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PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor

1. icable relocate stack page H and offset if any initialize other page pointers mov reg ACBOOCRO 05h mov reg ACBO1CRO 05h mov reg ACBO2CRO 05h mov reg ACBO3CRO 05h Enter the Large Memory Model if appl IF SYSTEM LARGE MEMORY MODE RAM SETPAGE STK SYSTEM STACK PAGE mov A SYSTEM STACK BASE ADDR Swap A SP RAM SETPAGE IDX2STK RAM SETPAGE CUR 0 RAM SETPAGE MVW 0 RAM SETPAGE MVR 0 IF SYSTEM IDXPG TRACKS STK PP Now or F FLAG PGMODE 11b LMM ELSE or F FLAG PGMODE 10b LMM ENDIF SYSTEM IDXPG TRACKS STK PP ELSE mov _ ramareas end Set RAM Swap SP ENDIF SYSTEM LARGE MEMORY MODEL enable paging w IndexPage lt gt StackPage w independent IndexPage top of stack to end of used 63 Load global parameter settings and load the user modules in the base configuration Exceptions 1 Leave CPU Speed fast as possible to minimize start up time 2 We may still need to play with the Sleep Timer lcall LoadConfigInit IF C LANGUAGE SUPPORT IF SYSTEM SMALL MEMORY MODEL mov 0 clear the bss segment to zero mov r0 bss start BssLoop r0 bss end JZ BssDone mvi __ jmp BssLoop BssDone mov A idata start idata to data segment mov X idata sta
2. 97 mmHg 95 mmHg x 100 Percent Diff 2 08 9 o Test Subject Percentage Difference 9 o Systolic Diastolic 1 2 08 3 13 2 2 39 3 47 3 2 51 3 21 4 1 53 2 20 5 2 33 4 40 6 6 90 0 00 7 7 02 3 64 8 4 15 3 39 9 1 59 2 15 10 1 53 1 26 Table 4 9 Computed Percentage Differences for Reliability The largest percentage difference computed based on the table is at 7 0296 the percentage difference obtained for the systolic pressure of sixth test subject This basically means that the PSoC based Blood Pressure Monitor prototype operates at 92 9896 accuracy while being charged compared to when the prototype operates on battery supply 46 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion A Programmable System on Chip based Blood Pressure Monitor was created The design prototype was tested for its accuracy reliability and efficiency The design prototype has been determined to operate at an accurate percentage as compared to a similar blood pressure monitor available in the market The design prototype is capable of accurately reading systolic reading diastolic reading and pulse rate reading The prototype is successfully designed to be able to store the readings into four different memory modules that contain the date and time it was taken This functionality was incorporated into the design for the user to have future reference of the previous readings
3. M8C SetBank0 WATCHDOG ENABLE WDT selected in Global Params M8C EnableWatchDog ENDIF 60 IF SELECT 32K or reg CPU SCR1 SCRI ALLOWED ECO will be used in this project ELSE and reg CPU SCRI CPU SCRI ECO ALLOWED Prevent ECO from being enabled ENDIF A temporary stack is set up for the SSC instructions The real stack start will be assigned later Stack start equ 80h mov A stack start Set top of stack to end of used RAM swap SP A This is only temporary if going to LMM IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET 590 5 0 Volt operation KKK IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET SLOW IMO 6MHZ Main Oscillator or reg CPU SCR1 CPU SCR1 SLIMO M8SSC Set2TableTrims 2 SSCTBL2 TRIM IMO 5V 6MHZ 1 SSCTBL1 TRIM BGR 5V AGND BYPASS JUST ELSE eter 12MHZ Main Oscillator IF AGND BYPASS The 5V trim has already been set but we need to update the AGNDBYP bit in the write only BDG TR register Recalculate the register value using the proper trim values M8SSC SetTableVoltageTrim 1 SSCTBL1 TRIM 57 AGND BYPASS JUST ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF 5 0 V Operation IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET 3V3 3 3 Volt operation IF POWER
4. Id boot tpl 101 6 FILENAME boot asm VERSION 4 15 DATE 2 August 2004 DESCRIPTION M8C Boot Code for CY8C29xxx microcontroller family Copyright C Cypress MicroSystems 2000 2004 All rights reserved NOTES PSoC Designer s Device Editor uses a template file BOOT TPL located in the project s root directory to create BOOT ASM Any changes made to BOOT ASM will be overwritten every time the project is generated therfore changes should be made to BOOT TPL not BOOT ASM Care must be taken when 56 modifying BOOT TPL so that replacement strings such as PROJECT NAME are not accidentally modified include lib GlobalParams inc include m8c inc include m8ssc inc include memory inc export Start export _ bss start export _ data start export _ idata start export func lit start export _ text start export bGetPowerSetting export bGetPowerSetting To change the value of these flags modify the file boot tpl not boot asm See the notes in the banner comment at the beginning of this file Optimization for Assembly language only projects and C language projects that do not depend on the C compiler to initialize the values of RAM variables 5 Set to 1 Support for C Run time Environment initialization Set to 0 Support for not included Faster start up smaller code space C LANGUAGE SUPPORT
5. PSoC PSoC PSoC Interrupt Vector Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block DBBO1 DCB02 DCB03 DBB10 DBB11 DCB12 DCB13 DBB20 DBB21 Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector Vector 59 reti org 48h PSoC Block DCB22 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 4Ch PSoC Block DCB23 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 50h PSoC Block DBB30 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 54h PSoC Block DBB31 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 58h PSoC Block DCB32 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 5Ch PSoC Block DCB33 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 60h PSoC I2C Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org 64h Sleep Timer Interrupt Vector 1jmp _SystemTimer ISR reti The Supervisory ROM SWBootReset function has already completed the calibratel process loading trim values for 5 volt operation org 68h Start TRIP VOLTAGE JUST IF initialize SMP values for voltage stabilization if required leaving power on reset POR level at the default low level at least for now M8C SetBankl mov reg VLT CR SWITCH MODE PUMP JUST LVD TBEN JUST I
6. m Dialer m Modulators m Corelators m Detectors a Many other topologies possible Analog blocks are provided in columns of three which includes one CT Contnuous Time and two SC Switched Capacitor blocks as shown in the figure below Analog System Block Diagram Parr FO ZA Fus 4 2 m a Piu eat Fors aa Pas n Address Pus Duin Additional System Resources System Resources some of which have been previously listed provide additional capability useful to complete systems Resources include a multiplier decimator switch mode pump kw voltage detection and power on reset Statements describ ing the merits of each system resource are presented below m Digital cook dividers provide three customizable chock fre quences for use in applications The clocks can be routed to both the digital and analog systems Additional cocks can be generated using digital PSoC blocks as clock dividers m Multiply accumulate MAC provides fast bit multiplier with 32 bit accumulate to assist in general math and digital fiters m The decimator provides custom hardware filter for digital signal processing applicabons including the creaton of Delta Sigma ADCs m The L2C module provides 100 and 400 kHz communication aver two wires Slave master and multimaster modes are all supported m Low Votage Detecton LVD intemupts can
7. prototype device 1 2 Choose four random persons to be the test subjects Gather information about each test subject through a simple interview Make necessary preparations before obtaining the readings Refer to Appendix H User s Manual for step by step procedures After each reading rest the test subject for five minutes before performing another reading After obtaining ten readings follow the same procedures to get results using the Kodea BPM Follow the same procedures for all test subjects Compute for the average of the systolic diastolic and pulse rate readings for both devices respectively Compute for the percentage difference and analyze the results There are certain assumptions that should first be considered when conducting the test The readings are determined to be correct or at least 37 reliable based on the classification of blood pressure The following table indicates how the readings are being classified according to WHO World Health Organization Stage 1 _ Hypertension 140 159 90 99 160 179 100 109 Stage 3 Hypertension greater than or equal to 180 greater than or equal to 110 Table 4 1 Classification of Blood Pressure Reading for Adults There are many physical factors that influence arterial pressure Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors such as diet exercise disease drugs or alcohol obesity excess wei
8. 7he Blood Pressure Book 4 Edition Bull Publishing Boulder Colorado Rithalia Shyam et al 2000 B ood Pressure Measurement CRC Press LLC 49 APPENDIX Circuit Schematic Diagram J03IUuO 4 9JnssoJd peseq 2054 Jo 2 lt T 9 4 Josueg 55 did 00025 09 dwy do vzew1 amp z d 5 09 9 La l 8 6 9 NOLON dnd oL s 400 n zi L aoi Z0LENZ o 5 91 4 9 00 NIA vL B 9018 1 n 0L e AL AL 8 9 S ALS AOI 20Sd pre 989p YMS L AGL ne L1 3snd o N br d oul EMS z a ZMS DI 015 LMS 100 yf OG Figure 6 2 PCB Layout with components of the design Figure 6 3 PCB Layout of the design 52 APPENDIX B incl incl incl incl incl incl incl incl incl de de de de de de de m8c h PSOCAPI h driverdecl h CMXSystem h CMXSystemExtern h TransferFunction h cm x h ProjectProperties h Cu stom h Channel inclu
9. 91 7800 SERIES ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF L7806 refer to the teat circuits T 55to 150 C Ve 11V Ip 500 mA O33 yF 0 1 unless otherstse specilied _____ e s Quint Vokage E 5mAt lA Pas 1890 Vim Btoziv Line Regulation 8toz8Vv 2572 Load Regulation 6 mA to 154 Tja 2595 250 to 750 mA 2595 Quiescert Current 2672 ks 75 to 1 e Al AMAT Tj 2590 R Supply Voltage Rejection Vj 8 to 19v 120 D TTA 299 z 1 Load and ine regulations are specified alc onatant unciontemperaiure Changes in vo due be heating affects muat be takeninto account separabdy Pulas kaing with lew duty cycle is used ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF L7808 refer to the test circuits T 55 to 150 C v 14V 500 033 yF 0 1 pF unless otherwise specified 5m Ata 1A Paz 15i Wn 115 23 Vim 10 5 to 25 V lito 17 V 5 ta 1 5 250 ta 75 Quiescent Current MEG h Quiescent Currert Change jis 5 m to 1 Wis 115 to 26 aga nime a eve imm jej Lus 3 22 j Lead amd ine regulation are specified al conatant junction temperaiune Changes due hearing must be taken inte S parabdy Pulse lesting sits low duty cycle is weed ivy 92 APPENDIX Parts of t
10. Application Editor The Application Editor includes a Project Manager that allows you to open the project source code files including all gener ated code files from a hierarchal view The source code editor directly to the offending line of source code When is correct the linker builds HEX file image suitable for programming The last step the development process takes place inside the PSoC Designer s Debugger subsystem The Debugger down loads the HEX image to In Circuit Emulator ICE where it 80 1 Pin Information e pcs PER FOAM This chapter describes lists and illustrates the C Y8C20x88 PSoC device pins and pinout configurations 1 1 Pinouts The C 8C20x86 PSoC device is available in a variety of packages which are listed and illustrated in the following tables Every port pin labeled with P is capable of Digital IO However Vss Vdd SMP and XRES are not capable of Digital IO 11 1 28 Pin Part Pinout Table 1 1 28 Pin Part Pinout PDIP SSOP 5012 s e rr E a AXE 2 25 25 a 23 2B fal Fei n T 16 15 ECCL ATALI Vs Power vm Srunceonnecton eN ee ee ejet pa ome eee oer _ Exema E Pi A inm ans column agat x rar and
11. Op Amp X MPS2000 DIP Pressure Sensor Figure 3 3 Schematic Diagram of the Design t This figure shows the whole circuitry of the design including the microcontroller s connection to the LCD module There are four push buttons in the design Up and Down which can be used to navigate through the stored readings in the memory and help in setting the time and date Mode or Set which is used to invoke the set time and date function and also to start viewing of the stored readings Power or Start or Stop which will power on the device and start or stop the inflation of the cuff When the adaptor is plugged or 30 connected on the power outlet the circuit will automatically get the regulated current from the adaptor while charging the battery If not plugged the circuit will get electric current from its rechargeable battery See Figure 6 1 for the enhanced version of the circuit diagram Hardware Implementation In the implementation of the circuit design a 6V voltage regulator is used to control the voltage coming from either the DC voltage from the adaptor while the device is charging or from the battery while operating on battery power The output of 6V is used to power other components such as the solenoid valve the air pump motor the pressure sensor the operational amplifier and the LCD module A voltage divider circuit composed of a 125 ohm and a 625 ohm resistor is used to o
12. SETTING amp POWER SET SLOW IMO 6MHZ Main Oscillator or reg CPU SCR1 CPU 5 1 SLIMO M8SSC Set2TableTrims 2 SSCTBL2 TRIM IMO 3V 6MHZ 1 SSCTBL1 TRIM BGR 3V AGND BYPASS JUST ELSE 12MHZ Main Oscillator 61 M8SSC SetTableTrims 1 SSCTBL1 TRIM IMO 3V 24MBHZ SSCTBL1 TRIM BGR 3V AGND BYPASS JUST ENDIF NDIF 3 3 Volt Operation zal mov bSSC_KEY1 0 Lock out Flash and Supervisiory Operations mov bSSC KEYSP 0 IF SELECT 32K amp WAIT FOR 32K If the user has requested the External Crystal Oscillator ECO then turn it on and wait for it to stabilize and the system to switch over to it The PLL is left off Set the SleepTimer period is set to 1 sec to time the wait for the ECO to stabilize SetBankl mov reg OSC SELECT 32K JUST OSC SLEEP 1Hz OSC CPU 12MHz SetBank0 M8C ClearWDTAndSleep Reset the sleep timer to get a full second or reg INT MSK0 INT MSKO SLEEP Enable latching of SleepTimer interrupt mov reg INT VC 0 Clear all pending interrupts WaitForls tst reg INT CLRO INT MSKO SLEEP Test the SleepTimer Interrupt Status JZ WaitForls Interrupt will latch but will not dispatch since interrupts are not globally enabled ELSE SELECT 32K amp WAIT F
13. TO 220 TOsz20FP OUTPUT INPUT DEEP AK ORDERING CODES uae __ __ ________ 1 fa LSAT LT8ECT L7812T L78 12CT L7815T L78 15CT L7 amp 818T 17 1 LT es _______ aT ima __ 17 2 MEZE i Avallabieim Taped Feel wiih iie auii 178126 L781 20W 1 eT L78ZXKT LT 2SCT m ivy apg 90 L7800 SERIES Figure 3 Ripple Rejection ELECTRICAL OF L780 refer t the test circuits T 55 lo 150 C Vi z 500 mA 033 pF 0 1 unless otherwise apecified usi 5 52 104 j 25 Tess 5 mA to 15 25 2 to 780 Tes 2572 ah Quiescent Current Change 65 m to 1 26 B i HrtoigEHz Tj 2592 62 08 Tenue D Short Circuit Current 35 v 2592 Short Circuit Peak Current 1 Lead and ins regulation are specified constant Changes inve due ba heating decha must be taken nb acean aeparabdy Pulao kaing with s dob cyodaela used EEE E E e M pn E lt A sfe E gt 529
14. The design prototype is also capable of operating using either a battery supply or a direct power supply as its main power source The design implements the concept of a rechargeability function through the use of rechargeable batteries The battery supply can be recharged when a direct power supply is used by the circuit The hardware implementation utilizes a relay to toggle operation while recharging the battery supply Recommendation There could be further improvements or studies on this design One way to innovate this is by creating a sugar level monitor aside from its main function 47 which is getting the blood pressure of a person detachable arm cuff can also be implemented in this design so that it will not be limited to a specific arm circumference range Lastly it is also recommended to study the process on how a user creates a personal profile for storing their own readings properly 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander Charles K and Sadiku Matthew N O 2003 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 27 Edition McGraw Hill New York Ashby Robert 2005 Designers Guide to the Cypress PSoC Newnes MA Brueschke Erich E M D 1993 The World Book Rush Presbyterian St Luke s Medical Center Medical Encyclopedia 6 edition World Book Inc Chicago IL Floyd Thomas L 2002 Electronic Devices 6 Edition Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall New Jersey Fortmann S P M D and P Breitrose M A 1996
15. UV light Dissolve developer into the right amount of water Place the printed circuit board into the solution and wait for a few minutes until the solution reacts with the PCB Etch the layout on the printed circuit board When the layout is visible wash the PCB with water Place the etched circuit board on a ferric chloride to dissolve unwanted copper Test all the connections of the circuit board using VOM and check for continuity Drill holes for all the proper layout of the components Mount all the components needed for the design except for the microcontroller Solder all the components properly 10 Make a program for the design using PSoC Express 3 0 or PSoC Programmer using C language and Assembly language 24 11 Simulate program in the PSoC Express if all the functions are working and if there are no errors 12 Transfer the program on the PSoC microcontroller using a compatible PSoC Burner device 13 Mount the microcontroller on the corresponding IC socket on the circuit board 14 Place and screw the circuit board inside the casing 15 Measure the dimensions of the LCD module Mark the outline on the center of the cover of the plastic case Cut the edges on the marked outline and position the LCD module and screw it on 16 Mark outlines for the push buttons and AC adaptor slot Cut holes on the outlines that fit the components 17 Place the motor solenoid valve relay and batteries inside the case properly Ma
16. are included in a range of conve einig ir eii cimi ad kaa Configurable global busing alows all the device resources to be combined into a complete custom system The PSoC family can have up to eight IO ports that connect to the digital and analog interconnects providing access to 16 digital blocks and 12 analog blocks The PSoC Core The P3aC Core is a powerful engine that supports a rich fes ture set The core includes a CPU memory cocks and config urable GPIO General Purpose 0 The CPU core is a powerful processor with speeds up to 24 MHz providing a four MIPS Harvard architecture mier processor The CPU utilizes an interrupt controller with 25 wec 75 tors io simplify programming of real embedded events Program Executint is timed and protected using the included Sleep and Watch Dog Timers WDT Memory encompasses 32 KB of Flash for program storage 2 KB of SRAM for data storage and up to 2 KB of EEPROM emu lated using the Flash Program Flash utilizes four protection lew els on blocks of 64 bytes allowing customized software IP The Poot device incorporates flexible intemal clock genera tors including a 24 MHz IMO intemal main oscillator accurate io 2255 over temperature and voltage The 24 MHz IMO can also be doubled to 48 MHz for use by the digital system low power 32 kHz ILO intemal low speed oscillator provided for the Sleep timer a
17. buses that can route any signal to any pin The buses also allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations This configurability frees your designs from the con straints of a fixed peripheral controller Digital blocks are provided in rows of four where the number of blocks varies by PSoC device family This allows you the opti mum choice of system resources for your application Family resources shown in the table tited PSaC Device Character istics on page 3 The Analog System The Analog System composed of 12 configurable blocks each comprised of an opamp circuit allowing the creation of complex analog signal flows Analog peripherals are very flex bie and can be customized to support specific application requirements Some of the more common PSol analog func tions most available as user modules listed below m Analog to digital converters up to 4 with amp to 14 bit resolu tion selectable as Incremental Delta Sigma and SAR m Filters 2 4 or B pole band pass lowpass and notch m Amplifiers up to 4 with selectable gain to 48x m Instrumentation amplifiers up to 2 with selectable gain to Bax m Comparators up to 4 with 18 selectable thresholds m DACs up to 4 with 6 to 2 resolution m Multiplying DACs up to 4 with to E bit resolution m High current output drivers four with 40 mA drive as a Core Resource m 1 3V reference as a System Resource 76
18. button until it goes back to the month mode and hold for a second 6 The setting is changed if the mode stops blinking Note Configuring the date and time can only be done before starting the operation Procedure in recalling previous reading 1 2 3 Press and hold the power button Press setup button The memory location will blink Press the mode button to select memory module A B C amp D The memory module will blink A is the default memory module Press the up and down button to select from A to D After selecting the memory module press mode button to go back to the memory location mode Press up and down button to view the readings 98 Troubleshooting Procedures Problems Causes and Solutions No Power No Display on the LCD Screen Get the AC adapter plug it to the jack of the prototype then connect it to the power outlet Charge the prototype There is a display but cannot start the operation The display is dim The power of the battery is insufficient charge the prototype An EE error appears after getting blood pressure measurement An accurate reading cannot obtained The arm cuff in under inflated Wait 15 minutes and measure again Try loosening the cuff to allow blood circulation in your arm while waiting The arm cuff does not inflate after starting The tube inside the case is not connected to the sensor Connect the tube properly
19. is the technique which was used to the design because of its simplicity to use There is no need for a small improvised stethoscope to determine which Korotkoff sound is the systolic and diastolic but instead a pressure sensor will be used in the arm cuff of the design to determine the amplitude of the pressure during deflation This information helped the group to understand the principles in getting the blood pressure measurements automatically A study entitled Development of Automatic Blood Pressure Meter at Home by Nan H Kim et al published in Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 1990 it is stated that most clinical measurements of arterial blood pressure are made by sphygmomanometer Automated blood pressure meter has been developed as a substitute for the manual sphygmomanometer The design in this study is named SE 1000 which has been manufactured by Sein Electronic Co in Korea Using oscillometric method and a microcomputer MN175451 the digital blood pressure meter was developed to measure blood pressure automatically and the composition of this equipment is divided into three parts such as hardware software and specifications how the blood pressure meter is developed Using this article it helped the group to bring out an idea on how the design will be developed as shown in Figure 2 2 on page 18 1 LOW BATTERY _ SPEAKER __ POWER SUPPLY ___
20. pro M M framework is generated the user can add app ication s to flesh out the framework also possible to change the selected components and regenerate the framework The Design Browser allows users to select and import precon figured designs into the user s project Users can easily browse catalog of preconfigured designs to facilitate time todesign Examples provided in the tools include a 300 baud modem LIN In the Application Editor you can edit your C language and Assembly language source code You can also assemble com ple link and build Assembler The macro assembler allows the assembly code to be merged seamlessly with C code The link libraries auto matically use absolute addressing can be compiled in relative made and linked with other sofware modules to get absolute addressing C Language Compiler C language compiler is available that supports Cypress PSoC family devices Even if you have never worked in the language before the product quickly you to create complete C programs for the PSoC family devices The embedded optimizing C compiler provides all the features af C tailored tn the PSoC architecture It comes complete with embedded libraries providing port and bus operations standard keypad and display support and extended math functionality Debugger The PSaC Designer Debugger subsystem provides hardware marcu emulation allowing the designer t
21. program to be used and developing the design with all the gathered components After developing the design and did actual testing the group can say that the accuracy of the design is almost the same with the existing blood pressure monitor in the market The functionality of the design and all of its features are properly working Keywords Programmable System on Chip systolic diastolic pulse rate rechargeable viii CHAPTER 1 DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Introduction Hypertension or commonly referred to as high blood pressure is one of the most serious conditions our society is facing nowadays It is dangerous in a sense that it can lead to coronary heart disease heart failure stroke kidney failure and other health problems Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood When this pressure rises and stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways There is a device that monitors the blood pressure condition of a person and that is the blood pressure meter A blood pressure meter is a device used to measure blood pressure comprising an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting and at what pressure it is unimpeded The device was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch Scipione Ri
22. reg VLT CR VLT CR POR HIGH yes highest POR trip point required ENDIF 24MHz ENDIF Slow Mode ENDIF 5 0V Operation SetBank0 Disable the Sleep interrupt that was used for timing above In fact no interrupts should be enabled now so may as well clear th register mov MSK0 0 Everything has started OK Now select requested CPU amp sleep frequency M8C SetBankl mov reg OSC_CRO SELECT 32K JUST PLL MODE JUST SLEEP TIMER JUST CPU CLOCK JUST SetBank0 I Global Interrupt are NOT enabled this should be done in main LVD is set but will not occur unless Global Interrupts are enabled Global Interrupts should be enabled as soon as possible in main mov reg INT VC 0 Clear any pending interrupts which may have been set during the boot process IF ENABLE LJMP TO MAIN 68 ljmp _ main goto main no return E S E lcall main call main Exit jmp Exit Wait here after return till power off or reset ENDIF bGetPowerSetting _bGetPowerSetting Returns value of POWER SETTING in the A register No inputs No Side Effects mov A POWER SETTING ret ROM AREAs for C CONST static amp global items AREA lit ROM REL CON const definitions AREA idata ROM REL CON Constant
23. speed the development process the PSoC Designer Inte peripheral devices simple and come in analog digital and tains over 50 common such as ADCs DACs Tim ers Counters UARTs and other not so common such as Generators and Bi Quad analog fiter sections Each user module establishes the basic register settings that implement the selected function It also provides parameters configuration to your particular For example a Pulse Width Modulator User Mod ule configures one or more digital PSoC blocks one for each 8 bits of resolution The user module parameters permit you to establish the pulse width and duty cycle User modules also provide tested software to cut your development time The user The functions are documented in user module data sheets that are viewed directly in the PSoC Designer IDE These data sheets explain the internal operation of the user module and provide performance spectications Each data sheet describes the use of each user module parameter and documents the set ting of each register controlled by the user module point and click simplicity Next you build signal chains by inter connecting user modules to each other and the IO pins At this stage you also configure the clock source connections and configures the device to your specification and provides the high level user module API functions The next step is to write your main program and any sub rou tines using PSoC
24. to the problems that arise our group needs to create a low cost digital blood pressure monitor that can reassure the user of its accuracy efficiency and reliability The Objective of the Design The main objective of this design is to create a low cost digital blood pressure monitor prototype using Programmable System on Chip or PSoC microcontroller The group considered the following to implement the design project 1 To be able to store systolic reading diastolic reading and pulse rate reading 2 To be able to store the readings into four different memory modules that contain the date and time it was taken 3 To be able to design a prototype that will work using either a battery supply or a direct power supply as its main power source 4 To be able to incorporate rechargeability feature through the use of rechargeable battery supply The Significance of the Study Having this design done will be very beneficial to people especially to those who suffer high blood pressure condition This study promotes health awareness to people and that they can monitor their own blood pressure using this prototype Using this would be simple and some features were enhanced making it valuable This was created to minimize the expenses of the people who are using a battery operated blood pressure meter which costs much and not environment friendly Through this study the group was able to apply their technical skills and knowledge learned not just in en
25. BPM Table 4 6 shows the tabulated values of the averaged readings for the four test subjects 42 Prototype Kodea BPM Set Systolic Diastolic Pulse Systolic Diastolic Pulse mmHg mmHg Rate mmHg mmHg Rate A 112 1 70 1 61 6 112 3 70 4 61 8 B 106 6 68 6 84 2 107 67 3 85 2 C 129 5 79 9 66 6 129 9 82 5 68 2 D 139 4 89 1 83 5 140 87 3 82 3 Table 4 6 Computed Average of Test Results The following are the formulas used to obtain the average values systolic values systolic 3 average number of tests diastolic values diastolic NECS number of tests pulse rate values ulse rate of teta p average number of tests The formula below is used to obtain the percentage difference Percent Diff 2 1 2D 100 X2 where and indicates the value obtained from the Kodea BPM and the value obtained from the prototype correspondingly Here is a sample computation of the percentage difference using the average systolic readings for test subject A 2 112 3 mmHg 112 1 mmHg Percent Diff x 100 112 3 mmHg 112 1 mmHg Percent Diff 0 18 43 Percentage Difference 9 o Systolic Diastolic Pulse Rate A 0 18 0 43 0 32 B 0 37 1 91 1 18 C 0 31 3 20 2 37 D 0 43 2 04 1 45 Table 4 7 Computed Percentage Errors for Accuracy The largest percentage diff
26. Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 Figure 6 3 Figure 6 4 Figure 6 5 Figure 6 6 Figure 6 7 LIST OF FIGURES Conceptual Framework of the System Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements Hardware Block Diagram of SE 1000 Design Procedure Flowchart Block Diagram of Hardware Design Schematic Diagram of the Design System Flowchart of the Design Prototype Actual Photo of the Prototype Schematic Diagram of the Design Prototype PCB Layout with Components of the Design PCB Layout of the Design Internal View of the Prototype Top View of the Prototype Front View of the Prototype Back View of the Prototype vii ABSTRACT The design study is all about PSoC based Blood Pressure Monitor It is developed using a Programmable System on Chip which is being manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation The systolic diastolic and the pulse rate reading are displayed on a Liquid Crystal Display or LCD making it digital The date and time is present in the display It can also store the readings with the date and time information included Also this prototype has a battery rechargeable function The purpose of the design is to create a low cost design and to enhance the functionality of the blood pressure meter in the market using the PSoC microcontroller The design is conducted by gathering related literature and studies which was used in determining the features that is needed in the design It is followed by creating the circuit diagram studying the
27. MBlockLoop H No continue pop A Yes restore pXIData to A X and jmp AccessNextStructLoop initialize another RAM block C WrapUp pop A balance stack 9 ENDIF SYSTEM LARGE MEMORY MOD C RTE Done ENDIF C LANGUAGE SUPPORT IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET 5 0 5 0V Operation IF SWITCH MODE PUMP 1 SMP is operational When using the SMP at 5V we must wait for Vdd to slew from 3 1V SV before enabling the Precision Power On Reset PPOR or MSK0 INT MSK0 SLEEP M8C SetBankl and reg OSC OSC_CRO S reg OSC 05 _ S SetBank0 M8C ClearWDTAndSleep Restart the sleep timer mov reg INT VC 0 Clear all pending interrupts WaitFor2ms EEP 512Hz 67 tst reg INT CLRO INT MSKO SLEEP Test the SleepTimer Interrupt Status jz WaitFor2ms Branch fails when 2 msec has passed ENDIF SMP is operational ENDIF 5 0V Operation Set Power On Reset POR Level SetBankl IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET 570 5 0V Operation IF POWER SETTING amp POWER SET SLOW IMO and Slow Mode ELSE No fast mode IF CPU CLOCK JUST OSC CRO CPU 24MHz As fast as 24MHz no set midpoint POR in user code if desired ELSE 24HMz z or
28. Measurement values appear too high or too low Blood pressure varies constantly Review tips before taking blood pressure The LED does not lit up while using the AC adapter and charging The AC adapter is not properly connected to the jack Connect the adapter properly 99 Safety Measures 1 Do not spill any liquid or insert any foreign objects Do not spill any liquids or insert any foreign objects into the PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor or the adapter If any liquids or foreign objects enter the system immediately remove the adapter from the wall outlet Continued use could cause fire damage to the system Do not expose to strong impacts Do not expose the blood pressure meter to strong impact by striking the system with other objects or by dropping it If the LCD is damaged it could cause injury or if the built in battery pack is damaged and builds up heat it could cause burns Do not use any adapters other than the one suited to the PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor Be sure to use the adapter suited to this device Failure to do such could cause fire or injury Do not use any power source other than household power The adapter can only be used with household power 220 Volts such as overseas it could cause fire or injury Do not use defective adapter Do not use a deformed adapter or one with damaged adapter prongs Doing so could cause fire or electric shock Insert the ada
29. ON SOR PROTECTION DESCRIPTION The 17800 serea of three enminal regulos ida available in 0 220 TO 220FP TO 3 and PAK packages and several output voRages making useful in a wide range of applications These regulators can provide bocal on cam regulation elimhaling the distribution problems associated with single point regulation Each type employs internal current limiting shnut dawn and safe area protection making essentially indestructible If adequate heat sinking is provided they can deliver aver output current Alhough designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with extemal components fe obtain adjustable voltage and SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM February 2003 i28 88 7800 SERIES ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS emen me me Ene _ umes ___ 55 Rarge Absclube Maximum Patines are those values beyond which damage may occur Funcional under these condition i natimpglied THERMAL DAT A Parameter _____ iex unit 5 8 Thermal Rewsance ws m SCHEMATIC 89 7800 SERIES L OUTPUT GROUND GROUHD SIMU chaise CONNECTION DIAGRAM view
30. OR 32K Either no ECO or waiting for stable clock is to be done in main M8C SetBankl mov reg OSC SELECT 32K JUST PLL MODE JUST SLEEP TIMER JUST OSC CRO CPU 12MHz SetBank0 M8C ClearWDTAndSleep Reset the watch dog I ENDIF SELECT 32K amp WAIT FOR 32K IF PLL MODE Crystal is now fully operational assuming WAIT FOR 32K was enabled Now start up PLL if selected and wait 16 msec for it to stabilize SetBankl 62 mov reg OSC SELECT 32K JUST PLL MODE JUST OSC CRO SLEEP 64Hz OSC CRO CPU 3MHz SetBank0 M8C ClearWDTAndSleep Reset the sleep timer to get full period mov reg INT VC 0 Clear all pending interrupts 6 5 tst reg INT CLRO INT MSKO SLEEP Test the SleepTimer Interrupt Status jz WaitFor16ms M8C SetBankl continue boot at CPU Speed of SYSCLK 2 mov reg OSC SELECT 32K JUST PLL MODE JUST OSC CRO SLEEP 64Hz OSC CRO CPU 12MHz SetBank0 IF WAIT FOR 32K ELSE WAIT FOR 32K Option settings PLL Yes ECO No are incompatible force a syntax error ERROR PSoC Disabling WAIT FOR 32K requires that the PLL Lock must be enabled in user code ENDIF WAI ENDIF PLL _ MODE T FOR 3 2K
31. PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor By Escares Jonas T Garcia Arben M Geronimo Edzel P Regala Jerby C A Design Report Submitted to the School of Electrical Engineering Electronics and Communications Engineering and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology April 2009 Approval Sheet Mapua Institute of Technology School of EE ECE CoE This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the design report prepared by Jonas T Escares Arben M Garcia Edzel P Geronimo and Jerby C Regala entitled PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor and that the said report has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee 4 N tee Berenguela Engr Cyrel C antis Reader Design Adviser As members of the Oral Examination Committee we certify that we have examined this design report presented before the committee on November 21 2008 and hereby recommended that it be accepted as fulfillment of the design requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Engf Jose B Lazaro Jr Engr Isagani V Villamor Panel Member Panel Member Engr lv F Villaverde Chairman This design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Electrical Engineering Electronics and Communications Engineering and Computer Engineering as fulfillment of t
32. SoC devices The PSoC Designer IDE and application runs on Windows NT 4 0 Windows 2000 Windows Millennium Me Windows XP Reference the PSoC Designer Func tional Flow diagram below Fot Designer helps the customer to select an operating con database management by project an integrated debugger with In Circuit Emulator in system programming support and the CYASM maco assembler for the CPUs PSoC Designer also supports a hightevel C language compiler developed specifically for the devices in the family PSoC Designer Subsystems 5 Designer Fz ur h Grcut Dever 78 PSoC Designer Software Subsystems The Device Editor subsystem allows the user to select different onboard analog and digital components called user modules using the PSoC blocks Examples of user modules are ADCs DACs Amplifiers and Filters The device editor also supports easy development of multiple ration allows for changing configurations at run ime PSoC Designer sets up power on initialization tables for selected PSoC block configurations and creates source code for an application framework The framework contains software to operate the selected components and if the project uses more one operating configuration contains routines to switch between different sets of PSoC block configurations at run time PSoC Designer can print out configuration sheet for given project configuration for use during application
33. TE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse neg CMX DIO SetValue amp pse pos BYTE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse pos CMX DIO SetValue amp pse power BYTE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse power CMX DIO SetValue amp pse set BYTE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse set variables 55 J RRR RRR KR KK KKK KK RK IK IK RR KKKKKKKK J RRR RRR KKK KK KKK RK KK IK OK OK KK I OR KKK IR ORK OK KOR KK OK KK KKKKKKKK FILENAME calibration c Version PSOC_VERSION DESCRIPTION This files contains the calibration constansts for ADC Currently these values are default values that are not calibrated er E ccce e Copyright c Cypress MicroSystems 2004 All Rights Reserved J RRR RRR KKK KK KR KR KK RK IK KR RK IR OR RK KR ORK OK IK OR KK OK KK KKKKKKKK J RRR RRR KK RK KK KR KK KK IK KK KK IK OR ORK OK IK KK OK KK KK KKKKKKKK pragma abs address 0x7FCO const int CountsPerVolt 25206 ADC gain for 0 to 2 6 volt range const int ADC Offset 0 ADC offset in counts This array of offsets allows for custom calibration of each input that uses the mVolts channel The offset will be in the drivers native units For the mVolts driver it will be in mVolts For a temperature driver it will be in tenths of degrees etc const int imVolts Chan Offset 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fpragma end abs address Generated by PSoC Designer
34. THODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES Design Methodology Design Procedure Design Procedure for Actual Design Hardware Design List of Materials Hardware Component Circuit Design Hardware Implementation Software Design Software Component System Flowchart Prototype Development vi vii viii m BR 14 Chapter 4 TESTING PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA36 Testing of Accuracy Testing of Reliability Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion Recommendation BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix A Circuit Schematic Diagram Appendix Source Code Appendix C Actual Photo Appendix D 28Pin CY8C29466 Datasheet Appendix LM324 Datasheet Appendix F MPS 2000 Pressure Sensor Datasheet Appendix L78XX Voltage Regulator Datasheet Appendix User s Manual 36 44 47 47 47 49 50 Table 3 1 Table 4 1 Table 4 2 Table 4 3 Table 4 4 Table 4 5 Table 4 6 Table 4 7 Table 4 8 Table 4 9 LIST OF TABLES List of Materials and Cost Classifications of Blood Pressure for Adults Test Results of Test Subject A Test Results of Test Subject B Test Results of Test Subject C Test Results of Test Subject D Computed Average of Test Results Computed Percentage Errors for Accuracy Test Results for Reliability Testing Computed Percentage Errors for Reliability vi Figure 1 1 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5
35. The MPS 2000 ts compatible with most nomcomrosive gases and dry air SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FEATURES prce dual m lme package rn Wide operating temperature range 40 to o Solid state reliability o Easy to Use Easy Embedded in OEM Equipment APPLICATIONS Blood Pressure Meter Consumer amp Sports Medical Instrumentation amp Monitorning Disposable Blood Pressure HOW TO ORDER Part Number Description MPS 2000 5 8 psig DIP 85 Parameter Notes General Pressure Range Maximum Overpressure Electrical 25 C 77 F unless otherwise specified 40 KPaG rated pressure 8 D i Environmental Operating Temperature Range 40 F 185 F Storage Temperature Range 40 257 F Mechanical Weight 1 1 08 gam _ 8 5 PERFORMANCE mone w me ______ e uus T mm wmm Notes 1 All values are Minimum Maxinmm and are measured at 5 VDC and 25 unless otherwise specified 2 Best fit straight line 3 Between 0 and 40 Temperature coefficients are typical values PACKAGE DIAGRAM 86 APPENDIX G L78XX Voltage Regulator Datasheet 87 17800 ky SERIES POSITVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS OUTPUT CURRENT 1 55 OUTPUT VOLTAGES OF 5 5 2 6 8 8 5 9 12 15 18 24V THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION OUTPUT TRANSITI
36. _ SOLENOID VALVE COMPUTER KEY INPUT __ Figure 2 2 Hardware Block Diagram of SE 1000 The figure above gave the idea about the components that are going to use for the design It shows the different components used in SE 1000 such as micro computer LCD display battery speaker power supply motor solenoid valve timer pressure frequency converter and cuff It shows the interaction between the components and the micro computer that was used Some of the components here were applied in the hardware construction of the design The software part in the article explains the controls on the hardware and processes the input signal These are the functions of the software of SE 1000 written in the article such as auto zeroing auto power off removal of artifacts display of the blood pressure and pulse rate readings These functions that were stated in the article are used to conceptualize the process and form the programming part of the design The article also us the concept of improving the functions of this study and helped us to plan on how to record the measurements displayed from the design The function of SE 1000 is only to display the readings In the article Oscillometric Blood Pressure Monitor Identification published in the journal 30 Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference by Eduardo C Pinheiro in year 2008 demonstrated a study and experim
37. at Development Kits Development Kits are available from the following distributors Dig Key Avnet and Future The Cypress Online Store at hitocwwwonfulfillment comicypressstore contains develop ment kits C compilers and all accessories for PSoC develop ment Click on Programmable System on Chip to view current list of avaiable items Technical Training Modules Free PSoC technical training modules are awailable for users new to PSaC Training modules cover designing debugging advanced analog and CapSense Go to Consultants Certified PSoC Consultants offer everything from technical assistance to completed designs To contact or become a PSaC Consultant ga to the following Cypress support web site hitpziwww cypress com suppoart cypros cfm Technical Support PSoC applicabon engineers take pride in fast and accurate response They can be reached with a 4 hour guaranteed response at www cypress com support login Application Notes long list of application notes will assist you in every aspect of your design effort To view the PS5oC application notes to the htzpklwww cypress com web site and select Application Notes under the Design Resources list located in the center of the web page Application notes are isted by date by default Development Tools PSC Designer is a Microsoft Windows based integrated development environment for the System on Chip P
38. at are designed specifically to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages Operation from split supplies also is possible when the difference between the two supplies is 3 V to 30 V for the LM2902 3 V to 26 V and Vec is at least 1 5 V more positive than the input common mode voltage The low supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the supply voltage Applications include transducer amplifiers dc amplification blocks and all the conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can be more easily implemented in single supply voltage systems For example the LM124 can be operated directly from the standard 5 V supply that is used in digital systems and easily provides the required interface electronics without requiring additional 15 supplies 83 APPENDIX MPS 2000 Pressure Sensor Datasheet 84 MPS 2000 006GR DIP Pressure Sensor DESCRIPTION The MPS 2000 features silicon pressure sensors m 6 dual m lme packages All parts in these series are uncompensated high performance die mounted on a substrate with a plastic cap Pins are designed for through board assembly The MPS 2000 is ideal for applications requiring low hysteresis high With constant voltage excitation the MPS 2000 produces a voltage output that 5 linearly proportional to the mput pressure The user can provide MPS 2000 with signal conditionmg circuitry to amplify the output signal or to maximize OEM value added
39. ble mixed signal arrays that integrate the microcontroller and related peripheral circuits typically found in an embedded design Ashby 2005 Pulse is the rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery that can be felt near the surface of the body It can be palpated in any place that allows for an artery to be compressed against a bone such as at the neck carotid artery at the wrist radial artery behind the knee popliteal artery on the inside of the elbow brachial artery and near the ankle joint posterior tibial artery The pulse rate can also be measured by measuring the heart beats directly the apical pulse Brueschke 1993 Relay is essentially an electromagnetic device used to open or close a switch that controls another circuit Alexander and Sadiku 2003 Resistor is the simplest passive element It is a device that has the ability to resist the flow of electric current that is measured in ohms It is usually made from metallic alloys and carbon compounds Alexander and Sadiku 2003 Solenoid Valve is an electromechanical valve used for liquid or gas controlled by running or stopping an electric current through the solenoid which is a coil of wire thus changing the state of the valve Encarta 2007 Stethoscope is an instrument for listening to the internal sounds of the body Brueschke 1993 Systole is the contraction of the heart muscle that causes the forceful ejection of blood into the arterial syste
40. blood pressure measurements It shows how the pressure wave or sound wave moves during the process of detecting the blood pressure The information illustrated was used in the study to understand the behavior of the signal from the pressure in the arm cuff during the deflation period at a given pressure In recent years electronic pressure and pulse monitors based on oscillometry have become popular for their simplicity of use and reliability The measurement principle of the Oscillometric Method is a measurement of the amplitude of the pressure change in the cuff as it is inflated from above the systolic pressure The amplitude suddenly grows larger as the pulse breaks to the occlusion This is very close to systolic pressure As the cuff pressure is further reduced the pulsation increase in amplitude reaches a maximum and then diminishes rapidly The index of the diastolic pressure is taken where this rapid transition begins Therefore the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure is obtained by identifying the region where there is a rapid increase then decrease in the amplitude of the pulses respectively An approach using this technique could start with a cuff placed around the upper arm and rapidly inflated to about 30 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure occluding blood flow to the brachial artery Rithalia et al 2000 It is important to know on how blood pressure is measured using those two techniques The oscillometric method
41. btain a 5V input for powering the PSoC The computation of the voltage is shown below The typical PSoC input current is 8mA at input voltage of 5V 5V Rs amp m A R 6250 V out Rz R2 205 1 ms V out R4 1250 Where Vi is the input voltage coming from the 6V voltage regulator and Vout is the voltage used for powering the PSoC 31 Software Design The program was created using the free software of the Cypress Company for the beginners PSoC Express 3 0 is the software that we have used developing the program The software is designed for the PSoC microcontroller to handle the process of getting blood pressure up to the function of displaying the reading The software was created by selecting all the components needed for the design in the PSoC Express 3 0 and was developed using C Language Assembly Language is also used in doing the software a low level language that implements numeric machine code since port addressing is very important to make all the components working Software Component PSoC Express is the development tool that we used to develop a microcontroller based design Due to its features we are able to create simulate and program the software for our design Assembly language and C Language are the languages that we used System Flowchart The system flowchart of the design project is illustrated in Figure 3 4 on page 34 It shows how the operation of the
42. c blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats The unit of measurement for blood pressure reading is millimeters of mercury mmHg The blood pressure readings can be classified according to the range of systolic and diastolic reading to determine if it is normal hypotension or hypertension condition see Table 4 1 The pulse rate reading can be measured and can be classified if the user has bradycardia tachycardia or has normal pulse rate The Design Setting Developing this PSoC based Blood Pressure Monitor will help avoid high blood pressure condition It can be used in monitoring the blood pressure status of a person so that they are always aware of their heart condition even when they are at home office or anywhere since this design is portable The design is also easy to use as compared to the usual blood pressure device because it is automatic meaning there is no need to pump air manually and to be knowledgeable on how to use a stethoscope By pushing the start button the design will automatically pump air and display the result in systolic and diastolic reading as well as the pulse rate reading The user of the existing blood pressure meter in the market either analog or digital requires them to record the readings that they got so that there is still a record for future comparison of their blood pressure measurements Doing thi
43. colum adt _ E x ___ LEGEND Anaig Input and These are the SEP pins which are not High 2 at POR Power On Reset Gee the Paot Miced Signal Array Technica Reference lanua Tor details 81 APPENDIX E LM324 Datasheet LM124 LM124A LM224 LM224A LM324 LM324A LM2902 QUADRUPLE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS SLOSO6EH SEPTEMBER 1975 REVISED OCTOBER 2002 Wide Range of Supply Voltages LM124 D J OR inm i LM124A J dept doe idi Supplies LM324 D N NS OR PW PACKAGE Low Supply Current Drain Independent of LM324A D DB NS OR PW PACKAGE Supply Voltage 0 8 mA Typ LM2902 D N NS OR PW PACKAGE Common Mode Input Voltage Range Includes Ground Allowing Direct Sensing Near Ground Low Input Bias and Offset Parameters Input Offset Voltage 3 mV Typ Versions 2 mV Typ Input Offset Current 2 nA Typ Input Bias Current 20 nA Typ Versions 15 Typ Differential Input Voltage Range Equal to Maximum Rated Supply Voltage 32 V p 26 V for LM2902 vidus Open Loop Differential Voltage Amplification 100 V mV Typ Internal Frequency Compensation description ordering information These devices consist of four independent high gain frequency compensated operational amplifiers th
44. de a decimator for conversion of delta sigma Analog Digital Converter outputs to parallel data The idea on interfacing the sensor of the design to a PSoC microcontroller was also learned from the article In our design the use of PSoC microcontroller offers a unique set of flexible resources to accomplish sensor interface and system control The ability to reprogram analog and digital hardware functionality allows the design to be implemented in a microcontroller 21 Chapter 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES Design Methodology The design methodology used is developmental research It is a process of finding or developing a better design that has been available Using this type of research is important in improving this field of technology The group research focused on the different studies from the past up to the present in relation to the design project To further understand the design concepts additional information and concepts needed were gathered from books journals and internet The data gathered provides a solution to the process of the system This method helps the design obtain balance objectives and expectations from the actual results of the produced design prototype Design Procedure Figure 3 1 on page 23 shows the process on how the research study is done The first step is to identify the problem of the study the group has gathered information about the problems that were encountered using the existing digital blood pr
45. des ADC 00 Include include CHAN h void main Initialize Project M8C EnableGInt I2C CFG amp OxFC it s not used System System System Timer Start EnableInt Initialize Channels ADC 00 Initialization ADCBUF Start 3 ADC Start 3 AdcScanReset ADC GetSamples 0 Power up Initialize Variables Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys Sys ADC part specific constants and macros PSoC API definitions for all User Modules Turn on interrupts Disable Timer SetInterval SystemTimer 64 HZ Timer _ Power up ADC Buffer PGA Initialize ADC scanner Turn on GetSamples temVars ReadOnlyVars pse Minus 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse Mode 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse Plus 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse Switch on 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse air 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse air switch 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse motor 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse neg 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse pos 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse power 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse pump 0 temVars ReadOnlyVars pse set 0 Driver instantiations CMX DIO Instantiate amp pse neg te amp pse motor CMX DIO Instantia CMX DIO Instantiate amp pse air I2C in case 54 MX GSWITCH Ins MX DIO Instan MX GSWITCH In MX DIO Instan MX GSWITCH In MX DIO Instan MX GSWITCH In MX mVolts Ins MX mVolts Ins tantia ia
46. e blood pressure reading and the pulse rate reading The Scope and Delimitations The design will cover innovation and development of the Programmable System on Chip based Blood Pressure Monitor The group has set the scope and delimitation of the design as follows The Scope 1 The design uses a PSoC microcontroller as a substitute to the usual microcontroller used in the market 2 The blood pressure monitor works automatically once started 3 The blood pressure monitor can also determine and display the pulse rate reading 4 It can record blood pressure reading and pulse rate reading including the date and time it was taken 5 It can record 30 blood pressure readings on each memory modules 6 It consists of 4 memory modules which are A B C and D 7 An indicator SA that means save is displayed every after blood pressure reading 8 An indicator EE that means error is displayed if the reading is out of range 9 The prototype uses a rechargeable battery and a 6V 12V adaptor 10 The prototype still works while charging 11 The date and time can be set manually and updates automatically 12 There is a light indicator when the prototype is charging 13 There is a display indicator when the battery is drained or emptied Delimitations 1 The battery should not be emptied so that the records in the memory will not be deleted 2 The blood pressure monitor can only record up to a maximum of 120 readings 3 The maximum range of
47. e itself Normally vector jump targets are modified automatically according to the user modules selected This occurs when the Generate Application opera tion is run causing PSoC Designer to create boot asm and the other configuration files If you need to hard code a vector update the file boot tpl not boot asm See the banner comment at the beginning of this file AREA TOP ROM ABS CON org 0 Reset Interrupt Vector jmp Start First instruction executed following a Reset org 04h Supply Monitor Interrupt Vector halt Stop execution if power falls too low org 08h Analog Column 0 Interrupt Vector call void handler reti org OCh Analog Column 1 Interrupt Vector 58 call void handler reti org 10h call void handler reti org 14h call void handler reti org 18h call void handler reti org 1Ch call void handler reti org 20h call void handler reti org 24h 1jmp ADC ADConversion ISR reti org 28h call void handler reti org 2Ch call void handler reti org 30h call void handler reti org 34h call void handler reti org 38h call void handler reti org 3Ch call void handler reti org 40h call void handler reti org 44h call void handler Analog Column 2 Interrupt Vector Analog Column 3 Interrupt Vector NC3 Interrupt Vector GPIO PSoC PSoC PSoC PSoC PSoC PSoC PSoC
48. ent that he conducted The experiments were conducted using a wrist OBPM air pump KOGE KPM14A a KSVO5A solenoid valve the MEASUREMENT SPECIALITIES 1451 pressure sensor and a NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS USB 6008 Multifunction I O board with a defined sampling and writing rate of 50 Samples second The OBPM identification tests were developed connecting the air flow circuit output to a wrist inflatable cuff and repeated in a constant volume reservoir to perceive the differences in the system behavior induced by the reservoir inflation This information helped the researchers to know the type of motor and valve that will be used in the design prototype The idea of using KOGE as brand of motor and solenoid valve was also adapted to our design to guarantee the function of the inflation and deflation process The motor to be used is important in producing an air during the inflation process Every motor has its own specifications and pressure range The solenoid valve is also needed to consider in the design Another related study that was used in the design is the article entitled Integrating Analog and Digital Signal Conditioning in a Programmable System on Chip published by Dennis Seguine from IEEE journal in 2000 it is stated that sensors are analog and modern communication methods digital Programmable System on Chip PSoC mixed signal microcontrollers offer interconnect and signal processing techniques for the design of very low co
49. equ 1 n The following equate is required for proper operation Reseting its value is discouraged WAIT FOR 32K is effective only if the crystal oscillator is Selected If the designer chooses to not wait then stabilization of the ECO and PLL Lock must take place within user code 5 the family data sheet for the requirements of starting the ECO and PLL lock mode E Set to 1 Wait for XTAL amp PLL if selected to stabilize before invoking main 57 Set to 0 Boot code does not wait clock may not have stabilized by the time code in main starts executing WAIT FOR 32K equ 1 For historical reasons by default the boot code uses an lcall instruction to invoke the user s main code If main executes a return instruction boot provides an infinite loop By changing the following equate from zero to 1 boot s lcall will be replaced by a ljmp instruction saving two bytes on the stack which are otherwise required for the return address If this option is enabled main must not return Beginning with the 4 2 release the C compiler automatically places an infinite loop at the end of main rather than a return instruction ENABLE LJMP equ 0 Interrupt vector tabl ntries are 4 bytes long Each one contains a jump instruction to an ISR Interrupt Service Routine although very short ISRs could be encoded within the tabl
50. erence computed based on the table is at 3 2096 the percentage difference obtained for the diastolic pressure of test subject C This basically means that the PSoC based Blood Pressure Monitor prototype operates at 96 80 accuracy compared to the Kodea BPM Since the Kodea BPM operates at a percentage difference of 3 or a 5 mmHg differential of blood pressure readings we may conclude that the prototype is as accurate as the market based BPM based on its specifications Testing of Reliability The design prototype may be operated either while on battery supply or while the device is being charged It is necessary to determine whether the device while being charged behaves and functions similarly when operating on battery supply This is to prove that the direct connection to the power outlet of 220V does not affect the operation of the system Similar assumptions from the previous test conducted are to be followed The following procedures are done for testing the reliability of the prototype device 1 Choose ten random persons to be the test subjects 44 2 Make necessary preparations before obtaining the readings Refer to Appendix H User s Manual for step by step procedures Make sure that the battery of the device is charged before operating 3 After the first reading rest the test subject for five minutes before obtaining the second reading 4 Record the average of the two readings 5 Follow the same procedures for all t
51. eripherak PoC Blocks H 12RabHo Ral Andog Blocks Provide Upo 14 25 ADs Fi Timers caren and PS CRC and PRE Modules Up to 2 zul Dupiex WATS Masters or Saves Gonnectable all GFP Pins Compier Peripherals by Combining Blocks E Pregicion Programmable Clocking E Fibi On Chip Memory eus PER FORM W Additional 2yctem Recouroes 1 intemal zz 54 24048 Oscillator PC Save Master and Mult Ltscier in 7 2488 MHz wah 32755 kHz rysa C Opio Extemai Osdia up do 24 CJ internal for Watchdog and Seep EEPROM Emuiston in Fash 7 Comper Structure Programmable Pin Configurazione 7 Z5 mA onal 128K Bytes Trace Memory Full up Pull down High Z Strong or Open Drain Drive Modes on T Wp tol Analog Inputs on GFIO 71 For 40 Anaing Outputs on 71 Confguratie ail PSoC Functional Overview The Foe family consists of many Mixed Signal Array with OrHGhip Controller dewces These devices are designed to replace multiple tradibonal MICU based system components with one low cost single chip programmable device Pol ee ee as wel as programmable interconnects This architecture RO aS Sa Ora disc that match the requirements of each individual application Additionally a fast CPU Flash program memory SRAM data memory and configurable 10
52. essure meter available in the market After gathering information we researched on different related literature and studies through books journals and internet to support our design Using all the articles that we selected the group discussed all the concepts that we are going to apply in our design We determined the features and functions it will cover The circuit diagram was then created and we gathered all the appropriate components that 22 we are going to use considering its usability and functionality in the design Since we already have all the tools and components for our design the development of the PSoC based blood pressure monitor was started Identify the problem with the existing digital blood pressure in the market Gather all related literature and studies Are data sufficient 2 Y Determine the features and functions of the design Design the circuit and gather the materials needed Develop the design Test the design Figure 3 1 Design Procedure Flowchart 23 Design Procedure for Actual Design The design started after gathering all the components and information needed for the development 1 9 Here are the steps that we followed in creating the design Develop the PCB layout of the blood pressure monitor using the PCB Wizard software Print the PCB layout on acetate Cut the printed circuit board acetate Place the acetate with PCB layout on top of the printed circuit board Expose it to
53. f the second element is non zero it represents the size of the block of RAM to be initialized In this case the third member of the struct is an array of bytes of length size and the bytes are copied to the block of RAM 2 If the value of the second element is zero the block of RAM is to be cleared to zero In this case the third member of the struct is an unsigned byte containing the number of bytes to clear AccessNextStructLoop inc X adc A 0 AccessStruct Entry point for first block Assert pXIData in A X points to the beginning of an XIData struct M8C ClearWDT Clear the watchdog for long inits push A romx MSB of RAM addr pXIData mov reg MVW PP A for use with MVI write operations inc A End of Struct List MSB 0xFF 65 jz C RTE WrapUp Yes C runtime environment complete pop A restore pXIData to A X inc X pxXIDatat adc A 0 push A romx LSB of RAM addr CPU A lt pXIData mov RAM Addr now in reg MVW _ restore pXIData to A X inc X pXIDatat point to size adc A 0 push A romx Get the size CPU A pXIData jz ClearRAMBlockToZzero If Size 0 then go clear RAM mov Ts A else downcount restore pXIData to A X CopyNextByteLoop For each byte in the structure s array member copy from
54. fferential of less than 1 0 mmHg obtained for the averaged value of blood pressure readings The next test subject is a 24 year old male weighing 144 pounds standing at 5 feet 4 inches and is known to have developed an asthmatic condition 40 Test Subject C Prototype Kodea BPM Systolic Diastolic Pulse Systolic Diastolic Pulse mmHg mmHg Rate mmHg mmHg Rate 134 81 68 126 86 64 131 81 65 128 79 62 127 73 61 135 77 61 123 73 65 128 77 68 125 79 68 127 83 67 137 88 67 128 85 72 129 87 66 127 85 73 128 75 71 136 84 71 131 85 66 136 84 72 130 77 69 128 85 72 Table 4 4 Test Results of Test Subject C The test results for test subject C yielded a more distinct range of values and are observed to be above the normal readings The test subject has been identified to be at the High Normal category in which the readings are considered to be at pre hypertension level The readings may have been influenced by the condition of the test subject of having asthma Similarly from the results of the previous test subjects the readings from both blood pressure monitor indicate a very minimal differential When averaged the prototype test results yield 129 5 over 79 9 with average pulse rate of 66 6 while the branded BPM test results yield 129 9 over 82 5 with average pulse rate of 68 2 for the test subject There is a differential of 2 6 mmHg obtained for the averaged value of
55. flash to RAM Assert pXIData in A X points to previous byte of flash source P reg MVW PP r0 points to next RAM destination E _ rl holds a non zero count of the number of bytes remaining inc X pxXIData point to next data byte adc A 0 push A romx Get the data value CPU A pXIData mvi r0 A Transfer the data to RAM tst r0 Oxff Check for page crossing jnz CopyLoopTail No crossing keep going mov A reg MVW PP H If crossing bump MVW page reg inc A mov reg MVW_PP A CopyLoopTail pop A restore pXIData to A X dec r1 End of this array in flash jnz CopyNextByteLoop No more bytes to copy jmp AccessNextStructLoop Yes initialize another RAM block ClearRAMBlockToZero pop A restore pXIData to A X inc X pxXIData point to next data byte adc A 0 push A romx Get the run length CPU A pXIData 66 mov Initialize downcounter mov A 0 Initialize source data ClearRAMBlockLoop Assert reg MVW PP r0 points to next RAM destination and __ 1 holds a non zero count of the number of bytes remaining mvi r0 A Clear a byte tst r0 Oxff Check for page crossing jnz ClearLoopTail No crossing keep going mov A reg MVW PP If crossing bump MVW page reg inc A mov reg MVW PP A mov A 0 Restore the zero used for clearing ClearLoopTail dec x1 Was this the last byte jnz ClearRA
56. ght and so forth Therefore to tell whether the readings are acceptable we determined physical information on the test subjects as well as their medical background This is to distinguish if the readings are still in accordance with these physical factors There are four different persons to undertake the tests Two of which has been determined to have medical illness which is critical in the analysis of the results The following tables show the systolic and diastolic readings of the test subjects as well as the pulse rate readings For comparison the readings from the prototype and from the Kodea 9 BPM are made adjacent in each table A total of ten readings shall be taken from each test subjects Since the blood 38 pressure readings vary from time to time we shall take the average of the ten readings to determine the most accurate value of the reading The first test subject is a 53 year old female weighing 100 pounds standing at 4 feet 3 inches with no known medical disorder Test Subject A Prototype Kodea BPM Systolic Diastolic Pulse Systolic Diastolic Pulse mmHg mmHg Rate mmHg mmHg Rate 111 73 61 112 70 62 104 61 60 114 71 62 108 67 59 110 70 61 112 70 64 115 72 63 117 77 62 111 69 61 116 70 60 115 74 63 112 65 58 109 67 60 118 77 69 112 70 62 115 71 65 113 71 62 108 70 58 112 70 62 Table 4 2 Test Results of Test Subject A The second test subject i
57. gineering but also their research in the field of health and science The Conceptual Framework In order to build this design the group shared and discussed different ideas and principles related to this study Figure 1 1 shows the conceptualized design of the system This conceptual framework illustrates the flow of which the device works starting from its input then how it will be processed until it produces an output PROCESS OUTPUT Detection of pressure Blood Pressure Arm cuff Conversion of signal reading Pressure Calculation of systolic Pulse Rate Pulse Beat diastolic and pulse rate reading reading Figure 1 1 Conceptual Framework of the System Using the conceptual framework Figure 1 1 above the design shows that the arm cuff pressure and pulse beat are the input of the system The pulse beat is independent variable which comes from the user The arm cuff is pressurized during inflation that will cause a series of pulse beat during deflation A change in pressure is detected by the pressure sensor which generates a signal that will pass to the operational amplifier The process of converting the signal from analog to digital takes place in the microcontroller The calculation of the systolic diastolic and pulse rate is also processed in the PSoC microcontroller The process will continue until deflation is finished After the systolic diastolic and pulse rate has been determined it will be sent to the LCD to display th
58. he Design Prototype 1 LCD Screen 2 Arm Cuff 3 Air Hose 4 Power Start Stop Button 5 Mode Setup Button 6 Up Button 7 Down Button 8 AC Adaptor Slot 94 Parts of the LCD Display 3 1 Systolic Reading 2 Diastolic Reading 3 Hour 4 Minute 5 Month 6 Day 7 Memory Module A B C amp D 8 Memory Location 1 30 9 Pulse Rate Reading 95 Tips before taking blood pressure measurement 1 Avoid eating smoking exercising and bathing for 30 minutes before taking a measurement Rest at least 15 minutes before taking a measurement 2 Stress raises blood pressure Avoid taking measurements during stressful times 3 Measurement should be taken in a quiet place 4 Remove tight fitting clothing from your arm 5 Seat in a chair with your feet flat on the floor Rest your arm on a table so that the cuff is at the same level as your heart 6 Remain still and do not talk during the measurement 7 single measurement does not provide an accurate indication of your true blood pressure You need to take several readings over a period of time Try to measure your blood pressure at about the same time for consistency 8 Wait 2 3 minutes between measurements The wait time allows the arteries to return to the condition prior to taking blood pressure measurement You may need to increase the wait time depending on your individual physiological characteristics 96 Procedure i
59. he design requirement for the degree in COE461D Yi 3 Dr Felicito S Caluyo Dean School of EE ECE CoE ACKNOWLEDGMENT The group would like to acknowledge and extend their deepest gratitude to the following who have contributed to the development of the project First and foremost our Heavenly Father for giving them the knowledge wisdom and strength to finish the design and other requirements on time Engr Noel B Linsangan for allowing them to pursue this study and giving advice guidance and consideration to assure the success of the project design Engr Cyrel C Ontimare for sharing her expertise and experience which gave them the confidence and inspiration and also for spending her time in meetings and consultations which the team needed Prof Filomena J Berenguela for guiding them in constructing their paragraphs and checking the grammar of their documents And lastly to their respective parents guardians support throughout the development of the design TABLE CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT Chapter 1 DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Introduction The Design Setting Statement of the Problem The Objective of the Design The Significance of the Study Conceptual Framework The Scope and Delimitation Definition of Terms Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES Chapter 3 DESIGN ME
60. he pressure blood against the walls of the arteries Brueschke 1993 Blood Pressure Meter also called as sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure comprising an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting and at what pressure it is unimpeded Manual sphygmomanometers used in conjunction with a stethoscope Brueschke 1993 Blood Vessel is any tube in the body through which blood circulates The most important vessels in the system are the capillaries the microscopic vessels which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues while the conduit vessels arteries and veins carry blood away from the heart and through the capillaries or back towards the heart respectively Brueschke 1993 Capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field the most common electrical components It is consisted of two conducting plates separated by an insulator or dielectric Alexander and Sadiku 2003 Deflate means to let out air or gas from an inflatable object with the result that it shrinks or collapses or lose air or gas Encarta 2007 Diastole is the normal period of relaxation of the heart muscles The diastolic blood pressure is the point of least pressure in the arteries because blood is
61. he test subjects 6 Do the same procedures this time connect the adaptor to the device and the power outlet This allows the device to operate while being charged 7 Compute for the percentage difference and analyze the results By following these procedures we have come up with these results Test Results While Charging Subject Systolic Diastolic Systolic Diastolic mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg 1 97 63 95 65 2 124 88 127 85 3 121 92 118 95 4 132 92 130 90 5 127 89 130 93 6 112 70 120 70 7 118 84 110 81 8 123 87 118 90 9 127 94 125 92 10 130 80 132 79 Table 4 8 Test Results for Reliability Testing Having obtained these data we can determine the reliability of the prototype while being charged compared to when the device is being operated on battery supply The reliability of the design prototype is measured according 45 to the percentage difference of the readings The formula below is used to obtain the percentage difference Percent Dif 2 P1 2 amp 100 x1 x2 where the x and is assumed to be the values obtained from the results while the prototype operates on battery supply and the values obtained from the results while prototype is being charged respectively Here is a sample computation of the percentage difference using the systolic values of the first test subject 2 97 mmHg 95 mmHg Percent Diff
62. ircuit A relay is used as a switch in transferring an electric power while charging the device Transistors are used as a switch also to drive the positive signal to run the air pump motor and the solenoid valve The voltage regulator is used to regulate the voltage supply for the PSoC and to the components of the entire circuit The 29 PSoC is the IC that was programmed to call and the functions of the components of the entire circuit Circuit Design e H H x 3 26 SW1 start 4 25 qe 5 2 5 20 a 1j 2 SW2 mode PS0C PDIP 21 1 nerd 9 20 mE X30 TX x x 3 38 i X IB EET 4 o 0 x x M 15 pox 91004 EU LCD MODULE LA UH val 72 E M EA 54K 5 19 51K 5 1K 4 is 6 125 7 1 98 1k fk 4 T 4 2 12 1N4001 LM78L06 Voltage Regulator 13 13 514 DC Jack 12V 1 2 160k 114 RELAY SPST VIN 4 4 15 16 12 A 0 01m y 0 o 7 ct i i 4 2N3702 PNP 2N3702 PNP LCD gr p 3 2 4 11 KMP27C 1k 42V 1A DC FUSE 5 10 AIR PUMP MOTOR 1k 4 6 9 al 4 1 8 05 Solenoid Valv e 1 6 60k Y 2 5 Qin 2 Tk Fim 7 5V BATTERY g 4 5 LM324 Quad
63. ke sure to attach each of them by using adhesive 18 Connect all the ports from the circuit board to the LCD module 19 Create a hole on the box and attach the arm cuff Glue it properly so that there is no opening for the air to leak 20 Test if the design is working according to its functions Troubleshoot if necessary Hardware Design Figure 3 2 on page 27 is an illustration of the block diagram of the hardware design Initially the user will press the push button to start the 25 operation The prototype is using CY8C29466 PSoC microcontroller which triggers the air pump motor to inflate the arm cuff After the inflation period the microcontroller activates the solenoid valve to deflate the arm cuff gradually During deflation period the pressure sensor detects all the pressure change produced by the pulse beat of the user The pressure sensor outputs a signal that travels to the op amp and will be amplified so that it will not lose the efficiency of the data This amplified signal will go to the ADC Module of PSoC microcontroller to convert the signal from analog to digital The CY8C29466 handles the process of determining the blood pressure and pulse rate as it is being stored temporarily to the memory of the microcontroller After that the microcontroller will send a signal to the LCD driver to open the segments of the I O ports of the LCD The results of the readings will be displayed and then stored to the memory of the microcon
64. m Brueschke 1993 Tachycardia occurs when the pulse rate is above 100 BPM Brueschke 1993 Transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used for amplification or switching appliances Floyd 2002 Voltage Regulator is an electrical device that maintains an essentially constant output voltage for a range of input voltage or load values Floyd 2002 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES The concept of doing the system of the design was brought up through the ideas of the existing studies and principles from related literatures while conducting the research According to the concepts from the book Blood Pressure Measurements by Shyam Rithalia et al in 2000 stated that indirect measurement is often called as non invasive blood pressure measurement The upper arm containing the brachial artery is the common site for indirect measurement because of its closeness to the heart and convenience of measurement although many other sites may have been used such as forearm or radial artery finger etc Distal sites such as the wrist may give much higher systolic pressure than brachial or central sites as the result of the phenomena of impedance mismatch or reflective waves Saul 1995 A cuff is normally placed over the upper arm and is inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure The cuff is then gradually deflated while a detector system simultaneously employed determines the point at which the bl
65. n getting blood pressure reading 1 7 8 Wrap the arm cuff into your upper arm well gripped Be sure to place the cord a distance of about two fingers above the brachial artery The grip should be able to allow at most two fingers be inserted inside the arm cuff Press the power button and hold it for a couple of seconds The LCD screen will display 0 0 when you first press the power button To start getting the blood pressure reading press the start button lightly Note After pressing the start button the device will automatically pump air into the arm cuff expect the cuff to get tighter until it reaches around 190 mmHg The arm cuff will deflate gradually while the reading in the LCD screen is decreasing The LCD will display the systolic reading diastolic reading and pulse rate reading After a few seconds display SA will be seen as a sign that readings are stored in the memory After so remove the arm cuff carefully To turn the device off press and hold the power button Note User may press stop button to discontinue the process of getting the blood pressure reading 97 Procedure in setting the date and time 1 Press the setup button 2 The month mode will blink 3 Press the mode button to select which mode to change such as hour minute month and day 4 After selecting the mode use the up and down button to change the setting 5 Setting will be saved by pressing the mode
66. nd WDT crystal accuracy is desired the 32 768 kHz extemal crystal oscillator is available for use as a Real Time Clock and can optionally generate a erys talhaccurate 24 system clock using a PLL The clocks together with programmable cock dividers as a System Resource proide the flexibdity to integrate almost any timing requirement into the P3oC device 5 provide connection to the CPU digital and analog resources of the deske Each pin s drive mode may be selected from eight options abong great flexibility in extemal interfac ing Every pin also has the capability to generate a system inter rupt on high level low level and change from last read The Digital System The Digital System is composed of 18 digital PSoC blocks Each block is an 8 04 resource that can be used alone or com bined with other blocks in form B 16 24 and 32 bit peripherals which are called user module references Digital peripheral con figurations include those listed below m FWMs 6 to 32 bit PWMs with Dead band 8 10 32 bit Counters 810 32 bit Timers B to 32 bit UART B bit with selectable parity up to 4 SPI master and slave up tn 4 each LX slave and muit master 1 available as System Resource m Cyclical Redundancy Checker Generator 8 to 32 bit m IDA up to 4 m Pseudo Random Sequence Generators B to 32 bet The digital blacks can be connected to any GPIO through a senes of global
67. nificance to the study Testing of Accuracy It is very important to determine how accurate the design prototype is when obtaining results This test is conducted to prove that the accuracy of the design is as consistent as any other blood pressure measuring device available in the market As for this test the blood pressure monitor that the prototype will be compared to is the Full Automatic Kodea 9 Blood Pressure Monitor which also utilizes arm cuff automated inflation and pressure sensor to obtain pulse readings Before the test is conducted there were several pointers to obtain accurate results When measuring blood pressure an accurate reading requires that one should not drink coffee smoke cigarettes or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading A full bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings so if the urge to urinate exists one 36 should do so before the reading For 5 minutes before the reading one should sit upright in a chair with one s feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate During the reading the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level for example by resting it on a table National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 7125 for having your blood pressure taken The following procedures are done for testing the accuracy of the
68. not being pumped by the heart during this phase Brueschke 1993 Diode is a semiconductor device with a single pn junction that conducts current in only one direction Floyd 2002 Fuse is a protective device that burns open when the current exceeds a rated limit Floyd 2002 Hypertension is a condition in which a person s blood pressure is persistently above normal Brueschke 1993 Hypotension is condition in which the blood pressure is reduced below normal Brueschke 1993 Inflate means to fill something such as a ball mattress tire or boat with air or gas to bring it to the proper size shape and firmness for use or to become filled with air or gas Encarta 2007 Korotkoff Method is a non invasive auscultatory technique for determining both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels The method requires a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope Due to ease and accuracy it is considered a gold standard for blood pressure measurement Brueschke 1993 Korotkoff Sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using non invasive measurement Brueschke 1993 LED Light Emitting Diode is a type of diode that emits light when there is forward current Floyd 2002 Manometer could also be referring to a pressure measuring instrument usually limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric The term manometer is often used to refer specifically to liquid column h
69. o test the program in a physical system while providing an intemal view of the PSaC device Debugger commands alow the designer to read and program and read and write data memory read and write IO registers read and write CPU registers set and dear break points and provide program run halt and step control The debugger also allows the designer create a trace buffer of registers and memory locationis of interest The online help system displays online context sensitive help for the user Designed for procedural and quick reference each functional subsystem has its own context sensitive help This system also provides tutorials and links to FAQs and an Online Support Forum to aid the designer in getting started Hardware Tools In Circuit Emulator A low cost high functionality ICE In Carcuit Emulator is aval able for development support This hardware has the capability in program single devices The emulator consists of a base unit that connects to the PC by way of the USB port The base unit is universal and will operate with all PSoC devices Emulation pods for each device family are available separately The emulation pod takes the place of the 5 device in the target board and performs full speed 24 MHz operation 79 Designing with User Modules of a traditional fixed function substantially i of having to select a different part to meet the final design requirements To
70. ood flow restored to the limb The author explained non invasive blood pressure measurement as well the comparison of upper arm and wrist in getting blood pressure These concepts were used and gave the group an idea of implementing the design using the upper arm as the source of indirect blood pressure measurement There two common methods of indirect blood pressure measurement that we have learned based from the Blood Pressure Measurements book These methods were analyzed and studied by the group to determine the method that is applicable to our design Auscultatory method uses sphygmomanometer a cuff and a stethoscope The stethoscope is placed over the blood vessel for auscultation of the Korotkoff sounds which defines the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure The Korotkoff sounds are mainly generated by the pulse wave propagating through the brachial artery The Korotkoff sounds consist of five phases The onset Phase I Korotkoff sounds first appearance of clear repetitive tapping sounds signifies systolic pressure and the onset of Phase V Korotkoff sounds sounds disappear completely often defines diastolic pressure Pressure mm Hg Cuff Pressure Systolic Pressure 120 Anerial Blood Pressure AAA B BH 22 Figure 2 1 Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements 60 Korotkoff Sounds 30 Oscillometric Pressure The Figure 2 1 illustrates the methods for indirect
71. pter prongs fully into the wall outlet Insert the adapter prongs fully into the wall outlet If it is inserted inappropriately it could cause fire or electric shock Do not damage the adapter itself and cord The LCD screen is made of glass External causes including striking it with an object pushing hard on it or dropping the Blood Pressure Meter could break it Take great care when handling it Although an LCD screen is made using high precision technology due to the characteristics of the LCD there are some dots that do not light up or that never turn OFF However please take note that this is not a defect 100
72. rt mov r0 data start IDataLoop r0 data end jz C RTE Done push A romx mvi pop inc adc jmp r0 A 0 DataLoop p o Po ENDIF SYSTEM SMALL MEMORY MODEL IF SYSTEM LARGE MEMORY MODEL mov reg CUR gt r0 force direct addr mode instructions to use the Virtual Register page Dereference the constant flash pointer pXIData to access the start of the extended idata area xidata Xidata follows the end of the text segment and may have been relocated by the Code Compressor mov gt pXIData Get the address of the flash mov X pXIData pointer to the xidata area push A 64 romx get the MSB of xidata s address mov r0 A pop A inc X adc A 0 romx get the LSB of xidata s address Swap A X mov A r0 pXIData in A X points to the A XIData structure list in flash jmp AccessStruct Unpack one element in the xidata structure list that specifies the values of C variables Each structure contains 3 member elements The first is a pointer to a contiguous block of RAM to be initial ized Blocks are always 255 bytes or less in length and never cross RAM page boundaries The list terminates when the MSB of the pointer contains OxFF There are two formats for the struct depending on the value in the second member element an unsigned byte 1 If the value o
73. s design study will make it easier for them to automatically record and view their blood pressure measurements In addition current digital blood pressure meter in the market are quite expensive and uses only a battery to make them work This design would enhance the usability and reliability of blood pressure meter by making it rechargeable Statement of the Problem High blood pressure is a serious condition that tends to rise with age A healthy lifestyle can prevent it but there is always a need to monitor our heart s condition Having a personal blood pressure meter is a good way of monitoring blood pressure At present people spend their money on cheaper products without considering the efficiency and functionality of the product When it comes to blood pressure meter an aneroid blood pressure meter is still being used and available at home because of its cheaper price compared to the digital blood pressure meter This requires a medical knowledge and a stethoscope in using this device and a companion who will assist you while getting the readings Although there is already an existing digital blood pressure meter in the market which is easier to use the price is not affordable The company who manufactures this device uses microcontrollers and other components that make it expensive People who will buy this device will spend more money in maintaining its functionality and usability because it requires a battery to make it Work Due
74. s Up and Down to Arm cuff will deflate view previous readings Calculate systolic diastolic and pulse rate Display systolic diastolic and pulse rate reading Save readings Turn off the device Figure 3 4 System Flowchart of the Design Prototype 34 Prototype Development Figure 3 5 Actual Photo of the Prototype Figure 3 5 show the actual picture of the PSoC based Blood Pressure Monitor It shows here how each component is properly placed inside the case The arm cuff is connected outside of the case and cannot be detached The components of the design were tested and chosen according to its function After doing all research and study the ideas came in and were applied through developing the correct circuit and program for the design Testing and troubleshooting were conducted to make this design working correctly The reliability and accuracy are the main features that we considered accordingly 35 CHAPTER 4 TESTING PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Majority of the concepts behind the design are generally based on many of the existing types of blood pressure monitoring devices that are currently available in the market Therefore it is necessary to test whether the device would yield similar results as compared to the existing ones We are to test the design prototype for its accuracy reliability and efficiency This chapter covers all the tests done and the discussions of the results as well as the sig
75. s a 25 year old female weighing 105 pounds standing at 5 feet also without any known medical disorder Test Subject B Prototype Kodea BPM Systolic Diastolic Pulse Systolic Diastolic Pulse mmHg mmHg Rate mmHg mmHg Rate 103 69 81 107 67 85 100 66 88 101 63 87 103 70 84 113 72 84 109 69 85 107 67 83 107 66 84 108 67 88 103 72 81 104 64 85 113 66 80 111 71 86 114 74 89 107 67 85 105 66 86 105 68 84 109 68 84 107 67 85 Table 4 3 Test Results of Test Subject B 39 As observed the test results for both test subjects A and B have been identified to be in the optimal category which shows no hint of hypertension conditions That is the systolic and diastolic readings are all below 120 and 80 respectively for both test subjects This supports the fact that both test subjects are in healthy condition Moreover all readings obtained from both blood pressure monitors indicate only a very minor differential compared to the readings from each other When averaged the prototype test results yield 112 1 over 70 1 with average pulse rate of 61 6 while the branded BPM test results yield 112 3 over 70 4 with average pulse rate of 61 8 for the test subject A The prototype test results yield 106 6 over 68 6 with average pulse rate of 84 2 while the branded BPM test results yield 107 0 over 67 3 with average pulse rate of 85 2 for the test subject B There is only a di
76. s for initializing RAM idata start AREA func lit ROM REL CON Function Pointers func lit start IF SYSTEM LARGE MEMORY MODEL We use the func lit area to store a pointer to extended initialized data xidata area that follows the text area Func lit isn t relocated by the code compressor but the text area may shrink and that moves xidata around pXIData word text end ptr to extended idata ENDIF AREA psoc config ROM REL CON Configuration Load amp Unload AREA UserModules ROM REL CON User Module APIs CODE segment for general use AREA text ROM REL CON text start RAM area usage 69 AREA data data start AREA virtual registers AREA InterruptRAM AREA bss bss start end of file boot asm RAM RAM RAM RAM E EH CON CON CON CON initialized RAM Temp vars of C compiler Interrupts on Page 0 general use 70 APPENDIX Actual Photos Figure 6 4 Internal View of the Prototype Figure 6 5 Top View of the Prototype 72 Figure 6 6 Front View of the Prototype Figure 6 7 Back View of the Prototype 73 APPENDIX D 28Pin CY8C29466 Datasheet 74 PSoC Mixed Signal Array Final Data Sheet CY8C29466 CY8C29566 CY8C29666 and CY8C29866 Features rastia Temperature Range MONG to E Advanced P
77. signal the appli of falling voltage levels while the advanced POR Power On Reset circuit eliminates the need for a system m intemal 1 3 voltage reference provides an absolute refer ence for the analog system including ADCs and DACs m An integrated switch made pump SMP generates nonmal operating voltages from a single 1 2V battery cell providing low cost boost converter PSo Device Characteristics Depending on your PSoC device characteristics the digital and analog systems can have 16 8 or 4 digital blocks and 12 6 or 4 analog blocks The following table lists the resources available for specific PSoC device groups The PSoC device covered by this data sheet is highlighted below PSoC Device Characteristics eunt in E eese ee ws ws Eme x IRE B Limited anaiog funcBonal Eg b Two analog ticks and one T Getting Started The quickest path to understanding the PSoC silicon is by read ing fhis data sheet and using the P3oC Designer Integrated Development Environment IDE This data sheet is an ower view of the PSoC integrated and presents specific pin along with detailed programming information reference the Mxed Signal Array Technical Reference Manual For up to date Ordering Packaging and Electrical Specification information reference the latest PSoC device data sheets on the web at cypress coni ps
78. st smart sensors Interface requirements of the sensors drive the analog design of the PSoC microcontroller application in multiplexer amplifier filter and digitizing methodologies to support creation of the basic blocks which can be configured to meet system needs The group is going to use a pressure sensor that will be interfaced in a CY8C29466 microcontroller An example in the article uses a CY8C25xxx type of PSoC microcontroller The microcontroller architecture has analog module and digital module The analog functions are organized as groups of general purpose analog blocks that can be configured into a user determined functions The controls of these blocks are register based and may be programmed or reprogrammed by the user at run time The analog array has twelve programmable blocks that are connected to direct port inputs input multiplexers column clock resources and output buffers The digital module blocks include preprogrammed functions for basic timer counter and pulse width modulator Flexible interconnect to analog and 20 digital blocks General Purpose Input Output GPIO run time programmability makes the blocks an essential part of the analog acquisition These concepts about the analog and digital module of the PSoC microcontrollers helped the group to understand how the analog to digital conversion takes place after the pressure has been detected by the sensor Specialized features in the CPU of the PSoC inclu
79. system works under different conditions To start the system press and hold the power button to switch on the device There are two operations that a user can choose from to get blood 32 pressure reading to recall previous reading An option to configure the date and time can be done before starting the operation If the user chooses an operation to get blood pressure reading wrap the arm cuff at the upper arm and press start button inflation of the arm cuff will follow Anytime during this process the user may stop the inflation by pressing the stop button Upon reaching the required pressure it will start to deflate gradually The systolic and diastolic pressures as well as the pulse rate are detected and calculated until the arm cuff deflates completely Readings will be displayed and then will be stored in the memory of the microcontroller If the user chooses an operation to recall previous reading press the mode button and select which memory module Previous readings can be viewed using the up and down buttons The system will still continue working every after operation unless the user chose to turn off the device by pressing and holding the start button The device automatically switches off when left idle for a few minutes 33 Turn on the device Set date and ime Get BP Recall reading previous reading Y Configure date Press Mode to select and time memory module Arm cuff will inflate Pres
80. te power tantiate amp pse Mode iate amp pse set tantiate amp pse Plus iate amp pse pos tantiate amp pse Minus tiate amp pse pump S S S can can Custom initization code CustomInit End Initialize Project while 1 Sync loop sample rate te amp pse Switch on tiate amp pse air switch fif SAMPLE DIVIDER SystemTimer SyncWait SAMPLE DIVIDER SystemTimer WAIT RELOAD fendif update input variables SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse Minus CMX GSWITCH GetValue amp pse Minus SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse Mode CMX GSWITCH GetValue amp pse Mode SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse Plus CMX GSWITCH GetValue amp pse Plus SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse Switch on CMX GSWITCH GetValue amp pse Switch on SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse air switch CMX mVolts GetValue amp pse air switch SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse pump CMX mVolts GetValue amp pse pump Custom Post Input function CustomPostInputUpdate run transfer function and update output TransferFunction CustomPreOutputUpdate CustomPreOutputUpdate set outputs CMX DIO SetValue amp pse air BYTE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse air CMX DIO SetValue amp pse motor BYTE SystemVars ReadOnlyVars pse motor CMX DIO SetValue amp pse neg BY
81. the blood pressure reading is up to 190 mmHg 4 The time setting in the device uses only 24 hour military time 5 The arm cuff cannot be detached from the main device 7 The prototype is unable to determine and display the hypertension classification of the reading 8 The prototype has a preset of memory locations A B C and D and cannot store names as indicator for each memory module 9 There is no indicator when the battery is fully charged 10 There is no display indicator of how much battery charge is remaining Definition of Terms Adaptor is a device connecting electric appliances to a single socket Oxford 2007 Amplitude is the maximum value of a signal Alexander and Sadiku 2003 Artery is one of the tube shaped blood vessels that carries blood away from the heart these are thick walled flexible and muscular Brueschke 1993 Auscultation is the technical term for listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory system and respiratory system heart sounds and breath sounds as well as the gastrointestinal system bowel sounds Brueschke 1993 Bradycardia occurs when the pulse rate is below 60 per minute Brueschke 1993 Battery is a device containing electrical cells or cells used as a source of power Oxford 2007 Brachial Artery is the major blood vessel of the upper arm Brueschke 1993 Blood Pressure is t
82. the blood pressure readings The last test subject is a 62 year old male weighing 140 pounds standing at 5 feet 4 inches and is known to have diabetes 41 Test Subject D Prototype Kodea BPM Systolic Diastolic Pulse Systolic Diastolic Pulse mmHg mmHg Rate mmHg mmHg Rate 140 92 85 138 82 78 136 88 84 140 84 80 136 86 84 140 85 81 144 90 84 139 87 81 145 92 88 140 90 80 140 92 84 142 90 86 134 86 80 139 88 83 138 89 79 141 90 84 143 90 85 140 88 85 138 86 82 141 89 85 Table 4 5 Test Results of Test Subject D The test results for test subject D yielded the highest range of values and are observed also to be above normal readings The test subject has been identified to be between the High Normal category and the Stage 1 Hypertension category The readings may have been influenced by the condition of the test subject of having diabetes The readings for the test subject from both blood pressure monitor also indicate a very minimal differential The prototype test results yield an average of 139 4 over 89 1 with average pulse rate of 83 5 while the branded BPM test results yield an average of 140 0 over 87 3 with average pulse rate of 82 3 for the test subject There is a differential of 1 8 mmHg obtained for the averaged value of the blood pressure readings Having obtained these data we can determine the accuracy of the prototype as compared to the branded
83. troller 26 CY8C29466 Microcontroller Air Pump Motor Inflate Solenoid Valve Deflate Pressure Sensor Figure 3 2 Block Diagram of Hardware Design 21 List of Materials Table 3 1 List of Materials and Cost 28 Hardware Component The blood pressure monitor that was designed consists of different components such as push button rechargeable battery pressure sensor operational amplifier air pump motor solenoid valve LCD module resistor transistor relay voltage regulator and 28 pin PSoC microcontroller The push buttons serve as input for the design It is used for switching on and off the power setting the mode searching for recorded data and changing the date and time The rechargeable batteries are the source of power of the prototype to make it work Once the prototype is on and is set to start the operation the air pump motor produces air to inflate the arm cuff The solenoid valve role is to release the pressure from the arm cuff if it is triggered by the microcontroller The pressure sensor is a component which generates a signal from the pressure change detected in the arm cuff That signal will be amplified as it passes through the op amp then it goes to the microcontroller and will be converted from analog to digital signal The LCD module utilizes a built in LCD driver which is used to activate the segments of the LCD display Resistors are used to limit the flow of the electric current in the entire c
84. va Rocci an Italian physician introduced a more easily used version in 1896 Harvey Cushing discovered this device in 1901 popularized it This device is also known as sphygmomanometer which came from the Greek word sphygm s or pulse plus the scientific term manometer which is a pressure meter A sphygmomanometer usually consists of an inflatable cuff a measuring unit a tube to connect the two and an inflation bulb also connected by a tube to the cuff which is commonly found in models that don t inflate automatically The inflation bulb contains a one way valve to prevent inadvertent leak of pressure while there is an adjustable screw valve for the operator to allow the pressure in the system to drop in a controlled manner This device had been improved to different kind of models that include application of modern technology having microcontrollers in it Developing a digital blood pressure meter that does the same job as what the analog devices do will have numerous advantages There are existing digital blood pressure meters but these are expensive because of the microcontrollers and components used in these devices That is why innovating the existing blood pressure monitor that uses PSoC or the Programmable System on Chip will be very efficient in terms of its functionality portability and cost effectiveness It will read and display the pressure through the blood pressure cuff getting its systolic and diastolic pressure Systoli
85. ydrostatic instruments Encarta 2007 Microcontroller consists of an integrated CPU memory a small amount of RAM program memory or both and peripherals capable of input and output A microcontroller also MCU is a functional computer system on a chip Ashby 2005 Normal Pulse Rate for healthy adult while resting can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute BPM although well conditioned athletes may have a healthy pulse rate lower than 60 BPM During sleep the pulse can drop to as low as 40 BPM during strenuous exercise it can rise as high as 150 200 BPM Generally pulse rates are higher in infants and young children The resting heart rate for an infant is usually close to an adult s pulse rate during strenuous exercise average 110 BPM for an infant Brueschke 1993 Occlusion is an obstruction or a closure of a passageway or vessel Brueschke 1993 Operational Amplifier which is often called an op amp is a DC coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and usually a single output Floyd 2002 Pressure is an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding and is usually stated in terms of force per unit area Encarta 2007 Pressure Sensor generates a signal related to the pressure imposed Typically such a signal is electrical but optical visual and auditory signals are not uncommon Encarta 2007 PSoC Programmable System on Chip is a device configura

PSoC Based Blood Pressure Monitor

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