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FLUKE 45 User

1. 1 O aam13f eps Figure 3 5 Function Selection Buttons Table 3 2 Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Medium Reading Rate Slow Reading Rate Range Full Scale Range Full Scale Range Full Scale 300 mV 300 0 mV 300 mV 300 00 mV 100 mV 99 999 mV 3V 3 000 V 3V 3 0000 V 1000 mV 999 99 mV 30 V 30 00 V 30 V 30 000 V 10V 9 9999 V 300 V 300 0 V 300 V 300 00 V 100 V 99 999 V 1000 V 1000 V 1000 V 1000 0 V 1000 V 999 99 V 750V for volts ac 3 6 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Ranging Table 3 3 Current Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Medium Reading Rate Slow Reading Rate Range Full Scale Range Full Scale Range Full Scale 30 mA 30 00 mA 30 mA 30 000 mA 10 mA 9 9999 mA 100 mA 100 0 mA 100 mA 100 00 mA 100 mA 99 999 mA 10A 10 00 A 10A 10 000 A 10A 9 9999 A Table 3 4 Ohms Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Medium Reading Rate Slow Reading Rate Range Full Scale Range Full Scale Range Full Scale 300 Q 300 0 Q 300 Q 300 00 Q 100 Q 98 000 Q 3 kQ 3 000 kQ 3 kQ 3 0000 kQ 1000 980 00 Q 30 kQ 30 00 kQ 30 kQ 30 000 kQ 10 kQ 9 8000 kQ 300 kQ 300 0 kQ 300 kQ 300 00kQ 100 kQ 98 000 kQ 3 MQ 3 000 MQ 3 MQ 3 0000 MQ 1000 kQ 980 00 kQ
2. IA FOR FIRE PROTECTION WARNING REPLACE ONLY WITH T UR 60 SLOW USE TO AVOID DAMAGE OR INJURY USE ONLY IN CIRCUITS LESS THAN 4800VA N O 90 264V 0000 S060 Hz A FLUKE CORPORATION MADE IN USA RS 2320 A PAT 4 217 543 4 556 867 4 532 470 4 825 392 4 857 878 5 332 963 5 418 464 DES 311 700 A i O i ALAS E j O J b Available with IEEE 488 Interface Option only Otherwise covered with insert Power Line Cord Connector Line Power Fuse Housing aam02f eps Figure 2 2 Rear Panel Getting Started Turning the Meter on 1 Viewing Position 2 Alternate Viewing Position Pull End Out and Towards You Then Slide to Left 4 Removal Position to Remove Pull Ends Out 3 Carrying Position aam03f eps Figure 2 3 Adjusting Handle If you have not already done so plug the line cord into the connector on the rear of the meter The meter will operate on any line voltage between 90 V ac and 264 V ac without adjustment and any frequency between 45 and 440 Hz However it is only warranted to meet published specifications at 50 60 Hz Turning the Meter on To turn the meter on press in the green POWER button located on the lower right of the front panel If the meter is being operated under battery power and you turn the meter off you must wait five
3. aam15f eps Figure 3 7 Function Modifier Selection Buttons REL Relative Readings Modifier When the relative modifier REL is selected the reading on the primary display is always the difference between the relative base and an input measurement For example if the relative base is 15 000 V and the present reading is 14 100 V the display will show 0 900 AWarning To avoid electrical shock or damage to the meter note that a relative reading may not indicate the presence of dangerous voltages at the input connectors or test leads Press to toggle in and out of the relative modifier When the relative modifier is selected the last valid reading is stored as the relative base the primary display zeroes out and REL is shown on the primary display The secondary display is unaffected To edit the relative base use the number editor as described in Using the Number Editor later in Chapter 3 Note The relative modifier cannot be selected I the display shows OL or is blank The display would be blank for example because of external triggering or range changes Selecting the relative modifier turns off autoranging and locks in the present range Make sure you are in the correct range before selecting the relative modifier If you press A or after the relative modifier has been selected you will automatically exit REL When you are in REL the relative base can be shown in the secondary display by pres
4. Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5 13 relate to ranging and measurement rates i e readings second In the autorange mode the meter automatically selects a range for each reading in the manual range mode the user selects a fixed range Table 5 13 Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries Command Description AUTO AUTO FIXED RANGE lt range gt Causes meter to return 1 if it is in autorange or 0 if it is not Causes the meter to enter the autoranging mode on the primary display If the autorange mode cannot be selected e g if REL dB MN MX or diode continuity test is selected an Execution Error is generated Causes the meter to exit autoranging on the primary display and enter manual ranging The present range becomes the selected range Sets the primary display to the range designated by lt range gt lt range gt is a number between 1 and 7 that corresponds to a range shown in Tables 5 12A and 5 12B Table 5 13A Ranges at Fast amp Medium Measurement Rate Range Voltage Ohms Current Frequency Value Range Range Range Range 1 300 mV 300 Q 30 mA 1000 Hz 2 3V 3 kQ 100 mA 10 kHz 3 30 V 30 kQ 10A 100 kHz 4 300 V 300 kQ ERROR 1000 kHz 5 1000 V dc 3 MQ ERROR 1 MHz 6 ERROR 30 MQ ERROR ERROR 7 ERROR 300 MQ ERROR ERROR 1000 V dc 750
5. 2ND SHIFT BUTTON Press 282 then a FUNCTION BUTTON to Select Function for Secondary Display Refer to Section 3 for other uses of L2 J Press to Toggle In and Out of Decibels Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Mode FUNCTION MODIFIER BUTTONS FUNCTION BUTTONS Press to Select a Function i REL H i REF REFQ LOCAL I pe nipple 1 i H AUTO a Ezi i Foo mnmx Rare i COMP HI LO SURESH ADDR BAUD j 1 H RANGE BUTTONS Press to Step Through Measurement Rate Slow Medium Fast Press to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging Press A or amp to Up Range or Down Range Press to Select Touch Hold Press to Force Update Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit Press in to Power Up Press to Select the MN MX Modifier Press to Toggle Between Minimum and Maximum Reading Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit MN MX Mode aam04f eps Figure 2 4 Summary of Basic Pushbutton Operations Getting Started Selecting a Measurement Range EXAMPLE Press to select volts ac for the primary display then press to select the decibels modifier e Press multiple buttons simultaneously EXAMPLE Press and V simultaneously to select true rms volts ac volts dc calculated in the primary display For more details on the uses of each button refer to Chapter 3 OPERATING THE METER F
6. 45 Users Manual Accuracy Accuracy Range Frequency Medium mA To 100 mA 20 50 Hz 2 100 2 10 7T 2 mA To 100 mA 50 Hz 10 kHz 0 5 100 0 5 10 0 8 2 mA To 100 mA 10 20 kHz 2 200 2 20 2 3 A 1 10A 20 50 Hz 2 100 2 10 7T 2 A 1 10A 50 Hz 2 kHz 1 100 1 10 1 3 2 A 0 5 to 1A 20 50 Hz 2 300 2 30 7 4 A 0 5 to 1A 50Hz 2 kHz 1 300 1 30 1 3 4 mA accuracy specifications apply within the following limits based on reading rate Slow Reading Rate Between 15 000 and 99 999 counts full range Medium Reading Rate Between 1 500 and 30 000 counts full range Fast Reading Rate Between 150 and 3 000 counts full range Maximum Crest Factor 3 0 Maximum Input To be used in protected low energy circuits only not to exceed 250 V or 4800 Volt Amps IEC 664 Installation Category IL mA 300 mA dc or ac rms Protected with a 500 mA 250 V IEC 127 sheet 1 fast blow fuse A 10 A dc or ac rms continuous or 20 A dc or ac rms for 30 seconds maximum Protected with a 15 A 250 V 10 000 A interrupt rating fast blow fuse Note Resistance between the COM binding post and the meter s internal measuring circuits is approximately 003 2 Appendices A Specifications Ohms Resolution Typical Full Max Current Range Accuracy Scale Through the Slow Medium Fast Voltage Unknown 300 Q 10 mQ 100 MQ 0 05 2 0 02Q 0 25 1 mA 3 kQ 100 MQ 1Q 0 05 2 0
7. 490 END 1000 1001 Subroutine Command_check 1002 Reads and discards echoed commands and checks for error response prompt 1003 The possible command responses are 1004 gt lt CR gt lt LF gt command successful 1005 2 gt lt CR gt lt LF gt command syntax error 1006 gt lt CR gt lt LF gt command execution error 1007 1010 PRINT 1 CMDS 1020 ECHOS INPUTS LEN CMDS 2 1 Discard echoed command string 1030 PROMPTS INPUTS 4 1 Get prompt 1040 IF INSTR 1 PROMPTS gt lt gt 0 THEN RETURN Command successful 1050 IF INSTR 1 PROMPTS gt lt gt 0 THEN PRINT Command syntax 1060 IF INSTR 1 PROMPTS gt lt gt 0 THEN PRINT Command failure 1070 PRINT Program execution Halted 1080 END aam23f eps Figure 5 5 Sample Program for RS 232 Computer Interface 5 30 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Sample Programs Using the IEEE 488 Computer Interface Sample Programs Using the IEEE 488 Computer Interface Figure 5 6 illustrates three annotated GWBASIC programs that demonstrate how the meter can be used with three different IEEE 488 Interface driver cards DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE FLUKE 45 USING THE PHILIPS PM2201 IEEE 488 DRIVER CLEAR 64000 INIT1 64000 INIT2 INIT1 2 DIM A 26 BLOAD IOBIB M INIT CALL INIT1 A 0 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A3 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A
8. 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 8 CALL INIT2 A 25 A 26 9 Ld 10 IOINIT IORESET IOABORT ITOCONTROL IOEOQI IOEOL TOGETTERM ITOMATCH IOOUTPUTS IOOUTPUT ITOOUTPUTA IOENTERS IOENTER IOENTERA IOSEND ITOSPOLL IOSTATUS IOTIMEOUT IOREMOTE TOLOCAL IOLLOCKOUT IOCLEAR IOTRIGGER IOGTS IORSV IOWAIT t INIT INIT1 INITL INIT1 INIT1L INIT1 INITL INITL INITL INIT1 INIT1 A 10 INIT1 A 11 A 0 INIT1 A 12 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 AS 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 INIT1L A 13 INIT1 A 14 INIT A 15 INIT1 A 16 INITIL A 17 INIT1 A 18 INITL A 19 INITL A 20 INIT1 A 21 INIT A 22 INITL A 23 INITL A 24 INIT1 A 25 DEF ERR INIT1 A 26 PCIB ERRS SPACES 40 CALL DEF ERR PCIB ERR PCIB ERRS FALSE 0 TRUE 1 NOERR 0 EOFLW 14 EUNKNOWN 100001 ESEL 100002 ERANGE 100003 ETIME 100004 ECTRL 100005 EPASS 100006 ENUM 100007 EADDR 100008 ERASE A r Start application program after this line 1 100 Demo program for the Fluke 45 aam24s tif Figure 5 6 Sample Programs for IEEE 488 Computer Interface 5 31 45 Users Manual 5 32 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 3
9. Press S or J to step up or down the trigger type list Step to trigger type 2 external trigger with settling delay disabled or 3 external trigger with settling delay enabled to allow measurements to be triggered from the front panel Typical settling delays are provided in Table 4 3 When the desired trigger type is highlighted press to select that trigger type If trigger type 2 or 3 has been selected REMOTE and EXT TRG will be displayed confirming that you are in the remote mode and external trigger has been enabled If you are not in the remote mode you will not be able to trigger measurements from the front panel Press 2 to trigger a measurement Each subsequent press of the triggers a measurement To exit the remote mode press 2ND You will still be in external trigger In order to return the meter to its internal continuous trigger state perform steps 1 3 above to select trigger type 1 If you exit the remote mode with trigger type 4 or 5 selected the meter will still be in external trigger but because it is no longer in the remote mode you will only be able to trigger measurements with the rear trigger types 4 and 5 or over the computer interface using the TRG command To re enter the remote mode re select trigger type 2 or 3 as described above Setting the Trigger Type Configuration To select a trigger type over the computer interface send the command TRIGGER lt type g
10. allows you to scroll through and select from a list of options e The number editor allows you to edit or enter a numeric value Editing is performed in the primary display The normal operation of the meter is interrupted when either editor is invoked If a computer interface command is received by the meter during editing the edit is aborted and the meter returns to normal operation The item being edited is not changed Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Using The Compare Comp Function Using the List Editor Use the list editor to select an option from a list Table 3 11 summarizes the options available through the list editor To use the list editor proceed as follows 1 2 Press Press the appropriate modifier button as indicated in Table 3 11 to call the list editor on an options list The option currently selected is shown in the primary display and an annunciator indicating the option list is shown in the secondary display Press amp or amp to step through the list Holding down either button for longer than two seconds causes it to scroll As you step through the list only the selected option is shown in normal intensity bright all others are dimmed When the desired option is shown press to select it The selected option is then displayed in normal intensity To abort the operation press any button except U0 S and 7 When the option selection operation is aborted the edito
11. frequency update rate Table 3 6 Frequency Measurement Rates Frequency Reading Rate gt 150 Hz 1 8 sec 100 Hz 1 6 sec 60 Hz 1 3 sec 15 Hz 1 1 2sec 10Hz 1 1 7sec 5Hz 1 3 2 sec Measuring Frequency of Current 100 mA and 10A Inputs Frequency measurements are always taken using the ac input circuitry of the meter Normally measurements are taken on the VO gt input terminal However frequency measurements can also be taken on current inputs If frequency is to be measured using a current input ac current must be selected in the primary display and frequency must be selected in the secondary display When the ac current function in a mA range is selected in the primary display and frequency is selected as the secondary display function the frequency of the current at the 100 mA terminal will be measured Similarly when the ac current function in the 10 A range is selected for the primary display and frequency is selected in the secondary display the frequency of the current at the 10 A input terminal is measured Frequency Sensitivity Selection Before a frequency measurement is started the amplitude of the input signal is sampled and the optimum ac range is selected automatically For most applications therefore the user need not be concerned with setting the measurement sensitivity for stable frequency readings However if necessary measurement sensitivity can be selected manually To do so
12. total common resistance is 010 Q If there is 1 A of current the voltage reading would be affected by Ax 01Q9 01Vo10mV Depending on the circumstances this may be significant If you want to measure dc voltage on an input signal in the primary display and dc current in the secondary display proceed as follows 1 Turn the meter on 2 Press to select the dc voltage function for the primary display 3 Press ND then press to select the de current function for the secondary display 4 Connect the leads to the test circuit as shown in Figure 4 2 and read the measurements on the displays Although current will be displayed as negative it is in fact positive when interpreted according current flow convention Response Times Response time is the time between a change in an input and when that change is displayed The meter s response time depends on many factors the measurement function selected number of measurements being made single measurement when only the primary display is used or two measurements when both the primary and secondary display are used the input Applications 4 How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements level range type autorange or manual range the measurement rate slow medium or fast and whether measurement types are mixed or not Measurements are either ac type ac volts or amps or dc type all others Typical response times for a single measurement are shown in Table 4 2 Fo
13. use the dual display as described in the following procedure 1 Power up the meter and press V Jor to select an ac voltage or current function in the primary display 2 Press AS or to manually select an ac measurement range Press then press to select the frequency function in the secondary display All frequency measurements on the secondary display will be taken on the selected ac range The maximum input voltage that may be applied on any ac measurement range for reliable frequency measurements is listed in Table 3 7 The minimum signal for a stable frequency measurement varies depending on the frequency and waveform being measured 3 9 45 Users Manual Table 3 7 Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements Range Maximim Input Voltage 300 mV 1 Vrms 3V 6 V rms 30 V 60 V rms 300 V 750 V rms 750 V 750 V rms The input signal sensitivity is listed under the frequency specifications in Appendix A These values are based on sine waveforms The signal level must be increased for lower crest factor inputs the crest factor is the ratio of the peak voltage to the ac rms voltage of the waveform If the input signal is below the required level the frequency will be displayed as zero If the measurements are unstable the input signal may be near the threshold level Selecting A Function Modifier CED CE 0 an Selecting a function modifier see Figure 3 7 causes the meter to perform an act
14. 00110000 indicating that bits 4 and 5 are set to 1 If any bit in the SRE is set to 1 the RQS bit bit 6 in the Status Byte Register is enabled meaning a service request can be generated when the appropriate bits in STB become 1 At power up or on any device clear command the SRE Register is set to 00 decimal Use the SRE query see Table 5 8 to read the SRE Register The meter returns a binary weighted integer that represents the enabled bits in the register The value of bit Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 6 will always be zero Convert the returned value to binary to determine the status of register bits EXAMPLE EXPLANATION SRE Reads the value of the SRE Register Assume 32 is returned Converting 32 to the binary 00100000 indicates that bit 5 in the SRE is set to 1 Computer Interface Command Set The remainder of Chapter 5 describes the RS 232 and IEEE 488 computer interface commands RS 232 and IEEE 488 commands are identical except where indicated These commands grouped by related function are listed in the tables that follow A parameter that must be supplied by the user or a string returned by the meter is enclosed in angle brackets e g lt value gt e JEEE 488 Capabilities and Common Commands Tables 5 8 and 5 9 e Function Commands and Queries Table 5 11 e Function Modifier Commands and Queries Table 5 12 e Range and Measurement Rate Command
15. 1 1 1 Sl NI 6 o RUB SI US MLA15 UNL O MTA15 UNT o MSA15 OUT MSA31 23 22 2 2 ADDRESSED UNIVERSAL LISTEN TALK SECONDARY ADDRESSES COMMANDS COMMANDS ADDRESSES ADDRESSES OR COMMANDS decimal 38 hex KEY amp 1722A DISPLAY Form No F739 Rev 1 3 85 amp MLAG ASCII ittt LB8 Appendix C IEEE 488 2 Device Documentation Requirements Introduction Section 4 9 of the IEEE Standard 488 2 1987 states All devices shall supply information to the user about how the device has implemented this standard In this context device means the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter The information in Appendix C is provided in compliance with this requirement Implementation of IEEE Standard 488 2 1987 Items 1 23 below correspond one to one to the specific items of information required by Section 4 9 Device Documentation Requirements of the Standard The information supplied by Fluke in response is italicized Throughout Appendix C the word Section refers to the section s in the Standard not this manual 1 A list of IEEE 488 2 Interface Function subsets implemented Section 5 IEEE 488 1 interface functions implemented in the Fluke 45 are listed under TEEE 488 Option 05 capability codes in Appendix A 2 A description of device behavior when the address is set outside the range 0 30 Section 5 2 It is not possible to set the Fluke 45 address outside the specified range 3 A description of when a user initiated
16. 230 OPEN testdata prn FOR OUTPUT AS 2 Open data file 231 232 Set up Fluke 45 233 rems Put the Fluke 45 into Remote mode 234 vac Primary measurement is Volts AC 235 dB Add decibels modifier to primary measurement 236 freq2 Secondary display measurement to be frequency 237 format 1 Data to be formatted without units 240 GCMD rems vac db freq2 format 1 250 GOSUB 1000 Send command and get response 300 310 LOCATE 1 1 PRINT Program to record Magnitude and Frequency data 320 LOCATE 12 15 PRINT Magnitude Frequency 330 LOCATE 25 10 PRINT Press any key to record Press ESC key to exit 331 340 WHILE IN lt gt ESCS 350 PRINT 1 meas Request next measurement results 360 ECHOS INPUTS LEN meas 2 1 Discard echoed command string 370 LINE INPUT 1 RESULTS Get the measurements 380 PROMPTS INPUTS 5 1 Get the prompt trailing lt LF gt 390 LOCATE 12 36 PRINT RESULTS Print the measurement result 400 INS INKEYS Read the keyboard buffer 401 If a key has been pressed record the data 410 IF INS OR IN ESCS THEN GOTO 450 420 PRINT 2 RESULTS Store data in Lotus PRN format 430 COUNT COUNT 1 Increment number of readings 440 LOCATE 13 32 PRINT COUNT Readings recorded 441 ENDIF 450 WEND 460 LOCATE 14 1 PRINT Test Complete Data stored in TESTDATA PRN 470 CLOSE 1 2 480 KEY ON
17. 30 300 70 750 V 750 V 1 kHz 747 5 752 5 6 5 45 Users Manual 6 6 Table 6 2 Performance Tests for Volts Diode Test Ohms and Frequency Functions cont Function Range Rate PUL EGVGI Frequency 2 Min Max QO Using decades of 3 3002 Shot 0 00 0 04 300 Q 299 83 300 19 3 kQ short 0 0000 0 0002 3 kQ 2 9983 3 0017 30 kQ 30 kQ 29 983 30 017 300 kQ 300 kQ 299 83 300 17 3 MQ 3 MQ 2 9980 3 0020 30 MQ 30 MQ 29 922 30 078 300 MQ 300 MQ z 294 0 306 0 Using decades of 1 9 300 Q Short 0 00 0 04 190 Q 189 88 190 14 3 kQ short E 0 0000 0 0002 1 9 KQ 1 8988 1 9012 30 kQ 19 KQ 18 988 19 012 300 kQ 190 KQ 189 88 190 12 3 MQ 1 9 MQ 1 8987 1 9013 30 MQ 19 MQ I 18 949 19 051 300 MQ 190 MQ 186 2 193 8 Using decades of 1 300 Q Short 0 00 0 04 100 Q 99 93 100 09 3 kQ short 0 0000 0 0002 3 kQ 1 kQ 0 9993 1 0007 30 kQ 10 kQ 9 993 10 007 300 kQ 100 KQ T 99 93 100 07 3 MQ 1 MQ 0 9992 1 0008 30 MQ 10 MQ T 9 972 10 028 300 MQ 100 MQ 98 0 102 0 FREQ 10 100 kHz 0 1Vto10V 10 kHz 9 9949 10 006 Optional test points that can be used if standards are available Maintenance Replacement Parts 6 Table 6 3 Performance Tests for mA Current Functions Display Function Range Rate Input Level Frequency j Min Max A mA 30 mA 30 mA 29 982 30 018 100 mA 100 mA 9
18. C IEEE 488 2 Device Documentation Requirements 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 MEAS MEAS1 MEAS2 VAL VALI and VAL2 return one of two possible formats set with the FORMAT command In addition the VAL and MEAS queries will return two comma separated values if both displays are in use e Format 1 lt NR3 NUMERIC RESPONSE DATA gt e Format 2 lt NR3 NUMERIC RESPONSE DATA gt lt UNIT gt MEASUREMENT lt UNITS gt Volts dc VDC Volts ac VAC Current dc ADC Current ac AAC Resistance OHMS Frequency AZ Continuity Test VDC Diode Test VDC A description of any device to device message transfer traffic which does not follow the rules for lt RESPONSE MESSAGE gt elements Section 8 1 There are no device to device messages The size of any block data responses Section 8 7 9 4 There are no block data responses A list of common commands and queries which are implemented Section 10 See Table 5 9 in the Users Manual A description of the state of the device after successful completion of the Calibration query Section 10 2 The CAL command not implemented an optional commana The maximum length of the block used to define the trigger macro if DDT is implemented Section 10 4 DDT is not implemented The maximum length of macro labels the maximum length of the block used to define a macro and how recursion is handled during macro expansion if the macro commands are imp
19. C Options Battery Option 01 K IEEE 488 Option 05K 1000 V dc or peak ac maximum from any input to earth 9 3 cm high 21 6 cm wide 28 6 cm deep 3 67 in high 8 5 in wide 11 27 in deep Net 2 4 kg 5 2 lbs without battery 3 2 kg 7 0 Ibs with battery Shipping 4 0 kg 8 7 lbs without battery 4 8 10 5 lbs with battery 90 V to 264 V ac no switching required 50 Hz and 60 Hz lt 15 VA maximum Complies with IEC 348 UL1244 CSA Bulletin 566B EMC Part 15 subpart J of FCC Rules and VDE 0871 Baud rates 300 600 1200 2400 4800 and 9600 Odd even or no parity One stop bit Type 8 V Lead Acid Operating Time 8 hours typical lights when less than 1 2 hour of battery operation remains Meter still meets specifications Recharge Time 16 hours typical with meter turned off and plugged into line power Battery will not charge when meter is turned on Capability codes SH1 AH1 T5 L4 SRI RL1 PPO DC1 DT1 E1 TED LEO and CO External Trigger Input VIH 1 35 V minimum VIL 1 25 V maximum Input Threshold Hysteresis 0 6 V minimum Appendix B ASCIVIEEE 488 Bus Codes B 1 45 Users Manual Appendices ASCII IEEE 488 Bus Codes B FLUKE ASCII amp BUS CODES B B B NUMBERS SYMBOLS LOWER CASE 0 0 16 10 48 30 96 60 112 70 a 0 0 0 o NUL P 0 NUL DLE SPACE MLAO 0 MLA16 MSAO P MSA16 1 1 17 1 49 31 97 61 113 71 0001 B c 1 a q SOH GTL
20. Contents continued Installing the IEEE 488 Interface cece ceseesecsecnseceseceaeenseecsaecsaeenseeees Enabling the TEEE 488 Interface eeceeeecsseceeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeaeeeaeeeaaeenaees Addressing the Meter cec ccsiyess ceca ss oneni e a E TEE Cabling the Meter to a HOSt eee ee eecesseeeseeeseeeeseeeaeeeaeecaeecaaecaecsaeenaeenseenes Getting Started With An Installation Test eee ceeceseceeeceseceeeeseceeeeeeeeee Installation Test for RS 232 Operations 0 00 cesceseceseceseceeceeeeeaecnaeeeaeens Installation Test for IEEE 488 Operations ce ceeceseceeecesneceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Test HAS 23 steeeceySeersachyscectuetdden E E EE E E EEE How the Meter Processes Input eseseseeeeeseseessesreesrsressesrresrrrirsesrtsserrinsresresress op t Strina Siinses sereset enorer n ESE AEE E E lnp t Terminators eiropa eroer anes e Ee sesegescts detupsbagecloeduasesponadeandeades Typical IEEE 488 Input Strings eeeeeeeseeeeesereesesrrsrisressrrrirsresrrsrerreseesresrees Sending Numeric Values to the Meter cece ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaes Sending Command Strings to the Meter ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees How the Meter Processes Output ce eeeceeseeeneeeeeceecnaeceaeeeaeecaecsaeenaeenaeens TPIS QETING OQUCPUL sieros pinnen ienee E A EEEE EREEREER KER EE EEE External Triggering from the Front Panel 0 eee eeeesseesseeeneeeseeeneeenaeenaees Setting the Trigger Type Configuration esseseeeeeseeree
21. DC1 MLA 1 MLA17 a MSA1 q MSA17 2 2 18 12 34 22 50 32 98 62 114 72 mn 0010 Y T 2 b r STX DC2 MLA2 2 MLA18 b MSA2 r MSA18 3 3 19 13 35 2 1 51 33 99 63 115 73 0011 v 3 c s ETX DC3 MLA3 3 MLA19 ic MSA3 s MSA19 4 4 20 14 36 24 52 34 100 cat ie 7a 0100 4 d t EOT SDC DC4 DCL MLA4 4 MLA20 d MSA4 t MSA20 5 5 21 15 37 53 35 101 65 117 75 0101 X 5 e u ENQ PPC NAK PPU 5 MLA21 e MSAS5 u MSA21 6 6 22 16 38 26 54 36 102 66 118 76 011 0 n Y amp 6 f v ACK SYN amp MLA6 6 MLA22 f MSA6 v MSA22 7 7 23 17 39 27 55 37 103 67 119 77 0111 BEL w 7 g w BEL ETB MLA7 7 MLA23 g MSA7 w MSA23 8 8 24 18 40 28 56 38 104 68 120 78 1000 BS n 8 h x BS GET CAN SPE MLAS 8 MLA24 h MSA8 x MSA24 9 9 25 19 41 29 57 39 105 69 121 79 1001 HT IV 9 i y HT TCT EM SPD MLA9 9 MLA25 i MSA9 x MSA25 10 A 26 1A 42 2A 106 6A 122 7A 1010 LF j z LF SUB MLA10 j MSA10 z MSA26 11 B 27 1B 43 2B 59 3B 107 6B 123 7B 10114 WT esc k VT ESC MA1 MLA27 k MSA11 MSA27 12 C 28 1c 44 2C 60 3C C 108 6C 124 7C LI 1100 FF t lt I FF FS MLAI2 lt MLA2B MSA12 MSA2B 13 D 29 1D 45 2D 1 3D 109 6D 125 7D 1101 CR K m CR GS MLA13 MLA29 m MSA13 MSA29 14 E 30 1E 46 2E 62 3E 78 4E 94 5E 110 6E 126 7E 1110 So 2 gt N A n n So RS i MLA14 gt MLA30 N MTA14 A MTA30 n MSA14 MSA30 15 F 31 IF 47 2F 63 3F 79 4F 95 5F 111 6F 127 7F DN 9 1
22. Input a numeric value from Fluke 45 Error handling routine I RESULT Reset the DMM PCIB ERRS aam25s tif Figure 5 6 Sample Programs for IEEE 488 Computer Interface cont Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Sample Programs Using the IEEE 488 Computer Interface 1 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE FLUKE 45 USING THE NATIONAL GPIB PC 2 IEEE 488 DRIVER WITH A PCIIA INTERFACE CARD 10 CLEAR 60000 IBINIT1 60000 IBINIT2 IBINIT1 3 BLOAD bib m IBINIT1 20 CALL IBINIT1 IBFIND IBTRG IBCLR IBPCT IBSIC IBLOC IBPPC IBBNA IBONL IBRSC IBSRE IBRSV IBPAD IBSAD IBIST IBDMA IBEOS IBTMO IBEOT IBRDF IBWRTF IBTRA P 30 CALL IBINIT2 IBGTS IBCAC IBWAIT IBPOKE IBWRT IBWRTA IBCMD IBCMDA IBRD IBRDA IBSTOP IBRPP IBRSP IBDIAG IBXTRC IBRDI IBWRTI IBRDIA IBWRTIA IBSTA IBERR amp IBCNT 40 CLS 50 BDNAMES DEV2 Device at address 2 60 V amp HA 4 amp H400 Set end of receive string to LF 70 RDS SPACES 30 Reading place holder 80 CALL IBFIND BDNAMES DEV2 Initialize 90 Must set this to receive data from the Fluke 45 100 CALL IBEOS DEV2 V Set End of String on interface 110 IF DEV2 lt 0 THEN PRINT Device not responding GOTO 310 120 130 RST Reset the Fluke 45 VDC Volts AC in the primary display 140 TRIGGER 2 External trigger without delay 150 TRG Trigger the Fluke 45 160 VAL Request the out
23. Output The following paragraphs summarize how the meter processes output The meter outputs an alphanumeric string in response to a query command from the host Query commands are easily identified because they all end with An output string is terminated by a Carriage Return and Line Feed lt CR gt lt LF gt for RS 232 applications or a Line Feed with End or Identity lt LF gt lt EOI gt for IEEE 488 After sending the meter a command via the RS 232 interface wait for the meter to return a prompt before sending another command If you do not do so a device dependent command error is generated and the second string is discarded If the meter is part of an IEEE 488 bus system the output data is not actually sent onto the bus until the host addresses the meter as a talker When the output buffer is loaded the Message Available MAV bit in the Status Byte Register is set true For more information see Status Byte Register later in Chapter 5 Numeric output from the meter is displayed as shown in the following examples EXAMPLE EXPLANATION 1 2345E 0 Measured value of 1 2345 1 2345E 6 Measured value of 1 2345 x 106 12 345E 6 OHM Measured value of 12 345 x 106 ohms format 2 1E 9 Positive overload OL on the display 1E 9 Negative overload OL on the display Triggering Output The meter takes measurements when it is triggered to do so The five trigger types available on the meter see Table 5 3 fall into two
24. REF 0 The reference impedance currently selected is displayed along with the db and Q annunciators Press A or to scroll to the desired value then press to select a reference impedance and return the primary display to the measurement function Press any function white or modifier light grey button to exit the reference impedance list without selecting a new value Setting the dB reference resistance to 16 8 4 or 2 ohms allows you to use the meter to calculate audio power After the reference resistance has been set to 16 8 4 or 2 ohms press twice to select the audio power modifier POWER will be shown on the secondary display The following equation is used to make a power calculation Audio power Volts reference resistance where volts is the measurement value Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier HOLD Touch Hold Modifier The Touch Hold modifier allows you to take a measurement and hold that measurement on the display This feature can be particularly advantageous in difficult or hazardous circumstances when you might want to keep your eyes fixed on the probes and then read the display when it is safe or convenient to do so When a new stable reading is detected a beep is emitted and the display is automatically updated Press to select the Touch Hold modifier When Touch Hold is selected HOLD is shown in the primary display In Touch Hold each press of forces a ne
25. Read Status Byte Trigger Self Test Query Wait to continue Description Sets the Service Request Enable Register to lt value gt an integer between 0 and 255 The value of bit six is ignored because it is not used by the Service Request Enable Register lt value gt is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register If lt value gt is not between 0 and 255 an Execution Error is generated Meter returns the lt value gt of the Service Request Enable Register with bit six set to zero lt value gt is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register Meter returns the lt value gt of the Status Byte with bit six as the Master Summary bit lt value gt is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register Causes the meter to trigger a measurement when parsed Causes the meter to run internal self test Test takes about 15 seconds All display segments are lit during the test No user interaction is required The number returned corresponds to a state described in the table below Meter reverts to power up configuration after tests performed Number State 0 Passes 1 A D self test failed 2 A D dead 4 EEPROM instrument configuration bad 8 EEPROM calibration data bad 16 Display dead 32 Display self test failed 64 ROM test failed 128 External RAM test failed 256 Inte
26. V ac Table 5 13B Ranges at Slow Measurement Rate Range Voltage Ohms Current Frequency Value Range Range Range Range 1 100 mV 100 Q 10 mA 1000 Hz 2 1000 mV 1000 Q 100 mA 10 kHz 3 10 V 10 kQ 10A 100 kHz 4 100 V 100 KQ ERROR 1000 kHz 5 1000 V dc 1000 kQ ERROR 1 MHz 6 ERROR 10 MQ ERROR ERROR 7 ERROR 100 MQ ERROR ERROR 1000 V dc 750 V ac 5 25 45 Users Manual Table 5 13 Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries cont Command RANGE1 RANGE2 RATE lt speed gt RATE Description Returns the range presently selected on the primary display Returns the range presently selected on the secondary display If the secondary display is inactive an Execution Error is generated Sets the measurement rate to lt speed gt lt speed gt is either S for slow 2 5 readings second M for medium 5 readings second or F for fast 20 readings secondq S M and F can be sent as either upper or lower case letters Any other entry for lt speed gt generates an Execution Error Returns lt speed gt as S for slow 2 5 readings second M for medium 5 0 readings second or F for fast 20 readings second Measurement Queries The commands in Table 5 14 cause the meter to return readings shown on the primary and or secondary displays Command MEAS1 MEAS2 MEAS VAL1 VAL2 VAL Table 5 14 Measurement Queries Description Meter returns the value shown
27. Y8021 Y8022 Y8023 Table 6 5 Replacement Parts cont DESCRIPTION RS 232 modem cable Connects Fluke 45 to any modem Industrial Test Leads Optional Test Leads Standard User s Manual English User s Manual German French User s Manual Japanese Service Manual Quick Reference Guide Shielded IEEE 488 one meter 39 4 inch cable Plug and jack at each end Shielded IEEE 488 two meter 78 8 inch cable Plug and jack at each end Shielded IEEE 488 four meter 13 feet cable Plug and jack at each end FLUKE PART NO 855981 856034 857859 856042 856021 Fluke accessories that are available from your authorized Fluke distributor In USA for Fluke parts call 1 800 356 4731 A To ensure safety use exact replacement only Appendices Appendix Title Page A Specificato S eresie ceee reai nn E eN EE EREE E E EENE A 1 B ASCTI TEEE 488 Bus Codes anice e E a B 1 C 1 C TEEE 488 2 Device Documentation Requirements eeeseeseeererresreereereeresreereeee 45 Users Manual Appendix A Specifications Introduction Appendix A contains the specifications of the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter These specifications assume e A 1 year calibration cycle e An operating temperature of 18 C to 28 C 64 4 F to 82 4 F e Relative humidity not exceeding 90 non condensing 70 for 1 000 kQ range Accuracy is expressed as percentage of reading digits Displa
28. a description of Touch Hold thresholds Meter enters MN MX modifier with present reading as maximum value If already in MN MX modifier meter displays maximum value In MN MX modifier autoranging is disabled See MN MX Modifier in Chapter 3 5 23 45 Users Manual Command MAXSET lt numeric value gt MIN MINSET lt numeric value gt MMCLR MOD REL RELCLR RELSET lt relative base gt RELSET Table 5 12 Function Modifier Commands and Queries cont Description Meter enters MN MX modifier with lt numeric value gt as the maximum value lt numeric value gt can be a signed integer signed real number without exponent or signed real number with exponent Autoranging is disabled See MN MX Modifier in Chapter 3 If lt numeric value gt exceeds the measurement range an Execution Error is generated Meter enters MN MX modifier with present reading as minimum value If already in MN MX modifier meter displays minimum value In MN MX modifier autoranging is disabled See MN MX Modifier in Chapter 3 Meter enters MN MX modifier with lt numeric value gt as the minimum value lt numeric value gt can be a signed integer signed real number without exponent or signed real number with exponent Autoranging is disabled See MN MX Modifier in Chapter 3 If lt numeric value gt exceeds the measurement range an Execution Error is generated Meter exits the MN MX modifier The stored minimu
29. any button but AUTO GS or 2 5 5 45 Users Manual 5 6 Cabling the Meter to a Host The meter communicates with a host through an interface connector on the rear panel of the meter First turn the meter off then cable the meter to the host Getting Started With An Installation Test After the meter has been cabled to a host and prepared to communicate with it via the RS 232 or IEEE 488 interface as described above test the system to verify that it is operational Installation Test for RS 232 Operations The procedure below illustrates how the meter performs a computer interface command and at the same time confirms that the meter has been properly set up and cabled for remote operations 1 2 Press the POWER button in to turn the meter on Verify that the computer interface parameters e g baud parity etc are set correctly Turn the host on Send the meter the following command IDN lt CR gt Verify that the meter sends the following response FLUKE 45 nnnnnnn n n Dn n gt nnnnnnn is your meter s serial number n n identifies the main software version and Dn n identifies the display software version The RS 232 prompt gt means that the command has been executed and the interface is ready to accept another command Installation Test for IEEE 488 Operations The procedure below illustrates how the meter performs a computer interface command and at the same time confirms th
30. autorange mode and the measurement function and range are the same for both the primary and secondary displays This will happen for instance if dB which always causes the voltage measurement in the primary display to autorange or HOLD with autoranging on is applied to a measurement function on the primary display and the same function is selected for the secondary display If for example the dB value of an ac voltage measurement were shown in the primary display and the ac voltage itself were shown in the secondary display the meter would take a single measurement and update both displays with it Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with Separate Measurements If the measurement function range and ranging mode in the primary display are not identical to those in the secondary display the meter updates each display using a separate measurement 4 5 45 Users Manual Table 4 2 Typical Single Measurement Response Times in Seconds Slow Rate Medium Rate Fast Rate Meas Auto Single Auto Single Auto Function Range Range Range Range Range Ve 1 00 0 60 0 80 0 40 0 30 0 10 V 2 20 0 80 2 00 0 60 1 00 0 30 A 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 20 0 10 A 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 50 0 30 Q 1 40 0 60 1 20 0 40 0 40 0 10 gt 0 50 0 50 0 30 0 30 0 10 0 10 FREQ 1 20 0 50 1 20 0 50 0 70 0 30 1 Time to las a new measurement from the lowest to the highest range and i display the ai
31. basic categories e An internal trigger triggers measurements continuously e An external trigger triggers a measurement only at the direction of the user A measurement can be externally triggered in four ways e External trigger with rear trigger disabled Trigger type 2 or 3 from Table 5 3 See External Triggering from the Front Panel below e External trigger with rear trigger enabled Trigger type 4 or 5 from Table 5 3 See External Triggering via the Computer Interface below e JEEE 488 1 GET command e JEEE 488 2 TRG command see Table 5 8 External Triggering from the Front Panel To enable an external trigger and trigger a measurement from the front panel perform the following procedure 1 Make sure that the RS 232 interface is enabled by pressing 2ND then RATE the RS 232 interface is enabled if baud and a baud rate are displayed If the RS 232 interface is enabled press any button but MUT S or 2 If the RS 232 interface needs to be enabled refer to the procedure under Setting Communication Parameters RS 232 earlier in Chapter 5 45 Users Manual 2 Press and simultaneously tri and a number corresponding to the selected trigger type 1 2 3 4 or 5 from Table 5 3 are displayed Note If is pressed before rather than simultaneously with S the meter will toggle from autorange to manual range or vice versa depending upon the range mode you are in
32. by pressing and holding down and then pressing either 2S HI or J LO The value presently displayed becomes either the high or low point If the display is blank the meter emits a beep and previously set high or low point remains unchanged OR e Use the number editor as described under Using the Number Editor later in Chapter 3 Before entering the number editor be sure you are in the appropriate range The decimal point and input range are fixed according to the range in the editor OR e Use the computer interface commands COMPHI and COMPLO to set the high and low compare points remotely Refer to Chapter 5 and Table 5 13 To select the compare function press then press COMP When COMP is first selected Touch Hold is also activated and annunciated Before a stable value is detected two dashes are shown in the secondary display When a stable value is detected the meter emits a beep the reading is displayed in the primary display and HI LO or PASS is shown in the secondary display If the value is either HI or LO the meter emits a second beep If the reading is near zero only two dashes are shown in the secondary display Touch Hold can be turned off by pressing and holding down for longer than one second The secondary display then updates each time a new reading is taken but a beep is not sounded The List and Number Editors Two editors can be invoked from the front panel e The list editor
33. common mode voltage and place the meter in series at that point To measure current without breaking the circuit use a current clamp 3 Turn on power to the circuit and read the display The meter will select the appropriate range automatically and an annunciator on the display will indicate the units of the measurement value shown 4 Turn off power to the circuit and disconnect the meter from the tested circuit Note After measuring high current using the 10 A input thermal voltages are generated that may create errors when making low level high sensitivity dc measurements of volts current or ohms To make the most accurate measurements allow up to ten minutes for the thermals to settle out Diode Continuity Testing Diode and continuity tests are performed by a diode test function with a continuity beeper that can be turned on and off The continuity test determines whether a circuit is intact i e has a resistance less than about 30 Q The meter detects continuity for intervals as brief as 50 us The continuity test function cannot be selected for the secondary display To perform a continuity test press and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2 7 The beeper emits a single beep when the input drops below 0 8 V approximately 1 KQ and emits a continuous tone when the input goes below 25 mV approximately 30 Q The diode test measures the forward voltage of a semiconductor junction or junctions at ap
34. detected a device dependent error is generated and the input string is discarded If the meter s input buffer becomes full when it is used with the RS 232 interface a device dependent error is generated see Event Status and Event Status 5 7 45 Users Manual Enable Register later in Chapter 5 and the input string is discarded If on the other hand the input buffer becomes full when the IEEE 488 interface is used the meter stops accepting characters until there is room in the buffer Characters in the input buffer cannot be over written with the IEEE 488 interface Valid terminators for the RS 232 interface are e LF Line Feed e CR Carriage Return e CRLF Carriage Return Line Feed Valid terminators for the IEEE 488 interface are e EOI End or Identity on any character e LF Line Feed In some instances a terminator is automatically transmitted at the end of the host s output string i e the meter s input string For example in Fluke BASIC the PRINT statement finishes with a CR LF pair Typical lIEEE 488 Input Strings Two typical strings that could be sent to the meter over the IEEE 488 interface are shown in Figure 5 1 These strings are written in Fluke BASIC to be sent from a Fluke 1722A Instrument Controller Sending Numeric Values to the Meter Numeric values can be sent to the meter as integers real numbers or real numbers with exponents as shown in the following examples EXAMPLE EXPLANA
35. for importation costs of repair replacement parts when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country Fluke s warranty obligation is limited at Fluke s option to refund of the purchase price free of charge repair or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized service center within the warranty period To obtain warranty service contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send the product with a description of the difficulty postage and insurance prepaid FOB Destination to the nearest Fluke authorized service center Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit Following warranty repair the product will be returned to Buyer transportation prepaid FOB Destination If Fluke determines that the failure was caused by misuse alteration accident or abnormal condition of operation or handling Fluke will provide an estimate of repair costs and obtain authorization before commencing the work Following repair the product will be returned to the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges FOB Shipping Point THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL D
36. greater than 1 uV When making low level tic measurements thermal voltages can present an additional source of error Thermal voltages can also cause problems in the low ohms ranges Some low value resistors are constructed with dissimilar metals Just handling such resistors can cause thermal voltages large enough to introduce measurement errors Use the following techniques to reduce the effect of thermal voltages 1 i pe or te Use similar metals for connections wherever possible e g copper to copper gold to gold etc Use tight connections Use clean connections especially free of grease and dirt Use caution when handling the circuit under test Wait for the circuit to reach thermal equilibrium Thermal voltages are generated only where there is a temperature gradient Applications 4 When Measuring Resistance When Measuring Resistance Two Wire Configuration The meter measures resistance in a two wire configuration using a resistance ratio some times called ratio ohms technique Two wire resistance measurements are simple to set up and yield good results for most measurement conditions The full scale voltage for each resistance range is shown in Table 4 5 The VOA gt input test lead is positive with respect to the COM lead Correcting for Test Lead Resistance The resistance of the test leads can introduce error when measuring low resistances Typi cal test leads may add as much as 0 5 to readin
37. interface bus 1987 The meter is also designed in compliance with supplemental standard IEEE 488 2 1987 This chapter assumes you are familiar with the basics of data communication the RS 232 interface and the IEEE 488 bus For an introduction to the IEEE 488 interface request Fluke Application Bulletin AB 36 IEEE Standard 488 1978 Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation An annotated sample program illustrating the use of the RS 232 computer interface is provided at the end of Chapter 5 Refer to Chapter 3 for complete descriptions of all meter functions and features Remote calibration procedures are provided in the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Service Manual P N 856042 Local and Remote Operations When the meter is operated from a host it is said to be operated remotely When the meter is operated from its front panel it is said to be operated locally Most operations that can be performed locally can also be performed remotely over the computer interface Some operations like setting communications parameters for the RS 232 interface and addressing the meter for JIEEE 488 operations can only be performed from the front panel Computer Interfaces The meter comes equipped with an RS 232 serial interface The IEEE 488 interface is optional and is contained on a single printed circuit assembly pca Only one computer interface can be enabled at a time Using either interface turns the meter into a fully
38. meter will respond to remote commands during print only operations we recommend first setting the meter s echo mode to OFF see above This will prevent mixing echoed command characters and incoming data In the print only mode the meter sends every Nth reading shown on the primary and or secondary displays out the RS 232 port The print rate N is selected by the user from the available values for N provided in Table 5 2 The duration between output is determined by the reading rate of the meter slow 2 5 medium 5 0 or fast 13 5 and the print only rate The output is formatted as one measurement per line from the primary display or two measurements per line from the primary and secondary display Table 5 2 Approximate Print Rates in RS 232 Print Only Mode Seconds Between Output Minutes Between Output Hours Between Output Rate N 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 Slow 0 4 0 8 2 0 4 0 8 0 20 0 40 0 80 0 200 0 400 0 800 0 2000 0 4000 0 8000 0 20000 0 Medium 0 2 0 4 1 0 2 0 4 0 10 0 20 0 40 0 100 0 200 0 400 0 1000 0 2000 0 4000 0 10000 0 Fast 0 07 0 1 0 3 0 6 1 0 3 0 6 0 11 0 25 0 50 0 100 0 250 0 500 0 1000 0 2500 0 Slow 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 7 1 3 3 3 6 7 12 3 33 3 66 7 133 3 333 3 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 7 1 7 3 3 6 7 16 7 33 3 66 7 166 7 Medium Fast 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 8 1 7 4 2 8 3 16 7
39. nN ut ut M l WoE UNCAL mA mV DC AC I 1 ON 00 OF A ans MkW Hz External Trigger Enabled Less Than Diode Test Calibration 1 2 Hour Battery Corrupted Power Remains Diode Test Overload Out of Limits Placement of Decimal A i Point Varies According E to Range aam10f eps Figure 3 2 Display Annunciators FLUKE 45 DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER aam11f eps Figure 3 3 Secondary Display If the secondary display has been turned on press a function button white to select a measurement function for the secondary display The reading in the primary display will not be affected When the secondary display is active pressing any function button turns off the secondary display and selects that function on the primary display To turn the secondary display off without affecting the primary display press twice Note If you press only a diode test voltage reading will be shown in the secondary display continuity is restricted to the primary display 45 Users Manual Neither function modifiers REL dB HOLD and MN MX nor the manual range mode can be selected in the secondary display Measurement ranges in the secondary display are always selected through autoranging Input Terminals The input terminals shown in Figure 3 4 are located on the left of the front panel The meter is protected against overloads up to the limits shown in Table 3 1 Exceeding t
40. potentially hazardous e Use clamp on probes when measuring circuits exceeding 10 amps e When servicing the meter use only the replacement parts specified e Do not allow meter to be used if it is damaged or if its safety is impaired Chapter 2 Getting Started Introduction Chapter 2 explains how to prepare the meter for operation discusses general operating features and walks you through the basics of taking some common measurements Getting Started Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter Carefully remove the meter from its shipping container and inspect it for possible damage or missing items If the meter is damaged or something is missing contact the place of purchase immediately Save the container and packing material in case you have to return the meter Front Panel and Rear Panel The front panel shown in Figure 2 1 has three main elements the input terminals on the left the primary and secondary displays and the pushbuttons The pushbuttons are used to select major functions ranging operations and function modifiers These elements are described in detail in Chapter 3 The rear panel shown in Figure 2 2 contains the power line cord connector an RS 232 interface connector a cutout for the optional IEEE 488 interface connector a serial number label and a line fuse For fuse testing and replacement procedures refer to Chapter 6 Rotate the rear feet 180 degrees before using the meter Adjusting the Handle Fo
41. pro grammable instrument that can be integrated into an automated instrumentation system If you are using the RS 232 interface continue reading If you are using the IEEE 488 interface skip to Preparing Meter for Operations via IEEE 488 Interface later in Chapter 5 45 Users Manual To determine which computer interface is enabled press in POWER to turn the meter on Press 2ND then press RATE If baud and a rate are displayed the RS 232 interface is enabled if IEEE is displayed the IEEE 488 interface is enabled Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS 232 Interface The RS 232 interface allows ASCH asynchronous serial communication between the meter and a host a serial printer or terminal Setting Communication Parameters RS 232 The communication parameters for the RS 232 computer interface are shown in Table 5 1 as they are set when the meter leaves the factory Interface baud rate and parity parameters can be set directly by the user data bit and stop bit parameters cannot In order for the meter and host to communicate via the RS 232 interface the communication parameters of the meter must match those of the host Setting RS 232 communication parameters can only be done from the front panel If the communications parameters of the host and meter do not match proceed as follows to select the appropriate baud rate and parity parameters for the meter 1 Press in the POWER button on the front panel to t
42. ques crept soasisensagothaeatstuigesio aE E TEE Saa 45 Users Manual Measuring Prequency cs c cccsseecsesssseccceceeenssnabonesacebuenesacbsncssesessadscetseeesoenssees PreqUuenCY Rannon ine ni e E aS EE EE TERE NEEE TOER a Ea ESS Frequency Measurement Rates ci ceecesecceseceseceseeeseeeeeeeeaeeeaeeesaecnaeeeaeeeaaes Measuring Frequency of Current 100 mA and 10A Inputs Frequency Sensitivity Selection cece eeceseeeeeeeseceeseeeeeeeeaeeeaeeeseecnaeeeseeeaaes Selecting A Function Modifier ccc cecesecesecessecsseceeceaeceseeeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeneeenee REL Relative Readings Modifier ccccccescceeseecesseeceeeeeceeeeeenaeceeaeeeeeees dB Decibels and Audio Power Modifier ccccccccsssscceesesseceenssseeeensaaes HOLD Touch Hold Modifier cccccccccssssececcsssnececsssneeeesseeeeessnaeeeeneaaes MN MX Minimum Maximum Modifier ecceccessssceceessececeesseeeeeeees Using Function Modifiers in Combination cc ceecescesecesecesseceseceeeeseeees Selecting A Measurement Rate Rate c ce ceecceesseceeseceeeeeceeeeeesaaeceeeeeeeaees Using the Butoi eisni es rn eE E aa E e E E teins Using The Compare Comp Function seeesseeseeseesesesrresrerresrrerrsresressresresrees The List and Number Editors 2 0 0 eeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeseeeaeecaeecaaecsaeceaecsaeenseenes Using the List EGOE creien reosine stag des dintenan E oe E ER A a Using the Number Editor scinsion
43. rate Slow Reading Rate Between 15 000 and 99 999 counts full range Medium Reading Rate Between 1 500 and 30 000 counts full range Fast Reading Rate Between 150 and 3 000 counts full range Decibel Resolution Resolution Slow amp Medium 0 01 dB 0 1 dB Fast A 3 45 Users Manual Decibel Reference Resistance 8000 Q 500 Q 124 Q 8 OT 1200 Q 300 Q 1102 4 OT 1000 Q 250 Q 93 Q 2 OT 900 Q 150 Q 75 Q 800 Q 135 Q 50 Q 600 Q 125 Q 16 OF Default resistance t Reading displayed in watts POWER Input Impedance 1 MQ in parallel with lt 100 pF Maximum Crest Factor 3 0 Common Mode Rejection Ratio gt 60 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz 1 kO unbalanced medium rate Maximum Input 750 V rms 1000 V peak 2 X 107 Volt Hertz product on any range normal mode input 1 x 106 Volt Hertz product on any range common mode input AC DC Voltage Accuracy Total Measurement Error will not exceed the sum of the separate ac and de accuracy specifications plus 1 display count Refer to the table under Maximum Allowable AC Voltage while Measuring DC Voltage or AC DC Voltages located on page A3 Note When measuring ac dc or any dual display combination of ac and dc in the fast reading rate the Fluke 45 may show significant reading errors This results from a lack of filtering on the dc portion of the measurement for the fast reading rate To avoid this problem use only the slow and m
44. readings in normal units Also clears dB Power REL and MN MX modifiers Meter enters dB Power modifier if the reference impedance is set to 2 4 8 or 16 ohms and a voltage function has been selected Otherwise an Execution Error is generated In dB Power readings shown in the primary display are in Watts Set dB reference impedance to a lt value gt shown in Table 5 10A This value corresponds to the reference impedance ohms indicated If lt value gt is not a value in Table 5 10A an Execution Error is generated Table 5 12A Reference Impedance Values Value Ref Impedance Value Ref Impedance 1 2 12 150 2 4 13 250 3 8 14 300 4 16 15 500 5 50 16 600 6 75 17 800 7 93 18 900 8 110 19 1000 9 124 20 1200 10 125 21 8000 11 135 Meter returns a lt value gt shown in Table 5 11A This value corresponds to the reference impedance indicated Meter enters Touch Hold modifier See HOLD Modifier in Chapter 3 for more on Touch Hold If HOLD is sent when the meter is already in Touch Hold a reading is forced and shown on the display Meter exits Touch Hold and restores display to normal operation Set HOLD measurement threshold to lt threshold gt lt threshold gt must be 1 very stable 2 stable or 3 noisy Any other value generates an Execution Error See HOLD Modifier in Chapter 3 Meter returns Touch Hold lt threshold gt i e 1 2 or 3 See HOLD Modifier in Chapter 3 for
45. the STB command are described in Table 5 7 Reading the Status Byte Register The host can read the Status Byte Register by taking a serial poll or sending the meter a STB query The value of the status byte is not affected by the STB query When the Status Byte Register is read an integer is returned This integer is the decimal equivalent of an 8 bit binary number For example 48 is the decimal equivalent of the binary 00110000 and means that bit 4 MAY and bit 5 ESB are set to 1 If the status byte is read by serial poll bit 6 is returned as a request service RQS if it is read with an STB query bit 6 is returned as Master Summary Status MSS EXAMPLE EXPLANATION STB Reads the Status Byte Register Assume that 32 is returned Converting 32 to the binary 00100000 indicates that bit 5 ESB is set to 1 To determine the event status you would have to read the Event Status Register in the same manner using the ESR command 45 Users Manual Table 5 7 Description of Bits in the Status Byte Register Bit No Name True Set to 1 Condition Not used Always set to 0 Not used Always set to 0 Not used Always set to 0 Not used Always set to 0 Message Available MAV Data is available in the output buffer Bit set to 1 when response to query placed in output buffer Bit cleared set to 0 when output terminator sent to host Event Status ESB One or more of enabled events in the Event
46. the ESR is set i e 1 the event that corresponds to that bit has occurred since the register was last read or cleared For example if bit 3 DDE is set to 1 a device dependent error has occurred The Event Status Enable Register ESE is a mask register that allows the host to enable or disable mask each bit in the ESR When a bit in the ESE is 1 the corresponding bit in the ESR is enabled When any enabled bit in the ESR changes from O to 1 the ESB bit in the Status Byte Register also goes to 1 When the ESR is read using the ESR com mand or cleared using the CLS command the ESB bit in the Status Byte Register returns to 0 Execution Error Standard Event Status Register ESR J Power On User Request OT Command Error GO Device Dependent Error N Query Error Request Control Operation Complete gt Logical OR Standard 7161514131211 0 Event Status Enable Register ESE ESE Summary Message Event Summary Bit ESB Bit 5 of Status Byte Register aam22f eps Figure 5 4 Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers Figure 5 4 reprinted from ANSI IEEE Std 488 2 1987 Copyright 1988 By the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc By permission of the IEEE Standards Department Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Service Requests IEEE 488 Only and Status Registers Table 5 6 Descriptio
47. were detected and the command was successfully parsed and executed gt A Command Error was detected The command was not executed because it was not understood For instance this prompt would be returned if the meter was sent an input string that contained a syntax error gt An Execution Error was detected The command was understood but not executed i e a device dependent error For instance this prompt would be returned if you attempted to use the decibels modifier dB on a frequency measurement FREQ or if you sent the meter calibration commands when it was not in calibration mode Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE 488 Interface Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE 488 Interface To turn the meter into a fully programmable element of an automated testing system use the IEEE 488 Interface option as described below IEEE 488 Operating Limitations The following limitations govern the IEEE 488 interface e A maximum of 15 devices can be connected in a single IEEE 488 bus system e The maximum length of IEEE 488 cable used in one IEEE 488 system must be the lesser of 20 meters or 2 meters times the number of devices in the system Installing the IEEE 488 Interface If the meter was not shipped with the IEEE 488 option installed install the IEEE 488 interface according to the instructions provided with it To determine if the IEEE 488 interface i
48. 1 ENTER 02 LF EOI LINE INPUT 2 AS PRINT Reading IN A NEXT IN END Error Handler IOCTL 1 BREAK PRINT 1 STATUS INPUT 2 STS PRINT CHR 7 Error MID ST 15 2 MIDS STS 27 RESUME NEXT aam27s tif Figure 5 6 Sample Programs for IEEE 488 Computer Interface cont 5 34 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Sample Programs Using the IEEE 488 Computer Interface 5 35 Chapter 6 Maintenance Note When servicing the meter use only the replacement parts specified Introduction Chapter 6 provides the information necessary for the user to perform basic maintenance Users should not attempt to perform maintenance not described in this chapter Qualified service personnel should refer to the 45 Service Manual P N 856042 for complete main tenance service and calibration procedures Cleaning A Warning To avoid electrical shock or damage to the meter never get water inside the case Caution To avoid damaging the meters housing never apply solvents to the meter If the meter requires cleaning wipe it down with a cloth that is lightly dampened with water or a mild detergent Do not use aromatic hydrocarbons chlorinated solvents or methanol based fluids when wiping down the meter Line Fuse The meter has a T 125mA 250V Slow blow line fuse in series with the power supply This fuse is located on the rear panel To replace this fuse unplug the line cord and r
49. 20 330 340 350 360 Initialisations CLS AD 7 DMM 702 Sc 1 RESULT 0 x 0 CALL IORESET AD GOSUB 630 CALL IOCLEAR DMM TIME 20 CALL IOTIMEOUT AD TIME Setup the Fluke 45 VDC AUTO TRIGGER 3 RST Enable Autoranging Set External Trigger Reset the Fluke 45 CMD VDC AUTO TRIGGER 3 RSTS RST RDS MEAS NCHAR LEN CMD RCHAR LEN RD CALL IOOUTPUTS DMM CMD NCHAR GOSUB 630 Read and display 10 measured values PRINT PRINT FOR I 1 TO 10 CALL IOTRIGGER DMM EVENT 1 STAT 0 CALL IOOUTPUTS DMM RD RCHAR CALL IOENTER DMM RESULT GOSUB 630 IF PCIB ERR 0 THEN PRINT Reading STAT 0 NEXT I CALL IOOUTPUTS DMM RST RCHAR CALL IOLOCAL DMM END Error handler IF PCIB ERR gt O THEN PRINT IF PCIB ERR 100007 error is OR PCIB ERR 0 THEN RETURN ELSE END Adapter number is 7 GPIB address of Fluke 45 is 2 Controller is system controller Initialisation of GPIB Error handling routine Clear the Fluke 45 Set timeout to 20 seconds Select the DC Volts function delay enabled Set up command to DMM Command the DMM to make a measurement Number of characters in CMD Number of characters in RD Send string to set up Fluke 45 Error handling routine MEASUREMENTS RECEIVED FROM THE FLUKE 45 Trigger the Fluke 45 Ask the 45 for its reading
50. 24 1204A 30 kQ 1Q 10 Q 0 05 2 0 29 14 uA 300 kQ 10 Q 100 Q 0 05 2 0 29 1 5 yA 3 MQ 100 Q 1 kQ 0 06 2 0 3 150 WA 30 MQ 1 kQ 10 kQ 0 25 3 2 25 320 uA 300 MQ 100 KQ 1 MQ 2 2 9 320 uA 100 Q 1 mQ 0 05 8 0 02 Q 0 09 1 mA 1000 Q 10 mQ 0 05 8 0 02Q 0 10 120 uA 10 KQ 100 mQ 0 05 8 0 11 14 uA 100 kQ 1Q _ 0 05 8 0 11 1 5 pA 1000 kQ 10 Q 0 06 8 0 12 150 WA 10 MQ 100 Q 0 25 6 1 5 150 WA 100 MQ 100 kQ 2 2 2 75 320 uA Because of the method used to measure resistance the 100 MQ slow and 300 MQ medium and fast ranges cannot measure below 3 2 MQ and 20 MQ respectively UL underload is shown on the display for resistances below these nominal points and the computer interface outputs 1 E 9 Open Circuit Voltage 3 2 V maximum on the 100 Q 300 Q 30 MQ 100 MQ and 300 MQ ranges 1 5 V maximum on all other ranges Input Protection 500 V dc or rms ac on all ranges Diode Test Continuity Maximum Reading Resolution 999 99 mV 2 5 V 2 5 V Test Current Approximately 0 7 mA when measuring a forward biased junction Audible Tone Continuous tone for continuity Brief tone for normal forward biased diode or semiconductor junction A 7 45 Users Manual Open Circuit Voltage 3 2 V maximum Continuity Capture Time 50 us maximum 10 us typical Input Protection 500 volts dc or rms ac Note When
51. 3 When you have scrolled to 16 press to set the dB reference impedance 16 now becomes bright indicating that it is the selected value This dB reference will remain selected until you change it as described above turn the meter off or reset the meter to the power up configuration by pressing and holding down during power up See Changing the Power Up Configuration later in Chapter 3 Using the Number Editor Use the number editor to set the relative base or the low LO and high HI points for compare COMP operations see Using the Compare Function earlier in Chapter 3 To use the number editor proceed as follows 1 To invoke the desired number editor press then press 49 amp or REF See Table 3 12 Table 3 12 Number Editor Options Pushbuttons then LO Number Editor Invoked On Low Point for Compare Mode then CS Hi then REF High Point for Compare Mode Relative Base Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Power Up Configuration The last number entered or in REL the last measured value is shown with the left most digit displayed in normal intensity and the remaining digits dim If the number is negative the minus sign is dim Related annunciators are lit and EDIT is shown in the secondary display 2 Press to step the bright digit through numbers between O and 9 Holding down E amp Y causes this digit to scroll continuously Press to select th
52. 30 MQ 30 00 MQ 30 MQ 30 000 MQ 10 MQ 9 8000 MQ 300 MQ 300 MQ 300 MQ 300 0 MQ 100 MQ 98 0 MQ Typical Because of the method used to measure resistance the 100 M slow and 300 M medium and fast ranges cannot measure below 3 125 M and 20 M respectively UL Underload is shown on the display for resistances below these nominal points and the computer interface outputs 1 E 9 Table 3 5 Frequency Ranges and Full Scale Values Slow and Medium Range Full Scale 1000 Hz 999 99 Hz 10 kHz 9 9999 kHz 100 kHz 99 999 kHz 1000 kHz 999 99 kHz 1 MHz 9 9999 MHz Fast F reading rate has one digit of resolution less 3 7 45 Users Manual Press to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging AUTO Annunciator Turns off when Manual Range Selected Press to Enter Manual Range and Up Range i Press to Enter Manual Range and Down Range D va gt S 600V CATE 1000V CATT BO CAL N ENABLE ND LOCAL 5 M v ams Freq i Mear An AL SOME oH 10 ARSH ADDR RATE BAUD 5 8 eee d d a Yo gt y List i i i of H i io i i i i aam14f eps Figure 3 6 Range Selection Buttons Manual Ranging Press to toggle in and out of manual ranging The range you are in when you enter the manual range mode becomes the selected range In manual range the meter remai
53. 41 7 Slow 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 6 1 1 2 2 5 6 Medium 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 6 1 1 2 8 A 240 milliseconds asynchronous pause in the data output of occurs every three seconds Fast 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 7 Perform the following procedure to select the print only mode and set a printing rate N 1 2 Press in the POWER button on the front panel to turn the meter on Press 2ND then press ADDR If the RS 232 interface is selected PRINT is shown in the secondary display and the list editor is invoked on the print rate list Press or BS to scroll to one of the print rates shown in Table 5 2 then press to select that rate A print rate of 0 disables the print only mode 5 3 45 Users Manual 5 4 The meter exits the list editor returns to normal operation and is configured for RS 232 print only operations Cabling the Meter to a Host or Printer RS 232 The meter communicates with a host through a DB 9 interface connector on the rear panel of the meter A connector pinout for the RS 232 interface is on the rear of the instrument Cable the meter to the host or terminal using a cable appropriate to your application see Table 1 1 that is less than 50 feet 15 meters long Longer cables are permitted providing that the load capacitance measured at the interface point including the signal terminator does not exceed 2500 picofarads To connect the meter with an IBM PC AT DB 9 connector u
54. 5 3 shows the relationship of these registers Table 5 5 Status Register Summary Register Status Byte Register Service Request Enable Register Event Status Register Event Status Enable Register Read Command STB SRE ESR ESE Write Command None SRE None ESE Enable Register SRE None ESE None Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Service Requests IEEE 488 Only and Status Registers 5 Standard Event Status Register Read Using ESR oc O w 2 D O z Queue Not Empty Standard S Event Status Enable 71615 4312 1 0 Register Read Using ESE Sb at eR Ae OD ae we Dee De ee pret AS 8 ee ek eee Write to Using ESE Output Queue Read by Serial Poll Service Request Generation Status Byte Register a Read Using STB Service Request EENE l 7 514 131211 o Enable Register Read Using SRE Write to Using SRE aam21f eps Figure 5 3 Overview of Status Data Structures Figure 5 3 reprinted from ANSI IEEE Std 488 2 1987 Copyright 1988 By the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc By permission of the IEEE Standards Department 5 15 45 Users Manual Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers The Event Status Register ESR assigns specified events to specific bits see Figure 5 4 and Table 5 6 When a bit in
55. 9 93 100 07 A mA 30 mA 30 mA 1 kHz 29 840 30 160 100 mA 100 mA 1 kHz 99 40 100 60 Table 6 4 Performance Tests for A Current Functions Display Function Range Rate Input Level Frequency A 10A 10 A 9 975 10 025 A 10A 10A 1 kHz 9 890 10 110 Replacement Parts Parts that can be replaced by the user are listed in Table 6 5 Other parts must be replaced by qualified service personnel only following the procedures in the Service Manual Replacement parts and price information can be obtained from Fluke or an authorized Fluke distributor To ensure prompt and efficient handling include the following information with your order Quantity Fluke Part Number Part Description Instrument Model and Serial number Table 6 5 Replacement Parts ITEM C40 F1 A F2 A F3 A F5 A RS40 DESCRIPTION Soft Carrying Case Optional mA Input Fuse F 500 mA 250 V Fast blow 1500 A breaking capacity 10 A Input Fuse F 15 A 250 V Fast blow 10 000 A minimum breaking capacity Or F 15 A 600 V Fast blow 10 000 A minimum breaking capacity 820829 Line Fuse T 125 mA 250 V Slow blow See Supplement RS 232 terminal interface cable Connects Fluke 45 to any properly configured DTE connector DB 25 male pins IBM PC or IBM PC XT IBM PS 2 Models 25 30 50 60 70 80 FLUKE PART NO 838151 830802 822254 6 7 45 Users Manual 6 8 RS41 TL20 TL70 TM1 TM2 TM3 TM4 TM5
56. AMAGES OR LOSSES INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA WHETHER ARISING FROM BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BASED ON CONTRACT TORT RELIANCE OR ANY OTHER THEORY Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision Fluke Corporation Fluke Europe B V P O Box 9090 P O Box 1186 Everett WA 98206 9090 5602 BD Eindhoven U S A The Netherlands 5 94 Safety Class This is an IEC safety class 1 grounded enclosure product For safety the ground wire in the line cord must be connected when operating from AC power When operated from the optional battery pack this product meets the safety requirements for a safety class 2 reinforced insulation product and does not require grounding for safety Interference Information This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in strict accordance with the manufacturer s instructions may cause interference to radio and television reception It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to prov
57. Execution Error is generated EXAMPLE If frequency is selected for the secondary display FUNC2 returns FREQ Resistance AC volts AC plus DC rms volts Available in the primary display only DC volts If AACDC or VACDC is selected in the primary display no other function can be selected for the secondary display An execution error is generated if this is attempted Function Modifier Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5 12 relate to the function modifiers A function modifier causes the meter to modify the normal operation of a measurement function or perform an action on a measurement before displaying a reading For example the relative modifier REL causes the meter to display the difference between a measured value and the rela tive base The results of function modifier commands can only be shown in the primary display Refer to Chapter 3 for a more information about each function modifier Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set Command DB DBCLR DBPOWER DBREF lt value gt DBREF HOLD HOLDCLR HOLDTHRESH lt threshold gt HOLDTHRESH MAX Table 5 12 Function Modifier Commands and Queries Description Meter enters decibels modifier Any reading shown in the primary display is in decibels An Execution Error is generated if the meter is not in a volts ac and or dc function Meter exits the decibels modifier and displays
58. FLUKE 49 Dual Display Multimeter Users Manual PN 855981 January 1989 Rev 4 7 97 1999 Fluke Corporation All rights reserved Printed in USA All product names are trademarks of their respective companies LIMITED WARRANTY amp LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment Parts product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days This warranty extends only to the original buyer or end user customer of a Fluke authorized reseller and does not apply to fuses disposable batteries or to any product which in Fluke s opinion has been misused altered neglected or damaged by accident or abnormal conditions of operation or handling Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on non defective media Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate without interruption Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to end user customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the applicable international price Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer
59. ROM THE FRONT PANEL Selecting a Measurement Range Measurement ranges can be selected automatically by the meter in autorange or manually by the user In the autorange mode the meter selects the appropriate range for the measurement reading To manually select a range press to toggle in and out of the manual ranging mode or press ES or amp In the manual range mode press SY or to up range or down range to the desired range For more details on ranging refer to Ranging in Chapter 3 Automatic Input Terminal Selection If current ac or dc is being measured in the autorange mode and there is no input on the 100 mA terminal the meter switches automatically between the 100 mA and 10 A input terminals looking for a signal A front panel annunciator indicates that the meter is in the mA range while the meter attempts to select the correct input terminal When a signal is detected at either input terminal the display updates with the measurement results If an input signal is not found on either input terminal a measurement is taken on the mA terminal Automatic input terminal selection is disabled when the meter is in the manual ranging mode Use the 3and GS buttons to select the appropriate current input terminal and range Taking Some Basic Measurements A Warning Read Multimeter Safety before operating this meter The following procedures describe the basics of taking common measurements from the front pa
60. Status Register have occurred To determine which events have occurred send the meter ERR to read the Event Status Register Master Summary Statust MSS Set to 1 if any enabled bit in the STB MSS register is set to 1 otherwise set to 0 Status of MSS bit returned by STB query command Request Service RQS Set to 1 if service requested from front panel or MSS set to 1 Status of bit returned by serial poll which clears RQS Not used Always set to 0 As read by STB command If the Status Byte Register is read by a serial poll bit 6 is returned as RQS Service Request Enable Register The SRE Register is an 8 bit register that enables or disables i e masks corresponding summary messages in the Status Byte Register The meter may be programmed to make a service request on errors or when output is available Conditions that trigger a service request are specified by writing a binary weighted value to the SRE Register using the SRE command EXAMPLE EXPLANATION SRE 16 Enables the generation of an SRQ when bit 4 MAY in the Status Byte Register is set to 1 16 is the decimal equivalent of 00010000 binary This means that bit 4 in SRE Register that corresponds to the MAYV bit in the Status Byte Register is I and all other bits are 0 EXAMPLE EXPLANATION SRE 48 Enables the generation of an SRQ when bits 4 and 5 MAV and ESB in the Status Byte Register are set to 1 The binary equivalent of 48 is
61. TION 12345689 Sends the signed integer 12345689 1 2345E2 Sends 1 2345 x 102 Sending Command Strings to the Meter 5 8 Observe the following rules when you construct strings to be sent to the meter over the computer interface e RULE 1 READ METER S OUTPUT BUFFER ONLY ONCE FOR EACH QUERY COMMAND The meters output buffer is cleared after it has been read This prevents previously read data from being read a second time by mistake If you attempt to read the meters output buffer twice without an intervening query the meter will not respond to the second read Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Input RULE 2 READ QUERY RESPONSES BEFORE SENDING ANOTHER COMMAND STRING Output data remains available in the output buffer until it is read by the host or until the next command string is received by the meter This means the meters output buffer must be read by the host before rather than after the next command string is sent to the meter RULE 3 THE METER EXECUTES EACH COMMAND COMPLETELY IN THE ORDER RECEIVED BEFORE MOVING ON TO THE NEXT COMMAND If an input string contains a trigger enter the commands in the following order that is from left to right as written 1 Commands to configure the meter if any 2 The trigger command 3 Commands to read the result of a triggered measurement VAL or to recon figure the instrument if any 4 The terminator 5 9 45 U
62. address change is recognized by the device An address change is recognized when set via the address editor which is entered by pressing 2ND then ADDR This address will be used until it is changed 4 A description of the device setting at power on Section 5 12 Any commands which modify the power on settings shall also be included C 1 45 Users Manual The default meter setting is volts tic autoranging secondary display inactive A different power up configuration can be set by pressing and at the same time the present configuration of the meter then becomes the power up configuration A description of message exchange options 5A The size and behavior of the input buffer SB SC The input buffer size is 350 bytes If the input buffer fills the IEEE 488 1 bus will be held off until there is room in the buffer for a new byte Which queries return more than one lt RESPONSE MESSAGE UNIT gt Section 6 4 3 The IDN query always returns four lt RESPONSE MESSAGE UNITS gt The CAL and MEAS queries may return one or two lt RESPONSE MESSAGE UNITS gt one if only the primary display is in use two if both the primary and secondary displays are in use Which queries generate a response when parsed Section 6 4 5 4 All queries generate a response when parsed 5D Which queries generate a response when read Section 6 4 5 4 SE No queries generate a response when read by the controller Which comm
63. and IEEE 488 Reading Transfer Rates Readings per Second RATE Internal Trigger Operation Internal Trigger Operation Trigger 1 Trigger 4 Slow 2 5 1 5 Medium 4 5 2 4 Fast 4 5 3 8 DTR PIN 4 lt RX PIN 2 gt TRIGGER TO pP Figure 5 2 External Trigger Using Receive Pin RX of RS 232 Interface aam20f eps Service Requests IEEE 488 Only and Status Registers Service requests let a meter on the IEEE 488 bus get the attention of the host Service requests are sent over the service request SRQ bus line Note If the meter is in the remote state without front panel lockout i e REMS a service request can be sent from the front panel by pressing B If more than one instrument on the bus is capable of sending service requests the host can determine which instrument made the request by taking a serial poll Each instrument on 5 13 45 Users Manual the bus responds to the poll by sending the contents of its Status Byte Register If an instrument on the bus has made a service request the request service bit RQS bit 6 of its Status Byte Register will be set to 1 identifying it as an instrument that requested service The contents of the Status Byte Register STB is determined by the Service Request Enable Register SRE Event Status Register ESR Event Status Enable Register ESE and the output buffer These status registers are discussed below and summarized in Table 5 5 Figure
64. ands are coupled Section 6 4 5 3 No commands are coupled A list of functional elements used in constructing device specific commands Whether lt compound command program header gt elements are used must also be included Section 7 1 1 and 7 3 3 Device specific commands used lt PROGRAM MESSAGE gt lt PROGRAM MESSAGE TERMINATOR gt lt PROGRAM MESSAGE UNI T gt lt PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT SEPARATOR gt lt COMMAND MESSAGE UNIT gt lt QUERY MESSAGE UNIT gt lt COMMAND PROGRAM HEADER gt lt QUERY PROGRAM HEADER gt lt PROGRAM DATA gt lt CHARACTER PROGRAM DATA gt lt DECIMAL NUMERIC PROGRAM DATA gt A description of any buffer size limitations related to block data Section 7 7 6 5 No block data is used A list of lt PROGRAM DATA gt elements which may appear within an lt expression gt as well as the maximum sub expression nesting depth Any additional syntax restrictions which the device may place on the lt expression gt shall also be included No sub expressions are used The only lt PROGRAM DATA gt functional elements used are lt CHARACTER PROGRAM DATA gt AND lt DECIMAL NUMERIC PROGRAM DATA gt A description of the response syntax for every query Section 8 RATE FUNCI FUNC2 RANGEI RANGE2 BUTTON EEREG DBREF HOLDTHRESH RELBASE ESR SRE TST and OPC all return lt NRI NUMERIC RESPONSE DATA gt FUNCI1 FUNC2 COMP and SERIAL all return lt CHARACTER RESPONSE DATA gt Appendices
65. at the meter has been properly set up and cabled for TEEE 488 operations 1 2 3 4 Press the POWER button in to turn the meter on Verify that the meter s IEEE 488 address is set correctly Turn on the host or controller Enter the following at the host Note This is a program as entered from a Fluke 1722A Instrument Controller using Fluke BASIC commands Syntax may vary with the host INIT PORT 0 lt CR gt CLEAR PORT 0 lt CR gt PRINT lt address of meter gt IDN lt CR gt INPUT LINE lt address of meter gt A lt CR gt PRINT A lt CR gt Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Input 5 Verify that the meter sends the following response FLUKE 45 nnnnnnn n n Dn n nnnnnnn is your meter s serial number n n identifies the main software version and Dn n identifies the display software version If Test Fails If the meter does not respond to the test procedure as indicated 1 Check all cable connections 2 Ifyou are using the RS 232 interface check to see that the communication parameters e g baud rate parity etc on the meter and host are identical 3 Ifyou are using the IEEE 488 check to see that it has been properly enabled and addressed How the Meter Processes Input The following paragraphs summarize how the meter processes input that is received from a host or stand alone terminal Note In this manual input means a string sent to the m
66. base See Using the List and Number Editor in Chapter 3 below 2ND and Toggle display of relative base in secondary display Select Touch Hold sensitivity threshold Select dB reference impedance 2ND then Select computer interface address for IEEE 488 operations or RS 232 print only ADDR rate See also RS 232 Print Only Mode in Chapter 5 2ND then Select RS 232 baud rate or IEEE to enable an installed IEEE 488 interface BAUD 2ND Then Turn off secondary display leaving primary display unaffected 2ND and Store present operating configuration of meter as power up configuration See Changing the Power Up Configuration later in Chapter 3 2ND and RATE Display software version 3 15 45 Users Manual Using The Compare Comp Function The compare function COMP provides an easy way to determine if a reading falls within a designated range of values In the compare mode the meter displays a reading in the primary display and indicates in the secondary display if that value is lower LO than higher HI than or within a range PASS you selected The compare function can be used with any other function modifier i e REL MN MX HOLD or dB Before selecting the compare function set the high and low points of the tolerance range that a reading will be compared against This can be done in three ways e Set the high and low compare points to the present reading
67. ble at the front of the main printed circuit assembly pca near the input terminals 6 3 45 Users Manual 6 4 3 Carefully remove the fuse and replace it with one rated as listed above 4 Reverse the disassembly procedure to reassemble the meter Self Test Diagnostics and Error Codes If the meter fails the self test diagnostics performed at power up an error code is displayed in the primary display and ERROR is displayed in the secondary display An error code is displayed for two seconds or until a button is pressed Error codes are listed in Table 6 1 Table 6 1 Self Test Error Codes Error No Meaning ROM test failed External RAM test failed Internal RAM test failed Display self test failed Display dead EEPROM instrument configuration corrupted EEPROM calibration data corrupted UNCAL annunciator also lights A D chip dead Measurement self test failed N OO fF W DY Performance Tests The meter should be calibrated and in operating condition when you receive it The following performance tests are provided to ensure that the meter is in proper operating condition If the instrument fails any of the performance tests then calibration adjustment and or repair is needed To perform these tests you will need a Fluke 5700A Multifunction Calibrator and 5725A Amplifier or equivalents Each of the measurements listed in the following steps assume the instrument is being tested after a one hou
68. blown the meter will read gt 10 MQ to OL Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse A Warning For protection against fire or arc flash replace a blown fuse only with one of identical rating The 100 mA input fuse is mounted in the front panel input jack see Figure 6 2 To replace this fuse first unplug the line cord Then press in on the input jack and turn it 90 degrees counter clockwise as shown in Figure 6 2 Slide out the fuse holder and fuse Replace a blown fuse with one of identical rating see Table 6 5 and reinsert the fuse and holder into the input terminal socket Secure the fuse holder by pressing in and turning the holder 90 degrees clockwise Front Panel Input Terminal F1 Fuse 500 mA 250V Fast Blow 1500 A Minimum Breaking Capacity A 100 mA Input Socket Fuse Holder To remove push in and turn counter clockwise To insert reverse this procedure qb13f eps Figure 6 2 Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse Replacing the 10 A Input Fuse The 10 A input fuse is located inside the meter To replace the fuse 1 Remove the single Phillips head screw on the bottom of the case and the Phillips head screw on each side of the rear bezel A Warning Opening the case may expose hazardous voltages To avoid electric shock always disconnect the power cord and measuring inputs before opening the case 2 Remove the bezel and slip the case back from the front of the meter The fuse and fuse clip are visi
69. cessories Two options are available These options can be installed in the meter at the factory or by the customer on site e The IEEE 488 Interface Option O5K provides full programmability and automated calibration The IEEE 488 computer interface command set is identical to the RS 232 interface commands wherever possible e The Battery Kit Option 01 K consists of a rechargeable 8 V lead acid battery with battery bracket and charger assembly The battery has a typical operating time of eight hours and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and 50 C For complete battery specifications refer to Appendix A Available accessories are listed and described in Table 1 1 Table 1 1 Accessories Model Description C40 Soft carrying case Provides padded protection for the meter Includes a pocket for the manual and pouch for the test leads and line cord MO00 200 634 Rackmount Kit Allows meter to be mounted on either the right or left side of a standard 19 inch rack RS40 RS 232 terminal interface cable Connects the Fluke 45 to any terminal or printer with properly configured DTE connector DB 25 socket including an IBM PC IBM PC XT or IBM PS 2 models 25 30 50 P60 70 and 80 RS41 RS 232 modem cable Connects the Fluke 45 to a modem with properly configured DB 25 male pin connector S45 QuickStart a PC software package simplifies operation of the Fluke 45 when using the RS 232 c
70. displayed reading and the MIN annunciator lights Press again to display the maximum reading and the MAX annunciator Each subsequent press of the button toggles between the minimum and maximum measurements taken To exit the MN MX modifier press and hold down the button for two seconds Selecting the MN MX modifier turns off autoranging and locks in the present range Make sure you are in the correct range before selecting the MN MX modifier If you press S or amp after MN MX has been selected you will automatically exit the MN MX modifier To observe the quantity being measured without resetting the stored MN MX values use the secondary display by pressing then select the same measurement function that is selected for the primary display Using Function Modifiers in Combination The meter allows you to use multiple function modifiers dB REL HOLD MN MX simultaneously The selected modifiers are evaluated in the following order HOLD dB MN MX and REL That is the meter first looks for a stable measurement for Touch 3 13 45 Users Manual Hold then converts the measurement to decibels then determines if the measurement is either a new minimum or maximum value and then subtracts the relative base from the measurement When using multiple modifiers the order in which modifiers are selected is important For example if is pressed when you are in the MN MX either the minimum or maximum value which ever is current
71. e 2 Typical time to change to the next higher or lower range and display the result 3 Frequency greater than 150 Hz Refer to frequency measurement rates in Table 3 6 Table 4 3 Typical Settling Delays in Seconds Settling Delay Single Function or All AC or All DC Type AC amp DC Types Mixed Meas Function Range Slow Med Fast V All 0 30 0 30 0 00 0 40 0 40 0 00 V All 1 00 1 00 0 20 1 30 1 30 0 20 A All 0 30 0 30 0 00 0 40 0 40 0 00 A All 1 00 1 00 0 20 1 30 1 30 0 20 Q 300 Q 0 30 0 30 0 00 N A N A N A 3 kQ 0 30 0 30 0 00 N A N A N A 30 kQ 0 30 0 30 0 00 N A N A N A 300 kQ 0 70 0 70 0 00 N A N A N A 3 MQ 0 70 0 70 0 00 N A N A N A 30 MQ 1 40 1 40 0 00 N A N A N A 300 MQ 1 60 1 60 0 00 N A N A N A gt NA 0 70 0 50 0 10 N A N A FREQ NA 0 50 0 50 0 30 0 70 0 70 0 30 4 6 For example assume the meter has a 1 volt dc input and is taking measurements and updating the primary display on the 30 volt range medium reading rate autoranging off If you then select the volts dc function for the secondary display the meter will not use the same measurement to update both displays It will autorange to the 3 volt range the secondary display always autoranges and take an additional measurement of the input on the 3 volt range for the secondary display Applications 4 External Trigger Update Rate in the Dual Display Mode The update rate is the time bet
72. e value of a waveform is the equivalent dc value that causes the same amount of heat to be dissipated in a resistor True rms measurement greatly simplifies the analysis of complex ac signals Since the rms value is the dc equivalent of the original waveform it provides a reliable basis for comparing dissimilar waveforms 4 9 45 Users Manual By contrast many meters use average responding ac converters rather than true rms converters The scale factor in these meters is adjusted so that they display the rms value for a harmonic free sine wave However if a signal is not sinusoidal average responding meters do not display correct rms readings Effects of Internal Noise in AC Measurements With the input shorted in an ac function volts ac current ac or frequency the display will read approximately 50 due to internal amplifier noise Because the meter is a true rms responding meter this noise has only minimal contribution to the reading at the specified floor 1500 counts in the medium rate of each range When the rms value of the two signals internal noise and range floor is calculated the effect of the noise is shown Total rms digits 4 50 1500 1500 8 The display will read 1501 At the down range point 2800 display counts in the medium rate the display will read 2800 with no observable error Note Do not use the relative modifier REL to zero the meter because the relative reading is simply subtracted from
73. e Selection Buttons ce ceccescesecsseceseceseeeseeeeneeeaeeeaeeeaeeesaecsaecsaecsaeesseesaeenes Function Modifier Selection Buttons 00 0 cece eseesseesseceneeeseeceseceseceaecsseeseeseeeeeeeens Dual Display Showing Volts AC and Frequency eee eeeeeessecseceseeeeceeeeeeees DC Voltage and DC Current Measurement on Input Signal Waveform Comparison Chatto cecescesecssecessecesecesecsseeeseeeseesseeesneeeaeeeseeeaaeenaees Typical IEEE 488 Input Strings ee eee eseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeaeeeaaecsaecaecsaeesaeenseeees External Trigger Using Receive Pin RX of RS 232 Interface Overview of Status Data Structures 0 eee eeieeseceseceseceeeceseeeseeceseeeeeeseeeseeeeneeeaee Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers 00 0 0 ec eeseeseesseceseceseceeeeeeeeceaeens Sample Program for RS 232 Computer Interface ee eee eeeeseeseeeeneeeneeeneeenaes Sample Programs for IEEE 488 Computer Interface eee eeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeee Replacing the Line Pusey ccisssc sciteasecadsvessstessiastaassevesscedenes sceeevesiutenabsatoervaetebevvesnie Replacing the 100mA Input Fuse ee eeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeaeeeaaecsaecsaecsaeesaeesseeees vii Chapter 1 Introduction Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Note This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition A Warning To avoid electric shock or injury read the multimeter safety sheet
74. e digit to be edited Each press of 6 causes the digit to the right to be selected and go bright while causing the previously selected digit to go dim When the right most digit has been selected the next press of selects the sign if the sign is positive the negative annunciator flashes bright dim if the sign is negative the negative annunciator is bright 2 will toggle the sign between positive and negative Any time during editing you can store a selected value by pressing U0 4 To abort the edit and return the meter to normal operation press any button except AUTO 4S and 2 Power Up Configuration Factory Settings of Power Up Configuration When the meter is turned on and completes the power up sequence it assumes its power up configuration The power up configuration set at the factory is shown in Table 3 13 The IEEE 488 address the RS 232 baud rate parity echo and print only rate are not changed when power is cycled off and on These parameters remain as set until changed by the user Changing the Power Up Configuration You can change the power up configuration to one that more closely meets your needs and preferences Any combination of meter parameters can become the power up configuration To save any configuration in which the meter is operating press and while holding it down press U70 The following parameters are saved e Measurement function and initial range on primary display e Measur
75. eaaes Two Wire Configuration 0 ee ee eeeeesceseeeeeeeseeeseeeaeecaaeceaeceaeccsaeceaesaeenaeen Correcting for Test Lead Resistance cece cesesssecsseceeceeceeeeseceeeeeseeesseeees True RMS Measurements 0 cccccciccietsestedendsisloseseteteeeii scevevpscesnvasnansonebaaterveeaes Effects of Internal Noise in AC Measurement esceecseeceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeee Calculated AC DC RMS Measurements c ccccccessececeesteeeeeeseeeeneaes Waveform Comparison True RMS vs Average Responding Meters Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface cccee Introductio isinen asain niente sane Local and Remote Operations 2 0 0 0 ceeceeseceseceseceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaeeeaeeeaaeenaees Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS 232 Interface eee Setting Communication Parameters RS 232 ecceeecesesseceeceeceeeeeenaeeeeenees RS 232 Print Only Mode cee ceeceeseeseeeeseeesneeeseeeseecaeeeaeecaaecaaecaeesaeenaeees Cabling the Meter to a Host or Printer RS 232 0 0 ceecceeseeeeeeeeeeeteceeeeeeeees Character Echoing and Deletion eee eeeesseeeseeescecncecenecnaecnaeecsaecnaeenaeen Device Clear Using C CNTRL C ceccceccceceseceseeceeseeceeeeeceaeeesaeceeaeeenaees RS2232 PLOMPItsssdcissecsstaguicgeeeece a a E O E E rend A Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE 488 Interface eee TEEE 488 Operating Limitations cece eeseeeneeeeeeaceeeeceecsaecsaeesaeenseenes
76. edium reading rates for ac dc or ac and dc combinations Maximum Frequency of AC Voltage Input While Measuring AC Current When the meter makes ac current and ac voltage measurements using the dual display the maximum frequency of the voltage input is limited to the maximum frequency of the current function For example if you are making an ac current measurement on the 10 A range the maximum frequency of the voltage input must be less than 2 kHz Appendices A Specifications DC Current Resolution Burden Range Accuracy Vol Slow Medium Fast oltage 30 mA 1 yA 10 uA 0 05 3 0 45 V 100 mA 10 LA 100 WA 0 05 2 1 4 V 10A 1 mA 10 mA 0 2 5 0 25 V 10 mA 100 nA 0 05 0 14 V 100 mA 1 yA 50 05 5 1 4 V 10A 100 uA 0 2 7 0 25 V Typical at full range Maximum Input To be used in protected low energy circuits only not to exceed 250 V or 4800 Volt Amps IEC 664 Installation Category IL mA 300 mA dc or ac rms Protected with a 500 mA 250V IEC 127 sheet 1 fast blow fuse A 10 A dc or ac rms continuous or 20 A dc or ac rms for 30 seconds maximum Protected with a 15 A 250 V 10 000 A interrupt rating fast blow fuse Note Resistance between the COM binding post and the meter s internal measuring circuits is approximately 003 Q AC Current Resolution Burden Voltage Range Slow Medium Fast Typical at full range A 5
77. elect ac dc total rms readings press V and V or A gt and A simultaneously When you select a function annunciators turn on to indicate the function selected If a reading is shown on the secondary display when a function button is pressed the secondary display will be turned off Ranges and full scale values are summarized in Table 3 2 for voltage Table 3 3 for current Table 3 4 for ohms and Table 3 5 for frequency Ranging T S SY Ranging operations are performed using the UTO Autoranging A and amp buttons see Figure 3 6 When you are in the autorange mode the AUTO annunciator is lit In autorange the meter automatically selects the next higher range when a reading is greater than full scale If no higher range is available OL overload is displayed on the primary or secondary display The meter automatically selects a lower range when a read ing is less than approximately 9 of full scale 3 5 45 Users Manual Volts DC Amps DC Resistance 4 Diode Test Continuity V a Q gt an N FUNCTION BUTTONS A FREQ b M N Press to Select the Function Designated y N N N N Volts AC N N Amps AC 3 FLUKE 2 DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER Frequency re OL O 1 PPEP 1 v 4 rpe ano 1 REF REFQ a LOCAL Hy i H 1 n q Heer A mt HOLD int RATE e LO MIHRESH ADDR i BAUD
78. ement function and initial range on secondary display 3 19 45 Users Manual 3 20 Table 3 13 Power Up Configuration Set at Factory Parameter Function Setting Configurations DC volts Reading Rate Medium 30 000 counts 5 readings second Range Mode Touch Hold Sensitivity Level Autorange Level 2 1 to 2 of Range Reference Impedance for dB 600 ohms High Low Values for Compare COMP Mode 0 Minimum and Maximum values in MN MX Modifier 0 Relative Base 0 Relative Base in Secondary Display Disabled Trigger Type Internal e Range mode on primary display manual or autorange e Measurement rate S slow M medium or F fast e Dual display status active or inactive e Any combination of selected function modifiers MIN or MAX HOLD dB or dB POWER REL and COMP e Touch Hold sensitivity level 1 2 or 3 e dB reference impedance see Table 3 8 for available values e Last recorded minimum and maximum values for MN MX modifier e Last recorded relative base e Relative base shown in secondary display enabled or disabled e Last HI LO settings in compare mode e Trigger type see Table 5 3 for available trigger types e cho on or off To restore the power up configuration to configuration press and hold down ALO when the factory settings are restored Calibration the factory settings and erase any u
79. emove the fuse holder with fuse as shown in Figure 6 1 The meter is shipped with a replacement fuse A Warning To avoid electric shock or fire do not use makeshift fuses or short circuit the fuse holder 6 1 45 Users Manual Current Input Fuses The 100 mA and 10 A inputs are protected by user replaceable fuses e The 100 mA input is protected by a fuse rated at F 500 mA 250 V Fast blow 1500 A minimum breaking capacity IEC 127 Sheet I e The 10 A input is protected by a fuse rated at F 15 A 250 V Fast blow 10 000 A breaking capacity or F 15 A 600 V Fast blow 10 000 A minimum breaking capacity Rear Panel Power Line Cord Connector To remove Squeeze and slide out F3 Line Fuse T 125 mA 250 V Slow Blow Fuse Holder Spare fuse provided qb12f eps Figure 6 1 Replacing the Line Fuse Testing Current Input Fuses Perform the following procedure to test these fuses 1 Plug a test lead into the VO input terminal and power up the meter 2 Press to select the ohms function 3 Insert the test lead probe into the 100 mA input terminal If the fuse is good the meter will read between 11 Q and 15 Q If the fuse is blown the meter will read gt 10 MQ to OL 4 Remove the test lead probe from the 100 mA input terminal and insert it into the 10A input terminal 6 2 Maintenance 6 Current Input Fuses If the fuse is good the meter will read between 04 Q and 1 0 Q If the fuse is
80. ency for the secondary display Insert the test lead probes into a wall socket The display will appear something like Figure 4 1 4 1 45 Users Manual KN FLUKE 45 DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER 600V CATH 1000 CATI aam16f eps Figure 4 1 Dual Display Showing Volts AC and Frequency Using Measurement Functions in Combination The dual display allows you to display two properties of the input signal being measured Any combination of two properties from the list below is allowed even those that may not be useful Volts dc Volts ac Current de Current ac Resistance Frequency Diode Test Continuity Note Volts dc ac rms or Current dc ac rms measurements can only be made in the primary display While dc ac measurements are being made another function cannot be selected for the secondary display Additional combinations of dual readings are added if you use the function modifiers i e REL MN MX HOLD or dB Some applications of the dual display using common combinations of readings are provided in Table 4 1 Taking Voltage and Current Measurements Using the Dual Display Most applications of the dual display listed in Table 4 1 can be performed using a single set of test leads connected to the VO r and COM input terminals However to measure the voltage and current of an input signal requires
81. enecnecsosecsescesestecceneenessesensessesoes 5 6 Description of Bits in ESR and ESE ooo eeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaeeeaecaecaeceaeesseenseeees 5 7 Description of Bits in the Status Byte Register eee eeseceseceseceeeceeeeeseeeeneeees 5 8 TEEE 488 Interface Function Subsets 0 00 eeeeeeesseeeseeeeeeeeeeecaecsseesseeeseeseeeees 5 9 TEEE 488 Common Commands ceeesecesecsseceeeeseeeeseeeneeeseeeaaecaecaecsseesseesseeees 5 11 Function Commands and Queries 0 cccsccccessssceceesseceeseseeecssaeeecnesaeeeenesseeeenaas 5 12 Function Modifier Commands and Queries cccccssccccesssececsessececseseeecsesaeeeeneaes 5 13 Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries ceseesseeesecsseeeteeeeeees 5 14 Measurement Queries ccccccsssscccsssscecssssececsssseeecsesaeeecsesaeeeccseaeeecseaeeessesaeeecees 5 15 Compare Commands and Queries 00 ceeeeceeeseeereeeneeeseeeseecaaeceaeceaeesseeseeesaeenaeens 5 16 Trigger Configuration Commands 0 eee eeeeeceeeneeereeeeeeseecnaeceaeeesaecaecnaeenaeenaeees 5 17 Miscellaneous Commands and Queries ccesccccesssceceessececeesseeeeesseeeeesesteeeeeees 5 18 Remote Local Configuration Commands eeeseessecsseceneeeseeenaecsseceseeeaeesseeees 6 1 Self Test Error CodeS sororis ai e iia 6 2 Performance Tests for Volts Diode Test Ohms and Frequency Functions 45 Users Manual 6 3 Performance Tests for mA Current Functions 6 4 Performance Tests f
82. eter from a host Output means a string sent from the meter through the computer interface to the host Input Strings The meter processes and executes valid input strings sent by the host A valid input string is one or more syntactically correct commands followed by an input terminator ASCII and IEEE 488 bus codes are provided in APPENDIX B When the meter receives input it stores it in a 350 byte input buffer Note Input strings received over the RS 232 interface are not executed or checked for proper syntax until an input terminator is received or the input buffer becomes full The meter accepts alphabetic characters in either upper or lower case If a command cannot be understood i e the equivalent of an IEEE 488 Command Error the com mand and the rest of the command line are ignored Input Terminators An input terminator is a character or command IEEE 488 1 sent by the host that identi fies the end of an string In RS 232 applications when the meter receives an input terminator it executes all com mands entered since the last terminator was received on a first in first out basis In TEEE 488 applications commands are not delayed until receipt of an input terminator but are executed as they are received As input characters are processed and executed space is made available in the input buffer for new characters In RS 232 applications if a communications error e g parity framing over run is
83. gs To correct for this error using the relative modifier REL 1 Insert test leads in the VO and COM input terminals 2 Turn the meter on and press to select the resistance function 3 Select the manual range mode by pressing T A or SY Then press ES or 1 to select the desired range This is necessary because autoranging is turned off and the meter is locked in the range it is in when the relative mode is selected 4 Touch the test leads together The display will show the resistance of the test leads With the test leads still touching press The resistance in the test leads becomes the relative base and the meter should show 0 6 As long as the relative modifier remains selected the resistance readings shown on the display will be the resistance measured minus the relative base which in this case is the resistance in the test leads Table 4 5 Ohms Test Voltage Medium and Fast Reading Rates Slow Reading Rate Range Typical Full Scale Voltage Range Typical Full Scale Voltage 300 Q 0 25 100 Q 0 09 3 kQ 0 24 1000 Q 0 10 30 kQ 0 29 10 kQ 0 11 300 kQ 0 29 300 kQ 0 11 3 MQ 0 3 1000 kQ 0 12 30 MQ 2 25 10 MQ 0 65 300 MQ 2 9 100 MQ 2 75 Open circuit voltage is 3 2 V maximum on the 100 Q 300 Q 30 MQ 100 MQ and 300 MQ ranges and 1 5 V maximum on all other ranges True RMS Measurements The meter measures the true rms value of ac voltages and currents In physical terms the rms root mean squar
84. has no filtering Maximum Allowable AC Voltage While Measuring DC Voltage or AC DC Voltages Range Max Allowable Peak AC Peak Normal Mode Signal Voltage NMRR gt 80 dB NMRR gt 60 dBt 300 mV 100 mV 15V 15V 15V 3V 1000 mV 15V 15V 15V 30 V 10 V 1000 V 50 V 300 V 300 V 100 V 1000 V 50 V 300 V 1000 V 1000 V 1000 V 200 V 1000 V NMRR is the Normal Mode Rejection Ratio t Normal Mode Rejection Ratio at 50 Hz or 60 Hz 0 1 Common Mode Rejection Ratio gt 90 dB at do 50 or 60 Hz 1 kO unbalanced medium and slow rates Appendices Specifications A Maximum Input 1000V dc or peak ac on any range True RMS AC Voltage AC Coupled Range _S Slow Medium Fast 300 mV 10 pV 3V 100LV 30 V 1 mV 300 V 10 mV 750 V 100 mV 100 mV 1 LV 1000 mV 10 uV 10V 100 pV 100 V 1 mV 750 V 10 mV Accuracy Linear Accuracy dB Accuracy Max Frequency Power Input at Slow Medium Fast Slow Med Fast Upper Freq 20 50 Hz 1 100 1 10 7 2 0 15 0 72 2 10 50 Hz 10 kHz 0 2 100 0 2 10 05 2 0 08 0 17 0 4 10 10 20 kHz 0 5 100 05 10 05 2 0 11 0 17 1 10 20 50 kHz 2 200 2 20 2 3 0 29 0 34 4 20 50 100 kHz 5 500 5 50 5 6 0 70 0 78 10 50 Error in power mode will not exceed twice the linear accuracy specification Accuracy specifications apply within the following limits based on reading
85. he dis play should read between the minimum and maximum readings listed in the table Service If you suspect that the meter has failed review this manual to make sure you are operating it correctly If the meter still fails to operate properly pack it securely in its original container if available and forward it postage paid to the nearest Fluke Service Center Include a brief description of the problem Fluke assumes NO responsibility for damage in transit To locate an authorized service center call Fluke using any of the phone numbers listed below or visit us on the World Wide Web www fluke com 1 800 44 FLUKE 1 800 443 5853 in U S A and Canada 31 40 267 8200 in Europe 1 425 356 5500 from other countries Table 6 2 Performance Tests for Volts Diode Test Ohms and Frequency Functions Function Range Rate Input evel mogun O Pay Min Max V 100 mV slow Short 0 006 0 006 90 mV 89 971 90 029 1000 mV slow 900 mV 899 71 900 29 300 mV short 0 02 0 02 300 mV 299 90 300 10 3V 3 V 2 9990 3 0010 3 V 3 0010 2 9990 30 V 30 V 29 990 30 010 300 V 300 V 299 90 300 10 1000 V 1000 V 999 5 1000 5 gt short 0 0008 0 0008 open tone tone OL OL V 300 mV Short lt 75 15 mV 1 kHz 14 87 15 13 100 kHz 13 75 16 25 300 mV 1 kHz 299 30 300 70 100 kHz 284 50 315 50 3V 3 0 V 1 kHz 2 9930 3 0070 30 V 30 V 1 kHz 29 930 30 070 300 V 300 V 1 kHz 299
86. hese limits poses a hazard to both the meter and operator Volts Ohms Diode Test Input Terminal Amperes Input Terminal For Current Measurements up to 10A continuous or 20A for 30 sec Milliamperes Input Terminal For Current Measurements up to 100mA FLUKE 45 DUALDISPLAY MULTIMETER 600V CAT I 1000V CATI wi FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED L Note Frequency Measurements are Normally taken from the VQ Input although the 10A and 100mA Inputs can be used Common Terminal Return Terminal for all Measurements aam12f eps Figure 3 4 Input Terminals 3 4 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting a Measurement Function Table 3 1 Input Limits FUNCTION INPUT TERMINALS V va and COM MAXIMUM INPUT 1000V dc V and FREQ VQA gt and COM 750V ac rms 1000V peak 2 x 10 V Hz normal mode or 1 x 10 V Hz common mode whichever is less mA and FREQ 100 mA and COM 300 mA dc or ac rms A and FREQ 10A and COM Q VO gt and COM gt VQA gt and COM All Functions Any terminal to earth 10A dc or ac rms or 20A dc or ac rms for 30 sec Max 500V dc or ac rms on all ranges 500V dc or ac rms 1000V dc or peak ac Selecting a Measurement Function Press a function button white shown in Figure 3 5 to select a measurement function To s
87. i oerien E R Power Up Configuration ices scpecsvssdectsvsadesdansutecicesseces sansoaWespeescsvevssesudeennteseiseate Factory Settings of Power Up Configuration eeeeseeeeeeeeerrererrerresrrererees Changing the Power Up Configuration sseeeeseeeeeseeeeeeresresreeressrrrrrsresresrees Calibration eienen e eaa A RE EE TRE E I ETRS Applications esitecesccascerscd te censsasscasces tacerncescsasencteceeneaseraseccneeseeeseieteneeeece Mtr duct thes cssecssccticeia cc cvensset aaea eaa e ee piaeas Using the Dual Display ceeceseceeeeeseeeseeeseeeeseeeseeeseecaaecaaecsaecsaeesseeeseenes Using Measurement Functions in Combination cee ceeceeseceseeeseeeeeeeeeeees Taking Voltage and Current Measurements Using the Dual Display Response Times vss cssetssccssusaci dasetitceusenssedvedssaasbiedacdoehdosstvebises eaaa aai How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements 0 ce ceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeee Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with a Single Measurement Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with Separate Measurement Update Rate in the Dual Display Mode eeseeseceseceseceeeeceseenaeenseeees External TS OCR ie ba sosasSeassevsscerzssvtphassaestesvidvssdasindoteteanadedeushysoeeveubecusensseteaest ode Thermal Voltages os tessnsisiscess teiecesicdttessstadeiabosinteya teistavpetiaenad diesestectaugneiieeestia When Measuring Resistance eee eesceeeccssecesecssecsseeeseeeeseesaeeeseesaaeeeaeeeaae
88. ickup will not affect the accuracy or stability of the frequency reading Environmental Warmup time Temperature Coefficient Operating Temperature Storage Temperature Relative Humidity non condensing Altitude Electromagnetic Compatibility Vibration Shock 1 hour to rated specifications for warmup lt 1 hour add 0 005 to all accuracy specifications lt 0 1 times the applicable accuracy specification per degree C for 0 C to 18 C and 28 C to 50 C 32 F to 64 4 F and 82 4 F to 122 F 0 to 50 32 F to 122 40 C to 70 40 F to 158 F Elevated temperature storage of battery will accelerate battery self discharge Maximum storage time before battery must be recharged 20 C 25 C 1000 days 50 C 180 days 70 C 40 days To 90 at 0 C to 28 C 32 82 4 F To 80 at 28 C to 35 C 82 4 95 F To 70 at 35 C to 50 C 95 F 122 F except to 70 at 0 C to 50 C 32 F 122 F for the1000 KQ 3 MQ 10 MQ 30 MQ 100 MQ and 300 MQ ranges Operating 0 to 10 000 feet Non operating 0 to 40 000 feet In an RF field of 1 V m on all ranges and functions Total Accuracy Specified Accuracy 0 4 of range Performance above 1 V m is not specified 3 G 55 Hz Half sine 40 G Per Mil T 28800D Class 3 Style E Bench Handling Per Mil T 28800D Class 3 A 9 45 Users Manual General Common Mode Voltage Size Weight Power Standards RS 232
89. ide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation Operation is subject to the following two conditions e This device may not cause harmful interference e This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation There is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one of more of the following measures e Reorient the receiving antenna e Relocate the equipment with respect to the receiver e Move the equipment away from the receiver e Plug the equipment into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on different branch circuits If necessary the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio television technician for additional suggestions The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful How to Identify and Resolve Radio TV Interference Problems This booklet is available from the U S Government Printing Office Washington D C 20402 Stock No 004 000 00345 4 Declaration of the Manufacturer or Importer We hereby certify that the Fluke Model 45 Dual Display MultiMeter is in compliance with BMPT Vfg 243 1991 and is RFI suppressed The normal operation of
90. ion on an input e g convert to decibels or compare to another value before a reading is displayed Function modifiers can be used in combination See Using Function Modifiers in Combination later in Chapter 3 To use a function modifier press a function button to select a primary function then press a function modifier button or buttons Modified readings are shown only on the primary display After a function modifier has been selected pressing any white function button turns off all modifiers causes the secondary display to go blank and returns unmodified readings to the primary display Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Modifier Press to Toggle In and Out of Decibels Modifier Press to Select MN MX Modifier Press to Toggle Between Minimum and Maximun Reading Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit MN MX Modifier REL se HOLD MN Mx aoe N Ssg SS in N a i SK se L FLUKE 45 ua DISPLAY MULPWIETER Press to Select Touch Hold Modifier any Ta 3i Press to Force New Reading g E Press and Hold Down for T Not Wee Iss o _ 2ND LOCAL 2 Seconds to Exit FUSED n J amp Fate A Sica m C LOR Tnn EEES ODE I 1 o POWER C E j RATE BAUD
91. lays as described in the previous section When external trigger is enabled the meter determines the ranges for the primary and secondary if enabled displays based on the input at that time The meter is then ready to begin measuring the input on the optimum range as soon as the trigger is received If the input changes so that either display autoranges after the trigger is received the autorang ing response times as shown in Table 4 2 may be required before each measurement result is displayed The rear panel trigger input is level sensitive A high level above 3 V will be recognized as a trigger within at most 3 ms more than 3 ms if the computer interface or front panel is being used during the trigger time If the trigger input line is still low when the previously triggered measurement is completed another measurement will be triggered 4 7 45 Users Manual 4 8 Table 4 4 Typical Measurement Intervals in Seconds for Dual Display Measurements All AC or All DC Type AC amp DC Types Mixed Range 300 mV 3V 30V 300V 1000V All r1 FREQ All All 300 2 3 kQ 30 kQ 300 kQ 3 MQ 30 MQ 300 MQ N A N A Frequency greater than 150 Hz Refer to frequency measurement rates in Table 3 6 Thermal Voltages Thermal voltages are the thermovoltaic potentials generated at the junction between dissimilar metals Thermal voltages typically occur at binding posts and can be
92. le with IEEE 488 2 Format 1 outputs measurement values without measurement units e g VDC ADC OHMS etc Format 2 allows measurement units as represented below to be output with measurement values Format 2 is intended primarily for use with RS 232 print only mode Table 5 16A Measurement Units Output with Format 2 Measurement Function Units Output As Volts dc VDC Volts ac VAC Amps dc ADC Amps ac AAC Resistance OHMS Frequency HZ Diode Continuity Test VDC FORMAT Meter returns lt frmt gt in use as 1 or 2 SERIAL Meter returns its serial number 5 28 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set RS 232 Remote Local Configurations The commands in Table 5 18 are used with the RS 232 interface to set up the Remote Local configuration of the meter These commands are valid only when the RS 232 interface is enabled Command REMS RWLS LOCS LWLS Table 5 18 Remote Local Configuration Commands Description Puts the meter into the IEEE 488 REMS state i e IEEE 488 remote operating mode without front panel lockout REMOTE is shown on the display When in the IEEE 488 REMS state remote pressing LOCAL returns the meter to local i e front panel control pressing 7 triggers a measurement if external triggering is enabled All other front panel buttons are disabled Puts the meter in the IEEE 488 RWLS state i e IEEE 488 re
93. lect function modifiers that cause the meter to display relative readings REL minimum or maximum values MN MX or decibels dB or to enter the Touch Hold mode HOLD to hold a reading on the primary display e Change the measurement rate slow medium fast e Set the dB reference resistance REF Q e Take a measurement and compare COMP it against a tolerance range HI LO or PASS e Use the editor to select from option lists to enter a relative base or to enter a HILO range for the compare COMP mode e Configure the computer interface RS 232 or IEEE 488 e Take an audio power reading e Send measurements directly to a printer or terminal through the RS 232 interface RS 232 print only mode These and other front panel operations are described in the remainder of Chapter 3 3 1 45 Users Manual Display The meter has a 5 digit vacuum fluorescent dual display This display shows measure ment readings annunciators and messages The annunciators indicate measurement units and the meters operating configuration The dual display allows you to see two properties e g volts ac and frequency of the input signal you are measuring Readings are taken and displayed in an alternating fashion That is a reading is taken of one property of the input and sent to a display then a reading of the other property is taken and sent to the other display For more detail see How the Meter makes Dual Display Measuremen
94. lemented Section 10 7 Macros are not implemented A description of the response to the identification common query IDN Section 10 14 The IDN query returns for example FLUKE 45 1234567 1 0 D1 0 where 1234567 will be replaced by the serial number of an actual meter and 1 0 DI 0 are the version numbers of the main software and the display sub system software respectively The size of the protected user data storage area PUD Section 10 27 PUD not implemented There is no protected user data storage area C 3 45 Users Manual 18 19 20 21 22 23 The size of the resource description if the RDT command or RDT query are implemented Sections 10 30 and 10 31 The RDT and RAT commands are not implemented A description of the states affected by RST Section 10 32 LRN Section 10 17 RCL Section 10 29 and SAY Section 10 33 LRN 2 RCL and SAT are not implemented RST restores the meter to the state assumed at power up using the stored configuration except for those items specifically forbidden by the RST command definition A description of the scope of the self test performed by the TST query Section 10 38 TST performs the tests listed under TAT in Table 5 8 of the Users Manual The meter reverts to the stored configuration after performing these tests A description of additional status data structures used in the device s status reporti
95. lt CR gt lt LF gt Example of Format 2 1 2345E 0 VDC 6 7890E 3 ADC lt CR gt lt LFs gt If the secondary display is not on VAL is equivalent to VAL1 If a display is blank the next triggered measurement on that display or displays is returned 5 26 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set Compare Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5 15 cause the meter to determine whether a measurement is higher than lower than or within a specified range These commands correspond to the COMP HI and LO buttons on the front panel Table 5 15 Compare Commands and Queries Command Description COMP Meter enters compare COMP function Touch Hold is automatically turned on Touch Hold can be turned off with HOLDCLR command COMP Meter returns HI if the last COMP measurement reading was above the compare range LO if it was below it PASS if within compare range or if a measurement has not completed COMPCLR Meter exits compare function and Touch Hold if it is selected and restores display to normal operation COMPHI Sets HI compare COMP value to lt high value gt lt high value gt can be a signed lt high value gt integer signed real number without exponent or signed real number with exponent COMPLO Sets LO compare COMP value to lt low value gt lt low value gt can be a signed lt low value gt integer signed real number without exponent or
96. ly displayed becomes the relative base Pressing again as the next action causes the meter to display the difference between the minimum and maximum value If on the other hand is pressed when you are in REL the difference between the relative base and the minimum or maximum value depending on what was displayed is shown Selecting A Measurement Rate Rate The meter takes measurements at one of three user selectable rates slow medium and fast Rate selection allows you to maximize either measurement speed or noise rejection which affects accuracy see Table 3 9 The rate selected is indicated by S M F slow medium or fast respectively in the primary display Press located in the lower right corner of the front panel to step through measurement rates The selected rate applies to all basic measurements except frequency When frequency is measured the rate is a factor of the frequency being measured see Table 3 6 and pressing has no effect on the frequency update rate Table 3 9 Display Measurement Rates for Single Function Measurements Measurement Rate Digits Display Counts Results Per Second Slow 5 99 999 2 1 2 Medium 4 1 2 30 000 5 Fast 3 1 2 3 000 20 All ranges and functions except ohms will display up to 99999 Ohms displays up to 98000 typical Using the Button Pressing located on the lower right of the front panel causes the next button pushed to perform a second level opera
97. m and maximum values are lost and the meter returns to the ranging mode and range selected prior to selecting MN MX modifier Note When the MN MX modifier is selected you can toggle between displaying the minimum and maximum reading without losing the minimum and maximum values stored Meter returns a numeric value indicating modifiers in use 1 MN 2 MX 4 HOLD 8 dB 16 dB Power 32 REL 64 COMP If multiple modifiers are selected the value returned is equal to the sum of the values of the selected modifiers For example if dB and REL are selected 40 is returned Meter enters the relative REL modifier using the value shown on the primary display as the relative base Autoranging is disabled See REL Modifier in Chapter 3 for more on the relative modifier Meter exits the relative modifier and returns to the ranging mode and range selected prior to selecting the relative modifier Meter enters the relative REL modifier using lt relative base gt as the offset lt relative base gt value lt relative base gt can be a signed integer signed real number without exponent or signed real number with exponent Autoranging is disabled If lt relative base gt exceeds the measurement range an Execution Error is generated See REL Modifier in Chapter 3 for more on the relative modifier Meter returns lt relative base gt If the relative modifier has not been selected an Execution Error is generated 5 24
98. mote operating mode with front panel lockout REMOTE is shown on the display When in RWLS all front panel buttons are disabled Puts the meter in the IEEE 488 LOOS state i e local operating mode without lockout All front panel buttons are enabled Puts the meter in the IEEE 488 LWLS state i e local operating mode lockout All front panel buttons are disabled 5 29 45 Users Manual Sample Program Using the RS 232 Computer Interface Figure 5 5 is an annotated BASIC A program written for an IBM PC or compatible that demonstrates how the meter can be used with the RS 232 computer interface EXAMPLE BAS Fluke 45 program to record magnitude and frequency data 11 initialize RS 232 communication and set up Fluke 45 check command acceptance by Fluke 45 t display and record measurement data in TESTDATA PRN 100 CLS KEY OFF 110 RESULTS 120 PROMPTS Define data input Define string to hold command completion prompt E 130 CMDS n Define string to hold command to Fluke 45 140 INS ra INS Define input string 150 ESC CHR 27 Define program termination command string 160 COUNT 0 Initialize number of readings 200 201 Open communications port 9600 Baud no parity 8 bit data 202 ignore Clear to Send Data Set Ready Carrier Detect 210 OPEN com1 9600 n 8 c8 d8 cd AS 1 220 IF ERRORCODE lt gt 0 THEN PRINT ERROR Could not open coml END 221
99. n How MN m gt LO THRESH __ADDR Figure 2 8 Diode Testing aam08f eps Getting Started Operating the Meter Under Battery Power Optional To perform a diode or transistor junction test press to select the diode continuity function Each press of turns the continuity beeper on and off Then connect the test leads across the diode as shown in Figure 2 8 Notice how the test leads are placed Reversing the polarity will reverse bias the diode Operating the Meter Under Battery Power Optional The meter can be powered by an 8 V lead acid battery The battery module consists of a battery battery bracket and battery charger circuit assembly The battery is rechargeable requires no maintenance and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and 50 C Refer to Appendix A for specifications The battery has a typical operating time of eight hours When less than 1 2 hour of battery life remains turns on If you turn the meter off when it is being operated under battery power you must wait five seconds before turning the meter back on Otherwise the meter will not power up To maintain a fully charged battery and maximize battery life always recharge the battery after the meter has been operated on battery power To recharge the battery plug the meter into line power and turn the meter off It will take approximately 16 hours to fully recharge a discharged battery with the meter tur
100. n of Bits in ESR and ESE Bit No Name True Set to 1 Conditions 0 Operation Complete OPC All commands previous to receipt of an OPC command have been executed Interface is ready to accept another message 1 Not used Always set to 0 2 Query Error QYE Attempt has been made to read data from the meter s output buffer when no output is present or pending Or a new command line has been received before a previous query has been read Or Both input and output buffers are full 3 Device Dependent Error DDE Incorrect input during calibration or RS 232 input buffer overflow 4 Execution Error EXE Command was understood but could not be executed Result for example of an inappropriate parameter 5 Command Error CME Command was not executed because it was not understood This condition could result for example if a command sent to the meter contained a syntax error 6 Not used Always set to 0 7 Power On PON Power has been cycled off and on since the last time the ESR was read or cleared Status Byte Register The Status Byte Register STB is a binary encoded register that contains eight bits Note that the Service Request Enable Register SRE uses bits I through 5 and bit 7 to set bit 6 the request service RQS bit as enabled by the SRE When the RQS bit is set true 1 the meter sets the SRQ line true 1 which generates a service request The eight bits of the Status Byte Register as read by
101. ned off The battery remains fully charged as long as the meter is connected to line power You need not be concerned about over charging the battery Do not store the battery for extended periods in a discharged state Always fully charge the battery before storage and at least once every six months during storage If the meter has been stored for a long period with the battery installed fully recharge the battery before using the meter on battery power Rack Mounting You can mount the meter in a standard 19 inch rack using the MO00 200 634 Rack Mount Kit The rear feet can be rotated to clear a narrow rack space To install the rack mount kit refer to the instructions provided with it 2 9 45 Users Manual Chapter 3 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Introduction Chapter 3 explains how to operate the meter from the front panel Refer to Chapter 4 for information concerning specific applications Chapter 5 provides instructions on how to operate the meter using the computer interface RS 232 or IEEE 488 Front Panel Operations The following operations can be performed from the front panel e Select a measurement function volts dc volts ac current dc current ac resistance frequency and diode continuity test for the primary and secondary display e Take a measurement and display a reading e Select the manual or autorange mode AUTO e Manually select a measurement range for the primary display e Se
102. nel These procedures are provided for the user who needs to get started quickly but does not want to read the rest of the manual at this time However in order to take full advantage of your meter you should read the remainder of this manual carefully and completely A Warning To avoid electrical shock or damage to the meter do not apply more than the rated voltage between any terminal and earth ground The meter is protected against overloads up to the limits shown in Table 3 1 Exceeding these limits poses a hazard to the meter and operator 2 5 45 Users Manual 2 6 Measuring Voltage Resistance or Frequency To measure voltage resistance or frequency press the desired function button and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2 5 The meter will select the appropriate range in the autorange mode and an annunciator on the display will indicate measurement units Note After measuring high voltage to 1000 V dc errors may occur when making measurements with 1 to 10 uV resolution Allow up to two minutes prior to making low level measurements Measuring Current To measure current insert the test leads in the 100 mA input terminal for currents up to 100 mA or in the 10 A input terminal for higher current Press or and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2 6 and described in the following procedure 1 Turn off power in the circuit to be measured 2 Break the circuit on the ground side to minimize the
103. ng Section 11 There are no additional data structures For each command a statement describing whether is overlapped or sequential All commands are sequential none are overlapped For each command the device documentation shall specify the functional criteria that are met when an operation complete message is generated in response to that command Section 12 8 3 Operation complete is generated when the command is parsed Note that MEAS MEAS1 and MEAS2 prevent the parser from continuing until all requested measurements have completed This includes any time waiting for the trigger The VAL VAL2 and VAL2 queries will also wait for trigger if the needed display measurements have never been done
104. ns in the selected range regardless of input Press to toggle back to autoranging Manual ranging can only be performed on readings shown on the primary display the secondary display always autoranges Press 4 to up range If the GS is pressed when the meter is still in autorange manual ranging is selected the AUTO annunciator turns off and the next higher range is selected if there is one Press to down range If the 2 is pressed when the meter is still in autorange manual ranging is selected the AUTO annunciator turns off and the next lower range is selected if there is one Measuring Frequency FD Frequency Ranging Frequency measurements from 5 Hz to gt 1 MHz are automatically ranged so that a frequency measurement is always displayed with maximum resolution If the frequency function FREQ is selected in the primary display press the Gor to manually select a range Manual ranging is not allowed in the secondary display If you select a frequency range manually frequency measurements that exceed the full scale value of that range cause OL overload to be displayed Refer to Table 3 5 for frequency ranges and full scale values 3 8 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Measuring Frequency Frequency Measurement Rates The rate at which frequency measurements are taken is a factor of the frequency being measured see Table 3 6 When the frequency function has been selected pressing has no effect on the
105. omputer Interface 6 Maimtenant O sea AEAEE AARNEN Introductio Messierin iii eE EEEE EEE E OEA a Cleaning eionineirniaiiensenaaaa a ia a e i aee vend sad vevesedonvdsnatoey uapaatedinenve PAINS USC E E A N E E N AE EE T TE Current Input F seSeenicninicininnnii a a a aaa Testing Current Input Fuses seseseeeeseesersresreerrsresresresstrrisseestessrrrreseesreseees Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse eee esecsseceeeeaeecaaecsseceaecsaeenseeees Replacing the 10 A Input Fuse oo eee ce eeeesecseecnseceseeesaecaecaecsaessaeenseeees Self Test Diagnostics and Error Codes ccesceseeescsseecsseceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneeenee Perhormance Tests is cccvt2 icssvied dtideiaddnndsecacsuaascdsbeadecluse tess ceatcetesenndea sitecuedsvessvigtes SELVICE aieiaieo aie eaaa a e a a iaa e a iai Replacement Parts reerrcvioe certeses ianari e a a ia ee OE Rasoi Appendices PO SPCC CAM ONS aeniea osina E EEE E EENE E NES B ASCIVIEEE 488 Bus Codes i ccc csscincessascvresssepcgahosiateds keie is C IEFE 488 2 Device Documentation Requirements iii List of Tables Table Title t l ACCESSES cousine ia A E R at 3 2 Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values oeeeeeeeseeeeseeeesseesiesereresreersrerrresreereses 3 3 Current Ranges and Full Scale Values 0 eee ceecceseceseceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaeeeeeeeees 3 4 Ohms Ranges and Full Scale Values eeseceseceseceseceeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeees 3 5 Frequency Ranges and Full Scale Val
106. omputer interface Readings are recorded in files that can be accessed by Lotus 1 2 3 dBase 1 and other graphics packages Y8021 Shielded IEEE 488 one meter 39 4 inches cable with plug and jack at each end Y8022 Shielded IEEE 488 two meter 78 8 inches cable with plug and jack at each end Y8023 Shielded IEEE 488 four meter 13 feet cable with plug and jack at each end Where to go from Here This manual has been organized to assist you in getting started quickly It is not necessary for you to read the entire manual before using the meter effectively However we recom mend that you do so in order to use your meter to its full advantage Begin by scanning the Table of Contents to familiarize yourself with the organization of the manual Then read Chapter 2 GETTING STARTED Refer to the appropriate chapter of the manual as needed The contents of each chapter are summarized below Chapter 1 Introduction Introduces the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter describing its features options acces sories and users manual 1 2 Introduction Where to go from Here Chapter 2 Getting started Explains how to prepare the meter for operation and get started quickly taking basic measurements from the front panel Chapter 3 Operating the meter from the front panel Provides a complete description of each operation that can be performed using the push buttons on the front panel Chapter 3 is organized so that rela
107. on the primary display after the next triggered measurement is complete Meter returns the value shown on the secondary display after the next triggered measurement is complete lf the secondary display is off an Execution Error is generated If both displays are on meter returns the value shown on both displays after the next triggered measurement s complete in the format selected These values are separated by a comma format 1 or a space measurement units a comma and space format 2 See FORMAT command in Table 5 15 Example of Format 1 1 2345E 0 6 7890E 3 lt CR gt lt LF gt Example of Format 2 1 2345E 0 VDC 6 7890E 3 ADC lt CR gt lt LF gt If the secondary display is not on MEAS is equivalent to MEAS1 Note If MEAS is used in external trigger TRIGGER 2 through TRIGGER 5 unexpected results will be obtained Meter returns the value shown on the primary display If the primary display is blank the next triggered measurement is returned Meter returns the value shown on the secondary display If the secondary display is blank the next triggered measurement is returned If the secondary display is off an execution error is generated If both displays are on meter returns the value shown on both displays in the format selected These values are separated by a comma format 1 or a space measurement units a comma and space format 2 See FORMAT command in Table 5 15 Example of Format 1 1 2345E 0 6 7890E 3
108. or A Current FUnctions 0 0 cccccccccc cece ccceseececccccesesseeeesesseseenees 6 5 Replacement Parts vss sceiscsscssssassvenceossntaysaassened i eer E E e a T Ea TEE ECET EENE ES vi Figure 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 6 2 7 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 5 5 6 6 1 6 2 List of Figures Pront Patel iciccssisaiievsdeieisdiciicoea bendteascabneppsten naa a a a aa i Rear Panel sreciiisecoroniti inier oaae EEE AERA EE ENO Adjusting Handle csicnienesinninneriniaiiireinai eae aaaeaii ieni Summary of Basic Pushbutton OperationSs ssseeeesseseessesrersissersresrrsrrsreeresressesees Measuring Voltage Resistance Or Frequency sceeseessecesecenceceseeeseceaeeeseesseeees Measuring Current or Frequency 0 0 eeeeeeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeseeeseecaeecaaecsaeceaecaecsseesseenes Continuity Testa pci ssccccec ccsyeigseccvensssdsevensiccsnvissatovsraoeesvehs ie aeie aaa vache isenviedse Diode TESNE irizi ne enian Rarer TE EREE ATEA EIEEE E E EAEG EEE ELARRE Primary Displ y ennc rierien an e a a Display Annunciators sesseeeeseeeessesesrrsrtsstrrisserttestestestestesteestsstesestesserrieseestnsteet Secondary Display seiccuacscvcssesecsvidecsvessicashestbiesvelsscnesssadocavensieccvebdedasviassateusvarscewsa lasses Input Terminal Soo nienie eniras iao i EAAS Ee E cash ea a EENT E E E Function Selection Buttons 2 0 0 ceeeessessessseeeseeeeeeeecsaeceseeeaaeesaecaaecaecsaeesaeesaeenes Rang
109. ounts to an 11 error Since average responding meters have been in use for so long you may have accumulated test or reference data based on them The conversion factors in Figure 4 3 should help you convert between the two measurement methods Applications 4 True RMS Measurements PEAK VOLTAGES METERED VOLTAGES DC AND AC AC COUPLED AC COMPONENT ONLY pc TOTAL RMS INPUT MPONENT TEE RMS PRS RMS CAL FLuke45 CO La WAVEFORM 2 828 1 000 0 000 1 000 RECTIFIED SINE 4 444 FULL WAVE id 0 421 PK 0 gt 1 000 RECTIFIED SINE 2000 HALF WAVE 2 000 0 779 1 000 1 000 1 111 0 000 1 000 RECTIFIED SQUARE 1 414 i 0 785 PK 0 707 1 000 RECTANGULAR PULSE 2 000 2 000 4 442 K 2VD TRIANGLE 3 464 SAWTOOTH 1 732 0 962 1 000 0 000 1 000 RMS CAL IS THE DISPLAYED VALUE FOR AVERAGE RESPONDING METERS THAT ARE CALIBRATED TO DISPLAY RMS FOR SINE WAVES aam18f eps Figure 4 3 Waveform Comparison Chart 45 Users Manual Chapter 5 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Introduction The meter can be operated from a host e g a terminal controller PC or computer by sending commands to it through a computer interface on the rear panel Chapter 5 describes how to set up configure and operate the meter via the RS 232 or optional IEEE 488 computer interface With the optional IEEE 488 computer interface installed the meter is fully programmable for use on the IEEE Standard 488 1
110. preceding Chapter 2 before using the meter The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter also referred to as the meter is a 4 2 digit 30 000 count meter with a 5 digit 100 000 count high resolution mode The meter is designed for bench top field service and system applications Complete specifications are provided in Appendix A With the optional IEEE 488 computer interface installed the meter is fully programmable for use on the IEEE Standard 488 1 interface bus 1987 The meter is also designed in compliance with supplemental standard IEEE 488 2 1987 Some features provided by the meter are e A dual vacuum fluorescent display that allows two properties of an input signal to be displayed at the same time e g ac voltage in one display and frequency in the other e Remote operation via the RS 232 interface included or the IEEE 488 interface optional e True rms ac e AC DC rms calculated e Frequency measurements to greater than 1 MHz e pV sensitivity in volts de e Decibels with variable reference impedance and audio power measurement capability e Acompare mode to determine if a measurement is within above or below a designated range 45 Users Manual e 100 000 30 000 and 3 000 selectable count resolution with display reading speeds of 2 5 5 and 20 readings per second rps respectively e Built in self tests with closed case calibration no internal calibration adjustments Options and Ac
111. proximately 0 7 mA Readings are displayed in the 3 V range at the medium and fast measurement rates OL is displayed for voltages above 2 5 V If the diode test is performed at the slow reading rate readings are displayed in millivolts on the 1000 mV 1 V range Getting Started Taking Some Basic Measurements FLUKE 45 PUALDISPLAY MULTIMETER VOLTAGE N W O Yi 2ND LOCAL aE a BAUD rove V Q FREQ aam05f eps Figure 2 5 Measuring Voltage Resistance or Frequency FLUKE 45 PVAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER CURRENT SOURCE 2ND LOCAL aA COMP HI Lo MIHRESH_ ADDR BAUD 1 o rower ES L A Note Measurement can be also made using current clamp without breaking circuit aam06f eps Figure 2 6 Measuring Current or Frequency 2 7 45 Users Manual 2 8 TEST CIRCUIT RA FLUKE 45 PVAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER Note This is a Diode Test Function with a Continuity Beeper Figure 2 7 Continuity Testing aam07f eps 600 CAT 1 100V CATI FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED FLUKE 45 PVAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER REFQ
112. put from the triggered reading 170 180 CMDS RST VDC RANGE 2 TRIGGER 2 190 TRGS TRG VAL 200 210 CALL IBWRT DEV2 CMDS 220 IF IBSTA lt 0 THEN GOTO 320 230 FOR IN 1 TO 10 240 CALL IBWRT DEV2 TRGS 250 IF IBSTA lt 0 THEN GOTO 320 260 CALL IBRD DEV2 RDS 270 IF IBSTA lt 0 THEN GOTO 320 280 Print the reading from IBRD less the line feed 290 PRINT Reading IN MIDS RD 1 IBCNT 1 300 NEXT IN 310 END 320 REM IEEE 488 error routine 330 PRINT An IEEE 488 error occured 340 PRINT ERROR IBERR 350 GOTO 310 aam26s tif Figure 5 6 Sample Programs for IEEE 488 Computer Interface cont 5 33 45 Users Manual DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE FLUKE 45 USING THE IOtech Personal488 CONTROLLER PROGRAM PROGRAM NAME DEMO45 BAS CLS OPEN DEV IEEEOUT FOR OUTPUT AS 1 IOCTL 1 BREAK PRINT 1 RESET OPEN DEV IEEEIN FOR INPUT AS 2 PRINT 1 FILL ERROR ON ERROR GOTO 340 PRINT 1 ERROR OFF RST reset the Fluke 45 VDC Select the DC Volts function RANGE 1 Select the 300 mV range RATE M Select the Medium reading rate TRIGGER 2 Select external trigger no delay Send the command string to the Fluke 45 PRINT 1 OUTPUT 02 RST VDC RANGE 1 RATE M TRIGGER 2 Trigger input and display 20 readings FOR IN 1 TO 20 PRINT 1 OUTPUT 02 TRG VAL Set the driver to receive with a Line Feed and EOI terminator PRINT
113. r a single measurement results are displayed as soon as the correct range is found However additional time needs to be allowed for the measurement to be fully settled in order for the displayed result to meet the meter s accuracy specifications This settling delay varies depending on the differences between the primary and secondary displays The settling delay is longer when ac and dc type measurements are mixed Examples of mixed ac and dc measurements are volts dc and amps ac and volts ac and amps dc Settling times are listed in Table 4 3 How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements When the meter is in the dual display mode i e both the primary and secondary displays are on the meter takes measurements and updates the displays in one of two ways 1 it takes a single measurement and updates both displays using that measurement or 2 it updates each display using a separate measurement Note When measuring AC DC or any dual display combination of AC and DC in the fast reading rate the Fluke 45 may show significant reading errors This results from a lack of filtering on the DC portion of the measurement for the fast reading rate To avoid this problem use only the slow and medium reading rates for AC DC or AC and DC combinations Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with a Single Measurement The meter takes a measurement and updates both displays using that measurement only when the meter is in the
114. r bench top use the handle can be positioned to provide two viewing angles To adjust its position pull the ends out to a hard stop about 1 4 inch on each side and rotate it to one of the four stop positions shown in Figure 2 3 To remove the handle adjust it to the vertical stop position and pull the ends all the way out Line Power AWarning To avoid shock hazard connect the instrument power cord to a power receptacle with earth ground A protective ground connection by way of the grounding conductor in the power cord is essential for safe operation 45 Users Manual mA Fuse Primary Secondary Receptacle Display Display LUKE 4 DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER N REMOTE SMF MAX dB REL AUTO EXT TRG E MIN HOLD mn BO m Q m T l l m ane a UNCAL mA mV DC AC 1000V CAT I O Pn PP tt gt ENABLE ee Fj oS O Shift PEE TE pee Key 2ND LOCAL FUSED RATE BAUD KR I O E Input Function Ranging Moaier Reacing Terminals Buttons Buttons Suttons Rate aam01f eps Figure 2 1 Front Panel IEEE 488 Interface Connector RS 232 Connector Serial Number Label A ay E oa IEEE STD 488 PORT oCFA oa C LISTED 950Z SH1 AHT T5 L4 SR1 RLI D 1 Dit PPO CO E1 WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK DISCONNECT Rx om Tx no TELE 6789 CAUTION MEASURING TERMINALS BEFORE OPENING 00000
115. r is exited and the meter resumes normal operation For example to set the decibel reference impedance to 16 1 Press then press dB and the reference impedance are shown in the primary display Press and hold down 6 to scroll to 16 If the refernce impedance is less than 16 press and hold down 3 Each option other than the selected reference impedance is dimmed Also since power can be selected with this reference POWER is shown in the secondary display 3 17 45 Users Manual Table 3 11 Options Available Through List Editor To Set Pushbuttons Options Annunciator Touch Hold Minimum then 1 5 of range HOLD Response Level THRESH 2 7 of range or 3 8 of range Decibel Reference then 2 4 8 16 50 75 93 dB and O Impedance in Ohms REF Q 110 124 125 135 150 also V when 250 300 500 600 800 1000Q 900 1000 1200 or 8000 RS 232 Baud Rate then 300 600 1200 2400 baud BAUD 4800 or 9600 Parity options list E even O odd PAR for parity displayed no none Echo Mode On or Off Echo and On or OFF IEEE 488 Address If then Valid addresses between IEEE IEEE 488 Interface ADDR 0 30 Installed and selected RS 232 PrintOnly then 2 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 PRINT Mode If RS 232 ADDR 500 1000 2000 Interface Selected 5000 10000 20000 or 50000 Trigger Type and 1 2 3 4 5 See Table 5 tri simultaneously 14
116. r warmup in an environment with an ambient temperature of 18 C to 28 C and a relative humidity of less than 90 70 for 1 000 kQ range and above Note All measurements listed in the performance test tables are made in the medium reading rate unless otherwise noted Power up the meter and allow it to stabilize for one hour 2 Connect a cable from the Output VA HI and LO connectors of the 5700A to the VOF and COM connectors on the Fluke 45 Select the function and range on the Fluke 45 and the input level from the 5700A using the values listed in Table 6 2 The display should read between the minimum and maximum values listed in the table 3 Connect a cable from the Output VA HI and LO connectors of the 5700A to the 100 mA and COM connectors on the Fluke 45 Select the function and range on the Fluke 45 and the input level from the 5700A using the values contained in Table 6 3 The display should read between the minimum and maximum readings listed in the table Maintenance 6 Service 4 The following tests require a Fluke 5725A Amplifier or equivalent to be used with the 5700A The input level for the performance test will be set on the 5700A but will be output from the 5725A Amplifier Connect a cable from the Output VA HI and LO connectors of the 5725A to the 10A and COM connectors on the Fluke 45 Select the function and range on the Fluke 45 and the input level from the 5700A using the values contained in Table 6 4 T
117. reesrrrrrsrreresrreressresresrs External Triggering via the Computer Interface Service Requests IEEE 488 Only and Status Registers s Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers ee eeseeseeseeseeeseeeneees Status Byte RESIStEL 5 sccsesssssutederssskevsl i se En EEE NENEA EAEEREN EEOSE Reading the Status Byte Register eeseseeseeeseseeseeseesresrrrrissrrsresresresressesreess Service Request Enable Register ceecesceeecesseceseceeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaes Computer Interface Command Set ce eseeseeseeseecnseceseceseecaecnaecnaeenaeenseenes TEEE 488 Capabilities and Common Commands 1 00 0 eee eeseesseceteeeneeeeeees Function Commands and Querics cccsccccesssececsessececsssneeeeessseeecesseeeeeees Function Modifier Commands and Queries ccccscccceesseceeeesneeeesenaeeeeneaes Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries ceeeseeseeeeeees Measurement QuETICS ccccccssscecesssececeessececesseeecseseeeecseaeeecsesaaeeeeseseeeeeees Compare Commands and Queries 0 ceceecseeseeeneeeeeeaceeaeecaeceaeceaeenaeenseeees Trigger Configuration Commands ceeeseeseeseeencecnseceneceaecnseeeeesnaeenaeen Miscellaneous Commands and QuETICS ccccccccesssececesseeceesssteceesesteeeeeeees RS 232 Remote Local Configurations 000 0 ee eeseessecesceeseecnseceseceseenaeenseenes Sample Program Using the RS 232 Computer Interface ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Sample Programs Using the IEEE 488 C
118. ripple and dc current draw of switching power supply Measure current dissipation in protective fuse resistors used in power supplies Measure ripple and noise on a line Actual Value Show the minimum or maximum value recorded and the present measurement Actual Value Show actual measurement and the difference between this value and the relative base Resistance Select and sort resistors See also Using the Compare Function in Chapter 3 HOLD Actual Value Show actual measurement while holding a previous stable measurement on the primary display 45 Users Manual TN py CIRCUIT LOAD FLUKE 45 PVAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER H H Beerd r iis E A ADDR aam17f eps Figure 4 2 DC Voltage and DC Current Measurement on Input Signal The lead from the internal measuring circuitry of the meter to the COM binding post on the front panel is the same for both voltage and current measurements The resistance of this lead is approximately 003 Q If current is being measured therefore a voltage drop will occur in the resistance that is common to both circuits This internal resistance when added to the external resistance of the lead from the COM input terminal will affect the accuracy of the voltage reading For instance if the external lead resistance is 007 Q the
119. rnal RAM test failed EXAMPLE Decimal 9 8 plus 1 converts to binary 000010010 meaning the A D self test failed and EEPROM calibration data are bad Command required by IEEE 488 2 standard Non operational in Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Command accepted but has no effect 5 21 45 Users Manual 5 22 Function Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5 11 relate to measurement functions See Table 5 13 for ranges and measurement rates Refer to Chapter 3 for a detailed description of each function Commands under Primary Display and Secondary Display cause functions to be performed on the primary display or secondary display respectively Table 5 11 Function Commands and Queries Commands Primary Secondary Display Display AAC AAC2 AACDC ADC ADC2 CLR2 CONT DIODE DIODE2 FREQ FREQ2 FUNC1 FUNC2 OHMS OHMS2 VAC VAC2 VACDC VDC VDC2 Function AC current AC plus DC rms current Available in the primary display only DC current Clears measurement from secondary display if one shown Continuity test Available in the primary display only Diode test Frequency Meter returns the function selected for the primary display as command mnemonic EXAMPLE If frequency is selected for the primary display FUNC1 returns FREQ Meter returns the function selected for the secondary display as command mnemonic If the secondary display is not in use an
120. ry equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register If lt value gt is not between 0 and 255 an Execution Error is generated EXAMPLE decimal 16 converts to binary 00010000 Sets bit 4 EXE in ESE to 1 Meter returns the lt value gt of the Event Status Enable Register set by the ESE command lt value gt is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register Meter returns the lt value gt of the Event Status Register and then clears it lt value gt is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state 1 or 0 of bits in the register Meter returns the identification code of the meter as four fields separated by commas These fields are manufacturer FLUKE model 45 seven digit serial number version of main software and version of display software Meter sets the Operation Complete bit in the Standard Event Status Register when parsed Meter places an ASCII 1 In The output Queue when parsed Meter performs power up reset except that the state of IEEE 488 interface is unchanged including 1 instrument address 2 Status Byte and 3 Event Status Register Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set Table 5 10 IEEE 488 Common Commands cont Command SRE lt value gt SRE STB TRG TST WAI Name Service Request Enable Service Request Enable Query
121. s and Queries Table 5 13 e Measurement Queries Table 5 14 e Compare Commands and Queries Table 5 15 e Trigger Configuration Commands Table 5 16 e Miscellaneous Commands and Queries Table 5 17 e RS 232 Remote Local Configuration Commands Table 5 18 IEEE 488 Capabilities and Common Commands The meter supports the IEEE 488 capabilities shown in Table 5 8 Table 5 9 Summarizes the IEEE 488 Common Commands 5 19 45 Users Manual Table 5 8 IEEE 488 Interface Function Subsets SH1 AH1 T5 L4 SRI RL1 DC1 DT1 E1 Source Handshake Acceptor Handshake Talker Listener Service Request Remote Local Device Clear Device Trigger Electrical interface C CNTRL C is the RS 232 equivalent of DC1 causing lt CR gt lt LF gt and a new prompt to be output Command CLS ESE ESR IDN OPC OPC RST 5 20 ESE lt value gt Table 5 9 IEEE 488 Common Commands Name Clear Status Event Status Enable Event Status Enable Query Event Status Register Query Identification Query Operation Complete Command Operation Complete Query Reset Description Clears all event registers summarized in the status byte except for Message Available which is cleared only if CLS is the first message in the command line Sets Event Status Enable Register to lt value gt an integer between 0 and 255 lt value gt is an integer whose bina
122. s installed perform the procedure under Enabling the IEEE 488 Interface below IEEE is displayed only if the IEEE 488 interface is installed in the meter Enabling the lIEEE 488 Interface The IEEE 488 interface can only be enabled from the front panel Perform the following procedure to enable the IEEE 488 interface 1 Press in the POWER button on the front panel to turn the meter on 2 Press 2ND then press RATE The baud rate currently selected is shown in the primary display and baud in the secondary display 3 Press the to scroll to IEEE then press to enable the IEEE 488 interface RS 232 capability is now disabled Note IEEE can only be selected if the IEEE 488 interface board has been installed and the meter is connected to line power If the meter is under bat tery power and you attempt to select IEEE the flashes and IEEE cannot be selected until the meter is connected to line power Addressing the Meter After the IEEE 488 interface board has been installed and enabled the meter must be assigned an address between 0 and 30 Perform the following procedure to assign the meter a valid address 1 Press in POWER to turn the meter on 2 Press CND then press ADDR 3 Press ES or to scroll to the desired address Then press to select that address The address will remain selected until it is changed 4 To exit and return the meter to normal operation without changing the address press
123. se both an RS40 and RS41 cable connected end to end Alternatively a cable intended for interconnecting two IBM PC ATs can be used To connect the meter to a specific brand of RS 232 printer use the cable that would be used to connect that printer to an RS 232 port on an IBM PC AT DB 9 connector After cabling is complete turn the meter back on and you are now ready to operate the meter over the RS 232 interface Character Echoing and Deletion When the meter is operated via the RS 232 interface you can control whether characters are echoed to the host s display screen When Echo is set On characters sent to the meter are echoed on the host s display screen With Echo OFF characters are not echoed To set the Echo parameter refer to the procedure under Setting Communication Parameters RS 232 above If you send a character to the meter over the RS 232 interface directly from a keyboard pressing the lt DELETE gt or lt BACKSPACES gt key deletes the previous character A backspace is echoed to the display screen if Echo is ON Device Clear Using C CNTRL C C CNTRL C is the RS 232 equivalent of IEEE 488 DCI device clear causing gt followed by a carriage return and line feed to be output RS 232 Prompts When the host sends a command to the meter over the RS 232 interface the meter parses it executes it and returns a response if appropriate and sends you one of three prompts gt No errors
124. seconds before turning the meter back on If you do not the meter will not power up When the meter is turned on the primary and secondary displays light for about 4 seconds while the instrument performs an internal self test of its digital circuitry These tests check RAM ROM A D calibration and the display The meter has passed all tests and is ready for normal operation if an error code is not displayed However if an error is detected the meter will still attempt to operate Refer to Self Test Diagnostics and Error Codes in Chapter 6 If any front panel button other than is held down while the power up sequence is in progress the entire display stays on until another button is pressed Then the powerup sequence continues After the meter completes the power up sequence it assumes the power up measurement configuration stored in non volatile memory The power up configuration set at the factory is shown in Table 3 13 To change the power up configuration refer to Changing the Power Up Configuration in Chapter 3 Using the Pushbuttons The pushbuttons on the front panel select meter functions and operations A summary of basic pushbutton operations is shown in Figure 2 4 Pushbuttons can be used in three ways You can e Press a single button to select a function or operation EXAMPLE Press to select volts ac for the primary display Press a combination of buttons one after the other 2 3 45 Users Manual
125. ser defined while turning the meter on The meter beeps The CAL ENABLE button is located in the lower right corner of the display Press and Hold for three seconds to enable calibration The meter allows for closed case calibration using reference sources See the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Service Manual P N 856042 for calibration procedures Chapter 4 Applications Introduction Chapter 4 discusses some applications that will help you use the meter effectively These applications assume you are familiar with the basic operation of the meter and have a basic understanding of electronics A sophisticated understanding of electrical circuits is not necessary Using the Dual Display Using the dual display effectively and with ingenuity can greatly enhance your test and measurement capabilities By allowing you to make several measurements on a particular input signal the dual display makes it easy to take measurements that in the past required you to use two meters or make a series of measurements To see the ease with which the dual display can be used to take a reading of the ac component of a signal on one display and its frequency on the other perform the following procedure to measure the voltage and frequency of line power 1 2 3 4 5 Press in POWER to turn the meter on Plug the test leads into the VO and COM input terminals Press to select volts ac for the primary display Press then press to select frequ
126. sers Manual In the following examples lt space gt between commands is for readability only However a lt space gt between a command and its argument is required The PRINT command sends a terminator at the end of the string EXAMPLE 1 The following string configures the meter and triggers an ohms reading to be shown on the primary display PRINT 3 RST OHMS RANGE 1 RATE M TRIGGER 2 TRG VAL1 IEEE 488 bus address Reset to power up configuration Select W function Select 300W range Select medium reading rate Select external trigger Rear panel trigger disabled no trigger delay Trigger a reading Return reading shown on primary display EXAMPLE 2 The following string configures the meter and triggers a volts ac reading in primary display and a frequency reading in the secondary display PRINT 3 RST VAC FREQ 2 RANGE 4 TRIGGER 2 TRG VAL1 IEEE 488 bus address Reset to power up configuration Select volts ac function for primary display Select frequency for secondary display Select 300V range for primary display Select external trigger Rear panel trigger disabled no trigger delay Trigger a reading Return reading shown on primary display aam19f eps Figure 5 1 Typical IEEE 488 Input Strings 5 10 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Output How the Meter Processes
127. signed real number with exponent HOLDCLR Meter exits Touch Hold and restores display to normal operation but does not exit the compare function Trigger Configuration Commands The commands in Table 5 16 set and return the trigger configuration Table 5 16 Trigger Configuration Commands Command Description TRIGGER Sets the trigger configuration to lt type gt lt type gt lt type gt corresponds to a number between 1 and 5 selected from Table 5 15A If the lt type gt entered is not one of these numbers an Execution Error is generated Table 5 15A Trigger Type Type Trigger Rear Trigger Settling Delay 1 Internal Disabled 2 External Disabled Off 3 External Disabled On 4 External Enabled Off 5 External Enabled On Select a trigger type with the settling delay type 3 or 5 enabled when the input signal is not stable before a measurement is triggered Typical settling delays are provided in Table 4 4 TRIGGER Returns the trigger lt type gt set by the TRIGGER command 5 27 45 Users Manual Miscellaneous Commands and Queries Miscellaneous commands and queries are summarized in Table 5 17 Table 5 17 Miscellaneous Commands and Queries Command Description C CNTRL C The RS 232 equivalent of IEEE 488 DCL Causes lt CR gt lt LF gt and gt lt CR gt lt LF gt _to FORMAT lt frmt gt Pe output Set output lt frmt gt to 1 or 2 Format 1 is compatib
128. sing and while holding it down pressing REL Now whenever the relative 3 11 45 Users Manual modifier is selected the relative base is shown in the secondary display To turn off this feature press and while holding it down press dB Decibels and Audio Power Modifier The decibels modifier takes a voltage measurement converts it to dBm measure of decibels relative to one milliwatt and displays the result on the primary display Press to toggle in and out of the decibels modifier When the decibels modifier is selected dB is shown on the primary display Decibels can be selected only when a voltage function is selected on the primary display volts ac volts dc or volts ac dc Decibels are always displayed in a single fixed range with 0 01 dB resolution However the basic measurement itself e g volts ac autoranges A voltage measurement is converted to dBm using the following formula dBm 10 log 1000 value reference impedance where value is the measurement value The reference impedance can be set to any of 21 reference impedances listed in Table 3 8 by using the list editor as described in Using the List Editor later in Chapter 3 Table 3 8 Reference Impedances in Ohms 8000 300 93 1200 250 75 1000 150 50 900 135 16t 800 125 8t 600 124 4t 500 110 2t Voltage annunciator lit t Audio power readings possible To access the reference impedance list press then press
129. some equipment e g signal generators may be subject to specific restrictions Please observe the notices in the users manual The marketing and sales of the equipment was reported to the Central Office for Telecommunication Permits BZT The right to retest this equipment to verify compliance with the regulation was given to the BZT Table of Contents Chapter Title 1 Introduction seiissccscccscccsseusscesxcudsccedscasnsadscasneudneadneusseasxeudcecdsseasneustensxeuie Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Options and ACCESSOMES irinse anaE EEE E AR Where to go troni Here csseroriresoriinrrinset reisinin s E nE E ENERE 2 Ge tting Started aaeramne ioe ere ne ene re eee een eee see eee neue me kana iaaii aan TRO DUC tO 355s ak dae AT oss iesiss Sov es ts thepexes teense eV O sees Getting Started scsi ices teives ieestadeiadtinenstedoeadssieteraebeieensl EEE SE aR SRi Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter eee cescsseecseceeceeceteeeeeeeeeeeaeens Front Panel and Rear Panel o 0 eee eeeeeeeeseeeneeeeeeeecsaecsaecesaecaaecaeenaeenaeee Adjusting the Handle 0 cecccsssescececasscaasanscseossnatenuessatcoctssnteussnascrvsnsesceeas Pane PO Wer i sis esielscestiiscrssctelesi ad hited tabi edadadeaietrad Sigees N EE EE Turning the Meter OM cee eeeeeecsseeeeeeeeseeseeeeeseesaeeeaeecaeeeeseeeseeeaaecsaesaeesaeenaaees Using the PUSHDUtONS 5 e i ccccenssadcovassctecindo leven seccevesedo
130. sseveutasseysastaupevvesacstitsentad Selecting a Measurement Range eee eesceseceseeceeceeceeceseeeseeeeeeeeaeeeaeeeaseeses Automatic Input Terminal Selection es cesecsseceseceseceeeeceaecnaeeeeeseeeeeeeen Taking Some Basic Measurements eecesseesseeeneeeseeeeseceseceseceseeseceseeenaeee Measuring Voltage Resistance Or Frequency eeeeeesseesteceeceeeeeeeeseeees Measuring Current vcs is css esas soa wediossantesassgsssiss toacea sins aiie Sae aE a N Diode Continuity Testing eee eeeeeseesecescecsceeeseeeeecsaecaecsaecsseecsaesaeeaeens Operating the Meter Under Battery Power Optional Rack Mountings cies cccsseisis iscevset cavedstcaeveassaccvia pet astevaes svete sstevevenedSpvassnswevetdeeteeanse 3 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel cccccssssssseeseeeeeeeeees TNO GU CHI OM ys 4 ssc sige eeeust nenne ioina EEE E EREE TEETE EE Front Panel Operations 3 29 5 ssc0 byessevies nco aigds senses a a EEES DIS PIAY seis steve sascezastestacevaatevcassosencesnuaseenes cgunde snes tetesaasusassassctionssasbsasenacases someyestoasae Primary Displayen a a E E ote tlectobe talons svsdlyctaGanayoiavedasyeban Secondary Display coreeni anea e EAE TE EEE EE i p t Terminals sessioissa e a E E A R E T Selecting a Measurement Function essseeseessesreeeesrrsreesterissrerissresrisseerrssresreses RENTET a tE A E E E PRUUOT AN SING AETA E EEE TEE tel oes vas E EINE AET Mantal Ram Sto eoe ois ccsigesehcish
131. t where lt type gt is a number between 1 and 5 that identifies a trigger type See Table 5 3 If lt type gt is not one of these numbers an Execution Error is generated Select a trigger type that enables the settling delay type 3 or 5 when the input signal is not stable before a measurement is triggered Typical settling delays are provided in Table 4 3 The reading transfer rates are provided in Table 5 4 External Triggering via the Computer Interface To trigger a measurement over the RS 232 or IEEE 488 computer interface send the meter a TRG command over the computer interface See Table 5 8 The following external triggering methods can be used only when the IEEE 488 interface is enabled When the IEEE 488 interface is enabled the receive pin RX of the RS 232 interface can be configured for use as an external trigger input See the TRIGGER command Table 5 14 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface 5 Service Requests IEEE 488 Only and Status Registers A measurement is triggered while the input is greater than 3 V A method for using DTR pin 4 and an external switch to trigger a measurement is shown in Figure 5 2 e Send the IEEE 488 GET interface message IEEE 488 Operations Table 5 3 Trigger Type Type Trigger Rear Trigger Settling Delay 1 Internal Disabled 2 External Disabled Off 3 External Disabled On 4 External Enabled Off 5 External Enabled On Table 5 4 RS 232
132. ted operations and functions are grouped together Chapter 4 Applications Describes how to use the meter in more advanced operations and sophisticated applica tions Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front panel operations Chapter 5 Operating the Meter using the Computer Interface Describes how to connect the meter to a terminal or host and operate it via the RS 232 C or optional IEEE 488 interface Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front panel operations Chapter 6 Maintenance Describes how to perform basic maintenance and repairs e g replacing fuses and how to order replacement parts Complete service and repair procedures are contained in the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Service Manual P N 856042 Appendices A Specifications B ASCII TEEE 488 Bus Codes C IEEE 488 2 Device Documentation Requirements 45 Users Manual 1 4 MULTIMETER SAFETY The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter has been designed and tested according to IEC Publication 348 Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus This manual contains information and warnings which must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition Use of this equipment in a manner not specified herein may impair the protection provided by the equipment The meter is designed for IEC 664 Installation Category II use It is designed for use in circuits with a VA rating of lt 4800 VA Some common interna
133. the meter is set to measure frequency and there is no input signal i e input terminals are open the meter may read approximately 25 kHz rather than the expected zero This is due to internal capacitive pickup of the inverter power supply into the high impedance input circuitry With source impedance of lt 2 kQ this pickup will not affect the accuracy or stability of the frequency a reading Frequency Frequency Range 5 Hz to gt 1 MHz Applicable Functions Volts ac and Current AC Resolution Range j Accuracy Slow amp Medium Fast 1000 Hz 01 Hz 1 Hz 05 2 10 kHz 1 Hz 1 Hz 05 1 100 kHz 1 Hz 10 Hz 05 1 1000 kHz 10 Hz 100 Hz 05 1 1 MHz 100 Hz 1 kHz Not Specified Specified to 1 MHz but will measure above 1 MHZ Sensitivity of AC Voltage Frequency Level sine wave 5 Hz 100 kHz 30 mV rms 100 kHz 300 kHz 100 mV rms 300 kHz 1 MHz 1V Vrms Above 1 MHz Not specified Sensitivity Level of AC Current Frequency 5 Hz 20 kHz 45 Hz 2 kHz Input 100 mA 10A Level gt 3 MA rms gt 3 A rms Appendices A Specifications Note When the meter is set to measure frequency and there is no input signal i e the input terminals are open the meter may read approximately 25 kHz rather than zero This is due to internal capacitive pickup of the inverter power supply into the high impedance input circuitry With source impedance of lt 2 kQ this p
134. the present reading Calculated AC DC RMS Measurements When V and V or A and A gt are pressed simultaneously the meter will alternately take a dc and an ac measurement then calculate and display the rms value RMS value yde ac In the dual display mode when the volts ac and volts dc functions are selected the 10 MQ dc input divider is in parallel with the ac coupled 1 MQ ac divider Note When measuring AC DC or any dual display combination of AC and DC In the fast reading rate the Fluke 45 may show significant reading errors This results from a lack of filtering on the DC portion of the measurement for the fast reading rate To avoid this problem use only the slow and medium reading rates for AC DC or AC and DC combinations Waveform Comparison True RMS vs Average Responding Meters Figure 4 3 illustrates the relationship between ac and dc components for common wave forms and compares readings for true rms meters and average responding meters For example consider the first waveform a 1 41421 V zero to peak sine wave Both the Fluke 45 and rms calibrated average responding meters display the correct rms reading of 1 0000 V the dc component equals 0 However consider the 2 V peak to peak square wave Both types of meter correctly measure the dc component 0 V but your Fluke 45 also correctly measures the ac component 1 0000 V The average responding meter measures 1 111 V which am
135. three leads Be sure that the voltage and current measurements share the same common as shown in Figure 4 2 Then simply follow the precautions you would follow if you were making normal current measurements without a current clamp Applications 4 Using the Dual Display Primary Display Volts DC Table 4 1 Sample Dual Display Applications Secondary Display Volts AC Applications Monitor dc level and ac ripple of power supply Troubleshoot amplifier circuits Volts DC Current DC Check power supply load regulation Monitor UUT current draw and circuit voltages Monitor loop current and voltage drop across transmitter Volts DC Current AC Line and load regulation tests dc ac or ac dc converters Volts AC Volts AC Volts AC dB in Volts dc Current DC Current DC Current AC Frequency Frequency Current AC Line and load regulation tests dc ac or ac dc converters Line and load regulation tests Transformer magnetic circuit saturation Measure ac amplitude and frequency for line voltage and ac signal analysis Measure frequency response of an amplifier Adjust ac motor control Read noise in telecommunication applications Adjust portable power generator to optimize power output Set frequency compensation for a network Use in print only mode see RS 232 Print Only Mode in Chapter 5 for quick Bode plots frequency vs amplitude Test frequency response Measure
136. tion A second level operation can be selected by e Pressing then pressing another button or buttons e Pressing and holding down and pressing another button The second level operation available on a pushbutton is engraved below it on the front panel and enclosed in parentheses in Table 3 10 The LOCAL function associated with operates only when the meter is in REMS remote without front panel lockout See Table 5 15 in Chapter 5 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier Table 3 10 Button Operations Pushbuttons Operations 2ND then W Show volts ac reading in secondary display Show volts dc reading in secondary display Show amperes ac reading in secondary display Show amperes dc reading in secondary display Show ohms reading in secondary display Show Hz reading in secondary display Show diode test reading in secondary display Compare mode in primary display See Using the Compare Function in Chapter 3 below Edit Compare mode low point See Using the Compare Function in Chapter 3 below then EY Edit Compare mode high point See USING THE COMPARE FUNCTION in Chapter 3 below and 2 Store value on primary display as LO compare point See USING THE COMPARE FUNCTION in Chapter 3 below and 4 Store value on primary display as HI compare point See USING THE COMPARE FUNCTION in Chapter 3 below 2ND then Edit relative
137. tional electrical symbols used in this manual are shown below AC ALTERNATING DANGEROUS CURRENT 4 VOLTAGE _ DC DIRECT EARTH GROUND CURRENT EITHER AG OR DC SEE EXPLANATION CURRENT A IN MANUAL DOUBLE INSULATION FUSE oO FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK Before using the meter read the following safety information carefully In this manual WARNING is reserved for conditions and actions that pose hazard s to the user CAUTION is reserved for conditions and actions that may damage your meter A WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR OTHER INJURY e Avoid working alone e Follow all safety procedures for equipment being tested Inspect the test leads for damaged insulation or exposed metal Check test lead continuity Damaged leads should be replaced Be sure the meter is in good operating condition Select the proper function for your measurement To avoid electrical shock use caution when working above 60V dc or 30V ac RMS Disconnect the live test lead before disconnecting the common test lead eae the power and discharge high voltage capacitors before testing in Q and n e When making a current measurement turn the circuit power off before connecting the meter in the circuit e Check meter fuses before measuring transformer secondary or motor winding current See Section 6 MAINTENANCE An open fuse may allow high voltage build up which is
138. ts in Chapter 4 The display flashes when a measurement exceeds 1000 V dc or 750 V ac the maximum rated input level If an input exceeds the full scale value of the selected range the overload annunciator OL is displayed Primary Display The primary display shown in Figure 3 1 consists of the larger digits and annunciators see Figure 3 2 and is located on the left side of the front panel Readings using the rela tive REL minimum maximum MN MX Touch Hold HOLD or decibels dB modifiers can be shown on the primary display only Secondary Display The secondary display consists of a set of smaller digits on the right side of the dual dis play see Figure 3 3 Press to turn the secondary display on and off A series of five dashes is shown in the secondary display when the secondary display has been turned on but a function has not yet been selected FLUKE 45 DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER REMOTE SMF MAX dB REL AUTO EXTTRG Es MIN HOLD gt m m am mA ee ee ee ee N 0 0 0 Ge Karz aam09f eps Figure 3 1 Primary Display 3 2 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Display Reading Rate Relative Slow Medium Fast Modifier MIN MAX Touch Hold Remote State Modifier Modifier Continuity with or without Test Front Panel Lockout Decibels Autorange i i Reo SRNL SS Modifier Function and Unit Annunciators REMOTE SMF MAX dBy REL AU Tt ITN I E EXT TRG Ee MIN HOLD
139. ues Slow and Medium ccsceeseeeeee 3 6 Frequency Measurement Rates 0 eee ceseesecsseceseceseceseceeceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeseeeseeeees 3 7 Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements eeeeeeeseereeeees 3 8 Reference Impedances in OMS ee eee eeeeseenceesseeeseceaeceseceseeeeeeeeeseeeeneseneeeaee 3 9 Display Measurement Rates for Single Function Measurements ccceeeee 3 10 Button Operations s sicseccscuccacsssessueehiccueeteesastctansvass saseedesenssduscetssaenedessdentcaemndeeeds 3 11 Options Available Through List Editor cei eeceeeceeeceeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaee 3 12 Number Editor Options 0 0 0 eee eceeseeeseeeneeeseeeeeceaeceseceaecsseeeseesseeeeeeseaeeeaeeeseeeees 3 13 Power Up Configuration Set at Factory ee eesceseceseceseceeeceeeeceeceeeeeseeeeeeesneeees 4 1 Sample Dual Display Applications 0 0 0 cee eeeeceseceseceeeceeeceeeeeseeeeneesseeeaeeeaaeenaees 4 2 Typical Single Measurement Response Times in Seconds eee eeeeeseeeseeeneees 4 3 Typical Settling Delays in Seconds 0 eee eeceenecsseeeseeeseeeeeeeeneeeseesaaecaeeeaeeenaes 4 4 Typical Measurement Intervals in Seconds for Dual Display Measurements 4 5 Ohms Test Voltages i A A ia aS 5 1 Factory Settings of RS 232 Communication Parameters cee ceeeeeeeeeeeeneees 5 2 Approximate Print Rates in RS 232 Print Only Mode 5 5 Status Register SUMMALY cceceesceeeeeneerceseencterc
140. urn the meter on 2 Press ND then press RATE The baud rate currently selected is shown in the primary display and baud is shown in the secondary display Table 5 1 Factory Settings of RS 232 Communication Parameters Parameter Factory Setting Interface RS 232 Print only rate set to 0 Baud Rate 9600 Parity None Parity bit 0 Number of Data Bits 8 7 Data bits plus 1 parity bit Number of Stop Bits 1 Echo On 3 Press ES or to scroll to the desired baud then press to set the selected baud rate If a baud rate other than IEEE is selected the RS 232 interface is enabled and the list editor is invoked on parity 4 Press A or 1 to scroll to E for even Odd or no for none then press to set the parity 5 Echo now appears on the secondary display and On or OFF appears on the primary display When Echo is On each command sent to the meter over the RS 232 interface is echoed to the host s display screen If Echo is OFF commands are not echoed To select an Echo mode press or amp 3 to select OFF or On respectively Then press to set the selected Echo state 5 2 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS 232 Interface 5 RS 232 Print Only Mode The print only mode is intended to be used primarily in those cases where you want to send measurements taken by the meter to a printer or terminal automatically While the
141. w reading to be displayed To exit Touch Hold press down for two seconds If you are in the autorange mode when Touch Hold is selected you will autorange to the correct range If you are in the manual range mode you will enter Touch Hold in the selected fixed range you were in when Touch Hold was selected The Touch Hold modifier can be combined with the MN MX modifier to hold and update only when a new minimum or maximum value is detected Pressing less that two seconds when Touch Hold has been selected forces the display to update The meter allows you some choice when it comes to determining the minimum response level needed for Touch Hold to capture and display a measurement You can choose among three Touch Hold sensitivity levels e Level 1 5 of range e Level2 7 of range e Level 3 8 of range To change this level press ND then press The number 1 2 or 3 appears on the primary display Press EY or to step to the desired sensitivity level Then press to set the level and return the primary display You can return to the primary display without changing the sensitivity level by pressing any button except SS or 2 MN MX Minimum Maximum Modifier The MN MX modifier causes the meter to store the minimum and maximum inputs measured since the MN MX modifier was selected Press to select the MN MX modifier When the MN MX modifier is first selected the minimum and maximum values are set to the
142. ween successive measurements for a steady state signal In the dual display mode when both the primary and secondary displays are on if the measurement functions or the ranges selected for the primary and secondary displays are different the update rate for each measurement function will vary from the update rate for that measurement function when only the primary display is on When the secondary display is on the meter always waits for the measurement to be fully settled after changing the range or function before displaying a reading The amount of delay depends on the functions and ranges selected for the primary and secondary displays as shown in Table 4 3 AC and DC voltage measurements however are always optimized to be measured with a minimum of delay including ac dc volts For these measurements the update rate is the update rate for each single display measurement plus an additional 75 ms Table 4 4 lists the interval between measurements when the measurement function or range of the primary and secondary display differ These intervals vary by measurement function range measurement rate slow medium or fast and measurement type ac and dc type measurements mixed or not mixed External Trigger The external trigger can be used with or without settling delays as shown in Table 4 3 Refer to Table 5 3 for trigger types The amount of trigger delay varies depending on differences between the primary and secondary disp
143. y Counts and Reading Rates Rate Readings per Second Full Range Display Counts Slow 2 5 99 999 Medium 5 30 000 Fast 20 3 000 Ohms full range will typically be 98 000 counts RS 232 and IEEE 488 Reading Transfer Rates Reading Per Second Rate Internal Trigger Internal Trigger Operation Print Mode Operation Operation TRIGGER 1 TRIGGER 4 Print set at 1 Slow 2 5 1 5 2 5 Medium 4 5 2 4 5 0 Fast 4 5 3 8 13 5 Response Times Refer to Section 4 for detailed information 45 Users Manual DC Voltage Range Resolution Accuracy Slow Medium Fast 6 Months 1 Year 300 mV 10 pV 100 uV 002 2 0 025 2 3V 100 uV 1 mV 0 02 2 0 025 2 30 V 1mV 10 mV 0 02 2 0 025 2 300 V 10 mV 100 mV 0 02 2 0 025 2 1000 V 100 mV 1V 0 02 2 0 025 2 100 mV 14V _ 0 02 6 0 025 6 1000 mV 10 uV 0 02 6 0 025 6 10 V 100 uV 0 02 6 0 025 6 100 V 1 mV 0 02 6 0 025 6 1000 V 10 mV 0 02 6 0 025 6 Input Impedance 10 MQ in parallel with lt 100 pF Note In the dual display mode when the volts ac and volts dc functions are selected the 10 MQ dc input divider is in parallel with the 1 MQ ac divider Normal Mode Rejection Ratio gt 80 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz slow and medium rates gt 54 dB for frequencies between 50 440 Hz slow and medium rates gt 60 dB at 50 Hz fast rate Note Fast rate

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