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Introduction to Purification and Prayer

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1. ACTS OF ABLUTION FARD SUNNAH MUSTAHABB Intention Say Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Xx L Washing the hands Making wudu in a clean place E lt Rinsing the mouth Using a small amount of water LI Xx Inhaling water Placing the container on the O X right side if using one Blowing water out of the nose Repeating washed parts once O X or twice Washing the face Wash parts on right side before X O those on the left side Washing the arms to elbows Brushing teeth or using A O miswak Wiping head once Arranging the sunnah acts O with the fard acts in proper order Wiping the head a second time Arranging the sunnah acts in O X proper order Wiping the ears Begin wiping the head from O X the front hairline Performing the obligatory acts in order Comb between toes while O X washing feet Passing the hand over each member while washing X O Immediacy between acts Xx LI Washing the feet to the ankles Xx E Total Z Z 11 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 8 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections V Things Disliked During Wudu Jada Le gl duil 68 9 Cima eal eal ple ay oS g And it is disliked to do more than what is compulsory in whatever is to be wiped and whatever is to be washed beyond what has been determined by the law Explanation The chart below details those things that are disliked during wudu Things that are dislike
2. An exception to this rule is when a woman s menstrual cycle begins before sunset and she hasn t prayed Asr she must make up the Asr she missed on the day her menstrual cycle begun once it is over The same goes for if she didn t pray Zhur that day That is she is required to make up these prayers once her period has ended Similarly she will make up Isha if her period started before Fajr if she didn t already pray it And the same goes for if she delayed Maghrib beyond its preferred time until Isha while she didn t pray it She is obliged to make up both prayers when her cycle ends if her period begins before Fajr and she hasn t prayed them XX The Stressed Sunnah Acts of the Salat AG g Y gi aLi ga Alg tes b y gual Leii Its sunnah acts are the surah after Al Fatiha along with standing for the first and second unit of prayer Leal gil Y o a Lagd Jaa uu 9 Gd Audibleness and inaubleness in their proper places Each takbir except the one that was done first daa aall Y Le pili g Js osla gii Js Each tashahhud the first sitting for tashahhud as well as the second sitting except for what is done for saying the Salam Dd yg AS 9S Cos Qh oder yal alll aan g And saying Sami Allahu liman hamidahu in rising from one s bowing one has carried out Js aSa 98 Gi gaialls all g Jas Via ley g al This applies to The one praying alone and the Imam All of these things
3. As for the English translation of the Arabic text it is not called the Qur an It is called the translation or interpretation of the meanings of the Qur an But it is still a good practice in reading the translation for one to ensure that he is in a state of major ritual purity ghusl as well as minor ritual purity wudu Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 20 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections since the Qur an and its meanings are not like other literary works And Muslims need to learn deference for the Book of Allah Jiga ari al g Ai gta y Sis Lule gg g lipsa SSI g And each of them bar one from entering a mosque And the thing left out during the ritual shower is similar in ruling to your ablution but you don t repeat the washing of members in what comes after when only a small time passes before you remember contrary to the case of ablution Explanation Each of the 4 defilements that require one to perform ghusl makes it impermissible for one to enter a mosque whether one is a male or female Lastly Sidi Ibn Ashir states that the rules of omission due to non attentiveness in ghusl are the same as they are in wudu Those rules for wudu are When one omits an obligatory member of wudu and remembers before the other members have dried one should wash or wipe the member omitted and then repeat the washing or wiping of those members th
4. Cpl gadag Ay pes coh agalall 56 8 Laguna That one should straighten them and the one being led should recite during an inaudible prayer just as one should place the hands on the ground So follow this description JOS play sis Guat ad JAS 9 GA Voda Agana coal In prostration place the hands parallel to the ears and likewise raise the hands during the opening takbir of ihram Again Take it O Jai g Lial awn gi Oiga gE g lana Aly ght One should lengthen the recitation of the two surahs during Subh and Zuhr Maintain A moderate recitation during Isha and recite one of the short surahs during the two remaining prayers Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 43 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections ASM eb Nl od g ag ty jas Garin paws ght 14S co AY 5 gulls Similarly make the surah of the first unit longer than the other surah and likewise it is encouraged to make the middle sitting shorter than the last And placing the hands on the ground first when kneeling and in rising lift the knees first Explanation In this section the author covers the recommended but not Sunnah acts of Salat These are acts that bring the Salat to near perfection Were they to be left out there would be no sin or any basis for censure But were one to include them there would be reward for their inclusion The chart below lists the recommended acts of the Sa
5. tashahhud from standing to prostration and lifting the knees first when standing 10 Moving the index finger from right to left 11 Distancing the thighs from the abdomen and the elbows from the knees for men XXIV Things Disliked During Salat JAS Ga gill A agadi 9 a All i Vi gai Alanus gd 9S 9 They meaning the scholars dislike for one to recite during the compulsory prayer bismi Allah Al Rahman Al Rahim and the A uthu bi Allah min Al shaytan Al rajim just as they dislike for one to prostrate on a garment Aad e gl Ae pd Sam 5 AaS years 9 Aalas joS The same goes for prostrating on the wrap of a turban or part of one s sleeve or to carry something in it or in one s mouth during prayer EIAI il Lay Qld at EGS g Aga cal dels Also disliked are Reciting Qur an during prostration and bowing thinking about anything that will negate focus in the prayer This is recommended for those following the Imam As for the Imam it is obligatory for him to recite during all prayers That is it is recommended to say Allahu Akbar simultaneously with the movements and changes from position to position This doesn t mean that it is recommended to say Allah Akbar We already established that to say Allah Akbar is Sunnah in all cases with exception of the opening Takbir which is compulsory fard The left side of the right index finger should f
6. If a person is healthy one may not pray the Jumu ah prayer with tayammum Wudu is required Otherwise the Jumu ah prayer is invalid And one is required to pray Zhur prayer of 4 units 1 The barks of trees and leaves fallen from them cannot be used for tayammum according to the standard view in the Maliki School And not many scholars allow one to use stones for tayammum This is specific to the Maliki School 1 This is the standard view mashhur in the Maliki School Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 22 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Praying the voluntary and funeral prayers that come after the obligatory prayers means for one pray them with the same tayammum that was used for the obligatory prayers As for two consecutive obligatory prayers it is not allowed for one to pray them with the same tayammum unless he is making tayammum for some form of fear XV The Compulsory Acts of Tayammum Cats pedal gi Ayill g amp gS Odal g yng claus did g 5 Its compulsory acts are for you to wipe your face and hands to the wrists making the intention and the first of the two recommended contacts made with the object paa Cig Ay Lglias g pple syria BY gall ai Then immediacy between acts must be observed the use of Earth that is clean the connection of a prayer to it and a prayer time that has entered Explanation The author here mentions the com
7. Lins Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 50 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections It is not known that the Prophet ever abandoned these two units of prayer Fajr which is the technical name given to the two units of voluntary prayer performed before the two compulsory units of prayer of the dawn is the most prominent prayer taking this ruling The proper name given to the two compulsory units of prayer after it is Subh In Fajr the standard view mashhur in the Maliki madhab is that one should merely recite Al Fatiha during each rak a with no additional surah But there is no harm of course for one to add another surah Examples of other prayers that take the grade of raghiba are The two voluntary units performed after Maghrib The additional voluntary rak as performed between Maghrib and Isha This prayer is so highly encouraged that it is recommended that one make it up even if one has already prayed Subh And this recommendation extends until the time of Zuhr prayer As for the 5 compulsory prayers it is an obligation to pray them regardless of what time of day it may be and whether or not the sun is rising or setting And if one has more than one compulsory prayer to make they should be made up in the order they were missed Otherwise they are all invalidated unless they are more than a day s worth of prayers i e six or more In this case one may mak
8. Qibla 2 Cleanliness of place clothing and body 3 Covering nakedness awra 4 Ritual Purity e g wudu ghusl or tayammum 1 The Prerequisite intended in this case is what is known in Arabic as Shart Al Sihhah It is defined as that matter whose absence necessitates the legal non existence of that for which it is a condition but whose existence does not necessitate the legal existence or non existence of that for which it is a condition An example of this is like the fact that wudu is a prerequisite for the validity of one s prayer So the absence of wudu necessitates the legal non existence of the prayer I say legal non existence al wujud al shar i since the perceived existence al wujud al hissi cannot be denied when someone happens to pray without wudu The prayer may have been done but it has no legitimacy in the view of the sacred law So it is as if it wasn t done at all On the other hand the existence of wudu also doesn t necessarily mean that a person s prayer is automatically rendered valid or invalid since the possibility remains that one of the other prerequisites may not be present Prerequisites are of three types 1 Prerequisites for the obligation of an act shurut al wujub 2 Prerequisites for the validity performance of certain acts shurut al ada al sihhah and 3 Prerequisites for the perfection of certain acts shurut al kamal The first type is those conditio
9. Wash the left side of the lower body If one happens to omit the feet when he performs wudu he is to wash the feet at the end beginning with the right foot Once all of these steps have been taken one s ghusl is complete And one may with this ghusl carry out all religious obligations demanded with wudu as long as the wudu isn t nullified by something like passing gas touching one s sexual organ etc If one does something to nullify his wudu during the course of ghusl one must renew the wudu One may make one s intention and say Bimillah at the same time The intention is in the heart It doesn t require any specific formula 7 Although it is recommended during wudu to repeat the washing of each member once or twice this is not recommended during ghusl Parting the hair is an obligatory act of ghusl whether it is the hair of the head or in the form of a thick beard Ifa woman has braids that are so tight that water cannot penetrate them it is compulsory that she undo them In wudu this is not a requirement She can merely wipe over them regardless of how tight they are Remember that this description includes all acts compulsory Sunnah and recommended It is only compulsory to wash the hair head once as long as one can dampen the entire head or all strands of hair Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 19 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections XIII Defi
10. certainty of having wudu And if it is outside of Salat he should renew the wudu And Sheikh Ibn Habib of the Malikis made a distinction between doubt that is tantamount to an insidious whisper waswasah and imagination takhyil and the doubt that is tantamount to near certainty zhann The first kind doesn t nullify wudu while the second does Read about these views in Dr Muhammad Al Rugi s book entitled Qawa id al Fiqh al Islami min Khilal Kitabi al Ishraf ala Masail al Khilaf of Qadi Abd Al Wahhab Al Baghdadi pp 184 187 Dar al Qalam 1419 1998 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 14 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Explanation In this section Sidi Ibn Ashir deals with one of the conditions for the validity of Salat the removal of filth from the body clothing and place of prayer He particularly deals with the removal of filth from the body after urination and defecation Filth includes urine feces blood semen wine and other things Dirt is not considered filth in Islam unless it is mixed with one of the different forms of filth as in fertilizer The ancients as many of those of us today paid very close attention to removing bodily wastes In the past they d use water and natural substances like stones earth and leaves in order to wipe themselves clean of any urine or feces The Arabic word used to indicate the removal
11. member that was compulsory to include in the wudu his prayer is invalid and must be repeated after making a proper wudu Lastly if a person happens to omit a sunnah act of the wudu after already having performed the prayer it is recommended to wash that member before one prays the subsequent prayer VIL Nullifiers of Wudu JU V3 Gules Gey 9 dg J S Alas p gid gil sca gi The nullifiers of ablution are sixteen They are urination passing gas and incontinence when it is rare GAG OH slab 9 Suu gi Sufi agi Bile y Defecation heavy sleep the emission of pre ejaculatory fluid inebriation fainting a strike of insanity and seminal discharge unrelated to sexual intercourse Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 10 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Cra J IAS Sale 5a Catan Ol 14 g ALS g oual Touching and kissing But that is when there is an experience of customarily expected pleasure the same goes for when such a feeling is sought from a touch or kiss DBS Cpe S ial Lid g JS ya 14S b pa cital It is also nullified When a woman places her hand in the slit of her vagina and when a man touches the penis with the palm of his hand or sides of his fingers It is nullified by Having doubt that one has invalidated the ablution and ablution is required in the case of the apostasy of the one who has apostatized from Islam after he has repen
12. prayer is considered invalid even if it turns out that he happened to pray in the proper direction This is because facing the qibla is a prerequisite for the validity of prayer and when one doesn t observe this condition or even consider it before praying it s as if it doesn t exist As for removing filth from one s person clothing or place of prayer this is also a prerequisite as long as one is able to remove the filth Filth is things like blood semen wine and the urine and feces of humans and animals impermissible for one to eat due to their kind e g pigs or due to not being properly slaughtered Filth must be removed from clothing person and place of prayer By place of prayer we mean the place a person stands and prostrates not the room Even if there was blood on the floor and one placed a prayer rug over it to pray this would be sufficient because one is not prostrating and standing in filth As for condition 3 covering the nakedness awra there are two classifications of nakedness in the Maliki School moderate and severe This differs from man to woman The charts below show the limits of both The Limits of Moderate Nakedness 1 For men From navel to private area not including it and from below private area to the knees 2 For women From breasts to top of head and from knees to tops of feet This chart portrays what is known as the moderate nakedness al awra al m
13. r ions com Page 11 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections The maximum period of time that a woman can menstruate in the Maliki School is 15 days In other words there are women who may have a normal menstrual cycle of this scope not that a woman is only considered mennorrhagic when blood issues from her for more than 15 days In the case of the woman whose regular menstrual cycle is 15 days once she enters the 16 day she is considered mennorrhagic if the bleeding continues This means that she is required to perform the ritual shower ghusl and then recommence observing her regular prayers fasting and her husband is allowed to have intercourse with her As for wudu it is merely recommended that she perform it before prayers while bleeding continues Contrarily the minimum number of days that a woman can be without menstruation is 15 days This means that if fewer than 15 days pass between two menstrual cycles of the woman they are considered part of one cycle not two separate cycles As for nullifier 5 heavy sleep one of the greatest signs of it is when a person falls asleep while holding something in his hand If the object falls while the sleeping person is unaware of it falling he is considered to be in a deep sleep Otherwise the sleep is considered light and is not enough to invalidate wudu in the Maliki School of Islamic law Snoring isn t necessarily a sign of deep sleep since o
14. the month of the Hajj Dhu al Hijja it is prayed in the following manner The Imam enters the musalla and prays two audible rak as with those attending In the first rak ah he makes 7 takbirat which include the opening takbira only raising his hands for the first one He then recites Al Fatiha and another s ra such as Surat Al Ala He does rukt He rises from ruk He does sujiid He sits up from suj d He does suj d again He stands for the second rak ah After he stands for the second rak ah he does 5 takbirat not including the takbira for standing up He then recites Al Fatiha and another stirah such as Surat Al Ghashiya He does rukt He rises from ruk He does sujiid He sits up from sujad He does suj d again He sits up from suj d He completes the prayer and then makes the Salam SN silly 9 ash is 22 All g SN 95U ida 9 Ane ai The voluntary 2 units of Fajr is raghiba or highly encouraged and it can be made up to the point of the sun s zenith And the compulsory prayer can be made up at anytime and in sequence to how they were missed Explanation After the stressed sunnahs in importance are the prayers given the ruling of raghiba highly encouraged A raghiba prayer is one that the Lawgiver has encouraged expressly or through action The first is like the Prophet s saying The two units of Fajr are better than the world and all in it Lg Lag Lal Ca jad all
15. the opening of the ear But there s no special emphasis placed on wiping the creases and folds of the ears Maintaining the proper sequence between compulsory acts means to wash the face then the hands to the elbows then to wipe the head and then to wash the feet to the ankles last What this means is that if someone was to do these acts in a different order their wudu would still be valid But the Sunnah is to maintain this order IV The Meritorious Acts of Wudu a gba des g isani ci huai phe sal y And eleven meritorious acts of wudu have come in reports They are starting with Allah s name in addition to performing wudu in a place that is clean Ul guda ci Cult g abil g UYI aLi 9 ela Julai They include Using a minimal quantity of water placing the rinse container on the right hand side of one s person and repeating the washing of what we are to wash once or twice Gay Le a gj Ai gisa Qu yi Gig All gus Cyalyall 6 3 Also included are Starting with the members on the right side using the tooth stick for the breath and also of merit are arranging the sunnah acts in their proper order and arranging them in proper order with those acts that are compulsory dady leha ALLS dadia Cpe a yl genua eda g And don t forget To begin wiping the head from its forefront at the hairline and combing between the toes Explanation After the Sunnah acts next in importance are the meritorious acts
16. Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Maliki Figh Introduction to Purification and Prayer 5 ghall 95 jlgtali Based On The Helpful Guide To What Is Essential To Know Of The Sciences Of The Religion yall solt lt a Hg peall ole gsgxall sis sall I The Different Categories of Water Laden c gta pail Cpa Lay Stebel haai ghai Section 2 Ritual purity is achieved with water that is free from being changed by anything lala 18 Sabet aL yj La Ques ti 10 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 1 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections When it is changed by something impure it is discarded and if it is changed by something clean it is fit only for use in a non religious common practice Glas glad 5 aS alla 8 Aa YY Unless it is something that most likely is inseparable from the water like a natural reddish color in such a case it is likened to absolutely pure water Similar to it also is what has been melted like ice snow and frost Explanation The Shariah classifies water into three categories 1 Natural Water Mutlaq or Tahur 2 Clean but not natural Tahir 3 Filthy Water Najis Natural Water consists of two subcategories Fresh water and Likened to fresh water Fresh water mutlaq is water that is fresh in the sense that nothing clean or unclean is mixed with it and none of its original characteristics h
17. Sidi Mayyarah said The merit of the congregation doesn t happen for the Imam unless he intends that he is the Imam So if he doesn t intend it the merit happens for the one being led to the exclusion of him i e the Imam XVII The Prerequisites of Salat Saal gb 9 5 96 jug ELil gle JELY Ugh yi Its preconditions are facing the giblah cleanliness from filth covering the nakedness and cleanliness from ritual impurity aS jale y guli ay i JAT Se oof Ball 9 S These are all preconditions when remembering them and having the capacity to fulfill them in all but the last the particulars concerning the one who forgets as well as the one who s incapable of doing them are many 16 He also says Lakhmi said It also happens for the Imam even if he doesn t make intention that he is the Imam Mukhtasar al durr al thamin p 127 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 30 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Unit oj a jas Y ALS i UAIS 18 gs cya Lal As a recommendation they should repeat the prayer if time permits In particular this goes for the mistake made about the giblah not for the inability to locate it But it does go for lack of sufficient covering Explanation In these verses Sidi Ibn Ashir covers the 4 prerequisites for Salat They are listed in the chart below Prerequisites for the Validity of Prayer 1 Facing the
18. The description of making tayammum is Say Bismillah Touch the earthly object once Wipe the face with both hands Touch the object again Wipe the right arm to the elbow with the left hand starting at the tips of fingers of the palm moving up to the fold of the arm and then turning over the arm and moving the hand back down toward the hand from the elbow Repeat this action but with the other hand and arm Tayammum is complete As for what nullifies tayammum they are the same 16 nullifiers listed under the nullifiers of wudu with the addition of one thing Finding water before one begins the prayer If one is making tayammum for not having water the tayammum is rendered invalid if he finds water before commencing the prayer This means that if water is found after one has begun the prayer it is not compulsory to remake the prayer Rather it is merely recommended as long as the time for the prayer hasn t expired But if the person is making tayammum out of fear of some sort of harm that will afflict him from the water or in the act of acquiring it one s tayammum is not invalidated for finding water before commencing the prayer Lose MOY glia Cyaj 9 Las EI 9 Gall Lailas This applies to the Like of one who abandons ablution for fear of thieves or one who is hoping to find water who may execute the prayer 1 And remember that time in the chapter of tayammum is a reference to the pre
19. about it necessitates that what it is a condition for i e Salat is not legally valid As for apostasy nullifier 16 it removes the state of wudu anytime a person after establishing wudu makes a pronouncement that explicitly necessitates unbelief This is because wudu is a condition for the validity of Salat And Islam is a condition for the validity of any act of worship So when a person in a state of wudu rejects faith and then repents from their apostasy soon after or later he is required to renew the wudu since wudu is only valid when performed by a believer VII Cleaning One s Self of Bodily Wastes 3 tall 9 S335 R Qs OAY pl hel Gas g And vacating the two exits of bodily wastes is compulsory in addition to pressing and draining the penis But avoid applying too much pressure AG gS Le Y Biles 583 J gs Ga peau Sle g It is permitted to use stones to clean the urine coming from the penis and to use them to clean away feces But not when the feces has become scattered much 3 Refer to Imam Qarafi s Furuq 1 111 Farq 10 The mashhur i e standard view in the Maliki madhab is that the one who has doubt about wudu renews his wudu But they differ as to whether it is compulsory to do so or merely recommended Some Malikis make a distinction between doubt happening during Salat and doubt occurring outside of Salat So if it is during Salat the wudu is sound because the person entered the prayer with
20. ace upward toward the face and one should move it from right to left Tt has also been said that one should move it up and down 8 Women should do the opposite of this Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 45 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections las Cy JAS bel Li Leal g GANYI g Cus g Horse playing turning one s attention away and supplicating during recitation and while in the bowing posture AU Oe ganii paii aLa Aaii gj dii Intertwining or cracking the fingers praying with the hands on the waists and closing the eyes Now follow Explanation Just as we stated that there are things disliked during wudu there are also things that are disliked and inappropriate during Salat The chart below lists the acts that are disliked during prayer Things Disliked During Prayer Makruhat Al Salat 1 Saying bimillaahir Rahmanir Rahim before surahs during fard prayers 2 Saying A udhu billahi min ash Shaytanir Rajim in the fard prayers 3 To prostrate on a garment cloth 4 Prostrating on the fold of ones turban 5 Prostrating on the rim of ones turban 6 Holding something in the inner fold of ones turban 7 Holding something in one s mouth 8 Reciting Qur an in the position of ruku and sujud 9 Thinking about worldly affairs that negate the presence of heart 10 Fidgeting with ones belongings and perso
21. ah prayers sunan mu akkada They are 1 Witr The odd unit prayer 2 Kusuf The Solar Eclipse Prayer 3 Id The Holiday Prayers 4 And Istisqa The Rain Prayer Witr The Odd Unit Prayer As for the witr prayer it is one single unit rak a of prayer wherein one sits at the end Its description is Begin the prayer as one usually does After the two prostrations one sits for tashahhud After the tashahhud and the Salat ala al Nabi prayer on the Prophet one gives one Salam to the right Note It is recommended that one recite the last three surahs of the Qur an termed The Three Quls i e Ikhlas Falaq and Nas in the order they come in the Qur an Imam Malik considered it to be disliked makruh for one to pray the witr alone without preceding them by two units of prayer termed Shaf The even unit prayer During Shaf one should recite Surat Al Ala in the first rak a and Surat al Kafirun in the second rak a Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 48 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Kusuf The Prayer of the Solar Eclipse The solar eclipse prayer is prayed in congregation with an Imam in the mosque in the following manner An announcement is made to have the Muslims form a congregation in the mosque The Imam leads those who attend in two inaudible rak as of prayer Herecites during the first rak a Al Fatiha and anoth
22. alid for use in ritual purity X The Sunnah Acts of Ghusl Ons 8h GLEN 9 Lai Cell Jud Liauda iiu Its sunnah acts are to begin by first rinsing the mouth and washing the hands as a recommendation in addition to inhaling water through the nose and conveying water to the holes of the ears Explanation Acts that are sunnah are those that are subject to reward if done and not subject to punishment if omitted but are subject to criticism for not carrying them out Ibn Ashir mentions the following Sunnah acts of ghusl 1 Rinsing the mouth 2 Washing the hands Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 16 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections 3 4 Sniffing and blowing out water with the nose And washing the ears XI The Meritorious Acts of Ghusl VAS Ass j Cost pent GAY Abaca p tall Ay gaia Its meritorious acts are to begin by washing away anything harmful Starting in Allah s name rinsing the head thrice Ladd Guar 9 lel say Le ANS gaze gl plizas anii Giving preference to the members of ablution using a minimal amount of water and beginning from the top and with the right side of the body These are all meritorious So accept them Explanation Next the author states the recommended acts of ghusl which he refers to in this section with the word mandub The term mandub recommended in this case is used synonymous with fadila
23. are stressed And the remainder is similar in ruling to what has appeared of what is recommended without stress Explanation The Sunnah acts of the prayer are of two types Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 36 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections 1 The Stressed Sunnah acts i e those whose omission warrant two additional prostrations at the end of the prayer 2 The Unstressed Sunnah acts i e those whose omission do not necessarily warrant any prostrations In this section Sidi Ibn Ashir makes mention of the Stressed Sunnah acts of the prayer The chart below lists them in order The Sunnah Acts of the Prayer The Stressed Sunnahs 1 Reciting a Sura after Al Fatiha in the first and second rakats 2 Standing for the recital of the Sura 3 Audibleness in its appropriate places 4 Inaudibility in its appropriate places 5 The takbir preceding each movement 6 The first tashahhud 7 The last tashahhud 8 The first sitting 9 The last sitting 10 Saying Sami Allahu liman hamidah when rising from ruku 4 These are those sunnahs that if one were to leave out he is encouraged to make two prostrations sajdahs 3 The lowest degree of audibleness is to hear one s self and for the person standing next to you to hear you if there is one The highest degree of inaudibility is to hear ones self The lowest degree
24. arids or 48 miles for Zuhr Isha and Asr from the time he leaves until he returns aia all das aa as O A pike g Laa 1 These sunnahs are of lesser importance One isn t encouraged to do 2 prostrations for omitting them This is done for obligatory prayers Not for voluntary prayers 33 That is the use of a barrier indicating to people that one is praying so that no one walks in front of you As for the one following the Imam it is not warranted for one to take a sutra The Imam is the sutra 4 Tt is not a Sunnah to call the adhan in places where no one is being summoned to prayer unless it is a traveler who possibly might stumble across other Muslims on his journey Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 39 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Starting from where the homes are cut off and ending at them if he returns And the one residing for four days is required to complete his prayer as 4 units Explanation A special license is given to the person who is on a journey or sojourn away from home to shorten one s four unit prayer i e Zuhr Asr and Isha to only two units This license is given when the following conditions are fulfilled The journey from the limits of one s home town is atleast 48 miles One has passed beyond the city limits The reason for this trip is for something permissible So it is permissible for on
25. at are customarily done after them When an obligatory member is omitted and recalled after the other members have dried one should wipe or wash only the member that was omitted When one leaves out a Sunnah act and remembers later after praying one should wash the member left out before the following prayer All these rules also apply to ghusl except that one is not encouraged to repeat the washing of anything obligatory act skipped that is recalled before the other members dry XIV Dry Ablution Tayammum Sued Section 4 Leal Lglall Cpe gage Le pas yj ya fi gl Section 4 When in fear of harm or when lacking water substitute tayammum for ritual purification done with water Explanation In this section the author covers dry ablution tayammum which serves as a substitute for wudu and ghusl in two cases 1 When one fears some harm from water or from the acquisition of water 2 The absence of water Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 21 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Dry ablution can be done with any natural substance found on the Earth s surface like dirt sand stones dry mud snow if in extremely cold climates etc If one fears that water will make him sick worsen one s illness or other things like it one may make tayammum Also included under the title of fear of harm is the fear that one will be harmed by something like bandits pre
26. ave been altered The characteristics of water are color smell and taste Fresh water is what is customarily referred to as pure water Likened to fresh water Tahir is water that is given the same ruling as fresh water in that it can be used for ritual cleansing wudu ghusl But it is water mixed with clean matter that apparently has altered one or more of its characteristics I say apparently because it is accepted that the state of this kind of water is as it naturally is or the matter fused with it which altered its state is something that will unlikely ever be separated from it Examples of this are swamp water seawater water that has collected algae due to being stagnant for a long period or as the author stated water that has a natural reddish color This same ruling applies to ice snow and frost that have melted Clean but not natural is water that has undergone a change due to being mixed with something that is clean like sugar milk soap or dirt It may not be used in ritual cleansing But it may be used for matters of custom like washing dishes drinking etc Filthy water najis is water whose characteristics have been altered due to being adulterated by something filthy like blood urine feces semen wine and the like Dirt isn t considered filth unless it is mixed with something like one of the things already mentioned Only fresh or likened to fresh water may be used for wudu ghusl or removing fi
27. clude the ears Rather it stops at the point where the ears begin He also mentioned among the compulsory acts of wudu combing between the fingers Combing between the fingers is considered compulsory in the Maliki School while the rest of the hand is considered among the Sunnah acts as will be dealt with later As for the beard one is only required to wipe the surface of it if it happens to be so dense that the color of the skin cannot be seen But if the skin can be seen it is compulsory to part the hairs of the beard so that water can reach the skin Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 4 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections III The Sunnah Acts of Wudu CBSA gesa Cuil gesa 3 g al Sai grad diis Its seven sunnah acts are first to begin by washing your hands to repeat the wiping of the head and to wipe the ears lida 13 9 Aaa A ut i u ghid Aiea Include with that Rinsing out the mouth inhaling water up the nose exhaling it from the nose and arranging the performance of the compulsory acts in their appropriate order This is the preferred opinion Explanation Next the author deals with the Sunnah acts of wudu A sunnah act is one that is highly recommended due to the fact that the Prophet 8 never or almost never abandoned it But there is not enough evidence that would indicate this thing as being compulsory The one who abandons a Sunnah act in spite o
28. cy for Zuhr enters when the time of choice for Asr begins And the time of choice for Maghrib ends shortly after sunset once one has performed wudu and prayed while its time of urgency extends until Fajr This means that when one prays Zuhr during the time of Asr and Mughrib during the time of Isha one is not making up these respective prayers Rather one is praying each prayer within its determined time since they have a Shared Time The difference is with regard to who incurs sin for the delay and who doesn t Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 42 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections olia Cpe EDI onde g olaug Cpa a gh oj de g And also saying it after standing from the middle sitting for tashahhud while clinching the bottom three fingers of his right hand while sitting ad Cae gilea dh pai OE hun g agil call During the tashahhud while spreading out all other fingers besides those of it And moving its index finger while he recites it Ogaa i AS cya iga g agiu Stay H oa ohall g Add to that that with the abdomen from the thigh men are to keep some distance between them Similarly there should be space between the elbow from the knee when they prostrate 35 9 EGS AGS Os aul CySei Gui glall diva g The description for the sitting is to plant firm the hands on the thighs And in the bowing posture he places them firm on his knees just add c
29. d 16 are not considered As for the opening takbir prerequisite 1 the extent that is compulsory is for one to say the words Allahu Akbar God is Greatest As for raising the hands to the shoulders this is one of the recommended acts But one should not intentionally omit the raising of the hands As for prerequisite 2 standing for the opening takbir this is compulsory for those who are physically able to stand for the obligatory prayers The prayer of those who pray sitting while being able to stand is null and void and it must be prayed over properly But anyone may sit for the voluntary prayers although one only gets half of the reward in doing so as reported by the Prophet pbuh Prerequisite 3 having an intention for a specific prayer applies only to the obligatory prayers Jumu ah and to witr which is only one unit rak ah As for voluntary prayers a specific intention is not required although there is no harm in making a specific intention for them In addition the intention is not made verbally It is made in the heart And there is no special formula employed for it Reciting Al Fatihah prerequisite 4 is required from the Imam and the one who is praying alone As for the person who is praying behind the Imam Al Fatihah is merely recommended mustahabbah for him to say during the inaudible recitations of the Imam As for prerequisite 15 beginning and ending after the Imam does if it happens that o
30. d during wudu 1 To wash or wipe beyond the obligatory washable limits of the limbs Like washing the feet beyond the anklebone 2 To wash or wipe the extremities more than the prescribed number of times like washing arms and legs 4 times or more Or to wipe the head more than two times VI Miscellaneous Issues Related to Wudu Satins Gla pf Lacy uns Slay alle gis gill jale g The one who is incapable of maintaining immediacy between acts can continue where he left off as long as a considerable amount of time hasn t elapsed A long time is like the time it takes for the members to dry after rinsing during moderate weather ALS coll gall Gul g g hid Alndy Jgh du ji sid The one who remembers the abandonment of a compulsory act in ablution after considerable time has passed should rectify it but if only a short period has passed he should also complete all that comes after of what he left out Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 9 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections yaa Lal ged Adds JSS Cpa g Callas glia GIS If such a person has prayed his prayer is null And if one remembers a sunnah act that was left out of his ablution he should do it before the subsequent prayer Explanation It was mentioned earlier that one of the compulsory acts of wudu is maintaining immediacy between each act In this section Sidi Ibn Ashi
31. datory animals and the like if it happens that the location of water is in a place that puts one at risk were he to try to reach it Such circumstances permit for one to make tayammum as opposed to wudu or ghusl As for the absence of water it permits for one to make tayammum even without the aforementioned fear There will be a more detailed discussion of this later Jay Ay dis gj 5 jua Jaci ol g tals Lad dha g And pray with it one compulsory prayer and if it connects to a funeral prayer or a sunnah prayer it is permitted to perform the prayer with it Taa pila deaall Y gaili This g i JAN jla g It can be done for the voluntary prayer independently of the compulsory prayer if one is a traveler or sick And one may seek permission with it for the compulsory prayer but not for Jumu ah if one is a non traveler in good health Explanation The following things are permissible for one to do with tayammum What is permissible with Tayammum 1 Praying obligatory prayers 2 Praying voluntary prayers that immediately follow obligatory prayers 3 Funeral prayers al janazah when they occur immediately after obligatory prayers As for the sick person and the traveler it is permitted for them only to perform tayammum for voluntary prayers nawafil Others can only pray voluntary prayers with tayammum if they are performed immediately after an obligatory prayer with the tayammum made for the obligatory prayer
32. e ruling given to an act that one is rewarded for doing and subject to punishment for not doing So were a woman to intentionally or unintentionally pray without covering her hair her prayer would be deemed legally valid since she hasn t abandoned a prerequisite of the prayer or one of its compulsory acts Nevertheless such a woman is sinful for not covering her hair if done intentionally And it is hard to imagine that God will accept from a person a prayer wherein one commits a sin Salat is ruled to be invalid batila when one or more of its prerequisites and or compulsory acts are omitted imperfect naqisa when its meritorious acts are omitted valid sahiha when its prerequisites and compulsory acts are all observed while lacking on some of its Sunnah or meritorious acts complete tamma when its prerequisites compulsory acts Sunnah acts and meritorious acts are present perfect kamila when the deed is carried out with complete presence of heart and submissiveness and accepted maqbula when Allah determines that His slave is worthy of His acceptance One will only know that Allah has accepted or rejected his deeds at the time of the meeting with Him So when it is said that a deed is valid sahih all it means is that according to the interpretation of scripture there is not enough evidence available indicating that the particular deed is void absent of the particular element omitt
33. e them up in any order ali gli gami Aya aS g ulha Jii Qa Voluntary prayers are encouraged without limit and those that are stressed are the prayer for greeting the mosque Duha and Tarawih as have come in order of importance J de g Gi yea a g jac yh Sie ig Sd Also stressed are the two units prayed before witr like what is before Zuhr and Asr And the same ruling is given to what is made after Maghrib and after Zuhr Explanation As for other voluntary unstressed prayers it is considered favorable to make them anytime one likes and in as many number one likes to But they should not be prayed more than two units at a time The most important of the unstressed prayers are 7 Some scholars recommend that one recite Al Kafirun in the first unit and Al Ikhlas in the second 58 The prohibited times of prayer in the Maliki madhab are three After Subh until the sun has risen to the height of a spear after Asr until the sun has set and when the Imam is delivering the Friday sermon It is forbidden for one to pray voluntary prayers during these times But if one is performing a compulsory prayer there is no prohibition Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 51 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Tahiyyat al Masjid The 2 units for entering the mosque Salat al Duha The mid morning prayer Tarawih The Ramadan Night prayers Shaf The even
34. e washing of the body the burial and shrouding But prayers like witr that of the solar eclipse the Id prayer and the rain prayer are all considered sunnah Explanation Next the author speaks about the ruling of the ritual shower ghusl which we have already spoken about at length except that this ghusl is not the same as the one we spoke of before whereas previously we spoke about the ghusl performed by a living person for his self This ghusl dealt with in this section is related to the washing done to one who has died When a person dies one of the last rights owed and one of the last rites performed for him is the ritual bath ghusl This ghusl takes the same ruling as Salat That is it is compulsory in such a manner that if no living Muslim performs it for the deceased all Muslims would be in sin But were one to carry it out the sin is removed from all other Muslims One should be washed while having the private parts covered And water should be poured over the person an odd number of times The final washing should be with water scented with something like camphor or the scent of the lote tree sidr Then the person should be dried and shrouded Shrouding kafan the dead is also a communal obligation One should use an odd number of cloths to shroud the dead a waistcloth a garment for the upper body and something to wrap the head with And after the compulsory 5 daily prayers in importance are the stressed sunn
35. e who sets out a journey with a noble objective to shorten his prayer if the distance that one is traveling from the city limits is 48 miles or more It is permissible to begin shortening all prayers of 4 units once one has exceeded the city limits That is it isn t permissible to shorten them before that while one is in his or her home However it is permissible to join between Zuhr and Asr and between Maghrib and Isha before leaving ones residence even if they haven t traveled beyond the city limits The chart below describes how the prayers are to be performed before during and after returning from ones journey Sidi Ibn Ashir uses the Arabic term burud the plural of barid to express the distance ones journey must be before it becomes permitted to shorten the prayer A barid is equivalent to four farasikh the plural of farsakh So there are 16 farsakhs in 4 barids And one farsakh is equivalent to 3 miles And in 16 farsakhs are 48 miles And one mile is equivalent to 2000 cubits according to the standard view in the school Mukhtasar of Mayyara p 137 If one shortens his prayer at home before going beyond the city limits the prayer must be repeated And the distance cannot be measured by overlapping such as if the distance between ones town and the destination spot is merely 24 miles One cannot combine the 24 miles going with the 24 miles coming The total distance between the hometown and the place of desti
36. ed according to the dominant view in the Maliki School 2 The idea that it is possible for one to carry out a ritual or rite while committing a sin and still having the ritual determined sound and valid shouldn t be something we consider far fetched Think for example of the Prophet s statement about fasting Whoever doesn t leave off speaking indecencies and acting by it then Allah has no need for him to leave off his food and his drink Bukhari Ad yds g adab Gay Oi ob iala a ald dy Seal g yl dod Eu al Ge One may believe that this hadith means that if one tells a lie his fast is invalid However this hadith is understood to indicate that Allah s acceptance of one s fast is unlikely and that just as it is forbidden for one to lie when not fasting then to do so while fasting one would be more serious of a sin So one should be more attentive of his deeds and misdeeds So it is possible that someone can commit a sin while performing a ritual and that the ritual may still be considered legally valid Another example is the Prophet s prohibition against moving before the Imam during Salat He said Does he who raises his head before the Imam feel secure that Allah will not transform his form into the form of a donkey Muslim One might think this means that if a person raises his head before the Imam does during Salat the Salat is invalid But none of the Imams use this hadith to indicate that And none of th
37. efore the time of the prayer terminates It is recommended that such a person waits until near the end of the prayer time before making tayammum 2 The Despondent This person despairs of finding water before the end of the prayer time So it is recommended that he make tayammum at the prayer s earliest time 3 The Irresolute This is the state of the person who equally believes the probability that he will find water before the prayer time ends just as he believes that it is probable that he will not find water before the prayer time ends It is recommended for such a person to wait until half of the prayer s time has passed before making tayammum for prayer Were any of the people in these states not observe their respective recommended times for making tayammum the tayammum would still be valid since these times specified above are merely recommendations But it is better for them to observe these recommendations because water is always best for one s ablution XIII The Sunnah Acts of Tayammum cols HE l Ay ada g BA pall Logis Aii Its sunnah acts are to wipe both of them to the elbow touching the object with the hands a second time and a sequence that has been maintained Explanation The Sunnah acts of dry ablution are the following 1 Wiping arms to the elbows 2 Touching the object a second time 3 Following the proper sequence for wiping i e wipe face then hands and arms to elbows This means that it i
38. elay prayers until he reaches his residence and then combine without shortening them It is important to note that one is only provided with the license to shorten prayers while on a journey or sojourn in a locale 48 miles or more beyond ones hometown to the extent of 4 days or 19 prayers Once one completes 4 days or 20 prayers he must resume praying the usual number of units for each 4 unit prayer The following are additional rules for prayer whilst traveling Leaving from and arriving to ones residence towards the end of the time of urgency for zuhr and asr This is like one who believes he will not reach his destination until sunset or after it in the case of Zuhr and Asr or fears he will not arrive until sunrise or after it in the case of Maghrib and Isha Siraj al Salik Sharh Ashal al Masalik 1 166 Fach prayer has what is termed a time of choice and a time of urgency 1 Times of Choice Selective Time are the intervals of time within which it is permissible for one to perform the prayer without incurring any sin were one to delay the prayer to the end of this particular interval That s like the time allotted to pray the noon prayer Zuhr that extends until the time of the afternoon prayer Asr The space all between these two prayers is considered time of choice since one has the choice between performing the prayer at the beginning of the first prayer s time up and to t
39. em list raising the head before the Imam to be something that nullifies the prayer So again one can commit a sin during a ritual without invalidating that ritual But it is highly unlikely that the ritual will win acceptance with the Creator when one intentionally commits a sin while performing an act of worship And how could one be in the process of asking God for His forgiveness for one thing while knowing committing another sin in the process Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 34 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections So this means that a woman who insists on praying whilst not covering her hair is taking a serious gamble with her soul and her Salat on the Day of Resurrection and Judgment In conclusion a woman whose hair chest or other extremity e g arm or foot is exposed during prayer it is recommended that she pray again later with proper covering as long as the shared time for prayer hasn t expired XIX Menstruation Bars a Woman from Praying aleli ci giall gj iai aali cya LAU Lga ga hy The precondition for her being obliged to pray is that she be cleansed from menstrual blood noted by a thick white fluid or by seeing dryness So become acquainted gi Latin Ay asl 18 g gd ai daly Lad Si So there is no duty to make up prayers during the days of it but once comes the entrance of the time and menstruation has stopped perform them in it That
40. eone has wudu and thereafter faints falls into a swoon or a coma once he recovers wudu has to be renewed for prayer But if this person happens to not recover until after missing a number of prayers they are not required to make up any lost prayers during their unconsciousness This is because of the Prophet s statement The pen has been lifted from three people From the sleeper until he wakes up the afflicted mubtala until he regains consciousness and the young until he reaches puberty Es ciaal CS y Gaby ia liall oe g Biting in pill Ge G oe ail ad Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 12 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections As for the insane as insanity is mentioned under nullifier 9 the same applies due to the other version of the aforementioned hadith wherein instead of mentioning the afflicted the Messenger pbuh mentions athe insane until he regains his sanity Gaby is tial oe As for nullifiers 11 and 12 touching and kissing touching and kissing break ones wudu in two cases 1 When one experiences pleasure from them And 2 When one s intention is to achieve some form of pleasure from them even if pleasure isn t achieved This means that if one happens to touch or kiss his wife without experiencing any sort of pleasure and without having the intention to experience pleasure from it such a person still maintains his w
41. er stirah such as Al Bagara After completing the surah he bows the extent equal or close to the time he spent standing After that he rises and recites Al Fatiha and another surah similar to Al Bagara in length except shorter After the recitation he bows the like of which he stood reciting Herises from bowing standing erect He prostrates Hesits up from prostration He prostrates a second time Herises for second rak a and repeats the same acts as in the first rak a except that the recitation is shorter He completes the prayer with As Sal mu alaykum Heturns and faces his audience If he pleases he may offer an exhortation Istisqa The Rain Prayer The prayer for rain or salat al istisqa is performed in times of drought in the following way The people come out to the musalla with the Imam in moderate dress That is they shouldn t wear their best clothing out of humility and hope that their prayers will be answered The Imam then leads those attending in two audible rak as of prayer without giving an adhan or igama Inthe first rak a he recites Al Fatiha and another surah like Al Ala Inthe second rak a he recites Al Fatiha and a s rah such as Al Ghashiya After he completes the prayer the Imam delivers a two part khutba During the khutba he should ask Allah s forgiveness much After delivering the khutba he faces the qibla inverts his cloak
42. erequisites of obligation shurut al wujub which are essential before a prayer is deemed an obligation upon a person they are Puberty And Sanity The prerequisites for the validity of Salat will be discussed later Salat has 16 compulsory acts without which the form of the prayer is incomplete even if all of its prerequisites may be in tact And it also has 4 prerequisites without which the prayer would invalid even if all of the compulsory acts are carried out This means that in order for a prayer to be considered legally valid all of its compulsory acts as well as its prerequisites must be fulfilled XVI The Compulsory Acts of Salat ali Ug ui g Ug alia 9 allay Si They are The takbirah of ihram standing for it and an intention which is made with it Eraill a gral 9 Aiea adil g EGS g aludll ga Aasi The Fatihah in addition to the standing while reciting it bowing rising from it and prostration with humility age cof el i 9 4 Cagle g adil g dis all g Rising from it the Salam sitting for it and the proper order for performing the compulsory acts PLu al yal a gale aut al filly Lisha Isic g In the view of Imam Abu Hanifa and others Islam is included among the essential conditions required before it is considered an obligation upon a person to make Salat This is due to the fact that Abu Hanifa doesn t believe that non Muslims are addressed to carry out the particulars of Islamic law Shar
43. f not being sinful for doing so is worthy of censure and blame since he intentionally desires away from the Sunnah of the Prophet peace be upon him while he has said Whoever desires away from my Sunnah is not from me cole Cuil lis GS HE Cag The one who does the Sunnah act is rewarded by Allah for performing it and is not subject to His punishment for abandoning it The acts of Sunnah as stated by the author are 7 in number They are 1 Beginning by washing the hands al bad bi ghasl al yadayn 2 Wiping the head a second time radd mash al ra s 3 Wiping the ears mash al udhunayn 4 Rinsing the mouth madmadah 5 Inhaling water up the nose istinshaq 6 Exhaling water from the nose istinthar 7 Performing the compulsory acts of wudu in proper order tartib al fara id The first act of wudu is the washing of the hands The Prophet pbuh was always seen rinsing his hands before he entered them into the container for wudu Wiping the head once is compulsory It is also compulsory to wipe the entire head according to the standard view in the Maliki School Wiping the head a second time is Sunnah Wiping it more than that is disliked makruh Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 5 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections As for the ears the backs of them should be wiped It is recommended to use the thumbs to do so The index finger should be used to dampen
44. f the distinguished scholars among the Tabi in prayed while draping their hands at their sides Among them were Sa id ibn Al Musayyab Ibrahim Al Nakha i Hasan Al Basari Muhammad ibn Sirin Sa id ibn Jubayr Abd Allah ibn Al Zubayr Ibn Juraij Imam Al Awza i and Imam Malik ibn Anas Refer to the Musannaf of Ibn Abu Shayba And Abd Allah ibn Al Zubayr the grandson of Abu Bakr Al Siddig learned how to pray from his grandfather And when Ibn Abbas was asked about the prayer of Abd Allah ibn Al Zubayr he said If you d like to look at the prayer of the Messenger of Allah then copy the prayer of Abdullah ibn Az Zubayr Abu Dawud And of all the reports that give the indication that Allah s Messenger prayed while clasping his hands as well as his companions only two of them are Sahih sound And neither of them explicitly states that he prayed that way his self So ponder Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 44 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections 8 Saying Allahu Akbar in the process 19 Making the surah of the second rak a of changing from one position to shorter than the surah of the first rak a another 20 Making the sitting of the first tashahhud 9 Clasping the last three fingers ofthe shorter than the sitting of the last right hand and pointing with the index finger when reciting the 21 Placing the hands first when going
45. ferred time not the shared time Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections at its earliest time or one suffering from a chronic illness who has no one who will hand water over to him in order to make ablution Explanation In the verses prior to these we mentioned that the one who isn t making tayammum due to the absence of water but due to some fear of harm from the water or in acquiring it who locates water before commencing the prayer isn t obliged to remake the prayer contrary to the one who is making tayammum for not having water However in these verses Sidi Ibn Ashir states that there are only specific kinds of people who are encouraged to repeat the prayer once they find water for wudu after praying with tayammum for not having water They are like The one who makes tayammum for fear of being robbed or being killed by an animal since water was located in a different place other than his own The one who hopes to find water before the expiration of the prayer s time who makes tayammum at the start of the prayer s time One who is chronically ill who can use water but doesn t find anyone to help him to use it And those similar to them Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 26 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections C
46. hart of Acts of Tayammum Acts of Tayammum Fard Sunnah Mustahabb 1 Wiping the face x LI LI 2 Wiping the hands to the wrists X 0O O 3 Intention XX O 0O 4 Touching the Earth or stone once XI O O 5 Not interrupting between obligatory Xx O O acts 6 Using clean Earth X UO 7 Performing it for a particular obligatory Xx O O prayer 8 The entrance of the prayer time X O O 9 Wiping the arms to U Xx LI the elbows 10 Touching the Earth L Xl U a second time 11 Following the L xX LI sequence for wiping 12 Saying the basmalah O O xX 13 Following the recommended O O xX description of tayammum XV The Number of Compulsory Acts and Prerequisites of Salat Dial Lis Book 2 Section 1 5 pide deny yha gyi bic du bhall aili The compulsory acts of Salat are sixteen its preconditions are four that are required Explanation Ritual Purity Taharah is one of the main prerequisites of Salat And since we have spoken about it in much detail we now move to a discussion of the thing it is a prerequisite for Salat Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 27 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections In these couple of verses Sidi Ibn Ashir makes short mention of the compulsory acts of Salat and its prerequisites The prerequisites in this case are a reference to those conditions without which the prayer is considered valid shurut al sihhah As for the pr
47. he beginning of the subsequent prayer time without there being any sin for that delay 2 Times of Urgency are the alternate intervals that usually occur at the end of a particular prayer s time before the next prayer enters They are referred to as times of urgency or necessity since the person who prays during these times does so due to some necessity or legitimate excuse This doesn t mean that if one delays the prayer until the time of urgency that he is exempt from the obligation of prayer Rather it means that if one doesn t have a Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 41 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections 1 Leaving If there is enough time left in the day to perform 3 rakats one should pray Zuhr as if it was shortened i e 2 units and Asr should be prayed as if one was a non traveler i e 4 units 2 Returning If there is enough time left in the day to do 5 rakats one should pray Zuhr and Asr as if one was a non traveler However if there is only enough time to do from 1 to 4 rakats one should pray Zuhr i e 2 units as if he was a traveler and Asr as if one was a non traveler i e 4 units Leaving from and arriving to ones residence towards the end of the time of urgency for maghrib and isha 1 Leaving If there is enough time left before Subh to perform one or more rakats one should pray Maghrib normally and then Isha as a non t
48. iah As for the majority of scholars they opine that non Muslims are also addressed to carry out the particulars of our Shariah For this reason Qadi Iyad adds to the conditions for the obligation of Salat The Reach of the Prophet s Invitation Mukhtasar p 120 This means that once non Muslims have received the invitation to Islam they are obliged to execute all of the demands of the Islamic law although their deeds will not be valid until they accept Islam Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 28 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Straightness in addition to being calm with obligation one who is being led follows during the takbirah of ihram and the Salam Explanation The compulsory acts of the prayer are 16 in all They are 1 The opening takbir 2 Standing for the opening takbir 3 Intention for specific prayer 4 The recitation of Al Fatihah 5 Standing for the recitation of Al Fatihah 6 Bowing 7 Rising after bowing 8 Prostrating 9 Rising after prostrating 10 Giving salam at the end 11 Sitting while giving the salam 12 Performing compulsory acts in proper sequence 13 Straightness in all positions 14 Calmness in all movements and positions 15 Beginning and ending the prayer after the Imam does 16 Having intention to follow the Imam If one is praying alone the number of prerequisites are 14 in all since prerequisites 15 an
49. idered filth But the wastes of animals permitted for Muslims to eat are not considered filth in the Maliki School The Shafi is however consider both human wastes and animal wastes to be filth absolutely Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 15 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections aS l g Jualls 0 gai g Jaial pus Lal Jaa g And reach whatever is difficult with a towel a rope or the like of it such as burdening another to do so Explanation In this section the author speaks about another one of the 3 forms of ritual purity ghusl i e the ritual shower Ghusl is required for all defilements that place one into a state of major ritual impurity They will be discussed later As for now Sidi Ibn Ashir mentions the compulsory acts of the ghusl The compulsory acts of ghusl are 4 things 1 Having an intention 2 Immediacy between each act 3 Running the hand over the entire body while applying the water 4 And combing the wet fingers through the hair if you have any One should be sure to cover any hard to reach area of the body like the folds of the knees the armpits the neck under the chin the navel and between the buttocks Other hard to reach areas like the back should be reached by using things like a towel handkerchief a rope or by having another person wash it for you Remember that all of this must be done with natural water Soapy or sudsy water is not v
50. is obligingly I say Explanation Earlier we mentioned that the conditions required before a prayer is deemed to be an obligation on a person are Puberty and sanity In other words a person is not subject to reward or punishment until they are pubescent And the same applies to the person who is insane But for the woman a third condition must be met before Salat is considered an obligation upon her The cessation of menstruation In reality the cessation of menstruation is not a condition shart It is a barrier mani So as long as a woman is menstruating she is not allowed to make Salat The signs that menstruation has stopped are two 1 A thick white fluid qassa 2 A dry cloth or pad Contrary to fasting a woman who menstruates is not obliged to make up the prayers she missed during the days of her cycle 1 Some hold the view that children who are not pubescent receive reward for praying fasting and other religious obligations even though they are not obliged to do so But they are not subject to punishment for abandoning them until they reach puberty 22 A person is insane when he has no sense of responsibility accountability and cannot distinguish between right and wrong Qassa is defined as a white fluid like gypsum jir Mukhtasar al Darr al Thamin p 132 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 35 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections
51. is to move ones tongue The opening takbir takbira al ihram is compulsory 8 Tt is recommended that one make du a during the final tashahhud It is not recommended during the first The two sittings all that is beyond the amount of time it would take to say the salam are stressed Sunnahs Sitting for the amount of time it would take to say the salaam is obligatory Beyond that is Sunnah 2 Both the Imam and the individual praying person must say this The one following the Imam doesn t say this He says Rabbana lakal hamd Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 37 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections XXI The Unstressed Sunnah Acts of Salat CoS yl Sia Gules pl Ld ye g Copal gle 0 gre Lal Things recommended without emphasis are the call to commence the prayer and prostrating on the hands on the tips of the feet and likewise the knees daj g jluull g alay te J ad a ia Glu Silence maintained by the one following during audible recitation done by the Imam then he is to respond to the Imam to the right and to another on the left if there is one Jo sal LaLa side ue 6 ys J gaa gga il 5 9 Ay With it and with an added level of calmness for the presence of heart A barrier set for one who is not following another and fears that one will pass in front of him daaa gle plies iyi 5 yiil als abla ogo Saying the Salam audibly reciting the pre
52. k 2 Immediacy between each act fawr so as to avoid any intentional delay in rinsing one part of the body after another 3 Making one s intention at the beginning niyyah 4 Washing the face ghasl wajh 5 Washing the hands to and including the elbows ghasl al yadayn 6 Wiping the head once mash al ra s 7 Washing the feet to and including the anklebones ghasl al rijlayn One s intention when making wudu should be that one is Removing the state of minor ritual impurity Preparing for an act that requires wudu Or renewing one s wudu for something that requires it after it has been nullified Any of these intentions is sufficient But one need not focus much on these particulars because there is perhaps almost never a time that one doesn t have one of these intentions for prayer Keep this in mind in order to keep away insidious whisperings waswasah As for why the author mentioned these details it is possible that he wanted to ensure that one doesn t pray with a wudu that one made for an act that didn t require it like going outside riding a bike reading a book of hadith etc If a person makes wudu for any of these reasons and then makes Salat the Salat is invalid because the person made intention for an act that didn t require wudu And such an intention doesn t suffice for Salat which requires an intention done for an act that requires wudu The author also mentioned that the face doesn t in
53. lat Recommended Acts of Salat Mustahabbat 1 Turning ones head to the right when giving salam 2 Saying Amin at the termination of Al Fatiha 1943 3 Saying rabbana lakal hamd 4 Performing the qunut supplication 12 Crossing left foot under posterior and propping up right foot during sittings 13 Placing hands firmly on knees during ruku 14 Straightening ones legs during ruku 15 Reciting during the inaudible prayers in the dawn prayer Subh 16 Positioning hands parallel with the ears 5 Wearing a cloak or long garment that covers the entire body during 17 Raising the hands during the opening prayer takbir 18 Extending the recitation during Subh and Zuhr prayers reciting surahs of mid length during Isha and reciting short surahs during Asr and Maghrib 6 Glorifying Allah when bowing and prostrating 7 Draping hands at one s sides 4 This is to be done by the one following the Imam during the audible prayers and inaudible prayers As for the Imam he is to say it during the inaudible prayers only although there is no harm in saying it during the audible prayers This is the duty of the one following the Imam and the individual praying person Tt is recommended during the obligatory prayers It is disliked for one to grasps his arms on his chest or below the navel in fard prayers This is contrary to it being permitted during nafl prayers Almost all o
54. le salam that follows Explanation First the author establishes that there are only 5 individual compulsory prayers fard ayn in Islam He then adds that there is one communal obligatory prayer fard kifaya This last prayer is known as the Funeral Prayer Salat Al Janaza The Funeral Prayer The compulsory acts of the Funeral Prayer are the following Four takbirs Praying for the deceased after each takbir Intention The concluding Salam As for the description of Salat al Janaza The Imam stands with the deceased in front of him The followers line up behind the Imam in rows as they customarily do The Imam raises his hands to the shoulders and then says Allahu Akbar Those behind him do the same after he does and they all pray quietly for the deceased The Imam does the takbir without raises his hands three more times while pausing between each takbir to supplicate Allah and those following him do the same The Imam ends the prayer by saying As Salamu alaykum one time to the right The followers do the same after him The funeral prayer is concluded Note The funeral prayer is prayed while standing There are no bows prostrations or sittings Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 47 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Cpe Bucs WS Uf guuS yi 9 CHAS g CAs Geel SDLualLS 4 And like the funeral prayer in ruling are th
55. lements That Require Ghusl Alam phy 5 as Guts JIi Cuil gaa diaga It is required as a result of the cessation of menstruation the cessation of post natal bleeding ejaculation and entering the head of the penis in another s sexual opening is something absolute in its prohibition Explanation The following chart lists the defilements that require one to make ghusl Defilements Requiring Ghusl 1 The Cessation of Menstruation 2 The Cessation of post natal blood 3 Ejaculation 4 Penetration of the penis of the vagina De i AYI y duct call sh gll lade GYGY The first two legally bar intercourse until a ritual shower is performed And the last two legally bar the recitation of Qur an that is clear Explanation As for the first two nullifiers of the state of major ritual purity menstruation and post natal bleeding they not only make it impermissible for a woman to perform Salat and to fast They also make it impermissible for her husband to approach her for sexual intercourse until the bleeding stops and after she performs a ghusl Were he to have intercourse with her before performing ghusl they would both be in sin for doing so As for the other two nullifiers ejaculation and penetration they make it impermissible for one to touch the Qur an until one has performed the ghusl And what we mean by Qur an in this case is the Arabic text customarily referred to as the Mushaf
56. lth from one s body clothing or place of prayer The chart below outlines the different types of water and their uses according to the law Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 2 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Types of water Definition Uses Natural water Water that hasn t been changed by It is valid for ritual cleansing and I Fresh water anything clean or unclean customary matters Water that is in its natural state but This takes the same ruling as the Il Likened to fresh apparently has undergone a change in first water one of its characteristics like sea water notn Water that has been altered by a clean It is valid for customary matters object or substance but not valid for ritual cleansing Filthy water Water that has been changed by being It is not valid for ritual cleansing mixed with something impure and not for customary matters II Major Ritual Impurity and The Compulsory Acts of Wudu Aids oi gf g Als A 9 a e ga gll gail The compulsory acts of wudu are seven They are passing the hand over each member when washing immediacy between acts and having an intention at the start of it U2 p pad aliiu gi g fide 9 Gta giy gists Let one s intention be to remove the state of ritual impurity or to perform an obligatory act or to make an act of worship permissible to do due to a hindrance that ha
57. merit and mustahabb in spite of the fact that each of them has its own technical distinction Something with the ruling of recommended is lesser than Sunnah in degree although similar Mandub in this case means mustahabb which is the ruling given to an act that is subject to reward if done and not subject to punishment or criticism if not done The only difference between it and Sunnah is that one who abandons a Sunnah is subject to criticism while one who abandons a mustahabb is not subject to criticism Ibn Ashir mentions the following Recommended Acts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 To begin by washing away filth Starting with Allah s name Bismillah Rinsing the head hair thrice Washing the members of wudu first Using water sparingly Washing upper extremities before lower extremities And washing extremities of right side before those of the left side Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 17 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Acts of Ghusl The chart below represents the acts of ghusl and the ruling of each act respectively Acts of Ghusl ae a Sunnah Mustahabb Intention CI CI Immediacy between acts Running the hand over the entire body while applying water Combing through the hair with the fingers if you have any K K x O O JU Oh O JU Rinsing the mouth Washing hands fir
58. n 11 Turning slightly away from the direction of prayer 12 To perform supplication during the recitation of Qur an and while in ruku 13 Interlacing the fingers 14 Cracking the fingers 15 Placing the hands on the waists while standing 16 Closing the eyes 5 This is disliked unless there s some necessity to pray on a garment like in the case of the ground being cold or hot 51 If the fold is one or two layers thick it is only disliked to pray on top of it If it happens to be more than two ones prayer isn t valid 5 That s like fidgeting with ones beard or ring 53 If one happens to turn ones back to the qiblah the prayer is not valid However if one finds difficulty concentrating while keeping his eyes open there s no harm with closing them That s because it is only disliked to close ones eyes since an onlooker might think that it s what one is supposed to do during prayer Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 46 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections XXV The Different Types of Salat Jai Section 2 One gA Epal ALAS A OS AA Gil glia guai g Five prayers are individual obligations But it is merely a communal obligation when done for the dead and about that there is no doubt Lad ju alus Ai g Loa legs asil Uae gf The compulsory acts of it are to say the takbir four times supplication having an intention and an inaudib
59. nation has to be atleast 48 miles in one direction 7 In other words if one is traveling for something like to meet a person in a motel for illicit intercourse or hunting for mere amusement not for eating one is not given a license to shorten prayers 3 Although Sidi Ibn Ashir doesn t cover the rules for joining prayers as opposed to shortening them one should understand that there is a slight difference between the two The journey must still be at least 48 miles from the city limits but while it is not permissible to shorten prayers until passing beyond the city limits it is permissible to join between the prayers without shortening them before passing beyond the city limits Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 40 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Shortening Prayer while Traveling Leaving One may combine prayers before leaving home or once one has arrived at the destination One may not shorten prayers until leaving the city Arriving at destination One may shorten prayers but not combine them for 3 days and 3 nights or if one will pray 19 prayers or fewer during the sojourn After that the prayers will have to be prayed in their usual fashion i e 4 units Returning One may shorten and combine prayers before departing One may delay the prayers until approaching the city and then shorten and combine them before entering the city Or one may d
60. ne may still retain most of one s faculties and memory in spite of lightly dozing off The main criterion is that one doesn t recall what happened during one s doze Nullifiers 6 and 10 are the distillation of madhy or wady There are three types of sexual fluid distilled Madhy which is a thin clear seminal fluid that is distilled when one is thinking about having sexual intercourse or when one is playing with ones spouse or during foreplay Wady which is a thick fluid that comes out after one urinates and is distilled usually unrelated to sex or fantasizing about it And Mani which is the sperm of ejaculation or climax These first two madhy and wady require wudu after one cleans the sexual organ from its traces As for mani wudu does not suffice for it One is required to make ghusl the ritual shower to remove one s self from the state of major ritual impurity for worship As for wady the apparent reason that Malikis included it among the nullifiers of wudu was to indicate that one is not required to perform the ritual shower ghusl upon seeing it distill or because it sometimes distills without any connection with urination Otherwise it would seem needless to include since urination is already one of the nullifiers of wudu Nullifier 7 inebriation is also considered one of the nullifiers of wudu As for nullifier 8 falling into a swoon or fainting this is also like for one to be comatose If som
61. ne recites the opening takbir takibah al ihram before the Imam does one is required to repeat it after him Otherwise one s prayer will be invalid As for the other movements besides the opening takbir and the salam if one does them before the Imam it is haram But the prayer is still valid according to the law although it s hard to imagine that Allah would accept such a prayer Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 29 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections If a person moves at the same time as the Imam it is merely disliked makruh not haram forbidden But it is better to carry out all movements after the Imam has commenced them And if a person concludes the prayer by saying As Salamu alaykum before the Imam there is no way to make up for this The person will have to repeat the prayer altogether because of violating a compulsory act of the Salat ilii dean aan geigi cof abe JAS JE a Ones intention should be to follow the Imam and the same goes for the Imam in the prayer of fear the congregation of Jumu ah and the prayer of the substitute Imam Explanation Just as the one who is following the Imam must have the intention of following the Imam the Imam must have the intention of leading others in 4 instances 1 The prayer of fear 2 Combining prayers during rainy nights 3 InJumu ah prayer 4 And the prayer of the substitute Imam
62. ns that are required in order for actions to be considered legally binding upon people These prerequisites are two Sanity and maturity i e puberty No action is considered to be an obligation upon a person if these two characteristics aren t manifest in them As for the second type of prerequisite i e prerequisites for the validity of actions they are those conditions where which no action can be considered legally valid without them although the one performing the action is obliged to do so Were he not to do so he would be sinful As for the person in the first case he would not be considered sinful since the action is not a duty of his to carry out An example of a condition of performance is Islam What this means is that no act of worship directed to the Creator is considered legally valid and subject to reward unless the one carrying it out is a Muslim This also means that the burdens placed upon Muslims by Allah are not legally binding for non Muslims However this doesn t mean that the non Muslim will not be subject to punishment in the Hereafter for abandoning the ritual obligations enjoined upon the creation by Islam Rather according to the majority view when the call of Islam bulugh al da wah has reached the ear of the non believer all religious obligations enjoined upon Muslims are also considered to be obligations for non Muslims in addition to the obligation of accepting Islam For this reason most scholars opine tha
63. obligation to make up the prayer regardless of the time It is merely recommended as long as the prayer time hasn t elapsed As for those in whose regard prayer is recommended to repeat within the prayer s time they are the following The one who forgets one of the first three conditions The one who is incapable of fulfilling one of the first three conditions As for the one who is unable to determine the direction of the qibla and the one who is unable to properly conceal his nakedness such are not required to repeat the prayer once the conditions can be fulfilled Furthermore it is not recommended to do so As for the 4 prerequisite ritual purity it is a condition under all circumstances whereas were one to omit it he would be obliged to repeat the prayer after performing wudu etc at a later time XVIII The Limits of Nakedness for Women in Salat Bo ged LS o pis Guay 5al RAS y dag Je La 9 And all other than the face and palm of the freewoman must be covered as is the case regarding the nakedness al CH gl a ai Ub Gi pds gh anal CEES gal Sd However in the case of the exposure of her chest hair or an extremity she is to repeat the prayer within the time determined Explanation The author already spoke about the limits of nakedness for both men and women And he stated that each of them has two classifications of nakedness moderate and severe Moderate nakedness for the woman is for her to expo
64. of bodily wastes from one s person with water is istinja And the word used to indicate the removal of bodily wastes feces in particular with stones is istijmar One should be sure to completely vacate the two waste tracks A man in particular should press and drain the penis But he should be sure not to squeeze it because the excess urine will settle in the bladder so that when he stands or moves after urinating the urine may spill out into his underpants It is permissible to use stones istijmar to clean away feces as long as the feces doesn t scatter when it exits If it does one must use water to clean away feces after defecating One may also use stones to clean away urine istinja from the penis after urinating But it is better to use both stones and water together for both istinja and istijmar Toilet tissue is a viable substitute for stones So they may be used for both istinja and istijmar with the condition that it removes the feces and urine IX Major Ritual Impurity Ghusl and Its Compulsory Acts Ja Section 3 il Jai LULA agac of yay uai Jade yag Section 3 The compulsory acts of the ritual shower are an intention called to mind immediacy between acts a thorough rubbing of the entire body and parting the hair GAYI Gu 9 BA g hY 5 S I Jia giil gii Then follow what is hidden from view like the knees the armpits behind the knees and between the buttocks Human wastes are cons
65. of wudu called fada il or mustahabbat The meritorious act is the one that if it is done one is rewarded And if it is not done one is not subject to Allah s punishment And the one who abandons it is not subject to censure or rebuke as in the case of the Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 6 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Sunnah act This is because evidence indicates that this type of act is not as emphasized as the Sunnah act The fada il according to Sidi Ibn Ashir are 11 They are 1 Saying Bismillaa With the name of Allah at the beginning 2 Making wudu in a clean place 3 Using a small amount of water 4 Placing the water container on the right side of the body if using one 5 Repeating the parts of the body that one washes once or twice 6 Begin washing with the members of the right side before the left side 7 Using the tooth stick siwak or brushing the teeth 8 Performing the Sunnah acts in their recommended order 9 Performing the Sunnah acts in proper sequence with the compulsory acts 10 Begin wiping the head from the front hairline 11 Combing between the toes when washing the feet Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 7 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections The chart below outlines the different acts of wudu its classification and the number of each
66. pulsory acts of tayammum They are 1 Wiping the face 2 Wiping the hands to the wrists 3 Making intention 4 Touching the surface of the object once 5 Immediacy between obligatory acts 6 Using clean earth 7 Performing it for a particular obligatory prayer 8 The entrance of the prayer time XVI The Hopeful The Despondent and The Irresolute hagl aa sual g AS 9 h Cys Il oA The last part of it is for the one who hopes to find water Only the one who despairs of that has the right to prayer with dry ablution at the start of it And the irresolute person has the right to do dry ablution at the midway point of the prayer time 12 This is the apparent view in the madhab of Malik However Sheikh Ibn Al Qassar and others have said that Jumu ah is valid with tayammum if necessary Check Mukhtasar al Darr al Thamin wa al Mawrid al Ma een of Sidi Mayyarah pp 112 113 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 23 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Explanation The permissibility of making tayammum instead of wudu or ghusl when water is absent isn t absolute in that the one setting out to make tayammum is in one of three different states Accordingly the ruling of tayammum differs in the sense that each category of person has a distinct recommended time to make tayammum They are listed below 1 The Hopeful This is the one who hopes to find water b
67. r deals with the details of one of the subtopics of immediacy fawr Firstly if it happens after one begins his wudu that he is denied the water needed to finish due to things like running out of water the water becoming polluted the water of one s house being shut off etc the person may merely wash those parts of the body that were left unwashed once more water is found as long as an extended period of time hasn t passed An extended period of time is defined as time beyond the amount of time it takes for the members to dry when the weather is moderate In other words as long as the weather isn t so cold or windy wherein the water on the members might freeze or quickly dry the amount of time is considered to be short The second issue is the matter of one who remembers that he has forgotten to wash or wipe a member of the body whose ruling is compulsory If a considerable amount of time has elapsed before he remembers one should merely wash the omitted member But if much time hasn t passed i e if the members already washed haven t dried one should wash the omitted compulsory member as well as every member that comes after it even if it was already washed or wiped Contrarily if a considerable amount of time has passed before one has included the omitted member one must start the wudu from the very beginning for lacking the compulsory act of immediacy If one happens to pray without wiping or washing the omitted
68. raises his hands and makes supplication du a In part of his supplication he should say the following du a Carel Aab aly cies pil g charg chalice jus agl 55 As for the lunar eclipse prayer khusuf It is not a known sunnah that the lunar eclipse prayer was prayed in congregation So praying it in congregation is discouraged in the Maliki School It should be prayed individually and exactly in the way mentioned regarding the Solar Eclipse prayer except that the recitation should be audible tb gaila is considered to be interchangeable with mi gu 64a in the view of some scholars So both would mean The Prayer of the Eclipse with no distinction between the lunar and solar eclipse Others hold that there is a distinction Allah says s 8ll imd From Siirat Al Qiyama 8 5 The men who are following should do the same especially those who are wearing cloaks This means that it s not something recommended for women to do Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 49 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Transliteration Allahummasgi ibadaka wa bahimataka wanshur rahmataka wa ahyi baladakal mayt Translation O Allah Give water to your slaves and your beasts of burden spread your mercy and give life to your dead land Id The Holiday Prayer As for the Id prayers that come respectively at the end of Ramadan and after the Day of Arafa during
69. raveler i e 4 units 2 Returning If one returns while there s enough time before Subh to pray one or more rakats one should again pray Maghrib in the usual way and pray Isha as a traveler i e 2 units XXIII The Meritorious Acts of the Salat ala gn Mae plea Cpe Cali arbull ae ali Ups gaia Its non stressed recommended acts are turning the head to the right when giving the Salam the Saying Amin by everyone praying with the exception of the Imam when he is praying audibly Js all pf i gill g al Cys Jas saal ALi gd g To say Rabbana laka al hamdu for all except for the one leading and the qunut supplication should also appear in the prayer of dawn Essel Qe oS dy des ESS g a gael Kd 9 Nay Wearing a tunic glorifying Allah during prostration and bowing Draping the hands at the sides and saying Allahu Akbar while in the process of changing position legitimate excuse for delaying it then one is considered sinful for this delay Legitimate excuses are things like sleeping fainting forgetting about the prayer reaching puberty during prayer time being stricken by insanity accepting Islam or apostatizing and repenting before prayer time has elapsed or for the blood of menstruation or child birth to cease before the prayer time has elapsed when there remains enough time for a woman to perform the ritual bath ghusl and pray at least one rakat before the time elapses The time of urgen
70. s only obligatory to wipe the face and the hands And were one to wipe the hands before the face or only touch the object used for tayammum it will be deemed valid XIV The Meritorious Acts of Tayammum and Its Nullifiers 8 Sidi Mayyarah says in his Mukhtasar And what is meant by time in this chapter is the preferred time waqt al mukhtar p 115 This means that the Shared Times of Zhur and Asr and that of Maghrib and Isha are not taken into consideration in this matter This is to clear up an oversight I made in the first edition of my small manual entitled Prayer and Purification according to the Maaliki School of Islamic Jurisprudence Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 24 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Lhe g e gagi Jia Acai dues cia 9 irani Ay gtia Its meritorious acts are starting with Allah s name and a praiseworthy and recommended description that should be followed Its nullifiers are the same as they are for ablution But add ON Ol CB gs day day sey Ol 9 pelea cj Sab le a gas The presence of water before one prays And if one finds it afterwards one repeats the prayer within the time if it permits Explanation The meritorious acts of dry ablution tayammum are the following 1 Saying With the name of Allah or Bismillah at the beginning 2 Following the recommended description for tayammum
71. s presented itself Cala ll Abe Cuil ga g adl Lue dag jut Other obligations are washing the face washing the arms wiping the head and washing the feet Oly aS Cd pall g Only tama ae G2 ill g The duty in washing the face includes the area where the ears join with the face And in the arms it includes the elbows and with the feet it includes the ankles KE ala Aint ys Ja day edt 9 Catal ghai JIS Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 3 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections Comb through the fingers when washing and part the hair of the beard if the skin appears from beneath it Explanation One of the prerequisites for the validity of one s prayer is ritual purity i e wudu ghusl or tayammum The author starts with the most fundamental form of ritual purity minor ritual purity al hadath al asghar In order to remove the state of minor ritual impurity before making prayer Salat one must perform wudu But wudu is only valid when it is performed correctly And if any of its compulsory acts are omitted the wudu is invalid So if one were to pray while omitting any of the compulsory acts of wudu the Salat is automatically invalid and must be prayed again while fulfilling all of its prerequisites The author outlines in these verses the compulsory acts of wudu They are 7 in number 1 Passing the hand over each member of wudu while rinsing dal
72. scribed words of the tashahhud and that salutations be sent on Muhammad Cut gA g Lia 8 i de Lead GYI Gy The first call to prayer has been made a sunnah for a group that performs a compulsory prayer in its proper time and summons others to attend Explanation Here Sidi Ibn Ashir covers the unstressed Sunnah acts The chart below details them Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 38 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections The Sunnah Acts of the Prayer The Unstressed Sunnahs 1 The Iqama 2 Prostrating on the palms knees and toes 3 Remaining silent for Imam s recital in audible prayers 4 Returning the salam on the Imam 5 Returning the salam on the person on one s left side if there is one 6 Calmness beyond the required amount with presence of heart 7 The use of a sutra shield when it is feared that one will pass in front of the Imam or individual prayer 8 Saying the salam audibly 9 Reciting the words of the tashahhud as transmitted in hadiths 10 Sending the Prayers on the Prophet i e the Du a of Ibrahim in the last tashahhud 11 The adhan for the obligatory prayer with the congregation who s summoning others 12 Shortening the prayer of travel XXII The Prayer of the Traveler 323 Og col nas L s gh SU Gi sil Ga nally And shortening the prayer is for the one who travels a distance of 4 b
73. st Inhaling and exhaling water up nose Wash ears Begin by washing off filth Say bismillah Rinse head hair thrice Wash members of wudu first Avoiding extravagance in the use of water Wash upper extremities before lower extremities Wash extremities of right side before extremities of left side 0 0 0 0O O O0 O 0O 0O 0 A 0 O 0O 0O 0 0O O X X X X w k K kK K K K Oo od O O Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam m Page 18 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections XII The Description of Ghusl Cisy Cala yj Cw Aue CS CBS ai g yds Jul o jas You should begin in performing the ritual shower by washing the private part but then abstain from touching it with the palm or sides of the hand ail La e gata gl Cpa ae Aisa 13 ai gual gi Or even the finger Then if you touch it thereafter you are to repeat what you have done of ablution Explanation The following is the description of the ritual shower ghusl Make one s intention Say With the name of Allah or Bismillah Clean any filth like urine feces or semen from one s person Make the customary wudu except that you only wash each member once Run wet fingers through the hair Pour water on the hear three times Wash the right side of the upper body Wash the left side of the upper body Wash the right side of the lower body
74. stic of the Maliki madhab whereas all other three schools consider doubt about wudu not to be one of the nullifiers because of the Prophetic tradition hadith of Abbad ibn Tamim about the person who imagines that he passed gas during Salat The Prophet pbuh said Let him not depart until he hears a sound or senses an odor 1 Were one to ask Isn t this a contradiction that in one hadith the Prophet mentions the afflicted and in the other he mentions the insane while he mentions that only three types of people have the pen lifted in their regard I d say there is no contradiction because the afflicted is a general expression that includes the insane And the insane is a constituent of that generality So there is no contradiction This is because of the well known hadith Deeds are only by intentions Bukhari Muslim and others Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 13 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections lay dag gf ga gaus ia i pal Di They also base it one the rule that dilu Jaj Y oal Certainty is not removed by doubt But this rule conflicts with another rule that Malikis have given greater strength to which posits Bg petal qi ji Cpe abe h ll g La 3 Having doubt about the condition for an act bars the validity of the thing it was a condition for And since wudu is a condition for Salat having doubt
75. sure anything from her breasts to her head and from her knees to the tops of her feet As for severe nakedness it is all in between these points i e from her breasts to her knees Covering areas of severe nakedness is considered a prerequisite for the Salat without which the prayer is invalid As for moderate nakedness it is also compulsory to ensure it is not exposed But it is not so severe that it would invalidate one s prayer for exposing any of it 1 Sheikh Mayyara says in his Mukhtasar Sheikh Abu Muhammad in his Risala opined such that he said And tayammum is done with clean earth sa id It is whatever is appears on the surface of the Earth that is from it like dirt sand or stones Whoever lacks both water and earth the standard view mashhur is that he is not to pray And if he remains without them until the time elapses altogether he is not to make up the prayer And there are other statements about the issue Look for them in Al Kabir Mukhtasar al Darr al Thamin p 144 Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 33 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections This means that when Maliki scholars speak about covering nakedness being a prerequisite for the validity of Salat they merely mean severe nakedness not moderate nakedness Moderate nakedness opposed to being a prerequisite is termed an obligation wajib which is th
76. t the Kafir is damned eternally in Hell not just for rejecting Allah s divinity and lordship but also for not fulfilling these religious obligations The Hanafis differ and believe that the non Muslim isn t subject to this address As for the third category of prerequisite i e the prerequisite for the perfection of deeds it is that condition upon which the perfect state of an action is premised that guarantees that such a deed will be accepted by Allah when combined with the other conditions An example of that is like having complete humility and presence of heart in Salat or as in the view of Abu Hanifa having an intention when performing an cation which he only considers to be a prerequisite for perfection Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 31 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections As for the first three facing the qibla cleanliness and covering nakedness these are all prerequisites with the condition that one remembers to fulfill them and has the ability to carry them out This means that if one forgets or mistakenly prays to a direction other than the qibla i e Mecca it is merely recommended for them to pray again as long as the time for the prayer hasn t elapsed As for when one remembers it is always a duty for one to atleast attempt to determine the correct direction of prayer before starting If one does not attempt to determine the qibla and then prays the
77. ted Explanation In this section Sidi Ibn Ashir lists a number of things that nullify one s wudu ablution He mentions 16 in all 1 Urination 2 Passing gas 3 The rare happening of incontinence of urine semen menorrhagia i e abnormal menstrual blood flow or the constant release of gas 4 Defecation 5 Heavy Sleep 6 The distillation of Pre ejaculatory fluid madhy 7 Inebriation 8 Swoon Fainting 9 A strike of insanity 10 The distillation of wady 11 Fondling Embracing 12 Kissing 13 Touching the vagina 14 Touching the penis 15 Having doubt about wudu 16 Apostasy As for nullifier 3 the rare happening of incontinence this means that if it is not abnormal for one to pass gas each time he makes wudu to the point that it is nearly impossible for one to maintain wudu such a person is not required to make wudu before every prayer Rather it is merely recommended The same thing applies to the man or woman who constantly distills pre ejaculatory fluid madhy in spite of not fantasizing about having intercourse the person with a bladder disorder who constantly finds remnants of urine and the woman who is mennorrhagic who menstruates beyond her normal period It is merely recommended that each one of these people make wudu before Salat Otherwise they can pray without wudu But they should seek medical attention for remedies to their physical conditions if available Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam
78. udu As for kissing on the lips many Maliki scholars are of the view that this breaks the wudu regardless of whether or not one intends or experiences pleasure from the kiss As for other Maliki scholars they opine that a goodbye kiss or a kiss of mercy as when a husband or wife may be ill do not nullify one s wudu only those kisses that one intends or experiences pleasure from Whatever the case it would be safest for one to renew one s wudu for kissing their spouse on the lips especially in light of the juristic axiom qa ida fighiyyah championed by Malikis that posits When the text that forbids conflicts with the text that permits the text that forbids is given precedence out of caution for committing the impermissible giall USS Gye alial ayaa pads ceall 9 ayaa gaji 1 To touch the penis and vagina with the palms of the hands or sides and tips of the fingers for nullifiers 13 and 14 would also nullify one s wudu For the man this includes touching the head and shaft of the penis or the testicles As for the woman her wudu is only nullified when she places her hands in the slit or inner border of her vagina But it is not nullified if she touches the skin outside the borders of the vagina Nullifier 15 is to have doubt about wudu That is when one has doubt that he has nullified the wudu the wudu is considered null according to Malikis Having doubt about wudu is a view specifically characteri
79. ukhaffafa It is a grave sin for one to pray while intentionally exposing part of his her moderate nakedness It is recommended to repeat their prayer as long as the time allotted hasn t elapsed if part of his her moderate nakedness becomes exposed The Limits of Severe Nakedness 1 For men The penis testicles and anus 2 For women From below the breasts to knees Severe nakedness for the woman is from below her breasts to her knees For the man it is his genitals the space beneath the pubes and leading to the rectum Were these areas of ones nakedness to show it would be a duty to repeat the prayer regardless of whether or not the time has expired as long as it was possible to ensure their concealment 18 The time for prayer in this instance is a reference to The Shared Times between Zuhr and Asr and between Maghrib and Isha The time for Zuhr and Asr both runs out at sunset And the time for both Maghrib and Isha runs out at Fajr So if someone for example mistakenly prays to the wrong direction for Zuhr it is recommended that he make it up before Asr s time elapses The same applies for Maghrib whereas it would be recommended for one to make it up before the time for Isha elapses Abdullah bin Hamid Ali w lam r ions com Page 32 Al Murshid Al Mu in Translation amp Commentary on Selected Sections If exposing severe nakedness is a result of forgetfulness there is no
80. unit prayers performed before the witr The two units before Zuhr The four units before Asr The additional four prayed after Maghrib The four units prayed after Zuhr Abdullah bin Hamid Ali lam r ions com Page 52

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