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1. Figure 6 45 Staged COnstruction Excavation Warning if Insufficient number of Increments Specifiedn 6 8 Incremental Material Update This option enables the user to modify material properties after the first increment Hence during a load increment user can alter any of the existing material properties Fig 6 46 Update Isotropic linear elastic material m Material update control caat 7 Material update methods Single increment update Multiple increment update r Material update increment control gt Starting load increment D Every other increment ml Final increment r Material update parameters Thickness or area 1 000000e 000 Mass density 2500000e 003 Coeff of thermal expansion 0 000000e 000 Elastic modulus 1 S63000e 003 Poisson s ratio 12 500000e 001 Fracture toughness 0 000000e 000 Critical energy release rate 10 000000e 000 Tensile strength 0 000000e 000 Figure 6 46 Incremental material Update This option is useful to alter the material properties from the static ones to dynamic ones after a restart This can also be used to simulate stage construction by adding the mass and increasing the Young s modulus incrementally 6 9 Generate Free Field Merlin T Fig 6 47 shows how to generate the free field meshes 5 3 2 KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 10 Run Free Field 84 Generate Free Field Mesh Free field mesh parameters Left boundary curve s 5
2. The circle is empty because it encloses no point of S Additional detailed information on Voronoi tesselation is an excellent reference A 2 3 MATLAB Code rand state 4 x rand 1 3 y rand 1 3 TRI delaunay x y subplot 1 2 1 trimesh TRI x y zeros size x view 2 KumoNoSu User s Manual A 3 Finite Element Mesh Generation 92 axis 0 1 O 1 hold on plot x y o set gca box on vx vy voronoi x y TRI subplot 1 2 2 plot x y rt vx vy b axis 0 1 0 1 A 3 Finite Element Mesh Generation A 3 1 Boundary Definition In order to discretize the continuum into a finite element mesh first key geometrical information of the must be specified hierarchically Vertices with nodal coordinates and approximate desired element size in the immediate vicinity thus describing the mesh density Edges which connect vertices Those can be either linear segments polylines or curves Surfaces composed of edges defined counterclockwise Volumes 3D only composed of surfaces Associated with surfaces 2D0 or volumes 3D are different material properties Examples of the hierarchical boundary definition is shown in Fig A 2 and 2D DAM STRUCTURE Region 1 2 Faces 000000 00000000 ES o Ss Verticies Figure A 2 Control Point for a 2D Mesh A 3 2 Interior Node Generation Once the boun
3. Right boundary curve s 7 Quadrilateral element width 100 000 Interface Dampers Nodal Dampers Excitation data file gt fancuve2pm Browse Active Degrees of Freedom WX MY Force inactive DOFs to zero 7 I Velocities T Displacements Quantities to compute 7 Forced Quantities to transfer I Stiffness Quantities used for Lysmer Damping force computation FT Rayleigh Damping 0 000 1 000 Generate tree field mesh Figure 6 47 Generate Free Field The user has the following options 1 Specify the left and right curves 2D or left right front and back patches 3D with respect to which the free field mesh will be generated 2 Specify type of dampers a Interface strongly recommended continuous element dampers b nodal dampers 3 Excitation data file should be same as the one applied to the foundation 4 Active degrees of freedom If only x excitation is specified in the excitation data file then check the x box same with the others 5 Force Inactive DOF to zero recommended 6 There are two options to transfer results of free field Nodal Velocities Displacements This option is discouraged though in 2D transfer of velocities has been shown to yield good results Forces Recommended Results of free field analysis can be transferred as nodal forces based on a Stiffness this will cause vertical forces b Damping e Lysmer Damping Strongly Recommended e Rayleig
4. component Stress component to monitor fact Factor to be applied to the acceleration displacement strain at the current monitoring point may be useful to convert units 6 2 1 8 UserCurves Merlin In various instances of Merlin User may define specific x y curves such as for Gr Dynamic uplift etc L17 This option enables the user to explicitly specify one or more curve which will then be referenced in the input data 6 11 Define UserCurves parameters m UserCurves Control 1 usome e C e 7 Point by point definition Point coord y coord gt Curve visualization Tin Figure 6 11 User Defined Curve 6 2 1 9 BandwidthMin This is an optional setting that allows the user to minimize the time Merlin spends decomposing the global stiffness matrix KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 55 6 2 1 10 RealTimeVi ealTimeView Merlin Requests the generation of an external file containing the displacements and accelerations at selected L113 nodes every n increments Merlin will then generate an rtv file for real time view during the analysis by Spider 6 2 1 11 Restart on Increment k Merlin This option enables Merlin to use the previously generated pst file to restart at a certain increment 1 1 3 This is most useful when first a static analysis is performed followed by a dynamic one 6 2 1 12 Do Not Write Mesh This option specifies that for the current Merlin inp
5. Apply will accept all changes New Curve will generate a new blank row for data entry Delete Curve will delete that entity Prior to deleting KumoNoSu will check if this curve is not used subsequently Could not delete curve 6 it is used by patch 1 Figure 3 6 Curve Delete Warning Rename Curve Allows the user to assign a new vertex id Kumo will inform user if that curve id is already used Fig Figure 3 7 Curve Rename Warning Close will simply close the current GUI KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 2 Curve 23 3 2 1 Higher Order Curves T3D and thus KumoNoSu uses rational Bezier curved which are described in details in chapter B When higher order curves such as quadratic or cubic are to be specified a second dialog appears for further definition of control points for the nonlinear curve KumoNoSu will automatically calculate the control points for 4 types of curves Circular arcs User must specify the center coordinates of the arc and indicate if the arc is smaller or greater than 180 Note that vertices 7 and j would have been defined in the previous dialog box Fig If all three points lie on a straight line then the arc sustains an angle of 180 and then a direction vector Vz Vy V defines the direction from the circle origin through the center of the arc Curve control point definitions Polygon Control m Higher order curve types Elliptical arc Parabolic arc
6. I RealTimeView every T increments I Print ccel TT PrintReint PF Printhead IT Monitor RTV Nodal Accels Edi FT PrintCorivar I PrintResid I PiintPress T Restart on increment 17 PintGrack I PrintState Fl PrintFiuy IF Do not write Mesh 7 PrintDisp 7 PiintStrain I Print sit P Iritnal fle I PrintDynamic I PrintiStrain GP I Printveloc T Spit out every Berker I FintEigen I PrintStress I PrintErrEst J PrintlStress GP I Spit pst every increments r Strain smoothing options FF Initial temperature StrainSmooth C Spliting Default Analysis type options of iterations l Conv tolerance DispMethod IV Implicit Transient Edit C HeatTransfer IT Explicit Transient Edit C SeepageFlow TI AAR analysis Accept Cancel Figure 6 3 Keywords Specification 6 2 1 General options 6 2 1 1 Monitor Max Min Stress Merlin Specify which maximum stress component is to be monitored throughout the analysis and its maximum reported and corresponding location reported for each increment 6 2 1 2 AutoCrack a Merlin This keyword is associated with the module Cracker which drives Merlin for automatic crack propagation 1 1 12 When Merlin senses that either a crack is to nucleate or a crack must extend thus requiring remeshing to accomodate discrete cracks then control is passed back from Merlin to Cracker Fig KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 51 Monitor max min stress
7. 2200 we ee ke 67 bie ee GH E a a eee ae Seat ee 68 ci air slg Gn Sh e Sh esd as de hod Sires a tet dd a na 68 6 6 21 GUL Entries sica da 00 a ee Ge ee dd 68 KumoNoSu User s Manual CONTENTS 7 6 7 2 1 2 External Pilg s aai aa eke a a a a Ba i 69 6 7 2 2 Nud Sig cai bce 0 as e en ee er a N 70 sath ae ae y Weep oh re nn ae Aa ae een 72 6 7 24 A a Bares ine A RR ES a 72 6 7 2 4 1 GUL Dennition e pe amp 40 bb sr bee a ee nn ee 72 6 12 40 External Bild 2 4 4 2 8 22 8 220 2 a wi Be ea a a 75 6 7 2 5 Dynamic Uplitt oso eo cara Ree he ee ale ee Oe a 75 6 7 3 Reset Nodal Displacements 2 2 2 2 2 2m m m mn nn 75 A ee neh 76 6 7 4 1 Temperaturd s e s s so ee Bad an eR RS RB nnd 76 6 7 42 Head oe de de ee Ee ee a ee we ae a a 77 Lala ds ft de de Gece Geared amp e 77 6 7 5 1 Harmonic Excitation o a se i nun 79 627 6 _ Reactions to Load ye u a i de de ie Gp ct Me hh Eee ee ee Bk ee 79 A eee he ohh hes Se Se 79 6 7 7 1 Convergence Control 2 22 2 2 En nn 79 6 7 7 2 Solution Method za sm a a 2 8 sk ae wenn ie 80 6 7 7 3 Convergence Acceleration 22222 2 a a nn 80 TE re a en E 80 6 7 9 pst File Control acses ani au a e 0 ee eh aes See eee we as de i 81 thease Gea Reese oh oe eo a 81 ba hus oy cee A dd eee esos 83 hth Soh testa od Go Pad Sd Go anes Bee ee eee ee dk es 83 Oe Ba
8. 3 13 3 Examples Fig is an example of 2D structure crack where the Upper crack surface is curve 6 the lower one is 7 the crack front is 7 The crack is defined by only one crack segment 6 4 5 FRONT 7 I 6 4 5 4 FRONT 7 6 7 5 I 3 1 rm 3 2 4 7 6 oS i EB 1 23 2 4 gt MOUTH MOUTH Figure 3 32 2D Example of a Structure Crack Fig B 33lis an example of 3D structure crack The crack segment is composed of the pair of patches I and II the crack front is defined by curve 5 The upper segment is II because it is above patch I in the positive X direction the lower one is I A 2D interface crack is shown in Fig 8 34 Vertex 11 12 13 must coincide with vertex 1 2 3 respectively Vertex 11 12 13 must be defined AFTER vertex 1 2 3 Curves direction MUST be defined from tip or front to the mouth of the crack Curves 14 and 15 must coincide with curves 4 and 5 respectively Curves 14 and 15 must be defined AFTER curves 4 and 5 Another example of 2D interface crack is shown in Fig 8 35 Fig B 36 is an example of 3D interface crack KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 13 Cracks 38 Y Y FRONT FRONT Z Z Figure 3 33 3D Example of a Structure Crack FRONT UPPER MOUTH LOWER m curve number vertex number Figure 3 34 2D Example of an Interface Crack Upper and Lower FRONT 8 5
9. 76 4 6 I 8 7 II 1 1 23 2 MOUTH FRONT 7 6 T 5 E SE jo I y aE 1 u st r 1 2 3 2 j gt gt MOUTH Figure 3 35 2D Example of an Interface Crack Upper and Lower KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 14 Crack Bridging a Truss Element 39 Y E PS REGION 1 Z Figure 3 36 3D Example of an Interface Crack 3 14 Crack Bridging a Truss Element In reinforced concrete analysis a crack may cross a truss element modeling a rebar Fig 3 37 Crack Bridging by Discrete Reinforcement r Bridging Control m Crack bridging definition Upper vertex fiz Lower vertex fu Figure 3 37 Rebar Crossing a Crack Case No For reference does not have to be sequential Upper vertex Vertex number of the curve end which lies on the upper surface of the crack Lower vertex Vertex number of the curve end which lies on the lower surface of the crack Fig 3 38 is a simple illustrative example 3 15 Crack Library Inactive KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 16 Elastic Boundary 40 If curves 10 and 20 are intended to bridge the crack formed by patches 1 and 2 then vertex 7 is the upper vertex and vertex 5 is the lower vertex for the bridging reinforcement definition Figure 3 38 Example of Rebar Crossing a Crack 3 16 Elastic Boundary Elastic Boundary enables the user to specify elastic springs along a global direction X Y or Z ona vertex along a curv
10. KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 13 Cracks 37 3 13 2 Discrete Cracks One the crack segments have been defined the User may now define the discrete cracks Fig 3 31 Discontinuity id is the id associated with the crack discontinuity about to be defined Discontinuity Option Partially implemented Insert Interface Spring between the two lips of the discontinuity Not yet implemented Insert Interface Damper between the two lips of the discontinuity Not yet implemented Perform LEFM NLFM Analysis is by default the option Fracture Analysis Type Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics LEFM Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics NLFM or LEFM with interface crack elements cohesive crack model Crack Type Option Interface cracks are between two patches in two dimensional analyses and be tween two regions in three dimensional analyses A structure crack develops within a patch or a region Discrete Crack Definition Discrete crack segments lists the crack segments id s constituting the discrete crack Upper crack front curve Vertex or curve in 3D at the upper surface crack front Lower crack front curve Vertex or curve in 3D at the lower surface crack front Discrete Crack Mat l ID to be used only if interface elements are to be inserted along the crack NLFM or LEFM with ICM options Interface spring damper properties Inactive Note that identification of the upper and lower curves is for the proper application of the uplift FERC model
11. Surface RegionEntity numbers subjected to hydrostatic load One line for Curve if applicable one for Patch if applicable and one for Surface if applicable If there are too many entries for a given entities use multiple lines each beginning with a string equal to the entity type such as Surface followed by integers Increment N i e the string increment followed by the total number of load increments for which we will be defining a hydrostatic load For each increment along one line x Increment number integer x Temperature corresponding to that increment incremental 6 7 1 7 Point xyz Temperatures Merlin 6 7 1 7 1 GUI Specification 341 132 Careful temperature is incremental 6 7 1 7 2 External File Input To facilitate data entry when a large number of point temperatures must be defined Kumo allows the definition of point temperaturs through an external file The external file should have an extension dat and have the following format e First Line Number of increments First increment number in Merlin to load this file Last increment number in Merlin to load this file KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 68 point temperatures p Point temperature control m Point temperature definition type Define individual coordinates and temperatures Define coordinates and temperatures by extemal data file m Individual coordinates and temperatures definition Load I
12. e the file should include the string Block followed by an integer Curve Patch Surface Entity numbers subjected to hydrostatic load One line for Curve if applicable one for Patch if applicable and one for Surface if applicable If there are too many entries for a given entities use multiple lines each beginning with a string equal to the entity type such as Surface followed by integers Increment N i e the string increment followed by the total number of load increments for which we will be defining a hydrostatic load KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 70 For each increment and along the same line x Increment number integer A Elevation of the reservoir Note that this is the incremental elevation and not the total elevation Hence in the first increment we typically bring the pool elevation to the base elevation of the dam hence the dam is not loaded and in subsequent increments we simply specify by how much we raise ve or lower ve the pool Yw Fluid weight density Axis orientation 2 If fluid is along y 1 if along the x 6 7 2 2 Mud Silt Mud and silt load is sightly different than hydrostatic load as the lateral pressure is equal to the vertical pressure times the passive coefficient k For an inclined curve 2D or patch 3D KumoNoSu will automatically calculate the mud silt pressure normal to the surface given the vertical and lateral components F and F It is defined as foll
13. ee oe eee 61 pe ha es oe eh AA 62 A I os E Oe 63 bao axe diel amp E ine PAN Aid ee Baie os 63 hy eee oe Headed q eee eas aoe eke 64 a so hae oh Oh me ee ee 65 Sas co hh oar E EURER 66 6 27 Definition of Variable Nodal Temperatureg 2 2 2 0 m m nn nen 67 6 28 Point Temperature Load Definition 68 KumoNoSu User s Manual LIST OF FIGURES 10 a Dodd e ee Eee Be ee ee a 69 Cer E ee E E ee ee ee ee eee 70 ea en Ye a Asks are 7i ee ee re 72 a a E 73 AE ern 74 I a tee ea ae EURE cy dann Goch egw 76 Mh OBES Lo Soe FOU dad PS en 76 Se Baye eles ee OA ee Sh 77 er CoRR o o Renn E EEE dd 78 ee E 79 EEE ELSE RE RE 80 ERD eid ts Rd GD Bah ee Ge ane So Po 81 A 82 AI eee ee 82 RER BONN 83 ome ecifiedn 83 83 84 85 85 86 eure ned daa es 87 Ce ates hae eee a EEE ped eh et 88 Sean tare oO Pk a ee eee ee ha Oe 88 1 Voronoi and Delaunay Tessellationl 2 ee 91 eee es Se ae pe eee et ee ey 92 AL 3 Control Point for 3D Mesh s aant a vu 4 3 Bel Da a ae a A C 5 Matrix Crack inclusion with interface elemental O BEA righ ad te ah GaP say Ca ea ade Beate ee KumoNoSu User s Manual List of Tables ol ler ARVO MN bts nn sn dica faire Ta far abt Be Ai geo amis eb ae ee ee ee 7 2 Hierarchv of Model Represenatatio Chapter 1 Introduction The finite element analysis requires the discretization of a structure into a mathematical
14. field allows the user to specify a dimension to elements in the vicinity of the curve The Size assigned to a curve takes precedence over the Size assigned during patch definition discussed later This value can be left blank zero Factor is a mesh size multiplying factor default is one even if the table shows zero applied to the d value defined as default for the T3D mesh generator Hence whereas Size specifies an absolute size for the mesh irrespective of the d value defined later Factor is relative to that value Coincide Defines a curve number that is coincident with the current curve This option is most often associated with crack definition Note that if two or more curves have the same coordinates the curve with higher id is coincident to the curve with the lower id A coincident curve should have been previously defined Count Define number of quad hexa elements along the curve for structured mesh only Duplicate Define that the mesh nodes along this curve must duplicate those of the specified curve Curve order Linear order 2 default Quadratic order 3 Cubic order 4 Circular parabolic hyperbolic and elliptical curves can be defined with curves of order 3 and 4 though the fourth order should used preferably 1D element Specify that this curve is to be included in the mesh as a 1D element 1D elements typically steel reinforcement requires a material ID specified in the Material ID box Control keys
15. many others Voronoi PEN Delaunay Figure A 1 Voronoi and Delaunay Tessellation A 2 1 Voronoi Polygon Given a finite set of poits in the plane the idea is to assign to each point a region of influence in such a way that the regions decompose the plane To describe a specific way to do that let S be a subset of R S C R We define the Voronoi region of p S as the set of points x R that are at least as close to p as to any other points in S Vp x ER z pl lt l 21 Va S A 1 Each point x R has at least one nearest point in S so it lies in at least one Voronoi region Two Voronoi regions lie on opposite sides of the perpendicular bisector separating the two generating points A 2 2 Delaunay Triangulation The dual of the Voronoi diagram is obtained by drawing straight Delaunay edges connecting points p q S if and only if their Voronoi regions intersect along a common line segment Thus in general the Delaunay edges decompose the convex hull of S into triangular regions which are referred to as Delaunay triangles 7 Using Euler s relation it can be shown that a planar graph with n gt 3 vertices has at most 3n 6 edges and at most 2n 4 faces THe same bounds hold for the number of Delaunay edges and triangles Each Voronoi vertex u Va NVa N Ve is the center of a circle with radius p u a u 6 u
16. on 11 05 01 vertex 1 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 2 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 3 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 4 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 5 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 6 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 15 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 16 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 curve 1 order 2 vertex 1 2 curve 2 order 2 vertex 2 3 curve 3 order 2 vertex 3 4 curve 4 order 2 vertex 4 1 curve 5 order 4 vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 3 Matrix Inclusion and propagating Crack with Interface Elements 103 weight 3 333e 001 curve 6 order 4 vertex6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 15 order 4 vertex 16 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 16 order 4 vertex 16 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 0
17. region boundary surface numbers are always positive KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 6 Entity Groups 31 8 a a gt 3 6 8 nn e wee ar 7 6 Figure 3 20 Region Definition 3 6 Entity Groups NEED TO FIX KUMO Entity groups enable the user to lump or group together various entities whcih will subsequently inherit the same characteristic particularly in the load definition 3 7 Mouse Vertex Creation User can use the mouse to define new vertices and have them connected by curves Fig 3 211 However user must first select a projection plane and then specify the third coordinate through the slider At that point when the left button of the mouse is pressed a new vertex is created at the closest grid point Grid resolution must be defined within the View Option in Section 4 1 5 Note that the mouse current position is echoed in the bottom toolbar If Enable Point Creation is active then pressing the mouse creates the new vertex If Connect Points with Curves is active then sequential curves are defined Create Points x om Plane Axes x YPlane x ZPlane Y Z Plane Plane coordinate value IV Enable Point Creation Figure 3 21 Vertex Definition by the Mouse 3 8 Mouse Curve Creation This option Fig 3 22 enables the user to select individual vertices with the mouse and have them connected by curves KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 9 Curve Selection 32 Create Curves x Figure 3 22 Curve
18. representation using 1 2 or 3 dimensional elements The discretized structure is then subjected to the governing differential equation with essential dis placement and natural traction boundary conditions A valid and well conditioned discretization of the structure being so important to the accuracy of the FEA solution that a mesh generator which produces a consistent reproducible high quality mesh without great user intervention is key to a successful FEA Fig L IJJis a simple illustration of a physical problem its boundary description and the resulting finite element mesh FEA mesh MESH GENERATOR Figure 1 1 Mesh Generation Process KumoNoSu is a graphical front end to two propgrams both written by Dr Daniel Rypl T3D a powerful mesh generator which can produce both unstructured based on Delaunay triangular ization and structured meshes T3D2Merlin which enables definition of material properties boundary conditions and loads for a Merlin input file Hence KumoNoSu first produces a boundary definition of the physical object to be discretized a tt bd file Once the boundaries of the solid are delineated and mesh size generation guidelines established for the code the program constructs a mesh to describe the structure this is the t3d file Next material properties and loading data must be added for each element to the geome
19. sizes to different entities small size in the areas of denser mesh larger size in areas of coarser mesh Fig 1 2 Kumo Layout KumoNoSu toolbars has the following main components Fig File Controls input output with external files Fig This is defined in described in P KumoNoSu User s Manual 1 2 Kumo Layout 15 NY VA Y Os ZS V Se XK VS Z AVA A D NZ PO ASS NZ IN A AA VAYA AVATA Vd X AS N RR size 0 1 patch size 0 5 Vertex 1 size 0 1 patch size 0 5 DOS RO X NZ Curve Figure 1 7 Concept of Mesh Size Curve and Patch Curve 4 factor 0 1 Vertex 1 factor 0 1 Figure 1 8 Concept of Factor Define Boundary Allows user to define the boundary representation of the structure to be meshed Chapter B View Controls a number of viewing parameters Chapter 4 2 Generate Mesh to instruct T3D to generate the finite element mesh using the previously defined bd file Chapter T3D2Merlin As the main interface which allows definition of the material properties loads boundary conditions Chapter 6 Help For setup and info about the code File Define Boundary View Generate Mesh T3D2MERLIN Help Deieljoaa Figure 1 9 KumonoSu Toolbar each one of them will be described in a separate chapter KumoNoSu User s Manual Chapter 2 File The user clicks the file menu to initiate file management Fig B I If the sessi
20. sum of multiple node dof pairs This is important if one needs a crack opening displacement then one facor would be 1 and the other 1 or the displacement of a point with respect to the base This corresponds to the Disp 4 The load can be either the load at one vertex or the entire load applied along a curve or over a patch Again at time one may need the resultant of a traction load Disp or Load Number of the current displacement or load monitoring point for reference Entity type type of entity at which to monitor loads or displacements vertex curve or patch LD Curve Curve number that the current displacement or load monitoring point belongs to KumoNoSu Users Manual 6 2 Keywords 52 Define load displacement parameters L D Curve Number and Title LD Curve LD Curve Title 50 character max m L D Curve Displacement Entity Contra gt L D Curve Load Entity Control Accept Edit Clear Accept Edit Clear m L D Curve Load Definition etinitior Vetes Cuve C Patch Surface Vertex Curve Patch Surface Disp ft en Me Load Eny do Save Cancel Figure 6 6 Load Displacement Curve Definition Entity number of the current entity dof degree of freedom to monitor 1 2 3 fact Factor to be applied to the displacement note factors are only defined for displacements 6 2 1 4 TimeAccelCurve A single time acceleration curve may
21. the bd file The boundary description for this problem is defined using 12 vertices 12 curves 3 patches 4 crack segments and 4 crack paths The resulting bd file can be shown as follows This input file generated by Kumonosu at 11 48 44 on 11 07 01 vertex 1 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 2 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 3 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 4 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 5 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 6 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 4 Matrix Inclusion and Two Propagating Cracks with Interface Elements 106 Figure C 4 Matrix inclusion and two propagating cracks with interface elements vertex 14 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 15 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 14 vertex 16 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 17 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 16 vertex 20 xyz 7 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 21 xyz 7 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex vertex order order curve 1 1 2 curve 2 2 33 curve 3 order vertex 3 4 4 4 1 curve order vertex BHONNN curve 5 order vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 000
22. to elements in the vicinity of the vertex The Size assigned to a vertex takes precedence over the Size assigned during patch definition discussed later This value can be left blank zero Coincide Vertex Define the vertex number that is coincident with the current vertex This option is most often associated with crack definition Note that if two or more vertices have the same coordinates the vertices with higher numbers are coincident to the vertex with the lowest number A coincident vertex should have been previously defined Factor is a mesh size multiplying factor default is one even if the table shows zero applied to the d value defined as default for the T3D mesh generator Hence whereas Size specifies an absolute size for the mesh irrespective of the d value defined later Factor is relative to that value Fixed to Curve Curve number that the vertex is fixed to If a vertex is to be located on a curve but not part of the connectivity of that curve it is fixed to the curve It should be noted that by default a vertex fixed to a parent entity inherits mesh size from that entity Control keys Apply will accept all changes New Vertex will generate a new blank row for data entry Delete Vertex will delete that entity Careful user must check if this vertex is not used in a curve Rename a vertex Allows the user to assign a new vertex id Kumo will inform user if that vertex is used by curves Fig Vertex referenced in c
23. 0000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 patch 1 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 5 6 size 5 000e 002 property 1 patch 2 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 15 16 size def hole patch 3 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 1 2 3 4 size 1 000e 001 property 2 subpatch 2 crack NLFM crack 1 structure curve 15 5 crack 2 structure curve 16 6 crack structure path 1 property 3 crack structure path 2 property 3 Note that vertices 5 and 15 share the same coordinates as do vertices 6 and 16 Additionally curves 5 15 and 6 16 share identical properties However these curves combine to form separate patches with curves 5 6 forming patch 1 and curves 15 16 forming patch 2 Additionally patch 2 is defined as a hole since it is simply providing the connection between the inclusion patch 1 and the matrix patch 3 Patch 2 serves as a subpatch for patch 3 In order to insert the interface elements between the matrix and the inclusion structure crack seg ments are defined between curves 5 15 and 6 16 and a two crack paths are defined using these two crack segments Since the crack type is defined as NLFM interface elements will be inserted between the matrix and inclusion in the MERLIN inp file C 3 Matrix Inclusion and propagating Crack with Interface El ements Fig C 3 illustrates an elliptical inclusion inside ellipse surrounded by a matrix box with interface elements outsi
24. 00000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 6 order 4 vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 15 order 4 vertex 16 14 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 5 Matrix and Interior Crack with Interface Elements 107 curve 16 order 4 vertex 17 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 20 vertex 20 16 curve 21 vertex 20 17 coincide curve 20 curve 22 vertex 21 14 curve 23 vertex 21 15 coincide curve 22 patch 1 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 5 6 size 5 000e 002 property 1 patch 2 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 20 15 22 23 16 21 size def hole patch 4 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 1234 size 1 000e 001 property 2 subpatch 2 crack NLFM crack 1 structure curve 21 20 front2d 20 crack 2 structure curve 22 23 front2d 21 crack 3 structure curve 5 15 crack 4 structure curve 16 6 crack structure path 1 property 3 crack structure path 2 property 3 crack structu
25. 0000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 5 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 6 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 15 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 16 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 curve 1 order 2 vertex 1 2 curve 2 order 2 vertex 2 3 curve 3 order 2 vertex 3 4 curve 4 order 2 vertex 4 1 curve 5 order 4 vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 6 order 4 vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 15 order 4 vertex 16 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 16 order 4 vertex 16 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 patch 1 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 5 6 size 5 000e 002 property 1 patch 2 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 15 16 size def hole patch 3 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 1 2 3 4 size 1 000e 001 property 2 subpatch 2 1
26. 000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 7 curve 1 order 2 vertex 1 2 curve 2 order 2 vertex 2 3 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 5 Matrix and Interior Crack with Interface Elements 108 Figure C 5 Matrix Crack inclusion with interface elements KumoNoSu User s Manual C 6 Sphere 109 curve 3 order 2 vertex 3 4 curve 4 order 2 vertex 4 1 curve 5 order 2 vertex5 8 curve 6 order 2 vertex 5 7 coincide curve 5 curve 7 order 2 vertex 6 8 curve 8 order 2 vertex 6 7 coincide curve 7 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 size 1 000e 001 1 00000000e 000 boundary curve 1 23 4 property 1 patch 1 normal 0 boundary curve 5 6 8 7 crack NLFM crack 1 structure curve 5 6 front2d 5 crack 2 structure curve 8 7 front2d 6 crack structure path 1 property 2 crack structure path 2 property 2 vertex 5000 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 5 slave node vertex 5001 xyz 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 8 slave node vertex 5002 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 5 slave node vertex 5003 xyz 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 7 slave node vertex 5004 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 6 slave node vertex 5005 xyz 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 7 slave node vertex 5006 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 6 slave no
27. 33 polygon 2 xyz 1 2 0 weight 0 3333333333333 curve 2 vertex 1 2 order 4 polygon 1 xyz 1 2 0 weight 0 3333333333333 polygon 2 xyz 1 2 0 weight 0 3333333333333 collapsed curve defined as ordinary 180 deg circular arc curve 3 vertex 1 1 order 4 polygon 1 poly 0 weight 0 3333333333333 polygon 2 poly 0 weight 0 3333333333333 collapsed curve defined as ordinary 180 deg circular arc curve 4 vertex 2 2 order 4 polygon 1 poly 0 weight 0 3333333333333 polygon 2 poly 0 weight 0 3333333333333 surface 1 curve 13 2 4 polygon of a 180 deg circular arc from polygon point 1 of curve 1 to polygon point 1 of curve 2 in plane yz weights of this new polygon are obtained by multiplication of weights corresponding to 180 deg circular arc by the weight of appropriate polygon point on revoluted curve 1 3 1 3 polygon 1 1 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 polygon 2 1 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 polygon of a 180 deg circular arc from polygon point 2 of curve 1 to polygon point 2 of curve 2 in plane yz polygon 1 2 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 polygon 2 2 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 ordering of curves is different from surface 1 in order to get the normal pointing out of the sphere but it is not necessary to ensure that HHHH surface 2 curve 241 3 polygon of a 180 deg circular arc from polygon point 2 of curve 2 to polygon point 2 of curve 1 in plane yz polygon 1 1 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 pol
28. 3D ContourPath Radius defines the radius of the contour around the crack tip 2D or the crack front 3D from which the J B or V integrals will be determined NLFM For nonlinear fracture mechanics based on the cohesive crack model which requires the insertion of icm elements along the crack 6 2 5 Print Options Merlin Print AAR prints incremental AAR strains Print Accel prints nodal accelerations at each increment PrintConVar prints nodal constraint variables from stress analysis to output file PrintCrack prints crack displacement pressure and stress profiles from fracture mechanics PrintDisp user to specify the nodal displacements for stress analyses are printed to the output file PrintDynamic prints in an external file results of dynamic analysis check PrintEigen prints results of the eigenvalue analysis PrintErrEst prints error estimates for strain energy and strain resulting from a stress analysis PrintReact user specifies the nodal reactions for a stress heat flow or seepage flow analysis are printed to the output file PrintReinf prints embedded reinforcement information to the output file PrintResid prints residuals from stress heat or seepage analysis to output file PrintState prints state variables from stress analysis to output file PrintStrain prints nodal strains from a stress analysis to the output file PrintStrain GP allows user to print Gauss points strains from a stress analysis to the output file Kum
29. Definition by the Mouse 3 9 Curve Selection This option Fig 3 23Jenables the user to select curves by clicking the curve number with the left button of the mouse Once selected the curve is assigned a new color The list of curves is first saved in a buffer inside the dialogue box It is important to note that the first curve selected should be oriented in a counterclockwise direction for the patch to be selected i e it will be defined as a positive integer in the patch definition To deactivate a selection user must click again on a previously selected curve When the user selects Create a new patch is created with the selected curves Kumo will attempt to determine the sign of the curve id s based on the first one defined such that a counterclockwise patch is defined User should open the patch definition menu and assign to the newly created patch the proper parameters such as material group if 2D analysis Figure 3 23 Curve Selection with the Mouse 3 10 Patch Surface Selection This option Fig enables the user to select patches by clicking the patch number with the left button of the mouse The list of patches is first saved in a buffer inside the dialogue box A powerful feature is to automatically add all the patches connected to the previously selected one User has simply to keep on clicking on Add Face and kumo will identify the adjacent patches connected to the previously defined one This pr
30. KumoNoSu Version 1 0 March 24 2008 USER S MANUAL Eric Hansen Daniel Rypl Victor Saouma Department of Civil Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 0428 Under Contract from Tokyo Electric Power Service Company 3 3 3 Higashiueno Taito ku Tokyo 110 0015 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION S NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE TOKYO ELEC TRIC POWER SERVICE COMPANY TEPSCO TEPSCO ANY COSPONSOR THE ORGANIZATION S NAMED BELOW NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM A MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED I WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION APPARATUS METHOD PROCESS OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR II THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS INCLUDING ANY PARTY S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR III THAT THIS REPORT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER S CIRCUMSTANCES OR B ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITIES WHATSOEVER INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES EVEN IF TEPSCO OR THEIR REPRESENTATIVES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION APPARATUS METHOD PROCESS OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT ORGANIZATION S THAT PREPARED THIS RE
31. PORT UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER KumoNoSu User s Manual ABSTRACT KumoNoSu is a graphical front end to T3D a finite element mesh generator and T3D2Merlin an structural analysis finite element analysis data preparation program KumoNoSu has been written explicitly for the Merlin finite element code and as such has numerous built in facilities to handle both cracks and or dams Nevertheless the program is general enough to accommodate most other finite element codes KumoNoSu enables the user to interactively define the boundary of the structure to be meshed Following each new boundary entity definition the graphical display is updated Once the boundary has been completely defined then T3D is internally invoked and a finite element mesh is generated In the second module of KumoNoSu the user specifies the specific attributes of the finite element mesh such as material properties boundary conditions incremental loads with reference to the entity defining the boundary This in turn will internally generate a complete input data file for the Merlin finite element code KumoNoSu User s Manual ACKNOWLEDGMENTS KumoNoSu is a graphical front end to the mesh generator T3D and T3D2Merlin converter developed by Dr Daniel Rypl KumoNoSu was originally developed by Dr Eric Hansen and subsequently modified maintained by Dr Gary Haussmann as a front end to the computer code MERLIN through a contract from the Tokyo Electric
32. Power Service Company TEPSCO with the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Colorado in Boulder Victor Saouma P I The authors would like to acknowledge the numerous feedbacks buggs reports and other constructive comments of Guido Camata Sonia Fortuna C Chang Wiwat Puatsananon and in particular of Takashi Shimpo and Yoshinori Yagome It was through their numerous comments that KumoNoSu has matured into a solid reliable powerful and original program KumoNoSu User s Manual Contents 12 er 12 ee AA AA 13 A et 14 Pee a SEG a 2 Be ee ee 14 2 Filed 16 4 1 4 Load Display CONTENTS 6 A 1 5 Creation Control 4 x sie bo wenn a ee ea ur 45 4 2 Kymonosy settings va ear a ee er ed ee ee da 46 rd ana a are Bed 46 AR GAT OMe sa an ae as ane Regs O teed 46 4 5 Reset Camera 5 Generate Mes 48 6 T3D2MERLI C Ge ee pee ee ot ae Sh ES ap toes Gear oe ee ee Pe eee ee a ws 50 6 22 aa de PRE a na n aa e a e e O He ee 50 6 2 1 General optionde 2 si a2 wre Bot E eb aa en a a ST ae WO hes a Y 50 6 2 1 1 Monitor Max Min Stress s sos osue mn nn 50 6 2 1 2 Aut crack a e ui aia wee ee Eee Oe eA ee hae a 50 6 2 1 3 MultLDCurves z s ade a a bs Sr ae a we a ed ee a 51 6 2 1 4 TimeAccelCurve 6 2 1 5 TimeDispCurvel u han Se aa e eR eee ee a ee Pe eee a 53 6 2 1 6 Time Stress Curve s ssie i a biaa ma d bee bu aa we dee dui 53 6 2 1 7 Time Stra
33. Step 6 change material 4 properties E v p Step 7 apply gravity Body Force List to all materials all increments Figure 6 42 Algorithm for Staged Construction Excavation in 3 stages Legend Reduced properties E r opposite u gravity Apply gravity Stepi Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 1 define real properties E v p for all materials apply gravity Body Force List to all material groups all increments Step 2 apply opposite gravity Body Force List to material groups 4 all increments Step 3 change material 4 properties reduced properties E p 0 Step 4 apply opposite gravity Body Force List to material groups 3 all increments Step 5 change material 3 properties reduced properties E p 0 Step 6 apply opposite gravity Body Force List to material groups 2 all increments Step 7 change material 2 properties reduced properties E p 0 Figure 6 43 Algorithm for Staged Excavation KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 8 Incremental Material Update 83 staged construction Starting Increment 2 E Reduction Factor 0 001000 Construction Construction Details Material Sequence 234 Reference Material ID 1 o Figure 6 44 Graphical User Interface for Staged Construction Excavation Insufficient increments for staged construction Mg A You need 7 increments for staged construction but have only defined 6 pz
34. User defined m Eircular Elliptical Parabolic Hyperbolic arc ck cy AZ a b E MN hs Angle lt 180 Angle gt 180 m User defined arc x1 mi z1 Weight p a a ass Weight x2 Y2 22 C C C 7 vertex j 4 vertex i c C Figure 3 8 Circular Curve Definition Elliptical arcs Defined by the coordinates of the ellipse center cz Cy cz a and b and the direction vector Vz Vy V from the center to the center of the arc Note that vertices and j would have been defined in the previous dialog box Fig IRypl D T3D Triangularization of 3D Domains User Guide January 2001 KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 3 Patch 24 Curve control point definitions Polygon Control Curve number si 031 Accept Clear m Higher order curve types Circular arc Hyperbolic arc Parabolic arc m Circular E lliptical Parabolic Hyperbolic arc cx cy che a b I S SEC gt Angle lt 180 Angle gt 180 m User defined arc x1 Y1 zi Weight t Wop x2 Y2 22 Weight A A E vertex c 0 0 Save controls a Figure 3 9 Elliptical Curve Definition Parabolic arcs The parabola is completely defined by the two vertices i and j defined in the previous dialogue box and the parabola vertex cz Cy cz Fig B 10 Hyperbolic arcs The hyperbola requires definition of a and b as we
35. amp shea Damper Entity type Entity Dof Wave typeI patch 4 Interface Continuum Type Offs Interface Continuum Type Offs Interface Continuum Type Offs Interface Continuum Type Offs Interface Continuum Type Offs y E 353 Mn Save Visc BC Figure 3 40 Viscous Boundary B C id boundary condition number for reference Formulation Interface continuum will generate continuum dashpots elements along the selected entity In 2D these will be four noded elements and in 3D 6 or 8 noded elements Entity type curve in 2D patch or surface in 3D Interface Continuum parameters Entity No to identify the curve patch or surface Mat ID Material group associated with the viscous interface elements to be defined later Offset Distance The interface dashpot elements have a zero thickness formulation Hence user can select an arbitrary offset distance for visualization Nodal Discrete parameters Entity No number of the entity at which to apply viscous B C s Mass density mass density y of the material on the viscous boundary if zero or blank the y of the actual material will be used X dir Y dir Z dir degree of freedom to be damped Damp pressure wave Damp shear wave wave to be damped 3 18 Lumped Masses 3 18 1 Westergaard Zangaar Mandatory information for all Westergaard vertical upstream face or Zangaar inclined upstream face added mass Fig KumoNoSu Users Manua
36. anar defined sequentially i e each curve must be connected to the previously defined one and the one defined after it Curves are specified as positive integers i e we need not worry about continuity of the curves for the surface definition Surface is positive if curves are ordered clockwise around the outer side of the surface Curve order in the surface definition matters Curve direction does not matter When defining a region a surface id may be ve if its outward direction is pointing out or ve if its outward direction is pointing inside Surfaces are only applicable to 3D boundary descriptions Fig 3 15 Define Surfaces Size Factor Coincide ei Delete Sutace Rename Surface Close Figure 3 15 Surface Definition Input data for the Surfaces are of two types Mandatory for all surfaces Surface id Required for region definitions in 3D does not have to be sequential Surface curves Three or four curves which define the four sides of the surface At least one of these curves must be nonlinear else the surface is planar and is a patch Optional KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 5 Region 28 Size Defines mesh size for the surface Factor Defines surface mesh size multiplication factor Coincide Defines surface number that is coincident with the current surface In certain instances polygon control information will be required for the surface in which case a second dialog box will open for this inf
37. any exist Optional entries are Size Define mesh size for the region Factor Define region mesh size multiplication factor Fixed curves Define any curves which lie inside the region and are not connected to any patch or surface Hole Indicating that we have a three dimensional cavity Control keys Apply will accept all changes New Region will generate a new blank row for data entry Delete Region will delete that entity Prior to deleting KumoNoSu will provide the user with a list of all entities pertaining to this region 3 19 The user can then delete all those entitities or uncheck those which should be retained TIT ITT ey Figure 3 19 Region Delete Warning Rename Allows the user to assign a new patch id Kumo will inform user if that curve id is already used Close will simply close the current GUI Max Patches Surfaces Allows the user to increase the number of allowable patches surfaces which define a patch Careful if you decrease the current number you may lose data associated with patch having a large number of curves Certain important rules apply for region definition Fig 3 20 1 Boundary surface numbers are always positive 2 Boundary patch numbers are positive if the patchs normal points OUT of the region 3 Boundary patch numbers are negative if the patchs normal points INTO the region 4 Since the surface normal defined by the order of the surface curves is always out of the
38. bed according to which patch is on top when the crack opens in terms of the positive global coordinate directions Fig B 30 KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 13 Cracks 36 UPPER patch or surface LOWER patch or surface Figure 3 30 Crack Orientation Definition for 3D cases ons Discontinuity de r Discontinuity Control Disco 12 r Discontinuity Options I Insert Interface Springs J Insert Interface Dampers IV Perform LEFM NLFM Fracture Analysis r Fracture analysis type C LEFM LEFM with ICM NLFM r Crack type options Interface crack Structure crack r Discrete crack definition Discrete crack segments 7374 75 76 77 78 7980 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Upper crack front curve s Lower crack front curvels Discrete crack mat l ID E r Interface spring damper properties Normal K1 Normal C1 Shear K2 Shear C2 Shear K3 E Shear C3 Shear K2 C2 vector a ee Interface 1 discrete crack segment 123456 MatlID 31 Interface 2 discrete crack segment 7891011 Mat l ID 31 Interface 3 discrete crack segment 12131415 Mat l ID 31 Interface 4 discrete crack segment 161718 Mat l ID 31 Interface 5 discrete crack segment 1920 Mat ID 31 Interface 6 discrete crack segment 21 Mat lID 31 Interface 7 discrete crack segment 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Mat lID 3 v gt En Figure 3 31 Discrete Crack Definition
39. bles the user to specify Kumonosu settings Figure 4 6 KumoNoSu Setting 1 Paths where the supporting software resides T3d T3d2Merlin Acrobat Reader and Gnuplot 2 Colors of various entities used by KumoNoSu 4 4 Lighting Fig 4 8 4 5 Reset Camera KumoNoSu User s Manual 4 5 Reset Camera 47 T30 Path fe Merlin M3d exe Browse T3D2Merlin Path C Merin t3d2merin exe Ae Metin Path C Metin merin exe EA Gnuplot Path C Documents and Settings All Users Documents Merin wg Browse p Entity Color Control Verice C FE Nodes Vertex Numbers Surface Numbers C Curves C FE Elements C Curve Numbers Region Numbers Rebar FE Interfaces Patch Numbers Background C Free Field Elements p Entity Color Definition FE pues C Black C Red Yellow Red White C Green Magenta Cay Ge Com Fe Blue Figure 4 7 Kumonosu Settings Control Lighting x IV Enable Lighting TF Show light position Ambient Light Level gt Diffuse Light Level al gt Light Location Euler Angles mi ange 5 w2 P_ y aa I jo a Figure 4 8 Light Settings KumoNoSu User s Manual Chapter 5 Generate Mesh sectionGenerate Mesh The Generate Mesh dialog box Fig B 1 offers the user the opportunity to modify the default mesh size and the coincide tolerance Ie fen0 o00m0 anotado Figur
40. cal distance between the crack subjected to uplift and the drain Tail water elevation or water elevation at the end of the crack Total base length of the dam i e from upstream to downstream Note this is not the projected length but the actual length of the crack For multiple inclined segments the total curvilinear length must be specified If the base length is variable then it would be more conservative to adopt the maximum length KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 75 6 7 2 4 2 External File To facilitate data entry when a large number of uplift loads must be defined Kumo allows the definition of uplift load through an external file The external file should have an extension dat and have the following format e Uplift Keyword to specify hydrostatic load e Comment if applicable e NB Number of blocks in the file integer A block is a group of cracks having the same uplift load e For each block Block i e the file should include the string Block followed by an integer Crack followed by the cracks defining this particular block Increment N i e the string increment followed by the total number of load increments for which we will be defining an uplift load For each increment and along the same line xk XK XA XX X Increment number integer Water elevation in global coordinate system Note that this is an incremental uplift to be defined with respect to the previo
41. dary has been defined we need to insert internal nodes at a spacing which respect the required mesh density There are numerous techniques to insert those internal nodes We present one approach Flg KumoNoSu User s Manual A 3 Finite Element Mesh Generation 3D DAM 4 93 le os Regions 1 Faces 2 f Verticies Bee ye ie fee 4 H2 H3 Ha 5 6 7 B 3 8 9 12 pr Hi 10 2 7 8 11 4 12 m6 10 5 9 Figure A 3 Control Point for a 3D Mesh Region to be meshed Zone I rl Zone III 13 Zone II r2 e Zonal decomposition with nodal density TAN ojo e Generation of internal nodes As in zone I within shrunk boundary eee e id Disk r Boundary shrinking by Figure A 4 A Two Dimensional Triangularization AlgorithmControl Point for a 3D Mesh KumoNoSu User s Manual A 3 Finite Element Mesh Generation 94 E a m p Decompose the region into a disjoint ensemble of subregions with equal mesh density Shrink the mesh to avoid elements near the boundary with very acute interior angles Starting with the first zone circumscribe it by the smallest possible rectangle Superimpose a square rectangular grid over the circumscribing rectangle Use a random number generator to randomly generate one interior node in each square A disk of radius r centered at each node is used to test that no other s
42. de vertex 5007 xyz 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 8 slave node curve 5000 vertex 5000 5001 order 2 coincide curve 5 slave element curve 5001 vertex 5002 5003 order 2 coincide curve 6 slave element curve 5002 vertex 5004 5005 order 2 coincide curve 8 slave element curve 5003 vertex 5006 5007 order 2 coincide curve 7 slave element Notice that the single interior crack is actually composed of two cracks Curves 5 6 form one side of the crack while curves 7 8 form the other side Vertices 5 and 6 serve as the crack fronts and vertices 7 and 8 coinciding vertices form the middle of the crack An interior crack must have these coinciding vertices at its center This boundary description contains only one patch but this patch contains two definitions of boundary curves The first set of boundary curves defines the edges of the matrix while the second set of boundary curves defines the crack C 6 Sphere HHHHHHHHHH sphere HHHHHHHHHH Comments from Daniel I would recommend you to use two surfaces each for one hemisphere and each one obtained by rotating cubic circular 180 degree arc by angle of 180 degree using cubic expansion in the direction of revolution Here is the example of a sphere centered at origin with radius equal to one t3d d 0 1 vertex 1 xyz 100 vertex 2 xyz 10 0 curve 1 vertex 1 2 order 4 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 6 Sphere polygon 1 xyz 1 2 0 weight 0 33333333333
43. de ellipse between the matrix and inclusion Additionally a crack extends from the right side of the inclusion triangle This crack while represented by a triangle with a finite crack mouth opening in the above picture is considered to have a zero thickness in the bd file The boundary description for this problem is defined using 10 vertices 10 curves 3 patches 3 crack segments and 2 crack paths The resulting bd file can be shown as follows This input file generated by T3d preprocessor at 12 47 58 on 11 06 01 vertex 1 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 3 Matrix Inclusion and propagating Crack with Interface Elements 104 Figure C 3 Matrix inclusion and propagating crack with interface elements vertex 2 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 3 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 4 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 5 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 6 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 15 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 16 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 17 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 coincide vertex 16 vertex 20 xyz 7 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex curve order 2 curve order vertex 3 4 curve order vertex 1 curve 5 order v
44. e 5 1 Mesh Generation d indicates to the code a mesh size for nodes curves patches and regions that have not had their respective sizes explicitly set e represents the allowable tolerance for coincident nodes Two nodes within this specified tolerance will be treated as coincident nodes v check J check for tetra hexa Quadratic elements buggy Additional T3D commands can be specified Please consult the T3D manual Discrete Continuum will place an interface element in between all the edges of the elements Selective Mesh Generation enables the user to test the mesh by meshing only selected regions Save selective mesh bd file for testing debugging purposes Chapter 6 T3D2MERLIN After successful generation of the mesh by T3d t3d file the user must first define a control file ctrl and then run T3d2Merlin to create a Merlin input file All of the information required by the control file may be defined from the T3d2Merlin pull down menu The menu Fig 6 1 lists Title Keywords Material Element Groups AAR Properties Discrete Continuum Groups Eigenmode Analysis Loads Definition Incremental Material Update Generate Free Field Mesh Run Merlin Free Field Analysis Write ctrl file Generate Merlin inp file Figure 6 1 T3D2Merlin Menu Title Sect Keyword to specify the control commands Sect Material Element Groups For material definition Sect AAR Properties Sect Discrete Continuum G
45. e fF p Increment control Constant Pool Elevation Variable Pool Elevation Load Increment to p Entity type CurveLoad PatchLoad SurfaceLoad GroupLoad r Incremental hydrostatic load definition een Entity Group Name Elevation inc density Reservoir direction dir G Y dir zdr r External Hydrostatic data file Save loads Cancel Figure 6 29 Hydrostatic Load Definition Entity Number of the loaded entity Elevation inc Fluid elevation change per load increment Ah Fluid weight Fluid weight density force volume Direction of fluid height in global coordinates X dir Y dir or Z dir 3D only Note that in general a first load number must be defined which brings the water elevation to the base of the dam Then incremental water height Ah can be defined to raise the water at each increment 6 7 2 1 2 External File To facilitate data entry when a large number of hydrostatic loads must be defined Kumo allows the definition of hydrostatic load through an external file The external file should have an extension dat and have the following format e Hydrostatic Keyword to specify hydrostatic load e Comment if applicable NB Number of blocks in the file integer A block is a group of entities curves patches or surfaces having the same incremental hydrostatic loads such as upstream and downstream faces For each block Block i
46. e from the origin O which a slope equal to s This line intersects with curve 1 at point P 3 Draw a tangent line to the elliptical curve 1 at point P slope s2 until it intersects the tangent line originating from the staring and the ending points at point A and B respectively 4 Determine the distance d KumoNoSu User s Manual B 2 Cubic curve 99 Figure B 5 Specific Case of Elliptical Arc Cubic Curve 5 Control points CP and CP are then the points from the starting and the ending points with distance 2d in the direction of its tangent respectively KumoNoSu User s Manual Appendix C Examples of Finite Element Boundary Definition Output Files from PARSIFAL Program C 1 Matrix and Inclusion without Interface elements Figure C 1 Matrix and inclusion without interface elements Fig C 1illustrates an elliptical inclusion inside ellipse surrounded by a matrix box with a perfectly rigid interface outside ellipse between the matrix and inclusion The boundary description for this problem is defined using 8 vertices 8 curves 3 patches and 4 master slave relations The resulting bd file can be shown as follows C 1 Matrix and Inclusion without Interface elements 101 vertex 1 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 2 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 3 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 4 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 0000
47. e not recognized by KumoNoSu and will have to be manually defined Save bd file Once the boundary has been named the user may save the entity at any phase of devel opment C Phase I Nagawado Arch Datafiles Joints nag C Phase 3 Kasho Gravity Data Files 3 D Joints C Phase 3 Kasho Gravity Data Files 3 D Joints C Phase 3 Kasho Gravity Data Files 3 D Woints C Temp Kasho uplift kas 34 ss bd C Temp Uplifttest Uplift kas bd C Phase 3 Nagawado Arch Datafiles Joints nag C Phase 3 Nagawado Arch Datafiles Joints C Phase 3 Nagawado Arch Datafiles Joints C Phase 3 Nagawado Arch Data files Joints nag ki Figure 2 2 File Retrieval Save bd file as Save a bd file for the first time or with a new name 17 Export Will create an eps emf jpg bmp or gif file out of the current main window display Switch to Cracker which enables the automatic simulation of crack propagation in 2D only KumoNoSu User s Manual Chapter 3 Define Boundary The Define Boundary module enables the user to define all the entities which describe the boundary of the structure to be discritized Note this section deals only with the geometric definition of the structure loads material properties will be specified later This module Fig 3 1 will generate a bd file which in turn will be executed by the T3D module developed by Daniel Rypl Define Boundary Vertex Curve Patch Surface Region Entity Grou
48. e or over a patch The spring stiffness can be determined either from _ AE t K 3 1 where A is the tributary area of the spring automatically determined by KumoNoSu on the basis of adjacent elements E is the Young s modulus of the adjoining material automatically detected by KumoNoSu and t is the effective thickness to be specified by the user or can be explicitly given Fig 3 39 Figure 3 39 Elastic Boundary User is reminded that the spring connects an entity to a rigid support 3 17 Viscous Boundary 3 17 1 Discrete Dashpots Nodal 3 17 2 Continuous Dashpots Elements Viscous boundaries absorbs the energy from pressure and shear waves Damping of these waves is based upon the elastic properties of the continuum along the boundary Shear Wave V Pressure Wave Vp on C wad a 3 2 s 9 2 1 v A Mandatory information for all viscous boundaries Fig KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 18 Lumped Masses 41 Define viscous boundary conditions m Viscous BC Control BCH BR Accept Edit Clear r Viscous Boundary Formulation Type Interface Continuum Nodal Discrete r Entity Type Curve Patch C Surface r Interface Continuum Viscous BC Definition Entity po Mat ID seo Offset Distance l 1 000 r Nodal Discrete Viscous BC Definition Lysmer defined User defined Entity Mass density C dir Y dir Zedir Dampp D
49. e vertices Define xyz m Rebar vertices information Mat Verti Verti r Rebar x y 2 Information Save reinf Cancel Figure 3 27 Embedded Reinforcement KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 13 Cracks 35 3 13 Cracks 3 13 1 Crack Segments A Crack is composed of one or multiple segments The first step consists in defining those pairs of segments which will later constitute a crack Fig 3 28 Define Crack Segments from Front Tip to Mouth 1 Trac 220120 22012 2 EN 221120 22112 O 3 222120 22212 Patch v 223120 22312 5 Patch v 224120 22412 O 6 Patch v 225120 22512 o 7 Patch v 321120 32112 3 Patch v 322120 32212 O gt Patch v 323120 32312 O 10 Patch v 324120 32412 zB 44 Matel i anaman aar n New Segment Delete Segment Close Figure 3 28 Crack Definition Type which can be a curve patch or surface Upper Lower entities Note 1 Crack paths are always defined from crack front to crack mouth 2 Curve orientation i and j vertices in each segment must be from crack front to crack mouth 3 The two curves or patches composing each crack segment must be defined as Coincide 4 2D Crack segment upper and lower curves are prescribed according to the location of the crack front and Fig 3 29 Mouth i u LOWER UPPER Front Figure 3 29 Crack Orientation Definition for 2D Cases 5 3D Crack segment upper and lower patches are prescri
50. elds excellent results 1 With reference to Fig the user must begin by assigning the exact material properties for Construction all the materials or only the reference material id Kumo will assign an initial scaled value of E corresponding to the user entered value to the other groups Excavation Assign the exact material properties to all the elements 2 Specify the reference material group id the one with the exact properties 3 Specify the scaling factor for E corresponding to the ghost elements 4 Specify the order for construction excavation It should be noted that 2 increments are needed for each additional layer of excavation or construction Hence if not enough increments have been specified kumo will issue a warning message Fig 6 45 KumoNoSu User s Manual Merlin 3 1 5 6 7 Loads 82 Construction in 3 stages Legend Reduced properties Change E properties i i u Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 1 define material 1 real properties E v p define reduced properties for all the others E 0 p 0 apply gravity Body Force List only to material group 1 all increments Step 2 change material 2 properties E v p Step 3 apply gravity Body Force List only to material groups 1 and 2 all increments Step 4 change material 3 properties E v p Step 5 apply gravity Body Force List to material groups 1 2 and 3 all increments
51. ent s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Remember that this is an incremental load Load number Number of the current load for reference Vertex number Number of the vertex to be loaded Load magnitude inc Magnitude of the point load per load increment AP Load direction X dir Y dir or Z dir 3D only KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 64 6 7 1 4 Tractions Traction loads on curves patches or surfaces is defined as follows Fig 6 23 Define traction boundary conditions r Traction BCs Control ct p Increment control Load Increment to p Entity type Curve Traction CG Patch Traction es p Incremental traction definition Entity E Greup Name Normal traction t1 T Define tangential traction Tang traction t2 Tang traction t3 Local coord v1 Local coord v2 Local coord v3 Load Entity Type Inci Inci Figure 6 23 Traction Load Definition Load number number of the current load for reference Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type entity type to be loaded 2D curve only 3D curve patch or surface Entity number number of loaded entity Normal traction t traction load applied normal to the element surface positive tension negative compression Tang Traction t tn2 tangential traction components in the local y axis t and z axis tn2 tna traction onl
52. erest by a square then recursively partition squares into smaller squares until each square contains a suitably uniform subset of the input A 2 Triangulation The concept of Voronoi diagrams first appeared in works of Descartes as early as 1644 Descartes used Voronoi like diagrams to show the disposition of matter in the solar system and its environs The first man who studied the Voronoi diagram as a concept was a German mathematician G L Dirichlet He studied the two and three dimensional case and that is why this concept is also known as Dirichlet tessellation However it is much better known as a Voronoi diagram because another German mathematician M G Voronoi in 1908 studied the concept and defined it for a more general n dimensional case Very soon after it was defined by Voronoi it was developed independently in other areas like me teorology and crystalography Thiessen developed it in meteorology in 1911 as an aid to computing more accurate estimates of regional rainfall averages In the field of crystalography German researchers A 2 Triangulation 91 dominated and Niggli in 1927 introduced the term Wirkungsbereich area of influence as a reference to a Voronoi diagram During the years this concept kept being rediscovered over and over again in different fields of science and today it is extensively used in about 15 different fields of sciences Some of them being mathematics computer science biology cartography physiology and
53. ertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 6 order 4 vertex 6 5 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 15 order 4 vertex 16 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 1 2 1 2 2 2 curve 3 order 2 vertex 3 4 2 4 4 KumoNoSu User s Manual C 4 Matrix Inclusion and Two Propagating Cracks with Interface Elements 105 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 16 order 4 vertex 17 15 polygon 1 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 polygon 2 xyz 5 00000000e 001 2 50000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 weight 3 333e 001 curve 20 vertex 20 16 curve 21 vertex 20 17 coincide curve 20 patch 1 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 5 6 size 5 000e 002 property 1 patch 2 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 20 15 16 21 size def hole patch 4 normal 0 0000e 000 0 0000e 000 1 0000e 000 boundary curve 1 2 3 4 size 1 000e 001 property 2 subpatch 2 crack NLFM crack 1 structure curve 21 20 front2d 20 crack 2 structure curve 5 15 crack 3 structure curve 16 6 crack structure path 1 mat 3 crack structure path 2 3 mat 3 No
54. ffness damping 0 0 Mass damping foo 7 Nodal acceleration history input Accelerations incrementally specified C Accelerations prescribed in one block Figure 6 14 Data Entry for Explicit Transient Analysis KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 58 6 2 3 Strain Smoothing Options Merlin StrainSmooth instructs the computer to improve the values for nodal strain through iterations using the technique of Zienkiewicz Kui and Nakazawa No inversion of the consistent projection matrix is required thus the smoothing procedure is computationally inexpensive C Splitting instructs the computer to improve the values for nodal strain through iterations Very similar to StrainSmooth but C Splitting converges faster Default instructs the computer to calculate strain with a lumped projection matrix 6 2 4 Fracture Mechanics Options Merlin LEFM sets a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis for use in stress analysis only E J Integral specifies the J integral Rice Hellen and Blackburn to be used to indirectly calculate stress intensity factors from energy quantities S Integral specifies the S integral Stern and Hong to directly compute the stress intensity fac tors based on reciprocal work B Integral specifies the B integral Babuska and Miller for calculation of stress intensity factors based on energy release V Integral Specifies that the volume integral based on J is to be used to determine the SIF in
55. g and the ending points of the curve respectively Mathematically it can be represented by the following equation Dino wi Pi BE t a Wi B t where P t is the point on the curve P are Bezier control points w are weight of Bezier control points B7 is Bernstein polynomials t is an independent variable varying in range from 0 to 1 and n is the degree of the polynomial defining the curve segment Bernstein polynomial function is defined as P t B 1 B t yo a B 2 or recursively as BP t 1 1 BPN t BEY B 3 where Bf 1 The curve order is equal to the number of polygon points n 1 Therefore a 4 point rational bezier polygons results in a cubic curve whereas a 3 point one results in a quadratic curve In the mesh generator program the point Py and P correspond to the model vertices while the remaining points form the control polygon of the curve In the particle model the elliptical curve has been used to define the inclusion Therefore to construct the rational Bezier curve the control points of the elliptical curve must be determined based on the degree of the polynomial of the elliptical curve B 1 Quadratic curve 96 B 1 Quadratic curve In the T3D mesh generator used internally by Kumo the quadratic curve of the elliptical arc is defined as demonstrated in Fig a Figure B 2 Elliptical Arc Quadratic Curve Equations for each the variables shown in Fig B 2 can be sum
56. h damping if forces based on stiffness are being transferred In this case user must specify the damping factor ha corresponding to the frequency f 6 10 Run Free Field This will simply run all the free field analysis and then transfer the appropriate results to the merlin input data file of the main structure Fig 6 48 KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 11 Write ctrl file 85 Generate free field input Merlin free field runs complete All free field data has been transferred to main mesh Figure 6 48 Complete Free Field Analysis Message 6 11 Write ctrl file A ctrl file is needed to run the T3D2Merlin module It should be noted that the Merlin input data file will be assigned the same filename as the one of the ctr1 file 6 12 Generate Merlin inp file With all preliminary steps completed the user may generate the inp file for Merlin s analysis The inp file weds the geometric data t3d file to the material properties and load data ctrl file Fig 6 47 Note that if a parallel explicit analysis is to be performed user should specify the number of Generate Merlin inp File top PENDING FFDampeiT est test_cube_hexa inf Browse Domain decomposition parameters E inp filename TF Use domain decomposition Number of processors gt 1 Figure 6 49 Generate Merlin Input File processor and an internal domain decomposition will be performed KumoNoSu Users Ma
57. han O ah Ae ee a eed 84 AEREA he ak he IN dere 85 6 12 Generate Merlin inp la 85 7 Merlin File 86 A MESH GENERATIO 90 AT Tntrod ction e se 4 4 4 4 a oe we Gok ee ee re a Oe A ee ee hee a da 90 Bsa acini ho lh ab Mca te ph ek a hE A he 90 SL E 91 eee HG Chey Pa ae ae hE ee 91 Sted ABR tee AMO 92 A 3 2 Interior Node Generation 92 A33 Final Triangularization croacia RR AA ESS nie Os 94 B_Rational Bezier Curve 95 B1 Quadratic Curva oo a 0 3 0 a a o a eR Ee RA k 96 AR a AE Fen ets eee Tk a We ert PR Ee SEU aie ren te ae Mn eM a Sew as Bo 97 100 KumoNoSu User s Manual List of Figures eet ra eee Te Teer Terre ee ee ee er hee ee a AA eR ee er 2 1 File Management 2 2 File Retrieva EEE LER UBER a TEE ICE De ais ee oe a IE nn Eos E E arn ye ee es ee 3 11 Hyperbola Curve Definition 222222 ee A ee ET ere er es Ss OR RRGL ALE II eee Pia Mek een E pak ii a eee oh a Uat a Laine GAGA ed eae eS eee Ge eee ee ae se E ee ee 3 26 Master Slave Definition Example pea Ria rs sce eee E aren hn a ae a enna se ee tea LIST OF FIGURES 9 a sur E E eee eee 36 ce oes ies Re re ea 38 3 34 2D Example of an Interface Crack Upper and Lowen 22 22 2 Km m nn 38 3 35 2D Example of an Interface Crack Upper and Lowe 2 2 2 Km m nn 38 3 36 3D Exam
58. he other hand the Total load once applied remains in effect for all subsequent increments A note on KumoNoSu Merlin Loads Definition Dynamic Incremental load T Reactions to Forces E Displacement BC s Edit I Body Forces Edi e T Point Loads Edi ESS TI Edit I SecantNewton I Centrifugal Edi ee JT Nodal Temperatures Edit 7 Convergence acceleration TF Point xyz Temperatures Edit R LineSearch Edi r Convergence control Total load definition IV Maximum iterations 300 T Hydrostatic Edit IV EnergyEnor foo 010 IT Mud silt Edit Wwestergaard Zengar Edit IV RelResidEn 0 100 u Edit IV AbsResidErr Ra I Dynamic Upitt Edit IV DispEmor fo p Nodal Displacement Control Solution control T Reset zero displacements Edi 17 Indirect control Edit_ m Alkali aggregate reaction definition pst file control F Define AAR Eat SuppressPost Edt Dynamic analysis BC s p Staged Construction Excavation gt Dynamic analysis BC s gt F Acceleration Edit waere Accept Figure 6 19 Loads Type User s Manual 6 7 Loads 62 6 7 1 Incremental Load Definition 6 7 1 1 Displacement BC s Merlin Merlin considers the boundary conditions as an intrinsic part of the load Boundary conditions can be 3113 specified for individual vertices curve patch or surface Fig 6 20 The followinig must be specified Define displacement boundary conditions p Constrain
59. in Curve s sss e 24440 e a og RRR a a ee Se ei 54 6 2 1 8 _ Vserlurves o s snr s ua aa a ee we a eN 54 6 2 1 9 _BandwidthMi 6 2 1 10 RealTimeVien u e wars aha g a a aan 55 6 2 1 11 Restart on Increment e ce s eoe CE 55 AA E E E E TE 55 PETER A A aide oa ae 55 62 114 Split Output s saat soe ee Ge e ae et ee here an Bee 55 6 2 1 15 Split AA 55 6 2 1 16 Initial Temperature 6 2 2 Analysis Type Optiong s e s s se m onen 55 6 2 2 1 Implicit Transient coso rss k kadi 55 6 2 2 2 Explicit Transient 2 234 b 48046 Bees ar hd oe See be x 56 6 2 3 Strain Smoothing Options 58 6 2 4 Fracture Mechanics Options 58 6 2 5 Print OpPtIondi Dette an Ge ae ea rn Coe rl eeraa Wor Cha te SEAMEN Ge OY ee lap EE 58 6 3 Material and Element Group i Q o bayas dida obras liso 60 DERE e a O e a oe ee 60 A a ein a HA A a a A a en 8 61 6 7 1 Incremental Load Definition 62 6 7 1 1 Displacement BO 62 GCL Body Force certera es Pa ds Een OR aE ee oe Soe u 62 oa y ag hts ares eae Geek ee engine Go Boe ae 63 MECC EST Tee TT ee er ees ee een 64 6 115 Centrifugal o a Aa daa a Behe en bo BSS OR dd ne 64 AE 66 6 2 1 6 1 GULEN lt gd ges as en aa id ee RG a 66 6 7162 External Eilg 67 ae Boe A 67 6 7 1 7 1 GUI Specification 67 6 7 1 7 2 _ Extrnal File Input 2 2
60. in a mesh This is used for inserting holes in larger patches Additional optional parameters may be entered by double clicking on the patch id Factor Defines patch mesh size multiplication factor Fixed Vertices Defines vertex id of those vertices which lie inside the patch if any exist Fixed Curves Defines curve id of those curves which lie inside the patch if any exist Subpatches Defines the patch numbers of those patches which lie completely inside the patch For example hole patches are subpatches they are inside larger patches Boundary curves No 2 Defines a second set of boundary curves used for special circumstances only Control keys KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 4 Surface 27 Apply will accept all changes New patch will generate a new blank row for data entry Delete patch will delete that entity Prior to deleting KumoNoSu will check if this curve is not used subsequently 5 14 Cannot delete patch 4 it is used by region 1 Figure 3 14 Patch Delete Warning Rename Curve Allows the user to assign a new patch id Kumo will inform user if that curve id is already used Close will simply close the current GUI Max Curves Allows the user to increase the number of allowable curves which define a patch Careful if you decrease the current number you may lose data associated with patch having a large number of curves 3 4 Surface A surface is bound by three or four curves not necessarily copl
61. ity Magnitude of angular velocity w per load increment Axis point Ti j x Coordinates of a point on the axis of rotation Direction vector vi vj Uk Vector specifying the direction of rotation Note once defined centrifugal loading is applied to the entire model 6 7 1 6 Nodal Temperature 6 7 1 6 1 GUI Entry Figure 6 26 Nodal Temperature Load Definition r Data input options Manual temperature be definition Read external temperature data file r Temperature control TempBC 1 Accept Edit Clear 7 Increment control Load Increment to r Entity type control C Apply to AllNodes Apply to Selected Nodes Choose entity type C Vertex temp Patch temp Region temp r Total temperature definition Entity Group Name Temp at 0 elevation I Wariable Temperature temp ine 2 66 1 Must specify if temperatures are manually entered for each node or through an external data file see below 2 Load increments in which the temperature is to be specified Keep in mind that this is an incre mental load 3 A user specified temperature can be applied to all the nodes if we have a uniformm temperature or to selected entity vertex curve patch surface or region 4 User can specify One Temperature for all the nodes in the selected entity Two Temperatures for all the nodes in the selected entity a reference temperature if the z e
62. l 3 18 Lumped Masses 42 Zangar amp Westergaard lumped nodal mass definitions r Nodal mass control Mann N r Lumped mass type Zangar Westergaard r Entity information C Curve Patch C Surface Entity r Default water properties Si kgm sec N Pa Si Gg msec MN MPa Si kgmsec MN MPa C Eng lbiin sec psi Si kg mmsec N MPa C Eng kip in sec ksi Set default water properties r Nodal mass parameters Fluid depth in dir Fluid depth in Y dir Fluid depth in Z dir Fluid depth relative to dam base Fuad A levation Fluid weight Accel of Accel density gravity coeff Fluid Quake conan E modulus period K Case Entity Type Dir Elev Figure 3 41 Westergaard Added Mass Definition Nodal mass number for reference Lumped Mass type Westergaard or Zangar Entity type Curve in 2D or Patch in 3D Entity No entity number Axis defining reservoir depth X Y or Z in 3D K constant K constant for Westergaard equation defined by Westergaard as 51 0 lb ft or 8011 4 N m Water elevation Elevation of the reservoir surface note that this is not the relative depth of the reservoir but rather the elevation of the surface Water modulus Elastic modulus of the water may be taken as 300 kips in or 2 068 GPa Fluid weight weight per unit volume of the fluid Westergaard only Accel of gravity Acceleration of gravity Quake peri
63. l type has been selected KumoNoSu will then pop up a second window inside which the 2 2 3 user will enter the corresponding material properties Whereas more details about these can be found in the Merlin manual the sections below describe the data to be specified for each material type KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 4 AAR 60 Alkali aggregate reaction definition AAR material parameters control won r AAR Material Parameters r Strength Material group ID Tensile strength Compressive strength mAAR Model Saouma and PerottiModel Charlwood Model p Isothermal Volumetric Expansion Residual reduction factor in tension 0 1 Karum ie stan Fraction of tension pre AAR comp reduction EDS Upper compressive stress limit Patenes tine Shape factor for Gamma_c 20 r Thermodynamic properties Activation energy for characteristic time 15400 Degradation Activation energy for latency time 9400 Reduction factor for Young s modulus 1 0 Reference temperature of test Reduction factor for tensile strength 1 0 Figure 6 16 AAR User Interface 6 4 AAR Merlin 6 5 Discrete Continuum Groups Ta Merlin E ee Dis Cont Definition Control Entity Material Definition Pach ICM matio Figure 6 17 Discrete ContinuumUser Interface 6 6 Eigenmode Merlin Eigenvalue analysis is also possible Fig 6 18 There are two choices 35419 1 Natural frequencies and mode sha
64. levation is below a certain value and another one if the z elevation is above the specified elevation This is convenient for the upstream temperature of a dam where part of it is submerged by water and another is exposed to air Fig Note The GUI should be corrected to specify axis KumoNoSu User s Manual Merlin 32 1 1831 6 7 Loads 67 Air Temp Node Axis Temp 1 Temp 2 Elevation z If coordinate of node Node in direction 25 Axis is lower that Elevation then 5121 Air2 Temp assign temperature Temp 1 Otherwise assign Temp 2 Pool Temp For example 125 2 12 25 1250 125 512 2 12 25 1250 420 Node 125 will get temperature 12 and y node 512 will get temperature 25 x Figure 6 27 Definition of Variable Nodal Temperatures 6 7 1 6 2 External File To facilitate data entry when a large number of nodal temperatures must be defined Kumo allows the definition of nodal temperature through an external file The external file should have an extension dat and have the following format e Temperature Keyword to specify hydrostatic load e Comment if applicable e NB Number of blocks in the file integer A block is a group of entities vertices curves patches surfaces or regions having the same incremental hydrostatic loads such as upstream and down stream faces e For each block Block i e the file should include the string Block followed by an integer Vertex Curve Patch
65. ll as a direction vector Vz Vy Vz Note that vertices i and j would have been defined in the previous dialog box Fig 3 11 Additionally control points and weights may be defined by the user For subsequent editing of the curve parameters user should double click on the curve id Note that if a curve is not linear the smiley sad face would have a different color 3 3 Patch A patch is a two dimensional section in a plane A patch can be defined by multiple curves however all those curves must be co planar if not an unforseen error may occur During Patch definition the direction of the defined members is critical This direction must be counterclockwise with respect to the normal vector automatically determined by KumoNoSu and pointing outward If the curve definition from i to j vertex follows the counter clockwise orientation it is considered positive in the boundary curve definition If the curve definition is oriented clockwise it is considered negative in the boundary curve definition Fig Once the data has been accurately added or adjusted for a patch the user selects the Accept option from the Patch Control sub menu Once all vertex data has been entered accurately the user selects the Save patches button at the bottom of the Patch menu board Mandatory information for all patches Fig B 13 Fig Patch id number Required for reference in 2D required for region definitions in 3D does not have to be sequential B
66. location Stress component to monitor C Sigs C Sigyy C Sig ze C Sig xy C Sigyz C Sig xz Sig pr Cea Figure 6 4 Monitor Maximum Stress r Automatic crack propagation m jion Propagate after instances Automatic crack nucleation r Automatic crack branching TF Auto Branching Figure 6 5 Auto Crack Specification Automatic Propagation Allows merlin to remesh if a crack wants to propagate The user can specify the number of instances that crack stability requirements have been violated before remeshing takes place Violation occurs if the stress intensity factor exceeds the fracture toughness in LEFM or if the crack tip tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the material in NLFM Automatic Crack Nucleation Allows Merlin to interrupt the analysis if at some points the maximum tensile principal stress exceeds the tensile strength If desired the user can specify boxes inside which no crack nucleation can take place Automatic Crack Branching Will allow crack bifurcation 6 2 1 3 MultLDC u aia Merlin This option will allow the user to track the load displacement response of a set of nodes Fig 11 112 As data entry for this option can be confusing the user should understand that 1 One or more curves can be specified 2 Each curve will allow the user to specify load and displacement 3 The displacement can be either one of a specific node dof or the algebraic
67. ly along a crack equal to the upstream hydrostatic pressure There is no uplift pressure from the crack tip to the downstream face Ferc is identical to Full however there is a linearly varying pressure from the crack tip to the tailwater hydrostatic pressure Fig 6 33 KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 73 A A HW HW En Drains TW Ha Drains TW BR A rw HW HW H4 HW oa H4 lt TW H3 HW TW K L X L T X 1 K L X L TW a b H4 gt TW H3 HW TW K L X L T X 1 K L X L H4 A A HW HW Ha Drains ne Drains Im EF LT Et ta S DL EE _ ay EA will bow trw HB HASTW SDS T gt X and Piezometer readings not available c H4 gt TW H3 K HW H4 H4 d KumoNoSu Figure 6 33 FERC Uplift Loads User s Manual 6 7 Loads 74 Define uplift loads r Uplift Control r Data input options Manual upit load definitions Load number 1 ihe Metin onl steel oder C Feed vend pit bad data fie 7 Increment control T biel model type x P Full uplift FERC mode Define FERC data Edit Constant Pool Elevation Variable Pool Elevation C Variable uplift Load Increment to m 3D crack r General
68. marized as follows f ge B 4 cos 3 o a sin gt B 5 sin qe 5 2 Ja cos Z b sin 2 B 6 cos 5 2 2 Wo Wa B 7 w cos 5 B 8 a 0 27 a B 9 where wo w and wa are weights of the bezier control points The y coordinate of the control point CP is then determined by yop 6 B 10 a tan pj KumoNoSu User s Manual B 2 Cubic curve 97 In the general case where the starting and the ending points are not in the symmetrical pattern shown in Fig Fig B 3 determination of the control point and its weight requireds special attaintion Figure B 3 General Case of Elliptical Arc Quadratic Curve Assuming that S is the starting point of the curve 1 or 2 and E is the ending point of the curve 1 or 2 To determine the control point of both curve 1 and 2 first the tangent to the elliptical curve at the starting S and the ending E point are drawn and the intersection of the 2 tangent lines is the control point CP It was shown by that the weight wo and wa of both curve 1 and 2 are the same and are equal to 1 The weight w for both curve can be determined by following equations 1 Curve 1 M I A A B 11 Ta ias 2 Curve 2 M R ee A B 12 Top et where M is the coordinate of the mid point of the line SE J is the coordinate of the intersection point between the elliptical curve 1 and the line originating from the control point passing through point M and Ip is the coordinate of the intersec
69. monitor the accelerations vs time or increments at one or more vertices Define time acceleration parameters Time Acceleration Curve TA Curve Title 50 character max r T A Curve Definition o Verter He dot t ro Component 1 cuve 1 node 5 dof 1 facti Component 2 cuve 2 node 2 dof 1 fact Figure 6 7 Time Acceleration Curve Definition Case Number of the current monitoring point for reference Curve Title to identify it amongst other plots TA Curve Curve number that the current monitoring point belongs to Vertex Vertex number of the current monitoring point dof Degree of freedom to monitor acceleration compoment Stress component to monitor fact Factor to be applied to the acceleration displacement stress at the current monitoring point KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 53 6 2 1 5 TimeDispCurve Merlin Definition of one or more time displacement is performed using the Define time displacement parameters 1113 dialogs 6 8 Define time displacement parameters Time Displacement Curve TD Curve Title 50 character max rn y T D Curve Definition O Vertex tt dot te fio Figure 6 8 Time Displacement Curve Definition Case Number of the current monitoring point for reference Title to be assigned to the curve TA Curve Curve number that the current monitoring point belongs to Vertex Vertex number of the c
70. ncrement to coord y coord zco eie r Define material groups subject to point temps JT All material groups Material group ID s r Point temperature data file Generate external data file fram Merlin out file Figure 6 28 Point Temperature Load Definition Number of point temperatures Spatial dimension 2 or 3 e For each point temperature specify on one line id number integer starting with 1 x y z coordinates e For each increment specify on one line id number of point Temperature of the point Note temperatures are incremental hence the first increment de fines the base temperature and the second increment specifies the temperature increase decrease with respect to the previous one Hence for any increment n the temperature is equal to T NET 6 7 2 Total Load Definition Total loads are those which once applied remain constant in all subsequent load increments 6 7 2 1 Hydrostatic Merlin 6 7 2 1 1 GUI Entries BER Hydrostatic load is defined by Fig 6 29 Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type Type of loaded entity curve in 2D patch or surface in 3D Load number Number of the current load for reference KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 69 Define hydrostatic loads r Data input options Read extemal hydrostatic load data file p Constraint control Lot
71. ncrement from which the reactions must be 3 1 3 extracted i e generate the SaveReacts command in Merlin Then the user must also select those nodes and degrees of freedom with reactions which must be saved Currently Kumo allows for the extraction of all the reactions only if the user selects Auto Fill The user must then select the increment ranges from to to which those reactions must be applied as nodal loads Merlin 3 14 DOF1 DOF2 DOF3 8 curve vy vo fv Mm Extract From Increment fo Apply to increments R to oo Apply Add Entity Remove Entity Close Figure 6 39 Reactions to Load 6 7 7 Convergence Control 6 7 7 1 Convergence Control Convergence control Maximum Iterations specify maximum number of iterations Energy Error specify relative convergence tolerance in terms of energy recommended value product of displacement error and the absolute residual error Merlin ER KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 80 RelResidErr specify relative convergence tolerance in terms of residual forces 10 typically AbsResidErr specify absolute convergence tolerance in terms of residual forces Especially useful for stress analysis involving thermal gradients recommended value 10 DispError specify relative convergence tolerance in terms of displacements recommended value 1 6 7 7 2 Solution Method KumoNoSu enables the user to select any one of the following 1 Initial Stiffness which is the defaul
72. ned as positive if its normal points in a positive direction as defined by the global coordinates A negative sign during the Boundary patch definition must precede any patch that has a negative unit normal The Size defined in the Region definitions is weaker still than the Size defined in the Patch definitions The user edits regions in a similar fashion as vertices and patches insert the appropriate number and double click the field box Mandatory input parameters for all regions 3 18 Region id For reference does not have to be sequential KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 5 Region KumoNoSu 29 Curves 11 23 43 15 153 95 56 23 97 37 86 17 29 82 18 Surfaces 1 11 172315 2 43 82 37 35 Regions We daa gas ER Figure 3 17 Surface Crack Definition Define Regions 160 00000 160 00000 80 00000 160 0000C 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 160 00000 0 00000 160 00000 0 00000 Max Patches E New Region Delete Region Rename Close Max Surfaces Figure 3 18 Surface Definition User s Manual 3 5 Region 30 Material Material number associated with the current region Hexahedral User may specify if the elements to be generated in the current regions are Tetrahedrons default Hexahedral or a combination of the two Boundary patches List of patches composing the boundary of the region if any exist Boundary surfaces List of surfaces composing the boundary of the region if
73. ng stiffness damping parameter a for Rayleigh damping Mass damping mass damping parameter for Rayleigh damping Compute Rayleigh Damping coefficients to facilitate determination of the Rayleigh damping co efficients user can simply specify the two frequencies f Hz and corresponding damping KumoNoSu will then compute the coefficients and plot them Fig 6 13 OrthoMass Parameters if an earthquake is not aligned with a principal axis user can use orthomass to define an orthotropic mass matrix the two or three y coefficients each less than 1 premultiply the mass matrix along that direction 6 2 2 2 Explicit Transient Merlin Initial time step time increment which should be very carefully determined to ensure stability 1 35 Coefficient for critical timestep see Merlin Manual Stiffness and Mass Damping for Rayleigh damping Nodal Acceleration Definition check if accelerations are defined in each increment or if the acceler ations are prescribed in a single block Merlin 3 4 1 10 2 KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 57 EE gnuplot graph lolx Variation of Modal Damping Ratios 0 3 0 25 0 2 0 15 Damping 0 1 0 05 Rayleigh Damping 3 Natural Frequencies Hz Mon Feb 17 12 43 55 2003 Figure 6 13 Computed Rayleigh Damping Coefficients Define explicit transient analysis parameters m Explicit transient analysis parameters Initial timestep Coefficient for critical timestep 0 1 Sti
74. nual Chapter 7 Merlin Files MerlinToolBox Windows based driver for the following three programs KumoNoSu Mesh Generator Merlin Finite Element analysis program Spider Graphical postprocessor MATLAB Based Drivers for Parameter Identification through Least Square Minimization q Merlin Tools Box s o x File name Browse Figure 7 1 Merlin Toolbox Extension Usedby Generated by gt Merlin Specific Files Merlin input file KumoNoSu T3D2Merlin Merlin output text files Merlin Spider input file Merlin T3D input file KumoNoSu T3D output file T3D T3D2Merlin input file KumoNoSu Beaver Beaver KumoNoSu Beaver KumoNoSu Beaver Table 7 1 File Types 87 Preprocessor Postprocessor Figure 7 2 Program Interactions KumoNoSu User s Manual u jee DEFINE BOUNDARY GENERATE MESH DEFINE MATERIAL PARAMETERS cl bd file t3d file AND LOAD CASES ctrl file CREATE MERLIN INPUT FILE inp file RUN MERLIN ANALYSIS VIEW RESULTS Figure 7 3 Program Interactions KumoNoSu DEFINE BOUNDARY GENERATE MESH DEFINE MATERIAL PARAMETERS gt gt bd file 13d file AND LOAD CASES ctrl file y CREATE MERLIN INPUT FILE FOR DYNAMIC STEP 1 INPUT FILE oneness USING SAME bd AND t3d FILES DEFINE A NEW c
75. oNoSu User s Manual 6 3 Material and Element Groups 59 PrintStress prints nodal stresses from a stress analysis to the output file PrintStress GP allows user to print Gauss points stresses from a stress analysis to the output file PrintTemp prints nodal temperatures to output file following heat transfer analysis PrintHead prints nodal heads for a seepage flow problem to output file PrintPress prints nodal heads in form of pressures to output file following seepage analysis PrintFlux prints nodal fluxes to output file following heat transfer or seepage flow analysis Print_t_sif prints mode I stress intensity factors for each time increment of dynamic crack propagation analysis This option must be used together with Transient Impact and LEFM PrintVeloc prints nodal velocities 6 3 Material and Element Groups KumoNoSu keeps track of a the number of material and element which must be defined and b if the problem is 2D or 3D Hence when the Material tag is selected the user is prompted to identify those Fig Merlin material and element control a Isotropic linear elastic mate 0 000e 000 Figure 6 15 Material Input Data Element Type This is done by indicating simply the type of element only those possible in the context of the current analysis are enabled the others are greyed out Merlin 232 The corresponding Constitutive Model Again only those possible are enabled Merlin Once a materia
76. ocess can be repeated recursively It is important to note that the first patch selected should have an outward normal To deactivate a selection user must click again on a previously selected patch When the user selects Create a new region is created with the selected patches surfaces Kumo will attempt to determine the sign of the patches surfaces id s based on the first one defined such that the outward normal ones have a positive id number User should open the region definition menu and assign to the newly created region the proper parameters such as material group 3 11 Master Slave Master slave nodes in the FE mesh may be defined in KumoNoSu through the master slave pair defi nition dialog Both vertex pairs and curve pairs may be defined in the dialog In the case of M S curve KumoNoSu Users Manual 3 12 Embedded Reinforcement 33 Figure 3 24 Patch Surface Selection with the Mouse pairs all nodes in the FE mesh that coincide with this curve will be M S nodes Fig Mandatory Define Master Slave Pair ID Master Slave Master Slave Type 1 5 3 M S Vertex Pair wv 2 1 8 M S Curve Pair v Mi e Pair M S Patch Pair M S Surface Pair Save M S New M S Figure 3 25 Master Slave Definition information Master Slave counter This id will never be explicitly referenced it is just a counter Master Slave pairs Entity type Specify if the M S pair is a vertex curve patch or s
77. od Period of the earthquake motion Westergaard only Relative fluid depth Relative depth of the reservoir 3 18 2 User Defined This feature must be checked KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 19 Extrude 43 Ordinary lumped nodal mass definitions Lumped mass control E number Lumped mass information C Vertex C Curve Patch Surface Entity Mass area Case Entity Entity type Mass area I Figure 3 42 Lumped Mass Definition 3 19 Extrude The extrude capability Fig 3 43lenables the user to begin with a 2D mesh definition and then extrude it into a 3D mesh along the z axis by a user specified length Extrude to 3D Extrusion options Extrusion length Figure 3 43 Extrude Interface KumoNoSu User s Manual Chapter 4 View 4 1 View Settings 4 1 1 Viewer Config Fig I 4 1 2 Selective Display Fig wee View Settings x Viewer Config Selective Display Domain Display Loads Display Creation Control p Label Display Arrow Display T Mees Labels I Curve Directions Curve Labels TE Patch Normals Patch Labels I Surface Normale I Suface Labels Scale Size 1 az I Region Labels en e I Rebar Labels Geometry Display Camera Projection Fil Type Boundary Orthogonal View WireFrame C FE Mesh Linear Perspective View C Hidden Line C FE MeshandFieeFied xv vz xz Sol IZ Display Nodes I Display C
78. on is the initial session for File 1 New Ctri N Open bd file Open 3d file Open ctrl file Open inpfile Open parallel inp files Open b2k file Import DXF Save bd file Ctri S Save bd File As Export Switch to Cracker Exit Figure 2 1 File Management the project there is no need to select the File task New Wipes out the memory and enable the definition of a new bd file Open bd file If the user has previously created a boundary file and wishes to run another trial using the same boundary the user should Open boundary file KumoNoSu will present the user with the available bd files stored in the default directory Even if stored in directories other than the default directory other bd files are available by directory search Fig Open t3d file This will allow the user to open an existing mesh generated by t3d The user may not modify the mesh defined in this file Open ctrl file This file contains the load and material properties information used by T3d2Merlin to generate a Merlin inp file Open inp file to retrieve a Merlin file There are few instances where this is needed Open Parallel input file Eanables the user to select one of the multiple files previously generated by KumoNoSu through its domain decomposition algortihm Open b2k file Opens a file coming from Beaver Import dxf file Import a dxf file AutoCad KumoNoSu will attempt to map vertices and curves Surfaces and Regions 3D entities ar
79. ons models during the time step to automatically determine Newmark s coefficients KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 56 Define implicit transient analysis parameters y Transient analysis solution type C Alpha Method ol Transient analysis parameters delta T Alpha Constant acceleration in a time step Linear acceleration in a time step C User defined parameters Beta Gamma r Nodal acceleration history input Accelerations incrementally specified Accelerations prescribed in one block r Rayleigh damping parameters J Define damping parameters Stiffness damping Mass damping 0 0 r Calculate Rayleigh damping parameters 1 Hz damping_1 2 Ha damping_2 Cale damping Plot damping r Otthotropic mass multipliers I Define OrthoMass parameters gamma_X gamma_Y gamma_Z Figure 6 12 Data Entry for Transient Analysis Newmark beta coefficient for Newmark s time integration only if user defined Note that Ku moNoSu predefines 3 as 1 4 and 1 6 for constant and linear acceleration over the time step Newmark gamma y coefficient for Newmark s time integration only if user defined Note that KumoNoSu predefines 8 as 1 2 and 1 2 for constant and linear acceleration over the time step Nodal Acceleration Definition check if accelerations are defined in each increment or if the acceler ations are prescribed in a single block Stiffness dampi
80. ontaining the nodal acceleration history This file should contain ti Axi Ayi Azi pst file data dump Increment interval at which to write analysis results to the pst output file for viewing with Spider KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 78 Define acceleration boundary Lo F Generate harmonic acceleration history ss es as Figure 6 38 Acceleration Specification KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 79 Constraint type Entity type receiving acceleration bcs vertex or curve in 2D vertex curve or patch in 3D BC Number of current acceleration be for reference Entity Number of the entity to receive acceleration bes DOF Degree of freedom to receive acceleration bcs 6 7 5 1 Harmonic Excitation In some applications it is desirable to generate a harmonic excitation curve and apply it to the structure If this option is selected then the following additional data must be specified amar Maximum acceleration magnitude frequency Frequency of the harmonic motion Hz At Time step for the harmonic motion may be overwritten by KumoNoSu if too large to capture the harmonic motion total t Total time of harmonic motion 6 7 6 Reactions to Load To identify the reactions which should be saved by Merlin and then applied as loads through the Merlin Keyword SaveReacts and Reacts2Loads user must invoke Reactions to load Merlin Once selected Fig 6 39 the user must first specify the i
81. ormation It should be noted that the order of the four curves which compose the surface is dependent upon the outer side of the surface i e the side that defines the exterior of the model Hence curves are ordered clockwise around the outer side of the surface and the following rules apply Fig For this surface Curve 1 21 45 Curve 2 45 Curve 3 20 Curve 4 52 21 52 Outward direction Figure 3 16 Surface Definition 1 If only 1 or 2 nonconsecutive curves in a surface are order 3 do not specify a polygon for the surface 2 If 2 or more consecutive curves in a surface are order 3 a polygon must be specified for the surface 3 If only 1 or 2 nonconsecutive curves in a surface are order 4 do not specify a polygon for the surface 4 If 2 or more consecutive curves in a surface are order 4 four polygon coordinates must be specified for the surface 5 If 1 curve is order 3 and the previous or subsequent curve is order 4 two polygon coordinates must be specified When defining cracks bounded by two adjacent surfaces then The two surfaces must be identically defined i e the first vertex of the first curve must have the same coordinates for both surfaces Fig 3 17 3 5 Region In three dimensional models the regions must be defined A region defines a volume Just as curves comprise boundaries define patches patches and or surfaces combine to define the boundaries of a region For a region a patch is defi
82. ot yet implemented Elastic Boundary To apply elastic springs at a vertex along a curve or on a patch surface Sect 3 16 Viscous Boundary To apply a nodal or continuum dashpot at a vertex along a curve or on a patch surface Sect B 17 Zangaar Westergaard Lumped Mass To determine and apply added masses along a curve or on a patch surface Sect 3 18 1 Ordinary Lumped Mass Manually defined Sect Extrude to 3D To extrude a two dimensional mesh into a three dimensional one Fig 3 19 3 1 Vertex To define a vertex the user must specify a vertex number note vertex numbers need not be sequentially numbered To edit an existing vertex its id must be entered and then user must click on Edit Fig B 2 ertex definitions coincide Factor fixed to curve a 0 000000 0 000000 o 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 0 000000 0 ae gt New Vertex Delete Vertex Rename Vertex Close Figure 3 2 Vertex Definition Mandatory information for vertices Vertex id Not necessarily sequential Coordinates Vertex coordinates are entered for a two dimensional model the z coordinate field is left blank in the grid table Optional information KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 2 Curve 20 Size The Size field allows the user to specify a dimension
83. oundary curves List of curves completely defining the patch KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 3 Patch 25 Curve control point definitions pr re Ds c C vertex i vertex j Figure 3 10 Parabolic Curve Definition Curve control point definitions a b distances from r 3 b hyperbola max min point to Intersection point the intersection point for the for 2 hyperbola hyperbola tangent lines Figure 3 11 Hyperbola Curve Definition KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 3 Patch 26 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 Figure 3 13 Patch Definition Material Material number associated with the current patch only for 2D models Material number must be assigned to two dimensional patches The material properties associated with the Material number are defined later from the T3D2Merlin pull down menu using the Element Groups menu Optional selections Size Defines mesh size for a patch The Size field for a patch defines the strong dimension of elements within the vicinity of the patch The Size assigned within the Patch definition menu is weaker than the previous two Size definitions and always defers to previous definition Coincide Defines patch number that is coincident with the current patch For crack modeling in three dimensional space Coincide Patch defines the two surfaces initially occupying the same space Hole Defines that this patch is a hole it will not conta
84. ows Fig 6 30 Define mud silt loads r Constraint control tte p Increment control Load Increment to p Entity type Cuveload PatchLoad SufaceLoad Group Load r Incremental mud silt load definition Passive Entity Group Name Elevation inc Fluid weight pressure coeff C dir O Y dir Zdr Load Type Entity Inci Incj Axis Elev Fluid KA Save loads Cancel Figure 6 30 Mud Silt Definition Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type Type of loaded entity curve in 2D patch or surface in 3D Load number Number of the current load for reference Entity Number of the loaded entity Elevation inc Fluid elevation change per load increment Ah Fluid weight Fluid weight density force volume Passive pressure coeff Passive pressure coefficient for lateral pressure due to mud silt k coefficient Direction of fluid height in global coordinates X dir Y dir or Z dir 3D only As for hydrostatic load a first load number must be defined which brings the mud elevation to the base of the dam Then incremental mud height Ah can be defined to raise the mud at each increment KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 71 Define Westergaard pseudo h Figure 6 31 Westergaards Added Mass Load Definition KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 72 6 7 2 3 Westergaard Merlin Westergga
85. pes of the structures determined from K AM Ju 0 6 1 2 Eigenmodes and mode shapes of the stiffness matrix only K ADu 0 6 2 this is an important feature when a nonlinear analysis is performed as it enables the analyst to check the number of zero or the decrease of the lowest ones eigenvalues as damage progresses inside the structure Eigenmodes can be computed either for all increments or for selected ones KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads Define eigenmode analysis op tions u p Eigenmode calculation control Eigenmode eig file I Calculate stiffness eigenmodes K only IV Calculate structure eigenmodes K and M I Print eigenmodes to out file Number of modes to calculate fi 2D LysmerTesteia Browse p Incremental calculation control IV Calculate eigenmodes for all load increments Case i IV White to eig file Load Increment to p Eigenmode calculation control Accept Edit Clear Figure 6 18 Eigenmode Specification 61 In both cases the user must specify the number of eigenmodes to be determined the larger the number the longer the CPU time Results can be printed on a separate file selected by browse This file in turn can be viewed by Spider which will display and animate the mode shapes 6 7 Loads The load group is divided into two parts Incremental and Total The Incremental group of loads is a load applied only for the specified increments On t
86. ple of an Interface Crack 2 sc eri w aaa age a ee 39 3 37 Rebar Crossing a Crack nn BU ee ee ae Dawe re ee 39 3 38 Example of Rebar Crossing a Crack 2 2 2 Hm m a a 40 3 39 Elastic Boundaryl nes xica aa 9 0 2 8 a te ade ne ee a hs oe ed e 40 3 40 Viscous Boundary a aeisi e ae sed eke Wp 0 Aenean God ed Ae se a A N 41 Be a da PhS Rss does 42 Lh bed ase ee eher odios 43 Spt aia in feet ek ded AG a den Eee 43 a wes Ben eb pete eee ae 44 Tara deba ra bob a eee oe ee ee eee ase 44 ELA SG hohe oak beets Ree nee ee en oe 45 ada e Bee ee rd 45 4 5 Creation Controle 2 a a a PA A ee a E N N 46 4 6 KumoNosu Setting s a ccsa ico mana E AA ana ee 46 AT Kimonosy Settings o e u 200 e604 a a a ada dd 47 AS Lisht Settinesg ET 47 Sul Mesh3Gener tionle pop da aa ee ee ee a aie an A itty santos wer aan a ase eves eee Dr 48 la a a Re ee er 50 ee se ERS ee ees Do 50 ee ee ee 51 PETE E 52 6 8 Time Displacement Curve Definition o 53 6 9 Time Stress Curve Definition 53 6 10 Time Strain Curve Definition 22 2 2 caraca rerna caora erae 54 6 11 User Defined Curva 54 6 12 Data Entry for Transient Anal I ii ara E a OS we eh Se ed 56 6 14 Data Entry for Explicit Transient Analysig oep ea h a Hebb dad e 57 6 15 Material Input Data 6 16 AAR User Interfacd 22 2222 Coon e 60 Be doen yar AA 60 a Be dee we ae he 61 bb Ooi Fa AGE be PGA ES eae
87. ps Mouse Vertex Creation Mouse Curve Creation Master Slave Embedded Reinforcement Crack Segments Discrete Cracks Crack Bridging Crack Library Elastic Boundary Viscous Boundary Zangar Westergaard Lumped Mass Ordinary Lumped Mass Figure 3 1 Boundary Definition Menu Vertex to define individual points called vertices Sect B I Curves are one dimensional curves or lines connecting vertices Sect 3 2 Patch Define planar entities composed of 3 or more curves Sect 3 3 Surfaces Define non planar entities composed of 3 or 4 curves Sect Regions which are three dimensional objects defined in terms of patches or region Sect Entity Groups To lump together various basic entities for easier reference later such assign a traction to multiple patches Sect Mouse Vertex Creation Using a background grid define vertices with the mouse Sect Mouse Curve Creation Using existing vertices define new curves Sect Master Slave to tie force entities vertices curves patches or surfaces to have identical displace ments Sect Embedded Reinforcement to define steel reinforcement perfectly bonded to the surrounded contin uum Sect B 12 3 1 Vertex 19 Crack Segments can be line or surface discontinuities with or without interface elements Sect Discrete Cracks Define crack entities from previously defined crack segments Sect Crack Bridging If a reinforcement crosses a crack Sect Crack Library n
88. rd s pseudo hydrodynamic added masses are determined as follows Fig 6 31 341173 Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type Type of loaded entity curve in 2D patch or surface in 3D Load Number of current load for reference Entity number of the loaded entity Axis Axis defining reservoir depth 1 X 2 Y 3 Z 3D only Elevation inc Elevation of the reservoir surface per load increment note that this is not the relative depth of the reservoir but rather the elevation of the surface Rel depth Relative depth of the reservoir K constant K constant for Westergaard equation defined by Westergaard as 51 0 Ib ft or 8 011 4 N m for water Fluid weight Weight per unit volume of the fluid Fluid modulus Elastic modulus of the fluid may be taken as 300 kips in or 2 068 GPa for water Gravity g Acceleration of gravity Seismic period Period of the earthquake motion Accel coeff Lateral acceleration as a fraction of gravity Pressure type Positive towards dam or negative Note that if the earthquake excitation is not along the stream axis than an orthogonal model of the added mass must be specified Fig 6 32 Z W y Y qe a 0 0 j a M m 0 a 0 x u 0 0 a a Figure 6 32 Westergaards Orhtogonal Added Mass Load Definition 6 7 2 4 Uplift Merlin 6 7 2 4 1 GUI Definition 3 4 1 7 4 Two uplift models are implemented in KumoNoSu Full is when we have an uplift pressure on
89. re path 3 property 3 crack structure path 4 property 3 Unlike the example with a single propagating crack in which the interface around the inclusion was treated as a single crack path this geometry requires that 4 crack paths are defined one for the left propagating crack one for the right propagating crack and two paths around the inclusion top and bottom The rest of the boundary description is similar to that of the single crack example There are 3 total patches one for the inclusion a second composed of the inclusion and the two cracks defined as a hole and a third which is composed of the matrix C 5 Matrix and Interior Crack with Interface Elements Fig illustrates an interior crack red lines surrounded by a matrix yellow box The boundary description for this problem is defined using 8 vertices 8 curves 1 patch 2 crack segments and 2 crack paths The resulting bd file is on the next page This input file generated by Kumonosu at 14 21 05 on 11 29 01 vertex 1 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 2 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 3 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 4 xyz 1 00000000e 000 1 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 5 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 6 xyz 5 00000000e 001 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 7 xyz 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 0 00000000e 000 vertex 8 xyz 0 00000
90. roups To enable the generation mesh with interface elements in between all the elements Sect Eigenmode Analysis Sect Loads Definition Sect Incremental Material Update to modify material properties within load increments Sect Generate Free Field for dynamic analysis with radiation damping and active free field Sect Run Free Field Perform the finite element analysis of the free fields and define the boundary condi tions for the mesh Sect Write ctrl File Save the cntrol file Sect Generate Merlin inp file Sect 6 1 Title 50 6 1 Title The user may provide a description the contents of the input file within this field This line will be written verbatim into the beginning of the Merlin input file Fig Merlin file title q Merlin file title Figure 6 2 Title Data Entry It is strongly recommended to include the selected units in the Title 6 2 Keywords The Keywords menu allows the user to define general control options for the subsequent Merlin analysis Fig Merlin Control Keywords m General options r Fracture mechanics options I Monitor max min stress Edit JE LEFM with ICM FE NLM IT AutoCrack Edit tions gt LEFM options I MukLDCurves Edit elements ContourPath Radius IV Time ccelCurve Edit JT S ntegral Be J TimeDispCurve Edit I TimeStressCurve Edit T TimeStrainCurve I UserCurves CE r Print options Y BandwidthMin 17 Pinan T FrintReact I PrintTemp
91. surfaces and patches are the minor entities of regions KumoNoSu User s Manual 1 2 Kumo Layout 14 Pe REGIONS s High level PATCHES SURFACES y t CURVES CURVES y VERTICES VERTICES Low level Figure 1 4 Hierarchy of Model Representation 1 1 2 Mesh Size Density In the process of generating a finite element mesh it is highly desirable that one can control the mesh gradation or density Hence wherever the strain energy gradient is highest such as in zones of stress concentration we have a refined mesh For unstructured meshes this can be controlled by the size of an entity for triangular 2D or tetrahedral 3D meshes In Fig we note how the reduction of the size parameter results in denser uniform mesh over the entire patch 4 3 Consider a 2D square boundary 4 vertices 4 curves 1 patch prescribe a single size to the entire patch l VZ S SE FR WAL SA NY KORAN IN AAA DE A RI wala ORE SA Ce gt ZN size 1 size 0 5 Figure 1 5 Concept of Mesh Size For structured meshes composed of quadrilaterals in 2D or hexagonal in 3D mesh density can be controlled by the count concept Fig count 1 or size 1 0 count 2 or size 0 5 count 4 or size 0 25 Figure 1 6 Concept of Mesh Count Finally gradation of the mesh can be accomplished by assigning different
92. t control act p Increment control Load Increment to p Constraint type Vertex Displacement Patch Di Curve Displacement C Surfa User Group Displacement p Incremental constraint definition Entity Group Name disp inc E dof BCH Entity Type dof Disp inch Figure 6 20 Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current bc This enables the user to specify the same boundary conditions for some or all the increments Constraint type Entity type to be restrained vertex or curve in 2D vertex curve patch or surface in 3D If the selected entity type has minor entities associated to it such as the end vertices for a curve or curves to a surface patch those minor entities may be restrained also by selecting Restrain associated minor entities DispBC Number of the current bc for reference only Entity Number of the entity to be restrained DOF Degree of freedom to be restrained If every dof of the current entity is to be restrained select Restrain all dof to do so disp inc Displacement magnitude per increment usually zero which is the default value 6 7 1 2 Body Forces Merlin The body forces are defined by specifying the acceleration of gravity to be applied to all or selected 1 3 material group Each group in turn would have had its mass defined separately Hence we can have a material with a mass thus subjected to an accelera
93. t mode for Merlin 2 Secant Newton 3 Tangent Stiffness and Line Search may also be specified 6 7 7 3 Convergence Acceleration 6 7 8 Solution Control If an indirect solution control such as crack opening displacement is selected Fig 6 40 The SpecifyCOD Figure 6 40 Indirect COD Solution Control Define COD control gt Specify COD control mu m Increment control Load Increment to Vertex displacement information COD magnitude Reference vertex Moving vertex r Relative displacement vector vr vy vz _ SS Y COD Inc_i Inc_j Refnode Movenode delta_u a Save COD option enables the user to control the step size for the modified Newton algorithm by specifying a relative displacement component between two nodes de Borst 1986 de Borst 1987 Load Increment from first and last load increment COD Magnitude The magnitude of the prescribed relative displacement component Au Note that this is not necessarily a crack opening displacement Reference vertex reference node KumoNoSu User s Manual Merlin 322 Merlin 325 Merlin Merlin B3 12 Merlin B3 11 Merlin 8 3 2 Merlin 3 3 3 6 7 Loads 81 Moving vertex second node vector components The three components v of the vector v defining the direction of the relative displacement component The magnitude of the prescribed relative displacement component and the direction
94. te that vertices 5 and 15 share the same coordinates as do vertices 6 16 and 17 Vertices 16 and 17 which form the mouth of the crack are labeled as coincident The crack propagating from the inclusion is formed using curves 20 and 21 coincident with vertex 20 serving as the crack front Curves 5 15 and 6 16 also share identical properties However these curves combine to form separate patches with curves 5 6 forming patch 1 and curves 15 16 with curves 20 and 21 forming patch 2 Additionally patch 2 is defined as a hole since it is providing the interface connection between the inclusion patch 1 and the matrix patch 3 Patch 2 serves as a subpatch for patch 3 Two separate crack paths are considered The first is the crack propagating from the inclusion This crack path is defined by a single crack segment formed by curves 20 and 21 with the crack front at vertex 20 The second crack path surrounds the inclusion and is formed by two crack segments curves 5 15 and 6 16 C 4 Matrix Inclusion and Two Propagating Cracks with In terface Elements Fig C A illustrates an elliptical inclusion inside ellipse surrounded by a matrix box with interface elements outside ellipse between the matrix and inclusion Additionally cracks extends from the right and left sides of the inclusion triangle This crack while represented by a triangle with a finite crack mouth opening in the above picture is considered to have a zero thickness in
95. tion force but without gravity load such as the rock foundation in a dynamic analysis of a dam Fig 6 21 Load Number of the current load for reference Load increment s Two possible cases 1 If all materials are subjected to body force only specify the increment in which body forces are first required If only select materials are subjected to body force specify the beginning nd end load increments for this material group list KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 63 Define body force m Body force control r Body force definition Starting Increment to fall Acceleration vi A vii vk IT Apply body forces only to select material groups E Case Inci Inej Accel Vector Group Save body force Figure 6 21 Definition of Body Forces Acceleration Magnitude of the acceleration applied to the materials Vi Uj Uk Components of the vector defining the direction of acceleration Select groups If option 2 is required check the box and defined the select material group numbers that are subjected to body forces Careful this is for material group and not regions or patches 6 7 1 3 Point Loads Merlin Fig 6 22 3 4 1 4 DDeinenndstsonenee m Point Loads Control gt Increment control Load Increment to r Incremental point load definition C dir C Y dir Zar Vertex number Load magnitude inc am Figure 6 22 Point Load Definition Load increm
96. tion point between the elliptical curve 2 and the line originating from the control point passing through point M B 2 Cubic curve In the T3D mesh generator the cubic curve of the elliptical arc is defined in Fig All equations of each variables shown in Fig B 4 are summarized as follows 2a a B 13 1 2c0s5 sin B 14 3 T 20082 2 sin Q Q 2 2 cos b2 sin B 1 s 1 20083 a cos 5 b sin 5 B 15 Wo W3 1 B 16 KumoNoSu User s Manual B 2 Cubic curve 98 Figure B 4 Elliptical Arc Cubic Curve 1 2cos amp Wy w Ze oe B 17 a 0 2n 57 B 18 where wo w1 wa and wg are weights of the Bezier control points The control points CP and CP are the points which have the distance s from starting point SP and the ending point EP in the direction of the tangent line to the curve at the starting and the ending points respectively In the case where the starting and the ending points are not in the symmetrical pattern as shown in Fig and both points are opposite to each other as shown in Fig B 5 The value of the weights of the Bezier curve are still the same as shown in Eq and However the coordinates of both control points CP and C P gt can be computed as follows From Fig B 5 suppose SP and EP are the starting and the ending points of curve 1 1 Draw the tangent line to the elliptical curve at the SP and EP and determine the slope of the tangent s 2 Draw a lin
97. tric data set This is saved into a ctrl file Finally a finite element analysis algorithm may process the expanded data set into the Merlin inp file Fig 1 1 Concepts of Boundary Representation The role of the boundary representation for T3D is as a geometrical description of individual model entities and representation of their topological relationships Fig 1 3 1 1 Concepts of Boundary Representation 13 Boundary Description TSP Finite Element Mesh T3dmerlin saa ud Merlin Input Data File inp Control Data Br ecu oa Figure 1 2 KumoNoSu s File Types VERTICES LINEAR CURVE PATCH P we P o Py Py P Py P RATIONAL BEZIER CURVE RATIONAL BEZIER SURFACE aP a a x A e x Figure 1 3 Entities Recognized by KumoNoSu Vertices points in x y z space Curves defined by 2 end vertices may be linear quadratic or cubic Patches planar collection of curves Surfaces non planar defined by 4 curves Shells non planar collection of curves Regions set of non self intersecting boundary surfaces patches and shells 1 1 1 Hierarchy Those entities are defined hierarchically Fig 4 Lower level entities which belong to higher level entities are called the Minor entities of that higher level entity Hence e Vertices are the minor entities of curves e Vertices and curves are the minor entities of patches and surfaces e Vertices curves
98. trl FILE TO GENERATE THE DYNAMIC STEP 2 INPUT FILE RESTART FILE RUN MERLIN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS WITH RESTART PROVIDED BY STATIC pst FILE inp file RUN MERLIN STATIC ANALYSIS VIEW RESULTS pst rtv eig Figure 7 4 Program Interactions KumoNoSu User s Manual 89 Entity Geometry Topology q Region free List of boundary surfaces patches and shells List of fixed vertices curves surfaces patches and shells Surface Rational Bezier surface 4 bounding curves List of fixed vertices curves and surfaces Parent region or surface Regions on both sides Patch Plane List of boundary curves List of fixed vertices and curves Parent region Regions on both sides Shell Rational Bezier surface List of boundary curves List of fixed vertices and curves Parent region Regions on both sides Curve Rational Bezier curve 2 bounding vertices List of fixed vertices and curves Parent region surface patch shell or curve List of connected surfaces patches and shells Vertex Point Parent region surface patch shell or curve Parent vertex List of fixed vertices List of connected curves Table 7 2 Hierarchy of Model Represenatation KumoNoSu User s Manual Appendix A MESH GENERATION A 1 Introduction Finite element mesh generation is now an integral part of a finite element analysis With the increased computational capabilities increasingl
99. uplift definition Crack ID Elevation inc Fluid weight Manual definition of 3D crack vector Reservoir along avis Xaris Y axis Zas 3D crack vector vx vy v2 Uplift pressure direction g a i a eres Both sides Lower side Upperside Load Type ID Inci Inc Ans Elev Fludweight r External Uplift data file Save loads Cancel Figure 6 34 Uplift Load Definition KumoNoSu defines the uplift as follows Fig 6 34 Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Uplift model type Full uplift or the FERC model Load Number of the current load for reference Crack Path Number of the crack path subjected to uplift pressures Axis Axis defining reservoir depth 1 X 2 Y 3 Z 3D only Elevation inc Fluid elevation per load increment Fluid weight Weight per unit volume of the fluid Crack prop axis Global axis which defines the direction of crack propagation necessary for 3D uplift only Crack surfaces subjected to uplift Both sides lower surface only or upper surface only If the FERC model is used Fig 6 33 then additional data must be entered Distance from crack mouth to the drain This is an average distance Drain efficiency e 0 lt e lt 1 where 1 corresponds to full efficiency e Before it is intersected by the crack If there is no drain specify 0 e After it has been intersected by the crack Drain elevation Verti
100. urface pair patch and surface pairs in 3D only NOTE all vertices or curves defined as M S must also be defined as coinciding entities Fig 3 26lis an example of master slave definition 3 12 Embedded Reinforcement Embedded reinforcement to be added to the MERLIN input file may be defined in KumoNoSu through the reinforcement definitions dialog Fig 3 27 Two methods are available for embedded reinforcement definition by existing vertices or definition by end coordinates Either of these options may be selected in the Definition type section If definition by vertices is chosen the information is imputed in the Rebar vertices information section The material number for the reinforcement beginning vertex number Vert i and ending vertex number Vert must be defined If definition by coordinates x y z is selected the information is inputted in the Rebar x y z information section The material number x y z coordinates for the beginning i vertex and x y z coordinates for the end j vertex must be defined After the requisite information is imputed click Accept to save the reinforcement definition When all rebars have been defined click Save reinf to save the information and close the dialog box KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 12 Embedded Reinforcement 34 Figure 3 26 Master Slave Definition Example Embedded Reinforcement definitions Rebar Control pa r Definition type Defin
101. urrent monitoring point dof Degree of freedom to monitor fact Factor to be applied to the displacement at the current monitoring point 6 2 1 6 Time Stress Curve A Merlin Definition of one or more time stress is performed using the Define time stress parameters dialogs LATA TimeStrsCrv option in Merlin Define time stress parameters T S Curve Control oma Dem r T S curve title 7 T S curve definition Vertex G Sige C Siow C Siaze C Sigye C Sigxz C Siow C Sig pl C Sigp2 C Sig p3 Figure 6 9 Time Stress Curve Definition Case Number of the current monitoring point for reference KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 2 Keywords 54 TA Curve Curve number that the current monitoring point belongs to Title to be assigned to the curve Vertex Vertex number of the current monitoring point component Stress component to monitor fact Factor to be applied to the acceleration displacement stress at the current monitoring point may be useful to convert units 6 2 1 7 Time Strain Curve Definition of one or more time strain is performed using the Define time strain parameters dialogs 6 10 TimeStrnCrv option in Merlin Figure 6 10 Time Strain Curve Definition Case Number of the current monitoring point for reference TA Curve Curve number that the current monitoring point belongs to Title to be assigned to the curve Vertex Vertex number of the current monitoring point
102. urrounding nodes are enclosed in the disk If so the node in question is regenerated An alternative approach consists in Cervenka J 1994 1 2 Generating a triangularization compatible with the initial nodes Check lengths of the edges If an edge does not satisfy the prescribed size r a new node is inserted in the center of the edge The prescribed size is interpolated between those of the vertices at each end of the edge Repeat this operation until convergence Smoothen the elemnts to assure appropriate aspect ratios A 3 3 Final Triangularization With boundary and interior nodes generated 1 2 Determine the Voronoi polygons Perform a Delaunay triangularization 3 Smoothen the mesh to ensure that all generated elements have a satisfactory aspect ratio It should be noted that recent algorithms which can generate quadrilateral elements out of the Delaunay triangularization have recently emerged KumoNoSu User s Manual Appendix B Rational Bezier Curve The rational Bezier curve is determined by a control polygon as shown in Fig P Figure B 1 Example of Rational Bezier Curve and Its Control Polygon The curve generally follows the shape of the control polygon the first and the last points on the curve are coincident with the first Py and the last point P3 of the control polygon and the the first and the last segments of the control polygon coincide with the curve tangent at the startin
103. urve Counts I Depth Fogging I Display Reinforcement IV Display Elastic BC Export Image Figure 4 1 Viewer Configuration I viewsettings E Viewer Config Selective Display Domain Display Loads Display Creation Control Selective entity information T Vertex owe fre SCS r Pah TS F Surface o a I Region D a I Cracks aooo a I Rebar Po F Display unselected elements as semitransparent Display selected entity Display all entities Figure 4 2 Selective Display 4 1 View Settings 4 1 3 Domain Display Fig 1 3 4 1 4 Load Display Fig 4 4 4 1 5 Creation Control Fig u KumoNoSu 45 ETA Viewer Config Selective Display Domain Display Loads Display Creation Control Exploded view Scale Figure 4 3 Domain Display Define displacement boundary conditions m Constraint control m Increment control Load Increment to r Constraint type C Vertex Displacement Patch Displacement Curve Displacement Surface Displacement ser Group Displacement 7 Incremental constraint definition E I dof Entity Group Name T YV dot o I Zor IT Restrain all dof disp inc BCH Entity Type dof Disp inct Figure 4 4 Load Display User s Manual 4 2 Kumonosu Settings Figure 4 5 Creation Control 4 2 Kumonosu Settings 4 3 Settings 46 The user may wish to set or adjust the Preprocessor settings Fig This ena
104. urves x The vertex id 8 was referenced in curves 14 13 11 and changed to 7 Figure 3 3 Vertex Rename Warning Close will simply close the current GUI Note 1 Table can be sorted in ascending descending order of any of the column values Fig 2 Dulicate vertex numbers are highlighted 3 the smiley icon means that the vertex is used at least once in a curve definition whereas the sad icon means that the vertex is an orphan and is not referenced by any curve This may happen if the vertex is Fixed on a curve or patch and is used to have its displacements monitored 4 User can use the usual Ctrl C and Ctrl V to copy and paste into the matrix 3 2 Curve Curve is a compulsory keyword Mandatory information for all curves Fig Fig Curve id Required for patch surface and shell definitions does not have to be sequential KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 2 Curve 21 New Vertex Delete Vertex Rename Vertex Close Figure 3 4 Vertex Reorder Duplicate Warning Curve definitions Figure 3 5 Curve Definition KumoNoSu User s Manual 3 2 Curve 22 from to Curve start and end vertex numbers The direction of the curve is from the Vertex i to Vertex j While the user may assign any direction to the curve he would be well advised to utilize a convention that facilitates COUNTER CLOCKWISE element a patch in two dimension models construction Optional information Size The Size
105. us total uplift pressure Hence the very first increment should bring the uplift pressure to the dam reference elevation Unit weight of water yw Id of the global coordinate axis along which the uplift is applied x 1 y 2 2 3 Directions of uplift forces 0 both sides 1 lower side 1 upper side Direction of crack from upstream to downstream a 2D User must simply define direction of 1 if along x and 2 if along y b or 3D User must define a vector Ug Vy Uz from upstream to downstream direction If FERC Model is specified continue on the same line by inserting FERC Distance from crack mouth to the drain Drain efficiency e 0 lt e lt 1 where 1 corresponds to full efficiency before it is intersected by the crack If there is no drain specify 0 Drain efficiency after it has been intersected by the crack Vertical distance between the crack subjected to uplift and the drain Tail water elevation or water elevation at the end of the crack measured with respect to the crack subjected to uplift Note that this is NOT incremental but the total elevation Total base length of the dam from upstream to downstream In 2D User must specify the length in 3D If left as 0 then Merlin internally computes this length if non zero then Merlin will consider this value as the length Note that this is not the projected length but the actual curvilinear length of the crack 6 7 2 5 D
106. ut file there is no need to write the mesh data as those may be coming from the restart file 6 2 1 13 InitAnalflag Missing 6 2 1 14 Split Output Merlin In some analysis the ASCII output file may be too large for the operating system or for the editor This L721 option enables the user to split the output into multiple files each containing the results of n increments 6 2 1 15 Split pst In some analysis the pst output file may be too large for the operating system This option enables the user to split the pst file into multiple files each containing the results of n increments 6 2 1 16 Initial Temperature Merlin This is the stress free initial temperature needed only for AAR analysis 11 0 6 2 2 Analysis Type Options DispMethod tells the code that the analysis will be traditional structural finite element analysis Heat Transfer allows the user to specify that a heat transfer analysis be to be performed Selection of this option will preclude selection of analysis options relating to stress or seepage problems Merlin 13 6 SeepageFlow alerts the computer to an impending seepage flow analysis problem Thermo elast option not yet available Poro elast option not yet available 6 2 2 1 Implicit Transient Merlin For transient analysis user must specify Fig 6 12 131 Integration Scheme Newmark s 3 method or Hughes a method delta T corresponding to the AT of the transient analysis Hughes alpha coefficient Accelerati
107. ve a temperature bc select Apply to all nodes e If the selected entity type has minor entities associated to it such as the end vertices for a curve those minor entities may be included by selecting Apply to associated minor entities KumoNoSu User s Manual 6 7 Loads 77 TempBC Number of current bc for reference Entity Number of the entity receiving temperature bcs Temp inc Temperature change AT per load increment 6 7 4 2 Head Head load is defined as follows Fig 6 37 Define fluid head boundary cons Incremento efine fluid head boundary conditions Load Increment to m Application type en C Curve Head m Incremental constraint definition Head Vertex Curve head inc fi p Application control Head Headtype W CH Inci Incj Head a Figure 6 37 Head Load Definition Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type Type of loaded entity vertex or curve Head Number of current head for reference Entity Number of the entity receiving the head bes Head inc Head per load increment 6 7 5 Dynamic Analysis This option is intended to be used for the application of an acceleration history for a dynamic analysis Since the history is applied at load increment 1 of the dynamic analysis no load increments or intervals may be specified Fig Mandatory information Acceleration history file Name of text file c
108. vector components are floating point numbers and the node numbers are integers The relative displacements in the global coordinate system are defined by subtracting the displacements for the moving node from the displacements for the reference node The direction vector v is not required to be a unit vector the program utilizes it before computing the relative displacement component For two dimensional analyses the third component v of the vector v is not input it is only input for three dimensional analyses 6 7 9 pst File Control This option Fig enables the user to minimize the size of the pst file used both for restart and for the graphical postprocessor Spider User can specify Case Case number for reference Load increment Specifies the range of increments inside which the pst file is to be written at fixed interval different from the default of 1 Write data to pst file every Interval of pst file update Define SuppressPost intervals r SuppressPost control Cm r SuppressPost intervals definition Suppress all post from increment to increment Except every 1 increments item 1 Inci 1 Inc 1001 Intervak 201 Figure 6 41 Suppress pst Output 6 7 10 Staged Construction Excavation Staged construction excavation can be approximately simulated by the algorithms shown in Fig 6 42 and respectively Though clearly an approximation this approach was relatively simple to implement and yi
109. vertex 5 15 2 vertex 6 16 masterslave 3 curve 5 15 masterslave 4 curve 6 16 masterslave masterslave Note that vertices 5 and 15 share the same coordinates as do vertices 6 and 16 Additionally curves 5 15 and 6 16 share identical properties However these curves combine to form separate patches with curves 5 6 forming patch 1 and curves 15 16 forming patch 2 Additionally patch 2 is defined as a hole since it is simply providing the connection between the inclusion patch 1 and the matrix patch 3 Patch 2 serves as a subpatch for patch 3 In order to enforce the rigid connection between the matrix and the inclusion master slave relation ships are defined for vertices 5 15 and 6 16 and for curves 5 15 and 6 16 These relations effectively KumoNoSu User s Manual C 2 Matrix and Inclusion with Interface Elements 102 join the matrix and inclusion in the resulting MERLIN inp file C 2 Matrix and Inclusion with Interface Elements Y 4 3 PR Figure C 2 Matrix and inclusion with interface elements Fig C 2 illustrates an elliptical inclusion inside ellipse surrounded by a matrix box with interface elements outside ellipse between the matrix and inclusion The boundary description for this problem is defined using 8 vertices 8 curves 3 patches 2 crack segments and 2 crack paths The resulting bd file can be shown as follows This input file generated by T3d preprocessor at 15 56 28
110. y active for 3D models Local coordinates v1 va v3 Vector defining the local coordinate system for the element surface only required for 3D models Fig 6 24 Note that for 2D problems the traction is defined for unit thickness hence Merlin will internally multiply the thickness t 6 7 1 5 Centrifugal The Centrifugal option enables the user to define the incremental centrifugal forces for stress analyses This option is to be used when the centrifugal or gravity forces varies along a structure such as in tests performed inside a centrifuge or electromagnetic forces Fig and the force is given by F mw r 6 3 where w is the angular velocity rad s Load number Number of the current load for reference Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load KumoNoSu User s Manual Merlin B 4 1 5 Merlin SAL 6 7 Loads 65 t 2 z L 1 y ti x y KumoNoSu Figure 6 24 Direction of Traction load Define centrifugal loading y Centrifugal Load Control trat p Increment control Load Increment to r Incremental centrifugal load definition Angular velocity inc Rot axis point x Rot axis point y Rot axis point z Direction vector v_x Direction vector v_y Direction vector v_z Load Inc_i Inc_j Ang Vel r y ES Save loads Cancel Figure 6 25 Centrifugal Load Definition User s Manual 6 7 Loads Angular veloc
111. y more complex structures are being analysed Those structures must be discretized The task is one of developing a mathematical model discretization or tessalation of a continuum model This is not only necessary in finite elment analysis but in computer graphics rendering also In computer graphics we focus on the boundary representation and assign colors and shades on the basis of light source and outward normal direction of the polygon Hence in the most general case meshing can be defined as the process of breaking up a physical domain into smaller sub domains elements in order to facilitate the numerical solution of a partial differential equation Surface domains may be subdivided into triangle or quadrilateral shapes while volumes may be subdivided primarily into tetrahedra or hexahedra shapes The shape and distribution of the elements is ideally defined by automatic meshing algorithms 1 Point placement followed by triangularization discussed below 2 Sub domain removal Elements are gradually removed from the domain one ata time until the whole domain is decomposed int finite elements 3 Recursive subdivision The domain is broken into simpler parts until the individual parts are single elements or simple regions that can be meshed directly for instance by the conformal mapping algorithm 4 Hierarchical decomposition The basic principle of a quadtree or hierarchical decomposition is to cover a planar region of int
112. ygon 2 1 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 polygon of a 180 deg circular arc from polygon point 1 of curve 2 to polygon point 1 of curve 1 in plane yz polygon 1 2 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 polygon 2 2 xyz 1 2 4 weight 0 111111111111 110 KumoNoSu User s Manual
113. ynamic Uplift to insert 6 7 3 Reset Nodal Displacements This enables the user to rest the nodal displacements but not the stresses or the state variables to zero after a certain increment Fig 6 35 KumoNoSu User s Manual Merlin 341 78 Merlin 31 2 6 7 Loads 76 Reset zero Nodal Displacements Define increment s with zero ed displacements cent Figure 6 35 Reset zero Displacments Definition 6 7 4 Heat Transfer Seepage Loads MUST BE COMPLETED CHECK POWER POINT FILES 6 7 4 1 Temperature Temperature nodal loads can be specified not only for thermal effects but also for any other physical phenomena causing expansion such as Alkali Silica Reactions in conjunction with a pseudo coefficient of thermal expansion defined in the material properties Fig 6 36 Define temperature boundary ae m Increment control Load Increment to r Entity type Verte C Curve temp Patch t Surface temp Region temp Apply to all nodes JE Apply to associated minor entities m Incremental constraint definition TempBC Entity temp inc Eu m r Application control Temp Entty Type Inci Incj Ten o Figure 6 36 Temperature Load Definition Load increment s Define load increment or increment interval for current load Entity type Type of loaded entity vertex or curve in 2D all entity types in 3D Note that e If every node in the FE mesh is to recei

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