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Shaker Screen Cleaning System

1. Shaker Screen Cleaning System Degree project in the Bachelor of Science in Engineering Programme Mechanical Engineering ANTON OSTEBO FRANS ISAKSSON Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg Sweden 2013 Examiner Gert Persson Report No 84 2013 REPORT NO 2013 84 Shaker Screen Cleaning System ANTON C OSTEBO FRANS J ISAKSSON Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg Sweden 2013 Shaker Screen Cleaning System ANTON C OSTEBO FRANS J ISAKSSON ANTON C OSTEBO 2013 FRANS J ISAKSSON 2013 Technical report no 2013 84 Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology Chalmers University of Technology SE 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone 46 0 31 772 1000 Cover A dirty shaker screen see chapter 5 1 PREFACE We Frans Isaksson and Anton Ostebo have developed a product concept that cleans shaker screens These are used in shale shakers on oil rigs The project is a bachelor thesis for the mechanical engineering education at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg Sweden The three year mechanical engineering program at the bachelor level 180 Swedish credits
2. D Full factorial experiment The experiment was conducted in the same way as before and the results were noted Unfortunately the mathematical analysis of the experiment showed that no certain conclusion can be made from the experiment The effects shown were too close to each other to be significant This was probably a result of a several factors where difficulty in maintaining the given angles and positions and different levels of dirtiness and cleanliness were among the most important Measuring the time when the shaker screen was clean enough was also subjective and was made by Anton who held the pressure washer APPENDIX 3 Page Sof 6 Despite this some interesting observations were made When water has been applied from the front to clean the shaker screen the back of the shaker screen collects some of the dirt When the front appears to be clean the back needs to be cleaned as well As the figures below shows shadows appears if the nozzle is angled as in Figure A10 4 This leaves the shades areas unaffected by the water and it also creates more reflecting water and dirt particles back towards the nozzle It was also observed that when aiming the nozzle normal to the shaker screen as Figure A10 6 there was more reflecting water and dirt If the nozzle was held at an angle relative to the shaker screen spraying it along the pyramids the reflecting water and dirt seemed to move more controlled in the same direction as you woul
3. Importance A B C D E F Time consumption 45 3 4 3 5 5 5 Product size 20 3 2 3 2 3 3 Waste creation 15 5 5 1 1 1 1 Set up time 10 4 4 3 3 3 3 Investment cost 5 2 2 5 4 3 3 Energy consumption 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sum 100 3 35 3 60 2 80 3 45 3 60 3 60 These concepts were also evaluated during two separate sessions with different personnel from the company in a presentation and discussion Kvifte 2013 Holshagen 2013 Halvorsen 2013 Ons yen 2013 Eriksen 2013 Dubland 2013 Grasdal 2013 Persson 2013 The general opinion from these sessions was to continue developing concept E and F 6 2 3 Conclusion In a discussion with a former shale shaker operator it was clear that many operators actually carry the shaker screens upended due to the small spaces on board The dirty side of the shaker screen is also carried away from the body Dubland 2013 This knowledge changed the orientation of how the shaker screens should be inserted into the machine Before developing the concepts further the different sub problems were isolated Decisions have been made from the concept generation process that the shaker screens shall lean 26 vertically with the dirty side outwards in two separated spaces The shaker screens should be inserted through the front face of the machine Particles water and noise should be prevented from exiting the machine area by doors The w
4. 13 The lifting eye bolts are certified so that the machine could be lifted over sea in an offshore environment If the power to the machine should fail all pressurized water will eject and there is no place high pressurized fluid or air could be accumulated 36 9 CONCLUSION From the continuous dialogue with the shale shaker operators and engineers feedback was constantly received during the development process This resulted in a realistic product concept that is effective and easy to use The increased efficiency comes from the angled high pressure nozzles removing the dirt in an efficient way and in the same time reducing the airborne moist and the water consumption The product also allows a continuous flow through the machine instead of being a dead end Since the machine has doors in both ends the shaker screens can be inserted in either end and therefore the machine can be placed in any direction relative to a wall The rolls in the front of the machine can easily be moved to the other side It will also improve the operators working conditions by protecting them from harmful gases and the risks associated with the use of a manual pressure washer The product concept has also been developed with the company s role as both vendor and lessor in mind This can be seen in the ease of maintenance and inspection 37 The final product concept is compared to the existing competitors in Table 9 1 Table 9 1 Compar
5. Ellingsen U 2013 Concpet feedback Interview 8 March 2013 Eriksen P 2013 Concept discussion Interview 13 February 2013 Grasdal A 2013 Shaker screen cleaners Interview 23 01 2013 Halvorsen L E 2013 Concept discussion Interview 11 February 2013 Holshagen I 2013 Concept discussion Interview 11 February 2013 Karlsson M 2013 Vacuum cleaning of filters Interview 06 February 2013 Kvifte H 2013 Project feedback Interview 21 January 2013 Larsson A 2013 Future screen cleaning machine Interview 25 February 2013 Marinovic A 2013 Future screen cleaning machine Interview 07 February 2013 Ons yen S O 2013 Drilling procedure and shale shakers Interview 25 January 2013 Pedersen P 2013 Concept discussion Interview 22 February 2013 Persson G 2013 Concept feedback Interview 15 February 2013 Rosell A amp Larsson L 2013 Concept discussion Interview 08 February 2013 Salte T J 2013 Shaker screen cleaner feedback Interview 20 February 2013 Schiinemann K 2013 General patent information Interview 29 January 2013 Skj nneberg K P 2013 Concept discussion Interview 22 February 2013 Vik V 2013 Concept discussion Interview 22 February 2013 All images and illustrations in this document are produced by Anton Ostebo and Frans Isaksson 42 APPENDIX 1 Page 1of3 APPENDIX 1 COMPILATION OF THE FINAL CONCEPT
6. gt 6month 1 Possible 3 1 ning machine likely could be released to the etc gt 1 year surroundings Drilling fluid and cleaning fluid mist S S Breathing A g Regularly Operation_trai S can be released into the KS i Reversible first Very 230 Inspection Material Mist R difficulties R 1 gt 1hr gt 2 1 Possible 3 2 ning surrounding environment when 8 aid likely 8 suffocation wks opening the machine APPENDIX 2 Page2of4 Never al A S z Reversibl most Ensure that the unloading area is level with ample Assembly eck EMS Very Very Yes uate space for optimal lifting by crane s check lt 3 small likely aid less 1 year Total weight of the machine has to be shown on the data plate Weight is to be verified via the use of the weight certificated Never al 7 Seiren Reversibl most vi Vv eava combina er e i Ensure that trained operators conduct the lifting and e first 1 never 1 i lik e Yes uate ion sma ike are aware of the risks present aid less 1 Y year Lifting points are to be marked with lifting procedure outlined in the user manual ensure marme PETSUMTET are propery tramet lifting
7. ra en grov bed mning Allt eftersom antalet bed mningspo ng stiger s kar ven risken f r verbelastning av muskler och benstomme Gr nserna mellan riskomr dena r flytande p grund av individuell arbetsteknik och prestationsf rm ga a Lag belastningssituation fysisk verbelastning ar osannolik kad belastningssituation fysisk verbelastning r m jlig for personer med l gre fysisk 10 till lt 25 kapacitet F r denna grupp r det f rdelaktigt att ndra arbetsplatsens utformning platsen rekommenderas H g belastningssituation fysisk verbelastning r sannolik Arbetsplatsens utformning m ste ndras Kontroll av arbetsplatsen r n dv ndig av andra sk l al 25 till lt 50 Kraftigt kad belastningssituation fysisk verbelastning m jlig En ny utformning av arbets orsaker Utanf r projektets ramar Originalet publicerades av Bundesanstalt f r Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin BAuA och L nderausschuss f r Arbeitsschutz und Sicherheitstechnik LASI 2001 Se www handlingloads eu Denna version anpassades till svenska f rh llanden 2012 APPENDIX 5 Page 1 of 1 APPENDIX 5 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SHAKER SCREEN CLEANING SYSTEM MF main function NF necessary function DF desirable function Function Comments MF Clean shaker screens NF Should be easy to use NF Allow ergonomic working no awkward lifting heights or positions or other potentially harm
8. 5 brainwriting is an idea generation technique that focuses on creating a large quantity of ideas The method name stands for six people three ideas each five minutes This is often done by six people where each person sketch or write down three ideas in three separate areas on the paper After five minutes the paper is passed to the right and each person writes down three new ideas based on or inspired by the ideas noted by the previous person Wodehouse amp Ion 2011 2 1 2 Concept selection In this sub process the concepts from the concept generation phase is evaluated This can be made in a two stage concept methodology The two stages are concept screening and concept scoring The concept screening stage is set up with a selection matrix this analysis tool is based on the specification and each concept is analysed in how well they meet each requirement If the requirement is completely met that concept is given for example a score of three If the requirement is partly met the concept is given a score of two and if the requirement is not met at all the concept is given one point on that row When all concepts have been weighted to all relevant requirements the points can be summarized Finally choices are taken of which of the concepts that should be continued to the concept scoring stage In the concept scoring stage a selection matrix is set up The concepts are rated to one criterion at a time The criteria are weighted to t
9. 6month 1 ee 1 We 1 g release pressurized fluid or air etc gt 1 year K The motors electical connections Maintenance are inspected to check for S Seldom be g i lt S S Death loosing Very Very 260 troubleshootin Inspection Electrical Live parts tightness The junction box must Electrocution re 4 gt 6month 1 small 1 likel 1 g be opened exposing potentially live y gt 1 year y parts Maintenance_ Opening something in the Permanant Seldom Ve 271 troubleshootin Reparing Mechanical High pressure pressurized fluid or air area can Injection loose finger 3 gt 6month 1 Possible 3 W s 1 g release pressurized fluid etc gt 1 year 7 R Inspection repair and Maintenance_ S tof t Baath leash Seldom Vi replacementment of components eath loosin e 280 troubleshootin Reparing Electrical Live parts P S P S A Electrocution S 8 4 gt 6month 1 Possible 3 y 1 of the electric motors can give risk an eye or arm Sea ean likely 8 of electrical hazards Y Inspection repair and Decommission Isolation and i p tor r Death loosi Never alm vi replacementment of components eath loosin e 300 ing_dismantlin energy Electrical Live parts p j P Electrocution E 4 ost never 1 Possible 3 W 1 T F RA of the electric motors can give risk an eye or arm likely g dissipation less 1 year of electrical hazards Decommission Prior to decommisioning the Reversible Seldom Ver 310 ing_dismantlin Dismantling Material Fluid screen w
10. includes a ten week bachelor thesis 15 Swedish credits The bachelor thesis has been done in collaboration with Step Offshore AS in Hvalstad Norway during the spring term 2013 The mentor at Chalmers University of Technology has been Gert Persson and the mentor during the first six weeks at Step Offshore AS has been Halvor Kvifte development manager for the project During the last four weeks of the project Ivar Holshagen has been the mentor at Step Offshore AS Thanks to Per ystein Pedersen Egil Dilkestad Kjell Petter Skjgnneberg Ulf Ellingsen Pal Eriksen Endre Ahmer Arild Grasdal John Dubland Vidar Vik Lars Erik Halvorsen Peter Davies Knut A Bakke Lars Kristian Breivik Askgaard Anton Larsson Anton Marinovic Kurt Schiinemann Sven Ekered Anders Rosell Lars Larsson and Peter Hammersberg A special thanks to Stein Ole Ons yen and our mentors Gert Persson Halvor Kvifte and Ivar Holshagen DICTIONARY Annulus CE Cuttings DFM DNV Drill bit Drill string HSE Mud NORSOK Shaker screen Shale shaker Wellbore space between the drill string and the wellbore where cuttings and used drilling fluid flow on their way back to the platform mandatory marking for all products sold in the European Economic Area 2 2 2 particles that are removed when the drill bit penetrates the sea floor and consists primarily of rock shale clay claystone sand salt etc Design For Manufacturin
11. regulations at all times APPENDIX 3 Page lof 6 APPENDIX 3 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT A Preface When conducting a test the most important question to answer is what will we measure and why This test aimed at investigating how a fast flowing stream of water or air should be oriented relative to a shaker screen and a horizontal ground plane Water and air are commonly available on oil rigs and the test was therefore limited to these two fluids The fluids were pressurized and applied to the contaminated shaker screens in a stream The equipment consisted of one Karcher K 3 150 pressure washer a consumer product delivering a maximum water pressure of 120 bar at a flow rate of 6 l min A turbo nozzle was used claiming to increase the maximum pressure by 50 This nozzle delivered one thin stream of water circulating fast and creating a thin cone of water that was applied to the area in need of cleaning A compressor delivering a maximum pressure of 8 bar was used when studying air A blow gun was connected through a hose to the compressor This compressor had a rather small tank to contain the built up pressure leading to a quick pressure drop after air was released through the blow gun APPENDIX 3 Page 2of 6 The shaker screen used was a commonly used model from Derrick called DX A100 where the mesh hole size is 175 micrometers This shaker screen pyramid shaped grooves stretch from side to side See Figure A 10 1 an
12. shaker screen 22 6 2 Concept selection From the concept generation only one or a few has to be chosen By a concept screening the concepts that are not meeting the requirements are removed Those concepts that still are relevant to become a good product are ranked in a scoring selections matrix The ranking do not decide which of the concepts that are chosen but is a basis for further discussion of which of the concepts that should be continued 6 2 1 Concept screening By using the ideas from the concept generation chapter 6 1 1 eight different concepts were created These were reduced to six see pages 24 25 Figure 6 4 Figure 6 9 in a concept screening because of their similarities with other concepts and estimated functionality Rosell amp Larsson 2013 6 2 2 Concept scoring All the concepts require enough space for the shaker screens to pass through the machine If no such space is available the machine can easily be modified to receive and eject shaker screens from the same side 23 Figure 6 4 Sketch of concept A Figure 6 5 Sketch of concept B Figure 6 6 Sketch of concept C e Concept A A vacuum cleaner that covers the entire width of the shaker screen moves in a horizontal track inside a closed housing Two shaker screens can be inserted each time A foot pedal makes the front and back doors open The cleaned shaker screens are pushed out by the new contaminated shaker screens and a
13. 2011 Safety of machinery General principles for design Risk assessment and risk reduction ISO 12100 2010 s l British Standards Institution Dahlbom U 2003 F rs ksplanering Faktorforsdok 1st ed G teborg HB Matematiklitteratur i G teborg Patent och registreringverket 2013 Patent och registreringverket Online Available at http www prv se sv Patent Ansoka om patent Internationellt skydd Internationell ansokan PCT Accessed 17 Mars 2013 RNG Oilfield Sales amp Service L 2010 Methods and apparatus for cleaning screens used in solid liquid separations in oilfield operations Montgomery TX US Patent No US 7 740 021 B2 SFS1967 837 1967 Patentlagen Stockholm Justitiedepartementet Standards Norway The Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee and Standard Online AS 2013 standard no Online Available at http www standard no en Sectors Petroleum NORSOK procedures and templates Accessed 18 March 2013 Ulrich K T amp Eppinger S D 2003 Product Design and Development 3rd ed New York Thr McGraw Hill Companies Wodehouse A amp Ion W 2011 Augmenting the 6 3 5 method with design information London Springer Verlag London Limited PRIVATE COMMUNICATION Dilkestad E 2013 Concept discussion Interview 22 February 2013 Dubland J 2013 Shale shaker operation Interview 25 February 2013 Ekered S 2013 Manufacturing Interview 15 March 2013 4
14. AR DRAS inaa AKNE R NS a ANNAN Ks RHEA AF aN KE 23 62 2 eene E 23 62 3 COMCIUSION EE 26 6 3 CONCLUSION OF THE CONCEPTS x3e2ss5cns559sdssnkssasannsspedesua snadin diaa idenana iada aach aineinaan 29 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINAL CONCEPT cccesccssseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeesesnaesnseeeeneeeessaeseseeeenseeeenes 30 7 1 DETAIL DESIGN OF THE FIRST DRAFT avstsastorssonsson saa aiiai annaran eaaa nania aa dear eege 30 7 2 FE EE E E E E E uerge ees 30 7 3 RECONSTRUCTION EE 31 7 4 RECONSTRUCTION Ee egeg dech e gen een See sescanesdeetlecs gen Dees gege eg eg Zeche gen Seen S ch eege ege 32 8 SUE KEE 33 8 1 DETAIL SPECIFICATION riced roienc coven ete eee eA Noite eel eee 35 Hr CONCLUSION eessen ee ee Ee 37 9 1 EERGONOMMY E A EE evaded Acte egeer git NE EA E eege reiege gd RR 38 9 2 REFLEGTION Late E A E E EEE A E A E duunedatenesencadetess 39 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY isise an niana aaaea anaa Saa a aaa a aA Aa aa aaea eaaa aaaea Seasann 41 APPENDIX eege Ces 1 APPENDIX 2 E E E E E evssewenntaesuderudetedecbessnteedeenbeesiaesateeveuteues 1 APPENDIX 3 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT ssssssssssssnsannnnnnannnsnnnssnnsnnnsnnnssnnsnn nns nns nns RAR RKA BRA BRA RR RR RR SR 1 A KREE ee Ee ee ee eebe EE 1 B SCREENING EXPERIMENT oossrarrssssesrserersssssesrserersssssesrererrsresrrr sr enas rs anar rr RR ARR RAR RR RR RE RR RR RR RR RR RA RR AR KR RR RR RA na 2 C CONCLUSION OF SCREENING EXPERIMENT ovossssrssrsrsrsessrsressrsrrrsrsseesranrrsren rss sn snar anses sens aa R
15. HOUSING OUTSIDE The design is a box like with flat sides Frame that supports the rest of the components Eyebolts on the top for lifting transportation Possibility to lift by a pallet truck INSIDE Minimizing of dead space Shaker screens position Two shaker screens at the time leaning vertically 12 dirty side out Supports that leads the shaker screens to a leaning position A separation wall that prevents water and dirt from getting from one screen to the other As rounded edges as possible on the inside considering water flow Machine floor is leaning for a better water flow towards the drain system A support for shaker screens to stand on A support for shaker screens to lean on Safety support that prevents the shaker screens from leaning to the other side and cause damage to the cleaning system Doors should be wide enough so that maintaining the machine could be done through these APPENDIX 1 Page 2o0f3 CLEANING SYSTEM Water based Flushes away dirt Possibility to switch over to base oil Water get pressurized by an air or electric driven compressor The fluid is led to the high pressure nozzles from the compressor The high pressure nozzles moves downwards and are angled downwards The pressure nozzles are connected to a platform with wheels and slides along a guiding rail The rail is mounted on a support that fix the rail in three dimensions A chain transfers movement an
16. Reflection The project has generally followed the initial plan People at the company have been very helpful and encouraging and there seem to be an actual need for the product Certainly it has been some difficulties as listed e Finding people outside of the company to provide feedback and thoughts has been hard Many of the questionnaires and issues sent out have not been answered e Amore detailed plan day by day would probably increase the efficiency since a lot of time were spent on planning what to do next e It has been hard to present the concepts in an equivalent way without revealing your own opinion The product concept has by the company and mentor been considered to be realistic The product functionality very much relies on finding a robust solution for the automated movements This development needs external competence and several working hours before a prototype can be made The concept is still only a theoretical concept that needs to be tested in a full scale field study 39 Recommended continuation of the project before making a prototype the major challenges that remains are e Designing the system for controlling doors pumps and movement e Simplifying the overall design including finding more standard components e Reduce the number of surfaces where dirt can be accumulated e See that the stability is not affected when the sides are opened 40 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY British Standards Institution
17. aning is finished e Partly Mechanical Version Front doors are sliding doors and the back doors open outwards The shaker screens are places on rails which are twisted and make the shaker screens tilt inwards The machine is activated by two handles on the left side of the machine The cleaning mechanism is operated by pneumatic power The doors open automatically when the cleaning cycle is finished e Automatic version Front doors open inwards and back doors outwards There is a support for the shaker screens in the front of the doors The shaker screens are moving on rolls in the machine The operator pushes two buttons at the same time to activate the machine which close the doors and start the cleaning cycle pneumatically 28 6 3 Conclusion of the concepts A summary of a group of engineers opinions were made of the three concepts Figure 6 11 Figure 6 13 which are explained in chapter 6 2 3 page 28 A pneumatic version was considered not to be reliable enough which meant that the affected components were to be powered by electricity instead Electricity is reliable easy to control and can easily be modified afterwards When continuing the development of the final concept the robustness was highly prioritized due to the humid and dirty environment Pedersen 2013 Vik 2013 Halvorsen 2013 Skjgnneberg 2013 Dilkestad 2013 29 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINAL CONCEPT In this chapter the final concept was d
18. are flat and those with a three dimensional pattern such as pyramid shapes going along the full length of the shaker screen The pyramid shape increases the mesh area without affecting the outer dimensions of the shaker screen why these are becoming more and more popular Dubland 2013 Grasdal 2013 Ons yen 2013 13 5 5 Existing products The most commonly available products that clean shaker screens today have been analysed and evaluated together with John Dubland and Arild Grasdal They have personal experience from a variety of products through their role as sales managers and John also knows the cleaning process from his time as a shale shaker operator e RNG Screen Machine model SM 36 Figure 5 2 is basically a closed container with a numbers of pressure nozzles stacked vertically that the operator moves manually with a knob There is room for one shaker screen at the time and this is inserted from the left through a slot and the hinged door is closed manually The water is pressurized by an air driven pump and ejects from the nozzles and hits the shaker screen causing the dirt and particles to fall off The outlet is connected to the rig s drainage system Figure 5 2 RNG Screen Machine 14 e Rigtools Shaker Screen Clean Machine Figure 5 3 is a box like shaped housing mounted on a frame lifting it approximately 500 mm above the floor Like the machine from RNG this also has a hatch where th
19. asa bran en an 3 D FULL FACTORIAL ESPERIMENT rr anar rr rr anar anar anar nr anar AR KR RR KR KR KR KR KR KR RR KR KR RR nr nr nn 4 APPENDIX A ERGONOMIC LIFTING SHAKER SCREEN s sssssssnnssnnssnnssnnnsnnnsnnnsnnnsnnnsnnssnnnnnnnsn nns nn nanna 1 APPENDIX 5 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SHAKER SCREEN CLEANING SYSTEM 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background When drilling for oil in the sea a drilling fluid is used both to make the drilling more effective and to remove cuttings and material from the wellbore This liquid commonly referred to as mud is water or oil based containing different chemicals The composition depends of the kind of formation that the drillbit penetrates Since the mud is both environmentally harmful and costly it is continuously circulated in a closed loop system and stored on the rig ship after the drill operation for future use Cuttings consist of rock shale clay claystone sand salt etc These cuttings follow the mud flow to the rig where it is cleaned by a shale shaker machine and recirculated through the wellbore The shale shaker is a vibrating machine using a very fine mesh that separates the cuttings from the fluid The mesh is often divided into six or eight sections each mounted on a frame called shaker screens After a while the mesh is plugged with particles and its ability to let liquid pass is reduced When a too large area of the shaker screen is plugged it needs to be cleaned Occasio
20. asher can be covered with Sensitization medical 2 gt 6month 1 BA 5 Small 4 g remains of drilling fluids attention gt 1 year R APPENDIX 2 Page4of4 Doors open inwards the mist from the doors will Reversibl Seldom 10 B Reavalldrop ER the inside Minimize space inside the Combinat e 2 gt 6mont 2 Very 1l Likely 2 5 D Ves uate machine Minimize amount of fluid usage Fluid flow lion medical h gt 1 small is aimed downwards towards the drainsystem attention year Allow visual inspection through windows so that the personal does not need to get into the machine i Seldom Documen Revere gt 6mont Ven 3 E Yes e first 1 1lUnlikelyl 2 Y Jal 4 E Yes Include in the manual tation aid h gt 1 likely year Ensure that the motors are electrically isolated before commencing inspection Hang a suitable notice on the starting device stating the following Someti Reaval MACHINE UNDER REPAIR DO NOT START Documen Reversibl mes Ver 3 E e first 1 gt 2wks 1 Unlikelyl 2 Jal 4 E Yes uate tation e likely Ensure that competant personel conducts aid gt 6 inspection month Include in the manual Make sure that all pressure can be released manually without risking personal safety Ensure that pressure in the fluid and or air system is Reversibl Seldom Reavallreleased bef iri hing Mechani gt 6
21. ashing cycle is performed by pressurized water that sprays from the above the shaker screens through nozzles that are moving downwards until it reaches the bottom The dirty water is running to the drain system by a leaning machine floor The machine could also have a rack on the backside where the cleaned shaker screens will be placed From a mind map the solutions from the chosen concept s sub problems were listed as in Figure 6 10 Inner hinges Lever Activating the machine Outer hinges Back opening Buttons On to s p Pneumatic electric Machine area Cleaning mechanism On side Manually powered Sub problems Front opening Rolis Sliding doors outwards center Screen support Rails Open inwards towards center Manuall a Opening command Sliding doors outwards Automatic Figure 6 10 A mind map over the concept s sub problems 27 By combining different types of solutions to the sub problems three new concepts were generated as shown in Figure 6 11 Figure 6 13 Figure 6 11 Concept mechanical version Figure 6 12 Concept partly mechanical version Figure 6 13 Concept automatic version e Mechanical version Front and back doors open outwards by a pressure on a foot pedal which also is used as a support when inserting the shaker screens The shaker screens are placed on rails The cleaning mechanism is activated mechanically A ring on the top of machine gives a visual signal when the cle
22. cept directions Higher score is better Separate unit Semi Importance Integrated into Automatic automatic Manual shale shaker unit unit unit Time consumption 45 5 4 3 1 Product size 20 3 3 3 3 Waste creation 15 5 5 5 2 Set up time 10 5 3 3 3 Investment cost 5 1 3 4 5 Energy consumption 5 3 3 3 5 Sum 100 4 30 3 75 3 35 2 15 The table shows that an integrated automatic cleaning unit in the shale shaker is preferable This is however outside the project limits and such unit is also less modular than a separate unit because of vast variety of shale shakers on the market The requirement specifications see APPENDIX 5 also clearly clarify that the product should be separate and moveable A completely automated product is not an alternative either because creating an automated extraction of the shaker screens is a too extensive task Therefore the semi automatic unit is the general concept that is chosen for further development 19 6 1 3 Cleaning method Next important question is how to clean the shaker screens and what method is most suitable for this application In the brainwriting session many interesting ideas came up and those are presented in a mind map Figure 6 1 Figure 6 1 Mindmap of different cleaning methods 20 The different methods of cleaning were evaluated Table 6 2 against requirements and wishes from those interviewed to find the best method of clean
23. concepts are screened and evaluated as explained in chapter 2 1 2 The final concept is a result based on the concept evaluation That concept is developed further in chapter 7 4 RESEARCH As explained in chapter 3 1 a research in the product field was made which is explained further in this chapter 4 1 Collect information A collection of information about competitors products and a patent US 7 740 021 B2 of one of the competitor s product were provided by the company So was a compilation of regulations chapter 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 Patent research Through the databases Google Patent Search and Espacenet several patents were studied chapter 2 2 This is made by studying their characteristics in the patent s independent claims Schiinemann 2013 No other patents than the one provided by the company were found relevant The text in the independent claims in this patent as shown in the next paragraph was studied carefully to avoid infringing What is claimed is 1 An apparatus comprising a a washing enclosure comprising a box like component dimensioned to receive a screen of size used in drilling wells and in well workovers the washing enclosure having a single screen entry and exit e b a screen carriage inside of and supported by the washing enclosure e c a plurality of spray nozzles mounted inside of the washing enclosure arranged to spray a cleaning composition toward a screen carri
24. d Figure A10 2 P A oe amp Bei HS SES SR MA GF KET 1 i En en gen CP Figure A 10 1 Pyramid shaped screen Figure A10 2 Enlarged view of the screen mesh To simulate a shaker screen in need of cleaning clay for flower mud was mixed with sand and water The clay mixture was applied to the shaker screens by hand See figure Figure Al0 3 Figure A10 3 The clay added to a shaker screen to simulate a screen contaminated by mud and cuttings B Screening experiment The test was initiated by rigging the equipment and investigating how to perform the test practically The test was a factorial experiment where a number of factors are chosen and APPENDIX 3 Page jot 6 varied through a specific number of trials To determine what factors that have a large impact on the cleaning result a screening was done This is a quick version of a factorial experiment where more factors are tested No conclusion regarding how these factors affect each other can be made but the factors that are important to the result can easily be distinguished The shaker screens were first polluted with the mud mixture and then cleaned with a combination of following factors A B Air or water The angle of the nozzle Either parallel to the ground normal to the shaker screen or with a 45 degree angle relative to the ground Back or front of shaker screen The orientation of the pyramid shaped grooves either vert
25. d expect from light hitting a surface at the same angle See Figure A10 5 By the nozzle spray the shaker screen from an angle along the pyramids the dirt also seemed to fall off more easily than when sprayed normal to the shaker screen Figure A10 4 Sketch of Figure A10 5 Sketch of Figure A10 6 Sketch of how water how the angle of the water how the angle of the affects a shaker screen when sprayed affects a shaker screen with water affects a shaker perpendicular towards the shaker horizontally oriented screen with vertically screen pyramids oriented pyramids APPENDIX 3 Page 6of 6 The factors which is named above where only a few of many factors that is able to affect the cleaning Test experiments could continue for a much longer time but is limited A new test will probably be made later during the concept phase of the project Two different types of nozzles that where tested as shown in Figure A10 7 and Figure A10 8 Figure A10 7 Pressurized water from the Figure A10 8 A rotating pressure nozzle unit pressure washer s original spray gun was also tested penetrates and reflects when hitting the shaker screen mesh This original spray gun did not remove the clay as good as the turbo nozzle This double rotating nozzle did remove clay from a large area but did not remove all the clay The clean effectiveness did also decrease very fast while the distance increased These two types where no
26. d in these shakers vary from the smallest 625x710mm Figure 5 5 to the largest 711x910mm Ons yen 2013 Dubland 2013 The thickness varies from around 10 mm for the flat screens to approximately 40 mm for pyramid screens Figure 5 5 A small shaker screen with pyramid shaped mesh 16 The maximum dimensions for the product s base is 1000 x 1200 mm and the height should not exceed 1500 mm so the base dimensions are slightly larger than a standard EUR pallet The product can use air water and electrical power which are available on all rigs The air is pressurized to 6 10 bars while the water flow is not and can be compared to the pressure found in a garden hose The electrical is connected with three phases but both voltage and frequency can vary depending on where in the world the platform is located There are also two sets of guidelines listed in the requirement specification regarding health and safety NORSOK S 002 and also regarding the conditions on oil related vessels DNV RP C205 that all equipment on board those vessels should satisfy The product must for example be operational even if the rig or ship tilts up to 10 The product should also allow the operators to work under ergonomically acceptable conditions 17 6 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS As in chapter 2 1 the development process will begin by generating as many concepts as possible Then a concept screening is an early step in the c
27. d power to the platform causing it to move The platform moves from the top to the bottom of the rail in 15 seconds There are two platforms one at each side of the machine and they are moving and spraying fluid one at the time to maintain the high fluid pressure praying g p The chain is connected to an electric engine DOORS Front and back doors open inwards approximately 80 towards the machine s outer walls guiding the shaker screens to the correct position in the machine Minimize water spill Both pair of doors can be locked in the closed position if the machine stands next to for example a wall By pressing the two buttons on the side simultaneously the doors will close and the cleaning cycle begins These are electronically wired to a main circuit Doors open automatically when the cleaning cycle is finished APPENDIX 1 Page 3of3 ENGINE COMPARTMENTS e The engines opening the doors will be places outside of the housing to allow easy maintenance and to protect the motors from the water and moist on the inside e The engine that makes the platform with the pressure nozzles move is also places outside of the housing e Some sort of service hatch that give access to the engine room is required SCAFFOLDINGS e On the edges of the machine e On the backside DRAINAGE SYSTEM e The drainage system connects to a hole in the machine floor e There could be a need for a drainage pump to facilitate the flow of the water b
28. drill bit is mounted and operated from a vessel such as a drill ship semi submersible or an oil platform Figure 5 1 page 12 A drill bit is used for the actual drilling and is powered by the circulating fluid and the top drive rotating the drill string A drill string consists of long steel tubes connecting the drill bit to the drill ship or oil platform The drilling fluid or mud is pumped down through the drill string and drill bit to facilitate the drilling and remove cuttings The diameter of the drill bit is larger than the diameter of the drill string creating an area outside of the drill string annulus Here the mixture of drilling fluid and cuttings flows upwards along the drill string The drilling fluid prevents the hole from collapsing and ensures that the wellbore pressure is contained by adjusting the drilling fluid density When the drilling fluid reaches the drilling vessel it is divided onto a number of shale shakers typically 4 8 units mounted in parallel separating the cuttings from the fluid There are usually between six to eight shaker screens per shale shaker The drilling fluid is then reused The shale shakers are stacked closely together in one room and if there are any shaker screen cleaners there is one or two located nearby There is often just enough room for an operator to pass between the shale shakers and the wall The operators spend as little time as possible in the shaker room due to high noise lev
29. duct concept has reached the goals of not putting the operators at unnecessary risk The machine is effective and easy to use which means that the operators will prefer this machine instead of using a manual pressure washer Keywords shaker screen drilling fluid HSE shale shaker cleaning TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRO DU GTION E 1 1 4 Seele DR 1 1 2 PURPOSE EE 1 1 3 PE CIMIM A TIONS EE 2 1 4 CLARIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM ccccscecseseseececeeeesesesseaeceecescseuaaesecececscsessaaeceeeeceeeseseaaeaeeeeeees 2 1 5 COMPANY INFORMATION edd Ee eege 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2 ccsseeeceseeeeseeeeseeeeneeeeesaeeusaesnsneeeeseeesaesasaaesnseeeseeneesnaeseneeeneeeseas 3 2 1 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ssssereesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssrsssrsr rr rr rr rr ar rr annsan rr rr rr RR RR RR RR Krk rna nr 3 2 1 1 CONCEPT QONCLALION E 3 2 1 2 GONGEPESEIGCHON ET 4 2 1 3 Design for manufacturing DEM 4 2 1 4 FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis mssseersrreersrseersrrrersrserrsrrserrsrrerrrrr rer sr res r rese n ere oa 5 2 2 LAWS REGULATIONS AND STANDARDE 5 Zid ET 5 2 2 2 CE Markig nioena aa ia a E aa dita ean bape bette 5 223 NORSOK E 5 2 2 4 DNV Den Norske Verlag Aaen 6 2 3 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT ososerserrssrersserererssaressnessn errors oss oss oss nns RAR ARA RAA RA RR RAR RR KRKA RKA RKA RK Arn 6 MET FIOD E 7 3 1 FRESEARGH WEN 7 3 2 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS sssrereessssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
30. e machine by simultaneously pressing two start buttons on the side The machine then closes the doors and cleans the shaker screens and the machine itself in approximately 30 seconds The operator can in the meantime go and get the next two shaker screens in need of cleaning while the machine is running When the machine is ready the doors will open and allow the operator to extract the shaker screens See Figure 8 1 Figure 8 4 for a product overview Eyebolts Start buttons Drain hole Figure 8 1 A perspective view of the final concept 33 Smallest shaker screens Largest shaker screens Lift pallet Figure 8 2 Front view of the final concept Entry guide Symmetry line Figure 8 3 Side view of the final concept 34 Cleaning mechanism Figure 8 4 The cleaning mechanism and the inside of the machine is easily accessed by opening the hinged sides This also simplifies the assembly of the machine Detail specification The shaker screens are cleaned using water that is pressurized and sprayed onto the shaker screen in a thin stream The water ejects from five high pressure nozzles that is mounted on a bar that divides the pressure equally between the nozzles The bar is mounted on a carriage that makes a translational movement starting at the top of the shaker screen This movement is controlled by an electric motor There are two sets of moving nozzle mechanisms O
31. e operator inserts the shaker screen though this is a lot bigger Pressurized water is used to remove the dirt from the shaker screen How potential nozzles look like or how they move over the shaker screen is not clear The outlet is connected to the rig s drainage system Figure 5 3 Screen cleaning machine from Rigtools e Fluid Systems Inc FSI SCREEN MACHINE Model SM 101 Figure 5 4 is a tower like shape with a vertical opening where the shaker screen is inserted The shaker screen is pushed through the vertical opening manually resting on a conveyor belt and there is a number of pressure nozzles vertically aligned in the cleaner Figure 5 4 FSI screen cleaning machine 15 There are three properties that of these product that are compared in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 Specifications of the different screen cleaners Min Be ei 3 FSI Rigtools RNG Time consumption per screen 10 25s 60 30s 60s Operator needed in cleaning process Yes No Yes Water consumption per screen 3 15 1 151 151 5 6 Requirements A list of requirements was given in the beginning of the project This includes general project information and also a series of requirements that the final product has to satisfy e The machine should clean two shaker screens at the time from the most commonly available shale shakers which are described in the requirement specification The shaker screen sizes use
32. ed by the screen carriage and e d one or more carriage vibrators mounted on the screen carriage e 11 An apparatus comprising e a a washing enclosure comprising a box like component dimensioned to receive a screen of size used in drilling wells and in well workovers the washing enclosure having separate screen entry and exits on opposite ends of the enclosure e b a screen carriage inside of and supported by the washing enclosure e c a plurality of spray nozzles mounted inside of the washing enclosure arranged to spray a cleaning composition toward a screen carried by the screen carriage e d one or more carriage vibrators mounted on the screen carriage and e el one or more automated rollers for moving the screen through the enclosure RNG Oilfield Sales amp Service 2010 4 3 CE marking From the research of CE marking many factors which involve risks concerning machines were studied For example dynamical testing lifting components and safety components has to be kept in mind during the development process This is important for avoiding problems that may emerge later in the process 4 4 NORSOK standard In this standard information is held about the standards that are used in the North Sea where this product will be used In one of these standards NORSOK S 002 limits for dust emission and acoustic noise is set These standards are relevant for all product development concerning the North Sea and the req
33. els and exposure to hazardous gases and vapors Ons yen 2013 11 Mud in Mud drilling fluid i ZN RH c Tre Shale shaker aS Ze Cuttings Further cleaning Mud and cuttings Drill bit Figure 5 1 The drilling procedure 5 2 General cleaning Cleaning is a broad concept It depends on what kind of dirt you want to remove from what kind of surface Shaker screens can be compared to a coarse fabric and methods for removing dirt from fabric today usually include fluids There are also alternative ways such as vacuuming brushing and adhesive material Except for these traditional ways other cleaning methods were studied such as dish washers car washers floor cleaners ultrasonic cleaners and etcetera 12 5 3 Shale shaker operators The operators that take care of the maintenance of the shale shakers are therefore responsible for the shaker screens They keep an eye on the shaker screens and when they have reached a certain level of dirtiness the operator removes the shaker screens from the shale shaker and cleans them Today this is usually done by putting the shaker screens along a wall nearby the shale shaker and clean them with a manual pressure washer A shaker screen is clean within 10 15 seconds and is then put back in the shale shaker The people in charge of purchasing and or planning the drilling fluid equipment needed are not likely to use the equipment themselv
34. equipment and have read an understood the lifting procedure Ensure that the lifting equipment is of sufficient capacity and certified Ensure that the Never al machine is lifted on level stable ground Do not work i Reversibl most under a hanging load as an extra precaution Ensure Documen 3 Very No e first 1 never 1 Unlikely Yes the area of the lift is secured to prevent tation id eked likely ai ess unauthorised personnel entering during the lift Bes Include this is the user manual y Use of suitable Personal Protection Equipment is anuirad that includas alavar hard rannad hantc Ensure that sharp edges are removed and corners Never al ded R ibl t Reaval 2 e Tounde Assembly eversi mos Very A hack e first 1 never 1 Unlikely likel Yes uate Cher ike Include in the detail drawings and add as a check aid less 1 y item on the assembly checklist year Aomy TOT SWITCH OTT CUTIE normar operator and or in an emergency Never al n F Reversibl most Reaval Measure the voltage to confirm that the electrical Documen ec firsts lat lope ia Very Very Yes uate supply is isolated before commencing tation SL small likely aid less 1 Include this in the manual year Ability for switching off during normal operation and or in an emergency Never all S Reversibl most Reaval Measure the voltage to confirm that the electrical Documen Ge ae several Very Very Yes uate supply is isolated before commencing tation W small likely aid les
35. es However the primary concern for both operators and customers are that the machine cleans shaker screens in an efficient way Secondarily the size of the machine should be as small as possible One operator mentioned the need of a cleaning process that minimizes waste as this needs to be handled afterwards The set up time for plugging the machine into power and fluid systems is also of interest The investment cost of the machine is not a primary concern as long as it does its job well Dubland 2013 Grasdal 2013 Larsson 2013 Marinovic 2013 Salte 2013 5 4 Product As described in chapter 5 1 the shale shaker is a machine that separates the drilling fluid from cuttings It does so by letting a bed consisting of a fine metal mesh vibrate while the fluid flows through The shale shakers come in a variety of sizes from several different brands and therefore there is a great variety of the shape and size of the shaker screens Except for the outer size there is also different shaker screen mesh with different thread thickness size of holes and shape It is important to have the correct hole size to minimize the fluid waste If the mesh holes are too big particles will not be removed from the fluid resulting in increased wear on hoses and tools If the mesh holes on the other hand are too small the mesh risks of being clogged quickly making the valuable fluid stick to the cuttings and being thrown away There are also shaker screens that
36. eveloped further during two separate reconstruction phases using both FMEA and reviewing the concept by experienced personel on the company 7 1 Detail design of the first draft When working with the design minimizing the dead space were kept in the mind to reduce the size of the machine and that it should also be easy to maintain The decisions made referred to the gathered information Every sub problem was reviewed carefully and the best solutions were chosen A compilation of the essential features in the final concept was made APPENDIX 1 From this compilation the concept was rebuilt and presented to a reference group at the company Figure 7 1 Holshagen 2013 Pedersen 2013 Skjgnneberg 2013 Ons yen 2013 Figure 7 1 The first draft of the final concept 7 2 FMEA A risk analysis as described in chapter 2 1 4 was made in order to make sure that the machine does not expose humans to any serious risk see APPENDIX 2 This led to a number of changes that were implemented into model The most important was to include a safety stop on the machine and to create inspection windows This way the operator or service technician does not have to get in to the machine to see that everything is in order 30 7 3 Reconstruction 1 After the presentation the feedback was reviewed and led to the following changes e The model should be moveable with crane so eyebolt have been mounted e Anew support inside of the machine t
37. ful conditions procedures NF Clean most screen sizes from the most commonly available shale shakers Dimensions from 710x625 to 910x711mm Both flat and pyramid shaped mesh NF Use available resources on board drilling platforms water electricity air 6 10 Bar base oil NF Must be more convenient than cleaning the screens using a manual pressure washer NF Should fit inside a volume with the dimensions LxWxH 1200x1000x1500mm NF Bea separate unit from the shale shaker NF Minimize airborne dirt DF Minimize waste resulting in less waste handling and a cheaper running cost NF Allow multiple screens to be cleaned at the same time or after one another without additional interaction from the operator At least two screens at the time NF Maintain constant cleaning The cleaning process should give the same result every time DF Minimize start up time to make the SSCS easy to move and initiate cleaning process NF Minimize maintenance The machine should have a low complexity level few moving parts and a robust design DF Operation speed The time too clean should not exceed 30 seconds screen DF Minimize noise NF Mobility The machine should be movable with a pallet truck or fork lift Should also be possible to move with a traverse or crane
38. g While considering the manufacturing of the product early in the development process the product is more likely to actually be easy to manufacture later on Den Norske Veritas 2 2 4 the unit that penetrates the sea floor creating the wellbore a series of pipes that transfers drilling fluid to the drill bit and making it rotate by transferring torque Health Safety and Environment This is core values in Aker Solutions drilling fluid that facilitates the drilling and helps removing the cuttings standards developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry 2 2 3 fine metal mesh single dual or triple layered used for filtering and separating cuttings from mud drilling fluid machine used for cleaning drilling fluid by separating the fluid from the cuttings through a set of vibrating shaker screens Through a vibrating motion the liquid falls through and the cuttings are removed the drilled hole between the sea floor and the well Shaker Screen Cleaning System ANTON C OSTEBO FRANS J ISAKSSON Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology Chalmers University of Technology SUMMARY At oil rigs there are filters shaker screens which clean the recycled drilling fluid when drilling Occasionally these shaker screens need to be cleaned and this is done by an operator with a pressure washer This is not good according to HSE Health Safety and Environment because the operators expose themselves for inju
39. g b jd kroppsst llning eller l ngt fram tb jd e L tt fram tb jd samtidigt som verkroppen r vriden e Lasten r l ngt fr n kroppen eller ver axelh jd L ngt fram tb jd samtidigt som verkroppen r vriden e Lasten r l ngt fr n kroppen Begr nsad stabilitet n r arbetaren st r uppr tt e Hukande eller p kn F r att best mma bed mningspo ngen f r arbetsst llningen ska den arbetsst llning som r vanligast anv ndas Om arbetaren intar olika arbetsst llningar med lasten m ste en sammanv gning g ras anv nd inte tillf lliga extrema v rden APPENDIX 4 Page 2 of 2 Goda ergonomiska f rh llanden d v s gott om utrymme inga fysiska hinder i arbetsomr det j mnt och fast underlag tillr cklig belysning l g halkrisk Utrymmet f r r relser r begr nsat och ogynnsamma ergonomiska f rh llanden f rekommer t ex 1 utrymmet begr nsat p grund av f r l g takh jd eller ett arbetsutrymme som r mindre n 1 5 m eller 2 arbetsst llningen r instabil p grund av oj mnt golv eller mjukt underlag Mycket begr nsat r relseutrymme och eller instabil tyngdpunkt hos lasten t ex flytt av patienter Steg 3 Utv rdering Fyll i po ngen och ber kna 4 Lastpo ng Bed mningspo ng arbetsst llning 1 Bed mningspo ng 0 arbetsf rh llanden 5 Xx 2 10 Totalt Tidspo ng Riskpo ng Med st d av ber knad po ng och tabellen nedan r det m jligt att g
40. hat helps the shaker screen to slide out easily e The doors have pneumatic motors e The motors have been placed outside the machine e Rolls help the shaker screen to be correctly positioned e The back doors open inwards Longer machine e The doors are made higher making it easier to insert the shaker screens e New type of doors with broken edges which will help the sealing e Transparent windows to see what is happening inside of the machine e The pallet dimensions have been adjusted to fit EUR pallets The result after updating the model can be viewed in Figure 7 2 Figure 7 2 Revised draft of the final concept 31 This concept was again reviewed on the company and further research in how to produce the model was requested Dilkestad 2013 Ons yen 2013 Ellingsen 2013 Skjgnneberg 2013 7 4 Reconstruction 2 With the focus on manufacturing the model was reviewed by Sven Ekered The feedback concerned e Supportive frame to secure the lift eye bolts and reduce the complexity of the housing e Reduce the complexity of the nozzle bar movement See parallel moving rulers on drawing boards e Allow easier inspection and maintenance After reviewing the feedback and making changes the concept was considered to be finished for presentation 32 8 RESULT The product concept is a machine for cleaning shaker screens in an efficient way The operator inserts two shaker screens into the machine and then activates th
41. heir importance When ranked the rating of each concept s criteria is multiplied with its criteria weights The sum of the weighted score is the concepts total rank It is important to understand the customer and the user needs One opportunity is to ask the customer for example in a questionnaire what they prefer and which of the concept they would choose Some concepts could then be combined or improved In some cases more than one concept is continued in the development process Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 2 1 3 Design for manufacturing DFM DFM leads to low manufacturing costs without sacrificing product quality Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 During the whole process by choosing a product concept cost is taken into account In the design process a determination of the costs in components assembling and production support is made Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 2 1 4 FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis This is a method commonly used to find the risks the operator using the product is exposed to To get a product CE certified a FMEA in accordance with ISO standard 12100 has to be made British Standards Institution 2011 2 2 Laws regulations and standards When developing a new product on the market there are certain requirements laws and regulations that must be considered Searching for patents is also necessary to avoid infringement of other concepts already patented 2 2 1 Patent Intellectual pro
42. her development during the concept selection phase Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 2 1 1 Concept generation Advantageously is to have a lot of information within the product field early in the development process This will increase the chance to find a product that suits the user in his or her context It will reduce the risk to come up with a better idea later or that a competitor will invent a better product A good first move in a concept generation is to clarify and understand the problem Then the problem can be divided into sub problems called problem decomposition That can be made by describing a sequence of user actions in a flow chart and then focus on the critical sub problems By an overlaying exploration searching externally is a good start When searching externally interviewing users and experts is an excellent way to find relevant information Searching patents is also useful and necessary see chapter 2 2 1 for more information There is also published literature such as books journals trade magazines and product information both printed and online versions If there are any related products this information should be collected to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 With this solid description of the factors affecting the product new ideas is to be created There are many methods for this idea generation and one of these is the 6 3 5 brainwriting 6 3
43. ical or horizontal The tilting of the shaker screen relative to vertical plane Either parallel to the vertical plane or angled 45 relative to the vertical plane The angle of the nozzle Either normal to the shaker screen or 45 angled in the horizontal plane Then the time it took to get half of the screen clean was timed and documented C Conclusion of screening experiment The following conclusion was made The air pressure from the compressor dropped quickly as soon as a couple of seconds after initiation Apart from this the air source had to be very close to the polluted area to have any cleaning affect Also the air almost peeled the dirt off the surface and pushed it aside instead of removing it With a greater constant pressure and several nozzles air might have cleaned the shaker screens faster and with a better result Even though it was decided that air should not be the primary cleaning liquid The cleaning fluid should be applied from the front If applied from the back the areas of supporting frame gave a too large shadow under which the fluid caused little or no cleaning effect APPENDIX 3 Page 4of 6 When the important factors BDEF had been isolated a reduced factorial experiment was conducted By reducing the experiment half of the experiments are erased and by ignoring the interaction between all of the four factors at the same time By doing so time is saved and still with a good result
44. ing Dubland 2013 Larsson 2013 Grasdal 2013 The different aspects have different importance where Effectiveness has the greatest importance and covers 60 of the total score During the experimental test previously conducted both pressurized water and air were tested together with a brush Table 6 2 Evaluation of methods to clean shaker screens Higher score is better 3 bei H S g on en en E FS E ZA ZS amp ZS amp Effectiveness 60 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Maintenance intensive 5 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 Waste creating 15 1 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 Screen gentleness 5 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 Energy efficiency 5 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 Simplicity 10 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Sum 100 2 55 1 65 1 45 Jy 1 45 1 15 1 15 Il 1 45 The matrix clearly shows that water is estimated to be the most effective way to remove dirt from a shaker screen followed by vacuuming and pressurized air Vacuuming reached a high score based on estimation from a sales representative at Norclean Karlsson 2013 a company delivering industrial vacuuming systems in Sweden 6 1 4 Experiments When cleaning shaker screens today all methods include high pressure water This is mainly because water is always available on the rigs and that it is a proven way to clean shaker screens etcetera The water is normally pressurized by a pump driven by either air or electrical power To get a better grip of how water affects a clogged sha
45. ing the final product concept with the existing products P J m 4 N e FSI Rigtools RNG New Time consumption per shaker 10 25s 60 30s 60s 15s screen Operator needed in cleaning Yes No Yes No process Water consumption per shaker 3 15 1 151 151 41 screen Allowing ergonomic working Partly No high No low Yes conditions lifting insertion Minimize manual handling of No No No Yes screens Simplified service and Yes Yes Yes maintenance 9 1 Ergonomy How users actually clean shaker screens has been a focus throughout the project The goal has been to allow operators to have the shaker screens cleaned as convenient as possible Since the operator can insert the screens into the machine from the position he or she carries them no extra manipulation of the shaker screens are needed Keeping the lifting height to only 200 mm Figure 9 1 the risk of injury caused by repetitive lifting and insertion is low No other product on the market comes close to this According to Swedish Work Environment Authority s the risk of carrying and inserting shaker screens into the machine is low APPENDIX 4 written in Swedish 38 1860 A mm 1510 EN 1400 Figure 9 1 Side view of the tallest and shortest operator that should be able to operate the machine according to the company s requirements The screens shown are the largest that the machine will clean 9 2
46. isk during lifting operations Permanant Never alm BE i Sharp edges after production can S S i Very Possibl 30 Transport Lifting Mechanical Cutting parts Cutting or severing loose finger 3 ost never 1 1 3 present a cutting hazard small e etc less 1 year S r A A a Never alm Assembly_inst Assembly of r Parts live under Misconnection may arise during 4 Death loosing Very Very 150 S Electrical a Ge Se i Electrocution 4 ost never 1 a i allation machine fault conditions lelectrical installation is required an eye or arm small likely less 1 year Adjustment eee a S A A R Never alm Commissionin setting and r Parts live under Misconnection may arise during 4 Death loosing Very Very 160 i Kee Electrical a i Electrocution 4 ost never 1 Ela 4 g_setting verification of fault conditions electrical settings an eye or arm Ven small likely ess 1 year paramenter y o ti trai Feeding fill When the screens are inserted or Permanant Seldom Vi eration_trai Feeding fillin e 200 P E d 8 Mechanical High pressure removed from the machine the Injection loose finger 3 gt 6month 1 Possible 3 Si SE ning raw material S likely pressurized fluid could be released etc gt 1 year If the doors should open when the E cleaning cycle is running Permanant Seldom Operation_trai Operating the i 8 S i 5 Seu i A Very 210 Mechanical High pressure pressurized fluid and mud particles Injection loose finger 3
47. ker screen a full scale experiment was made The reason to do this was both to get a better grip of how water and air interacts with 21 dirt on a shaker screen and to find out what the physical relation between a spray nozzle and a shaker screen look like A full factorial experiment was done in order to be able to make a statistical conclusion from the test Vacuuming was not tested further both because of the difficulty in finding powerful and robust equipment It was also considered to be an untested method which would be time consuming to investigate The statistical conclusion showed that water was many times more efficient than air in removing dirt from a shaker screen It was also clear that the pyramid orientation relative to the angled nozzle was of great importance Figure 6 2 Figure 6 3 If the shaker screens have a pyramid shaped mesh the water must flow along these pyramids to maximize the cleaning effectiveness and reduce turbulence and splash See APPENDIX 3 to see how the experiment was made Figure 6 2 Sketch of how the water reflects Figure 6 3 Sketch of how the water reflects on a Shaker screen with pyramids aligned on a Shaker screen with pyramids aligned with the water flow perpendicularly During the experimental testing it was also concluded that if water was to be used the pressure needs to be high This can be achieved by spraying a thin beam of water that covers the entire width or length of the
48. ker screens in place without additional fastening mechanisms The nozzle bar is mounted on a sleigh that makes a linear movement in the center of the machine spraying the left shaker screen on the first move and then the second shaker screen on its way back The dirt and water is collected in one end of the housing and could then be connected to the rig s drainage system e Concept F By pressing the foot pedal the front and rear door open and two shaker screens can be inserted These are positioned vertically along the wall and one bar with pressurized water slowly passes the shaker screens When the shaker screens are clean the operator again press down the foot pedal opening both front and back doors and two new dirty shaker screens can be inserted causing the clean ones to slide out of the machine 25 The concepts were evaluated against those requirements resulting in concept E and F reaching high scores Table 6 3 Concept B also reached a high score but the vacuuming method was not considered to be interesting for the company at this point because of the time consumption by testing this method The requirements were those found when talking to the operators and the customers chapter 5 2 Beginning with the most important those were L Time consumption for cleaning a shaker screen Product size Waste creation L Set up time Investment cost _ Energy consumption Table 6 3 Concept selection matrix
49. mont Vi 5 eavallreleased before repairing anything echanic e first 1 mont 4 Unlikely 2 ery fa 3 Yes uate al aid h gt 1 likely Include in the manual year All inspection repair and replacementment of components of the electric motor to be carried out by skilled jalists fi t lier Seld Reaal y skilled specialists for motor supplier ener Reversibl SS 2 5 D e first 1 tjunlikely 2 Y Ja 4 E Yes uate Refer to the motor manufactureres manual for all Watton aid h gt 1 likely relevent infomation year Include in the manual Ensure that the motors are electrically isolated before commencing inspection Hang a suitable notice on the starting device stating the following MACHINE UNDER REPAIR DO NOT START i Seldom Reversibl Reaval Mechanic gt 6mont S Very 5 D e first 1 1 Unlikely 2 1 4 E Yes uate Ensure that competant personel conducts al aid h gt 1 likely inspection year Have a main power switch before the machine that cuts all power Include in the manual Machine decomissioning must always begin by running a cleaning cycle without any screen in the machine to clean the insides F Seldom Reversibl Reaval Make sure that hazardous substances are Documen gt 6mont P Very 10 B i 8 e first 1 1 Unlikely 2 1 4 E Yes uate disposed of safely and that the correct personal tation aid h gt 1 likely protective equipment is used The safety year specifications must be in accordance with the current
50. nally the composition of the mud changes and the shaker screens necessarily has to be exchanged by other types of shaker screens The removed shaker screens also have to be cleaned before storage This is often done manually by an operator The shaker screens are then extracted from the shale shaker positioned vertically nearby and washed with a manual pressure washer 1 2 Purpose Step Offshore AS needs to develop a shaker screen cleaner that could be used in a global market This unit needs to be efficient and easy to use so that the operators actually use them This will improve the working environment and conditions for the operators by the reductions of harmful gases in the air and overall risks It would also mean reduced water waste and time for cleaning 1 3 Delimitations The project aims to develop a realistic concept for a shaker screen cleaner considering the shaker screen cleaner only and not the shale shaker in which the shaker screens are located The shaker screen cleaner is assumed to be placed within walking distance from the shale shakers The project will result in a detailed product concept that should be possible by the end of 2013 The product concept will be presented through a 3D computer model Prototype or drawings will not be made in this project 1 4 Clarification of the problem Cleaning shaker screens manually includes a severe risk of injury from the manual pressure washer and creates a harmful fog
51. ne for each shaker screen The shaker screens rest in a tilted position and do not need any additional fastening inside of the machine Two doors on each side prevent water particles and moist from exiting the machine These doors open inwards to minimize spill outside the machine The inside is symmetric This way the machine could be placed next to a wall or in a narrow space allowing the shaker screens to be inserted from the same side 35 8 The entry guide consisting on stainless steel rolls can be moved from one side to the other depending on how the machine is oriented 9 If there is a lot of available space around the machine it can be adjusted to receive shaker screens from one direction and eject them on the opposite side The shaker screens are ejected when the operator pushes them through the machine using the next set of shaker screens in need of cleaning 10 The machine is built on an outer frame that supports the sides and makes it rigid enough to be lifted in the lift eye bolts 11 The sides can be folded outwards around a vertical hinge for maintenance or inspection The sides also hold the mechanism for the nozzle movement allowing easy maintenance 12 The Delta Cleaner s body is made from high grade stainless steel sheets to withstand the corrosive environment in which it will be placed The two rectangular tubes at the bottom allow it to be moved with a fork lift truck or a EUR pallet lifter
52. of water particles and chemicals There are shaker screen cleaners that clean shaker screens in a closed compartment today Unfortunately none of them are efficient and easy to use therefore the operators on the drilling platforms still often clean the shaker screens manually 1 5 Company information Step Offshore AS is based in Hvalstad outside Oslo Norway and has approximately 100 employees They are a supplier of drilling fluid mud management solutions and will hereby be named as the company This includes equipment for mixing pumping storing and also cleaning the drilling fluid This equipment is often delivered as a package when a new rig or drillship is built The company is a part of the subdivision Drilling technologies under Aker Solutions which is one of the largest providers of drilling equipment in Norway with over 25 000 employees worldwide They deliver all necessary parts for drilling for oil and gas ina subsea environment 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter is an explanation of the product development process the laws and regulations and experiment methodology 2 1 Product development process To create a competitive product an important step is to identify customer and user needs and establish a product specification from that When that is clarified the process continues with a concept generation A good concept generation can lead to many concepts Only a fraction of them will be chosen for furt
53. oncept selection phase 2 1 2 where the final concept is chosen and developed further 6 1 Concept generation As in chapter 2 1 1 generating as many ideas as possible is preferred and brainwriting is a very useful method to achieve that The ideas generated ranged from both general cleaning methods to specific concept ideas 6 1 1 Brainwriting Four students with different technical and mathematical background were invited to participate in the brainwriting session This brainwriting started with a warm up where all participants were asked to write or sketch different ways of cleaning A variety of ideas from biological cleaning using bacteria to ultrasonic vibration cleaning and brushes were noted During the following intense hour approximately 50 different ideas were generated and then evaluated and categorized into four groups The groups describe different ways of solving the problem on a conceptual level Integrate a cleaning procedure into the shale shaker Have a separate cleaning unit o Automatic o Semi automatic o Manual 18 6 1 2 General concepts These different directions were evaluated using an evaluation matrix Table 6 1 which is similar to a selection matrix as described in chapter 2 1 2 The requirements are ones that customers have listed as important through interviews chapter 5 2 Since none of the concepts exist this evaluation is based on estimations Table 6 1 Evaluation of four general con
54. perty can be categorized into four areas during a development process These areas are patent trademark trade secret and copyright A patent can be valid for 20 years after the day that the patent application has been submitted SFS1967 837 1967 The patent is only valid in the country where the application is made however it is able to make an international patent application The law of patents varies in different countries Patent och registreringverket 2013 2 2 2 CE marking This is a conformity marking mandatory for all products to be used within the European Economic Area EEA By putting the CE mark on a product the manufacturer guarantees that the product meets the essential requirements basically stating that the product is safe to use 2 2 3 NORSOK The Norwegian petroleum industry has developed a standard called the NORSOK standards The standard is mainly to ensure adequate safety value adding and cost effectiveness for petroleum industry developments and operations Standards Norway The Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee and Standard Online AS 2013 2 2 4 DNV Den Norske Veritas DNV is an independent foundation with the purpose of safeguarding life property and the environment DNV 2013 They have published a set of standards that are not mandatory to follow in order to sell a product but often used by manufacturers of offshore equipment and are comparable to ISO standards 2 3 Factorial expe
55. re then collected in a rack on the back side of the product e Concept B A vacuum cleaner is fixed inside a small housing where contaminated shaker screens roll by The translational movement is controlled by tilting the conveyor belt causing the shaker screens to move through gravitational force The moist and dirt tumbling around inside the housing is prevented from getting out through the fine brushes that covers the entry and exit e Concept C This concept is primarily a fixture so that the shaker screen and an ordinary pressure nozzle are placed the same way every time The shaker screen is inserted into the back of the machine The operator then uses the pressure washer handle to activate and control the cleaning of the shaker screen and the result can be viewed through the transparent top of the machine 24 Figure 6 7 Sketch of concept D Figure 6 8 A section view of concept E Figure 6 9 Sketch of concept F e Concept D Two shaker screens are inserted after each other and a horizontal bar with nozzles cleans the shaker screens simultaneously with pressurized water The nozzle bar movement can be controlled by a pneumatic or hydraulic motor It can also use a weight raised by the operator that slowly falls down causing the nozzle bar to move slowly downwards e Concept E The shaker screens are tilted towards the middle The tilting allows the water to rinse more easily and also keeps the sha
56. riment When factors affecting a method or case are unknown an experiment can be made to study those factors A factorial experiment is one method that is commonly used In a factorial experiment the factors that change the situation are carefully controlled The result can be studied by a response variable The factors are independent from each other Before a factorial experiment is made it is important to clarify what factors that could affect the result significantly If this is done correctly it could show the result of which of the factors that are significant Dahlbom 2003 3 METHOD The product development process chosen in this project follows the company s internal development process model This follows the same overall principles as described in Ulrich amp Eppinger 2003 This methodology has been proven successful in many of Aker Solutions projects 3 1 Research As explained in chapter 2 1 1 a product development process starts in a broad research and information is gathered The information is collected mainly from people with field experience the internet and published books The research also includes a factorial experiment chapter 6 1 4 which is described in chapter 2 3 The research is further explained in chapter 4 and summarized in chapter 5 3 2 Product development process After the research the product development process starts with a concept generation as explained in chapter 2 1 1 The generated
57. ry risk when using a pressure washer There is also a risk that the operators during cleaning inhale the solid mist and drilling fluids vapours which contain chemicals This is why there is a need for a product that washes shaker screens without putting the operators at risk There are products on the market that clean the shaker screens but they are not effective enough and are therefore not used as intended During ten weeks a development process in a shaker screen cleaner has been made at Step Offshore AS in Hvalstad Norway The new product concept is presented in a computer model The later processes of drawings and prototyping are not a part of this project The work resulted in a computer model of a robust machine that washes two shaker screens simultaneously The shaker screens are leaning towards the middle wall which separates the two shaker screens inside of the enclosure The dirty side of the shaker screen is facing outwards The model of the machine has two doors on each short side for inserting the shaker screens The operator closes the doors and starts the machine by pushing two buttons which are positioned on the long side of the machine It has a cleaning mechanism that is flushing the dirt from above with pressurized water The cleaning mechanism starts to spray at the top of the shaker screen and then moves downwards until it reaches the bottom When the cleaning cycle is finished the doors open automatically The pro
58. s 1 ear Include this in the manual NR Make sure that the cleaning cycle could not be E ibl Seldom eversi Reavallinitiated when the doors are opened or not Mechanic e first 1 gt 6mont 1 Possible Very Yes uate sufficiently closed When installing or maintaining al aid h gt 1 likely the machine this function could be override year Make sure that the doors remain tightly closed R ibl Seldom eversi Reaval when the cleaning cycle is running When installing Mechanic e first 4 gt 6mont 1 JUnlikel Very Ves uate Jor maintaining the machine this function could be al aid h gt 1 y likely override year Reversibl Regularl Mechani Vi Vi Yes core e first 1 y ey very Yes al 4 gt 1hr small likely aid gt 2 wks APPENDIX 2 Page3of4 a a Si z 3 3 E KE Ki E T g Z N o 5 S 2 5 5 2 No Lifecycle step Task Hazard group Origin Hazardous event otential consequence S E ZS 9 g R 2 F H g 8 8 De a a K f s m Reversible Regularl Operation_trai n Height from By the oil or the water mist the Slipping tripping eure E y Possibl 240 bg Inspection Mechanical medical 2 gt 1hr gt 2 4 Possible 3 3 ning ground floor can became slippery and falling i e attention wks Maintenance_ Opening something in the Permanant Seldom Ven Ve 250 troubleshootin Inspection Mechanical High pressure pressurized fluid or air area can Injection loose finger 3 gt
59. sssrrsrr rs rr rr nannan rr rr rr rr rr kr kr kr Ar nnmnnn 7 FRESE ARG EE 8 4 1 COLLECT INFORMATION eebe nee a ee a ee el a 8 4 2 PATENTMRESEARGIA e ee 8 4 3 EE 9 4 4 NORS OK STANDARD Reese Jee ee i A eee 9 4 5 BENCHMARKING COMPETITORS st et vrgersbes dees e EES ea 9 4 6 PRIVATE COMMUNICATION asariari taansa e getde eg gett eaa leven anaha aaa iaaa aa daa eed aaRS 10 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH ssssssssssssnsssnnssnnssnnssnnssnnssnnssnnnsnnssnnnsn nn sn nnsn nn n nn AR BRA BRN RR RBK RR RR RR RR Rn nn 11 5 1 THE DRILLING PROCEDURE s 2 ssoccdii ssadavecsccoeaiiy beatae scechvandatens aaa aa aaa Eaa Aa a aaRS 11 5 2 GENERAL CLEANING e cnie ends nal dra aaaea Ana E aa Kal EZE E E a aa aAA AREA 12 5 3 SHALE SHAKER OPERATORS ANEN 13 5 4 el Ce le 13 5 5 E EN Nee ee KEE 14 5 6 REQUIREMENTS osv ege 16 6 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS cccscescesesersseesseceeseesseeeseeesieessoessoneseseseeseeesseneseneeans 18 6 1 CONCEPT GENERATION bi is 0 ss20ceeicesalaasatdecdcepucts ansuasecuaeyasteedsatsechavedeagatvaldeciaeseeldagasideednaeseiies 18 TT eh ea eae ae ee Gas eee AKAN ed 18 6 1 2 General concepte rr rr rr ARA R ARR R ARR K KRK KRK KRK KR BKK RR KR Rn ser 19 6 1 3 Eege EE 20 GAA EIERE ege Ee Ee Ee eege EE 21 6 2 CONCEPT SELECTION asoasoresssssansesasssnsnansesnasnnsn ann sn ar snaran RAR AR ARR DRA RR RR ARR RR RR RR ARA RR KR RR RR ARR RAR RR RR nn 23 62 1 Concept screening sssssserss sssesr b ssan Ner ann SRS d ARR RSA NANA iina NE
60. t included during the factorial experiment APPENDIX 4 Page 1 of 2 APPENDIX A ERGONOMIC LIFTING SHAKER SCREEN Bed mning av manuell hantering Version 2008 med st d av nyckelindikatorer Om det finns ett antal individuella aktiviteter som inneb r stor fysisk anstr ngning m ste de bed mas separat Arbetsmoment aktivitet B ra och s tta in shaker screens i screen cleaner Datum f r bed mning 2013 03 28 Bed mdav Frans Isaksson Anton stebo Steg 1 Best mning av tidspo ng V lj endast en kolumn arbetsdag arbetsdagen arbetsdagen omo am sm r 2 omma 2 a0tin lt 200 4 minmin 4 JL km ncakm 4 200n lt 500 6 inn 6 smsem 6 sam 8 2nmean 8 smsem 8 2 1000 24h Exempel Exempel Exempel e mura e halla och styra ett stycke gjutj rn e b rande av m bler e placering av arbetsstycken i en maskin vid arbete med en slipmaskin e leverans av byggnadsst llnings ta l dor ur en container och placera anv ndning av en handslipmaskin komponenter till en bygg dem pa ett transportband anv ndning av en ograsrensare arbetsplats Steg 2 Best mning av bed mnings na vild x PORE r Doreen arbetsstallning och arbets nden u ewe C O mse Se e Uppratt verkropp ej vriden e N r lasten lyfts halls bars och s nks ar den n ra kroppen L tt fram tb jd eller vriden verkropp N r lasten lyfts h lls b rs och s nks r den n ra kroppens mitt L
61. uirement specification required that the product concept must follow these 4 5 Benchmarking competitors There are several products that clean shaker screens today All available product information was studied carefully Since none of the competitive products were physically available for studying opinions and experience from personnel that have been or are working in the field were used This made it easy to find out the product s pros and cons 4 6 Private communication People that have personal experience in the area are perfect sources of information By talking to operators customers sellers and product developers the product and its context has been mapped These conclusions can be viewed in chapter 5 10 5 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH The research resulted in knowledge about the drilling procedure and the functionality of the shaker screens Understanding of the operators view was crucial in this case 5 1 The drilling procedure Oil and gas are found in large fields all around the globe and in many places far below sea level This is the case in for example Norway To move the oil from the well to the surface where it can be processed and transported a drill bit makes a hole through the sea floor to the well The drill bit penetrates the sea floor and can then be steered in three dimensions to reach the final target When the well is completed and secured the work is handed over to production which extracts the oil The
62. ut this is outside the project range SWITCHES e Two switches on the side of the machine need to be pressed simultaneously to start the machine e Safety stop that has to be reachable from both sides of the machine APPENDIX 2 Pagelof4 APPENDIX 2 FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS Product TAO2 Revision 01 Model Shaker screen cleaning system Participants KPS PED Document No 1 Date Completed 2013 03 28 IDENTIFICATION ACCODING TO EN ISO 12100 2010 QUANTIFICATION z 3 3 2 ei iS KH ba Ki N a o 2 a SB 5 o o 2 No Lifecycle step Task Hazard group Origin Hazardous event otential consequence S z E 2 5 3 2 o Sr 2 a a o o 3 a a K f s m N al 8 S Can cause damage to person by Death loosing ever alm Very Possibl 10 Transport Unloading Mechanical Gravity Crushing 4 ost never 1 1 3 falling an eye or arm small e less 1 year Use of under rated lifti N al se 5 s See EE EE Death loosing ever alm Very Possibl 20 Transport Lifting Mechanical Gravity equipment can lead to an Crushing 4 ost never 1 1 3 K an eye or arm small e uncontroleed fall of the machine less 1 year The machine can be rotate uncontrollably when being lifted N Never alm Ei S Sc from the transport vehicle p Death loosing k Possibl 20 Transport Lifting Mechanical Stability Crushing 4 ost never 1 Possible 3 3 Incompetent personnel can an eye or arm e S SE less 1 year present a r

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