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802.11 s based Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) test-bed

1. Figure C 1 MestTest class To run this program on NS 3 simulator we have to know all the input parameters we can set here is the list of parameters we can set e nodes Choose the number of nodes in the network Default 8 e server Choose which node the server is Default 1 79 80 APPENDIX C e client Choose which node the client is Default 0 e time Choose the simulation time in seconds 120 8 e channel Select channel of transmission Default 3 e pcap Enable PCAP traces on interfaces Default 0 e seed Set the seed for random values Default 9 If we introduce in terminal this command waf run bllmesh PrintHelp it will display all this parameters An example to run this program with some of these parameters is waf run bl11mesh pcap 1 client 0 server 6 channel 6 time 60 This command will run the program that will simulate the network working on channel 6 and sending traffic from node 0 to node 6 during 60 seconds When simulation finish it will give as a result one pcap file per node because the pcap option is activated Run this program without any parameters waf run b11mesh or without defining all parameters the program will run using defaults parameters C 1 b11mesh cc This is the code of the program that simulates using N5 3 the test bed using the protocol IEEE 802 11b This program has been used to make the NS 3 experiments jur Mode c file style
2. wifiPhy SetPcapFormat YansWifiPhyHelper PCAP FORMAT 80211 RADIOTAP x C 1 b11mesh cc 83 wifiChannel wifiChannel AddPropagationLoss ns3 LogDistancePropagationLossModel Exponent DoubleValue m_exponent ReferenceDistance Double Value m_referenceDistance ReferenceLoss Double Value m_referenceLoss wifiChannel SetPropagationDelay ns3 ConstantSpeedPropagationDelay Model Speed DoubleValue 3 0e8 wifiChannel AddPropagationLoss ns3 RandomPropagationLossModel Variable Random Variable Value Uniform Variable 27 0 43 0 wifiPhy SetChannel wifiChannel Create Ssid ssid Ssid wifi default mesh SetRemoteStationManager ns3 ConstantRateWifiManager DataMode StringValue wifib 11mbs wifiMac SetType ns3 AdhocWifiMac meshDevices mesh Install wifiPhy wifiMac nodes MobilityHelper mobility ns3 ListPositionAllocator listPosNod new ns3 ListPositionAllocator ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 0 0 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 37 96 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 74 61 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 111 26 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 145 05 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 184 26 0 0 0 0 J D ist PosNod gt Ad
3. gt O N N gt O G gt O ANED Q gt DOD SL M93 3 4 5 6 7 Number of hops Figure 4 2 Throughput test bed vs NS 3 vs 90 confidence interval vs maximum amp minimum 4 2 Analyzing pcap files When the test bed results were analysed we found that there were big throughput differences between two different nodes with the same number of nodes between them same number of hops Therefore we decided to compare two of the pcap files obtained in the test bed experiment with one of the NS 3 simulation only one because in this case the throughputs were similar when they send data in two hops experiment Specifically we have chosen see Figure 2 15 and Figure 3 5 e Test bed sample 1 3 Because it was the lowest throughput where we find many interferences e Test bed sample 3 5 Because it was the highest throughput e NS 3 sample 1 3 Because it was the lowest throughput Figure 4 4 which shows measurements of round trip times of the three samples described above illustrates that TCP adjusts its notion of average round trip time for the connection We can see how RTT from NS 3 is adjusted to higher values in specific moments but the number of retransmissions is not very high Whereas in the test bed specially 1 3 we can see that the number of retransmissions is higher and the RTT changes continuously due to retransmissions of different data segments This behaviour is accor
4. 49 Average throughput of NS 8 5 8 49 Average throughput of 8 50 Average throughput of NS 2 for 7 8 50 NS total throughput lt a wists 2 eh a Og ek 51 NS 8 total throughput vs 90 confidence interval vs maximum amp minimum 52 Throughput comparison between test bed NS 9 54 Throughput test bed vs NS 3 vs 90 confidence interval vs iia I cedet Gliese ne eee pue s BOR Qin 55 RIT from 3 samples PCAP 56 RIT from 3 samples PCAP files oa os odie oa we Bike 57 hub db udo PCM Aa a oie es Seeds Bok a u eed 79 List of Tables 2 1 Computers info ID IP 15 2 2 Distances between nodes on the topology of experiment I 17 2 3 Network parameters of the experiment I 17 2 4 Parameters of the experiment I 18 2 5 Distances between nodes on the topology of experiment I 22 2 6 Network parameters of experiment I 22 Zl TOP settings orda ua Ge 34 22 2 8 Real and expected time for the test bed experiment IT 26 3 1 Real and expected time for simulation 46 B 1 Computers info ID IP MAC address 65 D 1 UDP and TCP throughput bps of the network 93
5. printf 3 Build the kernel and install packages Vn printf 4 Install iw n n printf HELP If you choose the first option all will be installed and if you choose n printf other option options forward will be executed also n n printf 7 p printf Option read n 1 option if Soption gt 4 then echo echo n Option should be between 1 and 4 bye exit 1 fi LL if option eq 1 then PLING LPM iere nn emt ta n printf Installing the following packages fakeroot build essential git core kernel package n DERBUD ni Puce tm dde EP AN ort n fakeroot sudo sudo apt get install y fakeroot if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Fakeroot installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing fakeroot exit fi build essential sudo sudo apt get install y build essential if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Build essential installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing Build essential exit fi Ne B 3 ADD A NEW COMPUTER TO THE TEST BED 75 git core sudo sudo apt get install y git core if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo git core installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing git core exit fi kernel package
6. 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Throughput Mbps Figure 3 9 Average throughput of NS 3 for 6 hops NS3 7 HOPS m 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of trial Throughput Mbps S RO G gt C D m S D 00 Figure 3 10 Average throughput of NS 3 for 7 hops It is shown in all the graphics above that there are reasonable interferences similar to the interferences introduced in our implementation 3 4 NS 3 RESULTS 51 Total throughput We can see in Figure 3 11 how the throughput decreases linearly with the increase of the number of hops We can see also that with two hops the throughput decrease less than any other time because the distances were similar We can deduce that the throughput decrease proportionally with the distance NS3 Total Throughput 58 NS 3 Throughput oo aaa N G SP N ta oh E Gb EF oo N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of hops T Figure 3 11 NS 3 total throughput If we pay attention to the confidence interval Figure 3 12 we can see that for 1 hop it is bigger than for the rest of hops This is due to the fact that there were many different distances when using 1 hop and in the other different hops the distances are similar Looking at maximum and minimum values we can also see the same that for one hop the range of throughput is
7. Lulea March 2010 Luis Javier S nchez Cuenca Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION en h u ee So kee X wm es deg ee 1 2 Objectives of the Thesis L3 Limitations dc lalu ke RISE ek H ue 1 4 Structure of the Thesis 2 2710 en dup Hee TE den AS Ru x 15 Analysis of the results RG Project Tame Plain fois teh Q medo deeds A ae e abu 1 7 Technologies Used ERE Pee BEES CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED 2 1 Operating System Installation 2 2 Open 80211s package Installation 4 3521 9 a es ed 2 97 WMN BOUIN Ng mer e edv ook d os ide Men PRORSUS Os o e See eo h rd 2 MCNINGEODOIOBY ot uen ee BREE RA Sue 25 WMN experiments CHAPTER WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR 3 1 Understanding the NS 3 Network Simulator 3 2 NS 3 Test bed implementation 3 37 NS 3 Experiments 2 a a d Io di dea dp of qd JA SIS mo Saku ap S aR aS Ns ee Te ne eke Bee CHAPTER 4 COMPARING RESULTS Tl X a tyre Rn SY oh Ee SE ed be oe ee be Ree e eH 212 Analyzing Dean flegar eck LOR we ER OM ee SA CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6 FUTURE WORK 6 1 Test bed vii CQ n 4 A WFR E a s ia Pa Q
8. ns3 helper module h include ns3 global routing module h include ns3 wifi module h include ns3 mesh module h include ns3 mobility module h include ns3 mesh helper h include lt iostream gt include lt sstream gt include lt fstream gt using namespace ns3 NS LOG COMPONENT DEFINE TestMeshScript class MeshTest public Init test MeshTest Configure test from command line arguments void Configure int argc char Run test int Run private argv int m_nodes double m_randomStart double m totalTime int m_channel bool m_pcap std string m_stack std string m_root int m seed seed for random values Cliente and server int m client int m server uint16 t m_servPort Calculate time of simulation float m timeTotal m timeStart m timeEnd List of network nodes NodeContainer nodes List of all mesh point devices NetDeviceContainer meshDevices Addresses of interfaces Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces MeshHelper Report is not static methods MeshHelper mesh private Create nodes and setup their mobility void CreateNodes Install internet m stack on nodes void InstallInternetStack Install applications void InstallApplication h M 88 APPENDIX C Mesh Test Mesh Test Q m nodes 8 m randomStart 0 1 m totalTime 120 0 m chann
9. 2009 12 29 mac80211 Linux Wireless http linuxwireless org en developers Documentation mac80211 Last time acceded 2009 12 29 Download Linux Wireless http wireless kernel org en users Download Archiveofcompat wireless 2 6tarballs Last time acceded 2010 01 19 eit kernel org linux kernel git Linville wireless testing git summary http git kernel org p linux kernel git linville wireless testing git a summary Last time acceded 2010 01 19 HOWTO 802115 Trac http oiis org trac wiki HOWTO Last time acceded 2010 02 10 Sachin Garg Avaya Labs Research Basking Ridge NJ USA Martin Kappes Avaya Labs Research Basking Ridge NJ USA An Experimental Study of Throughput for UDP and VoIP Traffic in IEEE 802 11b Networks 802 116 2 4GHz Wireless USB 2 0 Adapter DWL G122 D Link AirPlus G TM Manual https www cz o2 com public_conver 6a 55 cc 113539_ 142058_dwlg122_manual pdf Last time acceded 2010 03 15 Theofilos Chrysikos Giannis Georgopoulos Stavros Kotsopoulos Wireless Telecommunications Laboratory Department of Electrical amp Computer Engineering University of Patras Site Specific Validation of ITU Indoor Path Loss Model at 2 4 GHz NS 3 IEEE 802 115 draf http www nsnam org doxygen release group _dotiis html Last time acceded 2010 03 16 103 25 Douglas E Comer Internetworking With TCP IP Voll Principles Protoc
10. LO 20 log 4 pi feqChann3 3 exp8 double m EnergyDet 88 0 double m ccath 99 0 double m txpower 18 0 dbm NS LOG INFO Building chain topology SeedManager SetRun m seed S id m nodes E C 3 meshNet cc 89 ft Configure YansWifiChannel YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy YansWifiPhyHelper Default wifiPhy Set EnergyDetection Threshold DoubleValue m EnergyDet defulat val is 96dBm wifiPhy Set CcaMode1Threshold DoubleValue m ccath default val is 99dBm wifiPhy Set TxGain DoubleValue 1 0 Use 5 0 to extend range to about 300 meters wifiPhy Set RxGain DoubleValue 1 0 Use 5 0 to extend range to about 300 meters wifiPhy Set TxPowerLevels UintegerValue 1 wifiPhy Set TxPowerEnd DoubleValue m txpower default val is 16 0206dBm wifiPhy Set TxPowerStart DoubleValue m_txpower default val is 16 0206dBm wifiPhy Set RxNoiseFigure DoubleValue 7 0 defulat val is 7dB wifiPhy Set ChannelNumber UintegerValue m channel YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel wifiChannel AddPropagationLoss ns3 LogDistancePropagationLossModel Exponent DoubleValue m exponent ReferenceDistance Double Value m_referenceDistance ReferenceLoss Double Value m_referenceLoss wifiChannel SetPropagationDelay ns3 ConstantSpeedPropagationDelay Model Speed DoubleValue 3 0e8
11. S OD 00 1 2 5 3 4 Number of trial Figure 3 5 Average throughput of NS 3 for 2 hops 48 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR In Figure 3 6 we can observe when we send from node 5 to 8 how distance between nodes there keeps being a serious interference when distances are not similar NS3 3 HOPS Throughput Mbps 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Figure 3 6 Average throughput of NS 3 for 3 hops Looking at Figure 3 7 we can observe also some peaks due to the propagation delay model according with indoor conditions 3 4 NS 3 RESULTS 49 NS3 4 HOPS bel i gt 56r Emme 54r 1 HET 7 EN 4 gt s 48 46 44 42 Z 42 Q 4 Q 3 8 36 34 ET 28 O 2 6 S24 2 2 cx H 18 16 14L 12L iL 0 8 0 6 04 02 0 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Figure 9 7 Average throughput of NS 3 for 4 hops In Figure 3 8 Figure 3 9 and Figure 3 10 we can observe the same behaviour detected in the other coordinate systems NS3 5 HOPS 56 56r E297 54F 7 5 2 4 5L 48 4 6 441 42 Z 42 4 3 8 36 3 44 Xr a c 28r D 2 6 5 24 2 2 cx 1 8 14 6 14r 12r 1L 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Figure 3 8 Average throughput of NS 3 for 5 hops 50 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR NS3 6 HOPS 7 2 28
12. and when traffic begins to flow again TCP use slow start we can see in the bubble inside test bed 1 3 graph avoiding swamping the network with additional traffic immediately after the congestion clears This congestion is produced in our network by interferences and noises of the environment which produces the decrease of the throughput shown in Figure 2 21 and in Figure 3 11 and the difference between them is due to the fact that there are more interferences in the real world test bed than in the simulation CHAPTER 5 Conclusions This work has been guided by the vision of creating a WMN test bed working with the IEEE 802 11s protocol analyzing and verifying that it was working correctly and explaining the behaviour of the network in the different experiments In the first part of this thesis when we created the test bed we had some problems installing the Open80211s package because we did not know for sure which tools we needed and also because we were trying to install a package under continuous development and it was complicated to find a stable release Once we got all the test bed working the first experiments were done under some special conditions that allowed us to improve our future experiments From the test bed experiments we can say that the network is working satisfactorily according to the results obtained The only point in which the performance is not meeting the expected results is the fact that the behaviou
13. wifiChannel AddPropagationLoss ns3 RandomPropagationLossModel Variable Random Variable Value UniformVariable 27 0 43 0 wifiPhy SetChannel wifiChannel Create Create mesh helper and set stack installer to it Stack installer creates all needed protocols and install them to mesh point device we mesh MeshHelper Default mesh SetStackInstaller m_stack mesh SetMacType RandomStart TimeValue Seconds m randomStart Set number of interfaces default is single interface mesh point mesh SetNumberOfInterfaces 1 Install protocols and return container if MeshPointDevices meshDevices mesh Install wifiPhy nodes Setup mobility static chain topology MobilityHelper mobility ns3 ListPositionAllocator listPosNod new ns3 ListPositionAllocator ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 0 0 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 37 96 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 74 61 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 111 26 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 145 05 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 184 26 0 0 0 0 5 istPosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 209 67 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 253 77 0 0 0 0 5 mobility SetPositionAllocator listPosNod mobility SetMobilityModel ns3 Co
14. 168 2 6 192 168 2 7 Figure 2 10 Network scenario 4 On scenario 5 Figure 2 11 we obtained the performance of communication between six nodes five hops having three different samples 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 25 c 192 168 2 8 Figure 2 11 Network scenario 5 With scenario 6 Figure 2 12 we wanted to test the performance of of send traffic in the WMN with six hops 192 168 2 7 192 168 2 6 Figure 2 12 Network scenario 6 Scenario 7 Figure 2 18 tested the test bed with 7 hops obtaining performance of the network when the traffic flows from the first node to the last one c S E S SS lt 192 168 2 1 192 168 2 2 192 168 2 3 192 168 2 4 192 168 2 5 152 168 2 6 192 168 2 7 192 168 2 8 Figure 2 13 Network scenario 7 For this experiment we determined the number of repetitions which communication protocol to use and how much time takes each test sending traffic We also decided the number of runs that we were going to do in each scenario and the time taken by each trial see Table 2 8 26 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED Scenario Number of runs Duration min 1 42 126 2 36 108 3 30 90 4 24 72 5 18 54 6 12 36 7 6 18 Total theoretic 504 min 8 4 h Total practical 7 am 1 35 am 18 59h Table 2 8 Real and expected time for the test bed experiment IT When we run this experiment we were helped by the Communication
15. 2 6 29 version To complete this process the instructions described in Appendix A were followed After analyzing the options we chosed the second one to install this system in the test bed This is because we want the system to be installed in the computer with the latest features and also because we are sure that it supports the D Link DWL G122 driver and all features of the Open80211s package Once the latest version was downloaded we started installing it following recommendations made by the developers 20 The main steps of the installation were 1 Find and install the libraries needed to build the kernel packages 2 Install the libraries needed to use the menu to configure kernel options 3 Configure the kernel choose the driver options and the IEEE 802 11s settings 4 Build the kernel and make the packages 5 Install the packages generated by the last step 6 Install the tool JW required to setup a Some problems were found because some of the libraries that the packages need were not clear and also because when we were building the kernel that takes almost two hours and a half it gave us some errors that we had to fix For this reason we have created a script to install the package With it anyone who wants to install this package just needs to follow the steps and wait the time that takes building and installing the kernel All the files needed to install the same test bed system are in a CD attached to this
16. NEW COMPUTER TO THE TEST BED 73 ath5k 3K 2K OK 2K KK Enable ath5k in the kernel Device Drivers gt Network device support gt Wireless LAN gt lt M gt Atheros 5xxx wireless cards support ath9k 38 2K 2K 2K KK Enable ath9k in the kernel Device Drivers gt Network device support gt Wireless LAN gt lt M gt Atheros 802 11n wireless cards support libertas_tf ope Enable libertas tf in the kernel Networking gt Wireless gt M Marvell 8xxx Libertas WLAN driver support with thin firmware lt M gt Marvell Libertas 8388 USB 802 11b g cards with thin firmware po4 3K 2K 2K 2K KK Enable p54 in the kernel Device Drivers gt Network device support gt Wireless LAN gt Wireless LAN IEEE 802 11 lt M gt Softmac Prism54 support lt M gt Prism54 USB support lt M gt Prism54 PCI support M Prism54 SPI stlc45xx support Author of this README INSTALL file This document has been created by Luis Javier S nchez Cuenca for his IEEE 802 11s testbed I hope everybody who wants to create a WMN can use it 74 APPENDIX B Install sh bin bash SN clear printf n p 220 eek __ np p printf Installig OPEN80211S n n n printf HbR HHH k p n n printf Choose the option you want n n printf 1 Install OPEN80211s package and everything needed Nn printf 2 Choose the kernel options and right driver Vn
17. Network Research Group with the permissions needed to put all the computers in the corridors helping us putting the computers working and also developing a script to run the different scenarios The script was developed by the PhD student Anna Chaltseva 2 5 4 Results of experiment Il We measured the available throughput in terms of sent pay load at Layer 4 with IP TCP as bearer in the scenario of a single client To obtain the results of this experiment we have used tcpdump to capture all the traffic generated in the network When each trial finishes tcpdump creates a pcap file that contains all the information about what happened in the network while we were testing it Using Wireshark we calculated the throughput of each trial We can see in Appendix D all the tables with all values calculated Hop by hop The first analysis of the network we wanted to do was the performance of the network when we sent traffic from one node to another with different hops between them In the following figures we show the trials X axis and the throughput Y axis and we plot the traffic flow between the different nodes 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 27 Test bed 1 HOP j moo 2 5 7 E34 7 4 gt 5 E J556 j _ E gt Throughput Mbps G gt O C O m IS D 00 1 2 5 3 4 Number of trial Figure 2 14 Average throughput test b
18. and use the simulator APPENDIX Upgrade Ubuntu Kernel If we have installed on operating system 2 6 28 kernel or less we should update the kernel to 2 6 29 To update it follow the steps enounced bellow introducing all the commands on the command line A 1 Download all the packets necessary It is necessary to download all the packets necessaries to install the new kernel for the operative system l wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 A 6 29 4 linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 generic _2 6 29 02062904N_i386 deb wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 6 29 4 linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 _2 6 29 02062904 _all deb wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 6 29 4 linux image 2 6 29 02062904 generic _2 6 29 02062904 _i386 deb M 2 63 64 APPENDIX A A 2 Install all the packets Once all packets are downloaded install them sudo dpkg i linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 generic 2 6 29 02062904 1386 deb linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 2 6 29 02062904 all deb linux image 2 6 29 02062904 generic 2 6 29 02062904 1386 deb A 3 Reboot the system sudo reboot J A 4 See if you have installed 2 6 29 kernel Make sure that you have upgraded your kernel A 5 Reboot the system uname J A 6 Help If you want to download and install a Linux kerne higher than 2 6 29 visit this web site http kernel ubuntu com kern
19. bigger than with the others hops 52 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR Figure 3 12 Test bed Total Throughput 90 Confidence Interval Max amp Min NS 3 1 1 1 l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of hops NS 3 total throughput vs 90 confidence interval vs mazimum minimum CHAPTER 4 Comparing results In this chapter the results obtained from the experiments done in the test bed and im the NS 3 simulation are compared We are going to do it in two different ways First we are going to compare them using the throughput calculated in the experiments and finally some pcap files from the test bed with the corresponding ones of the simulation are analyzed 4 1 Throughput The throughput has been analyzed from the test bed and from NS 3 Now it is time to compare both results First of all as it is shown in Figure 4 1 the throughput matches when there is one hop but as we increase the number of hops the throughput decreases in a different way Looking at the test bed throughput it is like if there were three different stages one between hops 1 and 3 other between hops 3 and 5 and the last one between hops 5 and 7 and looking at the NS 3 simulation there are two different stages one from 1 to 2 and the other from 2 to 7 From these different stages we could say that in NS 3 the throughput decrease is lower but constant while the test bed throughput decreases in a
20. echo Packages installed echo else echo echo Problem installing packages echo exit fi fi LL if Soption lt 5 then cd iw 0 9 17 joan KV ua n printf Updating libraries for iw Nn sudo apt get install libnl1 libnl doc libnl dev if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Libraries updated echo else echo echo Problem updating libraries libnll libnl doc libnl dev echo exit fi S m B 3 ADD A NEW COMPUTER TO THE TEST BED 77 irit mayu ERI ODD C MONI n printf Installing iw Nn sudo make install if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo iw installed echo else echo echo Problem installing iw echo T exit fi fi LL 17 printf RARER TATA LAL ERE NN printf Congratulations 802115 has been installed correctly n n n pn Luo HESS SSS SESSA IDI AAI AAAI __ Un n n APPENDIX C NS 3 Program In this appendix it is shown the program developed to simulate the test bed network on NS 3 an example of script used to run this program and also the NS 3 program implemented using IEEE 802 115 protocol The program works with the class Mesh Test Figure c 1 that offers us the possibility to create configure and run our network MeshTest
21. gnu indent tabs mode nil waf run blimesh pcap 1 seed 23 client 0 server 1 37 96m 36 65m 36 65m 33 79m 39 21m 25 41m 44 10m OK nodel node2 node3 node4 node5 node6 node7 node8 include ns3 core module h include ns3 simulator module h include ns3 node module h include ns3 helper module h include ns3 global routing module h include ns3 wifi module h include ns3 mesh module h include ns3 mobility module h include ns3 mesh helper h include lt iostream gt include lt sstream gt include lt fstream gt using namespace ns3 C 1 b11mesh cc 81 S8 LOG COMPONENT DEFINE Test MeshScript class MeshTest public Init test MeshTest Configure test from command line arguments void Configure int argc char Run test int Run private argv int m nodes double m totalTime int m_channel bool m_pcap int m seed seed for random values int m defaultSeed Client and server int m client int m_server uint16 t m servPort Calculate time of simulation float m timeTotal m timeStart m timeEnd List of network nodes NodeContainer nodes List of all mesh point devices NetDeviceContainer meshDevices Addresses of interfaces Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces MeshHelper Report is not
22. oO FP WO FR 35 35 40 45 46 53 53 59 59 61 APPENDIX UPGRADE UBUNTU KERNEL A 1 Download all the packets necessary A 2 Install all the packets Reboot the system A 4 See if you have installed 2 6 29 kernel A 5 Reboot the system Abi ATE My ie Sores a SR OR EROR et APPENDIX B TEST BED USER MANUAL B 1 B 2 Configure the network B 3 Add a new computer to the test bed APPENDIX C NS 3 PROGRAM Cul bifmesh e srst a edie pus sual 2 1 C 3 meshNet ce APPENDIX D THROUGHPUT TABLES D 1 Test bed experiment I D 2 Test bed experiment D 3 5 3 APPENDIX LIST ACRONYMS viii 63 63 64 64 64 64 64 65 65 66 70 79 80 85 86 93 93 94 96 99 List of Figures 1 1 2 1 22 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 Project Gants D Link DWL G122 Wireless G USB Adapter Chain WMN topology Topology of experiment I of the WMN test bed Network scenario experiment D Throughput for UDP and TCP Topology experiment of the
23. people s interferences because when we were testing this scenario we detected with Network Stumbler that other people were transmitting on the same channel channel 3 which made more interferences for our transmission At first when we detected this problem we thought that it was a good idea to change our transmission channel to one not so busy but in the end we discarded this idea because we realized that other users transmissions were lower and because all other channels we analysed were also very busy Test bed 6 HOPS mm 7 7 2 28 Throughput Mbps 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of trial Figure 2 19 Average throughput test bed for 6 hops When we started with the scenario number six Figure 2 19 we kept having some interference problems related with other people transmissions in the same channel but we found who was transmitting and asked him to stop while we were doing the test that is why the throughput stabilized We can also see that this stabilization continues when we tested the 7 hops graphic Figure 2 20 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 31 Test bed 7 HOPS gt gt Throughput Mbps 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of trial Figure 2 20 Average throughput test bed for 7 hops It is shown in all the graphics above that there are reasonable interferences according to corridors chara
24. pplication NS_LOG_INFO Create applications uint32_t nPackets 1500 enable rts cts all the time Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager RtsCtsThreshold String Value 6000 disable fragmentation Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager Fragmentation Threshold StringValue 6000 Config SetDefault ns3 TcpSocket SegmentSize UintegerValue 1460 Config SetDefault ns3 TcpSocket RcvBufSize UintegerValue 900000 Config SetDefault ns3 TcpSocket SndBufSize UintegerValue 900000 Address sinkLocalAddress InetSocketAddress Ipv4Address GetAny m servPort PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper ns3 TcpSocketFactory sinkLocalAddress ApplicationContainer sinkApp sinkHelper Install nodes Get m server sinkApp Start Seconds 0 001 sinkApp Stop Seconds m totalTime Create the OnOff applications to send TCP to the server OnOffHelper sourceHelper ns3 TcpSocketFactory Address sourceHelper SetAttribute OnTime RandomVariableValue Constant Variable m_totalTime sourceHelper SetAttribute OffTime RandomVariableValue Constant Variable 0 AddressValue remoteAddress InetSocket Address interfaces GetAddress m server m servPort sourceHelper SetAttribute Remote remoteAddress sourceHelper SetAttribute DataRate DataRateValue DataRate 11Mbps sourceHelper SetAttr
25. report in a folder called wireless testing To install it it is only necessary to copy that folder to the computer home folder and follow the steps written on the README INSTALL file In Appendix B is possible to see this file and also the script developed to install the Open80211s package 2 3 WMN setup The first step to setup the WMN test bed was installing the Open80211s package on the eight computers Once the system was installed we had to configure each computer in the network To setup the network we have developed a script that setting the parameters of the network allows us to configure it in a very fast and very easy way To know how to use it we follow the steps described in the README CONFIGURE file Appendix 2 4 WMN TOPOLOGY 15 It is also important to know that there are some parameters that should be kept in mind when setting up a Network of these characteristics such as the transmission channel the frequency the transmission power the bit rate etc To set these parameters we used tools such as Iw Iwconfig and Ipconfig Those are very useful because they allow running the network with the parameters selected by the user Networks parameters are explained in the next section 2 4 WMN topology In this project we have created a chain topology as shown in Figure 2 2 in two different places with different parameters to analyze the Network which results in two different topologies Both topologies were est
26. shall be examined are to be decided as part of the project The goal for this part is a test bed for 802 11s that is verified and easy to setup for future experiments Related to this objective we have the following goals 1 Install Ubuntu Choose a version of the Ubuntu Operative System and install it on the computers verifying that everything is correct 2 Analyze Hardware Analyze and search which is the hardware that allows us to configure a Wireless Mesh Network on our Ubuntu version and install it on each computer 3 Configure a Wireless Mesh Network After installing all the Wi Fi cards configure a WMN according to the 802 11s standards 5 Start configuring a pair of computers and after that add computers singly to the Network up to eight computers Test the Network according to the next point 4 Network Test Decide which are the tests used to verify that the Network work correctly 5 Obtain results Extract conclusions about all the test done The second objective is to establish in NS 3 the same scenarios tested in reality and to compare the results obtained in the simulator with those of the real 802 11s test bed This means to build and verify a similar installation package as done for this test bed In case any discrepancies and or weaknesses are identified between the real test bed and 4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION the simulated WMN these shall be properly documented The goal for this part is a verified sim
27. test Parameter Value Routing Dynamic Data rate 54 Mb s Transmitted signal power 18 dBm Channel Frequency 2437 e6 channel 6 RTS CTS Off Fragmentation threshold Off Power management On Table 2 8 Network parameters of the experiment I Scenario The scenario of this experiment Figure 2 4 allows to know the performance of the test bed sending traffic from the first node to the second when finishing to the third and so on up to the last one 18 CHAPTER 2 UBUNTU TEST BED Figure 2 4 Network scenario experiment I To do this experiment we sent traffic with the Iperf traffic generator using two transport protocols UDP and TCP setting the same scenario for both details in Table 2 4 Transport Protocol UDP Transport Protocol TCP Number of repetitions per node 5 Number of repetitions per node 5 Buffer size 41KB Buffer length 2KB Packet size 1 5KB Maximum Segment size 1 5KB Connection port 5001 Window size 56KB Connection port 5001 Table 2 4 Parameters of the experiment I 2 5 2 Results of experiment I After applying the settings and parameters described in the previous sections we have used Jperf that is a graphical user interface using perf that allows us to calculate the throughput of the network with the setting and parameters we have set for our test We started with the UDP test and after finishing it we did the TCP test with the same parameters described above W
28. test bed Network scenario l x Sead Bode e Ru oe ws Network 2 Network scenario3 Network scenario 4 Network scenario 5 Network Networkscenarnio T coe pr E RU AP oe kee m dox ner ok 5 Average throughput test bed for 1 hop Average throughput test bed for 2 8 Average throughput test bed for 3hops 000 Average throughput test bed for 4 hops 000 Average throughput test bed for 5 hops 000 Average throughput test bed for 6 hops 2 000 Average throughput test bed for 7 8 Test bed total throughput ane aom dca eR Mo eae X38 XO Test bed total throughput vs 90 confidence interval vs maximum amp minimum NS 3 key simulation objects architecture Coordinate system of the NS 3 chain topology Different NS 3 propagation loss model Average throughput of NS 8 for 1 hop Average throughput of NS 8 for 2 hops 2 00008 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 C 1 Average throughput of NS 8 3 8 48 Average throughput of NS 3 4 8
29. to configure a WMN network using open80211s package Following this tutorial you could create a new network or just connect to one already created How to configure it To configure the network you should know the name of your wireless interface the name of the network you want to connect or create and the IP address you want to assign to your computer but remember that it have to be different from any other of the network Once you know this information you just have to be on wireless testing folder and write the next command configure sh interface lt networkName gt computerIp For example configure sh wlan0 mesh 192 168 2 1 After doing this if everything is right you will configure the network with the parameters wanted If you want to configure additional options you just have to add s to the command configure sh interface lt networkName gt lt computerIp gt s and it will ask you to introduce the next parameters B 2 CONFIGURE THE NETWORK 67 Channel default on channel 0 Rate default 1 Mbps Some useful commands Manuals useful to set some parameters of the network iw help man ifconfig man iwconfig Some useful commands to know characteristics of the WMN and how to change some parameters extracted from above manuals gt To know details about the interface or about the parameters setting up of the new interface ifconfig gt To know detai
30. to know the performance between nearest nodes one hop What we did was run the client on the first node and the server on the second and sent traffic between them and after finishing it run the client on the second node and the sever on the third node and so on until the last node SS LICHE DURAS NDS ES gt SoS JEE 192 168 2 1 192 168 2 2 132 168 2 3 192 168 2 4 132 168 2 5 182 168 2 6 132 168 2 7 192 168 2 8 Figure 2 7 Network scenario 1 In the scenario 2 Figure 2 8 we wanted to test the performance of data traffic between 3 nodes two hops We run the client in one node and we run the server on the second nearest node repeating it until the last node With this scenario we got 6 different samples SS SS SS la la 192 168 2 1 192 16B 2 2 132 168 2 3 192 168 2 4 132 168 2 5 182 168 2 6 132 168 2 7 192 168 2 8 Figure 2 8 Network scenario 2 In scenario 3 Figure 2 9 the traffic flowed between the first node and the fourth node three hops and so on until the last node With this scenario we got five different samples of the network with which we could compare to know if the performance was similar 24 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED Figure 2 9 Network scenario 3 Scenario 4 Figure 2 10 tested the performance of having traffic between five nodes four hops getting four different samples in four different places of the nodes SS SS S S 192 168 2 2 192 166 2 3 192 168 2 4 192 168 2 5 192
31. 1 4002415 1 6030446 1 8964828 1 6898207 1 7687247 1 6616146 1 8173666 N of Trial oO GO N e Average 1 5058815 Table D 7 Throughput test bed experiment II 6 hops 96 APPENDIX D 7 HOPS 1 8 1 3784905 1 6489115 1 4235967 1 6167096 1 7320821 6 1 6721199 N of Trial Ww NM e Average 1 5786517 Table D 8 Throughput test bed experiment IT 7 hops 0 3 NS 3 experiment 1 HOP 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 738 4 6464768 4 7909452 4 7448575 5 0260253 4 4755622 5 6489047 4 1397154 4 6001521 4 7419624 4 7695319 5 0250635 4 5284812 5 6345024 4 065551 4 6088556 4 753449 4 6771403 4 9864103 4 4721973 5 6465083 4 0328269 N of Trial 4 7574829 4 7470247 5 004821 4 4864205 5 6376553 4 0225737 4 5768758 4 7178812 4 7694958 5 0001968 4 487845 5 6404632 4 0834364 Qa jc N P 4 5768758 4 671277 4 6490001 5 0400789 4 5444411 5 6461698 4 0665999 Average 4 755602049 Table D 9 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 1 hop 2 HOPS 13 2 4 5 46 557 6 5 8 4 3376691 4 4314258 4 5964822 4 4593942 4 568592 4 2639712 4 3724154 4 446179 4 6263005 4 4401233 4 5882921 4 4287793 4 3790323 4 4539342 4 5595468 4 4510007 4 5869267 4 3714249 N of Trial 4 3961813
32. 106 2 7162679 2 3240352 2 225909 2 4924817 2 0166297 2 8344546 2 3381739 2 2414781 2 2208648 2 1201052 2 739242 2 3939475 2 0997728 2 2454141 2 130249 2 6863344 2 5122025 1 9673281 2 044254 N of Trial 2 1627872 2 9236249 2 4570673 2 188172 2 5261997 Ql Q AJN P gt 2 3434461 2 7436328 2 3888715 2 1802041 2 3059017 Average 2 363115412 Table D 4 Throughput test bed experiment IT 3 hops D 2 TEST BED EXPERIMENT II 4 HOPS 1 5 2 6 3 57 4 8 2 0950782 2 3874142 1 8449672 1 1918849 2 2259702 2 0272332 1 9426842 2 221281 1 4905348 2 3486063 1 9135667 2 2634781 N of Trial 2 2303381 2 2275728 1 8535718 2 2421399 1 545044 1 9063498 1 9067834 2 1770795 1 3105291 2 0561436 1 8587855 2 0257312 Average 1 970531983 Table D 5 Throughput test bed experiment II 4 hops 5 HOPS 1 6 2 gt 7 38 _ 1 13577809 1 9071112 1 8601364 E 2 1 3266903 0 3382282 1 9622732 3 14378166 1 7672082 1 5099481 x 4 1 2812829 0 4568496 1 9515229 5 1 3379841 0 5795886 1 4626714 6 1 2321649 1 8145077 1 933446 Average 1 417622845 Table D 6 Throughput test bed experiment IT 5 hops 6 HOPS 1 7 2 8 0 4802112 1 8884402 1 6589956 1 8066262 0 3990097
33. 2010 041 L 802 11s based Wireless Mesh Network WMN test bed Luis Javier Sanchez Cuenca Lulea University of Technology Master Thesis Continuation Courses Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Division of Computer Communication 2010 041 ISSN 1653 0187 ISRN LTU PB EX 10 041 SE 802 11s based Wireless Mesh Network WMN test bed Luis Javier S nchez Cuenca Lulea University of Technology Dept of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Communication Networks Research Group March 2010 ABSTRACT Wireless Mesh Networks WMNs are one of the key technologies that is likely to play an important role in wireless networking in the next decade They will help to realize the long lasting dream of network connectivity anywhere and anytime with simplicity and low cost Their capability of self organization significantly reduces the complexity of network deployment and maintenance and thus requires minimal upfront investment The main objective of this master thesis is to create a Wireless Mesh Network test bed based on the project Open80211s in order to analyze the performance of this type of networks The goals of this master thesis are to build and verify two installation packages for evaluating 802 115 WMNs The first package will be based on Ubuntu Linux using the open80211s implementation and the second one will be based on the NS 3 network si
34. 219793 2 7336691 2 9367529 3 1379574 2 8856209 N of Trial 2 8682988 3 1264579 2 8656552 2 8861153 3 1071199 2 7493417 c n 2 8475779 3 0289456 2 7703916 Average 2 928614459 Table D 13 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 5 hops 98 APPENDIX D 6 HOPS 1 7 2 8 _ 1 24779674 2 4362118 z 2 2 6765218 2 3401383 4 3 2 5936678 2 5418992 gt 4 2 6169669 2 3676781 5 2 6252538 2 4193335 6 2 6936232 2 3676781 Average 2 5130783 Table D 14 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 6 hops 7 HOPS 1 8 N of Trial 2 1882729 2 1739403 2 189523 2 1732374 2 1363309 b G N P gt 2 1108662 Average 2 1620292 Table D 15 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 7 hops APPENDIX E AP BPSK CCK CSMA CA DIFS DSSS DTN GNU GPL GTNetS IEEE IITP IP ISM band MAC NS 3 OFDM OS PCAP PDNS PhD PMP Qos QPSK RSS RTT SIFS List of Acronyms Access Point Binary Phase Shift Keying Complementary Code Keying Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Distributed coordination function Inter Frame Spacing Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Data Transmission Network GNU is Not Unix General Public License Global Traceability Networks Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers In
35. 4 4626792 4 6150586 4 4690173 4 5761477 4 4032104 4 2850413 4 4033128 4 6195174 4 4449262 4 5489812 4 3632487 5 P gt 4 4593902 4 5507871 4 6151698 4 3311868 4 5598771 4 2851125 Average 4 465287095 Table D 10 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 2 hops D 3 NS 3 EXPERIMENT 3 HOPS 1 4 2 5 3 6 497 5 gt 8 3 7679545 4 0046179 3 7571186 4 0478361 3 6876526 3 8357442 3 9887356 3 9474263 4 0640167 3 650714 3 7887933 4 0116615 3 9360032 3 9780138 3 6331466 3 9144244 4 0452126 3 9232568 4 0205079 3 5991945 3 885808 3 9594728 3 9776581 3 9856139 3 6075082 3 9156657 3 9418078 3 9449253 4 0129368 3 701339 Average 3 884492229 N of Trial Table D 11 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 3 hops 4 HOPS 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 3 3927363 3 4538957 3 4651162 3 1855374 3 4034627 3 3724932 3 5420055 3 3026973 3 434378 3 4356507 3 5197575 3 2148103 3 4021741 3 4346603 3 6090711 3 3459754 3 3806954 3 3721933 3 4930371 3 3206592 3 4217972 3 4031172 3 5840392 3 3206592 Average 3 408775814 N of Trial AJ Nje Table D 12 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 4 hops 5 HOPS 1 6 2 gt 7 38 2 8413837 3 0770847 2 8741633 2 8565449 3 1
36. 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 TimejSequence Graph 99 100 101 102 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 1 2 1 6 Figure 4 4 RTT from 3 samples PCAP files 58 CHAPTER 4 COMPARING RESULTS data in that segment From the two times TCP computes RTT Whenever it obtains a new round trip sample adjusts its notion of the average round trip time for the connection In Figure 4 4 we can see how in NS 3 and test bed 3 5 the behaviour is normal because the sequence number increases linearly with time but if we look at the test bed 1 3 graph we can see a big delay and 3 times retransmission packet It is shown how the time out increases the double each time there are three black points between 10 and 11 5 approximately showing the packet retransmission If we pay attention the bubble inside test bed 3 5 of the graphic there are two lines when sending packets The upper line mean TCP window size and the downer line mean Segment Transmitted We can see how when sending traffic between 3 5 the difference between both lines is big enough which means that the window size is working fine and there is no any traffic congestion but if we look at test bed 1 3 we can see how the difference between lines is reduced This is because congestion due to interference makes TCP decrease the window size exponentially to avoid this transmission problems
37. D 1 UDP and TCP throughput bps of the network 93 94 APPENDIX D D 2 Test bed experiment Il 1 HOP 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 gt 7 7 8 4 4585246 4 842981 4 3448787 4 8888169 4 5135569 4 9321181 4 955809 4 7021687 4 9382767 4 7012998 4 9651791 4 4297799 4 8496237 4 8208104 4 7986196 4 6499251 4 8295468 4 9368653 4 5329265 4 8171865 4 9241896 4 7826222 4 6113011 4 82504 4 9575389 4 6505878 4 8251462 4 9729845 N of Trial 4 7783884 4 5951114 4 8241744 4 9723945 4 3479207 4 8239992 4 971514 Qa jc 5 P 4 6334699 4 6503149 4 8385495 4 9718446 4 751206 4 9708296 4 9795527 Average 4 775418413 Table D 2 Throughput test bed experiment IT 1 hop 2 HOPS 13 2 4 3 5 46 557 6 gt 8 3 20131 3 3439365 4 566476 3 9976141 3 4019898 3 7959282 3 2793217 3 2968881 4 569609 3 8697755 3 5309798 4 0753385 3 1289598 3 468253 4 3549925 3 9693147 3 3747914 3 7628697 3 0060787 3 4388449 4 5712135 3 8401572 3 4853638 4 1810284 N of Trial 3 1423997 3 4133039 4 5503306 3 8969719 3 5857853 4 2024686 G c b G N gt 2 9210881 3 470862 4 5734008 3 9671889 3 4738473 4 1858265 Average 3 747069677 Table D 3 Throughput test bed experiment IT 2 hops 3 HOPS 1 4 2 5 3 6 4 7 5 8 2 3244
38. D 2 Throughput test bed experiment 1 hop 94 D 3 Throughput test bed experiment 2 hops 94 D 4 Throughput test bed experiment hops 94 D 5 Throughput test bed experiment 4 hops 95 D 6 Throughput test bed experiment 5 hops 95 D 7 Throughput test bed experiment 6 hops 95 D 8 Throughput test bed experiment 7 hops 96 D 9 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 1 hop 96 D 10 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 2 hops 96 D 11 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 3hops 97 D 12 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 4hops 97 D 13 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 5hops 97 D 14 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 6 hops 98 D 15 Throughput Mbps NS 3 experiment 7 hops 98 xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction This document is the Thesis report titled 802 11s based Wireless Mesh Network WMN test bed This project has been developed by Luis Javier S nchez Cuenca and supervised by Ulf Bodin from the Communication Networks research group of Lulea University of Technology 1 1 Background Nowadays there is high interest in the application of the multi hop wireless communications known as Wireless Mesh Networks WMNs Wireless mesh networks consist of mesh routers and mesh clients where mesh routers have minim
39. EXPERIMENTS 33 Test bed Total Throughput 6 58r 90 Confidence Interval 56r Max amp Min 541 Test bed 5 2 5 L 48r 46r 44F o 42r Q 4r 38r 36r 3 45 5 E 223l O 26 24r 22 5 2 H 18r 6 Ar 2r 1 L 8p 6p 4 L 2 L 0 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 q 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of hops Figure 2 22 Test bed total throughput vs 90 confidence interval vs maximumtiminimum CHAPTER 3 WMN in the NS 3 Simulator This section will cover the second part of the master project This part consists of a description of how we have used the NS 3 Network Simulator and how we have developed a program and seven scripts to run this program to implement the network with the same behaviour and parameters as the network created in the first part of the thesis 3 1 Understanding the NS 3 Network Simulator The NS 3 Network Simulator is a discrete event network simulator with a special focus on Internet based systems NS 3 is a user space program that runs on UNIX and Linux based systems and on Windows We install it on Ubuntu as in the test bed and we used 3 7 version the latest stable release of this network simulator In NS 3 simulation or library components are written in C with has support for extensions that allow simulation programs to be written in Python These Python bindings should be written but at the end the objective is having an API suppor
40. LOG DEBUG Number of nodes m nodes NS LOG DEBUG Simulation time lt lt m totalTime lt lt s void MeshTest CreateNodes Parameters Loss Propagation Model double m referenceDistance 1 0 m double m_exponent 1 7 double m referenceLoss 40 178882771 LO 20 log 4 pi feqChann3 3 exp8 double m EnergyDet 86 0 double m ccath 99 0 double m txpower 18 0 dbm SeedManager SetRun m seed NS LOG INFO Building chain topology nodes Create m nodes mesh SetStandard WIFI PHY STANDARD 80211b NqosWifiMacHelper wifiMac NqosWifiMacHelper Default Configure YansWifiChannel YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy YansWifiPhyHelper Default wifiPhy Set EnergyDetection Threshold DoubleValue m EnergyDet defulat val is 96dBm wifiPhy Set CcaModelThreshold DoubleValue m ccath default val is 99dBm wifiPhy Set TxGain DoubleValue 1 0 Use 5 0 to extend range to about 300 meters wifiPhy Set RxGain DoubleValue 1 0 Use 5 0 to extend range to about 300 meters wifiPhy Set TxPowerLevels UintegerValue 1 wifiPhy Set TxPowerEnd DoubleValue m txpower default val is 16 0206dBm wifiPhy Set TxPowerStart DoubleValue m_txpower default val is 16 0206dBm wifiPhy Set RxNoiseFigure DoubleValue 7 0 defulat val is 7dB wifiPhy Set ChannelNumber UintegerValue m channel
41. PERIMENTS 45 Nodes We started creating the nodes using the class nodeContainer that contains 8 nodes To set the parameters of the WiFi card we used an object of the NetDeviceContainer class and to set the interfaces of each node we used an object of the pv Interface Container because we were using the Internet Protocol version 4 After we set all the parameters of each object we set the position of each node with the MobilityHelper class and we installed on nodes the devices and interfaces Devices In the devices we set the Mac layer using the NqosWifiMacHelper class setting ADHOC as the routing protocol We used the YansWifiChannelHelper class to set the Propagation loss model described above To set up physical settings we used the YansWifiPhyHelper class and we set some parameters such as the Energy Detection Threshold the Transmission Gain the Transmission Power the Channel Number etc according with the test bed values Interfaces Using the nternetStackHelper class we set the internet stack and for assigning IP address to each interface we use pv4AddressHelper To set the static routing we used Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper Application To install applications in the nodes we used Application Container and for sending traffic between nodes we use PacketSinkHelper which installs a TCP traffic generator on the client TepSocketFactory class Random Runs We used the class seedManager to generate random executions with
42. S 3 executable programs may be built to either statically or dynamically link the libraries NS 3 offers support for the following e Construction of virtual networks nodes channels applications and support for items such as event schedulers topology generators timers random variables and other objects to support discrete event network simulation focused on Internet based and possibly other packet network systems e Support for network emulation the ability for simulator processes to emit and consume real network packets e Distributed simulation support the ability for simulations to be distributed across multiple processors or machines e Support for animation of network simulations e Support for tracing logging and computing statistics on the simulation output 3 1 3 Use cases To use NS 3 we have to know how it is designed For that we describe in this section design issues and usage models and mention trends in simulation use within the networking research community 3 1 UNDERSTANDING THE NS 3 NETWORK SIMULATOR 37 Model extensibility Users are interesting in extending the simulator by writing or modifying simulation programs make it possible NS 3 uses object oriented design with polymorphic classes allowing users to modify the aspects they want to change To facilitate the addition of new models N5 3 adopts a component based architecture for compile time or run time addition of new models interface ag
43. StringValue 6000 disable fragmentation Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager FragmentationThreshold StringValue 6000 2 mesh Net 91 ConfigiSetDefault ns3 TcpSocket SegmentSize UintegerValue 1460 Config SetDefault ns3 TcpSocket RcvBufSize UintegerValue 900000 Config SetDefault ns3 TcpSocket SndBufSize UintegerValue 900000 Address sinkLocalAddress InetSocketAddress Ipv4Address GetAny m servPort PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper ns3 TcpSocketFactory sinkLocalAddress ApplicationContainer sinkApp sinkHelper Install nodes Get m server sinkApp Start Seconds 0 001 sinkApp Stop Seconds m_totalTime Create the OnOff applications to send TCP to the server OnOffHelper sourceHelper ns3 TcpSocketFactory Address sourceHelper SetAttribute On Time RandomVariableValue ConstantVariable m_totalTime sourceHelper SetAttribute OffTime RandomVariableValue ConstantVariable 0 AddressValue remoteAddress InetSocketAddress interfaces GetAddress m server m servPort sourceHelper Set Attribute Remote remoteAddress sourceHelper SetAttribute DataRate DataRateValue DataRate 11Mbps sourceHelper SetAttribute PacketSize UintegerValue nPackets ApplicationContainer sourceApp sourceApp Add sourceHelper Install nodes Get m_client sourceA
44. TE TTE TE TETTE TETTE TETTE TETTE TE TETTE TET TETTE TT TETTE TETTE TT TETTE TETTE TET TETTE TTE T TEE TTE TETTE TEE TT TE I variables E 86 APPENDIX C RIALS 1 2 3 45 6 NODES 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 NEXTNODE 0 SEED 9 echo Run TEST 1 run experiments before date s for node in NODES do NEXTNODE node 1 for trial in TRIALS do SEED SEED node 5 echo echo From node to NEXTNODE Trial trial with seed SEED echo waf run b11mesh pcap 1 client node server NEXTNODE seed SEED cp mp S node 0 pcap experimentsMesh test1 client node NEX TNODE trial trial pcap cp mp 8NEXTNODE 0 pcap experimentsMesh test1 server node 8NEXTNODE trial trial pcap done done after date s elapsed_seconds expr after before echo Elapsed time testing 1 elapsed_seconds echo echo Done mesh TEST 1 x meshNet cc This is the code of the program that simulates using N5 3 the test bed using the protocol IEEE 802 11s Mode c file style gnu indent tabs mode nil 37 96m 36 65m 36 65m 33 79m 39 21m 25 41m 44 10m nodel node2 node3 node4 node5 node6 node7 node8 include ns3 core module h include ns3 simulator module h C 3 meshNet cc 87 e ns3 node module h include
45. a seed setting with a default value but with the option of changing it as input of the program by value 3 3 NS 3 Experiments Once we developed the program we wanted to run the same experiment as run in the test bed described in section 2 5 3 Theoretic times expected in these experiments were the same as for experiment II but the real time changed see Table 3 1 To run this experiment we developed some scripts that run all the scenarios see Appendix C six trials per scenario As NS 3 is a simulator we changed the seed of the random generator each time we ran the program to obtain different simulations 46 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR Scenario Number of runs Duration min 1 42 84 2 36 72 3 30 60 4 24 48 5 18 36 6 12 24 7 6 12 Totally theoretic 336 min 5 6 h Totally practical 13385 s 3 7h Table 3 1 Real and expected time for simulation 3 4 NS 3 Results To obtain the results from the simulation after each run the program generated a pcap file for each node which contained all the packets captured We focused our interest in analyzing the client node node generating TCP traffic then once we got the file we analyzed it using Wireshark in the same way as done in test bed experiment II in Appendix D all the throughput values for this experiment are shown Hop by hop As we did with the test bed results the first analysis of the throughpu
46. a so called log distance propagation model We used this model in our simulation program because it was the one that better adapts to our network model This model calculates the reception power received signal strength using the following equation d 0 Where e Lo Reference distance m e n The path loss distance exponent e d Distance m e d Reference distance m L Path loss dB To use this model for the test bed we have had to estimate or calculate the value of these variables to adapt it to the real test bed 3 2 NS 3 TEST BED IMPLEMENTATION 43 Propagation Loss Model Used We used three propagation loss models and one propagation delay model in the NS 3 implementation Log Distance Propagation Loss Model Friis Propagation Loss Model and Random Propagation Loss Model We used the Friis Propagation Loss Model knowing that this loss model is valid in the far field of the antenna where far field starts far the beyond the Rayleigh distance 2 12 RayleighDistance C Where e L Antenna size in our case 1 e f Transmission channel frequency e Speed of light 3 105 m s In our case Rayleigh distance is RayleighDistance 16 146 That is the transmitter and receiver should be at a distance greater than the Rayleigh distance to calculate Lo as we can see in Table 7 all distances between nodes are bigger than the Rayleigh distance doses Lo Sodor es Where e do Reference d
47. ablished in the basement of the A Building at the main campus of Lule University of Technology w lt 192 168 2 1 Figure 2 2 Chain WMN topology Table 2 1 shows how an IP static address has been assigned to each computer in order to identify them We are using as netmask 255 255 255 0 From now on we will refer a computer as a node of the network Computer ID IP address Proyecto 1 192 168 2 1 Proyecto 2 192 168 2 2 Proyecto 3 192 168 2 3 Proyecto 4 192 168 2 4 Proyecto 5 192 168 2 5 Proyecto 6 192 168 2 6 Proyecto 7 192 168 2 7 Proyecto 8 192 168 2 8 Table 2 1 Computers info ID IP 16 CHAPTER 2 UBUNTU TEST BED 2 5 experiments We made two experiments with the 8 computers test bed each of them with the same network topology chain topology but at different places and with different settings In this section the test bed experiments conducted on this thesis are described 2 5 1 Description of Experiment I The topology created for this experiment consisted on the placement the nodes in four near rooms and one node in the corridor according to Figure 2 3 As it is shown two nodes were in the first room two other were in the nearest room two other were in another room and regarding the last two one was in the corridor and the other one was in another room n5 192169022 5 ES Lim hi St 19216821 Node 3 Figure 2 3 Topology of exper
48. access based on the IEEE 802 11 standard are becoming increasingly common both at homes and for hot spots at airports Internet caf s and other public locations where wireless Internet access is desired The IEEE is now in the process of finishing the work on 802 11s which is an extension to 802 11 for wireless mesh networking i e multi hop wireless networks 1 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS 3 802 11s facilitates two tier wireless infrastructures where the lower tier provides access for clients to the upper tier of the wireless infrastructure The upper tier constitutes the wireless backhaul Some nodes of this wireless backhaul are gateways to wired networks such as the Internet enterprise networks or to whatever infrastructure the WMN provides access The open80211s consortium 5 is developing a reference implementation of 802 11s which is included in the native Linux kernel and in some Linux distributions such as Ubuntu 6 Efforts are also made by 7 a research institute in Russia to include support for 802 115 in the network simulator version NS 3 8 1 2 Objectives of the Thesis The first objective of this master s thesis is to build and verify an installation package for running 802 115 WMNs based on PCs within Ubuntu Operating System The verification includes performing quality network tests for typical topologies and traffic loads and comparing the results with the corresponding theoretic values Metrics that
49. ad to upgrade the Linux kernel from 2 6 28 to 2 6 29 Once we decided which driver was the best option we looked for a Wireless USB Adapter and we chose the D Link DWL G122 Wireless G USB Adapter 15 see Figure 21 Figure 2 1 D Link DWL G122 Wireless G USB Adapter This card has the following characteristics f Tm supported USB 2 0 IEEE 802 11b and IEEE 802 11g Wireless Signal Rates 54Mbps 48Mbps 36Mbps 24Mbps 18Mbps 12Mbps 11Mbps 9Mbps 6Mbps 5 5Mbps 2Mbps and 1Mbps with automatic fallback Frequency Range 2 4GHz to 2 462GHz Operating Voltage 5 VDC 5 Receiver Sensitivity 54Mbps OFDM 48Mbps OFDM 36Mbps OFDM 24Mbps OFDM 18Mbps OFDM 12Mbps OFDM 11Mbps OFDM 9Mbps OFDM 6Mbps OFDM 5 5Mbps CCK 2Mbps QPSK 1Mbps BPSK Transmit Output Power e 802 11b 16dBm at 11 5 5 2 and 1Mbps e 802 11g 10dBm at 54 and 48Mbps 12dBm at 36 and 24Mbps 14dBm at 18 C 12 9 and 6Mbps P 2 2 OPEN80211S PACKAGE INSTALLATION 13 a Power Consumption e Transmission 310 mA max e Reception 290 mA Security 64 128 bit WEP and WPA Wi Fi Protected Access Media Access Control CSMA CA with ACK Wireless Signal Range e Indoors Up to 328 ft 100 meters e Outdoors Up to 1312 ft 400 meters Antenna Type Omni Directional Temperature e Operating 32 F to 104 F 0 C to 40 C e Storing 4 F to 167 F 20 C to 75 C J NC These parameters are very important becau
50. affic For UDP we used T otal Data Received T otal ime Throughput Where e Total Data Received Bits received UDP packets by the destination from the source e Total Time Time elapsed since the source sends the first packet until the source sends the last packet And for TCP we used the next formula TotalDataTransmitted Total DataReceived T otal ime Throughput Where e Total Data Transmitted Bits transmitted TCP packets from the source to the destination e Total Data Received Bits received ACK by the source from the destination 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION e Total Time Time elapsed since the source sends the first packet until the source receives the last ACK Both throughputs were comparable because we were measuring the total network UDP TCP traffic That is why when we calculate the UDP throughput we only the used total data transmitted UDP sends packets without received any acknowledgment and when we were calculating the TCP throughput we also take into account the acknowledgment data We also calculated the Confidence Interval for the throughput according to the next formula N o 2 Con fidence 3 And the Confidence Interval is X Confidence X Confidence Where e N Normal Distribution value according to the confident level chosen e o Standard deviation of samples of throughput e n Number of samples of throughput e X Throughput samples average 1 6 P
51. al mobility and form the backbone of WMNs They provide network access for both mesh and conventional clients The integration of WMNs with other networks such as the Internet cellular IEEE 802 16 IEEE 802 11 IEEE 802 15 1 sensor networks etc can be accomplished through the gateway and bridging functions in the mesh routers Mesh clients can be either stationary or mobile and can form a client mesh network among themselves and with mesh routers The high variety of manufacturers that are producing products for WMN indicates the increasing interests of the industry in this topic Furthermore the main groups of standardization are defining WMN standards 2 3 which will allow a better interoperability between these networks The IEEE 802 16 working group develops the physical layer and medium access control sublayer standards Inside this working group there are several task groups e IEEE 802 16a In charge of adding a mesh mode to the Point to Multi Point PMP architecture 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION e IEEE 802 16b Providing a QoS Quality of Service feature IEEE 802 16c Supporting interoperability with protocols and test suite structures IEEE 802 16d Providing extensions to physical layer for developing access IEEE 802 16e To enhance the mobility of Mobile Stations MSs e IEEE 802 16f Supporting multi hop functionality e IEEE 802 16g Providing efficient handover and QoS The IEEE 802 11s tasking group d
52. chitecture at the boundary between the device independent sub layer of the network device layer and the IP layer Class Channel which is closely coupled to the attached NetDevices implements a logical path over which the information flows Packet NS 8 Packet objects contain a buffer of bytes protocol headers and trailers are serialized in this buffer of bytes using user provided serialization and deserialization routines The content of this byte buffer is expected to match bit by bit the content of a real packet on a real network implementing the protocol of interest The design of the Packet framework of NS 3 was heavily guided by a few important use cases e Avoid changing the core of the simulator to introduce new types of packet headers or trailers e Maximize the ease of integration with real world code and systems e Make it easy to support fragmentation defragmentation and concatenation which are important especially in wireless systems It is quite natural to implement with this packet design since we have a buffer of real bytes we can split it in multiple fragments and reassemble these fragments e Make memory management of this object efficient e Allow actual application data or dummy application bytes for emulated applications Applications Applications are user defined processes that generate traffic to send across the networks to be simulated NS 3 provides a framework for developing different types of appl
53. cteristics and people walking around the building Total throughput In Figure 2 21 we can observe the throughput average for different hops We can see how the throughput between two nodes has not equal decrease when the number of hops increases This is a natural behaviour that can be explained from different aspects e We cannot achieve a throughput equal to the channel data rate 11 Mbps because in a wireless channel the signal sent from the source looses its strength at the receiving end because of path loss multipath propagation That is why the more nodes the packets go through the more the throughput decreases e When transmitting a TCP packet the acknowledgment is sent out after the transmission has finished and certain duration of time called short inter frame spacing SIFS has elapsed If a node wants to transmit a frame and senses the medium idle for a certain duration of time called distributed coordination function inter frame spacing DIFS it may start transmitting 21 The sum of these times not used for transmission produces the decreasing of the throughput e In the indoor propagation case the building material used in floor ceiling and walls also affects the signal strength and the throughput is directly proportional to the received signal strength 22 32 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED e We have performed our experiments in the ISM 2 4GHz band so there are also co channel and overlapping channel interference
54. d new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 209 67 0 0 0 0 ist PosNod gt Add new ns3 Vector3D Vector3D 253 77 0 0 0 0 5 1 mobility SetPositionAllocator listPosNod mobility SetMobilityModel ns3 ConstantPositionMobilityModel mobility Install nodes if m pcap wifiPhy EnablePcapAll std string mp void MeshTest InstallInternetStack NS LOG INFO Installing internet stack on all nodes and assigning IP Addresses InternetStackHelper internetStack internetStack Install nodes Ipv4AddressHelper address address SetBase 192 168 2 0 255 255 255 0 interfaces address Assign meshDevices Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper ipv4RoutingHelper Ptr lt Ipv4 gt ipv4Node Ptr lt Ipv4StaticRouting gt staticRoutingNode int nod 0 while nod lt m nodes ipv4Node nodes Get nod gt GetObject lt Ipv4 gt ipv4RoutingHelper GetStaticRouting ipv4Node 84 APPENDIX C ffe leftNodes nod 1 int leftExit leftNodes while leftNodes gt 0 staticRoutingNode gt AddHostRouteTo interfaces GetAddress leftNodes interfaces Get Address leftExit 1 leftNodes int rightNodes nod 1 int rightExit rightNodes while rightNodes lt m_nodes 1 staticRoutingNode gt AddHostRouteTo interfaces GetAddress rightNodes interfaces GetAddress rightExit 1 rightNodes 4 void MeshTest InstallA
55. different way depending of the number of hops This behaviour is because in the test bed the conditions of the place change and so the interferences produced to the transmission system are different as shown in the coordinate system where the are three different places where the interferences are different and in the NS 3 the interferences to the system keep similar during all the experiment According to the maximum and minimum gap shown in Figure 4 2 only when there is one hop this interval is bigger in the NS 3 simulation than in test bed In the other cases in test bed the maximum and minimum intervals are variable because of the interferences 53 54 CHAPTER 4 COMPARING RESULTS of the medium If we pay attention to the confidence interval we can say that the variance of the values is much bigger in the test bed than in NS 3 This confirms that the NS 3 transmission was done in similar conditions while test bed conditions changed continuously Total Throughput 6 58r w NS 3 56r testbed 54r 52r 5r 4 8 4 6 4 4 o 42 Q 47 Q 38r 3 6 34r 5 4 a 2 8 26r 24 22r lt 2f H 18r 16r 1 4 1 2 1L 08 0 6 04 02 0 3 4 5 Number of hops Figure 4 1 Throughput comparison between test bed and NS 3 4 2 ANALYZING FILES 55 Total Throughput n NS 3 6 testbed Throughput Mbps
56. ding to the TCP adaptive retransmission algorithm 25 that records the time at which each segment is sent and the time at which an acknowledgement arrives for the 56 CHAPTER 4 COMPARING RESULTS RITES Round Trip Time Graph NS 3 133 RTT s 0 095 9 090 4 0 085 0 080 9 075 0 070 4 0 065 0 060 0 055 0 050 9 045 9 040 0 035 0030 2000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 30000000 Tesi bed 345 Sequence Number B Round Trip Time Graph amis 0 4 012 4 02 4 ou 0 10 0 09 12500000 13000000 13500000 14000000 14500000 15000000 lesi bed 123 Sequence Number 8 Round Trip Time Graph 2000000 2500000 Sequence Number E Figure 4 3 RTT from 3 samples PCAP files 4 2 ANALYZING FILES 57 Sequence number 8 6000000 5900000 5800000 5700000 5600000 5500000 5400000 5300000 5200000 5100000 5000000 Time Sequence Graph NS 3 1 3 Sequence number B 2750000 2700000 2650000 2600000 2550000 2500000 2450000 2400000 2350000 2300000 2250000 2200000 2150000 Sequence number 8 2350000 85 86 87 88 69 90 EH 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 Time s Time Sequence Graph 87 Test bed 1 3 90 91
57. e can see the throughput results in Appendix D We can see the throughput of the network when there is one hop two hops and so on until seven hops the whole network 8 nodes 7 hops With these results we plot two graphics Figure 2 5 representing throughput values and with them we can analyze the results of this experiment 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 19 1200 1000 Q hen 2 600 pun 400 200 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of hops UDP 4 07 w T Oo N T Throughput bps w u T 2 87 1 L 1 L 1 1 N D AL 3 4 5 Number of hops Figure 2 5 Throughput for UDP and TCP From the UDP graphic we can see how the throughput increases from 3 hops to 6 hops This behaviour indicates that something is wrong The normal behaviour should be that if there are more hops data should go accross more nodes using the same channel 20 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED frecuency the throughput should decrease because interference between transmissions at different hops In TCP we can also observe this behaviour but with no such big difference From six to seven hops we can see how the throughput increases The reason of this behaviour could be that nodes are not as much isolated as they should be or they can reach better other nodes and hence they can connect to other nodes directly Due to this fact when they want to transmit the n
58. e moving etc present in a real world transmission medium Due to all these interferences the signal strength decreases in different ways In order to set the test bed interferences behaviour in NS 3 we have collected from the test bed the average of the signal strength received by each node from the other nodes while we were doing the experiments and with this information and knowing the distance between nodes we found a NS 3 propagation loss model according to this information In N5 3 there are different propagation loss models see Figure 3 3 We reviewed all of them to see which one adapted better to our test bed requirements 3 2 NS 3 TEST BED IMPLEMENTATION Al ns3 RandomPropagationLossModel ns3 ThreeLogDistancePropagationLossModel Figure 3 3 Different NS 3 propagation loss model Fixed Rss Loss Model With this model we can fix the propagation loss by setting the received power level RSS measured in dBm We dismissed this model because it does not take the distance between nodes into account Friis Propagation Loss Model This model uses an equation that gives the power received by one antenna under idealized conditions given the another antenna some distance away when transmitting a known amount of power This model was interesting for us because with it we could calculate the power received Jakes Propagation Loss Model This model allows setting some physical parameters such as e The number of rays used by de
59. ed for 1 hop In Figure 2 14 we can see the behaviour when the transmission is between two neighbouring nodes We see that the worst throughput is from 5 to 6 but the difference between this performance and the other nodes does not show any anomalous interference Test bed 2 HOPS gt Mi 2 gt 4 7 E 3 gt 5 7 4 6 5 gt c gt s Throughput Mbps D 00 1 2 5 3 4 Number of trial Figure 2 15 Average throughput test bed for 2 hops 28 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED In Figure 2 15 we see that the difference between the behaviour of sending from 1 to 3 and sending from 3 to 5 is a big difference more or less 2 4 Mbps This is because if we see where they are placed we see that to go from 1 to 3 packets have to cross a corner We have the same problem with the 5 to 7 transmission but the throughput is higher because the distance between them is smaller Also we can see that from 2 to 4 the throughput is also very low We can explain this because the corridor got narrower and the node 4 received a weakness signal Test bed 3 HOPS Throughput Mbps G gt 1 O C D O iS gt 00 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Figure 2 16 Average throughput test bed for 9 hops Analyzing the performance when
60. el 3 m pcap false m stack ns3 Dot11sStack m root ffff ff ff ff fP m seed 9 m client 0 m server 1 m servPort 5001 void MeshTest Configure int argc char argv CommandLine cmd As soon as starting node means that it sends a beacon simultaneous start is not good cmd AddValue nodes Number of nodes in the network m nodes cmd AddValue server Node server m server cmd AddValue client Node client m_client g cmd AddValue start Maximum random start delay seconds 0 1 s m_randomStart cmd AddValue time Simulation time seconds 100 s m_totalTime cmd AddValue channe Select channel of transmision m_channel cmd AddValu cmd AddValue seed Set the seed for random values m seed cmd AddValue stack Type of protocol stack ns3 Dotl11sStack by default m stack e Enable PCAP traces on interfaces 0 m pcap cmd AddValue root Mac address of root mesh point in HWMP m root cmd Parse argc argv NS_LOG_DEBUG Number of nodes lt lt m nodes NS LOG DEBUG Simulation time m totalTime s void MeshTest CreateNodes Parameters Loss Propagation Model double m referenceDistance 1 0 m double m exponent 1 7 double m referenceLoss 40 178882771
61. el ppa mainline APPENDIX B Test Bed User Manual This intends to be an User Manual for everybody that wants to use the WMN test bed we have created B 1 Introduction The test bed has eight computers Each computer has an ID wrote on the CPU which corresponds to the name of user The name of user corresponds with the Table b 1 where we can see that each computer has been assigned an IP address and a wireless card that comes with its own MAC address The Super User password is the same in all computers 123456789s Computer ID IP address MAC address Proyecto 1 192 168 2 1 00 26 5a 01 45 cd Proyecto 2 192 168 2 2 00 24 01 14 42 26 Proyecto 3 192 168 2 3 00 24 01 14 42 28 Proyecto 4 192 168 2 4 00 24 01 9f 04 d2 Proyecto 5 192 168 2 5 00 24 01 9f 04 cb Proyecto 6 192 168 2 6 00 24 01 9f 04 e1 Proyecto 7 192 168 2 7 00 24 01 9 04 Proyecto 8 192 168 2 8 00 24 01 9f 04 63 Table B 1 Computers info ID IP MAC address 65 66 APPENDIX B B 2 Configure the network In each computer it is installed Open80211s package but when we start the computer the WMN is not working If we want to run the network we have to run a terminal command line and access to the folder wireless testing that it s on each computer at home folder and run configure sh as described on README CONFIGURE README CONFIGURE Wireless Mesh Network configuration Guide This is a set up guide
62. el you have to download all Linux packets necessaries the next steps it s to update up 2 6 29 but if you want to upgrade it to another version just visit http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline and download the version you want wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 6 29 4 linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 generic _2 6 29 02062904 _i386 deb wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 6 29 4 linux headers 2 6 29 02062904N 2 6 29 02062904N all deb wget http kernel ubuntu com kernel ppa mainline v2 6 29 4 linux image 2 6 29 02062904 generic _2 6 29 02062904 _i386 deb After download the packages install them using sudo dpkg i linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 generic 2 6 29 02062904 1386 deb linux headers 2 6 29 02062904 2 6 29 02062904 all deb linux image 2 6 29 02062904 generic 2 6 29 02062904 1386 deb Once you have installed it reboot your system and check that you have installed it correctly check that its the correct kernel version sudo reboot Driver settings On this section i going to show some drivers as a example working with open80211s and the options you have to choose on kernel menu If you don t find your driver I recommend you to look on http www open80211s org For all the drivers you have to enable mac80211 Networking gt Wireless gt M Improved wireless configuration API M Generic IEEE 802 11 Networking Stack mac80211 B 3 ADD A
63. ere done because we wanted to set parameters right learning from the experiment I and not falling in the 22 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED same errors We have changed the transmission channel to 3 because we saw that it was the least used channel To generate TCP traffic we set some parameters with Iperf All these parameters are described in Table 2 7 Distances Node 1 Node 2 37 96 m Node 2 Node 3 36 65 m Node 3 Node 4 36 65 m Node 4 Node 5 33 79 m Node 5 Node 6 39 21 m Node 6 Node 7 25 41 m Node 7 Node 8 44 10 m Table 2 5 Distances between nodes on the topology of experiment I Parameter Value Routing Static IP and Mac Data rate 11 Mb s Transmitted signal power 18 dBm Channel frequency 2 422 e6 channel 3 RTS CTS Off Fragmentation threshold Off Power management On Table 2 6 Network parameters of experiment II Parameter Value Length of buffer to read or write 8 KB Server port to listen 5001 TCP window size socket buffer size 46 72 KB 32 MSS TCP maximum segment size MTU 40 bytes 1 460 KB Table 2 7 Iperf TCP settings 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 23 Scenarios In this experiment we wanted to do a deep analysis focusing on knowing the performance of this node when communicating with the others and how the networks worked with different numbers of nodes involved in the test In the scenario 1 Figure 2 7 we wanted
64. etwork chooses the shortest way it is working with dynamic routing and does not make the expected hops From these results we conclude that the network topology created is not a chain Another problem that we found it was that the data rate its 54 Mbit s but it never achieved this throughput Furthermore in both tests it always worked with a bandwidth below 12 Mbit s At first we thought that fallback to lower transmission rate option was activated because the channel was too noisy We used Network Stumbler to see if the channel we were using channel 6 was as crowded of traffic as it looked We detected that someone was using it but not as much as having such big decrease of the rate and we also checked that the auto fallback option was not active After thinking about it we found that our computers got USB 1 1 ports and the antennas were connected to those ports This means according to the USB 1 1 spec that a maximum data rate of 12 Megabits per second can be reached We can observe also that the throughput of the network it not very high This is because there are too many walls between nodes and also because the aluminium folio and cans used on the antennas weaken the signal From this experiment we have obtained some important information of the network and for the next experiments we changed some settings and parameters e To make sure that the topology of the network is a chain and nodes only communicates with their nearest node
65. evelops the specification of a new protocol suite for the installation configuration and operation of a WLAN mesh Its implementation works with the existing physical layer of IEEE 802 11a b g n and includes the extensions in topology formation to make the WLAN mesh self configuration possible The IEEE 802 15 specifies the physical layer and medium access control sublayer functions of Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN Specifically IEEE 802 15 5 provides an architectural framework for interoperable stable and scalable wireless mesh topologies for WPAN devices Some of the principal reasons that motive the development of this technology are e Higher capacity at less cost because it is demonstrated that the capacity of a wireless network can be improved by using repeaters knowing the distance and interferences between nodes 14 e Easy deployment because one of the most important features of this type of networks is that they are self configuring This characteristic makes this type of network ideal to be used in emergencies or in natural catastrophes e High independence for example self configuring self repairing of routes This fact helps the maintenance of the net The above mentioned reasons makes WMN a very good solution to provide Internet access or any other Network access at public locations as airports small villages and places where it is difficult and very expensive to install a wired network topology Wireless
66. fault to compute the fading coefficients for a given path e The number of oscillators used by default to compute the coefficient for a given ray of a given path e The Doppler frequency in Hz e The distribution to choose the initial phases We did not have these parameters from our test bed that is why we dismissed this model 42 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR Nakagami Propagation Loss Model This model is used to describe the statistical properties of a wireless channel since the signal propagation is affected by three statistically independent phenomena deterministic path loss slow lognormal shadowing and fast multipath fading We dismissed it because it used as a reference two distances and it does not take the strength of the signal received into account Random Propagation Loss Model This model is used when a parameter is included in some specifics values i e distance We did not use it for the distance because our nodes were static but we used it to introduce a variance in the signal strength it is explained in this chapter how and why we used it Three Log Distance Propagation Loss Model This model is equal to the Log Distance Propagation Loss Model but this model used three distance fields instead of one We only needed one distance field that is why for us it was better to use the Log Distance Propagation Loss Model Log Distance Propagation Loss Model This model calculates the reception power with
67. gregation and encapsulation without requiring modification of the base models of NS 3 Run time configuration NS 3 allows users to redefine default values and class types without recompiling the simulator The default database values are integrated with a command line argument parsing facility making all the variables configurable from the command line as well Tracing NS 8 features a callback based approach to tracing that difference between sources and destination Packet traces are available in pcap format to allow analyzing these files using network protocol analyzers such as Wireshark or Tcpdump Scaling It is scheduled that NS 3 will include techniques for improving the scalability of simulations including distributed simulation techniques introduced with PDNS and GTNetS scalability techniques introduced for wireless simulations such as caching of computationally intensive results and fexibility in tracing infrastructure to avoid large traces Software integration NS 3 is oriented to reuse existing software such as NS 2 programs or other applications The NS 3 design is built around encapsulation techniques separating the application interface from the implementation NS 3 has also a library that allows implementation code to run in both real and simulated environments Network emulation The NS 3 design is intended to facilitate interaction between simulation and experiments with encapsulation techniques that al
68. hannel and the signal noise of those users This is useful because we are interested in testing our network on a sparsely used channel Others tools that we used 1 7 TECHNOLOGIES USED 9 e Ping Is a computer network administration utility used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an Internet Protocol IP network and to measure the round trip time for packets send from the local host to a destination computer including the local host s own interfaces e Tcpdump Is a common packet analyzer that runs with the command line It allows the user to intercept and display TCP IP and other packets being transmitted or received over a network to which the computer is attached e Route Is a tool that manipulates the kernel s IP routing tables Its primary use is to set up static routes to specific hosts or networks via an interface e Iptables Provide a table based system for defining firewall rules that can filter or transform packets It can be also used to create static MAC address routing e Iw Is a new tool still under development used to configure utilities for wireless devices e Iwconfig Used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operations e Ipconfig Is a utility that communicates with the IP configuration agent to retrieve and set IP configuration parameters The current stable release of Wireshark is 1 2 2 of Iperf is 2 0 8 of Network Stumbler 0 4 0 B
69. ibute PacketSize UintegerValue nPackets ApplicationContainer sourceApp e C 2 runMeshTest1 cc 85 SourceApp Add sourceHelper Install nodes Get m_client sourceApp Start Seconds 0 005 sourceApp Stop Seconds m totalTime int MeshTest Run CreateNodes InstallInternetStack InstallApplication m_timeStart clock Simulator Stop Seconds m totalTime Simulator Run Simulator Destroy m timeEnd clock m_timeTotal m_timeEnd m timeStart double CLOCKS PER SEC std cout lt lt The time of the simulation is lt lt m timeTotal lt lt n return 0 int main int argc char argv MeshTest t t Configure argc argv return t Run t A C 2 runMeshTest1 cc This is an example script to run the simulation test this one is to run test 1 f foin UN L I Ik ALLE IE HU EIL HL JEO E EE ESL H E S TL 1 IE IE DLL IL ILE HI HL EE IE HE UL IE IE OIL I JE IE TL EL EE 1 IL E HL ZIEL JIE H L4 TETTE TETTE TETTE TTE TETTE TE TETTE TETTE TETTE TTE TETTE TETTE TTE TETTE TE TETTE TETTE TETTE TT TETTE TETTE TETTE TTE TETTE TT TET TEE TT TETTE TETTE TET TEE TT TE TI FEFE TEST 1 1 HOPS HEHH LL AL HL HL AL 4L HL 3 LL AL HL LL ALL LL LL ALL A ALL LLL HL LL 3 ALL 4L 4L AL LLL 4L AL ALL A A LL AL LLL AL 4L HL ALL A A 4L 4L AL 4L AL 4L HL 4L TETTE TETTE TETTE TE TETTE TETTE T
70. ications that have different traffic patterns There is an Application base class that allows one to define new traffic generation patterns via inheritance from this class Then one simply creates the application and associates it with a node and the application will send traffic down the protocol stack Applications on a node communicate with the node s protocol stack via sockets 40 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR 3 2 NS 3 Test bed implementation In this section we present the decisions we have taken when implementing our test bed in NS 3 simulator and describe the problems we have found and what we have done to solve them 3 2 1 Topology The topology we implemented was the topology of the test bed of experiment II see section 2 5 3 We focused on simulating that topology and setting all the parameters according to the concrete characteristics of the place and all the interferences it produces to the network As we commented in the last chapter it was a chain topology network so we put the nodes in a line setting the real distance between them see Table 5 as it is shown in Figure 3 2 0606006 oO o 10 40 90 140 190 240 Figure 3 2 Coordinate system of the NS 3 chain topology 3 2 2 Propagation loss model One of the most important parameters when we talk about wireless networks are the interferences such as electrical equipment other wireless networks etc and obstacles as walls ceilings doors peopl
71. iment I of the WMN test bed The distances between nodes are detailed in Table 2 2 but it is also important to note that there were walls between some of the nodes e Between node 2 and 3 one wall e Between node 4 and 5 one wall e Between node 6 and 7 two walls e Between node 7 and 8 one wall This information is important because the signal from antennas decreases when going through walls In this topology we want to have as low interference as possible between nodes which is why we isolated the antennas of some nodes To isolate antennas we have used each antenna with one empty can together with aluminium folio to wrap the 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 17 dongles so that only the cable comes out To know if the RSS Received Signal Strength decreases when we use this isolation technique we measure each RSS before and after applying this method Using this technique we have managed to isolate only some nodes but it has been impossible to isolate all and obtain a network in which each node can only communicate directly with its neighbours Distances Node 1 Node 2 9 20 m Node 2 Node 3 5 90 m Node 3 Node 4 7 70 m Node 4 Node 5 4 50 m Node 5 Node 6 11 43 m Node 6 Node 7 10 60 m Node 7 Node 8 8 00 m Table 2 2 Distances between nodes the topology of experiment I Network parameters are defined in Table 2 3 where we can see the parameters set and the value used for the
72. ional functionality and metrics for extended tests of larger WMNs consisting of up to 8 nodes W09 W12 Extend the installation package for arbitrary sizes of test beds and test additional functionality and metrics for this installation 8 PCs will be made available for this phase W12 W13 Demonstrate the extended installation and testing W13 W14 Document the extended installation package and the additional testing for the master thesis W14 W15 Study NS 3 and the 802 115 implementation in that environment W15 W18 Build an installation package for testing the same scenarios as tested in reality also in NS 3 test the same functionality and metrics for this installation as tested on the real test bed and identify discrepancies and or weaknesses W18 W19 Demonstrate the NS 3 installation and testing W19 W20 Document the installation package and the NS 3 testing for the master thesis W20 W21 Correct discrepancies and or weaknesses in NS 3 to improve the simulation environment W21 W23 Document the corrections in NS 3 testing for the master thesis and finish the thesis to make it ready for presentation and publication 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 7 Technologies Used In this secction we shows the technologies used to do this project 1 7 1 Operating System Ubuntu is a Linux based operating system Linux is a generic term referring to Unix like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel Their develop
73. istance 1m in our case e f Transmission channel frequency in our case Channel 3 2 422 10 Hz e c Speed of light 3 10 m s In our case Lo is Lo 40 125 Now that we have calculated the value of Lo we need to estimate the n value to apply the Log Distance Propagation Loss Model To estimate n the path loss distance exponent we now that the test bed testing was done indoor and we based our estimation on measurements acquired in a experiment for a WLAN indoor office environment 23 44 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR where it is said that The indoor channel study requires N 18 for a LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver a path loss exponent equal to 1 8 because of that we set n to 1 8 To model exactly the values we obtained from the test bed we added to this model the Random Propagation Loss Model to make it work in the range of signal strength where the test bed works The ranges of the received signal strength in the test bed are values between 67 and 83 dBm that is why we add a random model working between these parameters setting the global received signal strength of the network in the range Lo4 27 Lo4 43 We also added a propagation delay model due to the interferences of the air setting it according with the speed of light 3 105 m s 3 2 3 Implementation In this section it is described how the test bed simulation program has been developed the classes used and the problem
74. itten bellow in README INSTALL but first of all you need to have installed Ubuntu in your computer On the CD there are all the files needed to install the same Open80211s package installed in all the eight computers There is a folder called wireless testing that contains all the files needed and the ones we have developed to install the package and to configure the network README INSTALL Open80211s Installing Guide This is an installation guide to install open80211s package on Linux Operative System If you follow the instructions you will have installed this system ready to use it What are we going to install We are going to install open80211s package and all packages programs and libraries needed For this there are 4 steps 1 Install packages needed to configure kernel options and to choose the driver we need for our wifi card 2 Set kernel options 3 Compile the new kernel and install it 4 Install iw and libraries needed to use it How to Install it First of all you should have a kernel version 2 6 29 or higher To know what kernel version you have uname r B 3 ADD A NEW COMPUTER TO THE TEST BED 71 This will show you your kernel version if it lower than 2 6 29 update it following the Update kernel section on this document Once we have the correct kernel version we have open a new console terminal and write on the command line cd wireless testing install
75. logy and enumerates the tools and equipment we have used It also lays out the time plan of the Thesis Chapter 2 focuses on the first goal of this Thesis the WMN test bed planning how we have done it and explaining the steps we have followed to make it possible It also shows how we have done the installation and configuration of the test bed which topologies we have chosen on which scenarios we have test them and the results of that test are explained at the end of the chapter 1 5 ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS 5 Next in Chapter 3 the thesis gives an overview of NS 3 the second goal of this thesis Firstly the main NS 3 concepts are introduced Secondly laid out the implementation decisions Finally experiments and results obtained from these experiments are explained Chapter 4 shows the comparison of the results obtained in the test bed and in the NS 8 simulation Finally chapter 5 displays the conclusions drawn in the thesis work and Chapter 6 sketches work that can be conducted to continue this thesis work 1 5 Analysis of the results When we examined the experiments that we did in the test bed and in NS 3 we focussed on analyzing the throughput Throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel and is usually measured in bits per second bit s or bps in some experiments we used Mbps We used different formulas to calculate the throughput depending on whether we sent UDP or TCP tr
76. lows real application and kernel code to run in the simulator thereby improving traceability to real world implementations 38 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR Programming The NS 3 user interface at present is a C main program However N5 3 will also feature Python bindings allowing users to define programs and replaceable components in Python 3 1 4 Key simulation objects This section walks through the primary simulation objects in the simulator related to the sending and receiving of packets between nodes In Figure 3 1 8 it is shown graphically the relations between objects Applica Application m Applicat Application uu Sockets like API pplication Protocol Stack Protocol Stack Net Device het De nanne Figure 3 1 NS 3 key simulation objects architecture Node Class Node is intended mainly as a base class in NS 3 but it can be instantiated as well i e it is not an abstract class Users can create their own Node subclasses and NS 3 will provide a few The design uses patterns of software encapsulation to allow Applications and NetDevices other class explained bellow to talk to implementation independent interfaces of the underlying TCP IP implementations 3 1 UNDERSTANDING THE NS 3 NETWORK SIMULATOR 39 NetDevice and Channel Class NetDevice represents a physical interface on a node such as an Ethernet interface The basic idea is to simulate the Linux ar
77. ls about your interface card iwconfig lt interface gt gt Once you have your network running you can list the visible nodes from your node and details about the connection iw dev lt networkName gt station dump gt To change the rate sudo iwconfig lt networkName gt rate lt rateValue gt gt To change the channel sudo iw dev lt networkName gt set channel lt channelNum gt Author of this README CONFIGURE file This document has been created by Luis Javier Sanchez Cuenca for his IEEE 802 11s testbed I hope everybody who wants to configure a WMN can use it 68 APPENDIX B Contigure sh bin bash clear if n 3 then printf Help This are the interfaces available Vn Nn printf Configuring Wireless Mesh Network in this computer n n n sudo killall NetworkManager sudo iw dev 1 interface add 2 type mp mesh_id myMesh if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo printf Connected to printf 2 echo echo else echo printf Problem connecting to printf 2 printf n nMaybe it s already connected if not try again Wn ifconfig a grep 2 printf Anzi GR eot n printf Upping the network Nn n eoe tte ro leno Atle h d ag Get del n sudo ifconfig 2 3 up if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo printf Network printf 2 printf u
78. ment is one example of free and open source software collaboration Typically all the underlying source code can be used freely modified and redistributed both commercially and non commercially by anyone under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free software licenses Ubuntu is chosen as operative system because e It is free of charge so you do not pay any licensing fees It can be downloaded used and shared with other people without paying anything e It is possible to have always the latest applications that the open source world has to offer e On Ubuntu the open80211s package that we need to configure our Wireless Mesh Network is implemented We used Ubuntu 9 04 6 It includes the latest enhancements and is maintained until the beginning of 2010 It comes with the 2 6 28 Linux kernel but the kernel needs to be updated up to 2 6 29 1 7 2 Network To analyze the Network we used Wireshark 9 and Iperf or Jperf a Iperf java application The reason for choosing Wireshark was that it is the network protocol analyzer most commonly used to sufficiently support our goals Iperf was selected because it is a commonly used network testing tool that can create TCP and UDP data streams and measure the throughput of the network that is carrying them Iperf is a modern tool for network performance measurement written in C To identify the best transmission channel Network Stumbler offers the possibility to know who is using each c
79. mulator The verification includes performing tests on the performance and the quality of the network for typical topologies and traffic loads and comparing the results between both systems and with the corresponding theoretic values The main deliveries and results are two systems where we can test WMN technology On one side there will be a WMN test bed in which real conditions can be analyzed and on the other side there will be WMN in which it will be possible to simulate a topology and check whether the results agree with reality iii PREFACE This work has been carried out between September 2009 and March 2010 at Lulea University of Technology in Lulea Sweden I would like to dedicate this work to my grandfather Jos S nchez P rez he showed me a way of life and he always will be my reference Wherever you are thank you very much I love you yayo I would also like to thank the people at Communication Networks Research Group for helping me with this master thesis Particularly I thank my supervisor Ulf Bodin for helping me all the way for bearing with all my questions and for sharing his knowledge A special thank you goes to all my friends from Lulea and from Spain for cheering me up during the bad moments And last but not least an enormous thank to my family for giving me the chance to study and develop my Master Thesis in Lulea so far from them There are no words to express my love and gratitude
80. nstantPosition Mobility Model mobility Install nodes if m_pcap wifiPhy EnablePcapAll std string mp lt 90 APPENDIX C 78 MeshTest InstallInternetStack Installing internet stack on all nodes and assigning IP Addresses InternetStackHelper internetStack internetStack Install nodes Ipv4AddressHelper address address SetBase 192 168 2 0 255 255 255 0 interfaces address Assign meshDevices Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper ipv4RoutingHelper Ptr lt Ipv4 gt ipv4Node Ptr lt Ipv4StaticRouting gt staticRoutingNode int nod 0 while nod lt m_nodes ipv4Node nodes Get nod gt GetObject lt Ipv4 gt staticRoutingNode ipv4RoutingHelper GetStaticRouting ipv4Node int leftNodes nod 1 int leftExit left Nodes while leftNodes gt 0 staticRoutingNode gt AddHostRouteTo interfaces Get Address leftNodes interfaces GetAddress leftExit 1 left Nodes int rightNodes nod 1 int rightExit rightNodes while rightNodes lt m_nodes 1 staticRoutingNode gt AddHostRouteTo interfaces GetAddress rightNodes interfaces GetAddress rightExit 1 rightNodes 4 void MeshTest InstallA pplication NS_LOG_INFO Create applications uint32 t nPackets 1500 enable rts cts all the time Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager RtsCtsThreshold
81. ols and Architecture Page s 208 227 Third Edition
82. p Nn printf COMMAND FAILED Correct use gt 0 interface networkName ipAddress s n nread n 1 option ifconfig s exit fi printf n n SS See Hee BBE EHS ESS ESSERE SDE ninin printf PEEL EREERER ALA Ou GSS ERIA SALE AEREI TIREE EFESE ie ES B 2 CONFIGURE THE NETWORK 69 o printf Problem upping the network printf 2 echo exit fi if 4 s then printf nEnter some parameters n n printf nEnter Channel read e nchannel sudo iw dev 2 set channel nchannel if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo echo Channel configured correctly echo else echo echo echo Problem setting channel echo exit fi printf nEnter rate Ex 54M read e nrate sudo iwconfig 2 rate nrate if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo echo Rate configured correctly echo else echo echo echo Problem setting rate echo exit fi fi 2T Lara ta eo ett e e te pet Ne o ne n printf Networks info Nn Print E se ca MU RU CPC MEE n sudo ifconfig 70 APPENDIX B B 3 Adda new computer to the test bed If we want to add new computers to the test bed working with the same system we recommend you to follow the instructions wr
83. pp Start Seconds 0 005 sourceApp Stop Seconds m totalTime int MeshTest Run CreateNodes InstallInternetStack InstallApplication m_timeStart clock Simulator Stop Seconds m totalTime Simulator Run Simulator Destroy m timeEnd clock m_timeTotal m_timeEnd m timeStart double CLOCKS PER SEC std cout lt lt The time of the simulation is lt lt m timeTotal lt lt n return 0 int main int argc char argv MeshTest t t Configure argc argv return t Run 92 APPENDIX C APPENDIX D Throughput tables In this appendix we shows the tables with the throughput values obtained in the experiment I in the experiment II and in the NS 3 simulations D 1 Test bed experiment l UDP TCP Number of Hops 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 45806 29525 45407 35356 35527 31881 27068 602 793 502 247 468 236 214 2 3130 41005 34135 45365 45566 45517 32284 513 954 317 356 249 281 358 D 3 29326 54170 15662 29589 37557 36572 11020 1095 TTT 34 6 285 223 180 327 gt 4 54193 17308 39570 45179 45452 36502 25705 1446 908 424 243 194 153 209 5 28810 28247 33565 45867 45051 17271 46084 1384 851 597 362 160 278 279 Average 32253 34051 33667 8 40271 2 41830 6 33548 6 28432 2 1008 856 6 374 92 298 6 258 8 225 6 277 4 Table
84. r of the network when we were sending traffic from the first node to the last two was not the expected one because the throughput of the network increased The reason of these increases was that when we were having traffic problems we started moving the computers antennas This made the communication between computers flow better when the traffic problems disappeared In the second part of this thesis implementation in NS 3 of the test bed network we found difficulties implementing interferences and noises This happened first of all because when we got a WMN working and tried to add a Loss Propagation Model we found that it did not work After sending some e mails to the developers and not receiving any answer we decided to implement it using other methods always according to the same parameters as the test bed When we were finishing this report we received an answer from the developers and they helped us fix our implementation problems but it was too late to test it we fixed the program and we added it to this report Appendix C to test it as future work 59 60 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS Also when we set the propagation loss model we could not set all the environment conditions because the NS 3 models did not allow us Due to this problem the NS 3 implementation does not have exactly the test bed performance but we can conclude according to the results obtained from our experiments that the test bed corresponds with NS 3 implemen
85. roject Time Plan In this section it is shown the time plan of this project September 2009 October 2009 November 2009 December 2009 January 2010 February 2010 GANTT 3l W00 W01 _ mmm W01 W02 W02 W03 W03 W06 W06 W07 W07 w08 unm W08 W09 SS E jeje fo fr fh W09 W12 W12 W13 Christmas W13 W14 si W14 W15 W15 W18 W18 W19 21 EN eus Ecce W19 W20 W20 W21 W21 W23 Figure 1 1 Project Gantt s Diagram 1 6 PROJECT TIME PLAN T As we can see in the Project Gantt s Diagram Figure 1 1 the project work is divided in weeks of full time work and with 40 hours per week This work is explained in the following list W00 W01 Study relevant the 802 11 standards usage of Linux experimental packages identify hardware requirements for the test bed and order missing parts W01 W02 Document background objectives and delimitations for the master thesis WO02 W O3 Identify basic functionally and metrics that shall be tested to verify a simple 802 11s WMN W03 W06 Build an installation package for setting up Ubuntu with 802 11s on two PCs and test basic functionality and metrics for this installation W06 W07 Demonstrate the basic installation and testing W07 W08 Document the installation package and the basic testing for the master thesis W08 W09 Identify addit
86. s maximum one on their right and one on their left we used static routing e To avoid problems with USB ports we set the data rate to 11 MBits s Also before starting the experiment we looked with Network Stumbler which one was the less crowded channel e To reduce the problem of the low throughput we took out the aluminium folio and the cans from the antennas and changed the place of the experiment trying to make each node able to create a line of sight with nothing between them with the nearest nodes 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 21 2 5 3 Description of Experiment Il The topology of this experiment consisted of putting the nodes of the network in corridors all around the building creating a chain topology but trying that walls did not act decreasing the signal between nodes We can see in Figure 2 6 the topology of this network E k ES Node 5 E E 192 168 2 2 Figure 2 6 Topology experiment II of the WMN test bed With this topology we wanted to obtain less interferences between nodes as possible and also that communications between nodes flowed to the nearest node The distances between nodes are described in Table 2 5 To be sure that communications flowed to the nearest node we used static routing by IP and by MAC address filtering The parameters of this network topology are defined in Table 2 6 where we can see that we have changed some parameters from the topology of the experiment I These changes w
87. s founded developing it In Appendix C it is shown the program code how to run it and it is also explained the class developed Mesh Test and all the attributes and methods it use Problems with 802 11s implementation When we set the protocol to use in the program of the simulation we started using the N 3 802 11s implementation 24 We used the class MeshHelper to install it For the first trials we sent T CP traffic from one node to another and it worked perfectly After checking that everything worked correctly we introduce the Propagation loss model mentioned above When we tried to run it with the new features it did not send any packets To check that the problem was with the 802 11s implementation we changed to the IEEE 802 11b protocol and we run the program using this protocol and the Propagation loss model and it worked perfectly With this verification we concluded that there were some problems with the 802 11s implementation We sent an email to the NS 3 developers reporting the problem but we did not get any answer Due to this problem we decided to simulate the test bed using the protocol IEEE 802 11b This is possible because on the real test bed we did not use any of the features that the IEEE 802 11s protocol offers but anyway we were testing the 802 11s implementation without using some features so all the settings on the test bed can be setting up using IEEE 802 11b we are also using 11 Mbps data rate 3 3 NS 3 EX
88. s to our used channel of transmission channel number 3 The co channel and overlapping channel interferences further weakens the received signal strength Due to these reasons we received a throughput less than the channel data rate Test bed Total Throughput Throughput Mbps SNEMMANERONNEDOONEDOENEDOANEDOD ie eo BEL EB ESUSEL EB ER ESL EER TEL 1 3 4 5 Number of hops Figure 2 21 Test bed total throughput We also can see in Figure 2 21 that when the throughput increases in 6 and 7 hops progressively that is not normal but it has an explanation When we were testing the network we found a problem mentioned above related to transmission interferences To try to solve it apart from thinking about changing our transmission channel we moved some antennas from some nodes Doing it we improve the signal strength between some nodes which produced an increasing of the throughput If we pay attention to confidence interval Figure 2 22 we can see that intervals for 1 2 3 and 4 hops are very small which means that the throughput in these hops is not very variable and if we run the test in the same conditions we will get a value in this range with a probability of 90 but we can also see that the minimum and maximum intervals in all the hops are very big compared with the confidence interval and we can conclude that it is because there are a lot of interferences that produced some peaks in the transmission 2 5 WMN
89. se we must know the admitted range to set them on the network and which one we can change to different values to know the performance of the network For example it is possible to change the data rate between 1 Mbps and 54 Mbps or to change the power transmission reception between 0 and 310 mA and 290 mA respectively 2 2 Open80211s package Installation Open80211s is a consortium of companies who are sponsoring and collaborating in the creation of an open source implementation of the emerging IEEE 802 11s wireless mesh standard Open80211s is a reference implementation of the upcoming 802 115 standard 16 on Linux Open80211s is based on the mac80211 wireless stack 17 and should be run with any of the wireless cards that mac80211 supports The goal is to create an installation package working on Ubuntu consisting of shell scripts which allows installing Open80211s and lets creating a WMN with this technology There were two ways to install this system The first one called compact wireless consisted in downloading a package 18 already compiled and installing it with the latest stable release This package works with kernels equal or up to the 2 6 26 version The second way called wireless testing was to install the latest advances on the Linux 14 CHAPTER 2 UBUNTU TEST BED wireless subsystem 19 choosing the driver building and compiling the kernel For this option we should have had updated the kernel up to
90. sh After this on the terminal you will see a menu like this gt Choose the option you want 1 2 3 4 Install OPEN80211s package and everything needed Choose the kernel options and right driver Build the kernel and install packages Install iw NS Ns NS NL HELP If you choose the first option all will be installed and if you choose other option options forward will be executed also KKK 2K 2K ok 2K OK Option If you choose the first one all the system will be installed in your computer if you follow the steps If you have any problem this program will show you the problem and you can start installing again from the last step you were choosing between 2 and 4 options depending the installing phase you were To choose kernel options you will have to know which driver it s the one of your driver card With this command you can know which the driver of your card is sudo lshw C Network If you look at Driver settings on this document you will see the kernel options you have to choose on kernel menu for your driver there are only a few of them if you don t find yours just look on http www open80211s org and look for your wireless card driver At the end of this program you will have installed Open80211s package and everything you need to create a WMN To create a WMN I recommend you to read wireless testing README CONFIGURE 72 APPENDIX B Update kernel To update the kern
91. start when anyone turns them on e Connect computers to the Internet while they are connected in the mesh since it is very useful to upgrade the systems continuously e Configure the test bed working with different interfaces more antennas per node in different wireless mesh networks 61 62 CHAPTER 6 FUTURE WORK e Improve the actual test bed user s manual adding all the new features 6 2 NS 3 NS 3 is a really useful tool to simulate networks but it is also possible to combine it with real networks creating huge networks working in real and simulated time In combination with the test bed we can also use NS 3 as a traffic generator to control and to generate the same traffic for simulation and for the test bed One very important thing to carry out in the future is to develop in N 3 a propagation loss model according to different environment conditions Specifically develop a propagation loss model using different RSS for each antenna Finally for new simulations one important task is to use the new NS 3 IEEE 802 11s draft and work together with NS 3 developers to improve the simulator and to make it possible to introduce propagation loss models working correctly as we have said above when we were finishing this report we fix meshNet cc and we attached it to be tested as a future work see Appendix C Also another task is to help them to expand the NS 3 documentation adding new comments that help new users to understand
92. static methods WifiHelper mesh private Create nodes and setup their mobility void CreateNodes Install internet m stack on nodes void InstallInternetStack Install applications void InstallApplication h MeshTest Mesh Test m nodes 8 m totalTime 120 0 m channel 3 m pcap false m seed 23 m defaultSeed 9 m client 0 m server 1 m servPort 5001 82 APPENDIX C void int argc char argv CommandLine cmd enable rts cts all the time Seed Manager SetSeed m_defaultSeed Change the default value of the seed Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager RtsCtsThreshold StringValue 3000 disable fragmentation Config SetDefault ns3 WifiRemoteStationManager FragmentationThreshold StringValue 3000 cmd AddValue AddValue cmd AddValue client Node client Default 0 m client nodes Number of nodes in the network Default 8 m nodes cmd AddValue time Simulation time seconds 120 s m totalTime server Node server Default 1 m server cmd AddValue channel Select channel of transmision Default 3 m channel cmd AddValue pcap Enable PCAP traces on interfaces Default 1 m pcap cmd AddValue seed Set the seed for random values Default 9 m seed cmd Parse argc argv NS
93. stitute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences Internet Protocol Industrial Scientific and Medical radio bands Media Access Control Network Simulator generation 3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Operative System Packet Capture Power Domain Name System Doctor of Philosophy Point to MultiPoint Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Received Signal Strength Round Trip Time Short Inter Frame Spacing 99 100 TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Wi Fi Wireless Fidelity WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks WMN Wireless Mesh Networks WPA Wi Fi Protected Access WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks REFERENCES 1 IEEE Standard for Information technology telecommunications and information exchange between systems local and metropolitan area networks specific requirements http standards ieee org getieee802 download 802 11 2007 pdf Last time acceded 2010 02 15 Lee M J JianLiang Zheng Young Bae Ko Shrestha D M Emerging starndars for wireless mesh technology Wireless Communications Page s 56 63 IEEE Volume 13 Issue 2 April 2006 IEEE the world s leading professional association for the advancement of technology http www ieee org portal site Last time acceded 2009 12 10 Gupta P Kumar P R The capaci
94. sudo sudo apt get install y kernel package if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Kernel package installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing kernel package exit fi printf Installing ncourses n n libncurses5 sudo apt get install libncurses5 if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Libncurses5 installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing libncurses5 exit fi ncurses dev sudo apt get install ncurses dev if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo ncurses dev installed correctly echo else echo echo Problem installing ncurses dev exit fi echo echo 76 APPENDIX B option lt 3 then printf An n printf Copying current kernel s configuration Nn sudo cp boot config uname r config sudo make menuconfig f LL 7f if Soption lt 4 then POLI Ye phala bahaya RERO TEE n printf Building the kernel and making packages Nn sudo fakeroot make kpkg initrd kernel image kernel headers if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo echo Kernel built and packages made echo else echo echo Problem building the kernel and making packages echo exit sudo dpkg i linux deb if eq 0 then looks if the command above works right echo
95. t at the Python level 3 1 1 Scope of NS 3 The focus of NS 3 is on IPv4 and IPv6 based networks but also other architectures such as sensors or DTNs are to be supported NS 3 is meant to be modifiable and extendable by users Some users are able to use example programs that are provided but it is expected that users will want to write new programs and modify or add models to the simulator in some way Source code distributions are therefore expected to be the preferred means for distributing NS 3 35 36 CHAPTER 3 WMN IN THE NS 3 SIMULATOR 3 1 2 Supported mechanisms and protocols NS 3 has a modular implementation containing different libraries supporting the simulator and it is also possible that users can write and link their own libraries e Core library Offers support for generic aspects of the simulator such as to generate random numbers use smart pointers callbacks or debugging objects e Simulator library Defines simulation parameters such as simulation time objects schedulers and events e Common library Defines independent objects such as generic packets and tracing objects e Node library Defines abstract classes for fundamental objects in the simulator such as nodes channels and network devices e Internet node Defines internet related models such as TCP UDP protocols The modular implementation allows smaller compilation units and when compiling is only necessary to compile the program changed N
96. t we wanted to do was to know the behaviour of the network hop by hop Observing Figure 3 4 we can notice that there is a big difference between the throughput obtained when we send traffic from node 6 to 7 that is very high and the throughput between node 7 and 8 This behaviour is due to the Propagation loss model that we were using establishing the distance as principal parameter If we look at Table 2 5 and if we order the pairs of nodes by increasing distance we obtain this list 6 gt 7 4 gt 5 3 gt 4 2 3 1 2 5 6 7 8 As we can see it is just the same order if we compare from best throughput order 3 4 NS 3 RESULTS 47 NS3 1 HOP moo 2 7 E834 7 4 gt 5 15 6 j j gt Throughput Mbps G gt E O O C O m IS D 00 1 2 5 3 4 Number of trial Figure 3 4 Average throughput of NS 3 for 1 hop With two hops we can see how distances were similar it was the sum of the distances between the node in the middle with the others two nodes in each interval Figure 3 5 but we can notice that a difference received signal strength influence on the traffic sent between nodes NS3 2 HOPS mo E24 7 E 3 gt 5 7 E 46 _ WammN 5 gt 7 1 c gt s Throughput Mbps G gt C D
97. tation behaviour As a result in the one hand we have developed a test bed where testing different topologies is possible and on the other hand we have a simulation program for the test bed which with only some changes makes it possible to simulate other topologies or other experiments CHAPTER 6 Future work WMN will be commonly used in a near future that is why it should be tested and improved before people use it In future experiments it would be also interesting to analyze other network details such as lost packets round trip delay time etc In order to improve this work I have some suggestions for each goal of the thesis 6 1 Test bed First of all it would be very useful if computers used in the test bed could be updated with more RAM memory and new USB 2 0 ports to be able to test higher data rates up to 11 Mbps today s limitation Also it would be interesting to install the test bed in a place where lets to test it without having to move all computers around the building and measuring the interferences that could affect the network in order to control environment variables as much as possible Open80211s should be updated to the latest version because they are improving the system and adding new features that can be tested perfectly in the test bed There are also other ideas to carry out e Develop a system that allows controlling the entire network from one computer e Set the computers with automatic WMN
98. ty of wireless networks Information Theory IEEE Transactions on Page s 388 404 Addison Wesley March 2000 Open80211s http oiis org Last time acceded 2009 10 14 Ubuntu Home Page Ubuntu http www ubuntu com Last time acceded 2009 10 14 About the IITP RAS http www iitp ru en about Last time acceded 2010 03 22 The NS 3 Network Simulator http www nsnam org index html Last time acceded 2010 03 04 Wireshark Go deep http www wireshark org Last time acceded 2009 10 14 zd1211rw Linux Wireless http linuxwireless org en users Drivers zdi211rw Last time acceded 2009 10 14 open80211s Trac http ol1s org trac DriverStatus Last time acceded 2009 10 14 101 102 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 us 23 x 24 ath9k Linux Wireless http linuxwireless org en users Drivers ath9k Last time acceded 2009 10 14 Drivers Linux Wireless http linuxwireless org en users Drivers Last time acceded 2009 10 14 p54 Linux Wireless http linuxwireless org en users Drivers p54 Last time acceded 2009 10 14 D Link High Speed 2 4GHz 801 11g Wireless USB Adapter http www dlink com products pid 334 Last time acceded 2009 10 14 IEEE P802 11 TGs http grouper ieee org groups 802 11 Reports tgs_ update htm Last time acceded
99. uild 554 and of tcpdump is 3 9 8 Mathematical calculations and data plotting are carried out in Matlab To elaborate this report we have used 4TRX 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 7 3 Hardware The 8 computers used in the first part of this master thesis have the following characteristics Processor Intel Pentium 4 CPU 2 40 GHz Cache size 512 KB Hard Disk Capacity 120 GB Ram Memory 256 MB Ports USB 6 ports USB 1 1 data transfer rate of 12 Mbit s The computer used on the second part of the project it is a laptop with the next characteristics Processor Intel Core 2 duo CPU P8600 2 40 GHz 2 CPUs Cache size 512 KB Hard Disk Capacity 300 GB Ram Memory 3 GB About the wireless card used it is analyzed which one works with our requirements if it is supported by the operating system used and if it is work with the open80211s project CHAPTER 2 WMN Ubuntu Test Bed In this section it is explained how the Ubuntu Linux Operative System has been installed on the computers It is also explained how the open80211s installation package has been developed and how to set up the Wireless Mesh Network Finally all the network testing process and the results obtained are described 2 1 Operating System Installation Ubuntu is an operating system built by a worldwide team of expert developers Ubuntu is free of charge and everyone can download it 6 use and share the Ubuntu with ever
100. ulation environment that corresponds to the 802 11s test bed Related to the second objective we have the following goals 1 Configure NS 3 Learn how to use NS 3 and configure it to establish the same scenarios that we have tested in the real world Network of the first part of this project 2 Obtain results Simulate the Network and compare the results obtained from simulations with the ones obtained with the test bed analyzing possible differences 1 3 Limitations The research presented in this thesis intends to create a test bed based on the IEEE 802 11s protocol and study its behaviour These are the limitations for this thesis e The WMN will have eight computers This way it is big enough to allow useful studies of its behaviour while being reasonably easy to configure It should be possible to add more computers to the network without having to make many changes e The Test bed will be configured manually assigning static and local IP addresses to each computer of the network e The Test bed shall be tested in a specific topology describing environment conditions and the specifics parameters of the network e The NS 3 simulations should adapt to the real conditions using classes and objects already implemented in NS 3 New protocols or models will not be developed 1 4 Structure of the Thesis This thesis starts with a summary on what we have done This first Chapter shortly introduces the Wireless Mesh Network techno
101. we send traffic through 4 nodes Figure 2 16 we can realize that the pattern noticed in the two hops graphic is also reference here We can see how the lowest throughputs are when we are sending traffic from 1 to 4 from 4 to 7 and from 5 to 8 just where the transmission interferences are 2 5 WMN EXPERIMENTS 29 Test bed 4 HOPS bel 5 5 6 26 54r E r 527 gt 48 4 6 441 wr Q 4 358r 3 6 32 aj c 28r D 2 6 2 24 2 2 cx 1 8 16r 14r 12r if 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 1 2 5 6 3 4 Number of trial Figure 2 17 Average throughput test bed for 4 hops In Figure 2 17 we see that when we were sending traffic from node 1 to 5 there are some peaks but we continue seeing that there is an interference problem between node 1 and node 3 We notice how other three transmissions between nodes that have same the problems we notice above the throughput is similar Test bed 5 HOPS sal oe 56 EUH 54r gt EH 52 4 5 48 4 46 4 44 4 9 42 4 4 1 Q 3 8 4 36 4 4 532 4 a 3t J lt 28 4 O 2 6 4 3 24 4 22 4 co H 18 1 64 4 147 4 12L 4 iL 4 0 8 4 0 6 04 4 02 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of trial Figure 2 18 Average throughput test bed for 5 hops 30 CHAPTER 2 WMN UBUNTU TEST BED We can see in Figure 2 18 that the throughput when transmitting from node 2 to 7 varies a lot this is due to other
102. ybody for nothing Everybody can contribute to Ubuntu project by writing new software packaging additional software or fixing bugs in existing software For the test bed Ubuntu 9 04 version has been chosen because it was the latest version when this project started and because it gives all the tools needed to install the Open80211s package To analyze which is the best Wireless USB Adapter we had to look for one working with Ubuntu 9 04 and supporting IEEE 802 11s We were interested to know which wireless card is compatible with the OS and if the driver works with the Open80211s project For that we have analyzed some drivers and some kernels The first driver we analyzed was zd1211rw 10 When we started to read about it it seemed to work with 2 6 26 kernel version and we found a Wireless USB Adapter that works with this driver but after some additional readings 11 we concluded that this driver has problems in some systems because of mesh beaconing triggers which appears to be a firmware bug 11 12 CHAPTER 2 UBUNTU TEST BED The second driver was ath9k 12 but we discarded it because this driver does not beacon with interfaces in Mesh Point mode until the user performs a scan We tried other drivers as it is shown in 13 and finally we decided to use p54 14 because it works with Ad Hoc AP mesh monitor and station mode It works with the 2 6 29 Linux kernel but as we are using Ubuntu 9 04 we h

802.11 s based Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) test-bed

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