perception of humidity shows that a majority of occupants find the humidity acceptable most or all of the time mean 70 range 43 85 in all buildings Conditions are rated as neither too humid nor too dry amongst nearly all respondents 96 and 96 respectively Only a small percentage of respondents rate the office environment as too dry 11 or too humid 2 during some part of the work day A majority 95 of respondents
370. m Has self cont water src pumps in rooms Uses economizer cycle Filter replacement per maint schedule Heating source Light fixture type Lighting type delivery Task lighting used Gen purpose lighting type Lighting installed load w ft2 Lighting system voltage 277 volts Yes No No No No No No Yes No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Under Floor Air Dist UFAD Other Plenum Packaged roof type unit s Unknown No No Yes Yes Unknown Diffusers Direct Indirect Yes Unknown Unknown Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist CAD Ceiling Diff Plenum Chilled water 0 7 0 6 No No Yes Yes Unknown Unknown Direct Yes Unknown Unknown Yes APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes Variable Air Volume VAV Ceiling Air Dist CAD Ceiling Diff Plenum Chilled water Unknown No No Yes Yes Furnace with hi efficiency Unknown Direct Indirect No Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes No No No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Constant Air Variable Air Volume CAV Volume VAV Under Floor Air Ceiling Air Dist Dist UFAD CAD Other Other Unknown Unknown Chilled water Packaged roof type unit s 0 8 0 7 Unknown No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Boiler w
371. magnitude of standard deviation Daylight TLIE NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS had great influence on a large number of workstations in Building 9 which caused large variations in partition luminances Figure S3 a b illustrate luminances at nearby buildings and at brightest sky from windows respectively The results greatly depended on the weather window orientation and measurement time These data provide an indication of luminances and variations from windows in a typical office building Figure 4 a b show CRIs and CCTs of the lighting measured at the work surface for all the buildings The average CCT was 3387 K which is considered a slightly warm color The average CRI was 81 which is considered to be fair color rendering properties IESNA recommends using lamps with CRI of 70 or greater in offices or 85 CRI or above if color critical tasks are being performed According to these observations no color critical tasks were performed in any office buildings Therefore color rendering capabilities of the lighting in these offices should be appropriate The ANSI ASHARE IESNA standard recommends 10 76 W m 1 0 W ft for office spaces The lighting power density for ten office buildings overall is 12 71 W m 1 18 W ft 18 over the recommended value The six non LEED buildings using direct systems have 14 27 W m 1 33 W ft and four LEED buildings using direct indirect systems have 10 37 W m 0 96 W ft The ANSI ASHARE
372. med dBA The dBb is the loudness at a level of 70 phons and dBc is a sound level meter reading with no weighting network in the circuit flat and has a reference level of 20 microPa A steady noise level or continous equivalent noise level is the time A weighted average exposure LeqA LeqA is the steady noise level which over the period of time contains the same amount of sound energy as the time varying noise L1 is the sound pressure level that is exceeded one percent of the time and L90 is the level of noise that is exceedd 90 of the time Time weighted average exposure is important in for noise at work regulations and recommendations where a maximum dBA level is measured over an eight hour working day It is acceptable for a worker to be exposed to an average of 90 dBA for hour every day with peak levels at 100 dB if for the remaining part of the day the individual sits in an office with an average noise level of e g 75 dBA http uswww03 gnnetcom public An acceptable sound level in an office area has been reported to be NCB 35 and LeqA 43 Unver et al 2004 In offices there are a number of sources that produce low frequency noise at moderate levels These sources include ventilation systems and networking installations Researchers have studied the effects of different noise sources noise levels as well as the effects of noise in conjunction with other factors Studies on low frequency noise particularly ventilation noise have showe
373. minant taxon 0 025899239 0 261257225 0 0 24 76 lt 1 61 27 11 Table 04 Variance component analysis of airborne non culturable fungal spores A Ae Bldg ID 0 000833100 Cladosporium 0 062929393 1 Zone Bldg ID 0 012780036 Cladosporium 20 Day Bldg ID 0 004459805 Cladosporium 7 Residual 0 044856452 Cladosporium 71 Bldg ID 0 072852852 Predominant taxon 0 258763129 28 Zone Bldg ID 0 081739682 Predominant taxon 32 Day Bldg IDI 0 010588304 Predominant taxon 4 Residual 0 093582291 Predominant taxon 36 Ye 0 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 03 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIRBORNE FUNGI Bldg ID building designation Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table 05 Results of culturable fungi Pearson 0 122503 0 628206 1 Spearman 0 305197 0 218125 2 Pearson 0 827356 0 000000 2 Spearman 0 688279 0 000201 3 Pearson 0 17249 0 480107 3 Spearman 0 15464 0 527316 4 Pearson 0 171851 0 495328 4 Spearman 0 06850 0 787105 5 Pearson 0 355399 0 135377 5 Spearman 0 312926 0 192076 6 Pearson 0 704818 0 000520 6 Spearman 0 409376 0 073069 7 Pearson 0 076269 0 763575 7 Spearman 0 09681 0 702358 8 Pearson 0 488563 0 028832 8 Spearman 0 320378 0 168469 9 Pearson 0 643377 0 003969 9 Spearman 0 608159 0 007411 10 Pearson 0 402696 0
374. ming ballasts and photosensors for ambient lighting systems According to its building facility manager however dimming ballast and photosensors are not functional because of lighting design problems 4 6 2 Lighting Measurement Results Measurement results including illuminance luminance color property and LPD of ten office buildings are summarized in Appendix S The mean and standard deviation values of measurements for each building are listed providing baseline lighting measurement data for typical office buildings Figure 1 provides illuminance related measurements of ten buildings For each building its mean and standard deviation over 18 measured workstations are shown in the figure Figure 1 a plots illuminances at work surface which were computed by averaging four measurements at far left far right near left and near right of primary surfaces The overall illuminance at work surfaces of ten buildings was 657 Lux with the standard deviation of 243 Lux The design guide recommends 300 to 500 Lux for office lighting depending on the characteristics of visual tasks The measured illuminance is higher than the high end of this design range The LEED certified buildings Buildings 6 8 9 and 10 which all use direct indirect lighting systems had lower average illuminance at the work surface than the other buildings which use direct lighting systems Figure S1 b illustrates the uniformity of illuminance at the work surface which was c
375. ming units per gram CFU g Logio in 6 indoat bcalions 1G sisi cic nnna ardan are r ann cui enmaRaMmRninmemmnR EDO NCEMBT 080201 Figure naa apia g koza of ola ene ee Prai a the sum once ntrations of Aureoba si All fungi mold lium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum ia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum a ist samples reported as as the ae number of colony forming units per gram rere g In in indoor locations 1 6 re rere errr re pease ws 26 Figure N62 gt Building 5 Concentrations of concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold in vacuum dust samples report three si a 1 2 and 3 Figure N64 Building 7 Concentrations of ponies ium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Tr span of ja culturable fungi All mold yeas n sporulating mycelia and mo amp eoi as te jia number of akii sae units per gram C _ Log forthe three sampling das a 1 2 and 3 RE E ere E E rte r a NCEMBT 080201 XIX ai re te cheap p korpe of Aureobasidium DDr Stachybotrys Sena mia the sum Figure N70 Building 3 annii of eria species of ip s A flavus A niger and A hans an bois ie sum co ontratio n hiaan mole Hoa pariin in vacuum naust sap gg Sals 3 ak 4 purple 5 black 6 Podesta enco between lations Qocation 1 bel 2 289 XX NCEMBT 080201 l bu ip a a and 3 red A and 3 a Fiia P1 en of occupants r responses on the perception
376. mperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 W Never E Occasionally Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 6 Building 5 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting NCEMBT 080201 37 4 RESULTS Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never E Occasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 7 Building 6 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never M Occasionally O Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 8 Building 7 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting KIE NCEMBT 0
377. mperature and CO difference and the corresponding questionnaire querry by zones Some inter zone variability was also found However correlating the IEQ data to the corresponding questions by zone has the following weaknesses Lack of correlation between the measured data and corresponding perception responses Only one IEQ measurement station was in each zone Therefore it may not be representative of actual prevailing conditions in that zone This is especially true for draft data because the velocity variation is so high However the zone defined in this project is a geometrical zone which may cover several air conditioning zones which have their own thermostats in big buildings The respondents who participated in tie questionnaire may not stay in or nearby the office cubicle where the IEQ station located In most cases the IEQ station was located in an office cubicle where there was no occupant Therefore there was no occupant in that office cubicle to participate in the questionnaire Narrow data range The variations of measured IEQ data within a building surveyed are small for all the parameters except draft Such a small variation makes it hard to build a correlation between measured parameters and their corresponding perception responses NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS 4 4 AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD 4 4 1 Mold Results Summary statistics were performed by Verdi Technology Associates and UNLV statisticians Data ar
378. ms e major ventilation repairs due to malfunction scheduled maintenance is acceptable Name phone address email of contact text List of cities and states Year Yes No Text Yes No Text Administrative government other Yes No Number text describe Number min 1 Yes No if yes list number Number actual or estimate Yes No Yes No Select MF 8 6 second shift 24 7 Yes No List name phone email address Yes No Comments text Yes No list type VAV etc Yes No Comments brief description year response outcome NCEMBT 080201 111 APPENDIX C BUILDING SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE Questions Smoking Is smoking permitted anywhere inside the building Yes No Resources Is there at least one designated person who is available onsite to coordinate Yes No Comments logistics Does this person have access to computer and internet Yes No Comments Is there adequate space available on site to conduct questionnaires Yes No Comments Is client capable and willing to recruit 75 of all or randomly selected Yes No Comments occupants to participate in questionnaires Employee Are employees represented by a union Yes No Name of union representation 1 If exclusion criterion is met continue questions if criterion is not absolute for exclusion Data on building selection need to be maintained in this exercise for documentation and analysis of building selection methods IRPA N
379. n 0 36282 0 152338 5 Pearson 0 154991 0 502323 5 Spearman 0 188982 0 411972 6 Pearson 0 18281 0 223976 6 Spearman 0 19289 0 199019 7 Pearson 0 04522 0 656734 7 Spearman 0 01408 0 890017 8 Pearson n a n a 8 Spearman n a n a 9 Pearson 0 042951 0 746695 9 Spearman 0 050496 0 704088 10 Pearson 0 03477 0 767108 10 Spearman 0 03384 0 773167 KETSE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q97 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Mechanical Equipment Sound Distraction for increases decreases 1 COMO WOONN DO TT HP HPWBWNHDN BE e e Type Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Corr 0 186645 0 085049 n a n a n a n a 0 252997 0 25683 n a n a 0 24742 0 37225 0 219895 0 190666 n a n a 0 08534 0 08261 n a n a 0 658083 0 841301 n a n a n a n a 0 382829 0 375414 n a n a 0 097359 0 058706 n a n a 0 520441 0 533927 n a n a Table Q98 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Mechanical Equipment Sound Bldg ID 1 COMO WOONN DOT T HP HPWBWNHDN Be e e oo Distraction for understandable Type 2 Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman Pearson S
380. n across work surfaces A majority of respondents felt that lighting was uniform This result also corresponds with the measurement which was 1 9 for the ten buildings overall Figure S7 shows that about a third of office occupants 35 experienced direct glare sometime during the day and the most noticeable source was direct sunlight or daylight in general Ceilings can also be important glare sources Figure S8 provides the result of reflected glare on computer screens It shows that some office occupants 28 experienced reflected glare sometime during the day and the most noticeable glare source was sunlight or daylight There are two questions on the perception questionnaire related to color property of the lighting whether the color of people s faces and objects appear natural and whether the lighting is visually cool or warm These two questions were designed according to two important color properties of lighting color rendering and color temperature Results show that 70 of respondents agreed the color appeared natural only 5 did not agree and the other 25 were neutral or did not know The results of the second question show that most respondents 79 were neutral or did not know how to answer the question During this study it was found that many people none of whom were lighting experts had a difficult time in answering these two questions People generally do not pay much attention to color rendering and the color tone of l
381. n asked if sound from outside of the building was annoying or distracting the majority of respondents replied that they were not annoyed or distracted and specific answers focused on never or occasionally However for Building 2 there was statistical correlation between occupant responses for annoying and outdoor sound measurements Pearson p 0 02 and moderate significance was observed in this building using Spearman p 0 07 The majority of respondents replied that sound from outside the building affects their productivity and this occurred all or most of the time For Building 2 there was statistical correlation between occupant responses concerning productivity and outdoor sounds Pearson p 0 01 Moderate significance was observed for outdoor sounds and productivity for Building 2 using Spearman p 0 07 The majority of respondents replied that the period of time between when the sound noise occurred and they were distracted was brief with the majority of answers on specific time as a few seconds and up to 30 seconds There were no significant or moderately significant correlations for this question and the sound measurements The majority of respondents replied that the length of time that they were distracted from sound outside of the building was brief with the majority of answers on specific time as a few seconds and up to 30 seconds For Building 6 there was moderate significance for the length of annoyance dis
382. n my computer screen most occupants productivity will be adversely affected Tiller and Phil 1992 Sanders and Collins 1995 and experienceof researcher Lighting Hypothesis 6 Most people prefer to have natural light from outdoors come into their office or work area Hedge 1991 and experience of researcher Lighting Hypothesis 7 If the CRI of lighting is 75 or greater the color of people s faces and objects in work area will appear natural IESNA Lighting Handbook Lighting Hypothesis 8 The CCT of the lighting lower than 3000 K will be evaluated as visually warm and higher than 5000 will be evaluated as visually cool IESNA Lighting Handbook 28 NCEMBT 080201 3 METHODS 3 METHODS 3 1 BUILDING 3 1 1 Building Selection Criteria Prior to making contact with the administration at a prospective building information about the building was collected via the Internet The building selection criteria were designed to qualify a list of potential non problem buildings The criteria focused on the general use of the building the history of the building the location the construction time and the ventilation system These questions helped determine whether to include or exclude a building based on the outlined criteria The building selection criteria are listed in Appendix B 3 1 2 Building Recruitment The initial building recruitment strategy involved direct solicitation in the form of an invitation letter to the building
383. n sampler were recorded as CFU plate The concentration of culturable CFU per cubic meter of air CFU m3 were determined using the airflow rate and sampling time Positive hole correction was used as needed according to manufacturer s protocol The lower limit of detection for air sampling with the Andersen sampling method as described above was 18 CFU m3 The resulting colonies were identified to the genus level although Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified to the species level H3 NON CULTURABLE AIR SAMPLING PROTOCOL Samples for airborne fungal spores were collected using the Burkard personal impactor sampler Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd Rickmansworth Hertfordshire England operated at the fixed flow rate of 10 liters min Samples were collected for 2 5 minutes 0 02 0 05 m3 of air The sampler was decontaminated with an ethanol wipe between each sample location Burkard slides were transported to the UNLV microbiology laboratory for analysis where they were stained and viewed with light microscopy for the presence of recognizable fungal spores The number of spores per slide were recorded and the concentration of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 determined using the airflow rate and the sampling time The lower limit of detection for air sampling with the Burkard sampling method described above varies was 20 50 spores m3 depending on the length of sampling collection This methodology permits identification of recognizable sp
384. nalysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q81 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the cause of the office equipment sound distraction for too loud and L_90 minus L_10 for NC Pvalue O OO 1 Pearson 0 711935 0 047598 1 Spearman 0 755291 0 030204 2 Pearson 0 107818 0 818024 2 Spearman 0 104911 0 822876 3 Pearson 0 146143 0 618112 3 Spearman 0 18345 0 530152 4 Pearson 0 166617 0 522729 4 Spearman 0 080695 0 758180 5 Pearson 0 119589 0 605625 5 Spearman 0 092009 0 691617 6 Pearson 0 27592 006344 6 Spearman 0 33963 0 020988 7 Pearson 0 048776 0 631630 7 Spearman 0 03688 0 717077 8 Pearson 0 154862 0 333651 8 Spearman 0 153693 0 337359 9 Pearson 0 17748 0 178687 9 Spearman 0 12091 0 361656 10 Pearson 0 074811 0 523540 10 Spearman 0 148885 0 202363 KIME NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q82 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the cause of the office equipment sound distraction for intermittent unpredictable and L_90 minus L_50 for NC Corr 1 Pearson 0 413375 0 308691 1 Spearman 0 433555 0 283209 2 Pearson 0 946149 0 001255 2 Spearman 0 812636 0 026310 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson 0 03507 0 893700 4 Spearman 0 152767 0 558313 5 Pears
385. nce units cd m2 or fL switchable FAST 0 01 to 299 000cd m2 0 01 to 87 530fL SLOW 0 01 to 49 900cd mz2 0 01 to 14 500fL Luminance Y 2 of reading 1 digit Chromaticity x y 0 004 Illuminant A measured at ambient temperature of 18 to 28 C 64 to 82 F Luminance Y 0 2 of reading 1 digit Chromaticity x y FAST Y 100cd m2 or above 0 001 48 1 to 99 9cd m2 0 002 Below 48 1cd m2 Below measurement range SLOW Y 25 0cd m2 or above 0 001 12 0 to 24 9cd mz2 0 002 Below 12 0cd m2 Below measurement range Measurement subject Illuminant A Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS 1 set by measurement or numerical input Absolute color Yxy Color difference A Yxy External LCD 3 values Y x and y of 3 digits each with additional indications Viewfinder 3 digit LCD showing luminance value y with LED backlight RS 232C baud rate 4800bps Measurement process can be started by external device connected to data output terminal One 9V battery Power can also be supplied via data output terminal 0 to 40 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation temperature humidity range 20 to 55 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation temperature humidity range 79 x 208 x 154mm 3 1 8 x8 3 16 x 6 1 16 in 890g 2 Ib without battery Lens cap Eyepiece cap Protective filter ND eyepiece filter 9V battery Chromaticity chart Case The exterior appearance names and fun
386. nd NCEMBT 080201 YA APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q59 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 3 a TE To cor SndMusHear Pearson 0 0456 0 876975 SndMusHear Spearman 0 329412 0 250104 SndMusAnnoy Pearson n a n a SndMusAnnoy Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrFor Spearman n a n a SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd Table Q60 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 4 Parable Type Con value SndMusHear Pearson 0 002593 0 992120 SndMusHear Spearman 0 056814 0 828534 SndMusAnnoy Pearson 0 12249 0 817184 SndMusAnnoy Spearman 0 18759 0 721913 SndMusDistrWithin Pearson 0 88081 0 313994 SndMusDistrWithin Spearman 0 86603 0 333333 SndMusDistrFor Pearson 0 88081 0 313994 SndMusDistrFor Spearman 0 86603 0 333333 SndMusProdAffect Pearson Nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman Nd nd Table Q61 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 5 a CT TT SndMusHear Pearson n a n a SndMusHear Spearman n a n a SndMusAnnoy Pearson n a n a SndMusAnnoy Spearman n a n a
387. nders and G K Morris 2002 Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States App Environ Microbiol 68 1743 1753 Simmons R B and S A Crow 1995 Fungal colonization of air filters for use in heating ventilating and air conditioning HVAC systems J Indust Microbiol 14 41 45 Smid T E Schokin J S M Boleij and D Heederik 1989 Enumeration of viable fungi in occupational environments a comparison of samplers and media Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 50 235 239 Sorenson W G D G Frazer B B Jarvis J Simpson and V A Robinson 1987 Trichothecene mycotoxins in aerosolized conidia of Stachybotryis atra Appl Environ Microbiol 53 1370 1375 Spagnolo J and R de Dear 2003 A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia Building and Environment 38 5 721 738 Sterling D A C Clark and Bjjornson 1982 The effect of air control systems on the indoor distributions of viable particles Environ Internat 8 409 414 NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES Stetzenbach L D 2002a Introduction to aerobiology In Manual of environmental microbiology 2 edition ed C J Hurst G Knudsen M McInerney M V Walter and L D Stetzenbach 801 813 Washington D C ASM Press 2002b Enhanced detection of airborne microbial contaminants In Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology G Bitton 1130 1136 New York John Wiley an
388. ne dominates the sound Rarely Rarely Rarely About 15 minutes About 15 minutes Never About 30 minutes or more About 30 minutes or more The sound or conversation is understandable Never Never Never About 30 minutes or more About 30 minutes or more When hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because When hear sound s from telephone or speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area do not have enough privacy to have a conversation with another person or a private telephone conversation When hear sound s from telephone or speakerphone conversations that annoys distracts me and or affects my work productivity ask the person s who is are making the sound noise to be quiet or move hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area am annoyed distracted When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area my productivity is adversely affected When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When hear sound s from person to person conversations in or near my work area it typically distracts me or aff
389. ne speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 9 Pye Con SndTelHear Pearson 0 23115 0 078163 SndTelHear Spearman 0 274131 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 02712 0 841276 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 040738 0 763511 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 092431 0 494072 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 182455 0 174331 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 14944 0 295253 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 02192 0 878663 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 053858 0 707395 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 079816 0 577690 Table Q38 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 10 P Variable ype Con patie O SndTelHear Pearson 0 00929 0 936947 SndTelHear Spearman 0 019067 0 871020 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 04518 0 712423 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 06842 0 576444 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 007169 0 953377 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 03102 0 800245 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 159326 0 212297 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 102253 0 425192 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 02426 0 850299 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 02077 0 871645 KITEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q15 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE TELEPHONE SPEAKERPHONE DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight
390. ner et al 2002b and traditional culture based or microscopic assay as appropriate Protocols for sample collection processing and analysis are listed in Appendix H All samples for airborne and surface associated mold were collected indoors in proximity to the six locations where thermal comfort CO2 VOC sound and lighting measurements were collected The outdoor air samples were collected in proximity to the CO and VOC sensors Air samplers were placed on a collapsible cart for transport through the buildings and for consistent height from the floor Air samples for culturable fungi were collected using the Andersen single stage impactor sampler supplied with malt extract agar amended with an antibacterial compound chloramphenicol Analysis of the samples was conducted by a consultant Natural Link Mold Laboratory Sparks NV Culturable fungi on the Andersen samples were identified using macroscopic and microscopic morphology Samples for airborne fungal spores were collected using the Burkard personal impactor sampler Burkard slides were transported to the UNLV microbiology laboratory for analysis Vacuum sampling using an individual field filter cassette attached to a vacuum pump was used to sample porous or hard surfaces for KIE NCEMBT 080201 3 METHODS settled particulate Sampling was conducted on the floor at each indoor location Each cassette was transported to the consultant laboratory Natural Link Mold Laboratory for analy
391. ng the microbiological media a quiet space conference room to set up the perception questionnaire and meeting the front desk staff are examples of steps that make the sampling team s time at the building smoother As learned sometimes building managers error in the accessibility of their respective building and do not know who needs to be made aware of this research prior to the sampling The liaison can settle these issues prior to travel Also maps can be acquired and zone locations can be planned prior to traveling The office building s administration must be active in recruiting for the perception questionnaire If the administration does not encourage the employees to participate then participation rates will be low An active administration greatly increased the participation rate Also once word out out about the length of the questionnaire the amount of participation dropped off if administrationwas not involved in the recruiting process Space was limited within the zones for the tripods of equipment as well as minimal availability of electrical outlets The team traveled with six extension cords and six power strips that had to be used in most of the offices So finding adequate power sources was sometimes a challenge Finally a timetable dictating technician responsibilities for setup monitoring and downloading was constructed This helped structure the work periods and was a way to verify that nothing was skipped or overlooke
392. ngement is shown in Figure I3 In those cases the second microphone was located in the same hallway or common area but 10 to 50 feet away from the first microphone Each location measured for 10 hours each day enough time to capture continuous sound levels of the general background sound with no building occupants present and continuous sound levels over a typical workday Continuous to 10 second time averaged energy equivalent sound levels Leq for all one third octave bands between 0 8 Hz and 20 kHz were measured time stamped and stored in the SLMs A Leq value is defined as the sound level for a constant sound over a specific time period that has the same sound energy as the actual sound measured over the same period Following the measurements data were downloaded to a computer for post processing IOE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS Figure 12 Typical microphone locations left the first microphone is in the cubicle with the comfort station right the second microphone is in the hallway next to the cubicle Figure I3 Alternate microphone locations both microphones are in a common use hallway between cubicles 13 SOUND RELATED PORTION OF THE DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS Although all the necessary data were contained in the data files the format is not suitable for immediate entry into the project database Therefore a data conversion software program was created for reformatting the data into a database entr
393. nificant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q109 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air Diffuser Air Supply Sound Distraction for too loud Pte Con value Pearson 0 136366 0 747465 Spearman 0 425243 0 293576 2 Pearson 0 633148 0 126919 2 Spearman 0 524554 0 226767 3 Pearson 0 03768 0 898243 3 Spearman 0 216025 0 458234 4 Pearson 0 531153 0 028237 4 Spearman 0 500306 0 040826 5 Pearson 0 03223 0 889685 5 Spearman 0 0189 0 935198 6 Pearson 0 32213 0 029019 6 Spearman 0 29261 0 048455 7 Pearson 0 097102 0 339002 7 Spearman 0 091024 0 370235 8 Pearson n a n a 8 Spearman n a n a 9 Pearson 0 18237 0 166824 9 Spearman 0 20571 0 118037 16 Pearson 0 18387 0 114317 10 Spearman 0 14627 0 210503 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q110 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air Diffuser Air Supply Sound Distraction for intermittent unpredictable es Cor 1 Pearson 0 04522 0 915322 1 Spearman 0 129914 0 759138 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 09533 0 745798 3 Spearman 0 11007 0 707967 4 Pearson 0 37334 0 139925 4 Spearman 0 33892 0 183273 5 Pearson 0 26114 0 252867 5 Spearman 0 32127 0 155588 6 Pearson 0 03687 0 807790 6 Spearman 0 00338 0 982193 7 Pearson 0 11075 0
394. nnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 7 ype Con pvalue SndTelHear Pearson 0 009336 0 926928 SndTelHear Spearman 0 06584 0 517317 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 110619 0 288508 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 106004 0 309218 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 032546 0 755490 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 012143 0 907529 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 16363 0 141868 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 21844 0 048659 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 07414 0 507989 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 04161 0 710504 Table Q36 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 8 P Variable ype Con pale O SndTelHear Pearson 0 12239 0 445859 SndTelHear Spearman 0 17783 0 265995 SndTelProdAffect Pearson 0 065884 0 686278 SndTelProdAffect Spearman 0 092829 0 568871 SndTelAnnoy Pearson 0 092426 0 570557 SndTelAnnoy Spearman 0 035771 0 826545 SndTelDistrWithin Pearson 0 290261 0 095861 SndTelDistrWithin Spearman 0 244447 0 163534 SndTelDistrFor Pearson 0 214489 0 223173 SndTelDistrFor Spearman 0 195136 0 268752 NCEMBT 080201 Rix APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q37 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telepho
395. nnnsunnnunnnnunnnonnnannnaunnnunnnnunnnnnnnannnannnnunpnnnnnnnnnnannanennnannnanna 174 16 4 RC ROOM Criteria svii nie ancien ied aianiiere ti annie ed tities 174 16 5 RC Mark II RCII Alternate Room criteria cccesccssessesseessensensenseesseeesaensaeesaensaensaensaessaenaenseneaens 174 16 6 CPL Cumulative Probability Levels cc ccssccssessesseesseesseeseeeseeeseeesaeeseeeseeeseeesaessaessaeesaeseenseeesensaees 174 AppendlX J LIGHTING PROTOCOLG cssseceecescesseeeeeeeseeaneenseeseeassanseeseeaesassenseesesaseassessesaeeaseeneneeeesesaseeneesees 176 J1 Description of INStruments ccccscccscecssecseecseeeneecneeeneeeneeeeeeneeseecneeeeeseeeneesneesneseessessneesessnessneeeneseneneaes 176 J4 4 luminance Meter 1 10 ii cecscceccesceseccceactesecstacecectaasescesceesscapasenscevaasyscettecesasvaceucesteansusvicenslcestiaseerancneess 176 J1 2 Luminance Meter LS 100 ic csccscsctcccctesssvascscecesess cate cevectvaiescctessovessvsisceenesatanedseeseeecivcveeedalceeesaniese 178 11 3 Chroma Meter CS 1QOA ssiri aaae aaarnas Eran aTa Saa Eaa aa Lanasan EESK EARRAS 180 FTA SpoctroradioMeto inann A 181 J2 luminance MeasurementtS ccccccscccccsccssesssesesseeeaeeseseesseeesesseceeseneseeseeseesneesaesneseesnaesaeseessaeeesoesaeeeaneneeaeee 183 J3 Luminance Measurement irunia aiaa 184 J4 Lighting Data Entry Procedure cccssccsscscscseesseecseecneecneeeneeeneeeneeseesneesneseneesneeeaeesnessnegsneseessnessn
396. nses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long a duration the sound of music is distracting NCEMBT 080201 EAN APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS a o Q a fo 2 a Q a EKE okunsa abie nderstardaple Building ID Figure P49 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the reason that the music is distracting Responses Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID Figure P50 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building KAKES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS DS o Q a fo 2 a Q ao Joeasionaly ome of the time ost awe fime All of the time Building ID Figure P51 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked about the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building Responses Not annoyed di tracted Annoye tracte Building ID Figure P52 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance distraction caused by the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building NCEMBT 080201 AK APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS 3 7 Q 7 c a 7 a Building ID Figure P53 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often there was annoyance distraction caused by the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the buildin
397. nses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is affected when the temperature in their work area is too cool PAIYA NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results T n zZ 24 Np pariepigoggdy Part ee ead or face Figure M17 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked where they feel it the most when the temperature in their work area is too cool Responses H llof tin Ost fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M18 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they adjust the thermostat when the temperature in their work area is too warm NCEMBT 080201 Atk Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Building ID Figure M19 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they use a personal fan when the temperature in their work area is too warm Responses Building ID Figure M20 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they wear lighter clothing or remove clothing when the temperature in their work area is too warm YA NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results a a n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M21 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the temperature in their wor
398. nt 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 E Pearson 0 290946 3 36E 05 Spearman 0 452085 2 58E 11 1 Pearson 0 569137 0 013697 1 Spearman 0 266749 0 284613 2 Pearson 0 293065 0 197299 2 Spearman 0 022860 0 921651 3 Pearson 0 07640 0 755905 3 Spearman 0 01835 0 940572 4 Pearson 0 576993 0 012175 4 Spearman 0 660876 0 002827 5 Pearson 0 084165 0 709606 5 Spearman 0 01177 0 958557 6 Pearson 0 697992 0 000890 6 Spearman 0 531647 0 019145 7 Pearson 0 04353 0 851395 T Spearman 0 090701 0 695797 8 Pearson 0 547723 0 008322 8 Spearman 0 569541 0 005661 9 Pearson 0 292747 0 238436 9 Spearman 0 212076 0 398201 10 Pearson 0 04197 0 864536 10 Spearman 0 222950 0 358900 P 1E NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD O6 WATER INDICATING FUNGI Table 013 Frequency of water indicator fungi isolated from indoor culturable air samples Variable the taxon and target percentage n the number of samples analyzed of samples percentage of samples within the variable criteria Stachybottys lt 1 192 100 Trichoderma lt 1 192 100 Chaetomium lt 1 192 100 Aureobasidium lt 1 192 100 Aspergillus versicolor lt 15 188 98 Aspergilus flavus lt 15 191 99 Aspergillus niger lt 15 185 96 Penicillium lt 30 170 89 NCEMBT 080201 PX 7 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 07 ERROR PLOTS DEMONSTRATING VARIABILITY AMONG Days AND LOCATIONS 2 55 l t Wy 8 o O z ite eo 0 54 0 04 0 574
399. nt correlation Buildings 1 7 9 and 10 with actual AM vs PM temperature differences Interpretation and Comments Temperature fluctuation between AM and PM is not problematic in the population of buildings studied Perception of temperature acceptability correlates with this minimal actual temperature AM PM fluctuation in only two buildings Buildings 5 and 8 one of which Building 8 has significant inter zone variability among respondents The lack of consistent correlations is likely due to the relatively low number and percentage of occupants in each building who perceive a temperature fluctuation problem There are significant but inconsistent correlations between the other questionnaire variables for various buildings which may be due to chance and or low questionnaire participation rates There are insufficient data to support or refute the null hypothesis NCEMBT 080201 41 4 RESULTS IEQ Hypothesis 3 lt 10 of occupants will make adjustments to their work area to make it more thermally comfortable Null Hypothesis gt 10 of occupants will make adjustments to their work area to make it more thermally comfortable Test Results Questionnaire question on the ability to control the temperature themselves indicates an average of 21 range 5 49 of respondents are able to control the temperature via a thermostat In three buildings Buildings 1 2 and 3 no occupant can control the temperature via the thermostat Re
400. nt questionnaire by building are in Appendix M Results of the hypotheses test results are shown below 4 3 1 IEQ Hypotheses Results IEQ Hypothesis 1 gt 80 of occupants in a building will be thermally comfortable if 27 C gt T 224 C summer and 24 5 C gt T 20 C winter and 0 012 gt W gt 0 0032 kg of water kg of dry air Null Hypothesis lt 80 of occupants in a building will be thermally comfortable if 27 C gt T 224 C summer and 24 5 C gt To gt 20 C winter AND 0 012 gt W gt 0 0032 kg of water kg of dry air Test Results One building Building 8 had an Env ironment Accept ance rating of 81 and its average temperature and humidity fell within the confort range recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55 2004 NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comments Temperature is perceived as acceptable by a majority of respondents in all buildings Based on average values of temperature and humidity only 6 of the 10 buildings were within the ASHRAE measurement criteria for thermal acceptability There is limited inter zone variability in the perception of thermal comfort which does not appear to be consistently related to variables such as frequency of air conditioning heating or ability to control or know the value of the temperature None of the buildings has both measured conditions and occupant responses to thermal comfort that meet the ASHRAE thermal comfort criteria Also in all but two buil
401. ntal difference in sound level from background to peak levels 14 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SOUND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS The purpose of these procedures is to detail safe effective procedures for the required sound testing protest the equipment from damage and misuse reduce the uncertainty and workload of the testing team and to help ensure consistent successful measurements These procedures are designed to cover all anticipated test situations However it is likely that unanticipated situations will occur and require deviation from these procedures The test team must use good judgment at all times when following or deviating from these procedures keeping in mind the goals for the testing and motivation for these procedures 14 1 Safety Instructions To avoid personal injury equipment damage and lost data be familiar with all instructions before installation and use of the sound measurement equipment Standard precautions include Carefully connect microphones and cables avoiding bending connector pins Pay attention when disconnecting the microphones from the preamp the diaphragm cover can be inadvertently removed from the microphone body instead of the microphone from the preamp Never touch the diaphragm of the microphone Consider trip hazards and the possibility of knocking over the microphone or sound level meter when cables are run from the meter to the microphones and when stands are placed on the floor Tape cables as
402. ntaminants common to those spaces NCEMBT 080201 17 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES IEQ Hypothesis 9 Occupants who perceive the air in their work area as stuffy or stagnant will make adjustments to make their work area more comfortable The common belief is occupants who perceive air as stuffy or stagnant will do something to avoid change or speak out IEQ Hypothesis 10 If the occupants feel the air in their work place as stuffy or stagnant or smell unpleasant odors they will likely work less efficiently Work place occupants who report physical discomfort may suffer reduced work productivity ASHRAE RP 921 Cena and de Dear 1998 IEQ Hypothesis 11 If occupants smell unpleasant odors in their work area some of them will be uncomfortable and make adjustments to reduce the concentration of odor Ventilation a key element in building design is necessary for supporting life by maintaining acceptable levels of oxygen in the air preventing CO from rising to unacceptably high concentrations and removing internally produced odor moisture and pollution ASHRAE Standard 62 Occupants will take action to change something in their immediate surroundings to mitigate the effect of odors 2 2 AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD Mold Hypothesis 1 In outdoor air a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geograph
403. nversation and sound measurements was found for Building 5 Spearman p 0 04 Interpretation and Comments There is a wide distribution of frequency of hearing sounds from telephone conversations Annoyance distraction and adverse impact on productivity is intermittent and the majority of responses concerning annoyance from telephone speakerphone conversations for the buildings visited was negative The annoyance distraction tends to occur soon after the sound is heard but lasts longer than 30 seconds and this was reflected in the responses of the building occupants Sound Hypothesis 6 Annoyance or distraction from sound from _telephone speakerphone conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using several measurements The response of too loud was tested using L_95 minus L_50 for SIL The response of intermittent unpredictable was tested using L_95 minus L_50 for SIL The response increases decreases was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for SIL The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_90 minus L_50 Responses of too loud or understandable were most often cited as the cause of annoyance from telephone speakerphon
404. o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 253 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU m3 Log10 ONO A Aspergillus Cladosporium Penicillium Other Other Cladosporium Figure N29 Building 3 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the log1o number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified Aspergillus Penicillium Unknown Cladosporium Penicillium Figure N30 Building 4 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma in indoor air samples reported as the logo number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 other fungal genera not Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium or Trichoderma un
405. o start recording Push start to start the recording In that case the meter will run for the programmed time stop recording but not shut down It may or may not save the data If you encounter this problem check if the data was saved and manually save if necessary before starting the next days recording or shutting down When testing is complete the meter should stop save the recording and shut down automatically If automatic shutdown does not occur if the meter is still recording press the START STOP key to stop the recording The meter should then automatically save the recording If not manually save the recording with a unique name 1 Record the data into the SLM memory using the FILE menu Hold the SHIFT key and press MENU Highlight FILE and press ENTER Highlight SAVE and press ENTER The display shows SAVE and the date as DDMMM Press ENTER The display shows FILE NAME and the date Enter a number after the date to have a unique file name such as 01JANO1 7 Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the cursor and the UP and DOWN arrow keys to select numbers or letters for the file name 8 Press ENTER to save the file Wo eS ee The display should show file saved and the file name Check meter settings for accuracy and redo the setup as necessary You can now turn off the SLM or start a new test The saved test data will remain in the SLM memory until you delete it WARNING Do not turn off the SLM prior to sa
406. occupant responses to sound from overflow conversations from adjacent work areas The L_99 minus L_50 did not correlate with understandable sound or conversation except in Building 2 which had a very low participation rate Sound Hypothesis 9 Sound in a work area from piped in music or background masking system can annoy or distract building occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using the sound measurements L_50 minus L_10 for dBA with the assumption that the values will inversely correlate with background noises The majority of the respondents never hear music or masking sounds in their work area Most respondents were never or infrequently annoyed distracted by it although no responses were recorded for Building 2 and Building 5 for this question The majority responded that music or masking did not affect productivity although no responses were recorded for this question in Building 2 and Building 5 After hearing the sound it is a brief period until it is distracting and the length of the distraction is long No statistical correlation was observed for hearing of piped music or masking or the period of this between hearing the sound and being annoyed and sound measurements in any of the 10 buildings However significant inverse correlation with L_50 minus L_10 for dBA was observed for annoyance in Building 9 Pearson p 0 02 and Spearman p 0 075 and for the duration of the annoyance for Building 8 Spearm
407. of 0 6m which represents the location of torso of a person of average height sitting at a desk in an office setting Table E4 Description of Air Temperature and Operative Temperature Measurements adapted from VIVO Documents available Parameter Symbol Unit Definition Applies to Equipment Measurement Procedure 1 Measurement Procedure 2 Airtemperature operative temperature ta to C Air temperature is the temperature of the air around the human body Operative temperature is the equivalent uniform temperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation plus convection as in the actual non uniform environment Global comfort Measurement Procedure 1 Local comfort Measurement Procedure 2 Types of sensors VIVO Temperature sensor each for ambient air temperature and operative temperature Minimum required characteristics for measurement instruments e Measuring range 5 C to 40 C e Accuracy 0 5 C Response time should as short as possible Precautions to be taken during use Do not touch sensor with hands Place sensor where the building occupants normally conduct daily activity or a limited zone of occupancy in poorly defined rooms Measurement should be conducted in a number of positions If the occupants distribution is unknown measurement should be conducted in the center of the room and 0 6 m from every surrounding wall or la
408. of cd m2 the workstation K5 4 COLOR MEASUREMENTS K5 4 1 Color of the lighting at work surface Table K13 Template used to record the color of the lighting at the work surface at each zone Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD K5 4 2 Color of the lighting at other places Table K14 Template used to record the color of the lighting at other locations at each zone Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD Note locations of the measurement NCEMBT 080201 EKE APPENDIX L ENERGY USAGE APPENDIX L ENERGY USAGE Table L1 Energy Usage for the Ten Monitored Buildings Electric Energy Cost of Electric Natural Gas Building Gross Square Consumed Energy Consumed Cost of Natural ID Footage Time Period in kWh Consumed in therm Gas Consumed 1 40 650 Jan Dec 2004 1 044 695 Unknown 7 079 6 102 2 107 000 Jan Dec 2004 2 304 621 Unknown 31 675 24 154 3 229 000 Jan Dec 2004 7 988 258 Unknown 29 132 22 763 4 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 5 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 6 189 500 Jan Dec 2004 2 003 040 158 547 Unknown Unknown 7 180 000 Oct 2003 Sept 2005 5 559 900 752 191 103 595 14 787 Jan Aug 2005 371 040 45 186 1 460 1 796 8 52 300 Jan July 2004 245 600 0 34 047 2 405 2 602 Sept Nov 2003 177 280 22 782 1 101 1 316 9 110 000 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 10 52 000 Jan Dec 2005 751 428 121 432 231 120 Notes 1 Tim
409. ols APPENDIX H AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD PROTOCOLS H1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING LOGISTICS Air samples for culturable fungi and total fungal spores were collected using commercially available instrumentation positioned on a collapsible cart for ease of transport within the buildings and a consistent height from the floor The height of the cart was fixed at 1 0 m Settled dust was collected using vacuum sampling Air and surface samples were collected in the morning at each of the six indoor locations Outdoor air samples were collected prior to the first indoor sample and a second outdoor sample was collected after the 6 indoor sample H2 CULTURABLE AIR SAMPLING PROTOCOL Air samples for culturable fungi were collected using the Andersen single stage impactor sampler Graseby Andersen Atlanta GA operated at 28 3 liter min flow rate for 2 min 0 057 m of air per sample Samples were collected onto malt extract agar Difco Laboratories Detroit Mich amended with chloramphenicol MEAC The sampler was decontaminated with an ethanol wipe between each sample location All agar plates were taped bagged and transported to the laboratory consultant Natural Link Mold Laboratory sparks NV the day of collection via commercial overnight carrier Culturable fungi on the Andersen samples were identified using macroscopic and microscopic morphology The number of colony forming units CFU of fungi collected with the Anderse
410. omen level Height is 0 6 m sitting or 1 1 m standing e in heterogeneous environments head abdomen ankle levels Height is 1 1 0 6 0 1 m sitting or 1 7 1 1 0 1 m standing Suggested observation period is 480 minutes 8 hours at a rate of 3 minutes Place sensor where the building occupants normally conduct daily activity ora limited zone of occupancy in poorly defined rooms Measurement should be conducted in a number of positions If the occupants distribution is unknown measurement should be conducted in the center of the room and 0 6 m from every surrounding wall or large window Height head and ankle levels e 1 1 0 1 m sitting e 1 7 0 1 m standing Suggested observation period is 480 minutes 8 hours at a rate of 3 minutes ISO 7726 1998 ISO 7726 1998 ISO 7726 1998 ANSI ASHRAE 55 2004 and Addendum 55a 1995 ISO 7726 1998 ANSI ASHRAE 55 2004 and Addendum 55a 1995 NCEMBT 080201 137 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS E4 CALCULATED INDICES FOR THERMAL COMFORT The PMV is calculated from an equation provided in Table E7 The effects of several variables and parameters are taken into account In the present study no measurements were made to characterize the M W la foa While ta was measured h and pa were calculated Table E7 Description of PMV Definition and Calculations Measurement Information Parameter Symbol Unit Definition Applies to Determination Predicted Mean Vote
411. omium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 EPAI APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 5 2 4 Es nor 3 ood 592 gmi i 0 il SIEIEIEISIS GIS ISIEETEIS SIO E S ElElE S Sla s dlll EES SFC SSS SES SC SSS ESS BI SlESISMlOlSlalS ElS S SOlSlSSlElS Si aOle 2 2 90 a HIS xio alola HS x oan alol a Era Qaig ololsS aalo lols a a oos 0 8 5 0 2 olt 5 Sl olto lS l2 oS ele E oS gile oLa le gt O LOE LIC LIO E oS Ole 5 oO 5 oO 5 O lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N41 Building 5 Concentrations of fungal spores in the non culturable indoor air samples reported as the logio number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 during the three days of sampling Day 1 2 and 3 Asp Pen Aspergi lus Penicillium spores other fungal genera not Cladosporium Aspergillus Penicillium Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidium unknown fungi not identified 5 ES 4 bo S Bi 3 0 522 a ClE ElE M Bislgic no G s cjc oO B C SESSSELSSSSSsSe Ss oS SS zee s SESS B15 SES SOSH SELES D5 za 5 228 Olz aa 5 aeg Pie isa lS sisis Pls 9il aD ciL gt o aD cL gt lo jo Lio D 2c 5 lt a Es 5 lt a0 Ec 5 8o o eloo 8o o Qe S a Qc Olu Qc Olg E LoS E L i5lS sE LoS E O n 5 Ow 5 O n lt x lt x lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N42 Building 6 Concentrations of fungal spor
412. omparison Of Indoor And Outdoor Airborne Fungi e ccesccssecsseeseteeeseeeeeeteeeees 281 04 Ratios Among The Six Indoor Locations Zones ccssccssccsseeseeseeeneeeneeeneeeneaeeneeeneeeneseneeeneesnesenennesenaseas 283 05 Statistical Results Indoor VS Outdoor 0 eee renee ene enn ene eoeeneenee nese enenned ce eneeanceeneenennenes 285 06 Water Indicating FUN lt 5 c5sscccccsisdvecensicxsccsiacxscensecxscestaexscdssuecsccnac svesseediccnicedvsaddsceasaetsadibdadhediadeiadtuaesiaetee 287 07 Error Plots Demonstrating Variability Among Days And Locations ccccscccsseeseeseeeseeeseeeeeeeseteneeseeseneeees 288 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS isinru ea araea Ara sstancouisbecsbhavsaasseectinesinaemsansbeentanciniie 294 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA wiscsistviesiisteescvte ies ciistvsesvteven dis lrvpeviativediatviesvsedielven vie tiantietvs aa ada 344 O41 dBA BUMS E E A E A E A A A A P A E A A E S 344 OD ABO annia a a aAa EEE a E es Ree 344 03 dBC dBA minena iaaa aaa aa inna hana 344 Q4 NCG Noise Chitear E EAN anes 344 Q5 NCB Balanced Noise Criteria ccccccscccsssesssessseecsseeesseeesseeesseeesseeecsaeessaeseseeesseeessaeessaeesaeessaeeesneaneaaes 344 QG2RG ROOM Ger ariris annasa anae a aar anaa Aaa Larr AONAR aAA REAA A latest eens 345 Q7 RC MarkII RCII Alternate Room criteria ssassessesnssnesnesnennsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 345 Q8 Cumulative Probability
413. omputed by averaging the ratio of the maximum illuminance to the average illuminance at work surface and the ratio of the maximum illuminance to the average illuminance at work surface The overall uniformity was 1 91 with the standard deviation of 1 15 A uniformity of less than 3 0 is generally considered uniform The IESNA lighting handbook lists the uniformity of light distribution on task plane as one of the important design criteria Figure S1 b shows that most buildings had uniform lighting distribution at the work surface except Building 3 that had greater uniformity and larger variations The three buildings with direct indirect lighting systems Buildings 6 8 9 and 10 had more uniform light distribution and lower variations Figures S1 c and e plot illuminances at the center of screens at source documents and keyboards of VDTs The illuminance at the center of screens is close to the vertical illuminance in offices The vertical illuminance is considered a very important design criterion in offices and the recommendation value is 500 Lux The average measured illuminance at the screens was 339 Lux which is lower than the recommendation value The average illuminance at VDT source documents and keyboards were close 574 Lux and 525 Lux respectively Figures S1 f shows illuminances at the floor for all the buildings The average was 350 Lux with the standard deviation of 143 Lux Figure S2 provides luminance related measurements Figur
414. on 0 101180 0 662548 5 Spearman 0 013710 0 952965 6 Pearson 0 329355 002542 6 Spearman 0 327780 0 026164 7 Pearson 0 068126 0 502849 7 Spearman 0 091684 0 366758 8 Pearson 0 15912 0 320358 8 Spearman 0 16872 0 291658 9 Pearson 0 04420 0 739605 9 Spearman 0 10392 0 433449 10 Pearson 0 046692 0 690788 10 Spearman 0 054693 0 641183 Table Q83 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the cause of the office equipment sound distraction for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for NC Tye Com pve 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson 0 218444 0 144713 6 Spearman 0 229186 0 125496 7 Pearson 0 027566 0 786509 7 Spearman 0 095572 0 346699 8 Pearson 0 16055 0 315981 8 Spearman 0 15191 0 343061 9 Pearson 0 059652 0 653583 9 Spearman 0 068674 0 605283 10 Pearson n a n a 10 Spearman n a n a NCEMBT 080201 Rts APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q84 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements and the cause of the office equipment sound distraction for understandable and L_80 minus L_50 for NC Big Type Con vatue 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson 0 58278 0 169709 2 Spearman 0 52455 0 226767 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson 0 33020 0 195516 4 Spearman 0 33992 0 181891 5 Pearson 0 1
415. on source Appl Environ Microbiol 68 963 967 Rea M S 2000 JESNA lighting handbook Reference and application 9 Edition New York Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Reynolds D D 2003 Engineering principles of acoustics Las Vegas DDR Inc NCEMBT 080201 6 REFERENCES Rintala H A Nevalainen and M Suutari 2002 Diversity of streptomyces in water damaged building materials based on 16S rDNA sequences Letters in Appl Microbiol 34 439 443 Roe J D R A Haugland S J Vesper and L J Wymer 2001 Quantification of Stachybotrys chartarum conidia in indoor dust using real time fluorescent probe based detection of PCR products J Exposure Analysis Envrion Epidemiol 11 12 20 Roponen M M Toivola T Meklin M Ruotsalainen H Komulainen A Nevalainen and M R Hirvonen 2001 Differences in inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity in RAW264 7 macrophages induced by Streptomyces anulatus grown on different building materials Indoor air 11 179 184 Rubin A I and Collins B L 1998 Evaluation of the working environment at selected U S army field stations Suggestions for improvement Gaithersburg MD NBS NBSIR 88 3827 Russell M L R Goth Goldstein M G Apte and W J Fisk 2002 Method for measuring the size distribution of airborne Rhinovirus In Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002 Monterey CA 9 International Conference of Indoor Air Quality and Comfort Samson R A and E S
416. ons at each station location 0 1m 0 6m and 1 1m IKIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Table E6 Description of Air Velocity Measurements Measurement Information Parameter Symbol Unit Definition Applies to Equipment Measurement Procedure 1 Measurement Procedure 2 Air velocity Va m s The air velocity is a quantity defined by its magnitude and direction The quantity to be considered in the case of thermal environments is the speed of the air i e the magnitude of the velocity vector of the flow at the measuring point considered Global comfort Procedure 1 Local comfort Procedure 2 Types of sensor VIVO draught sensor Minimum required characteristics for measurement instruments e measuring range 0 05 5 m s e accuracy 0 02 0 07 va m s Response time should be the shortest possible The following factors have to be considered for accurate velocity measurements e the calibration of the instrument e the response time of the sensor and the instrument e the measuring period Place sensor where the building occupants normally conduct daily activity or a limited zone of occupancy in poorly defined rooms Measurement should be conducted in a number of positions If the occupants distribution is unknown measurement should be conducted in the center of the room and 0 6 m from every surrounding wall or large window Height e Inhomogeneous environments abd
417. onse to temperature too cool whereas the proportion approached 10 in response to too warm The prevalence of adverse work productivity perception was relatively low compared with overall perception of thermal acceptability Vertical temperature gradients were within the acceptable level in all buildings Thermal acceptability was not associated with perception of thermal discomfort in a particular body part Most 76 NCEMBT 080201 5 CONCLUSIONS occupants report perceived humidity as acceptable most or all of the time in all buildings Fluctuations in humidity were uncommon Most occupants in all the buildings did not report conditions to be too dry or too hot of those who did most do not make adjustments Most buildings had an average draft rate that was less than 15 A majority of respondents found draft acceptable Although unacceptability of the draft parameter was higher than postulated most occupants did not respond to the problem by making adjustments nor did most perceive it as having an adverse impact on work productivity Most respondents found the air in the work environment acceptably fresh and infrequently stuffy Among those respondents who perceivde the air as being stuffy at least some portion of the work day nearly all did not make adjustments to their workplace to address the problem Air stuffiness did not appear to significantly impact work productivity Nearly all occupants of this set of non problem buildings did not repor
418. operating temperature humidity drift range Digital output RS 232C Analog output 1mV digit 3V at maximum reading Output impedance 10kQ 90 response time FAST setting ims SLOW setting 1s Display 3 or 4 significant digit LCD with backlight illumination Operating temperature 10 to 40 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation humidity range Storage temperature 20 to 55 C relative humidity 85 or less at 35 C with no condensation humidity range Power source 2 AA size batteries AC adapter optional Battery life 72 hours or longer when alkaline batteries are used in continuous measurement 69 x 174 x 35mm 2 3 8 x 6 7 8 x 1 7 16 in Weight 200g 7 0 oz without batteries Standard accessories 3 5mm 1 8 in subminiature plug for analog output Receptor cap Neck strap Case Batteries Optional accessories Receptor head Adapter Unit for Main Body Adapter Unit for Receptor Head AC Adapter Data Processing Software IFL NCEMBT 080201 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS Names and Functions of Parts This section is limited to discussion of the parts be used in this task The following are features of the meter Figure J1 l 2 3 Receptor window Display window Response speed selector switch This feature switches between FAST and SLOW The FAST mode is used to measure a normal light source such as daylight lamplight and fluorescent light The SLOW mode is us
419. opy The Burkard personal impactor sampler Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd Rickmansworth Hertfordshire England is a battery operated fixed flow rate 10 liters min sampler Samples are collected onto the sticky surface of a prepared glass microscope slide The sampler must be decontaminated between the collection of samples The Air O Cell air sampling cassettes Zefon International St Petersburg FL are single use samplers that require the use of an external vacuum pump operated at 15 liters min Rotorod and Kramer Collison samplers have also been used for the collection of airborne spores usually for outdoor samples Cage et al 1996 Direct sample slides are usually treated with a stain e g lactophenol cotton blue to enhance the discrimination of fungal structures Filtration has been used for collection of fungal spores Maggi et al 2000 using mixed cellulose ester filters with filters either placed face up on culture media Ellringer et al 2000 or collected material is eluted from the filter membrane with a buffer and then inoculated to growth media Filtration sampling is useful for monitoring in highly contaminated environments Eduard et al 1990 Palmgren et al 1986 Thorne et al 1992 because the sample can be diluted in the laboratory during processing thereby avoiding overloading of the agar surfaces and the collected material can be examined with additional methods such as microscopy Collection of airborne spores into l
420. or Building 10 and part of open office area in Building 8 all the other buildings have task lights most of which are furniture integrated units and only one building uses desk movable units The light sources used in the task lights are T8 T12 and compact florescent lamps CFL The CCT ranges from 2718 to 3913 K and CRI ranges from 63 to 85 Note that Buildings 6 and 8 have relatively low CRIs 63 and 67 respectively which have very poor color rendering capability Buildings 6 8 and 9 are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED certified buildings with ratings of gold silver and platinum respectively Although all the buildings have windows three LEED buildings have more windows and provide more daylight and window views for their occupants than the other buildings This is because the U S Green Building Council gives LEED credits for buildings that provide daylight to 75 of spaces and views for 90 of space Except Building 9 all the others have blinds as daylight controls Building 9 has overhang but no blinds and it uses neutral color low transmittance windows with transmittance from 18 to 37 at different locations The main lighting control systems in the buildings are timing devices and local override light switches Most buildings have occupancy sensors in some areas such as meeting rooms and copy rooms Buildings NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS 1 2 and 3 have occupancy sensors for task lighting Building 6 has dim
421. or and start the calibration or press MODE to move to the next sensor location Turn gas flow off Disconnect calibration tube from monitor NCEMBT 080201 147 APPENDIX G VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS APPENDIX G VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS G1 DESCRIPTION OF SENSOR The IAQARE is a highly versatile indoor air quality measurement device that offers upto fiie plug in sensors It continually measures VOCs at 0 to 500 ppm with 0 01 ppm 10 ppb resolution continuously up to 24 hours from built in lithium ion battery It can datalog up to 20 000 data points and has a built in motorized sample draw pump It combines a photoionization detector for total VOC measurement with traditional indoor quality measurement parameters such as temperature relative humidity carbon dioxide and an additional substance specific toxic gas sensor all in one portable instrument see Appendix F Figure F1 G2 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE The following protocol was used to measure the total VOC concentration G2 1 To Launch IAQRAE 1 Turn IAQRAE on Push MODE button 2 Plug interface cable into the right side of the IAQRAE and the back of the computer 3 Push MODE button 7 times until Communicate with PC appears on IAQRAE screen 4 Select Y This means Yes 5 IAQRAE display should say READY a 6 Open ProRAE Suite program 7 Select COMMUNICATION from the menu on top 8 Select Receive Configura
422. or at least some part of the work day When the air in my work area is too All of the time Very humid All of the time Very humid Very humid Every work day Every work day All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Every work day All of the time Most of the time Somewhat or slightly humid Most of the time Somewhat or slightly humid Somewhat or slightly humid Most work days Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most work days Most of the time Some of the time Neither too humid nor too dry Some of the time Neither too humid nor too dry Neither too humid nor too dry Some work days Some work days Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some work days Some of the Occasionally Never Somewhat or Very dry slightly dry Rarely Never Somewhat or Very dry slightly dry Somewhat or Very dry slightly dry Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never NCEMBT 080201 427 humid adjust the thermostat
423. ores to the genus level Additional non fungal structures i e skin cells particulate were recorded semi quantitatively H4 VACUUM SAMPLING PROTOCOL Vacuum sampling using an individual field filter cassette attached to a vacuum pump was used to sample porous or hard surfaces for settled particulate Sampling was conducted on flooring at each indoor location A fixed area was not sampled because the data were reported as the number of CFU per gram of sample processed Each cassette was labeled and placed in a plastic bag and transported to the consultant laboratory Natural Link Mold Laboratory The material collected in the vacuum samples were weighed NCEMBT 080201 151 APPENDIX H AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD Protocols processed and spread plated onto a series of growth media The plates were incubated and the resulting fungal colonies identified to the genus level although Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified to the species level The fungal colonies cultured from the vacuum samples were identified by microscopic and macroscopic morphology and recorded as the number of CFU plate Enumeration of the concentration of organisms per gram of material sampled was calculated using the dilution factor and appropriate sample information Storage of samples for up to 25 days at refrigeration or room temperature has been shown not to affect the results Macher 2001a and b but the samples were shipped at the end of each day s co
424. orkstation Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD IKIE NCEMBT 080201 K3 5 Task Light 2 APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE Table K7 Template used to characterize secondary task lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if secondary Numbers of luminaries in a workstation Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Light source Work surface height m for workstation Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD K3 6 Task Light 3 task lights are used in the zone T12 T8 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others Table K8 Template used to characterize additional task lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if additional Numbers of luminaries in a workstation Voltage V Total wattages W Numbers of lamps in a luminaire Light source Work surface height m for workstation Chromaticity x y CCT K CRI File name for the SPD task lights are used in the zone 7T12 T8 T5 CFL Incandescent Metal Halide others NCEMBT 080201 EKK APPENDIX K LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE K4 LIGHT POWER DENSITY Table K9 Template used to describe the light power density LPD for the building w m2 Write down how to obtain the LPD here K5 MEASUREMENTS OF WORKSTATIONS K5 1 General Information Table K10 Templates used to describe general information at each zone s workstation s Location ID Date Time Window av
425. ost of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Rarely About 15 minutes About 15 minutes One tone dominates the sound Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never About 30 minutes or more About 30 minutes or mor The sound or conversation is understandable Never Never Never Never Never When I do not have acceptable Allofthetime Most of the time Some of the Rarely Never privacy in my work area move toa time more private area to have telephone conversations When I do not have acceptable Allofthetime Most of the time Some of the Rarely Never privacy in my work area postpone time private conversations with others to times when people in or near my work area are not present When I do not have acceptable Allofthetime Most of the time Some of the Rarely Never privacy in my work area postpone time telephone conversations to times when people in or near my work area are not present NCEMBT 080201 E7 NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 601 NORTH FAIRFAX STREET SUITE 240 ALEXANDRIA VA 22314 WWW NCEMBT ORG
426. ourse of the questionnaire for the question i hear sounds from outsid mechanical equipment sirens etc in my work area for building Table Q26 Results for Paneer s ctable and L_95 minus L_50 for dBA NCEMBT 080201 Xxix Table Q27 Results for increases decreases and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA sssccsseeseeseetsseeeseetstsetenteees GOO Table Q28 Results for understandable and L_90 minus L_5O scescessssseseeessssesesessrsasseeseesrsstseestesesersasenss OOO questionnaire for the q ee hear si area ARREA stical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception e question I hear sounds from telephone speaker conversations that carry into my wok tatistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question I hear sounds from telephone speaker phone conversations that carry into my work area for building 7 cseseee questio jor the question I hea area for building 10 Table Q39 Results for too loud and L_99 mi Table Q40 Result Table Q41 Results for Table Q42 F question i hear soun Table Q Conversi Table Q koal sad in arer of sound measurements and the pii i hear sounds from WOCE NCEMBT 080201 i hear sounds from Table Q46 Statistical results in comp
427. ovale O O L_5_dBA Pearson 0 06888 0 668707 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 010233 0 949371 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 222894 0 161281 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 23667 0 136272 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 00492 0 975651 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 01993 0 901584 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 221158 0 164655 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 23667 0 136272 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 11601 0 470092 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 09162 0 56889 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 05285 0 742799 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 02029 0 899819 NCEMBT 080201 iJ APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q12 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 9 Variable Type Con value O L_5_dBA Pearson 0 0447 0 736734 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 07874 0 553344 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 15512 0 240743 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 16788 0 203739 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 06712 0 613506 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 16788 0 203739 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 09462 0 475939 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 07874 0 553344 L_95 dBA Pearson 0 23425 0 074184 L_95_ dBA Spearman 0 24865 0 057564 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 17201 0 192679 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 103 0 437593 Table Q13 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 10 L_50_dBA L_50_dBC L_50_dBC L_95_dBA L_95_dB
428. parison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 4 P Variable ype Con o pwale SndMechHear Pearson 0 420737 0 092623 SndMechHear Spearman 0 408156 0 103857 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 214155 0 552437 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 37195 0 289887 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 25028 0 485540 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 17484 0 629012 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 45579 0 256372 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 51952 0 186977 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 13694 0 746427 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 06373 0 880836 Table Q89 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 5 Variable Type Conve SndMechHear Pearson 0 08242 0 722461 SndMechHear Spearman 0 141895 0 539516 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 5 0 666667 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 5 0 666667 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 5 0 666667 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 5 0 666667 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 1 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 1 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 1 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 1 KEIIB NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q90 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 6 PVaiable type Con SndMechHear Pearson 0 07441 0 623112 SndMechHear Spearman 0 2853 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 08453 0
429. pear 0 123349 0 751879 SndMusDistrFor Pears 0 266205 0 488704 SndMusDistrFor Spear 0 203548 0 599387 SndMusProdAffect Pearson nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman nd nd S cMm NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q19 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE CAUSE OF THE PIPED IN Music OR MASKING SOUND DISTRACTION Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q67 Results for too loud and L_80 minus L_10 for dBA Pye Cor 1 Pearson 0 20589 0 624727 1 Spearman 0 425243 0 293576 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 14297 0 625850 3 Spearman 0 21138 0 468190 4 Pearson n a n a 4 Spearman n a n a 5 Pearson n a n a 5 Spearman n a n a 6 Pearson 0 11451 0 448592 6 Spearman 0 07248 0 632161 7 Pearson 0 059203 0 560506 7 Spearman 0 055082 0 588154 8 Pearson 0 25326 0 110113 8 Spearman 0 27691 0 079655 9 Pearson 0 18299 0 165362 9 Spearman 0 16802 0 203363 10 Pearson 0 26330 0 022468 10 Spearman 0 29637 0 009828 NCEMBT 080201 EYA APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q68 Results for intermittent unpredictable and L_80 minus L_50 for dBA Pye Con value 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a
430. pearman Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a 0 02286 0 03327 n a n a n a n a 0 089607 0 098130 n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a 0 822302 0 743726 n a n a n a n a 0 444556 0 402264 NCEMBT 080201 395 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q24 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION HEAR SOUNDS FROM AIR DIFFUSER AIR SUPPLY IN My WORK AREA SndAirHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndAirProdA ffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndAirAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndAirDistrWithin and for how long SndAirDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q99 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 1 P Variable type Con pve O SndAirHear Pearson 0 48089 0 227695 SndAirHear Spearman 0 39491 0 332923 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 507754 0 303822 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 750366 0 085697 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 225675 0 667234 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0
431. pearman n a n a 9 Pearson 0 042014 0 752041 9 Spearman 0 11408 0 389608 10 Pearson n a n a 10 Spearman n a n a NCEMBT 080201 iRtspi APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q20 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS AND THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM OFFICE EQUIPMENT IN My WORK AREA SndEquipHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndEquipProdA ffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndEquipAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndEquipDistrWithin and for how long SndEquipDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q71 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area for Building 1 Tye Con pve SndEquipHear Pearson 0 697724 0 054344 SndEquipHear Spearman 0 718185 0 044794 SndEquipAnnoy Pearson 0 564618 0 243072 SndEquipAnnoy Spearman 0 338823 0 511215 SndEquipProdAffect Pearson 0 660195 0 153583 SndEquipProdAffect Spearman 0 562775 0 244957 SndEquipDistrWithi Pearson 0 504524 0 386021 SndEquipDistrWithi Spearman 0 516185 0 373253 SndEquipDistrFor Pearson 0 303130 0 620038 SndEquipDistrFor Sp
432. per could be eliminated because it could be derived from illuminance measurements and the reflectance of standardized white paper Second the color characteristics of the building lighting were collected which had not appeared in any previous field survey Third one of the objectives of the project was to develop lighting survey protocols as part of integrated building monitoring protocols e g can be easily used by others thus the lighting protocols used in our study were less complicated The surveyor manually recorded the physical measurements and environmental conditions in the lighting survey table Appendix K The table included six sections of data room descriptions lighting and control system types luminaire information lighting power density measurements of workstation and luminance of room surfaces and window surfaces In the first section room descriptions information on location area height window availability daylighting control means and whether computers were present were recorded Field surveyor also recorded any lighting related special issues in the space provided under the note item In the second section lighting and control system types ambient lighting and task lighting systems were selected from multiple choices The choices were from common systems used in office lighting The third section luminaire information was used to record information regarding the number voltage wattage mounting height lig
433. phones and all three days could be combined to form a single measure per zone Correlation of the perception data and measured sound level data was performed for each building and question affinity group combination An affinity group normally has five related questions dealing with that type of sound The questions ask if the sound is heard does it annoy or distract does it affect productivity within how long does it affect productivity and for how long does it affect productivity 4 6 LIGHTING 4 6 1 Lighting System Results A brief description of the ten buildings lighting systems is found in Table R1 Appendix R Most of the buildings monitored have cubicle setups while Building 9 10 and part of Building 8 have open office setups The cubicle partitions are about 1 66 m 5 4 ft high while the open office partitions are only 1 06 to 1 26 m 3 5 to 4 2 ft high The ambient lighting systems of six of the buildings are direct recessed fluorescent with parabolic louvers and those of the other four are direct indirect fluorescent pended mounted All the building ambient lighting systems have four feet 32 W T8 light sources but with different correlated color temperatures CCT and color rendering index CRI The CCT and CRI numbers provided in the table were measured by a Lightspex spectrometer and thus are different from the nominal values marked on the lamps The CCTs vary from 3100 K to 3840 K and CRIs were from 75 to 86 Except f
434. pical structures are not detected Viable methods underestimate concentrations because only culturable spores are enumerated and identified yet non culturable organisms can elicit adverse reactions by exposed populations Organisms that are difficult to culture due to nutrient requirements e g xerophilic fungi such as Wallemia and Eurotium or elevated temperature e g thermophiles such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Mycopolyspora faeni are often not isolated because of a limited scope of work for the investigation Direct count methods using microscopic assay provide information on the presence of fungal spores and growth structures but are unable to distinguish some fungal spores at the genus level e g Aspergillus and Penicillium are enumerated together as a group and cannot differentiate species within recognizable genera Processing time for direct counts is highly variable depending on the level of debris adhering to the test sample surface the density of the fungal spore deposition and the efficiency of the analyst Despite the current limitations of analysis methods collection of air and surface samples in the selected office buildings provide a means to evaluate the microbial component of indoor environmental quality EQ When poor IEQ is the result of a microbial contamination problem facilities management decisions are made that involve costly increases in ventilation and or repair of HVAC units and ducting In contrast well designed
435. plers A review J Aerosol Sci 25 1459 1492 Hodgson M and R Scott 1999 Prevalence of fungi in carpet dust samples In Bioaerosols fungi and mycotoxins Health effects assessment prevention and control ed E Johanning Albany New York Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center Holmberg K U Landstrom and A Kjellberg 1997 Low frequency noise level variations and annoyance in working environments Journal of Low Frequency Noise and Vibration 16 81 88 Holmberg K Landstr m U S derberg L and Kjellberg A 1996 Hygienic assessment of low frequency noise annoyance in working environments Journal of Low Frequency Noise and Vibration 15 7 16 Hygge S and H A L fberg 1999 Post Occupancy Evaluation Of Daylight In Buildings A Report of IEA SHC Task 21 ESBCS Annex 29 International Energy Agency Solar Heating amp Cooling Programme Available online www iea shc org task21 D_POE_procedures_and_results Task21POE pdf November 22 2004 International Energy Agency Solar Heating amp Cooling Programme Hyv rinen A T Meklin A Veps l inen and A Nevalainen 2002 Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture damaged building materials concentrations and diversity International Biodeterioration Biodegradation 49 27 37 Hyvarinen A T Reponen T Husman and A Nevalainen 2001 Comparison of the indoor air quality in mould damaged and reference buildings in a subarctic climate Center Eur J
436. porium predominance Some of these results may be due to the overall low concentrations which affect the mathematical definition determination of rank predominance and mixed populations as defined for this study Initially this hypothesis included the phrase and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region However due to limitations on the number of buildings i e 10 there were insufficient numbers of building in each region Therefore this was excluded in the null hypothesis NCEMBT 080201 51 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 3 The concentration of airborne fungal genera present in non problem buildings should reflect the outdoor fungal population in that region Null Hypothesis The airborne fungal genera present indoors in non problem buildings significantly differ from the outdoor airborne fungal population Test Results As reported above the majority of outdoor air samples 86 demonstrated the presence of a predominant taxon and Cladosporium was commonly found 55 as the predominant taxon in outdoor culturable air samples Cladosporium was found as the predominant taxon in fewer non culturable outdoor air samples However Cladosporium was the predominant taxon in few indoor culturable or non culturable air samples Differences between indoor and outdoor culturable data were statistically significant p lt 0 05 in four of the 10 buildings Building 2 Pearson p 0 00 and Spearman p 0 00 Building 6 P
437. ported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Logio for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 PAK EE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD Ol Determination of zone effect on the presence of a predominant taxon in air samples Bldg ID building designation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 Table 01 Chi square values for presence of a predominant taxon in airborne culturable fungal samples Building ID Chi Square Prob Chi Square 1 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 5 5 004024 0 08192000 6 3 819085 0 14814815 7 0 8 6 278978 0 09879871 Table 02 Chi square values for presence of a predominant taxon in airborne non culturable fungal samples Building ID Chi Square Prob Chi Square 1 3 819085 0 14814815 3 1 726092 0 1889107 5 7 050924 0 21688052 6 0 1 7 7 63817 0 05411256 9 0 NCEMBT 080201 PAK APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD 02 VARIANCE COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE FUNGI Bldg ID Zone Bldg ID Day Bldg ID Residual Bldg ID Zone Bldg ID Day Bldg ID Residual Table 03 Variance ecomponelt analysis of airborne culturable fungi a E e E e E 0 000115588 0 006160102 0 019623549 0 0 1602806 0 071218099 0 029758526 Cladosporium Cladosporium Cladosporium Cladosporium Predominant taxon Predominant taxon Predominant taxon Predo
438. process is done twice once before the field study is conducted and once after the readings are all taken 6 All data are shown initially in the INBOX They are transferred to PENDING after the synchronization 7 Finally the data are shown in the OUTBOX when the data acquisition is completed 8 To display all graphics for all values both measured and calculated IKIE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS 9 Double click the project name or 10 Select Window Cascade Figure E19 ___________ Dave Thursday August 26 2004 Started ac 0 12 2004 4 26 54 PN Minded at 0 13 2004 12 26 64 ANO 0 minutes Figure E19 Screen View of VIVO Controller with Graphical Analysis To save data 11 Select File Export 12 Save as a text file A default name will appear 13 Select Export E2 4 Output From Sensors Both Measured And Calculated The range and units of output data from the sensors are listed in Table E2 The output obtained from the sensors include 1 Operative temperature Relative Humidity Air velocity Draught rate A oe e p Equivalent temperature NCEMBT 080201 131 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS PMV PPD Radiant temperature Se oS m Air temperature Table E2 Listing of the expected range of data for each of the VIVO instruments Type of senor Measures o Expected Range Units of Measurement VIVO Draught Low air velocity measuring unit 0 05 5 VIV
439. ptiOn ccscccsscscecscecseeeseeeseeeseeeneeeneeeneesneesneesneeeneseneseneeeeneseesenesenesenenenes 153 12 Field Testing ProCe dures ssiccssccsvicssscscceseccscacstacscceseacsvacstacuvaeesscsvacsiacavasseacsvaestsdevasstaestacstesteessteestasstseiecees 154 13 Sound Related Portion Of The Data Reduction And Analysis ccsccsssscesssessesseesseesseesseesseesseessessseneaneaes 155 14 Standard Operating Procedure For Sound Measurement Instrument ccscccscecseecseeesesseesseesseesseeeneeeaes 158 14 1 Safety IMStructi ns sssrinin veces des deessccvuce cczcdsesnsseucessacdveesaseucesaesbveesaeduensiaseseessscinvasiesescsnsestacssaeyes 158 14 2 Equipment Lists iscveisicscisivititeverydevnetvinntniniwiiniiivnestievievidvdevnnniavereneniavininns 159 14 3 Pre departure CHECKS saci scisscccscesscevscesscevscesscuvscesscevscesscecaceuseecseeusceviceuscedceuscevacendsarescvvacsveresexdaaresereaeeee 159 14 4 Packing Shipping Procedure csscssscssscssesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseessenssensseetseessenssessenteaenenens 160 14 OM Site E cscs svecsacesddinxda N A A A A aseies ss 160 14 6 Sound Meter Automatic Recording Setup ccsccsscesscessesseesseeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeesaessaessaessaessenssensaees 160 14 F Equipment Set pics cccccesscci aana eN ARE NTARE KANAN AAK AARAA NAERAA ARRANA TEKANE a 164 14 8 Office Sound Data Recording wi iiiisciiisiveatiiniiiveniniiiveniiiah venti iiveviavaiaivawi
440. questionnaire when asked how long the disturbance lasted following hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building Responses Too loud 7 Intermittent unpredictable Increases decreases loud One tone dominates Understandable Building ID 10 Figure P84 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the cause of the disturbance from hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building NCEMBT 080201 JERR APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Nearby walls eiling Floor Next room Can t tell Building ID 10 Figure P85 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the location of hearing sounds from the air conditioning system in the building o D n Q a lt 2 7 Q co Rumbling 7 Roaring Hum whistle Hiss Rattling Building ID Figure P86 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked what the sounds were from the air conditioning system in the building Siem NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS j Q T Sufficient privacy Insufficient privacy Building ID Figure P87 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning privacy to have a conversation in their work area Responses Never 7 Occasionally Some of the fime Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P88 Spec
441. r gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 NCEMBT 080201 iAey APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 8 o ym p7 a 6 3 HH a i 4 S s 3 aoe H E i E 2s l DlB BlE 2s DlBjE Siol DlB SE Ele le Pls 5l S5 sl Ee 2 S 5 SeSe Dl SIE gils Z E5 E8 al zl Ela Zl 8gs ZJE O S TT S ao S eif i Floltl elael Li Filscl et lal segls 2i Flolsaeile alojo lg a lalio lg a lalol g oOo S amp ga o O igilo O I igiio o 5 aH l E ei l E e l l E 510 510 5109 lt lt x lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N61 Building 4 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 7 d O 6 an D 5 5 O 3 LO E oloa Dd oia D 908 DI 515 SELES Sle 2 5 55S E Flo 5 gll o al El glll Eal ELD lgl lo g jE vlogi glzlslal os g 3 z s alol g 3l Salle lt Sale a S a Eea ols oj 9 olli 0 9 O iloj o 8 5 85 8 5 2 8 5 S 519015 51905 519010 lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N62 Building 5 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotiys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold
442. ranek 1993 Sound Hypothesis 15 Sound in a work area from ceiling or floor air supply diffusers can annoy or distract building occupants Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most office buildings The sound can propagate into the work area by various means including through walls ducting and building structures ASHRAE 1995 Sound Hypothesis 16 Annoyance or distraction from air supply or return air diffusers can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when
443. rception questionnaire concerning the length of the disruption brief or long from overhearing person to person conversations in their work area Responses n T Sp 38 Sse Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID Figure P38 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long the disruption due to overhearing person to person conversations in their work area lasted KIPAS NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS DS o Q a c 3 2 a Q oe nderstandable WAG Buas ou 1 pienien unpredi AN 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 9 Building ID Figure P39 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the reason that the noise from overhearing person to person conversations is distracting Responses Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID Figure P40 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning hearing sounds of music or masking while in their work area NCEMBT 080201 AR APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Building ID Figure P41 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they could hear sounds of music or masking while in their work area Responses Not annoys di tracted Annoye racte Building ID Figure P42 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance or distraction due to the hearing sounds of musi
444. reater than 5 Integer DeltaMax QAI stores the largest difference between any pair of Deltas above Float Q8 CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY LEVELS CPL CPL defines a level for a measurement where a specified percentage of the samples fall at or below the indicated percentage The following table shows how to construct the 8 field names for the each of the four measurements dBA dBC dBC_dBA NCMax RC and SIL Prefix Suffixes L_ Se dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_95_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_90_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_80_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_50_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_33_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_10_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL L_05_ dBA dBc dBC_dBA NCMax RC SIL dBA is raw SPL_A data taken form the samples Float dBA is raw SPL _C data taken form the samples Float dBA_dBA is raw SPL_C minus the raw SLP_A data taken form the samples Float NCMax is the calculated sound level from the NC sections above Float RC is the value stored in the RC sections above Float SIL is the value stored in the NCB sections above Float NCEMBT 080201 EZ 1 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q9 COVARIANCE IN SOUND MEASUREMENTS USING ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ANCOVA Table Q1 Variance in sound interference level SIL measurements Building L_95_SIL 10 Zone L_95_SIL 79 Sampling Date L_95_SIL 10 Residual L_95_SIL 0 Building L_90_SIL 15 Zone L_90_SIL 71 Sampling Date L_90_SIL 15 Res
445. rect 3303K CRI82 GANES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS a b 1200 5 5 0 g 4 5 4 H a 1000 2 4 0 4 S of 3 800 Ze 35 3 g 8 3 04 gs tea 600 f Emgan 3 55 204 f i 5 28 et t 5 3 15 riaj 2 1 0 200 4 5 as 0 gt 0 0 a a a E 012 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 0123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buildings NO Buildings NO 600 900 g 800 Ss 500 4 3 g 7004 S 5 400 2 g 600 4 Ea Zs 2 500 J i 3 ca Bac t 8 400 t 5 3 2004 2S 300 S 2004 100 100 012 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 01412 3 45 67 8 9 10 Buildings NO Buildings NO e 900 700 800 sio 700 J 3 5 500 S600 t 5 _ 400 pam e oid l pi 3 400 J t t t z E 300 2 200 4 5 20 100 4 100 4 o 0123 4 5 67 8 9 10 a E Buildings NO Buildings NO Figure 1 Illuminance related measurements a IIluminance at work surface b Uniformity of illuminance at work surface c IIluminance at the center of VDTs d IIluminance at VDT source documents e IIluminance at VDT keyboard f IIluminance at floor NCEMBT 080201 EE i APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS 160 5 140 4 120 4 1 4 Hey HH me 1 H N 1 Luminance at ceilings between luminaires cd m D oo 23 3 3 o i 1 o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buildings NO 7000 5 6000 ve oO fF ao os O O gt
446. reen 2 Press Y and the display will have the current site ID Site ID xxxxxxxx 3 Press MODE to move the cursor to the left most digit 4 Press Y or N to cycle through all 26 letters and 10 numerals Hold down Y or N for rapid scrolling Press MODE to advance to the next digit on the right Repeat until all 8 digits have been entered Press MODE to move the cursor to SAVE Press Y to accept the new site identification and exit the submenu eS po pi ae Press N to discard the changes and advance to the next submenu 10 To Turn OFF 11 Press and hold MODE for 5 seconds The monitor will beep once every second during the power down sequence 12 The screen will flash Off and then go blank NOTE A fully charged battery pack should show 7 7 volts or higher When the battery charge falls below 6 6 volts a flashing Bat will appear as a warning message This means there will be approximately 20 30 minutes of operating time remaining before the monitor automatically turns off as the battery voltage falls below 6 4V Calibration of the IAQRAE The IAQRAE uses a two point calibration process with zero or low Conc Gas as the first point of reference and a standard higher conc Gas as the second point of reference A standard reference gas span gas contains a known concentration of a given gas Zero calibration should be done before performing span calibrat
447. rface associated Stachybotrys was isolated in 8 of the settled dust vacuum samples The airborne fungal spores in the ten typical office buildings did not vary over the three days nor did they vary by the six indoor locations sampled Similarly surface vacuum samples were consistent over the three days of sampling by location and the majority of the buildings demonstrated similar concentrations of spores NCEMBT 080201 57 4 RESULTS 4 5 SOUND 4 5 1 Sound Results A depiction of the responses of building occupants to questions concerning sound noise are listed in Appendix P and statistical tables for analyses of questionnaire responses and sound measurements are listed in Appendix Q 4 5 2 Sound Hypotheses Results Sound Hypothesis 1 Sound in a work area can annoy or distract occupants Null Hypothesis N A Test Results To determine the general opinion of acceptable sound noise responses of all of the time and most of the time were summarized as acceptable and responses of some of the time and occasionally and never were summarized as unacceptable Specific responses by building demonstrate that a majority of occupants rated sounds noise as acceptable most of the time Correlation with sound measurements in the buildings were statistically significant p lt 0 05 for Building 1 L50 dBA Pearson p 0 03 Building 3 L5_dBA Pearson p 0 01 and Spearman p 0 00 L50_ dBA Pearson and Spearman p 0 00
448. rge window Height e Inhomogeneous environments abdomen level Height is 0 6 m sitting or 1 1 m standing e in heterogeneous environments head abdomen ankle levels Height is 1 1 0 6 0 1 m sitting or 1 7 1 1 0 1 m standing Suggested observation period is 480 minutes 8 hours at a rate of 0 5 3 minutes Place sensor where the building occupants normally conduct daily activity or a limited zone of occupancy in poorly defined rooms Measurement should be conducted in a number of positions If the occupants distribution is unknown measurement should be conducted in the center of the room and 0 6 m from every surrounding wall or large window Height head and ankle levels e 1 1 0 1 m sitting and 1 7 0 1 m standing Suggested observation period is 480 minutes 8 hours at a rate of 0 5 3 minutes ISO 7726 1998 Ergonomics of the thermal environment Instruments for Measuring Physical Quantities http www iso org ISO 7726 1998 ISO 7726 1998 ANSI ASHRAE 55 2004 and Addendum 55a 1995 ISO 7726 1998 ANSI ASHRAE 55 2004 and Addendum 55a 1995 The actual relative humidity data used to deduce the statistical information Table E5 are similarly obtained to that of the air data using the information from the VIVO instruments at 0 6m height The NCEMBT 080201 135 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS absolute humidity needed for determining where the average thermal conditions lie on the psychometric table i
449. rgy efficiency and alleviate indoor environmental quality IEQ concerns However substantial gaps in knowledge remain and there have been scientific engineering limitations to resolving these issues The lack of integrated building protocols and normative baseline data to assess the relationships of building performance and energy consumption contribute to problems in solving IEQ and other building performance concerns This task was designed to develop protocols for the measurement of integrated building performance and to measure selected environmental parameters in selected buildings throughout the United States A series of hypotheses were developed and challenged and an occupant questionnaire was developed to verify or refute the underlying hypotheses A literature search was conducted to obtain information on the status of relevant research for this task and to assist in the selection of measurement methods Information from the literature search supported the premise that there are gaps in knowledge in the field of IEQ and monitoring indoor environments Recognizing the lack of established protocols for assessing buildings prompted the development of a suite of measurement protocols to assess IEQ parameters including thermal comfort i e temperature relative humidity and draft carbon dioxide CO2 surface and airborne mold and volatile organic compounds VOCs in office buildings Protocols to assess lighting and acoustics were also included
450. ring of mechanical sounds in the building NCEMBT 080201 Y APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Doesn t affect Affects productivity Building ID 9 40 Figure P65 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning hearing of mechanical sounds in the building affecting their productivity Responses Neve Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P66 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often hearing of mechanical sounds in the building affects their productivity KYA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Brief Long Building ID 9 40 Figure P67 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how quickly brief of long period annoyance distraction occurs after hearing of mechanical sounds in the building Responses A few seconds Y Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID 10 Figure P68 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly annoyance distraction occurs after hearing of mechanical sounds in the building NCEMBT 080201 EYA APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Brief Long Building ID 9 40 Figure P69 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire conce
451. rium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region Null Hypothesis In outdoor air samples a predominant fungal taxon other than Cladosporium is found Test Results The majority of outdoor air samples demonstrated the presence of a predominant taxon and Cladosporium was commonly found as the predominant taxon Interpretation and Comment The null hypothesis is not supported as Cladosporium was the predominant taxon in outdoor air samples collected during this study The study was limited to ten buildings resulting in an insufficient number of buildings that varied by geographic region Therefore variation by region was not considered and this was excluded in the null hypothesis NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 2 Among non problem buildings a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region Null Hypothesis In indoor air samples a predominant fungal taxon is found and it is not Cladosporium Test Results A predominant taxon was only observed in a few air samples and only Building 6 demonstrated more than 50 of samples with a predominant taxon The prevalence of Cladosporium as the predominant taxon in culturable and non culturable indoor air samples was low in all buildings The effect of zone i e zone to zone differences on Cladosporium predominance was not statistically sign
452. rman 0 417786 0 409782 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 27735 0 821088 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 1 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 69338 0 512246 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 86603 0 333333 Table Q86 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 2 pvalue SndMechHear Pearson 0 645764 0 117185 SndMechHear Spearman 0 63796 0 123159 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 755929 0 454371 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 866025 0 333333 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 755929 0 454371 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 866025 0 333333 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndMechDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndMechDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndMechDistrFor Spearman n a n a NCEMBT 080201 1 1 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q87 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area for Building 3 P Variable type Con o pva O SndMechHear Pearson 0 07125 0 808756 SndMechHear Spearman 0 05882 0 841677 SndMechAnnoy Pearson 0 08692 0 824045 SndMechAnnoy Spearman 0 05507 0 888102 SndMechProdAffect Pearson 0 263547 0 493219 SndMechProdAffect Spearman 0 188982 0 626283 SndMechDistrWithin Pearson 0 03432 0 956306 SndMechDistrWithin Spearman 0 186339 0 764126 SndMechDistrFor Pearson 0 03432 0 956306 SndMechDistrFor Spearman 0 186339 0 764126 Table Q88 Statistical Results in Com
453. rning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergillus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified spores m3 Log10 Oo NW Ff OO QESE GIE GIE SJE GEES E E ESEJE S D31383 S 35 53 S335 sels siesisis o o OoOo Zlo O o OoOO o0 5 0 Q9 gja Q Q x a Oa lo Ola Ola Zc o a ia c o 77 c o c o SeS g S Pil leis ig eg leis Sit ls jo os S es jw ta A wn O O O O O O O O 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 Location Figure N18 Building 2 Concentrations of selected fungal spores i e Aspergil us Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaeetomium Cladosporium and Trichoderma in the non culturable air samples reported as the number of spores per cubic meter of air spores m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Aspergi lus Penicillium Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium or Trichoderma unknown fungi not identified PZtE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS re S a fa 2 D Aspergillus Unknown Unknown Cladosporium Cladosporium Aspergillus Unknown Aspergillus Cladosporium o Cladosporium Cladosporium 3 4 Location Figure N19 Building 3 Concentrations o
454. rning how long brief of long period annoyance distraction lasts after hearing of mechanical sounds in the building Responses ai O al A few seconds Y Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID Figure P70 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long annoyance distraction lasts after hearing of mechanical sounds in the building KPEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS X o a c 2 a O oa Nearby walls 7 Ceiling Floor Next room Can t tell Building ID Figure P71 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the location of hearing sounds from mechanical equipment in the building Responses Rumbling oaring Hum whistle Hiss Rattling Building ID Figure P72 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked what the sounds were from the mechanical equipment in the building NCEMBT 080201 RRYAS APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Too loud 7 Intermittent unpredictable Increases de reases loud One tone dominates Understandable Building ID 10 Figure P73 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the cause of the distraction from hearing of sounds from mechanical equipment in the building o D n Q a c 2 n Q o Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID
455. rowth of microorganisms on HVAC filters under controlled temperature and humidity conditions ASHRAE Transactions Part 1 101 305 316 1995b Filter collection efficiency and growth of microorganisms on filters loaded with outdoor air ASHRAE Transactions Part 1 101 228 238 Koch A K J Heilemann and W Bischof 2002 Storage stability of viable mould spores and endotoxin in house dust samples Monterey CA Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002 9 International Conference of Indoor Air Quality and Comfort Kozak Jr P P J Gallup L H Cummins and S A Gillman 1980 Currently available methods for home mold surveys II examples of problem homes surveyed Ann Allergy 45 167 176 Leventhall G P Pelmear and S Benton 2003 A review of published research on low frequency noise and its effects London Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs Levetin E R Shaughnessy C A Rogers and R Scheir 2001 Effectiveness of germicidal UV radiation for reducing fungal contamination within air handling units App Environ Microbiol 67 3712 3715 Lewis F A 1995 Regulating indoor microbes The OSHA proposed rule on IAQ International Conference on Fungi and Bacteria in Indoor Air Environments Saratoga Springs NY Eastern New York Occupational Health Program Lightheart B and L D Stetzenbach 1994 Distribution of microbial bioaerosols In Atmospheric microbial aerosols theory and applications ed B Lighthart
456. rt All but two of the buildings were within the target humidity range Inter zone variability in making adjustments to humidity was limited to one building which had a mean humidity below the target range Most buildings had an average draft rate that was lt 15 The outdoor indoor CO difference was within the ASHRAE range for all but two of the buildings but there was significant inter zone variability in perception responses for five of the buildings The CO concentrations did not consistently correlate with occupant responses to questions regarding acceptability of workplace air freshness or impact on work productivity Few occupants of the office buildings monitored had negative opinions as to the acceptability of odors in their workplace VOC data were problematic The VOC sensors selected and used for this study only permitted measurements of short duration at each location and only measurements of total VOCs were collected Total VOC measurements were below the limit of detection at all locations Low concentrations of airborne culturable and total fungi were present in the ten typical office buildings during the monitoring period No statistically significant differences were noted in airborne mold by sampling day indicating that a single sampling period for airborne fungi in non water damaged buildings is sufficient Similarly no statistically significant differences in airborne mold were noted by zones indicating that a limited number of s
457. ructions carefully before installation and use Connect units to only one platform at a time either PC or Palm Pilot Do not use the VIVO Battery as a communication unit either with cable or infrared Use only original cables Avoid all kinds of moisture Warning Connecting cables while power is ON may cause permanent damage to VIVO units Always disconnect power before a cable is connected or disconnected The VIVO units must be stored within the temperature range 20 C to 45 C If stored outside of this interval the lifespan of the units will be significantly reduced The VIVO Battery has a built in overload protection Always use original Dantec replacement parts This unit contains both a Lithium ion and a Ni MH rechargeable battery When exposed to temperatures above 60 C 140 F battery cells could explode or vent posing a risk of fire The batteries may also be damaged if the unit is exposed to excessive mechanical shocks If the batteries are damaged electrolyte may leak from the unit and cause personal injury Keep the unit away from children This unit must not be disposed of in fire or with the normal household waste Before disposal the rechargeable batteries must be removed from the unit and delivered to the nearest battery deposit site according to local regulations Contact the local waste disposal agency for the address of the nearest battery deposit site E2 1 Set up of VIVO Instruments Four units are used for measur
458. s M Operable window I Thermostat Portable heater M Permanent heater Room air conditioning unit M Portable fan I Ceiling fan M Adjustable air vent in wall or ceiling M Adjustable floor air vent diffuser M Door to interior space M Door to exterior space M None of the above Other How satisfied are you with the temperature in your workspace Very Satisfied ES rr O O Cm Re Very Dissatisfied Overall does your thermal comfort in your workspace enhance or interfere with your ability to get your job done Enhances a Pr moo OF BS interferes NCEMBT 080201 107 APPENDIX B BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA APPENDIX B BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA a Location s Age construction completion date Type function Number of employers in building Number of floors One major city in each of 5 selected geographic regions in US NW SW MW NE SE 21989 All office non manufacturing single building or campus government business administrative may be open to the public but not a public facility per se Preferably one but multiple divisions of same agency or employer is acceptable One or multiple IKIE NCEMBT 080201 Location in heavily polluted area noise particulate odors from adjacent facilities lt 1989 building may have been previously occupied by another owner tenant but if information is not available this should be an exclusion criterion
459. s N A Test Results This hypothesis included telephone conversations and was tested using sound measurements L_50 for SIL Many of the respondents postpone conversations until a later time to gain privacy The only correlations observed for sound measurements and responses to these questions concerning privacy were observed in Building 8 Statistically significant correlation was observed for postponing a conversation until later Pearson p 0 02 Postponing telephone conversations to obtain privacy was a common response Statistically significant correlation was observed for postponing a telephone call until later Pearson p 0 00 The questionnaire also asked if they closed a door to gain privacy Many occupants responded that they closed a door to obtain privacy NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Interpretation and Comments There is wide variability in the proportion of respondents and extent of sound privacy acceptability including speech privacy for person to person and telephone conversations Occupant perception questionnaire responses concerning privacy only consistently correlated with L_50 for SIL in one building which has the highest participation rate for the questionnaire 4 5 3 Sound Summary Results of the sound portion of the occupant questionnaire by building and field measured sound level data by building and by minor location ID number are in Appendix Q For the correlation an assumption was made that the data for both micro
460. s etc it annoy s distract s me and or adversely affect s my productivity because hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area When hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area am annoyed distracted When hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When I hear sound s from telephone speakerphone conversations that carry into my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as 434 NCEMBT 080201 All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud All of the time All of the time All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Sound is intermittent and or unpredictable Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time About 30 seconds About 30 seconds Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Sound continuously fluctuates increases and or decreases in loudness over time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time About 2 minutes About 2 minutes Rarely About 15 minutes About 15 minutes One to
461. s NO LIGHTING RESULTS Figure S3 Luminance from windows a Luminance at nearby buildings from widows and b Luminance at brightest sky from windows a 70 Buildings NO CCT of the lighting measured at work surface K 4300 4100 4 3900 3700 3500 t 3300 4 _ 3100 f 2900 J 2700 4 2500 e b Buildings NO Figure S4 Color properties a CRI of the lighting measured at work surface and b CCT of the lighting measured at work surface NCEMBT 080201 8 9 10 413 APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS 50 60 45 a J b 40 39 35 4 Q g 40 30 4 D E 2 254 30 4 8 90 S J gt 15 29 s 5 J 0 0 a Sy 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Brightness of the lighting on work surfaces Brightness of the lighting on computer screens Figure S5 The perception questionnaire results regarding two brightness questions a The lighting on the desk or surface of my work station where do most of my work is and b The lighting on my computer screen is The answers 1 to 5 represent very bright somewhat or slightly bright neither bright nor dim somewhat bright or slightly dim and very dim or dark 50 45 40 35 30 4 25 20 15 10 dh 0 1 2 3 4 5 Lighting distribution on work surfaces Percentage Figure S6 The perception questionnaire results regarding lighting distribution q
462. s at eye levels of left right and straight ahead respectively Information on contrast characteristics of space was collected at a 25 viewing angle normal 45 left 45 right to the desk respectively Other environmental data included outdoor sky conditions type of window glazing and window treatment height of space divider predominant furnishing treatment used predominant wall treatment used colors in workstation descriptions of supplemental task lamp and light control switches Lighting power density data were obtained indirectly by computing the ratio of the connected power load to the workstation floor area Other indirect environmental data were also recorded e g floor area the distance to nearest windows Descriptive characteristics of the occupants were collected including age gender professional levels whether they wore glasses how long working at the location and how many hours days they were in the building NCEMBT 080201 31 3 METHODS Other subjective measures not directly related to the visual environment were also collected e g ratings of convenience of commuting to work annoyance with surrounding noise comfort with heating ventilation and cooling systems frequency of health problems The measurement protocols used Appendix J were modified during the study for three reasonsL First some information collected did not prove useful e g the measurement of luminances at task for standardized white pa
463. s calculated from the relative humidity measured and the ambient air temperature Table E5 Description of Relative Humidity Measurements Measurement Information Parameter Symbol Unit Definition Applies to Equipment Measurement Comfort limits Relative humidity RH The relative humidity RH is the ratio between the partial pressure of water vapor P in humid air and the water vapor saturation pressure Pas at the same temperature and total pressure Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage Global comfort Types of sensors VIVO relative humidity sensor figure 2 Required characteristics for measurement instruments 0 100 RH Precautions to be taken during use Sensor should not be touched with the hands Place sensor where the building occupants normally conduct daily activity or a limited zone of occupancy in poorly defined rooms Measurement should occur at one point in the room Level Height abdomen level e 0 6 m sitting e 1 1 m standing Suggested observation period is 480 minutes 8 hours at a rate of 3 minutes Absolute Humidity should not exceed 0 012 kg water kg dry air ISO 7726 1998 ISO 7726 1998 ISO 7726 1998 ANSI ASHRAE 55 2004 and Addendum 55a 1995 The mean air speed for statistical data manipulations Table E6 is also obtained mainly from the VIVO sensor at a height of 0 6m The Draft Rate DR is determined by sorting the maximum DR among three elevati
464. s challenging Monitoring for microbial contaminants requires methods that will result in accurate precise and representative data Schmechel et al 2002 Guidance documents have been published ACGIH 1999 AIHA 1996 NYC 2000 USEPA 2001 outlining sampling and analysis procedures for investigation of indoor environments These documents and NCEMBT 080201 7 1 LITERATURE REVIEW researchers Buttner et al 1997a 2002b Jensen et al 1994 Griffiths et al 1997 Henningson and Ahlberg 1994 Nevalainen et al 1992 agree that no one method has been established as a standard for assessing indoor environments but that several methods are commonly used to estimate the concentration of airborne and surface associated biocontaminants Traditional estimations of fungal contamination rely on the analysis of airborne and surface associated organisms by culture on artificial growth media or microscopic assay Burge et al 1977 Buttner et al 1997a and 2002b Chatigny et al 1989 Flannigan 1997 Samson and Hoekstra 1994 Air sampling is used to determine the presence of airborne fungal spores and characterize exposure to building occupants Miller et al 2000 Culture methods for fungal monitoring require typical morphological characteristics of colonies on laboratory media and recognition of microscopic structures However fungi that are either overgrown by rapid colonizers require amendments to classical growth media or fail to produce ty
465. s for both culturable and non culturable fungal taxa in air samples were consistently within or very close to one 1 order of magnitude across the three days of sampling Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no difference by sampling day Interpretation and Comment The null hypothesis for both culturable and non culturable air samples is not confirmed as the results were consistent and did not vary over an order of magnitude between the days of sampling for the majority of the buildings Mold Hypothesis 6 Between non problem buildings both types of air samples are expected to show the same genera of fungi with lt 1 order of magnitude difference in concentration and absence of atypical fungi Null Hypothesis Culturable and non culturable air samples do not demonstrate the presence of similar fungal taxa Test Results The results for differences in concentration indicate that concentrations are within one order of magnitude for the two types of air samples As reported above airborne culturable Cladosporium and non culturable Cladosporidium spores were detected in 100 of the buildings Culturable Penicillium species were isolated from 100 of the buildings sampled but airborne Aspergillus Penicillium spores were only sporadically detected Airborne culturable atypical water indicating Chaetomium and Stachybotrys were never isolated and spores of these genera were never detected in the non culturable air samples However o
466. s from the telephone or speakerphone carrying into their work area KIIPE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses All of the time ost of the time Some of the time Occasionally Never Building ID Figure P19 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often sounds from the telephone or speakerphone carry into their work area X o i a ral o 2 D O a Not annoyed distracted Annoyed distracted Building ID Figure P20 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance or distraction by sounds from the telephone or speakerphone that carry into their work area NCEMBT 080201 IN APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Never 7 Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID 10 Figure P21 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often sounds from the telephone or speakerphone were annoying or distracting Responses Doesn t affect productivity Affects productivity Building ID Figure P22 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning sounds from the telephone or speakerphone that carry into their work area affecting their productivity KITEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses Never 7 Occasionally Some of the time Mos
467. s have the advantages of assessing the speech communication or masking properties of the noise identifying the quality or character of the background noise due to both its spectrum shape and level and assessing the possibility of perceptible vibration in buildings by using data in the 16 to 31 5 Hz frequency range ASHRAE 1995 NC values NC Noise Criteria Noise criteria curves were originally developed to specify just acceptable air conditioning noise but have been extended to more general purposes Experience has indicated that correlation is poor between the calculated NC levels and an individual s subjective response to the corresponding background sound Reynolds 2003 NCB values NCB Balanced Noise Criterion Balanced Noise Criteria is similar to NC but with adjustments made to the shape of the curves to better correspond to an individual s subjective response to the corresponding background sound Reynolds 2003 dBA values dBA A weighted sound level The A weighted sound criteria was designed to approximate the response of the human ear at low sound levels The characteristic of the criteria is to adjust the linear raw sound level values in relation to the ears sensitivity Liner levels at frequencies below 1000 Hz and above 5000 Hz are progressively adjusted down while frequencies between 1000 and 5000 Hz are adjusted slightly up with 2500 Hz the highest with a 1 3 dB addition Beis and Hansen 1997 A weighted is prob
468. s of day in the same location the same genera of fungi are expected to be measured in dust samples with up to a 1 order of magnitude difference in concentration Minimal variation in the concentrations and populations of fungi in settled dust in non problem buildings is expected as these organisms are present as background populations Ellringer et al 2000 Hodgson and Scott 1999 Mold Hypothesis 12 Regional differences between non problem buildings are reflected in the different surface dust composition of fungal genera Regional differences in fungal populations would be reflected in the populations of fungi in settled dust Mold Hypothesis 13 Indicator fungi i e indicators of water intrusion moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth are expected to be not present in air samples in non problem buildings Fungal genera associated with water intrusion water damage are not present in the air of non problem buildings Samson et al 2001 Mold Hypothesis 14 Indicator fungi i e indicators of water intrusion moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth are expected to be not present in surface dust samples in non problem buildings Fungal genera associated with water intrusion water damage are not present in the surface dust of non problem buildings Horner et al 2004 VA NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHE
469. s regarding these three lighting attributes The National Research Council Canada researchers also developed a computer based video photometer CapCalc luminance and image analysis system to capture luminance data in a visual scene The bundled software evaluates visibility according to relative visual performance However the CapCalc luminance and image analysis system is used to evaluate visibility of a video scene and does not provide an overview of office lighting environments In addition the instrument is difficult to obtain Therefore it was not used in this study NCEMBT 080201 15 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES 2 1 THERMAL COMFORT IEQ Part of this research project evaluated thermal comfort responses from the occupant participants in a questionnaire that was prepared with the cooperation of UNLV research staff and Verdi Technology Associates The purpose of this questionnaire was to compare the engineering data obtained in the field with the occupants perceptions of their work environment This type of approach is common in thermal comfort studies Schiller et al 1988 deDearet al 1994 deDear 1999 Donnini et al 1999 The parameters studied in the questionnaire included temperature humidity draft freshness and odors Kuskal Wallis and Chi Square analyses were used for the analyses of data in this study Other research has developed and used questionnaires
470. s who report any response to odors Interpretation and Comments Nearly all occupants of this set of non problem buildings do not report frequent odors Of those who do report odors food odors are consistently the most frequent type of odor No consistent temporal pattern of odor observation is reported Few occupants experience adverse effects or respond to odors Work productivity is affected in only a small minority average 5 of occupants when buildings with low perception NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS questionnaire response rates are eliminated this rate is even lower Response to odors does not vary from zone to zone within all of the buildings The null hypothesis is not supported IEQ Hypothesis 14 80 of occupants will have job satisfaction when the indoor environmental quality is acceptable Null Hypothesis lt 80 of occupants will have job satisfaction when the indoor environmental quality is acceptable Test Results Kruskal Wallis Chi Sqare shows that there is significant inter zone variability in response to the questionnaire asking about having a rewarding job in Buildings 1 6 7 and 9 Interpretation and Comments This analysis was omitted because the perception questionnaire response rates are so low 4 3 2 IEQ Summary The hypotheses were tested and useful results were obtained The IEQ data analysis completed found some correlation between the IEQ data i e temperature humidity draft vertical te
471. sadzvaizve 125 Figure E9 Hollow shaft of the VIVO Draught scissecasdsarssesciasexasdamexncxmnanie ima teieier nae iaieiexerenme manner mermeamerEeRe 125 Figure E10 Clamping unit for VIVO Stand csissassceceidet seis aes sehdehsmidseescase ash smiesdssceeeedl eid senda id amiaameearemRie ieee 126 Figure E11 Mounting holes TOF clamping WIT ssssicsiacsancsaieraiisanisansansaiidann ania aiannai aia anananandananie 126 Figure E12 Locations of mounting DONS crisser diia 126 Figuro E13 Screen SHOE OT the POR osicssisisiasosmvexascinsdxnrcumexzsinve xxsounexeioinne sxtonmvenaioiane Eaa EEEa 127 viii NCEMBT 080201 Figure E14 VIVO assembly with connection to PDA c csssccssssssssesecssessesseesessessessessassaessessessasssessetsnssessetsetsess LOD Figure E15 Screen shot of PDA Inbox Figure E16 A representation of the geome Figure E17 Screen shot of the VIVO Explorer Figure E18 Screen Shot of VIVO Controller Figure E19 Screen Vie Figure Figure E21 Batter Figure F1 Bacharach Comfort Check Sensor Figure F2 HOBO CO2 Sensor Figure F3 IAQRAE Sensor Figure 11 Sva Figure 12 Typical Microphone Locations ost Runa ENE cep AETA A Figure 13 Alternate Microphone Locatic Figure 14 User Interface for Conversion of Svantek Files to Database Entry Files sessssesestesteeteeteeteteeees 156 Figure I5 Representation of a Spreadsheet Data File Created for Svantek Database INput cs
472. sare is entirety voluntary If do not wish to comp ete it OF any past of i you avo under no Obligation to de so Date f f of Time amp Gender Male Female Question 1 TEMPERATURE Dressed as you are at the moment please tick the scale to indicate how YOU currently feal Cont Cot yond Netra Wem Ween Het ttt Would you like to be circle appropriate answer Warmer No change Cooler Question 2 WIND Would you like circle appropriate answer More air movement No change Less air movement Question 3 SUN Would you like circle appropriate answer More sun No change more shade Shorts OR short skirt Jeans OR other long pants OR long skirt Jumper AND OR Jacket Vest OR singfet top Short sieeved shirt Long sleeved shirt Shoes AND OR socks Sandals OR thongs Are your clothes mainly LIGHT or DARK in colour circle appropriate answer Question 5 ACTIVITY For the last half hour have you been mainly circle appropriate answer Sleeping Sitting Standing Waiking NCEMBT 080201 105 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED A3 NAKANO ETAL 2002 QUESTIONNAIRE Q12 Please complete each of the following statements by checking the box that best expresses your personal feelings or preferences 1 On average I perceive my work area to be check one J comfortable O slightly uncomfortable C uncomfortable LJ very uncomfortable 2 On average I perceive the TEMPERATURE of my work area to be disregardin
473. ses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long the hearing of sounds from the equipment in the building is distracting Responses ee OH Snt unpredictabl Ma E a n able e t n erstan Building ID Figure P60 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked the cause of the distraction from hearing of sounds from office equipment in the building NCEMBT 080201 Y APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS S i Don t hear sounds Hear sounds Building ID Figure P61 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning hearing sound of mechanical equipment in the building Responses Building ID Figure P62 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they could hear sounds of mechanical equipment in the building KYL NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS 100 90 80 70 60 T 1 2 Responses A x Not annove di tracted 3 4 5 6 Annoye racte Building ID Figure P63 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning annoyance distraction due to hearing of mechanical sounds in the building Responses Never 7 Occasionally Some of the time Most of the time All of the time Building ID Figure P64 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often they were annoyed distracted due to hea
474. seseeees 156 Figure 16 Syantek Front Panel astrietaisonmnadcaniouanaieiiaiaaeeniaaiaanaiaeimantaiiaaianetia VOU Pigawe 17 eae Main WS cassie em cre a O Figure 11 llluminance Meter T 10 icssscsineascsainaseeaimaanaiaaeamamnmamaimanaimaamamnaimamamaameameaamamame aT Figure 12 Luminance Meter LS 100 scscicscacscsccetcmecreeeieiaananiadesenodmememeneionemanede E Figure J3 Wii Macbeth Light sorte I T A EE ier aes athe E T E R Dene Figure M3 Summary of occupants responses on the perception work area when they are most comfortable i NCEMBT 080201 ix Figure M9 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often a usea personal space heater when the temperature in their work area is too cool A E A E the temperature i in t Figure M11 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when the en in their work area is too cool aiDan Figure M13 Summary of occupants responses on the perception CT asked how often they mention to their co workers when the temperature in their work area is too cool newe DOE pr soa whee the erin rei ai re mar of shaping on Pere MERER when asked where ia feel it most Figure M19 Summary of occu personal fan when the temper Figure M22 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management
475. significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question Table Q39 Results for too loud and L_99 minus L_50 for dBA Ptype Con value Pearson 0 16589 0 694610 Spearman 0 12991 0 759138 2 Pearson 0 392977 0 383159 2 Spearman 0 487582 0 267032 3 Pearson 0 03834 0 896478 3 Spearman 0 11007 0 707967 4 Pearson 0 000425 0 998708 4 Spearman 0 1 5 Pearson 0 274622 0 228300 5 Spearman 0 314922 0 164388 6 Pearson 0 175178 0 244242 6 Spearman 0 212295 0 156649 7 Pearson 0 0387 0 703720 7 Spearman 0 02009 0 843498 8 Pearson 0 143053 0 372252 8 Spearman 0 034335 0 831239 9 Pearson 0 02796 0 833491 9 Spearman 0 1 10 Pearson 0 09472 0 418889 10 Spearman 0 08672 0 459436 NCEMBT 080201 11 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q40 Results for intermittent unpredictable and L_95 minus L_50 for dBA Pye Con pvaue 1 Pearson n a n a 1 Spearman n a n a 2 Pearson n a n a 2 Spearman n a n a 3 Pearson 0 07218 0 806283 3 Spearman 0 207255 0 477113 4 Pearson 0 022541 0 931571 4 Spearman 0 104592 0 689528 5 Pearson 0 167554 0 467858 5 Spearman 0 150812 0 514054 6 Pearson 0 013898 0 926959 6 Spearman 0 04061 0 788736 7 Pearson 0 04331 0 670348 7 Spearman 0 013872 0 891601 8 Pearson 0 01043 0 948375 8 Spearman 0 016361 0 919133 9 Pearson 0 003222 0 980679 9 Spearman 0 0168 0 899501 10 Pearson 0 0388 0 741042 10 Spearman 0 0
476. sis 3 4 SOUND A sound measurement protocol was developed The protocol was designed to be usable by technicians with a minimum of special training and standard quality instruments An analysis method was developed for this study by Verdi Technology Associates to evaluate hypotheses and to determine results of field measurements The protocol for field measurements includes selection of the testing equipment and procedures to transport set up and disassemble the equipment and capture and retrieve data Appendix I 3 5 LIGHTING Five groups of data were collected in this study including 1 subjective measures of lighting 2 photometric and other direct environment measures 3 lighting power density and other indirect measures 4 descriptive characteristics of the occupants and 5 other subjective measures not directly related to lighting but which may influence it These five groups of data are summarized as follows The subjective measures were collected through four categories of questions related to the impressions of satisfaction performance attractiveness and appropriateness of the lighting design In the category of impressions of satisfaction occupants were asked about ratings of overall satisfaction with the lighting at the work space how well the building is lit overall satisfaction with the lighting for different tasks preference for improved light compared to other possible changes preference for more daylight compared to o
477. son 0 054143 0 594543 7 Spearman 0 061433 0 545803 8 Pearson 0 128014 0 425084 8 Spearman 0 021257 0 895049 9 Pearson 0 246875 9 Spearman 0 184888 0 160950 10 Pearson 0 022717 0 846604 10 Spearman 0 1 NCEMBT 080201 EEX APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q28 Results for understandable and L_90 minus L_50 Cor 1 Pearson 0 159698 0 705618 1 Spearman 0 255146 0 541958 2 Pearson 0 12982 0 781459 2 Spearman 0 104911 0 822876 3 Pearson n a n a 3 Spearman n a n a 4 Pearson 0 438376 0 078382 4 Spearman 0 366072 0 148425 5 Pearson 0 20167 0 380692 5 Spearman 0 28347 0 213047 6 Pearson n a n a 6 Spearman n a n a 7 Pearson 0 04382 0 666739 7 Spearman 0 1 8 Pearson 0 020789 0 897347 8 Spearman 0 103575 0 519297 9 Pearson 0 13517 0 307393 9 Spearman 0 048476 0 715412 10 Pearson 0 182197 0 117702 10 Spearman 0 173174 0 137334 iol NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q14 STATISTICAL RESULTS IN COMPARISON OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS WITH ANSWERS TO THE OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE QUESTION I HEAR SOUNDS FROM TELEPHONE SPEAKER PHONE CONVERSATIONS THAT CARRY INTO My WORK AREA SndTelHear with follow on questions concerning the sound affecting productivity SndTelProdA ffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndTelAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndTelDistrWithin and for how long SndTelDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Type statistical analysis per
478. sonry material Yes Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes Tinting Unknown Unknown Pneumatic No NCEMBT 080201 EYW APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA EMCS set back type EMCS ctl on off equip on 24 7 schedule EMCS used for electrical demand limiting Has programmable ES thermostats Type of thermostats Thermostats are tamperproof Typical Type of work spaces Majority size of offices Typical Individual cube office space person Typical workspace shape Type of walls Typical floor material Typical Ceiling heights Types of ceiling surfaces Cement structural Types of ceiling surfaces Acoustic tile hung Types of ceiling surfaces Drywall sheetrock Types of ceiling surfaces Hard surface cathedral Fixed outdoor sound sources Air handlers Fixed outdoor sound sources Motor engines Fixed outdoor sound sources Wind Fixed outdoor sound sources Construction Fixed outdoor sound sources Other Transportation sound sources Highways Transportation sound sources Railways Transportation sound sources Airplanes Transportation sound sources Other 418 NCEMBT 080201 Unknown Yes No Yes Unknown No Other Unknown gt 100 ft2 Rectangular Permanent Carpet Perm Less than 10 ft No Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Turn off Yes No Yes Unknown No Other Unknown gt 100 ft2 Rectangular Unknown Carpet
479. sound level NCMax stores the maximum sound level found Float NCFreq stores the frequency where this sound level was found Integer Q5 NCB BALANCED NOISE CRITERIA NCB is one method to determine if rumble and hiss exist in a sound sample SIL stores the Sound Interface Level used to select the NCB reference level for rumble Float NCBRumble stores a 1 if rumble is detected otherwise a 0 Integer NCBRefHiss stores the NCB reference level for hiss Integer NCBHiss stores a 1 if hiss is detected otherwise 0 Integer KUTSE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Q6 RC ROOM CRITERIA RC stores the RC table level that is used for analyzing hiss and rumble Float RCRumble stores a 1 if rumble is detected otherwise a 0 Integer RCHiss stores a 1 if hiss is detected otherwise a 0 Integer Q7 RC MARKII RCII ALTERNATE ROOM CRITERIA RCI is another derivative that analyzes rumble hiss and an intermediate quality descriptor named roar RCII stores the RC table level that is used for analyzing hiss rumble and roar Integer DeltaLF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured low freq values Float DeltaMF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured med freq values Float DeltaHF stores a cumulative difference between the table and the measured high freq values Float RCIIQual stores the indicator for the highest Delta 0 none 1 LF 2 MF 3 HF whenever DeltaMax is g
480. sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the n or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 4 hia L_5_dBA Pearson L_5_dBA Spearman 0 067598 0 796577 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 18531 0 476429 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 043972 0 866921 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 210132 0 418226 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 243486 0 346332 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 247365 0 338458 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 049222 0 851188 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 079523 0 761593 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 04397 0 866921 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 204531 0 431019 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 040034 0 878752 Table Q8 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question over the last four weeks i would rate the sound or noise in my work area as acceptable for building 5 TS CS or L_5_dBA Pearson 0 14587 0 528104 L_5_dBA Spearman 0 00837 0 971274 L_5_dBC Pearson 0 016599 0 943068 L_5_dBC Spearman 0 00328 0 988757 L_50_dBA Pearson 0 10733 0 643321 L_50_dBA Spearman 0 038214 0 869374 L_50_dBC Pearson 0 023185 0 920538 L_50_dBC Spearman 0 01492 0 948815 L_95_dBA Pearson 0 1 L_95_dBA Spearman 0 059322 0 798394 L_95_dBC Pearson 0 023769 0 918543 L_95_dBC Spearman 0 02366 0 91893 KEIIB NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q9 Statistical results in comparison of sound measurements with answers to the occupant perception questionnaire for the question
481. sound s or noise created by person to person conversations that annoys distracts me and or affects my work productivity ask the person s who is are making the sound noise to be quiet or move hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area When I hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area am annoyed distracted When I hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area my productivity is adversely affected When I hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area it typically distracts me or adversely affects my productivity within When I hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area it typically distracts me or affects my productivity for as long as When I hear sound s from piped in music or masking sound in or near my work area it annoys distracts me and or adversely affects my productivity because hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area When I hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area am annoyed distracted When I hear sound s from paging or announcement system in or near my work area my productivity is 436 NCEMBT 080201 All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time A few seconds A few seconds Sound is too loud All of the time
482. sponses to knowing the temperature shows that an average of 82 of respondents cannot determine the specific temperature in their work area by reading a thermostat The response questions to the temperature being too cool or too warm demonstrate that only a small percentage of occupants adjust the thermostat 2 and 14 respectively in response to unacceptable temperature conditions Very few respondents use a space heater or fan in response to uncomfortable temperature conditions The only personal response observed among a significant percentage mean 51 is to put on clothing in response to temperature being too cool The proportion test corroborates that fewer than 10 of respondents make adjustments for thermal comfort Interpretation and Comments In most buildings where occupants can adjust the temperature themselves via thermostat lt 10 do so in response to temperature too cool whereas the proportion approached 10 in response to too warm However there are inconsistencies in the responses to these questions in the three buildings where occupants report they cannot control the temperature themselves There are insufficient data to support or refute the null hypothesis IEQ Hypothesis 4 If the occupants work areas are thermally unacceptable the occupants in that area will work less efficiently i e less productively Null Hypothesis If the occupants work areas are thermally unacceptable the occupants in that area will
483. sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 NCEMBT 080201 271 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS o 8 a 4 6 i 5 gt i L 4 O 3 E oala oD ajal sa o S oD SB SIS 2155 5 2535 55 El els 5 l ls 3 E5 Z Ss a Ea gaS lE vlogi glz s S g z z alo g glz Sl Zic ITa Sl al Zle Sa EET olt olo olojo oti olo os S E Ds Ssl E osig E 5100 51015 5190 0 lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N65 Building 8 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 CFU g Log10 oh oOo N Elo S 5 Elwo S 5 Elal S 5 Dd ES 53 8 El S 53 8EB E515 El PIS pm s s 5zlElIS5S olg 5zlElS olg zlElS olgil E a S5 8 aal a3 5 823 oZ al olal l Zils S olal el lz v olal Qelilz S ol Sl Qlaz lt Qi e 5 alal Els li EIS Oo c Oo 2 9 c oOo 2 oO c oO 2 fog JEE JEEE lt x lt lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N66 Building 9 Concentrations of
484. sucedeunareacdgesannaacia 192 K5 2 Illuminance Measurements s ssssssssesssnususnununuunununnununnununnnnununnununnnnunnnnununnununnununnununnnnnnnunnanunanunnnnannnna 192 K5 3 Luminance Measurements ccccescsccscsceesseeeseesseeeseseeeeeseneseesaeseeseeeeaeseeseesanesensaeseesnessaesneseesseesoneaneas 193 vi NCEMBT 080201 K5 4 Color Measure ments ss issacessczch ccc veessctetzesievanszesedstivvscdsaaesaztateesanressazsteenicusisveasgebazsieieisvaasesbinnssiiaiienaseriays 193 K5 4 1 Color of the lighting at work surface cescessesseessenseeeseensaensaensaensaensaensaensaensaeeseaensaensaessaneeneaeneaaets 193 K5 4 2 Color of the lighting at other places csccsscsscesseesseesseeseeeseeeseeeseesseeeseeesaeeseessaessaessaessaetsesseensaees 193 APPENDIX L ENERGY USAGE cssccssssssessseeseseeseseeeeseseesssecaesesansesecassecansesanaecaeesagsecasaenesaesesassensnessenesaseetanenens 194 Appendix M TEQ RESUS sass sisissscass sive esac asi adae east eenaa aaa Ar EEA ER EEA EAE ARE ATAA 195 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS esceceeseseeseeeeeeeneeaseeneeeeeesetateeneeeees 240 APPENDIX 0 STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD ccecessseesesseeeseseeseseeaeseeeeseeeaeecaesassenessesesassesanetesenenetanseeees 279 02 Variance Component Analysis Of Airborne FUNQi cscccscccssecssecseecseeeseeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneeeneseneesneseneennaseas 280 03 Statistical Results In C
485. surement Measurement may be initiated from any of the Measurement Option Screens by pressing the Softkey MEAS in the Screen s Primary function line When a measurement is initiated the LightSpex Ik Y NCEMBT 080201 Appendix J LIGHTING PROTOCOLS automatically samples the light level present and adjust its sensitivity automatically to compensate This process is known as Auto ranging re 10 11 12 If no adjustment is required the LightSpex will continue to sample the light under test When complete the results of this measurement are then displayed You can toggle through the various Measurement Screens to view the SPD or reduced data calculated from it Periodically the unit needs to sample the signal generated by the detector with no light present This is called the Dark Rage or simply the Dark When LightSpex requests a dark a screen will prompt PLACE DARK CALIBRATION CAP IN POSITION AND PRESS MENU KEY TO CALIBRATE Whenever the LightSpex displays this firmly place the Dust Cap on the Cosine Receptor assembly Press the MENU key When complete the LightSpex will add additional text to the bottom of the Display Screen CALIBRATION COMPLETED REMOVE CAP Press any Softkey to continue Save a measurement Measurement may be saved from any of the Measurement Option Screens by completing the following Press the Softkey SAVE in the Screen s Primary Function Line Enter
486. symptoms Sound levels above 50 dBA dramatically affect the performance of office workers As the noise level increases thermal comfort decreases Work performance of office workers is higher in closed offices than in open spaces due to noise distractions Low frequency sound negatively affects work performance dBLIN dBA dBC alone are poor indicators for annoyance It is anticipated that in the occupant perception questionnaire some responses by dissatisfied occupants will show wider variations than that cited in available standards For example previous field studies suggest ranges for thermal comfort provided by ASHRAE Standard 55 have not captured the expected percentages of satisfied dissatisfied people in those studies Schiller 1990 12 NCEMBT 080201 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 4 LIGHTING Lighting is responsible for about 20 to 25 of all electricity used in buildings and about 5 of total energy consumption in the United States In addition the heat dissipation from lighting fixtures accounts for 15 to 20 of the cooling load of HVAC systems It is estimated that lighting and its associated cooling load constitute 30 to 40 of a nonresidential building s energy use Obviously lighting should be considered in studies regarding building energy conservation and building energy performance In the 1990s the U S Environmental Protection Agency 1998 completed two studies ORIA s Building Assessment Survey and Ev
487. t frequent odors Among those who did food odors were consistently the most frequent type of odor 5 3 AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD The most prevalent airborne fungal spore worldwide Cladosporium was isolated from 100 of the buildings sampled Airborne Stachybotrys spores were never found indoors However surface associated Stachybotrys was isolated in 8 of the settled dust vacuum samples The airborne fungal spores in the 10 typical office buildings did not vary over the three days nor did they vary by the six indoor locations sampled demonstrating that for non water damaged buildings the airborne fungal spore populations can be characterized with a single day of sampling in a limited number of locations Similarly surface vacuum samples were consistent over the three days of sampling by location and the majority of the buildings demonstrated similar concentrations of spores However in four of the 10 buildings there were wide ranging concentrations indicating variability in the presence of settled spores in the sampled locations A larger data set of vacuum samples is needed to address variability by day and by location 5 4 SOUND The literature review indicated that the physical sound environment does affect occupant s perception of the indoor environment but that other factors not directly related to or affecting sound may influence that perception The search for correlation of perception and actual environment involves anal
488. t Pearson 0 21964 0 270994 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 06634 0 742335 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 19375 0 506881 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 07603 0 796156 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 050203 0 864667 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 02115 0 942790 Table Q105 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 7 Pye Con pvalue O SndAirHear Pearson 0 060341 0 552980 SndAirHear Spearman 0 126698 0 211424 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 01155 0 919527 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 010965 0 923593 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 05457 0 635135 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 12944 0 258702 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 244803 0 162902 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 290637 0 095411 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 306384 0 078010 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 361194 0 085837 Table Q106 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 8 P Variable type Con pvalue O SndAirHear Pearson 0 095069 0 554349 SndAirHear Spearman 0 146682 0 360117 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 36332 0 272087 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 42204 0 196022 SndAirProdAffect Pearson n a n a SndAirProdAffect Spearman n a n a SndAirDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndAirDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndAirDistrFor Pearson 1 0 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 1 0 Silo NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q107 Statistical
489. t al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations in the sound intensity of more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Leventhall and others 2003 made note of this for low frequency noise The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when one or more one third octave band sound levels are more than 5 dB over overall sound levels exist Strong tonal content has been noted for its irritation and common guidelines specify lower maximum acceptable noise levels when tonal content is significant Beis and Hansen 1997 Beranek 1993 26 NCEMBT 080201 2 THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT amp HYPOTHESES Sound Hypothesis 23 Annoying or distracting sound from mechanical equipment within a building can come from various room boundaries Sound from the mechanical equipment e g fans air conditioning compressors pumps and ceiling wall or floor air supply diffusers is the major source of noise in most
490. t of the time Somewhat or slightly fresh Most of the time Most work days Most work days Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Neither too fresh nor too stuffy Some of the time Some work days Some work days Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Some of the time Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Somewhat or slightly stuffy Rarely Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally Never Never Never Never Very stuffy Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never NCEMBT 080201 YA On average over the past 4 weeks the air in my work area as acceptable in terms of unpleasant odors The odor that is most noticeable to me in my work area smells like I smell this most noticeable odor in my work area This most noticeable odor in my work area is present This most noticeable odor tends to occur during When I smell this most noticeable odor during my work day I spray the air in my work area with an air freshener or similar odor masking product When smell this most noticeable odor during my work day use a personal fan When I smell this most noticeable odor during my work day
491. t of the time All of the time Building ID 10 Figure P23 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how often sounds from the telephone or speakerphone that carried into their work area affected their productivity Responses Building ID 9 40 Figure P24 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning how quickly brief or long period they are distracted when sounds from the telephone or speakerphone are carried into their work area NCEMBT 080201 101 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses A few seconds Y Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID 10 Figure P25 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how quickly they are distracted when sounds from the telephone or speakerphone are carried into their work area Responses Building ID 9 10 Figure P26 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire concerning the length brief or long period sounds from the telephone or speakerphone were annoying or distracting KIES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX P SOUND RESULTS Responses A few seconds 7 Up to 30 sec Up to 2 min Up to 15 min Up to 30 min Building ID 10 Figure P27 Specific responses on the occupant perception questionnaire when asked how long sounds from the telephone or speakerphone remaine
492. t responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting NCEMBT 080201 35 4 RESULTS Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never E Occasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 3 Building 2 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WE Never E Occasionally D Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 4 Building 3 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ temperature relative humidity draft volatile organic compounds VOCs sound and lighting Siem NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Temperature Humidity Draft VOCs Sound Lighting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E Never E Occasionally O Some of the time W Most of the time W All of the time Figure 5 Building 4 Summary of occupant responses to the perception questionnaire for acceptability of IEQ te
493. t the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified NCEMBT 080201 245 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 1 0 ee e zilicli icla z5iclal coa D APHBAHHHHHHBHHHBHE g 2 3 2 2 2 8 O O 2 8 35 38 cjc c e c S 2 o c Cl gt S gt ela 5355 0 5 5210 5 a lt g Salg O op O 0 112 3 4 5 6 7 Loctation Figure N13 Building 7 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 Econ Hil li 0 sSiSS2S5 52523552595 5es5 352 SSS SSeS sl OSes Sssee lessees z pago SE gO gO agos sCisis P30 Sco Ela acio ja Sla la Ela caa Dion olo a olo fe D nO 0 oO ol ooa lt ER eeg g eg g eg Seg Ss Ol O OI O OI 0 O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Figure N14 Building 8 Concen
494. t2 East Window area ft2 West Construction Type Flat roof Light colored roof coating Total roof area Roof R value vs bldg code Roof R value E type insulated glass Window solar penetration reduction Perimeter walls R value vs bldg code Perimeter walls R value HVAC uses advanced EMCS Control system type EMCS set back type EMCS control on off equip on 24 7 schedule APPENDIX T BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA Table T2 Characteristics of Buildings 6 10 aaa ay e oe 6a 4b 4a 6b 6a 240 4 Yes 2004 Unknown No No No No No No No No Yes 1122 1090 398 1500 Heavy masonry material Yes Yes 20398 Exceeded 42 Yes Tinting Exceeded 32 Yes Unknown Setback Yes 400 5 Yes 1997 Unknown No No Yes No No No Yes No No 3463 3463 6080 7601 Heavy masonry material Yes No 30800 Met 20 Yes Shading Met 10 Yes DDC Setback Yes 75 2 Yes 2003 Unknown No No No No No Yes No Yes No 2518 2342 1420 1694 Heavy masonry material Yes Yes 25620 Exceeded 30 Yes Tinting Exceeded 19 Yes DDC Turn off Yes 170 150 2 3 Yes Yes 2004 2002 Unknown Unknown No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Unknown 4243 Unknown 2724 Unknown 1260 Unknown 1204 Framed walls Insulated with exterior masonry type sheathing panels Yes Yes Yes No 124180 17334 Exceeded Met 30 25 Yes Yes Tintin
495. table area When feel a draft in my work area during my work day my productivity is adversely affected Stagnant Stuffy On average over the past 4 weeks the air in my work area as acceptable in terms of being stuffy or stagnant In general I m most comfortable when the air in my work area is Throughout the course of an entire work day the air in my work area fluctuates between being fresh and being stuffy The air in my work area is too stuffy during my work day for at least some part of the work day When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day adjust the thermostat When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day use a personal fan When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day open close a door When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day report it to management or facilities personnel When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day temporarily leave my work area to go to a more comfortable area When feel the air in my work area is stuffy during my work day my productivity is adversely affected Odor All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Very fresh All of the time Every work day Every work day All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time All of the time Most of the time Most of the time Most of the time Mos
496. tely repaired are acceptable significant insect pest particulate or gas contaminants systematic or recurrent occupant health complaints that have required formal IEQ investigation or workers comp claims recurrent or systematic complaints of odors or climate problems major ventilation repairs due to malfunction scheduled maintenance is acceptable Smoking permitted anywhere in building preferably since building has been open but at least 75 of its operating age At least one designated person is available onsite to coordinate logistics Designee must have access to computer and internet Space is available on site to conduct questionnaires Must commit to recruiting 75 of all or randomly selected occupants to participate in questionnaires Unions encouraged NCEMBT 080201 These exclusion criteria maximize the likelihood of obtaining truly non problem buildings No significant OSHA violations or litigation related to any of the exclusion criteria This ensures that smoking is eliminated entirely as a confounding variable for building and occupant perception Virtually all buildings in US today prohibit smoking APPENDIX C BUILDING SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX C BUILDING SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE Contact Location s Age construction completion date Type function Number of employers in building Number of floors Number of occupants Time in building Information Ventilation
497. ter than the sample of one location with two microphones used to represent a zone Thus a building to building correlation analysis may yield useful results The correlation data for sound should be disregarded due to error introduced by the small sample size of only one independent sound measurement per zone A building to building correlation analysis should be conducted to determine if sampling in a building can be used to accurately predict occupant perceptions about the sound environment and its effect on worker productivity Any follow on studies need to decide how closely the study should tie a measured sound level to a questionnaire respondent One choice is to colocate the microphones with the respondent so that the sound level measured has a high probability of being representative of the respondents immediate environment The other is to sample in sufficient numbers the sound environment in the area used in the comparison and sample a sufficient number of occupants so that in the aggregate the sound levels and their variation accurately represent the sound level environment in the area and the respondents answers accurately represent occupant perceptions 5 5 LIGHTING Significant differences in lighting measurements were observed for different buildings However the lighting measurements were not significantly different for different days for most of buildings with only one exception The overall illuminance at work surfaces of ten b
498. the current standard required by the local building energy code is Not Met Met Exceeded Don t Know 15 The specific R value for the perimeter walls is 16 The building s HVAC system is controlled by an Energy Management Control System EMCS other than energy saving thermostats Yes No 1 2 17 If yes it is If Set Back the schedule is Set Back Turn Off 1 2 IRCE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE 18 The building has an EMCS and the system is programmed to turn off non essential equipment on a 24 7 type operating schedule Yes No 1 2 19 The EMCS is used for electrical demand limiting 21 If there are controllable thermostats in offices the thermostats are enclosed in tamper proof covered boxes 22 The type of office is Cubicles Enclosed Mixed Other 1 2 3 4 23 The majority size of offices is Less than 50 sq ft 50 100 sq ft More than 100 sq ft 1 2 3 24 The typical shape an office is Square Rectangular 1 2 25 Types of surfaces used in the offices are check all that apply Carpet on Carpet on permanent floor raised floor Matted Vinyl linoleum 1 2 3 4 NCEMBT 080201 115 APPENDIX D BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE 26 The heights of the ceiling in the offices are less than 10 feet 10 feet or greater 1 2 27 The types of ceiling surfaces in the offices are check all that apply cement structural acoustical tile drywall sh
499. the perception questionnaire when asked how often they mention to co workers when they feel a draft in their work area Responses Figure M62 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when they feel a draft in their work area NCEMBT 080201 PAs Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Figure M63 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when they feel a draft in their work area Responses A llof tin Ost fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Building ID Figure M64 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the freshness of air in their work area is acceptable YAM NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Building ID Figure M65 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the air fluctuates between fresh and stuffy throughout the course of an entire work day Responses Building ID Figure M66 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the freshness of air in their work area when they are the most comfortable NCEMBT 080201 EPZA Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a je E e4 asiona T Building ID Fi
500. the relationship between the lighting power load and subjective measure of lighting quality Post Occupancy Evaluation POE data were collected on LPD photometric levels and user attitudes for 912 workstations in 13 office buildings Physical data were collected including illuminance luminance and other environmental measures Questionnaire data were collected on the response to the lighting and general environment from 950 respondents Questions were asked about the overall lighting satisfaction amount of light for work lighting for reading glare and whether lighting hindered them in performing their jobs The conclusions from the survey by Collins et al 1989 1990 indicated that the majority of occupants 69 were NCEMBT 080201 13 1 LITERATURE REVIEW satisfied with their lighting The mean illuminances at the primary task location were within the IESNA design suggestions The median LPD was approx 2 36 W ft compared to the ASHARE IESNA 90 1 2001 Addendum which requires 1 0 W ft for office buildings The pattern of illuminances in the space rather than the illuminance on the task was a major determinant of lighting quality and satisfaction Collins et al 1990 in a second level POE analysis found that occupants satisfaction is related to the presence of daylight but not directly related to the illuminance on the work surface They also concluded that the pattern of luminances in the space is a more determinant factor to the l
501. ther atypical fungi were isolated although airborne culturable Trichoderma was isolated only in Building 7 and Aspergillus flavus was isolated only from Building 4 and 6 Interpretation and Comment The null hypothesis is not supported NCEMBT 080201 53 4 RESULTS Mold Hypothesis 7 Among non problem buildings a mixed population of culturable fungi in the surface dust is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region Null Hypothesis In surface dust samples a predominant culturable fungal taxon is found and it is not Cladosporium Test Results Cladosporium was isolated from vacuum dust samples in all ten of the buildings and was present in 171 of the 180 samples 95 Cladosporium predominance in surface dust samples varied widely among the ten buildings but this taxon was often predominant Logistic regression for zone effect on Cladosporium predominance in dust was significant in two buildings Building 2 and 10 and significant for any predominant taxon in only one building Building 2 Variance component analysis showed that the building accounted for 21 of the variability in Cladosporium predominance but zone explained very little 7 However zone did explain 25 of variability for any taxon predominance In contrast sampling date explained very little 8 Interpretation and Comment Cladosporium predominated in surface dust samples in the
502. ther possible changes and location of ceiling lights in relation to work area In the second category of questions regarding occupants impression of performance questions included ratings of the amount of light for tasks annoyance with reflected glare with glare from ceiling lights task lights sunlight and light above or behind a CRT screen flickering off CRT screens The third category of questions related to impressions of attractiveness including ratings of the overall lighting attractiveness lighting quality building attractiveness and visual environment The last category of questions concerned the impressions of appropriateness of the lighting design which included the ratings of the appropriateness of light for primary task secondary task portions of light source relative to task opportunity for visual relief ambient light sources for overall work space and supplementary task light sources The optometric and other direct environmental measures related to lighting included illuminances luminances contrast characteristics outdoor sky conditions and other environmental conditions Illuminances were measured at primary and secondary task surfaces without and with body shadows respectively Luminances were measured at task for standardized white paper surface immediately surrounding task ceiling between luminaires brightest light source in field of view brightest ceiling area in field of view darkest area in field of view wall
503. throughout the mornings Responses ve w Piata nant te er T or stagnant Eo Building ID Figure M56 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the movement of air in their work area throughout the afternoons PPY NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a je E e4 asiona HP Eve wor day Ost work da ome work days c y Never Building ID Figure M57 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they feel a draft in the air in their work area Responses Figure M58 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they block or unblock air supply registers when they feel a draft in their work area NCEMBT 080201 EPYX Appendix M IEQ Results E TR EENMAA keo ANA n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M59 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they open close a door when they feel a draft in their work area A a Responses Hil i Figure M60 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often they report to management or facilities personnel when they feel a draft in their work area YYL NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt O E e4 Figure M61 Summary of occupants responses on
504. tion 9 Select OK when warning about connecting the instrument to serial port 10 The computer screen should say Contacting instrument 11 You will then get a screen that is titled Config 1 12 On the top menu behind the Config 1 page select EDIT 13 Then select CONFIGURATION 14 Under the General tab do the following 15 Change the Site ID 16 Ensure the Datalog Interval is 30 seconds 17 Clock from PC Select YES 18 Under Datalog Mode select SCHEDULED START STOP 19 Set the Start Stop time for 10 minutes 09 02 09 13 use the 24 hour military time It will stop sampling at the beginning of the 10 minute so you have to set it for 11 minutes 20 Select OK VES NCEMBT 080201 21 22 23 24 ven 26 27 28 2 30 31 ous 33 TIPS APPENDIX G VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS The Config page should show the changes Select Communication Select SEND Configuration You will get a warning page Just select OK At this point the computer monitor should read Sending data packets to instrument You will then get a success box IF you do not get this box you will need to RE SEND the configuration start over at step 16 Once this is complete Disconnect the IAQRAE Press MODE ONCE on the IAQRAE to return it to normal sampling mode Move the IAQRAE to the sampling location The IAQRAE will automatically turn on and off When the IAQRAE begins datalogging a small L w
505. tionnaire resposnses correlated with the various calculated measurements except for Building 10 Sound Hypothesis 11 Sound in a work area from nearby office equipment e g copy machines typewriters annoys or distracts building occupant Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using L_90 minus L_50 for noise criteria NC The majority or respondents did not hear sounds of office equipment with 78 selecting never or occasionally Of those who heard office equipment sounds nearly all 95 were infrequently or never annoyed distracted and 97 never or infrequently had productivity affected The sound most commonly annoys or distracts quickly within 30 seconds and 59 reported that the annoyance distraction lasts a brief period less than 2 minutes Statistically significant correlations were observed for hearing equipment sounds for Building 1 Spearman p 0 04 and 10 Pearson and Spearman p 0 00 Moderately significant correlation was also found for Building 1 Pearson p 0 05 No correlations were found for the other variables of annoyance productivity affected period of time from hearing equipment sound to annoyance distraction or the length of the annoyance distraction Interpretation and Comments Most respondents never or only occasionally heard sounds of office equipment Of those who heard those sounds nearly all were infrequently or never annoyed distracted and never or infrequently had prod
506. tions 104 711 720 Yang C S and E Johanning 1997 Airborne fungi and mycotoxins In Manual of environmental microbiology ed C J Hurst G Knudsen M McInerney M V Walter and L D Stetzenbach 651 660 Washington D C ASM Press Yizai X and Z Rongyi 2000 Effect of turbulent intensity on human thermal sensation in isothermal environment Qinghua Daxue Xuebao Journal of Tsinghua University 40 10 100 103 Zaninovi K 1979 1998 Bio meteorological potential of Croatian Adriatic coast 257 264 Meteorological and hydrological service of Croatia http www mif uni freiburg de isb ws papers 18_zaninovic pdf Zhongping L and D Shiming 2003 The outdoor air ventilation rate in high rise residences employing room air conditioners Building and Environment 38 12 1389 1399 Zhou G W Z Whong T Ong and B Chen 2000 Development of a fungus specific PCR assay for detecting low level fungi in an indoor environment Mol Cellular Probes 14 339 348 SPA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED This is a standard questionnaire developed by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE The questionnaire was used in three identical benchmark studies in San Francisco USA Townsville Australia and Montreal Canada referenced earlier 1 Name 2 Date 3 Time In this part of the survey we would like to know how you fee
507. tisfaction rate is lt 20 for 7 of the buildings with Buildings 1 5 and 6 the exception The difference in outdoor indoor CO average concentrations is lt 700 for all buildings except Buildings 6 and 7 However the responses of acceptable and too stuffy as unacceptable were not larger in these buildings than in other buildings with outdoor indoor CO differences lt 700 Interpretation and Comments Most respondents find the air in the work environment acceptably fresh and infrequently stuffy The outdoor indoor CO difference is within the ASHRAE range for all but two buildings There is significant inter zone variability in perception responses for five of the buildings The indoor outdoor CO differences are not consistent with occupant perception responses for buildings with significant differences gt 700 ppm in mean CO concentrations The null hypothesis is supported IEQ Hypothesis 11 lt 20 of occupants who perceive the air is stuffy or stagnant will make adjustments to their work environment to make their work area more comfortable Null Hypothesis gt 20 of occupants who perceive the air is stuffy or stagnant will make adjustments to their work environment to make their work area more comfortable Test Results Among respondents who perceive air as stuffy 56 the majority infrequently adjust their thermostat use a fan open or close a door or leave the area Kruskal Wallis Chi Square tests shows significant intra bu
508. tivity A number of questions related to your typical response to environmental conditions are given below To indicate your answer to a question circle the number from the following scale which best expresses how you typically feel very sensitive moderately sensitive slightly sensitive slightly insensitive N U A Nn DW moderately insensitive 1 very insensitive Circle one number for each question 1 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environments which are TOO NOISY aeaiia aa EEEE E 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Do you tend to be Sensitive to environments which are Too hot gaitaa a a aa e aaa 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 Do you tend to be Sensitive to environments which are TOO COVA isisisi a 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environments which have Too little air movement nsss 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environments which have Too much air movement 20 eeeeeeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeceeeaeens 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environments which are NCEMBT 080201 103 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED Too dimly lit ioin R E E 7 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environment which are TOO bright sicssectesisuacerwacas cess EA thaw Seseananedboaions 8 Do you tend to be SENSITIVE to environments which have Poor air quality sescca ITEE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED A2 SPAGNOLO AND DE DEAR 1988 QUESTIONNAIRE Outdoor Thermal Comfort Questionnaire NOTE This question
509. traction and sound measurements Pearson p 0 08 Interpretation and Comments Most occupants heard sounds outside the building intermittently or never Of those occupants who did hear outside sounds nearly all were neither frequently annoyed nor NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS was their productivity affected Most such occupants were annoyed distracted within 30 seconds and the sound is annoying distracting for no more than 30 seconds in 2 3 of affected occupants The response of hearing sounds outside of the building correlated with the measurement L_90 minus L_10 for dBA for buildings with higher questionnaire participation rates Larger numbers of respondents may have resulted in other statistically significant results Sound Hypothesis 4 Annoyance or distraction from outside sound can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature on off cycle of the sound time variations in the sound intensity or irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using several measurements The response of too loud was tested using L_99 minus L 50 for dBA The response of intermittent unpredictable was tested using L_ 95 minus L_50 for dBA The response increases decreases was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for dBA The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_90 minus L_50 T
510. trates the screen as it appears RA Vivo Explor BetaTest 1 vivo ivo Controller File View Toc File Edit View Tools Help com A Delaage au 9A E ga Templates Templates RI Air Temp Diff Serial number Office l seated 0 6 m Ly Air Temp Diff 2 Draught Humidity no 0 145 RJ Air velocity Last calibrated 6 28 2004 9 44 05 AM O i Air Temperature C Mean 26 4 Temperature RJ air velocity 1 second Relative Humidity t Mean 35 Standard Deviation 0 g Air velocity fast Operative temperature unit info g Airchange Constant emiss N20 f Serial number Office l seated 0 6 m ey Airchange Constant emiss SF6 Operative Temperature no 0 146 RJ airchange Rate Decay ManualN2O Last calibrated 2 25 2004 8 12 11 AM 0 Qj Airchange Rate Decay Manual SF6 Operative temperature C Mean 26 5 Standard Deviation 0 3 gj Airchange Rate Decay N20 RI Airchange Rate Decay SF6 RJ all thermal Mean radiant temperature C Mean 26 7 gj Capture efficiency N20 ey Capture efficiency SF6 Serial number Office 1 seated 0 6 m Air Velocity no 1 137 H Damaged NCEMBT Task 1 copy Last calibrated 4 29 2004 10 17 32 AM O Damaged Template 00 Air Temperature C Mean 26 3 J Draught Rate Low air velocity m s Mean 0 17 Standard Deviation 0 03 ey Effective temperatur RJ Equivalent temperatur Serial number Office l seated 0 6 m RJ Flow In Duct N20 Operative Temperature no 0 146 R Flow In Duct SF Last calibrated 2 25 2004 8 12 11
511. trations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified 246 NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 4 3 CFU m3 Log10 1 0 slelzisis 8 88 8 oOo IlI OF OC OCC COC LcCOUrc oO tf Ye C 6 O E EE 1B CcEa 5 0 x xix x xx x ooa C o E S Sls a c O 53 3 3 33579 5 io fe g lt e g O O 0 1 21314115 6 7 Location Figure N15 Building 9 Concentrations of selected airborne culturable fungi i e Aspergillus Aureobasidium Chaetomium Cladosporium Penicillium and Trichoderma reported as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of air CFU m3 in 6 indoor locations 1 6 and at the outdoor location in the morning 0 and the afternoon 7 sampling times other fungal genera not Cladosporium Penicillium Aspergillus Chaetomium Trichoderma or Aureobasidiunr unknown fungi not identified CFU m3 Log10 1 0 4 3 2 Unknown Unknown Unknown
512. ty SndMusProdAffect if the sound was annoying distracting SndMusAnnoy and how soon the annoyance distraction occurred SndMusDistrWithin and for how long SndMusDistrFor the annoyance distraction continued Bldg ID building identification Type statistical analysis performed Corr correlation yellow highlight significant p lt 0 05 green highlight moderately significant 0 05 lt p lt 0 075 n a not applicable as there were no responses to this question nd not done Table Q57 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area For Building 1 a SI SndMusHear Pearson SndMusHear Spearman SndMusAnnoy Pearson 1 SndMusAnnoy Spearman 1 SndMusDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrWithin Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrFor Spearman n a n a SndMusProdAffect Pearson Nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman Nd nd Table Q58 Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area for Building 2 Type a TC SndMusHear Pearson n a n a SndMusHear Spearman n a n a SndMusAnnoy Pearson n a n a SndMusAnnoy Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrWithin Pearson n a n a SndMusDistWithin Spearman n a n a SndMusDistrFor Pearson n a n a SndMusDistrFor Spearman n a n a SndMusProdAffect Pearson Nd nd SndMusProdAffect Spearman Nd
513. type 02 Both types also measure air temperature VIVO Field Control VIVO Field Control Figure E6 is a hand held PDA that helps interface between the sensors to randomly intermittently check the values of various thermal indices Figure E6 VIVO Field control NCEMBT 080201 123 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS To connect two VIVO Temperature units see Figure E7 l 2 Ss Press the two units together so the male and female connectors meet Turn the mechanical wheel until the two units are locked securely together Connect the units with the network cable Note that the arrow on the cable must line up with the arrow on the connector When the cable has been plugged in turn the cable s metal ring clockwise until the cable is locked in the connector Figure E7 VIVO connection assembly sequence None of the sensors should be touched as that will affect precision The mechanical arm can be adjusted by moving it up or down Figure E8 The arm can be positioned from 0 to 90 with fixed notches at 0 30 and 90 Change the positions by using the arm alone DO NOT USE OR TOUCH THE SENSOR for positioning IPOE NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX E THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS Figure E8 Positioning of the mechanical arm The VIVO Draught instrument is different from the thermal sensors as it has a protective cover cap that has to be removed before the usage of the sensor Lower the protective cap by turning th
514. uctivity No single building shows a consistent pattern of having occupants making adjustments to address draft In some buildings there is significant zone to zone variability in occupant adjustments though the overall rate of such adjustments as obtained via the perception questonnaire is relatively low An elevated average measured draft rate does not appear to consistently correlate with occupant responses regarding drafty conditions adjustments to the environment or perceived impact on productivity in most of these buildings The null hypothesis is supported NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS IEQ Hypothesis 10 80 of occupants in a work area zone will not complain of stuffy air if the indoor vs outdoor concentration difference in CO lt 700 ppm Null Hypothesis lt 80 of occupants in a work area zone will not complain of stuffy air if the indoor vs outdoor concentration difference in CO lt 700 ppm Test Results A majority of occupants mean 73 find the freshness of their work environment acceptable A mean of 89 report stuffiness infrequently with high consistency among buildings Kruskal Wallis Chi Square tests show significant inter zone variability in Buildings 1 and 3 for the response of liking the air as it is Buildings 1 2 3 5 6 and 7 for the response of too stuffy and no significant variability for answers to having an air purifier The proportion test for the response of too stuffy shows that the dissa
515. uctivity affected It was a brief period to distraction and it lasted a short time Sound Hypothesis 12 Annoyance or distraction from the sound of office equipment e g copy machines typewriters can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Null Hypothesis N A Test Results This hypothesis was tested using L_90 minus L_10 for NC for too loud and L_90 minus L_50 for NC for intermittent unpredictable and L_80 minus L_50 for NC for increases decreases The response one tone dominates was not tested by measurements but the response understandable was tested using L_80 minus L_50 for NC Sounds from nearby office equipment that were too loud or intermittent unpredictable represented the majority of responses for annoyance distraction NCEMBT 080201 4 RESULTS Statistically significant correlation was observed for the sound measurement and the response too loud for Building 1 Pearson p 0 047 and Spearman p 0 03 and For Building 6 Spearman p 0 02 Moderate correlation was also observed for Building 6 Pearson p 0 07 Statistically significant correlation was observed for the sound measurement and the response intermittent unpredictable for Building 2 Pearson p 0 00 and Spearman p 0 03 and For Building 6 Pearson and Spearman p 0 03 Interpretation and
516. uestion The distribution of lighting across the surface of the area s where read at my desk or workstation is The answers 1 to 5 represent very uniform somewhat uniform neither uniform nor uneven somewhat uneven very uneven ou NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX S LIGHTING RESULTS 40 45 35 a na 30 J 35 g T xs 30 4 25 oe amp 25 g 20 8 g 20 4 g 154 15 4 10 10 l E E 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 255 Glare at desks Noticeable source of glare at desks Figure S7 The perception questionnaire results regarding two direct glare questions a There is glare at my desk or workstation Never 1 Occasionally 2 Some of the time 3 Most of the time 4 All of the time 5 b The most noticeable source of glare at my desk or workstation comes from Sunlight or daylight from windows 1 Task light s on my desk or from adjacent areas 2 Ceiling lights 3 Ceilings 4 Some other source 5 Don t have much glare 255 45 45 4 40 4 Hi b 35 4 35 30 4 30 g 25 4 amp 25 g 3 20 4 3 20 J 15 154 10 10 5 4 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 255 Reflected glare at comuter screens Noticeable source of reflected glare Figure S8 The perception questionnaire results regarding two reflected glare questions a There is reflected glare on my computer screen Never 1 Occasionally 2 Some of the time 3 Most of
517. uildings was higher than the high end of the design range Most of buildings had uniform lighting distribution at work surface The three buildings with direct indirect lighting systems had more uniform light distribution and lower variations Luminance results greatly depended on the weather window orientation and measurement time The results provided in this study provide an indication with regards to luminances and variations from windows in a typical office building Respones to lighting on the perception questionnaire were summarized in Figures 1 10 Results from the four productivity related questions in the questionnaire it was found that 1 most respondents believe that the quality of lighting is important to their productivity 2 lighting levels and glare are the most important lighting factors that affect productivity and 3 approximately a third of respondents think inappropriate lighting levels and too much glare affect their productivity NCEMBT 080201 79 5 CONCLUSIONS 5 6 LESSONS LEARNED Through all stages of this research task lessons were learned by the investigators in regards to efficiency accessibility and communication The following are items that can be used to improve the quality of further research of this type Shipping the instrumentation and equipment used in this task posed a challenge because of its size and the purchase costs resulting in expenses for insurance Instrumentation and equipment required two sh
518. umber of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 PAGEA NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS CFU g Log10 o A o O N ee A flavus versicolor All fungi A flavus All fungi A flavus versicolor All fungi wo Figure N71 Building 4 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 CFU g Log10 7p w D 5 oOo dD S z 9 5 2 2 OS n lt D lt lt gt A flavus versicolor All fungi A flavus wo Figure N72 Building 5 Concentrations of water indicating species of Aspergillus A flavus A niger and A versico o and the sum concentration of all culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log o for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 NCEMBT 080201 275 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 8 7 d 6 l D 535 5 4 i D oO xu gt wo wu G a kal a 5 o oo 2 1 35 oo oo 2 35 o oO olv gt D o amp o 5 5 o s5 DB S Oo lesas a zL gale a PLIE
519. ummary of the features of the meter csccsssssssecseesseesseesseesseesseesseessensseessensseeetsenssensenseenssentseess 181 Table K1 Template use dot list the general characteristics of each location zone in which lighting measurements Were CETE acina a a eaaa aa a 188 Table K2 Template used to describe the type of lighting components at each location zone 188 Table K3 Template used to characterize the primary ambient lighting device s at each location zone 0 189 Table K4 Template used to characterize secondary ambient lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if secondary ambient lights are used in the Zone cssccescesscesseesseesseesaeesaenseeesaeesaessaessaeesaensaensaeesaeseaensaensaensaens 189 Table K5 Template used to characterize additional ambient lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if additional ambient lights are used in the zone scsssccccesessssecseeeeesseeeececenessesceceeenassaeseeeceeaaseaeseesenensneaeeaes 190 Table K6 Template used to characterize the primary task lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if task lighting are usod inthe ZOMG sci seis cessesevesdacseresdusnesecevenekesvsseddiosereaciwrand is E AAE AEST AE ANEA AATE ARa 190 Table K7 Template use dto characterize secondary last lighting device s at each location zone only to be used if Secondary last lights ate used in the ZONE sincsiacaierarntciiesinraiuecinnsic
520. unds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 4 Po Variable Type cor pale O SndAirHear Pearson 0 227246 0 380406 SndAirHear Spearman 0 17218 0 508737 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 374578 0 186990 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 286203 0 321203 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 227141 0 434839 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 256022 0 376971 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 0 62514 0 133299 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 0 68885 0 086971 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 0 06026 0 897891 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 0 10784 0 817983 Table Q103 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 5 P Variable type Con pvalue O SndAirHear Pearson 0 15536 0 501286 SndAirHear Spearman 0 001192 0 995908 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 58265 0 169827 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 72457 0 065494 SndAirProdAffect Pearson 0 1913 0 681152 SndAirProdAffect Spearman 0 3118 0 496016 SndAirDistrWithin Pearson 1 SndAirDistrWithin Spearman 1 SndAirDistrFor Pearson 1 SndAirDistrFor Spearman 1 NCEMBT 080201 EXT APPENDIX Q SOUND LEVEL DATA Table Q104 Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser Air Supply In My Work Area for Building 6 Variable Type Corr SndAirHear Pearson 0 03939 0 794960 SndAirHear Spearman 0 05968 0 693595 SndAirAnnoy Pearson 0 43789 SndAirAnnoy Spearman 0 34233 0 080485 SndAirProdAffec
521. unds form the air conditioning ssid in the building PROE E EEE woe air con Figure P87 Summary of oc Figure P92 Specific responses on the perception questionnaire when a location to have privacy for a conversatiOn 0 se ecific responses on th n for telephone priva NCEMBT 080201 XXV Figu re S1 l lluminance related measurements nanaNANANNANNNNANNNANANNANNANNANNANANANNANNANNNNANNANNANNANNANENANNNNNNANNANNANNANANNANNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNENNNNNNNNNNNN 4 1 be Figure S2 Luminance related measurements vacsiascsssssetsacsssstesssesstces ancsnadieretesneinedeere aera Figure S3 Luminance from WINDOWS sssini aaa aaan AA L Figure S7 The perception questionnaire results regarding two direct glare questions Figure S8 The percep r Figure S9 The perception questionnaire regarding two satisfaction questions s ssssssesssesssrsrsrerererrrsnennnnnnnn ADA Fi ire results related to productivit 2 10 Four perception question vei NCEMBT 080201 LIST OF TABLES Table E1 Difference between accuracy of Vivo sensors and those stipulated in ASHRAE Standard 55 00 121 Table E2 Listing of the expected range of data for each of the VIVO instrument cccccssesssesssessseeesseeneneeees 132 Table E3 Parameter Names in Statistical Plots their Meaning and their Unit Values ssscssssssrsseneeees 134 Table E4 Description of Air Temperature and Operative Temper
522. upants perceptions of the sound environment and correlate their perceptions to field measurements of their workspaces Questions asked occupants about their perceptions of thermal comfort ventilation IAQ lighting and sound in their workspaces The questionnaire was designed to bridge gaps and also to expand on previous work to provide a complete picture of the reaction to sound in their work area by office occupants It was compared to four major thermal indoor air comfort questionnaires ASHRAE 1998 Spagnolo and deDear 2003 Nakanoet al 2002 CBE 2004 The questionnaire was designed to obtain sufficient data to verify or refute the following hypotheses The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily increase by more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Sound interruptions sound levels temporarily increase by more than 5 dB over general background sound levels cause greater annoyance and distractions than more constant background sound levels associated with background masking and music systems or with the building ventilation system Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the sound source is a ventilation system and the sound level is above 45 dBA The interaction of high ventilation sound levels and poor indoor air quality conditions increases the prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome SBS
523. vels of concentration Beis and Hansen 1997 Sound Hypothesis 12 Annoyance or distraction from sound from a building masking or piped in music system in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level the intermittent nature of the sound fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh content in the sound Annoyance and distraction can come from various characteristics of the sound including intensity intermittency fluctuations in intensity and tonal or harsh character Hanna 2002 Half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound when the background sound level is above 45 dBA while half of the sample population will be dissatisfied with sound and report decreased work efficiency when the background sound level is above 50 dBA Guidelines for maximum noise in different environments are available Beranek 1993 Persson Waye and Rylander 2001b Unver et al 2004 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 Witterseh et al 1999 Yamazaki et al 1998 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when infrequent sound interruptions sound levels temporarily about 10 of the time more than 5 dB over general background sound levels exist Different studies give varying levels of the intermittent noise that causes complaints Westman and Walters 1981 Witterseh Clausen and Wyon 2002 The levels of annoyance and distractions associated with sound will be greater when fluctuations
524. ving the data All data will be lost 14 9 Packing Shipping Procedure For Return To UNLV Or Next Building Use the same caution and procedures detailed in Packing Shipping for departure NCEMBT 080201 165 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS 15 CALCULATION ALGORITHMS Sound algorithms were developed by Verdi Technology Associates 15 1 dBA Bumps dBA Bumps examine sound power levels at various octave band frequencies and describes the identification and extent that each level exceeds that of its neighbors A level that exceeds that of its neighbors by the specified amount will be identified with a value of 1 otherwise its value will be 0 dBA values will be calculated at various frequencies and with the specified amounts of 4 6 and 8 Table I1 describes the data field names for storing the various values Table 11 Data Field Names for Storing Values 1 1 octave band 4dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_4 7 1 1 octave band 6dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_6 7 1 1 octave band 8dB variance DBA11_63_6 through DB11_4000_8 7 1 3 octave band 4dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_4 22 1 3 octave band 6dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_6 22 1 3 octave band 8dB variance DBA13_63_6 through DB13_8000_8 22 For L the measured dB for each subject frequency x the sequential position the data are located in the sample row and R the result If L gt L 8 And L gt L 8 Then R 1 Else R 0 15 2 NC No
525. were affected most of the time or all the time The last productivity related question is when the lighting in my work area on my desk surface or workstation and or on my computer screen is deficient or unacceptable during my work day my productivity is adversely affected The results were similar to the above question regarding glare Also most respondents 68 did not think their productivity was affected by deficient or unacceptable lighting but about a third of respondents 32 thought they were affected some of the time most of time or all the time In summary from the results of these four productivity related questions it was found that 1 most respondents believe that the quality of lighting is important to their productivity 2 lighting levels and glare are the most important lighting factors that affect productivity and 3 approximately a third of respondents think inappropriate lighting levels and too much glare affect their productivity NCEMBT 080201 73 4 RESULTS 4 6 3 Lighting Hypotheses Results Lighting Hypothesis 1 Most people will be comfortable when the lighting in their work areas is neither too bright nor too dim Test Results The results of the occupant perception questionnaire show that only 24 respondents chose neither too bright nor too dim and most respondents 71 chose very bright and somewhat or slightly bright lighting in their work area Lighting Hypothesis 2 The
526. when asked how often they temporarily leave their work area when the air in their work area is too humid NCEMBT 080201 PAK Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Figure M51 Summay of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often their productivity is adversely affected when the air in their work area is too humid Responses y llof tin os fhe time ome of the time ccasionally ever Figure M52 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the movement of air in their work area is acceptable YA NCEMBT 080201 Appendix M IEQ Results n Q a lt je E e4 Figure M53 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked how often the air in their work area fluctuates from drafty to stagnant and vice versa throughout the course of an entire work day Responses ve w Pista nant 0 er T or stagnant Eo Building ID Figure M54 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the movement of air in their work area when they are the most comfortable NCEMBT 080201 EPZA Appendix M IEQ Results S gt n o Qn Q 2 3 4 Very s agnant N MA fly oF Sfagnant Pp paial drafty Building ID Figure M55 Summary of occupants responses on the perception questionnaire when asked the movement of air in their work area
527. wn arrow key and press ENTER Highlight MEASURE SETUP and press ENTER Set up the meter to show on the display START DELAY ls INT TIME 10h REP CYCLE 1 BUF STEP 10s Press ENTER to enter and go up the menu Press ENTER again to confirm the settings Press ENTER or ESC to return to the INPUT display Highlight CHANNELS SETUP using the DOWN arrow and press ENTER For a normal two channel setup setup Channel 1 and Channel 4 NCEMBT 080201 161 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS 162 oe 23 24 25 26 2T 28 29 30 aL J2 33 34 35 36 ahs 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 al ee 53 Highlight CHANNEL 1 and press ENTER Set up the meter to show on the display MODE 1 SOUND RANGE 105dB FILTER LIN DETECT FAST Press ENTER Press ENTER again to verify settings Press ENTER or ESC to go up the menu to the channel setup display Highlight CHANNEL 4 and press ENTER Set up the same as Channel 1 When channel setup is complete press ESC twice to return to the input display Highlight BUFFERS SETUP and press ENTER Select BUFFERS ON using the arrow keys and press ENTER Select PEAK MAX MIN or RMS for the channels Press ENTER to confirm BUFFERS settings Press ENTER again or ESC to go up the menu to the input setup display Highlight 1 3 OCTAVE SETUP and press ENTER Select CHANNEL 1 ON and press ENTER Set up the meter to s
528. y Never Occasionally Never Rarely Never Somewhat Much worse worse Occasionally Never Somewhat or Very warm slightly warm Rarely Never Somewhat Very warm warm Somewhat Very warm warm Occasionally Never Occasionally Never Occasionally Never NCEMBT 080201 425 When the temperature in my work area is too cool wear warmer clothing and or put ona sweater jacket When the temperature in my work area is too cool report it to management or facilities personnel When the temperature in my work area is too cool temporarily leave my work area to go to a warmer area When the temperature in my work area is too cool open or close a door When the temperature in my work area is too cool block or unblock air supply registers close to my work area When the temperature in my work area feels too cool feel it most in my When the temperature in my work area feels too cool my productivity is adversely affected The temperature in my work area is too warm during my work day for at least some part of the work day When the temperature in my work area is too warm adjust the thermostat When the temperature in my work area is too warm use a personal fan When the temperature in my work area is too warm wear lighter clothing or remove clothing When the temperature in my work area is too warm open or close a door When the temperature in my work area is too warm report it to management or
529. y format The program is interactive with a graphical interface that prompts the user to supply the necessary information to categorize the data This ensured that data collected were always properly identified and presented in a consistent useful format An illustration of the user interface is shown in Figure I4 The format of the data file output of the program consisted of header lines where identifying information was written so that data could always be identified with the test The columns of data began with the time of the recording the three overall levels the full octave band levels and then the one third octave band levels Figure 14 only illustrates the time overall levels and a few of the full octave band levels for several measurements of a test The full octave band data were calculated from the one third octave band data and were entered into the data file for easy use in determining some of the derived acoustic parameters The one third octave band levels from 12 5 Hz to 10000 Hz were transferred to the database format file The interface displayed some important details of NCEMBT 080201 155 APPENDIX SOUND PROTOCOLS the data file immediately after converting the data The example file shown in Figure I5 shows the date the data were taken the starting time the sample interval and the number of measurements in the file A typical data file for Task 1 testing will have approximately 3600 measurements 10 hours The size and
530. yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 PALES NCEMBT 080201 APPENDIX N AIRBORNE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS 8 27 o 96 55 oO 4 3 208 o S B D 9 8 o d SIS S E ele E S eleles slS S ele 2 5 5 Elgol E ES ELS O H EIS EIl oE vlog Bg aoso Q Bg saog gal Sla Zea Ssl a Zle aLa S alea oliti 0 92 olr ollo oS oloo Ds S E 25 2E PS 8 E 519015 ep 5 ep lt x lt x lt x 1 2 3 Day Figure N63 Building 6 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non sporulating mycelia and culturable mold All mold in vacuum dust samples reported as the Logio number of colony forming units per gram CFU g Log10 for the three sampling days Day 1 2 and 3 8 7 o a 6 i 55 z l 2 i l 3 alo Dd oaia D 90 DI 55 2 E 255 5 SE 2 35 55 2 8 HARHHRBSHHRHAHRAREE IME Sa zeas a zeas a zegel ols oj 9 olli 0 9 O uloj o AEE E e6 gl E 5105 519i 51010 lt lt lt 1 2 3 Day Figure N64 Building 7 Concentrations of Aureobasidium Chaetomium Stachybotrys Trichoderma and the sum concentration of all culturable fungi All fungi mold yeast non
531. ysis of the data from the questionnaire and the field measurements Information that may help explain variation in the correlation could come from knowledge of the variation in the building characteristics For example the literature review indicated that the architectural and mechanical characteristics of a building may affect building occupants perception of their indoor environment The literature review also indicated that those characteristics may effect occupant s perception of the sound environment even if the sound of the indoor comfort environment is not significantly affected The sound data analysis completed did not find any consistent correlation between the sound level data chosen and the corresponding questionnaire question Thus it was not shown that sound levels measured in a zone can be a good predictor of occupant perception of sound and its effect on performance There can be several reasons for the inability to identify correlation A root cause analysis of the problem analysis failed to show that measured sound levels can be used to predict sound related occupant perceptions was performed to help identify all the possible causes The possible causes identified were There is in fact no correlation between measured sound levels and occupant perception of the effects of sound This is not a cause because it is well documented in published literature that occupants are annoyed by high sound levels and such levels do affe
532. zenbach Ph D Lighting ccccsscsssesssessesseeseeeees Xin Hu Ph D Moldenit L D Stetzenbach Ph D SOUNG e E E B J Landsberger Ph D GraphitS iisi L D Stetzenbach Ph D Report Editing L Nemnich M A R Hewitt B S and Amy Puhl M S Statistical Analysis and Data Interpretation James Craner M D Verdi Technology Associates Davor Novosel National Center for Energy Management and Building Technologies Prepared For U S Department of Energy William Haslebacher Project Officer Manager This report was prepared for the U S Department of Energy Under Cooperative Agreement DE FC26 03G013072 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof nor any of their employees makes any warranty express or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy completeness or usefulness of any information apparatus product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights Reference herein to any specific commercial product process or service by trade name trademark manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement recommendation or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Unite

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