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Graphic State 4 User`s Manual

1. Analysis Counts Mean Median SD Duration Onset Time 43 1382 1350 0 085 i T Contingency 0 088 0 100 0 032 lt l Latency 43 0343 0300 0 111 Janets onary Figure 22 The settings for the Latency analysis require a few more controls that Duration of Counts Figure 23 Each latency measure starts on the Trigger event which this case has been chosen to be an entry into the State called Response which waits for a single press of Input 1 Each latency measure ends one the Trigger event which in 30 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments ths case has been chosen to be the Onset event on Input 1 Here the mean response latency of the subject is 343 ms with a standard deviation of 111 Mean Median SD 1382 1350 0 085 0 088 0 100 0 032 0 343 0 300 0 111 Contingency Target MO mps Omar Figure 23 Contingencies In the illustrated examples the Contingency control was set to All meaning that all of the selected events were graphed and analyzed Use the Contingency control to filter the analyzed events Events can be filtered by the State they follow After State the Input event they followed Triggered by or the State in which they occurred In States When a contingency is selected a pull down menu appears for selecting either a State or an input event Session subset By default the analyses are performed
2. 4 t 4 t E 4 ida io NR NIN RIN RIMINI RIM RI Nini NARA Ni NA MIM NM RIM Rl ninja Set AO 4006 800 Reg taa Figure 20 Next Last File To proceed to the next previous Log file in a folder use the Next or Previous Data File items in the File menu Note that this option will open the next data file and display the results in any open analysis windows the main Graphic State window the Log window the Analysis Window and the Register Display window 29 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Analysis Display The second data analysis component accessible from the Log menu in Graphic State is the Analysis Display This window can be used to view the timing latency and duration of events graphically and to view statistical measures on the frequency latency and duration of events Three analyses are shown in Figure 21 for a session that was run using a very simple protocol A cue light comes on in State 1 for one second the cue light goes off in State 2 and then State 3 waits for a single input on Input 1 The sequence starts again at State 1 when the Input is activated The subject in this case was a human pressing the on screen input button Three analysis plots are being displayed Counts and Rates The first is analysis time of occurrence of each press of the Input button To create such a plot right click on the list of Analyses and select New and give the analysis a name in the De
3. PO AAA EA E o AE AAA 25 FIGURE 12 After setting up the Run Time Display be sure to choose the Save And Exit option from the Run Time Display File menu This protocol is now complete and ready to run From the File menu in the main Graphic State widow select the Save As option and save this protocol Now select Quit from the File menu to exit the Graphic State Protocol builder This short tutorial is meant to have given a brief outline of the program s operation and design of a protocol We now consider Graphic State s menus controls and operation in more detail Protocol Builder Menus File New Create a new protocol Open Open a previously created protocol and data files from previous sessions Next Advance to the next protocol file or the next data file in a folder in alphabetical order Previous Return to the previous data file alphabetical in sequence from the same protocol A data file must be open to use this menu item Save Saves the current protocol Save As Saves the currently open protocol to a new file Quit Exit Graphic State Find State Name Search for a State by name Advances directly to a specific state in an opened protocol Find Again Find another state of the same name after employing the State Name option from the Find menu State Number Enter the state number to go directly to that state Settings Protocol Settings S
4. exit parameter box and selecting New or Delete To configure the exit line start by right clicking the Parameter control It is here you select the type of exit parameter The options are time a response onset or offset or the number of times the state has been entered entries during an experimental session Select the Lever On1A1 from the Inputs submenu Next set the Exit Criterion The default value is 1 so we do not need to change this value That is the State will exit when 1 response on Lever occurs If the Exit Criterion were set to 5 the State would exit only when Lever is pressed 5 times Next set the Target which is the State to which the protocol will go once the current State is completed Click in the Target control and enter 2 This completes the exit condition that states that when one response is made on the Lever switch 1 control will be passed to State 2 You will likely have noticed that when you entered 2 into the Target and hit return the dialog in Figure 5 appeared to warn you that the current State State 1 is targeting a State State 2 that doesn t exist Click Yes to create S2 which will appear in the State list in the upper left of the window If you want Graphic State to create non existent states automatically when they are targeted without prompting you click in the Don t ask me again box before clicking on the Yes button and this window will no longer appear when new states are
5. 30 ms may not appear at all if they fall between two screen updates Simulating inputs When a protocol is running the program detects inputs from the Lincs and passes these events to the protocol If no Lincs are present test mode you can simulate inputs by clicking on any of the 4 red input buttons at the upper left corner of the Linc displays You must have the Allow User Inputs option in the Settings menu checked in order to allow screen generated events These events are recorded in the data file but are tagged as user events rather than normal hardware triggered input events Even with Lincs present the user input buttons on the screen can be operated They can be used to prompt a subject or inputs can be set aside in the protocol for specific user triggered events Pause and Resume Sessions may be paused and resumed by right clicking on the Station table and selecting Pause or Resume These two options are the default actions of the table when the session is running or paused so double clicking a running session will pause it and double clicking a paused session will resume To Pause or Resume ALL running sessions select the Pause All or Resume All menu items from the Station menu program main menus When a session is paused all counters of events and time are frozen Pause and Resume events are recorded in the data file so that a record of any pauses is kept Note that all events in a session are tagged with the real elaps
6. Find Settings TestRun Log Help Da RDY Ready RP TONE SMU FIN Finished 2 E E SPR 2 RG SPR 2 20P HLITE 2 i GBL Global 3 2 WV 2 3 i 2 ML TONE Aux TONE 20P HLITE RG SPR 2 20P HLITE 2 ML 2 3 2 ML Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Es wil gt 1 100 FIGURE 4 State Configuration We will use State 1 to detect the response from the subject on the Lever input State 2 to deliver a reward and State 3 to time the 15 second interval Highlight State 1 in the State List Box by clicking on S1 Right click on S1 and select the Description item in the short cut menu A window will appear allowing you to name State 1 Type Response click the OK button and this description will appear at S1 in the Table List Box Begin by turning on the house light Click on the darkened yellow button labeled H LITE and click The button becomes a bright yellow indicating that the House Light or whatever is connected to the House Light on the ECB will be activated whenever S1 is in control during the session Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments We want this State to exit when the subject presses the Lever input once The exit parameters of a state are configured in the array of controls located below the stimulus window Each new state begins with one empty Exit Line or GoTo Although State 1 will require only a single exit line additional lines can be added or removed by right clicking on the 1 in the GoTo
7. Lincs the number of Habitest Lincs per station for any protocol select the Settings menu and choose Protocol Settings The window in Figure 3 will appear Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments ES Protocol Configuration File Help Protocol Name 1 2 Lincs per station 1 2Linc 4inputs Created Modified Used FIGURE 3 Protocol Configuration To change the Linc configuration you would click on the 1 2 Lincs per station drop down menu and select one of the other Linc combinations In this window you can also provide names for the input devices We will name Switch Input 1 On1A1 Lever As you type Lever in this box you will see the word Lever appear in the Offset Box for this switch Off1A1 as the default but the offset name can be changed as well Every event that occurs during a session is time stamped so the pressing of the lever Onset will be recorded as well as the time when the lever is released Offset Offsets are useful when parameters of the session are dependent upon the duration of the response Click on the File menu in the Protocol Configuration window and select the Save and Exit option Note If you change the Linc configuration the main window of the Protocol Generator will change to accommodate the number of stimuli and switch inputs For example if you selected the 2 Lincs 16 inputs option the Protocol Builder screen will appear as indicated in Figure 4 ES Graphic State Untitled File
8. Registers and Counters below State List Control The State List has several uses To select which State is being displayed in the Stimulus and Go To displays click on the corresponding line of the list Tocreate a new State delete a State from the list copy a State or paste the most recently cut or copied State into the list right click on the desired line The right click menu can also be used to create multiple new States or paste multiple copies of the most recently cut or copied State into the list To give a State a descriptive name e g Reward Time Out Lever Press right click and select Description Status Indicators To the left of the State List the red green indicators show whether the State is ready to run green or contains errors red Errors can be local to the State such as an incomplete GoTo But an error is also indicated for a State if it is not targeted by any other States To see a list of what other States target a State hover the cursor over that State The FIN state indicator will remain black until it is targeted by another State A fourth status blue indicates that all of the States GoTo s have the potential to be withdrawn see Lists below In other words each GoTo uses a List that has the potential to run out of elements In that case the protocol could get stuck in the State at some point during a session It is advisable to correct any such conditions Note that any State can be run
9. Reset is set to OFF for GoTo s with Parameter set to Entry Since Entry GoTo s by definition count how many times a State is entered it would make no sense in that case to reset the counter when the State is entered Parameter Right click to select what parameter will be tested to determine when the State will complete There are 4 types of parameters Time Time can be specified in millisecond seconds minutes or hours During a trial time is tracked with a resolution of 1 ms Input The GoTo tracks the number of times a switch input occurs The different inputs are listed with their user defined names in the Inputs submenu of right click menu State Entry Keeps track of how many times the State has been entered Each time the State is entered a counter will increment Register When the Math option is activated the current value of a Register may be used as the Parameter for the GoTo For example it may be desired to exit a State when the value of a Register is greater than or equal to a fixed number or the value of another register See Math below Counters When the parameter type is set to time inputs or State entries but not a Register the GoTo keeps track of the current value of the parameter using a Counter By default a GoTo 14 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments uses a counter that is local to the GoTo No other States or GoTo s have access to the value of this local counter lts value is preserved be
10. State experiments consist of a series of states through which an experiment moves each state transition being contingent on what happens during the experiment A state defines the environmental conditions i e the state of each stimulus and the exit condition s that will pass control to another state A protocol consists of several elements including some or all of the following Those in bold are included in every protocol A Group of States each with its own set of configured Stimuli and list of GoTo s Configuration information about how many Lincs are to be used the names given to the Linc input lines and whether Register Math is being used A set of External Counters A set of Registers A set of Lists The Run Time display setup The box in the upper left hand corner of the window in FIGURE 2 provides a listing of all states that are included in a protocol There are four states that appear when a starting any protocol Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments ES Graphic State Untitled File Find Settings TestRun Log Help MER CUE 1 m s TONE aux 1i S MA FIN Finished 2 Dd 21 SPR1F 2 20P HLITE PRG1 Lo GBL Global 30 TRA A Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target a ae gt 1 100 d FIGURE 2 RDY Ready State This state is used to define the status of the environment before a session begins The stimuli specified in this state are put in place as soon as the protocol is loade
11. The Global State then greatly simplifies the protocol Math operations can be employed in the Global state At start up or when a GoTo hits and the Global State is exited and entered again Math Expressions will be evaluated on State entry just as in States in the main sequence Global stimuli act differently from main sequence stimuli The settings of the Global Stimuli whether they are On or Off and whether they are steady or pulsing effectively act as default settings for the States in the main sequence That is when a stimulus button is changed in the Global State the new value is set in ALL States of the main sequence Turn on the House Light in the Global State for example and it will then be set ON in all the States of the Main sequence In addition when any new State is created in the main sequence the House Light in that State will be set to ON The default values set in the Global State can be manually over ridden in any State by selecting a State and setting the stimulus to a different value from the one set in the Global State In other words the setting of the Global Stimuli only affects the settings of stimuli in the main sequence during Protocol configuration At run time the Global Stimuli have no direct effect To summarize the Global State automatically starts up at the beginning of a session and when it exits targets itself When the Global State exits the Global State triggers the currently occupied State in
12. a point on the display you want to be the corner of the zoom area and drag the tool until the rectangle covers the zoom area X zoom use this option to zoom in on an area of the graph along the x axis Y zoom uUse this option to zoom in on an area of the graph along the y axis Zoom In about Point With this option click a point you want to zoom in on Press and hold the lt Shift gt key to switch between Zoom In about Point and Zoom Out about Point Zoom Out about Point With this option click a point you want to zoom out from Zoom to Fit Use this option to autoscale all x and y scales on the graph or chart You can also double click on the top or bottom tick labels on a y scale or left or right labels on the x scale and enter a number to force the scale to a specific range of values When the X axis is Zoomed in a scroll bar appears underneath the graph and can be used to scroll through the plots Plot configuration Almost every aspect of the plot can be configured Click on the color plot icons to the left of the graph to change the plot type points or lines or both plot interpolation line and point color line thickness and point style The Common plots portion of the plot configuration applies a combination of features at once to create commonly used plot types 32 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Scale configuration The Scale Legend at the top left corner of the graph is used to configure the appearance of the
13. configured to pulse the button for that stimulus will contain a black dot in the middle 13 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Legacy Stimuli It is important to consider what will happen if you set a stimulus to flash for a fixed number of cycles In some cases the State might terminate before the cycles are complete For example you could specify 10 flashes at 1 second per cycle and the State terminates after 6 seconds There are two possibilities in the case controlled by the When State Terminates radio buttons either terminate the flashing when the State terminates or continue flashing until the cycles are complete In the latter case depending on the duration of subsequent States the flashing could continue through several States until it is done There is a further level of control that Graphic State gives you in regard to these Legacy Stimuli that continue beyond the State in which they are initiated Note that when a State is allowed to complete its flashing cycle in the next State it will normally over ride whatever settings have been made for that stimulus in the next State s There may be some States however for which you never want allow a previous State to over ride a stimulus setting For those States right click on the stimuli for which you want to override any previous State s flashing configuration and click the Deny option in the Legacies control upper right of the Stimulus configuration window Any left over
14. flashes from previous States Legacies will be cancelled You do not have to set the stimulus on or to flash in order to deny legacy stimuli GoTo s GoTo s are the heart of a protocol in that they determine the progression of States during a session by defining the conditions under which a State transition will occur GoTo s are displayed underneath the Stimulus Diagram to the right of the main window Each GoTo consists of the following elements Number Goto Right click on this indicator to add or delete a GoTo This control will have a yellow background if the GoTo is improperly configured and might cause an error during a session Hover the cursor over the GoTo line for a couple of seconds to display a list of possible errors Reset When this blue button is clicked on bright blue the counter associated with the GoTo is reset to O upon each State entry The counter is always reset when the criterion is met but since a state may include more than one GoTo the State might exit before the criterion of some GoTo s are met When this happens the Counter will NOT be zero when the State is entered the next time and counting will continue from wherever the GoTo left off in the previous round In some cases this behavior may be desirable But if it is not click the Reset button to ON blue Now the counter will reset to O every time the State is entered Reset is set to ON by default for GoTo s with Parameter set to Time or Input
15. graph scales There is one line for the X scale time and for each of the available Y scales Click the Scale configuration button pz for any one of the scales to set the mapping linear or log precision how many digits in the labels format of the labels and whether the scale elements label and ticks are visible Exporting the graph Right click on the graph and select Copy Data to Clipboard in order to copy the numeric data of the graph to the clipboard Select Export Image to put a copy of the graph image into a file or the clipboard Several formats are available For export to a drawing program like Illustrator for making high quality figures for publication use the EPS format and save the image to a file Open the file in Illustrator All of the elements of the drawing will then be editable You ll likely find that the elements are grouped together Use lllustrator s Ungroup function to separate them Some elements will also have clipping masks which you can remove by selecting the Clipping Mask gt Release item from the Object menu Next Last File To proceed to the next previous Log file in a folder use the Next or Previous Data File items in the File menu Note that this option will open the next data file and display the results in any open analysis windows the main Graphic State window the Log window the Analysis Window and the Register Display window 33 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments APPENDIX A Va
16. of this manual Input s Any device that is connected to one the four Switch connectors on the Environment Control Board ECB The activation onset and the release offset of any input device is time stamped in all GS4 data files Environment Control Board ECB The circuit board in which the response devices and stimuli are connected Event A response that registers on any of the Switch Inputs of the Environment Control Board ECB Exit Line or GoTo The collection of controls Parameter Exit Criterion Comparison P Target that specify when a State will exit Response A behavior by a subject that is recorded in GS4 such as a lever response nose poke response interrupting a photo beam by movement pecking key activating an infrared heat detector licking an optical lickometer etc Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Switch Input See Input Stimulus Any device that is controlled by an output from a Habitest Linc This includes devices that are activated by a pulse of any duration devices that are activated for the duration of the output and programmable devices that require a voltage signal to operate and an analog voltage for controlling some parameter of the stimulus such as amplitude frequency color etc Output A 24 to 30 Volt DC signal produced by any of the 32 outputs of a Habitest Linc GENERAL PROGRAM FEATURES Context Help Before you start working with GS4 note that help tex
17. save the image to a file Open the file in Illustrator All of the elements of the drawing will then be editable You ll likely find that the elements are grouped together Use lllustrator s Ungroup function to separate them Some elements will also have clipping masks which you can remove by selecting the Clipping Mask gt Release item from the Object menu Saving Analysis settings Setting up complex analyses with multiple lines and contingencies can be cumbersome You can avoid have to reconstruct them each time you open the Analysis window by saving and recalling analyses to and from the disk Use the Save Analysis Set item in the File menu along with Open Analysis Set Next Last File To proceed to the next previous Log file in a folder use the Next or Previous Data File items in the File menu Note that this option will open the next data file and display the results in any open analysis windows the main Graphic State window the Log window the Analysis Window and the Register Display window 31 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Register Display The Register Display window which is opened from the main program window using the Register item in the Log menu presents graphs of register values as a function of time The of Plots control underneath the graph sets how many Registers will be displayed An array of pull down menus will appear with the same number of rows Use the left hand menu to select the Registers to be
18. sorted easily by subject name Data format Data are stored in the file in binary format If you are interested in accessing the data in gslog files directly contact Coulbourn for specifics on the format Briefly the files contain three main components 1 A copy of the protocol used to run the session This protocol appears when you open the data file It is however locked and so cannot be edited This way the exact protocol that was used to collect the data is always available with the data itself 2 A header includes date time of day that the session started protocol name subject name the station on which the session was run how many 2 Lincs were used whether the station was yoked to another station and whether any other stations were yoked to it 3 A list of events Each event includes the time of occurrence in milliseconds relative to the start of the session event type and any data associated with that event Event types include Session Start Session Pause Session Resume Session Stop Session End State Entry State Exit Input onsets and offsets User input generated from the on screen input buttons Master Input generated in a yoked session from the Master Station Register the value of a register generated by a Math expression on State Entry List the value of the item drawn from a List Outputs the value placed on one of the Programmable analog outputs Comments text en
19. type of event to toggle their display on and off Right click on any of the checkboxes to turn them all on or all off In addition you can Highlight in color different subsets of events using the Highlight drop down menu When you choose to highlight States entries or exits or Inputs or Register value changes you can 28 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments further narrow the highlighted events by choosing a single State Input or Register using the second drop down menu Highlight that appears Or you can choose to highlight all of the events of a given type by selecting All In GS4 format the time of each event can be displayed in several different formats as determined by the Time submenu of the program s Settings menu Exporting the display table There are several ways to export the data in the display table to text files that can be read by Excel or other programs All of these methods are sensitive to the current format setting GS3 or GS4 and write files of the corresponding format 1 Click and drag over a portion of the table you want to export right click on the table and select Copy Selected The data go into the clipboard and can be pasted into other programs 2 Right click on the table and select Copy All to copy the entire data table into the clipboard 3 Select Current File from the program s Export menu to save the data in the table to a text file csv For this option if you have the Open Excel on Save
20. when an Event or State Entry occurs or when time passes External Counters When the Allow Math option is on see the Settings menu in the Protocol Builder any GoTo can access an External Counter for keeping track of time state entries or input events External Counters don t belong to any single State or GoTo They are created at the level of the Protocol But they are available for use in any State Any number of External Counters can be created and given unique names using the Counter dialog which is opened from the Settings menu or by right clicking the Parameter control in the GoTo list and selecting Counter gt New Like Local Counters an External Counter gets reset by a GoTo that uses it when the Counter reaches the Exit Criterion for that GoTo It also gets reset on State entry if the GoTo that uses it has its Reset button set to ON blue External Counters have type either Input Entry or Time That is an Input type counter can only be used in GoTo s that count input events an Entry type counter can only be used in GoTo s that count State Entries a Time counter can only be used in GoTo s that count Time Example An External Counter named dle Time is used in GoTo 3 of State 4 to count seconds State 4 exits to State 10 as a result of GoTo 1 which counts inputs after 43 seconds so dleTime has a value of 43 GoTo 1 in State 10 also uses dleTime and has an Exit Criterion of 80 seconds After 37 seconds 80 43
21. whether it contains errors or not This can be useful for testing protocols as they are developed But it is recommended that any errors be resolved before using a protocol in an experiment Stimuli The Stimulus display shows the configuration of the programmable stimuli on the Linc interface that will in effect during the selected State Each State has its own stimulus configuration Depending on how many Lincs you ve chosen to be controlled during the current Protocol the corresponding number of Linc controls will be active in the program window Stimuli are activated immediately within 1 ms on State entry To turn a stimulus on during a State click on the corresponding button in the stimulus display Stimuli can be made to flash at any rate and for any number of cycles By default a stimulus will simply be turned at State entry and be left on for the duration of the State To set a stimulus to flash right click its button and select Configure Use the dialog to set Steady or Pulse whether the stimulus flashes Starting State of the stimulus On or Off Bright Green Bar indicates stimulus will start on On and Off duration in seconds Minimum duration is one millisecond 0 001 seconds The frequency of pulsing will be 1 On Dur Off Dur Number of times the stimulus will flash To have the stimulus repeat until the State terminates select the Until state terminates in the Repeat options When a stimulus is
22. Feeder 1 stimuli to activate the pellet feeder Both stimuli are required in order activate the magazine lamp ML in the pellet trough OP Enter the exit condition parameters as indicated in Figure 7 e Parameter t ms for time in milliseconds e Target 3 e Exit Criterion 20 This will activate the feeder for 20 milliseconds which is long enough to deliver a single pellet ES Graphic State Untitled File Find Settings Test Run Help RDY Ready n Riis 51 Response TAS ds A 53 S 2 20P HLITE PRG 1 FIN Finished 3 2 ML 2 GBL Global Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target 1 wl ms gt 20 100 3 d FIGURE 7 To configure 15 second interval select S3 from the State List right click and select Description and enter 15 Second Interval Set the exit criterion to 15 and the target S1 When all of the entries in State 3 have been completed the screen should appear as Figure 8 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments ES Graphic State Untitled File Find Settings Test Run Help CUE 1 TONE Response x Reinforcer 15 Second Interval SPR 2 20P HLITE Finished 3 2 ML Global Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target 1 d sec gt 15 100 1 d FIGURE 8 Two more steps are required to complete the protocol First the termination conditions must be specified This experiment will be allowed to run for 20 minutes or until 50 reinforcers are delivered which
23. GRAPHIC STATE 4 USER S MANUAL Contents INTRODUC TION cupra pidan iaco 1 INSTALLATION A 1 PHANG Wale TONO e O ecu ece 2 DEFINITION Sd a O do e eee aeeneauaeee 2 GENERAL PROGRAM FEATURE Saito decia Geek 3 GRAPHIC STATE PROTOCOL BUILDER sita A 3 GCREATING A PROTOCOL 2 Ay Tilo nl alisar tea o dad 4 FrOIOCONn ID UIGE MONU Saanaa O A ON 11 A esate ema E oem T eran meas A A A E E N A A A A E TA 11 o APA me e E eno O vo eee ald ened 11 SOMNIS APR E A PE OOO II IS A II tee Aas iotas ed tau ute nut 11 A e o o S T E E AA T E I A A E A roe A T AA 12 Controls Indicators and O DEA ct EA E 12 Sumulus andinput ConiguralOm nenii a A iba 12 Register Mateeria a aia 13 he IS EC ONTO Saa EA age E acts T T E T eee 13 Slats IMC Stats cl old 13 SS A 13 A O e 14 Counters ori o e o ae 17 Local UNS dise 17 External COUNTS dee o e Ro 17 A IE O 0 O Suet aa acne setae 18 SS A O 18 Expression CONTI UAM A os 20 A eee eee eee eee 21 MR en ene er cee eee ee eee ey ee eee 23 DEDUGGING a Protocol sara iii is 23 RUNNINGANEXRERIUVMINT estic atari 24 Program MENUS ni a a 21 DATAANA ES SS oat Rohe onan 28 Belem loq AA A Po E E rosy eee ee ene eoeee eee 28 pata Log DISDIAY uranio ita uae nina ital vata Ose Lin Nanda anid aio 28 PAVIA SIS DIS LAY fesstas tcl aula a Eo E 30 FRO GIG EST DIS LAY sce asos chia beara E E teteamnenal hdea cee oa sean E 32 APRENDIDA e een eee 34 ARRE NDX apc aa De a Bie a te lace E scat that ete g ad ated aaa 35
24. Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments INTRODUCTION Graphic State 4 GS4 begins a new era in state notation control systems The ease in creating protocols by simple point and click of the mouse and or using keyboard entries remains but unlike previous versions of Graphic State GS4 now incorporates real time mathematical functions Protocols can now be designed that progress and change based on factors that occur during an experimental session GS4 has many new features e Independently configure display of real time parameters for each protocol Simultaneously run experimental sessions with different configuration of Habitest Lincs Stand alone data and protocol files No Access Database Windows like drop down menus for selecting options Context sensitive help screens for each control and indicator for quickly learning new features Math functions for real time calculation of parameters during a trial These parameters can be used as criteria for state transitions so that a protocol can actively respond to subject behavior e Parameters can be set at the start of each trial in order to tailor protocols to individual animals For example enter a subject s weight for tailoring drug delivery or performance in previous sessions for tailoring response criteria e A 10 fold improvement in response time Graphic State 4 responds to external events within 1 ms and records event times with 1 ms precision e Improv
25. Reinforcer i y 2 53 15 Second Interval BSPR1 2 AOP HLITE q PRG1 FIN Finished 30 6 om gt 2 GBL Global Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target sec 100 1 Entries FIGURE 9 We now need to add the 20 minute session termination criteria We cannot enter this in any one state because time would only count down when that specific state is in control This is where a Global exit condition can be used The Global State is a special purpose State that always executes in parallel with the main sequence of States It is perfect for Keeping track of total time in the protocol and exiting after a fixed interval Click on Global in the State List box and enter the exit criteria in the same manner as was done in the states Parameter Time minutes Exit Condition 20 Target FIN Figure 10 For now we ll leave Global stimuli off but if any stimuli needed to be on for the duration of the session these could be set in the Global State ES Graphic State Manual Example Protocol 1 File Find Settings Test Run Help Y Ready a Response or 1 PEPP Reinforcer 5 s 15 Second Interval sPRi 2 FRI 20P HLITE PRG1 Finished 3 4 1 2m 2 GBL Global Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target 1 d min gt 20 100 FIN d TONE Auxi FIGURE 10 Run Time Display The last part of the protocol to be configured is the information that will be displayed while the protocol is runn
26. ST the duration a state was active during the session Register and Counter values when the Math option in active Protocol Description Enter a description notes or instructions about the protocol optional Counters View or modify the list of global counters refer Counters on page 15 Registers View or modify the list of Registers or specify starting value refer to Registers on page 16 Lists View or modify a list Show Reg Cir List Displays the ordinal number of registers counters lists in the GoTo displays Allow Math Toggles between allowing Math function capability and disallowing math operations when constructing a protocol Help Show Context Sensitive Help Displays or hides the floating context sensitive help window When activated hover the cursor over any control or indicator in the active program window and the context sensitive help window displays information regarding that element About Displays the opening icon splash screen that includes the version number Check for Updates If the computer is connected to internet checks to see there is a more recent version of Graphic State available and if so opens a browser to the Graphic State software updates page Updates are available at no charge Controls Indicators and Operation A minimal blank Protocol can be created using the File gt New menu item It contains the Ready and Finish States RDY and FIN 1 intermediate Sta
27. added to the protocol ES Create New States Targeted state does not currently exist Create 1 new state _ Don t ask me again FIGURE 5 At this point your screen should appear as follows ES Graphic State Untitled File Find Settings Test Run Help RODY Ready TONE AUX 1 IE 2 2 A FIN Finished SPR 2 20P HLITE PRG 1 a 3 2 2 ML E i GBL Global Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target 1 dl Lever gt 1 100 2 d FIGURE 6 Note that the Comparison in the Exit line has defaulted to greater than or equal to gt This denotes that when the number of responses is greater than or equal to 1 the protocol will pass control to State 2 Greater than or equal to is the setting that is used in the great majority of cases The comparison can be changed to one of five other options but this requires the activation of math options covered later in this manual Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Also notice that the Probability P box has defaulted to 100 With P 100 every response on the Lever input will pass control to State 2 In many applications however users prefer to have a set of responses lead to a reward with less than 100 certainty In that case P should be set to less than 100 Technically whenever the Parameter reaches the Exit Criterion in this case 1 response on the Lever input Graphic State generates a random number between 0 and 100 if the number is less th
28. all the U90 10 place this CD in your disk drive The software should automatically start running but if after a minute or so the software installation is not running select Start then choose Run browse to the disk drive select the setup exe file and choose Open and then click the OK button Once the USB interface drivers are installed connect the U90 10 to a USB port The Windows Hardware Wizard should start indicating that new hardware has been found If it does not start after a period of time you can start the Wizard by choosing the Add New Hardware utility from Control Panel Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Hardware Connections The U90 10 includes two cables a USB cable and a 25 Pin DSub cable Connect the Type B USB connector on the USB cable to the U90 10 Connect the Type A USB connector to a USB Port of the computer Connect one end of the 25 Pin DSub cable to the U90 10 and the other end to the HO1 01 Habitest Power Base or to the H02 01 Self Powered Habitest Linc See Figure 1 ee l U90 10 Buffer I e U90 10B OR CABLE LAPTOP COMPUTER A A A AS _ N A N _POWER BASE WITH HABITEST LINCS COULBOURN USB INTERFACE OR SELF POWERED HABITEST LINC FIGURE 1 DEFINITIONS Throughout this manual some words will be used frequently and in some cases generically The following is a list of these words and their meaning for purposes
29. alues and not the function itself are what are passed to the Run Time engine during a session In other words a list of items such as 2 4 6 8 10 in a list work identically no matter whether they were entered by hand or created using 2 x in the Math functions Selection order At run time the values in a list can be selected in three different ways In order The program starts with item 1 and proceeds down the list with subsequent choices removing values from the list as they are used At random replacement Items are chosen at random and the list is left unchanged That is items are not removed from the list when used and are always available to be chosen when the list is used At random no replacement Items are chosen at random and removed from the list once used When finished With In order or At random no replacement the list can eventually be depleted The when finished control determines what happens next There are four options Restart The List is filled up again with its starting list of values Hold Subsequent calls to the List give the last value that was selected from the List Hold at Subsequent calls to the List give the value specified in the numeric control to the right Withdraw Once the List is depleted a call to the List gives Not A Number NaN A GoTo that requests a value from the List therefore becomes inoperative and can generate no further hits for the remainder of t
30. an P then the Exit Line executes and causes a transition to the Target State If the number is greater than P the accumulated responses or Time or Entries are discarded and the State starts over again If P 10 for example then 1 out of 10 times on average when the subject presses the Lever the program will proceed to State 2 The other 9 times State 1 will repeat Note that if the exit criterion were increased to 5 and probability increased to 50 a State transition would occur on average every 10 responses but the distribution of responses that meet the conditions to pass control to State 2 would be much different In the first example exit criterion of 1 probability of 10 the possible number of responses would consist of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 etc In the second example exit criterion of 5 probability of 50 the possible number of responses necessary to meet the exit condition would be 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 etc In both examples the mean number of responses necessary to cause a State transition would be 10 In other words the Probability test drawing a random number and comparing to P is applied only after the chosen Parameter reaches the Exit Criterion To configure the reward click on S2 in the State List Box to view State 2 Set its description to Reinforcer by right clicking on S2 Click on the HLITE in the stimulus are to activate the house light Also click on the red and yellow FDR1
31. and y min x y returns the smaller of x and y rand x Produces a floating point number between 0 and 1 exclusively The value of x has no effect on the result Exclusively means that rand will return numbers arbitrarily close to O and 1 but never 0 or 1 sec x Computes the secant of x where x is in radians 1 cos x sign x Returns 1 if x is greater than 0 returns 0 if x is equal to 0 and returns 1 if x is less than 0 sin x Computes the sine of x where x is in radians sinc x Computes the sine of x divided by x sin x x where x is in radians sinh x Computes the hyperbolic sine of x sqrt x Computes the square root of x tan x Computes the tangent of x where x is in radians tanh x Computes the hyperbolic tangent of x gamma x Evaluates the gamma function for x pi x Computes pi x ci x Evaluates the cosine integral for any real nonnegative number x si x Evaluates the sine integral for any real number x spike x Generates the spike function for any real number x 1 if x is greater than or equal to O and less than 1 O for all other values of x st x Generates the step function for any real number x O for x less than 0 1 for all other values of x square x Generates the square f 34 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments APPENDIX B If you would like to copy the example protocols open the folder titled Sample GS4 Protocols and copy the files to your
32. created two movies that can be seen on You Tube providing instructions for using Graphic State the protocol builder and Graphic State RT the run time program These videos can be seen at the following links Contact your Sales and Applications Specialist for access to these movies 35
33. criterion will cause an exit from the state The AND option changes this so that two or more states can be logically AND ed conjoined Right click on the green AND button of one GoTo and select Group 1 Do the same for one or more additional GoTo s to conjoin the GoTo s as a group When states are conjoined they are identified by group number so multiple groups of AND ed GoTo s can be used in a single state It is also possible for two AND ed GoTo s to have different Target States In this case the target specified in the last GoTo to reach criterion is used to determine where the protocol will go When using multiple AND groups the groups are OR ed in the same way that single GoTo s are OR ed by default That is the first Group to have all of the GoTo s in the Group met will determine where the next progression of the protocol ES Graphic State Manual Screen Shot Protocol 1 File Find Settings Help Ready START TONE Aux all reel nueu E 2 FOR1 20P HLITE PRG1 REWARD 20 6 Oem i DELAY Finished Global Comparison Exit Criterion Pito Target FIGURE 13 Configure the GoTo by right clicking on any of its elements Add or delete a GoTo by right clicking on the GoTo indicator If a GoTo is improperly configured and might cause an error when running a session the background behind the GoTo number will be dark pink If there is an issue with any GoTo in a state the indicator to the left of the state number is
34. d into GraphicStateRT The RDY State also specified the parameter s for starting the experiment once the protocol is initiated in GRaphicStateRT The default exit conditions in the RDY State will result in the session moving to STATE 1 S1 as soon as the session is started S1 State 1 Defines the initial state although it is no longer necessary to start with State 1 or even use State 1 since the Ready State can exit to any state or a List of states FIN Finished Defines the state of the stimuli when an experimental session is completed For example retractable levers could be extended or retracted guillotine doors could be opened or closed etc GBL Global State exit parameters and stimulus conditions specified in the Global State will remain in effect for the duration of an experimental session CREATING A PROTOCOL A Tutorial We will begin by creating a simple Fixed Interval 15 second Fl 15 protocol This experiment will require three states and will run for 20 minutes or 50 reinforcements whichever occurs first The default Linc configuration is a half Linc per station 4 inputs per station This is the configuration we will use for this experiment but if your protocol required more than 4 inputs but less than 9 you would specify one full Linc per station For 9 to 16 inputs two Lincs would be configured for each station and for 17 to 32 inputs four Lincs would be required To specify the configuration of the Habitest
35. displayed use the right hand menu to select which scale the register will be displayed on In Figure 25 two Registers are being displayed Temp Temperature on Scale 1 and DeltaTemp change in Temperature on Scale 2 E reo moh eS T Registers 2012 05 12 14 11 00 2C63WRqG CELE File Settings Help Time JAS 3 33 Temp INE vr a Scale 3 INE y 12 RealDeltaTemp Im 11 mw A 0 9 a4 R 0 8 07 0 6 hi oc 05 0 2 0 4 0 3 0 3 d 0 2 0 4 01 2 0 0 5 1 1 1 1 j 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 j f im 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 4 p 5 E of Plots RealDeltaTemp y Scale1 37 vi Ez Temp y i Scale2 37 Figure 20 When to use multiple scales In Figure 25 the range of values for Temp is O to 1 1 the range for DeltaTemp is 0 5 to 0 5 Since these ranges are very different we chose to plot them on different scales 1 and 2 The separate plots then autoscale to fill the y axis independently In cases where the ranges of values for different graphs are similar or you want to compare graphs on the same scale they can all be plotted on the same scale Zooming and panning Data from the full trial are plotted in the graph To zoom in on one portion use the magnifying glass tools in the Graph Palette at the lower left of the graph There are 6 tools Zoom to Rectangle With this option click
36. e compared to the Exit Criterion in order to meet the GoTo requirement When Math is not enabled the only option is gt greater than or equal to With Math enabled any of the following options can be selected lt less than or equal to gt greater than less than equal to not equal to lt E Together with the Exit Criterion the Comparison operation setting determines when a GoTo reaches criterion Only gt and gt make sense for use with counters since counters count up Otherwise the comparison will likely be true immediately upon State entry when the Counter is 0 Use lt lt or only for Register Register comparisons Exit Criterion There are three ways in which the Exit Criterion can be specified Fixed value A fixed value is the simplest in which a value is chosen directly and used each time the State is entered You can click on this control and enter the value manually or right click to bring Up a setting dialog List lf a List is specified a value from the list is chosen each time the State is entered according to rules specified for the List See Lists below Register lf a Register is specified the current value of the Register is used for comparison to the Counter value Register values are manipulated using the Math functions specified for each State see below Registers are available only when the Show Math item is selected in the Setting menu Probability A value b
37. ect a starting value for a Register at Run time first add Register to the Run Rime display To do so open the Run Time display window in the Protocol Builder right click on one of the blank spaces in the display table and select the register to be displayed Now to set the register value at run time load the protocol right click on the displayed name of the register and select Starting Value Register Math The real power of Registers lies in two features of the program 1 They can be used as an Exit Criterion in any GoTo or as a Parameter in a GoTo 2 The value of a Register can be set using Math expressions upon entry to any State That is the value of a Register can be calculated from a wide array of mathematical operations performed on the values of other Registers and External Counters To set the Math Expression for a State open the Math Expression dialog that is used to configure expressions by double clicking or right clicking the Expression indicator just above the GoTo s The indicator is only visible when Show Math is selected in the Settings menu In the dialog specify mathematical expression using the values of other Registers and External Counters for details see Math Configuration below These expressions will be used to calculate the value of the target Register upon State entry 18 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Register expressions are evaluated upon entry into a State and the new values of Registers set
38. ed time from the Start of a session The counter that keeps track of the time since the start of the session is NOT halted during a pause If for example a session runs for 45 seconds is paused for 10 seconds and then an input occurs 5 seconds after the session resumes the time of the input will be reported as being 60 seconds after the start of the session not 50 seconds Comments To add a note to the data file for a session right click the station table and select Comment Enter the comment text and click OK or Cancel if you decide against a comment The comment will be recorded in the data file as a comment event with accompanying text and a time stamp as the time the OK button was pressed The session proceeds normally while the Comment dialog is open entering comments does not interfere with session timing or responses to subject inputs Halting a session Sessions will halt automatically when they reach the FIN state They can be stopped prematurely by right clicking the station table and selecting Stop A Stop event will be recorded in the data file To Stop ALL running sessions select the Stop All item from the main Stations menu Reloading Once a session stops either manually or through reaching the FIN state it can be Reloaded a new subject name entered and run using the right click menu for the station table Alternatively the current protocol can be Cleared and a new protocol loaded Yoking In some experiments a yoked
39. efaults to ON blue The default is that the counter is always reset when the State is entered As an example consider a state with 2 GoTo s GoTo 1 exits on 5 responses on switch 1 GoTo 2 exits after 30 seconds The first exit condition to reach criterion will cause the state to exit Suppose that the first time the State is entered the subject makes 5 responses on switch one thus causing the exit but only 10 seconds has elapsed The next time the State is entered GoTo 1 will start counting inputs from 0 since it hit on the last round and its counter was reset But the counter for GoTo 2 still says 10 seconds The next time the State is entered we have choice as to whether to start counting time from 0 again Reset ON or to pick up at 10 Reset OFF in which case GoTo 2 will hit 20 seconds after the State is entered for the second time In different protocols the different options might be preferable Why then does the reset button the Entry GoTo of State 3 default to OFF black The reason is that Entry GoTo s count State entries It therefore makes no sense to reset the counter to O every time the State is entered Each time the State is entered the counter would start at O and so would never get beyond 1 So Entry GoTo s always have their reset buttons OFF Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments ES Graphic State Untitled File Find Settings TestRun Loc Help RDY Ready TET PY A a 51 Response CUE a TONE AUX 1 e 52
40. ements and new features in the user interface for easier protocol design There are so many upgrades and improvements that users of previous versions of Graphic State may see as many differences as similarities in GS4 compared to previous versions of Graphic State GS4 employs the same Habitest Lincs as Graphic State 2 and Graphic State 3 GS4 interfaces to the Habitest system via a single USB Port so the PCI card is no longer needed The Coulbourn USB Interface P N U90 11 along with the upgrade in software to GS4 allows existing users to easily upgrade Graphic State 2 and Graphic State 3 systems Graphic State 4 is compatible with Windows XP and Windows 7 32 bit and 64 bit operating systems INSTALLATION Graphic State 4 GS4 consists of two programs GraphicState for building protocols and viering and analyzing data and GraphicStateRT for running and the sessions Protocol desing and data analyses can be performed on any number of computers Running experiments requires the U90 10 USB interface a set of Habitest Lincs and a GS4 software license Be sure that you are logged onto the computer as administrator or user with complete administrator rights when installing GS4 and the USB Interface drivers To install Graphic State 4 GS4 place the CD into your disk drive select Start then Run and then browse to the disk drive Select the setup exe file and GS4 will install automatically The USB Interface P N U90 10 includes a CD To inst
41. et the Linc configuration and provide names for the switches The default Linc configuration is Y Linc 4 Inputs per station That is the protocol will control receive inputs from and set stimuli on one half of a Habitest Linc The other half of the Habitest Linc can be used to interface to a different station This configuration will allow you to run up to 16 different stations from a single computer Each station can be running the same or completely different protocols The other configuration options are 1 Linc 8 inputs per station maximum of 8 stations per computer 11 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments 2 Lincs 16 inputs per station maximum of 4 stations per computer 4 Lincs 32 inputs per station maximum of 2 stations per computer Note for GS3 Users Unlike previous versions of Graphic State protocols with different Linc configurations can be run simultaneously on different stations from a single computer Run Time Display Specify the data that will be displayed when the protocol is running Five items are displayed in every session Protocol Name Subject ID Elapsed Time Active State Previous Active State Additional options include Input Totals total number of inputs based on the onset of any switch response and or the total number of inputs based on the offset of any switch response State Entry Totals SE the number of times a specified state was entered during the session State Time Totals
42. etween 0 and 100 that specifies the likelinood that when the Exit Criterion is met the GoTo will proceed to the target state If P is 100 then the State will exit every time the GoTo reaches criterion unless the GoTo is conjoined with another GoTo See AND below If P is less than 100 then the Go To will cause a state transition in only P of the cases in which it reaches criterion In practice the program picks a random number between 0 and 100 and triggers a State exit when that number is less than P For example if P 25 then on average in only of the cases that the parameter reaches criterion will a State exit occur Note that no matter whether the probability test passes or fails the GoTo s counter local or external is reset to O because it has reached Exit Criterion If the P test passes however a State exit will occur Target State A specific state e g 7 or a State Target List consisting of multiple states is used to identify where the protocol is to proceed when the GoTo is met There are two other options that can be used Entering BACK as the target will return the protocol to the state from where it came when the 15 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments GoTo is met Entering FIN will cause the protocol to go to the Finished state and the session will terminate AND GoTo s by default are logically OR ed together That is when multiple GoTo s are specified in a single state the first one to meet the exit
43. ever occurs first Click on S3 in the State List box right click on the 1 in the GoTo box and select New In this new GoTo set the Parameter to Entries Exit Criterion to 50 and Target to FIN With this setting on the 50 time the State is entered during a session which will occur on the 50 time that the subject responds in State 1 and a reward is delivered in State 2 the session move to the FIN state and terminate An aside on the Reset button You will notice that up until now the Reset button labeled R in GoTo has been blue For GoTo 2 in State 3 however the button is black To understand why we have to go into some details of how Graphic State counts time or events Each GoTo keeps track of time or events using internal counter For time GoTo s the counter increments as time passes for Input GoTo s the counter increments when an event occurs If the counter reaches the Exit Criterion that GoTo hits its counter is reset to O and the State exits to the GoTo s target There are cases however when a State can Exit BEFORE a GoTo reaches its Exit Criterion for example if GoTo 2 hits before GoTo 1 hits In that case the control passes to GoTo 2 s target and GoTo 1 s counter is left with some non zero value The next time the State is entered the user must decide whether the counter for GoTo 1 starts where it left off the last time or is reset to 0 The Reset button is used to control this behavior and it d
44. h Expression as it appears in the Math Configuration Window 13 Math Configuration File Edt Help Expression 100 Correct Correct Incorrect gt PercentCorrect DES SS SS DS E FIGURE 17 At the start of the Done State the expressions get evaluated and the value of the Register PercentCorrect will contain the most recent calculation of Correct Note that in the Done State the values of two Registers are being used as the Parameter in a GoTo When Correct the number of correct trials is greater than or equal to 15 GoTo 2 and PercentCorrectis greater than 75 GoTo 1 the Protocol will move to State 5 which then exits Note also the use of the AND controls If either of these two criteria is NOT met then GoTo 3 moves the Protocol back to State 1 after 1 second to repeat the Test A second example of how Math expressions might be used arises in a protocol in which a randomly varying stimulus of randomly is delivered through a programmable analog output on a Linc If for example a tone is to be delivered with randomly varying frequency on an A12 33 tone generator an expression can be used to set the frequency each time a State is entered rand x 7500 2500 gt gt Freq rand x generates a random number between 0 and 1 so this expression will generate a random number between 2500 and 10000 The Register Freq would then be used to set one of the Programmable outputs connected to the Frequency input for the tone gene
45. hard drive We suggest organizing your protocols so you might want to create a folder putting them in a subfolder of the Program Files Graphic State folder You will be able to access protocol files in GS4 regardless of where they are stored on your computer GS4 includes a Context Sensitive Help window that can be turned on and off To activate and remove the Context Sensitive Help window from any of the programs select the Help menu and choose Show Context Help or hold the Ctrl key and strike the H key A check mark next to the Show Context Help in the Help menu indicates the window is being displayed If a check mark is displayed but the Context Sensitive Help window does not appear remove the check mark select Show Context Help from the Help menu or hold the Ctrl key and strike the H key and then activate the Context Sensitive Help window by selecting Show Context Help from the Help menu or holding the Ctrl key and striking the H key Once the Context Sensitive Help window is displayed you can drag Context Sensitive Help window and place it wherever you like on the screen Using the cursor hover any part of the main Graphic State window and information pertaining to that specific entry or area of the screen will be provided Move the cursor to another area of the screen and the size of the window will automatically adjust to accommodate the new text that is displayed We have
46. he protocol The GoTo is effectively withdrawn from the protocol Note that a State with a GoTo that has the withdraw option set must have an alternate way to exit Otherwise the State could be left with no way to Exit and protocol could get stuck in that State Graphic State will warn you if a State only has GoTo s that might be withdrawn the state s Status button to the left of the State list will turn blue Creating long lists manually can be a little laborious so Graphic State allows Lists to be saved to a file recalled and reused with or without modification either in other protocols or multiple times within a single protocol Its values and behaviors can then be recalled in other protocols or in other Lists within the same protocol Use Import From File and Export To File in the File menu of the List Configuration Dialog to do this The list files that are created in this way are not used at Run Time or saved in a protocol They are separate entities used for offline storage of list configurations 22 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments The Global State The Global State is a special state running in parallel with the main State sequence At the beginning of the session at the same time that the Ready state is entered the Global is entered as well When one or more of the Global GoTo s hits and triggers a State Exit the Global State s counters are reset as usual and then the Global state is re entered again in parallel with the
47. in a session start the Graphic State Run Time GraphicStateRT program Figure 18 The first time you start this program with the USB interface connected a window displaying the serial number will be displayed You will need to enter the password that was provided with the system If you did not receive a password for any reason contact Coulbourn Instruments and provide the serial number A password will be e mailed to you You can continue without entering the password and you will be able to run the program in the Test Mode where inputs can be simulated using buttons on the computer screen From the File menu select Log File Directory This will identify the folder where the data files will be stored Choose a folder or create a new folder You can change this folder at any time whe Setra re F a2 h p A p ef E E p 7H cE af af sf af af U uf SL FIGURE 18 The 16 tables correspond to the 16 Lincs of the Habitest Hardware If you are running fewer than eight 8 Habitest Lincs you can change the display to show only the number of Habitest Lincs you are using by selecting the Lincs Displayed option from the Settings menu Choose the number Lincs you want to display For example if you choose four 4 Lincs the Run Time display will appear as displayed in Figure 19 24 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments FIGURE 19 Loading Protocols To load a protocol right click on one of the tables a
48. ing From the Settings menu select Run Time Display The window that is displayed during a session will appear There are five parameters that are always included in the display Figure 11 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments E Run Time Display File Help e Parameter value Parameter value Parameter Value a O00 EEO _ Eo o2 A Ep A SS State Prior Pi ja A a State 5 paper A se i i A 5 ee ap waf o apo aa lo apo E AA asp tel SSS je Ce al pap apo E o apo FIGURE 11 GS4 like its predecessors records every event that occurs during a session State transitions inputs etc However you can choose what data you would like displayed on the monitor during a session To add additional data in addition to the five defaults Protocol Name Subject ID Elapsed Time Active State and previous Active State right click on one of the white cells either the column labeled or Parameter and drop down window will appear With the MATH option disabled see below there are a several types of information that can be displayed Input Totals total number of inputs based on the onset of any switch response and or the total number of inputs based on the offset of any switch response State Entry Totals SE the number of times a specified state was entered during the session State Time Totals ST the durat
49. ion a state was active during the session SPO0 Time of Day Special Counter zero displays the time of day SP1 Time in Trial the duration the session has been running SP2 Time in State the duration the current state has been active With MATH enabled the values of Registers can also be displayed Registers give Graphic State immense flexibility in designing protocols and displaying information during run time and will be covered in detail below The short cut right click menu can also be used to Insert new items and delete items from the data display Figure 12 depicts some example selections we might choose for this experiment 1 2 3 Number of responses on Lever 1 Number of times State 2 is entered SE2 This being the state where reinforcement is delivered will provide a continuous display of the number of reinforcers that have been delivered during a session Cumulative duration of State 1 ST1 This is the state where the subject must respond to receive a reinforcer Time in Trial SP1 The duration the session has been running Time in State SP2 The duration the active state has been running 10 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments E Run Time Display File Help fe Parameter valve Parameter value Parameter Value a a oee Subject 52 Reor O Time a State Subject A oo o 5e ESE CET C aello J o pap y y AA po op C IO AAA a a E a Soo pr AAA
50. ist of the type matching its parameter type Event or Time Each successive call to a given list produces a value as determine by the List configuration below For example a GoTo might be set to select its Exit Criterion from a List with the values 1 2 3 4 5 to be taken in order The first time the GoTo executes its Exit Criterion will be 1 the second time 2 etc Multiple GoTo s can draw from the same list If in the example above a second GoTo in another State or in the same state also draws from the List and executes after the first GoTo has executed 3 times its Exit Criterion will be 4 Lists can also be used for the Target of a GoTo For example if a list contains the items 5 6 7 10 then at GoTo will target these different States when its Exit Criterion is reached and the probability test passed Use the value 1 in a target list to represent BAK the previously entered State The value Inf infinite can be used to represent the FIN state Note that a new value will NOT be selected from a List unless a GoTo reached its Exit Criterion on the previous entry into the State For example if GoTo 1 uses a list and the State exits on the basis of another GoTo the same List value will be used by GoTo 1 when the State is next entered Lists are created in the List dialog which can be accessed from the Setting menu or by right clicking the Target or Exit Criterion controls of a GoTo In the dialog right click in the list of List
51. lid Functions for Register and List Math Functions likely to be particularly useful are highlighted in blue abs x Returns the absolute value of x acos x Computes the inverse cosine of x in radians acosh x Computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x asin x Computes the inverse sine of x in radians asinh x Computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of x atan x Computes the inverse tangent of x in radians atanh x Computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x ciel x Rounds x to the next higher integer Ceil is short for Ceiling cos x Computes the cosine of x where x is in radians cosh x Computes the hyperbolic cosine of x cot x Computes the cotangent of x 1 tan x where x is in radians csc x Computes the cosecant of x 1 sin x where x is in radians exp x Computes the value of e raised to the x power expm1 x Computes one less than the value of e raised to the x power e x 1 floor x Truncates x to the next lower integer getexp x Returns the exponent of x getman x Returns the mantissa of x int x Rounds x to the nearest integer intrz x Rounds x to the nearest integer between x and zero In x Computes the natural logarithm of x to the base of e Inp1 x Computes the natural logarithm of x 1 log x Computes the logarithm of x to the base of 10 log2 x Computes the logarithm of x to the base of 2 max x y returns the larger of x
52. main State sequence At the same time the current State in the main sequence is forced to exit and proceed to the Target specified by the Global state The Global State is useful in many different circumstances Here are a few examples 1 A Global State GoTo that counts Time and targets FIN after 30 minutes This will simply end the session after 30 minutes 2 A Global that counts lever presses through the duration of a session and targets FIN after a fixed number of responses on the lever If the lever delivers a drug or food in the main sequence such a Global GoTo would effectively track total dose or the total delivered amount of food delivered and end the session when a fixed limit was reached 3 A Global that triggers a stimulus at random intervals using rand x in a Math Expression and Register to reset its Exit Criterion on each Global State entry To do this have the Global target set to a State that triggers the stimulus That State can proceed to a new State or use the BACK target to resume what was in process when the Global hit Note that both the main sequence and the Global can count events on an Input simultaneously When an event occurs both the counters in the main sequence and in the Global get incremented The alternative to the Global State in these cases would be to add an additional GoTo to every State in the protocol that counts time or inputs on an External counter and targets FIN when a fixed exit criterion was reached
53. ments 2 The second is the Assign Random Subject Names option in the Settings menu When selected names consisting of random strings of letters and numbers are automatically assigned when a protocol is loaded The feature is useful for testing protocols when named subjects are not being tested Running a session Once the protocol and subject name are specified the protocol can be run by right clicking on the table and selected the Run item Run is the default operation for the table once a subject name is set so you may also double click on the table to run To Start multiple protocols at once select the Start All item from the Stations menu in the program All properly configured Stations with loaded protocol and specified subject name will start When a protocol is running the display of Register values current state previous state time and so on will be displayed The current stimuli being sent to the Lincs will also be displayed on the indicators to the right of the program window Activation of inputs on the Lincs are also indicated on the 2x2 array of red buttons at the upper right of each 2 Linc display Note that all screen displays are updated at approximately 30 times per second So while the appearance of stimuli or the occurrence of inputs on the Lincs are timed precisely to within 1 ms the timing of the display on the screen may not be quite as precise Similarly stimuli or inputs to the Lincs that are shorter than
54. nd select Load Protocol Load Protocol is also the default operation for the table when the table is empty so you may also simply double click on the table Us the dialog that appears to select the Protocol file you wish to run click the OK button in the Protocol File window and the name of the Protocol will appear in the first line of the Run Time display Note that there must be enough free space in the tables to accommodate the protocol For example a protocol that uses one full Linc must be loaded into a linc on the left side of the window and the Linc on the right side of the window much be free If you are running a protocol that requires 4 Lincs the Linc below the one you are loading the protocol into must be free and so on Once a protocol is loaded the table will show the display items the were specified in the protocol builder along with the starting values for any registers Setting Register starting values At this point if there are any Registers for which you want to set starting values right click on the line displaying that register and select Starting Value Enter the desired value into the dialog As noted above starting values for subject weight can be used in the protocol to scale drug doses previous performance in a session can be used to set new performance criteria and so on Copying Protocols To run the same protocol at multiple stations with the cursor still in the area of the first Linc
55. on the full duration of the session The All Subset radio buttons at the left of the configuration panel allow you to select a subset of the trial When Subset is chosen the controls expand as shown in Figure 24 Select whether you want to select a portion of the trial as a percent of the trial length or by seconds Sec Set the Start and End controls accordingly to select a portion of the session In addition you may cut the selected portion of the session into Intervals of equal length Select the number of intervals Intervals and the currently displayed interval Interval with the pull down menus at the bottom of the cluster of controls Note that a scroll bar appears underneath the graph to indicate which portion of the session is being displayed You can drag the scroll bar to view other portions of the graph Subset 9 a Start End o O E E Intervals Interval sd el Figure 24 Exporting Analyses To move the analysis results into a spreadsheet right click on the numerical display of the statistics and select Copy to Clipboard Note that if multiple intervals have been set using the Subset control cluster statistics will be included for the full session in addition to statistics for each interval An image of the graph can be exported by right clicking on the graph and selecting Export Simplified Image For export to a drawing program like Illustrator for making high quality figures for publication use the EPS format and
56. onfiguration for later reuse Use the Open Setup menu item to load the all the associated protocols to the correct stations The Setup File that you create must be located in the same folder as all of the protocols it uses Show Hardware Status This item in the Settings menu displays diagnostic information about the U90 10 and attached Habitest Lincs Clock Speed This dialog determines how often Graphic State checks for input events and checks the exit criteria for Time GoTos After each check the program determines immediately whether the current State is to be exited and performs that exit and the subsequent State entry immediately The maximum Clock Speed is 1 ms Older computers or laptops that get hot with heavy processor use might benefit from a slower setting Context Help As in the Protocol Builder GraphicState exe selecting the Show Context Help menu item opens a floating window that displays information about any control Hold the cursor over a control to see its contex help text 21 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments DATA ANALYSIS For data analysis Graphic State currently has three components All are accessed through the Protocol Builder GraphicState exe The default system that the program uses for creating data files is to name them sequentially in time with the name format YEAR MO DAY_HR MN SEC_SUBJ gslog A second option Settings menu puts the subject name first before the date and time so that files can be
57. option selected in the Settings menu the file created will automatically open in Excel 4 Select All Files in Folder from the programs Export menu to save the data from all the gslog files in a folder to text files Jing wi OAT ew eS ee File Export Settings Format Help Time s Event Name Comment 3993 800 Entry Wait Exit Wait 994 500 3994 800 Entry A X Set AO 3994 800 Reg mia ro nol t 3995 800 Exit Set AO 3995 800 Entry Wait 3996 800 Exit Wait 3996 800 Entry Set AO 3996 800 Reg 3997 800 Exit Set AO 3997 800 Entry Wait 3998 800 Exit Wait 3998 800 Reg 3999 800 Exit Set AO 3999 800 Entry Wait 4000 800 Exit Wait 4000 800 Entry gt Set AO 4000 800 Reg 4001 800 Exit Set AO 400 1 800 Entry Wait 4002 800 4002 800 Exit Entry Wait Set AO Time 4002 800 Reg 20 020 SS a 4003 800 Exit Set AO Time 4003 800 Entry Wait 4004 800 Exit Wait 4004 800 Reg 20 030 Time 4004 800 Entry Set AO e 4005 800 Exit Set AO Time 4005 800 Entry Wait e 4006 800 Exit Wait Time 4006 800 Entry
58. or the Parameter control in a GoTo Right click in the list of Registers to create rename or delete a Register Registers are only available when the Show Math option is on for the current Protocol Settings menu Registers have no type unlike External Counters and can be used in GoTo s of any type State Entry Time and Event The starting value of a Register is O by default but can be set in three ways Inthe Register Dialog right click on the Starting column to set the value that the Register will have at the start of a trial A simple Math Expression see below can be placed in the RDY State such as 1 gt gt TotalCounts where TotalCounts is the name of a register The two methods above Using a math expression in the RDY state or setting the starting value in the Register Dialog will give the same starting value for every run of the protocol There may be times however when you want to give a Register a different starting value on each trial For example the starting value of a register at run time could be set to the weight of an animal That register value would then be used to set the Exit Criterion of a Time GoTo at some point in the Protocol which in turn would control the time that an injection pump is on Or a Register can be set at run time to the number of times an animal has previously been run in the protocol and the number of lever presses required in a particular State can be set accordingly To sel
59. prior to any other operations such a counter resets Multiple expressions are evaluated sequentially so if a Register value that was modified in the first expression that modified value will be used in subsequent expressions As an example let s imagine that we want to calculate the percentage of correct responses that the subject gave in a previous State We start with a Test State in which the correct response will send the protocol to the Correct State and an incorrect response time out of 5 seconds will send the Protocol to the Incorrect State 139 Graphic State PercentCorrectUsingStimOftse n eS _ File Find Settings Test Run Help Ready Correct Incorrect Done Clean up Finished Global FIGURE 15 In the Correct State we will use a simple Math Expression to increment the Register C C 1 gt gt C Similarly in the ncorrect State we will use a Math Expression to increment the Register 1 1 gt gt 1 Both the Correct and Incorrect States target the Done State which contains an Expression that calculates Correct and places it in the Register PercentCorrect 100 Correct Correct Incorrect gt gt PercentCorrect The Done state appears in Figure 16 1 Graphic State PercentCorrectUsingStimOffsel File Find Settings Test Run Help Ready Test Correct Incorrect Clean up Finished Global Correct FIGURE 16 19 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Figure 17 displays the Mat
60. procedure is necessary where one or more subjects are yoked to a master station In these protocols all stations are running the same protocol but only the actions of the subject in the master station have any effect on the protocol Load the protocol in the master station Yoked stations can only follow the master station in sequence so with regard to station number the master station must be the lowest addressed Habitest Linc For example station 16 can never be the master Station 15 can only ever have one station yoked station 16 while serving as a master 26 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Once the protocol is loaded into the master station with cursor in the area of that station on the left side of the display right click the mouse choose Yoke and a window will appear requesting the number of stations that will be yoked Enter the number of yoked stations to be tied to this station as the master For example if three stations are to be yoked to the master station enter a 3 The background color of yoked stations will change from gray to blue You can yoke other stations to another master For example if you want to yoke three stations to a master you could run as many as four master stations with a system consisting of 8 Habitest Lincs Program menus Setup files Once you load copy or yoke a group of protocols into their stations you can use the Save Setup item in the program s File menu to save the c
61. rator Right click on a Programmable output PRG 1 or PRG 2 to specify which register to use for output Here is a set of expressions that increments the Register 7 by a random value between 0 5 and 0 5 and then limits the result to a range between 1 and 3 see the list of accepted functions in the Appendix for an explanation of rand min and max T rand x 0 5 gt gt T min T 3 gt gt T max T 1 gt gt T Or to make the expressions as cryptic as possible min max T rand x 0 5 3 1 gt gt T Expression Configuration To configure the expressions for a State first select the Show Math item in the Settings menu Double click the Expression bar just below the Stimulus display to open the Math dialog or right click and select Configure The Math Configuration dialog shows a list of Expressions and corresponding Target Registers You will also see an Error indictor and Error text for each Expression 20 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Build an Expression using the names of Registers the names of Counters numeric constants 2 4 7 9 operators parentheses or permissible functions See Appendix the Context Help for the Expression control You can simply type an expression by hand into a line of the Expression control Or you can right click at any point in an Expression and select a number of preconfigured elements to be inserted at the cursor These elements include operators and the names of exi
62. red Hover the cursor over that GoTo line for a couple of seconds to display a list of possible errors See Figure 14 16 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments a m m e a E TONE E ZOP HLITE l FIM Finished 3 2 ML SBL Global Goto R Parameter Comparison Exit Criterion P Target AND 3 will Entries gt 50 100 FIN wall FIGURE 14 Correct the error and the background of the GoTo number changes from yellow to white and the bar next to the state in the state list changes from red to green To insert a new GoTo copy or paste an existing one or delete a GoTo right click on the GoTo indicator Counters Local Counters When counting switch inputs time or State entries a GoTo by default uses its local counter The value of the local counter is only available to its GoTo The local counter is reset on State exit whenever it reaches its GoTo s Exit Criterion no matter whether the State exits or not A reset also occurs on State entry if the GoTo s Reset button is set Conversely if the State exits before the counter reaches the Exit Criterion because another GoTo has hit and if the GoTo s reset button is not set then the value of the local counter is preserved until the next time the State is entered That is on the next State entry the counter will be the value it had when the State was last exited Note that all counters in Graphic State are UP counters That is they start at 0 and count upward
63. right click the mouse again choose the Copy option and specify the number of stations you want to add to run this protocol The requisite number of 72 Lincs underneath the currently loaded protocol must be free It is possible to run different protocols at different stations Protocols can be loaded at any free station even while other stations are running sessions Subject Names Before a session can be run the name of the subject must be entered The name will appear in the name of the data file that stores the information from the session log file Right click on a station where a protocol is loaded and use the dialog that appears to enter the subject name Subject Name is the default operation for the table once a protocol is loaded so you may also double click on the table to set the name Note that multiple names can be entered into multiple stations using the dialog so it is possible load the protocols into multiple stations and then enter the names all at once Two options are available for simplifying name entry 1 The first is cut and paste from a spreadsheet or text document You can go to Excel for example and copy a list of names from a table then open the Subject dialog in Graphic State RT and select Paste from Clipboard The names taken from the spreadsheet will be sorted into the active protocols The Paste item in the dialog s menu or the CTRL V performs the same action 25 Graphic State Coulbourn Instru
64. s to create rename or delete a List Double click a line in the list to enter values into the list and configure how elements are selected In the List configuration the values in the list can be set along with the behavior of the List during run time List Values Enter the desired list values into the List Items control Use the vertical scrollbar to access items beyond 15 21 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments You may also use Math to set the values of a list using the variable x in a mathematical expression to represent the item number For example enter x into the Math textbox and click the Eval button or hit the Enter key With the of items control set to 10 the values 1 through 10 will appear in the list Enter x 10 to get the values 11 through 20 or 11 x to get the values 10 through 1 x42 x to the power 2 or x x will generate the squares of the values 1 4 9 16 25 100 2 x will generate 2 4 8 16 etc A wide variety of functions is also available for use such a log logarithm base 10 In logarithm base e exp exponent and rand random number between 0 and 1 See the Appendix for valid functions The Eval button will indicate whether the expression entered into the Math textbox is valid or not When the expression contains errors the button will be dimmed and disabled Note that the Math functions are used to populate the List only when you press the Evaluate button The resulting v
65. scription dialog here Onset Time The details of the analysis are set in the cluster of drop down menus to the right Select Counts or Rate in the Analysis drop down menu top left in the cluster Select Inputs for the Type and then On1A1 for the specific input to be analyzed A plot of points appears in the top line of the analysis graph to show where the selected events occurred The statistics that appear in the analysis table include the total number of occurrences Counts 43 the mean and median inter event interval 1 382 sec and the standard deviation of the interval 85 ms If Rate is chosen instead of Counts the graph is the same but the numbers reported are the number of events per second instead of the total counts No mean median or SD are given in that case r 13 Graphic State Analysis o File Settings Help Analysis Counts Mean Medianj SD Inset Tim EE 1382 1350 0 085 Duration 43 0 088 0 100 0 032 Latency 43 0343 0300 0111 Figure 21 The second analysis is the duration of the response That is the interval between the onset and offset for each press of the input button The settings look for this analysis are shown in Figure 22 A Duration analysis is chosen and Input On1A1 is selected for viewing For durations the mean median and standard deviation of the duration are shown The subject held the button down for 88 ms on average with SD of 32 ms
66. sting Registers and Counters In addition you can select from three sets of preconfigured counters During run time Graphic State keeps track of the total number of times that an input has been activated the total number of times a State has been entered and the total time spent in each State You can access these values in Expressions from the right click menu of an Expression The special registers have preset names such ST4 SE10 and On1A3 which represent time in State 4 Entries into State 10 and Onsets for Input 1 on Station A3 As you enter an Expression the error indicator will turn dark green or yellow as the Expression becomes valid and invalid When yellow some text will appear to the right to give a description of the error These messages can be somewhat cryptic Check for unbalanced parentheses misspelled names and sequential operators Note that upon entry into a State Expressions are evaluated in the order in which they are listed And order matters Let s say for example that a State has 2 expressions in the following order ST4 10 gt gt Reg1 ST5 10 Regi gt gt Reg2 If Reg has the value 20 upon entry into the State and SE4 is 4 Reg will immediately take on the new value 40 40 and not 20 therefore is the value that will then be used to calculate Reg2 since Reg2 is set after Reg7 Lists Lists are simply that lists of values that can be drawn upon during the execution of a protocol Any GoTo can access a l
67. t is available within the program itself Select the Show Context Help item in the Help menu of GraphicState or GraphicState RT to view the context help or use the menu shortcut CTRL H A floating window will appear Now move the cursor over any control or indicator in the currently open program window The floating help window will display text related to the selected control Select the Show Context Help menu item again to hide the help window Shortcut menus when in doubt right click In Graphic State actions and configuration options that are specific to a particular control are attached to the control itself through its shortcut menu Except for drop down menus and buttons almost every control in Graphic State has a shortcut menu that is accessed by right clicking on the control User feedback Many of Graphic State s features were developed in response to suggestions from users No one has more experience working with the program and testing its capabilities and limits than users do If you find bugs or have ideas for improvements or new features that would be broadly useful don t hesitate to let us Know Many ideas can be implemented quickly GRAPHIC STATE PROTOCOL BUILDER The Graphic State protocol builder is the program for creating experimental protocols This can be run from any computer in which GS4 has been installed The first time you run the Graphic State Protocol Builder the Window displayed in Figure 2 will appear Graphic
68. te S1 and the Global State GBL Stimulus and Input Configuration Select the Protocol Configuration item from the Settings menu to set the number of 2 Lincs being used by the Protocol The group of Y Lincs used by the Protocol is referred to as a Station use the Lincs per Station pop up menu to select Y 1 2 or 4 Lincs Use the array of text boxes below the Linc display to give each of the 4 inputs to a Y Linc descriptive names Each input can have 2 names one for a stimulus onset transition from OFF to ON and one for stimulus offset transition from ON to OFF The defaults for the names On1A1 Off1A1 etc can be used but more descriptive names are helpful during protocol configuration and data analysis Specify the Onset name for an input first the same name will appear for the Offset The Offset name can then be edited independently either replacing or adding to the existing name Each Protocol can be given a name distinct from the name of the file in which it is stored Optional 12 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Register Math For many protocols Registers are not needed But for more complex protocols Registers makes it possible to pass information from State to State and modify Exit Criteria as a session progresses on the basis of previous subject behavior This allows for extremely flexible and powerful protocols To enable Register Math for a Protocol select the Show Math item from the Settings Menu See
69. tered by the user Data Log Display The first analysis component is the Data Log which is an ordered list of events that occurred during a session In GraphicState not GraphicStateRT use the Open item in the File menu to open one of the data log files extension gslog that are stored during a session Data files are initially located in the LogFile Directory specified in the GraphicStateRT program but can be moved or copied anywhere on the disk after they are created since they are stand alone files Once a data file is opened you will see the full protocol used to run the session You can view any component of the protocol but it cannot be edited To indicate that log file and not a protocol is being viewed a small Locked indicator appears near the top of the window and the background color of the window changes slightly Open the Log by selecting the Log item from the Analysis menu A table of Events will appear with their times and data Figure 20 You can choose to display the data in two different formats using the Settings menu GS3 format sort the input events into different columns for each input and should be compatible with legacy spreadsheets and macros used for analysis of GS3 data GS4 format list the events in a single set of columns with each event labeled according to its type and data With GS4 format you can filter the display using the checkboxes to the left of the display table Click on the checkboxes for each
70. the main sequence to terminate and proceed to the target specified in the Global GoTo that triggered exit from the Global State If that target State if FIN the session ends Debugging a Protocol The State status indicators to the left of the State list provide a first pass check on whether there are errors in a protocol They will tell you whether the GoTos in the State are properly configured and whether each State is properly targeted by other States But even a protocol that resolves correctly can have underlying errors The best tool for testing a protocol is to run it and track its performance in response to different inputs 23 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Even without hardware connected to a computer you can run a protocol in test mode and simulate the response of a subject using the on screen inputs Watch the Current and Previous State indicators in the Run Time display to follow the progress of a protocol Add Registers with diagnostic information about the progress of protocol and display them in the Run Time display Slow the protocol down during the testing phase so you can track its performance in real time Add delay States or increasing the Exit Criterion of Time GoTo s The Event Log from a test run of a protocol will provide a detailed record of the execution of a protocol States visited and changes in Register values and can point you to any errors that occurred RUNNING AN EXPERIMNT To beg
71. then GoTo 1 will hit and cause an exit from State 10 Upon exit Idle Time will have a value of 0 it gets reset because GoTo 1 hits its Exit Criterion Unlike Local Counters External Counters can be used in Register Math see below That is the mathematical expression that is used to calculate the value of a Register on State entry can include the value of any External 17 Graphic State Coulbourn Instruments Counter This feature makes External Counters useful for tracking the progress of a session and modifying the sequence of State on the basis of subject behavior It is also useful to displaying the progress of a session You can for example set the value of a Register to the current value of an External Counter and then display the Register in the Run Time displays The value of any counter whether local or External cannot be changed using Register Math lts value only changes when it is actively counting in a GoTo that is set to use it Registers Note To use Registers you must activate the Allow Math option in the Settings menu of the Protocol Builder GraphicState exe Registers are simply places to store numbers very much like the variables in a programming language The Register belongs to the Protocol not to a State or GoTo and their values are available to any State or GoTo Registers are created and named in the Register dialog which is accessed from the Settings menu or by right clicking the Exit Criterion control
72. tween the time the State exits and the next time it is entered except under two circumstances 1 The local counter is reset to O on State exit if the GoTo has reached its Exit Criterion or hits 2 The local counter is reset to 0 on State entry if the Reset button is set That is if neither of these two conditions is met the value of the local counter is the same on State entry as it was on the last State exit There might be some circumstances however when it would helpful for two different GoTo s to use the same counter For example you might be monitoring responses on an input in three different States and want to trigger an exit from each of those States when the total count over all three States reaches some value Or you might be keeping track of elapsed time over the course of several different States and want to trigger an exit from each of those States when the total time reaches some value In these cases you can use an External Counter External Counters act very similarly to the local counter but are accessible from any State see Counters below External Counters are selected or created from the Counter submenu of the Parameter Control s right click menu Note that all counters in Graphic State are up counters An input event State entry or the passage of time increments a counter A reset sets the counter s value to 0 The value of a Counter can never be less than 0 Comparison How the counter or Register is to b

Graphic State 4 User`s Manual

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