EMM-8EL User Manual - Diamond Systems Corporation
Contents
1. 15 ON A DIVE 16 MEE eI olio UIS RR 17 EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 2 SYSTEMS 1 IMPORTANT SAFE HANDLING INFORMATION WARNING ESD Sensitive Electronic Equipment Observe ESD safe handling procedures when working with this product Always use this product in a properly grounded work area and wear appropriate ESD preventive clothing and or accessories Always store this product in ESD protective packaging when not in use Safe Handling Precautions This board contains a high density connector with many connections to sensitive electronic components This creates many opportunities for accidental damage during handling installation and connection to other equipment The list here describes common causes of failure found on boards returned to Diamond Systems for repair This information is provided as a source of advice to help you prevent damaging your Diamond or any vendor s embedded computer boards ESD damage This type of damage is usually almost impossible to detect because there is no visual sign of failure or damage The symptom is that the board event2. Emerald MM 8EL XT PCI 104 Express 4 or 8 Port Multi Protocol Serial Port Module 1 1 gt vom s cmm _ PANNAAN A x a gt re L LII With A 01 e o ee 11 1144444 Wo fttt H ls ct Pa Nets HERE Sn 4115 bi ua INL 2 E NE CU 9 5 s Qui E m X TM LE 2 ood n a Wes Opto isolation November 2014 in EEEE EEEE r ESEESE 544441115 50111411445 IN 1 00211010445 24 lt 13555141151 gt Lad LI gt gt 1 Ps M Ue m a Revision Dae Comment 8 21 2014 Initial release 11 20 14 Minor update to pin out FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT PLEASE CONTACT support diamondsystems com Copyright 2014 Diamond Systems Corporation 555 Ellis Street Mountain View CA 94043 USA Tel 1 650 810 2500 Fax 1 650 810 2525 www diamondsystems com SYSTEMS CONTENTS 1 Important Safe Handling Information 1 1111 llleeeee eee e LLL eeeeeeeenn eene enun annee ena a sanas ann sean ansa anna rrr 3 2 INTOG CON PORNO 4 21 BE SCIPION aininccatmestitaciecvestentanenncatac
3. The microcontroller is configured using a series of registers that provide control over the various options The microcontroller contains built in flash memory which is used to store the configuration for automatic reload on power up or reset The microcontroller manages several configuration features e Serial port protocol RS 232 RS 422 and RS 485 independently programmable port by port e RS 485 121 ohm termination resistor enable disable e urn on timing of ADUM5402 isolated power devices e Board configuration readback number of ports and isolation non isolation e Programmable blue LED e Heartbeat to indicate circuit alive e Auxiliary data acquisition circuit on 10 pin I O header with ESD protection Application software is provided to communicate with the microcontroller and configure all features on the board EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 9 SYSTEMS 4 5 Host Bus Interface The EMME series interfaces to the host SBC via a single PCle x1 link on bank 1 of the PCle 104 connector The module implements the PCle 104 Express one bank connector and the board layout supports the installation of the full size 3 bank connector on the top and bottom sides The PCle lanes on the first bank are shifted according to the requirements of PCle 104 and a multiplexor selects lane 0 or lane 3 depending on whether the board is installed above or below the host SBC All signals on banks 2 and 3 are pa
4. SYSTEMS 3 3 104 Bus The 104 PCI bus connector is provided on the top side to enable the mounting of additional I O boards The PCI connector is non stack through top side only and is located in the standard PCI 104 location Its pinout is as defined in the PC 104 Plus specification available on www pc104 org The pins are jumper selected and are protected with a polyswitch resettable fuse 3 4 PCle 104 Bus The PCle 104 connector follows the PCle 104 Express standard This one bank connector is connector A with the following pin out USB OC PCle Reset 3 3V 3 3V USB 5 USB 6 USB 5 USB 6 Gnd Gnd PCle 4 T PCle 1 T PCle 4 T PCle 1 T Gnd Gnd Gnd Gnd PCle 1 R PCle 0 R PCle 1 R PCle 0 R Gnd Gnd Gnd Gnd PCle 4 Clk PCle 1 Clk PCle 4 Clk PCle 1 Clk 5V_SB 5V_SB Gnd SMB Data SMB Clk SMB Alert EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 8 SYSTEMS 4 KEY SUBSYSTEMS 4 1 UART The UART is the Exar XR17V358 XR17V354 octal quad UART with PCle interface These UARTs feature several advanced features 256 byte TX RX FIFOs for better reliability and lower system overhead during high speed transmission Auto RS 485 transmit mode for compatibility with standard RS 232 drivers This is accomplished by tying the EN485 pin on the XR17V358 354 to ground e High speed data rates 1Mbps in RS 232 10Mbps in RS 422 RS 485 4 2 Serial Protocol Transceivers Th
5. transceivers with high speed ESD and open circuit protection 5 422 485 termination programmable 15KV ESD protection on all serial ports Independent 2500VRMS isolation port by port with individual I O connectors for each port Staggered turn on of isolated power devices for reduced power on inrush current 8 digital I O or analog input lines PClex1 host interface using PCle 104 OneBank connector Onboard microcontroller to manage all configuration options with flash memory for configuration storage and automatic recall Latching connectors for increase ruggedness Comprehensive software suite enables easy configuration and control 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 Operating System Support Linux 2 6 16 2 6 27 2 6 31 and 2 6 32 Windows XP 2000 Windows Vista and 7 Mechanical Electrical Environmental PCI 104 Express form factor 3 55 x 3 775 40 C to 85 C ambient operating temperature MIL STD 202G shock and vibration compatible Power input 5VDC 596 EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 4 SYSTEMS 2 2 Models The following Emerald MM 8EL XT models and cable kits are available Model of Ports Isolation Cable Kits Description EMM 8EL XT 8 Yes CK EMM 8EL 8 serial cables 1 digital analog cable EMM 4EL XT 4 Yes CK EMM 4EL 4 serial cables 1 digital analog cable EMM 8E XT 8 No EMM 4E XT 4 No 2 3 Functional Block Diagram The Emerald MM 8EL X
6. 5V logic chip the chip will be damaged and the damage could even extend past that chip to others in the circuit EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 3 SYSTEMS 2 INTRODUCTION 2 1 Description The Emerald MM 8EL XT is a family of PCle 104 OneBank serial cards offering 4 or 8 serial ports with or without opto isolation The module is based on a high speed UART with 256 byte TX RX FIFOs and auto RS 485 transmit control The EMM 8EL XT fits a wide variety of embedded serial I O application needs Each port is independently isolated with an ADUM5402 isolated power signal chip plus additional isolators for control signals All features are programmable including protocol and RS 485 line termination An onboard microcontroller interfaces to the GPIO pins on the UART and provides control of the configuration options The microcontroller also manages staggered turn on of the ADUM5402 devices to limit power on inrush current configurations are stored in the microcontroller s flash memory and are automatically reloaded on power up The board is in the PCI 104 Express form factor with the PCle 104 one bank bus connector for cost reduction Functions 8or 4 RS 232 422 485 serial ports with programmable protocol Datarates RS 232 mode up to 1Mbps 5 422 485 modes up to 10Mbps XR17V358 XR17V354 PCle interface UART with 256 byte FIFOs Models available with or without opto isolation SP336 multi protocol
7. T block diagram is shown below EMME 8EL XT BLOCK DIAGRAM 4 equivalent circuits ports 1 4 Isolation bypass option TX RX ADUM5402 SP330 RS 232 RTS CTS Isolation Multiprotocol lt 422 RS 485 4 optional XR17V358 equivalent circuits Octal ports 5 8 121 Ohm Protocol UART select EN485 GPIO PCle x 1 8 GPIO PCle Mux PIC18F87K22 6 A D 2 GFIO 3 3V Top Bottom PCle 104 PCle 104 Bank 2 PCle 104 Bank 3 PCI 104 DC DC One Bank Pass through Pass through Pass through Connector optional optional optional nl Version 3 EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 5 2 4 Board Layout The Emerald MM 8EL XT connector locations are shown below ZUM hi T 111111111111 T 3 EB eee an o PCI 104 Me ak T iii c B Ju i EX IN i bhasan r we ETT JR y ZW Me 3 PCle 104 one bank 2 5 Connector Summary The following tables list the Emerald MM 8EL XT board connectors Connector Description Port 1 8 DAQ PCI 104 PCle 104 EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 Serial ports 1 8 connectors Data acqu
8. cession a total of 8 transmissions GPIO Configuration The user enters the direction configuration byte and direction byte The program writes the two bytes to the board in the configuration register and direction register GPIO Input The program reads the 8 GPIO lines and returns their values Only the bits which are set for digital input are valid GPIO Output The user enters the desired output value in Hex The program writes the value to the output register Only the bits which are set for digital input are valid Head Write RAM Flash register The user selects RAM or Flash address in Hex and data in Hex if a write operation The program executes the given command This command may be used to directly write to any valid RAM or Flash register It therefore provides an alternative method to perform various functions above It also provides a way to read write unassigned registers Configuration Configuration settings include the serial port configuration and the serial port power on settings They do not include the PIC configuration A D vs GPIO and GPIO direction These settings must be done individually with other program commands or by the user s application program On power up or reset the PIC I O is always set to GPIO and input direction by default Configuration is done by editing a configuration file in a text editor and giving it a unique name This file may then be used to configure boards in a production environm
9. ck Vibration MTBF Dimensions Weight RoHS Compliant EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 SYSTEMS 4 or 8 RS 232 422 485 software programmable RS 232 1Mbps RS 422 485 10Mbps 16550 compatible octal UART 256 byte TX RX FIFOs SP330 multiprotocol transceivers one per port Programmable RS 422 485 termination Independent 2500VRMS isolation port by port 15KV protection on each port PIC with flash to manage and store configurations Staggered turn on of isolated devices for reduced power on current 8 programmable digital I O lines 7 can be configured for 12 bit analog input lines Programmable analog input ranges 0 2 048V or 0 3 3V PClex1 host interface using PCle 104 connector Latching connectors for increased ruggedness 4 5 VDC 5 todW at 5V Windows 7 XP 2000 and Vista Linux 2 6 16 2 6 27 2 6 31 and 2 6 32 40 to 85 5 to 95 non condensing MIL STD 202G compatible MIL STD 202G compatible 579 352 hours at 20 3 55 x 3 775 90mm x 96mm Conforms to PCle 104 OneBank form factor 71g 2 502 Yes www diamondsystems com Page 17
10. e board is unresponsive Configuration Readback The program performs two steps 1 It reads the configuration register and reports its value and interpretation 00 4 ports no isolation 01 4 ports isolation 10 8 ports no isolation 11 8 ports isolation 2 The program reads the software revision at address Ox3F and reports its value ADUM5402 Enable Configuration The user enters enable disable selections for each of the 8 ports and presses OK The host transmits the selected configuration to the board s power enable register ADUM5402 Turn on Delay Configuration The user enters values for the initial turn on delay and the inter port turn on delay in milliseconds and then presses OK The host transmits the selected configuration to the board s turn on delay and inter port delay registers a total of 2 transmissions EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 11 SYSTEMS LED Control The user selects On or Off and presses OK The host transmits the selected configuration to the board s LED register Protocol Select and Line Termination The program sequences through all 8 ports one at a time numbered 0 7 For each port the user enters the desired protocol If the protocol is RS 422 or RS 485 the program asks for line termination enable disable and the user enters that option Once all 8 port configurations are entered the program transmits the configuration data to the board in suc
11. e transceivers are SP336 with RS 232 RS 422 and RS 485 protocol capability Each serial port uses its own transceiver for opto isolation purposes Each port s protocol is selected with 2 data lines from the onboard microcontroller 4 3 Isolation Isolation is provided via several methods The serial port signals are isolated an Analog Devices ADUM5402 power signal device that provides power for the isolated transceivers plus isolation of the TX RX RTS and CTS signals These isolator devices exhibit significant inrush current on power up so they are powered up one by one with a programmable delay between devices to limit peak inrush current to just one device instead of 4 or 8 The power on control is provided by an onboard microcontroller drivint a FET that switches the 5V supply to the ADUM5402 e two protocol configuration control signals are isolated via a separate dual opto isolator he RS 485 121 ohm termination resistor is enabled a photoMOS solid state relay with very low on resistance The SSH is controlled with a data line from the onboard microcontroller Isolation of serial port signals and protocol select signals can be bypassed with the installation of 0 ohm resistors The RS 485 termination isolator is required and cannot be eliminated 4 4 Microcontroller All configuration is done via an onboard microcontroller which interfaces to the host via a custom serial interface using the UART s GPIO lines
12. elay 2 510 even numbers 2 Inter Port Delay 1 255 Read Write Command Address 0x00 Ox7F Board is present Data 0x00 OxFF Configuration register value 1 Configuration 8 ports non isolated Software revision Oxid Load Configuration from file 1 Store configuration to file Store configuration to flash Store Flash configuration to file Read RAM and Flash from board EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 15 SYSTEMS 7 SOFTWARE DRIVER The software driver can be used to control or read back the features on the EMM 8EL XT Linux and Windows compiled libraries are provided to customers for use with these operating systems The driver is also provided in C source code so it can be integrated into other operating systems Driver Function List EMM8EL_GetConfig EMM8EL_SetConfig SerialPortConfig EMM8EL_SerialPortEnable EMMSEL SerialPowerConfig EMMSEL lOConfig EMM8EL_ADConfig EMM8EL_ADConvert DiOInputBit EMM8EL_DIOOutput EMM8EL_DIOOutputBit EMM8EL_LED EMMSEL CreateConfigFile Write EMM8EL_Read Status Returns board s complete configuration data from the controller s flash otores a complete configuration dataset into the on board controller s flash and or RAM Configures a serial port for protocol and termi
13. en miedmuusiaetesustentaponkaasueestteanieshaskapenhaaiceriid sauces 4 22 oo MER E E E E E 5 2 9 F nctonal Block bendi ankle E RR nai Ea ARAR aE Fabi RED xi ARRE RPAN 5 2A DOANE LAV OUN MN 6 25 Connector SUMMA PE E m Eep 6 3 eae ciren E E E E E 7 31 enal POMS 126 OM Mee c OH TRARRE 7 32 DataAcgquisition resins niise ri deea araeir ia E anaes ireann 7 FERII E IEE A EEE EE A AE EA E EE 8 VO BU E EE EE EEE EE TE AEE 8 ME ESSI E 9 9 42 Serial Protocol siad a saam risa ass cr sas dass 9 zo MES s RENTE TT 9 4 4 Microcontroller M 9 4 5 Host Bus 10 4 6 Power SUpply ee 10 5S Ov Ii pri 10 25 e UU EL EE 11 ST MEE eroe iile CT 14 6 GUI Console
14. ent A board s configuration may also be read back and stored in a file to be used on other boards Load configuration from file The user enters a path and filename The program loads the file and displays the configuration data with appropriate formatting This data becomes the new current configuration in the program If the file is not found an error message is returned This is the only way to modify the program s current configuration Display current configuration The current configuration is displayed with appropriate formatting EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 12 SYSTEMS Store configuration to RAM The program stores the current configuration to the RAM registers on the board The current configuration must previously have been loaded from a file Store configuration to board Flash The program stores the current configuration to the Flash registers on the board The current configuration must previously have been loaded from a file Read RAM and Flash configuration from board The program reads all RAM and Flash registers on the board and displays the two sets of configuration data with appropriate formatting RAM Flash address in hex data in hex This is a readback operation only The current configuration is not changed Store RAM configuration to board Flash The program stores the current RAM configuration settings to the Flash registers in the board The current confi
15. ever our boards are generally very dense and if the board has components very close to the board edge they can be damaged or even knocked off the board when the board tilts back in the rack Diamond recommends that all our boards be stored only in individual ESD safe packaging If multiple boards are stored together they should be contained in bins with dividers between boards Do not pile boards on top of each other or cram too many boards into a small location This can cause damage to connector pins or fragile components Power supply wired backwards Our power supplies and boards are not designed to withstand a reverse power supply connection This will destroy each IC that is connected to the power supply i e almost all ICs In this case the board will most likely will be unrepairable and must be replaced A chip destroyed by reverse power or by excessive power will often have a visible hole on the top or show some deformation on the top surface due to vaporization inside the package Check twice before applying power Overvoltage on digital I O line If a digital I O signal is connected to a voltage above the maximum specified voltage the digital circuitry can be damaged On most of our boards the acceptable range of voltages connected to digital I O signals is 0 5V and they can withstand about 0 5V beyond that 0 5 to 5 5V before being damaged However logic signals at 12V and even 24V are common and if one of these is connected to a
16. guration is unaffected Store RAM configuration to file The user enters a path and filename The program reads the current RAM configuration settings and saves them to the given file If an error occurs an error message is returned The current configuration is unaffected Store Flash configuration to file The user enters a path and filename The program reads the current Flash configuration settings and saves them to the given file If an error occurs an error message is returned The current configuration is unaffected The recommended sequence of operations for configuring the board is 1 Load configuration from file 2 Store configuration to Flash 3 Store configuration to RAM 4 Exit EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 13 SYSTEMS 5 2 Configuration File The program uses configuration files ini files to maintain configuration settings and configure boards It has the capability to read and write new configuration files in order to save multiple configurations Configuration settings include the serial port configuration and the serial port power on settings They do not include the PIC I O configuration A D vs GPIO and GPIO direction These settings must be done individually with other program commands or by the user s application program On power up or reset the PIC I O is always set to GPIO and input direction by default The configuration file format supports the use of comments t
17. isition connector PCI 104 bus connector PCle one bank bus connector www diamondsystems com SYSTEMS Page 6 SYSTEMS 3 CONNECTORS This section describes the connectors on the Emerald MM 8EL XT module 3 1 Serial Ports 1 8 Port 1 8 The 4 or 8 serial ports are provided on miniature 10 pin headers with 1 port per header Ports 1 4 are located on the right side of the board and ports 5 8 if installed are located on the left The pin definition depends on the serial protocol selected All ports have identical pinouts as shown below RS 232 Configuration NC NC TXD RTS RXD CTS NC Iso Gnd RS 422 Configuration NC NC TX TX RX RX NC Iso Gnd RS 485 Configuration NC NC Data Data NC NC NC Iso Gnd Connector Part Number Description JST S08B PUDSS 1 2x4 2mm pitch through hole right angle locking pin header standard 3 2 Data Acquisition DAQ Eight GPIO signals from the microcontroller are made available on a 10 pin header for auxiliary GPIO A D functions All the A D capable pins are grouped together at the top of the connector near the analog ground pin A Gnd GPIOO A DO GPIO1 A D1 GPIO 2 A D2 A D3 GPIOA A D4 GPIO5 A D5 GPIO6 A D6 GPIO7 D Gnd Connector Part Number Description 2x5 2mm pitch through hole connector with 4mm high posts and gold flash plating EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 7
18. nation Configures the serial ports for enable disable Configures the power on timing of the serial port isolators Configures the aux I O for A D or DIO for DIO the direction is also defined Configures the A D reference voltage and differential channel Performs an A D conversion Reads all DIO bits configured for input arranged in a byte Reads one DIO bit configured for input Sets all DIO bits configured for output Sets one DIO bit configured for output Controls the user controllable LED Creates a configuration file which can be used by the console or GUI program Writes a byte to the on board controller s flash or RAM Reads a byte from the on board controller s flash or RAM Resets the on board controller and causes a reload of all configuration settings Detects the status of the controller verifies that it is listening and returns the model configuration CFG pins and software revision number All configuration or read back functions which have both RAM and flash registers are user selectable for either or both RAM or flash for configuration or for read back EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 16 8 SPECIFICATIONS Number of ports Protocols Maximum baud rate UART Transceivers Termination Isolation ESD Onboard microcontroller Inrush current Analog digital I O Host interface Connectors Input power Power consumption ooftware drivers Operating temperature Operating humidity Sho
19. o separate sections and explain data A line beginning with is a comment line and is ignored by the program Blank lines are ignored by the program Any text in a line proceeded by a is also a comment and is ignored by the program Configuration files created by the program are not required to include any comments Configuration file contents are as follows all comments are optional and are for illustration purposes only Serial port configuration data for registers 0 7 both RAM and Flash PortOcfg xx Each value is in the range 0 7 bits 0 1 protocol bit 2 line termination Port1cfg 2xx Port2cfg xx Port3cfg xx Port4cfg xx Port5cfg xx Port6cfg xx Port cfg xx Isopower configuration data for registers 38 3A RAM and Flash PowerOnDelay xx register 38 InterDeviceDelay xx register 39 PowerEnable xx register 3A EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 14 SYSTEMS 6 GUI CONSOLE CONFIGURATION A web based graphical configuration utility program is also provided that allows access to the functions of the software driver via an easy to use GUI Please refer to section 5 1 for a description of the various features and fields Protocol Select And Line Termination Port Protocol Termination Power Enable 3 3V 2 048V 9 SE DI 1 A NET a Port Power Turn on Delay Configuration Initial D
20. sequence repeats EMM 8EL XT User Manual Rev A 01 www diamondsystems com Page 10 SYSTEMS 5 1 Software Functions A command line interface CLI software program provides a LES cmd EMMSELXT ex simple and direct method for configuring the Emerald MM 8EL The main screen of the CLI program is shown at the right nter an option from below Reset Board Presence detection 4 2 enable configuration BDUM54H2 turn on delay configuration LED control Protocol elect_LineTerminat ion Descriptions of the available CPI functions are provided below GPT OConf igurat ion GPIO Input GPIO Input Bit GPIO Output GPIO Output Bit Read operation Mrite operation Configuration A D Sample Conf 1gurat ion q Quit the program E 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 Heset When this command is selected the program will drive the reset pin on the UART interface high and then bring it low The PIC should undergo its reset sequence The program waits for Ack to go low and reports an error if it fails to go low within a given time interval Presence Detection This feature confirms the PIC on the board is present and responding When this command is selected the program will do the following 1 Check for Ack low 2 Drive Sync high 3 Check for Ack high 4 Drive Synclow 5 Check for Ack low If the sequence succeeds the program reports board is present and responding otherwis
21. ssed straight through between bottom and top 4 6 Power Supply Power is obtained from the 5 tab on bank one of the PCle 104 connector The module generates all other required voltages from the 5 input 5 CONSOLE CONFIGURATION The Emerald MM 8EL XT comes with software to manage and store configurations using the on board microcontroller The PIC microcontroller is used to manage several functions on the board Serial interface to host for configuration and control Controlled turn on of isolated power supplies to limit inrush current Serial protocol selection of the SP336 multiprotocol transceivers 121 ohm line termination for RS 422 485 protocols Heartbeat to provide indication of device activity LED control Board configuration readback GPIO A D signals on 10 pin I O connector 090 9 9 9 9 9 9 The microcontroller interfaces to the host via eight GPIO pins on the Exar XR17V358 PCle UART Refer to the XR17V358 datasheet for details on programming these registers The registers must be configured for the correct direction at the start of the program The program provides a text based user interface that can be ported to Windows and Linux It provides a menu of options to configure and control the board The program displays the menu and asks for a selection by number After the selection is made the program jumps to the code to execute that function After execution is complete the program returns to the main menu and the
22. ually simply stops working because some component becomes defective Usually the failure can be identified and the chip can be replaced To prevent ESD damage always follow proper ESD prevention practices when handling computer boards Damage during handling or storage On some boards we have noticed physical damage from mishandling A common observation is that a screwdriver slipped while installing the board causing a gouge in the PCB surface and cutting signal traces or damaging components Another common observation is damaged board corners indicating the board was dropped This may or may not cause damage to the circuitry depending on what is near the corner Most of our boards are designed with at least 25 mils clearance between the board edge and any component pad and ground power planes are at least 20 mils from the edge to avoid possible shorting from this type of damage However these design rules are not sufficient to prevent damage in all situations A third cause of failure is when a metal screwdriver tip slips or a screw drops onto the board while it is powered on causing a short between a power pin and a signal pin on a component This can cause overvoltage power supply problems described below To avoid this type of failure only perform assembly operations when the system is powered off Sometimes boards are stored in racks with slots that grip the edge of the board This is a common practice for board manufacturers How
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