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1. return button private Control createSpinner Composite composite Spinner spinner new Spinner composite SWT BORDER spinner addModifyListener modifyListener return spinner private Control createText Composite composite Text text new Text composite SWT BORDER text addModifyListener modifyListener return text Override public void initializeFrom ILaunchConfiguration configuration for Field field argumentConstantFile getClass getFields Button button Button initializeField configuration field Now see if we have additional and do them CommandLineSwitch annotation field getAnnotation CommandLineSwitch class if annotation additional Field additionalField argumentConstantFile getAdditionalArguments get field getName Control additionalControl initializeField configuration additionalField additionalControl setEnabled button getSelection private Control initializeField ILaunchConfiguration configuration Field field Control control controlMapping get field getName try if control instanceof Button Button button Button control button setSelection configuration getAttribute field getName false if control instanceof Spinner Spinner spinner Spinner control spinner setSelection configuration getAttribute field getName 0 if control
2. createNewConfiguration getRunConfiguration BOT button Close click deleteConfiguration protected void runConfiguration i createNewConfiguration getRunConfiguration BOT button Run click deleteConfiguration AER protected void accessCommonTabs String strings createNewConfiguration getRunConfiguration BOT cTabltem Input Files activate BOT cTabltem Common activate for String str strings BOT cTabltem str activate BOT activeShell close deleteConfiguration protected void testCheckBoxTabs String tab int number createNewConfiguration getRunConfiguration BOT cTabItem tab activate for int i 0 i lt number i BOT checkBox i click BOT checkBox i click BOT activeShell close deleteConfiguration
3. 90T protected List lt String gt getInputFiles ILaunchConfiguration configuration List lt String gt files null try files configuration getAttribute LaunchConstants ATTR_INPUT_FILES new LinkedList lt String gt catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return files protected void programNotSetErrorMessage final String program Have to do on ui thread final Display display Display getDefault display syncExec new Runnable public void run MessageBox box new MessageBox display getActiveShell SWT OK box setText Problem box setMessage The program location for program has not been set Please set in the preferences dialog box open H 1 3 File AbstractLaunchShortcut java PRR A A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You s
4. Figure G 3 Predicate View Suggestions 98 Auto Completion wR MMT Li IFA tells the truth both B and C are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knightCo knight If Aknight b both knigt 1 Kknight c knight a Hin knight P knight P If B a knight 2 kn IF B We and C i M 4 9 knight AAA Figure G 4 Auto Completion Suggestions G 5 3 Variable Predicate Declaration Predicate View E P Predicates 3 Mm Yperson person P person X Yknave knave P knave Xx Wknight knight P knight X vp person P person X p P p X Figure G 5 Predicate View Suggestions 99 Auto Completion IFA tells the truth both B and C are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knight a person If A lies iperson P lights knaveCa person x p Hint 2 p P p x If B tells it 2 knave a If B lies 1 is kni knaveCb 4 A knight X p Figure G 6 Auto Completion Suggestions 100 Appendix H Code Due to the large size it was not suitable to include all source code from APE in this chapter Instead key aspects are included that highlight the points made in the dissertation The full source code is available on the supplied CD in the folder src Alternatively the code can be accessed from the GIT repository found at git github com robibbotson APE git or from the website at http ape robibbotson co uk src 101
5. Som06c The following attributes can be used to assess usability e Learnability e Speed of operation e Robustness e Recoverability e Adaptability Observation of these attributes can be achieved through questionnaires observations of users video snapshots as well as embedding into the software usage collection tools Som merville also mentions that it is good to give the users of the system a gripe command www eclipse org swtbot http www windowtester com http 17 This allows users to pass messages to the designer about what they feel could be improved about the system 2 9 Summary The information outlined above has identified the field of logic programming and where the paradigm of ASP factors Key texts and papers have been identified that can be looked at further for clarification or further points as the project progresses Brief descriptions of different tools that are used in the ASP community are provided Tools such as clasp ASPViz and SPOCK have been made since APE was first developed These have been researched and document how they fit into the APE model Other logic IDE s such as Visual Prolog have been evaluated to see the features that they provide in order to see if relevant features can be added to APE The plug in architecture for Eclipse is described showing how easily it is to add new features to APE Also outlined is how the tool can be developed more easily in th
6. get x author Rob Ibbotson all class for allowing clients implementing it an easy way to launch a program To be used in conjunction with CommandLineSwitch to allow it to the program arguments to launch it public abstract class AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate implements ILaunchConfigurationDelegate Override public void launch ILaunchConfiguration configuration String mode monitor throws CoreException ILaunch launch IProgressMonitor vOT final ProcessBuilder processBuilder launch configuration if processBuilder null Process process null try process processBuilder start catch IOException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e new RuntimeProcess launch process mode null public ProcessBuilder launch ILaunchConfiguration configuration ProcessBuilder builder null List lt String gt commandLine new LinkedList lt String SOS String programLocation getProgramLocation if programLocation null commandLine add programLocation commandLine addAll getProgramArguments configuration builder new ProcessBuilder commandLine return builder public abstract String getProgramLocation public abstract List lt String gt getProgramArguments ILaunchConfiguration configuration protected List lt String gt getFieldValue ILaunchConfiguration configuration Field field AbstractArgumentConstan
7. 5 6 3 Lparse to Gringo Two converters have also been implemented for the conversion of LPARSE to Gringo These are AggregateLparseToGringoConverter and PoolingLparseToGringoConverter Again both extend from AbstractProgramConverter using regular expression matching to find lines that need converting within the editor Aggregate LPARSE treats 2p c p c as 2 p c 1 p c 1 whereas Gringo treats it as 2p c The same process as pooling occurs with expansion occurring so both solvers understand it The regular expression used to find matches is specified below d C wtC AAA AWE E DC C Nw FAV AWAY D This checks for the following 1 A digit followed by followed by optional space 2 A word followed by optional space followed by an opening bracket 3 A word followed by a closing bracket and optional space 4 Optionally a comma followed by the same as steps 2 3 5 It finishes with Pooling Converter As explained earlier see Section 5 6 2 page LPARSE expands a term such as p X Y X Z to p X Y p X Z Gringo on the other hand treats it as p X Y Z p X X Z As this conversion is going from LPARSE to Gringo the converter expands the term as LPARSE would The regular expression used to identify matches is a zA Z A Z x A Z A Z A Z This checks for the following 1 At least one letter followed by an opening bracket 2 Possible spaces followed by a varia
8. A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import org eclipse jface viewers Viewer import org eclipse jface viewers ViewerFilter x A filter for the predicate view Only show suggestions based on what the user x last typed author Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateViewCurrentFilter extends ViewerFilter Override public boolean select Viewer viewer Object parentElement Object element return PredicateViewltem element isPredictedProposal H 4 11 File PredicateViewItem java aaa toto lok x APE AnsPrologx x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this GYI program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import java util ArrayL
9. the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License your option any later version you can redistribute it or at This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import import import import import java util ArrayList java util List java util regex Matcher org eclipse jface text IDocument org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor Used to convert from gringo to There is a difference in pooling between the two p X Y Z in gringo whereas in lparse it is p X Y p Z This expands out the rules so that they can then be understand by both grounders in the same manner converts from p X Y Z to the form p X Y p X Z lparse is p X Z p X Y This converter author Rob Ibbotson public class PoolingGringoToLparseConverter extends AbstractProgr
10. group constants addAll getRegex group List lt String gt arguments new ArrayList lt String gt arguments addAll getRegex group arguments addAll getRegex group arguments addAll getRegex group arguments addAll getRegex group arguments addAll getRegex group Now have every constant but with a different arg each time String constantString for String constant constants for String arg arguments m0 constantString constant String argString constantString argString arg newStrings add start argString H 3 5 File return newStrings private String getStart String group Matcher matcher getMatcher startRegex group matcher find return matcher group private List lt String gt getRegex String previous String end String group List lt String gt found new ArrayList lt String gt String regex previous variableSpaced end Matcher matcher getMatcher regex group int start 0 while matcher find start String matched matcher group matched matched substring 1 matched length O 1 found add matched start matcher end 1 return found PoolingLparseToGringoCon verter java POR RCRA A ak ak k kK x APE AnsProlog x Programm
11. public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO_BASE_ONLY null CommandLineSwitch option syntax description Print syntax information public static final Button ATTR GRINGO SYNTAX null CommandLineSwitch option debug description Print internal representations of rules during grounding public static final Button ATTR GRINGO_DEBUG null CommandLineSwitch option stats description Print extended statistics public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO STATS null Additional info needed for fields QSuppressWarnings unused private static final Text ATTR GRINGO REPLACE CONST TEXT null QSuppressWarnings unused private static final Spinner ATTR GRINGO _ASPILS_NUM null SuppressWarnings unused private static final Spinner ATTR_GRINGO_FIX_NUMBER NUM null public GringoProgramArgumentConstants super super addAdditionalArguments ATTR_GRINGO_REPLACE_CONST ATTR_GRINGO_REPLACE_CONST_TEXT super addAdditionalArguments ATTR_GRINGO_ASPILS ATTR GRINGO_ASPILS NUM super addAdditionalArguments ATTR _GRINGO_FIX_NUMBER ATTR_GRINGO FIX NUMBER NUM H 2 2 File GringoArgumentsTab java POR RCRA k ak aK k k k K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program
12. BOT viewByTitle Console show H 5 2 File AbstractTest java package uk ac bath cs asp ide testing base import org eclipse swtbot eclipse finder SWTWorkbenchBot import org eclipse swtbot eclipse finder widgets SWTBot View import org eclipse swtbot swt finder utils SWTBotPreferences import org junit AfterClass import org junit BeforeClass LVI import uk ac bath cs asp ide clasp preferences ClaspPreferenceConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo preferences GringoPreferenceConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse LparsePlugin import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse LparsePreferenceConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide smodels SmodelsPlugin import uk ac bath cs asp ide smodels SmodelsPreferenceConstants x A very simple abstract test tests to extend from this x Each test extending it should have the annotation Test class that enables APE Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractTest protected static SWTWorkbenchBot BOT private static final String LPARSE LOCATION usr local bin lparse private static final String SMODELS_LOCATION usr local bin smodels private static final String GRINGO_LOCATION usr local bin gringo private static final String CLASP_LOCATION usr local bin clasp protected String testProjectName protected String testFileName protected String testConfigName protected String pr
13. GOT H 1 Framework The following classes make up the framework that has been produced Programs making use of the framework extend from these classes H 1 1 File AbstractArgumentConstants java paraa tool ACA K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA AOAC ak kek ak ae package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java lang reflect Field import java util HashMap import java util Map import sun reflect Reflection import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin Abstract class to allow clients extending it to have an easy mechanism to add program arguments The client should use it in conjunction with the CommandLineSwitch ann
14. GringoPreferenceConstants GRINGOPROGRAM PATH null if program null return program super programNotSetErrorMessage gringo GringoLaunchConfigurationTab Group java J F K k Ak ACC Kk K APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License your option any later version or at This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street STI x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch import org eclipse debug ui AbstractLaunchConfigurationTabGroup import org eclipse debug ui CommonTab import org eclipse debug ui ILaunchConfigurationDialog import org eclipse debug ui ILaunchConfigurationTab import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch InputFilesConfigurationTab x The tabs in the gringo run configuration Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public
15. Navigator view show view bot tree getTreeltem testProjectName expand getNode testFileName select BOT menu Edit menu Delete click BOT button OK click protected void canCreateAndDeleteFile createNewProject createNewFile deleteFile deleteProject protected void getRunConfiguration BOT menu Run menu Run Configurations click BOT tree get TreeItem program getNode testConfigName select protected void createNewConfiguration BOT menu Run menu Run Configurations click BOT shell Run Configurations activate BOT tree getTreeltem program select 671 BOT toolbarButtonWithTooltip New launch configuration click BOT text 1 setText testConfigName BOT button Apply click BOT activeShell close protected void deleteConfiguration BOT menu Run menu Run Configurations click BOT shell Run Configurations activate BOT tree get TreeItem program expand getNode testConfigName select contextMenu Delete click BOT button Yes click BOT activeShell close protected void canCreateAndDeleteConfiguration createNewConfiguration deleteConfiguration protected void closeConfiguration
16. Project 88 Y amp General File oj Folder Project E Untitled Text File Vv 2 AnsProlog A Lparse File 2 New Project gt 5C C gt cvs gt Drools Figure E 2 New LPARSE File 89 Available Software dl Check the items that you wish to install Work with http ape robibbotson co uk updates 2 Find more software by working with the Available Software Sites preferences type filter text Name D y AnsProlog Programming Environment M Show only the latest versions of available software M Hide items that are already installed O Group items by category What is already installed M Contact all update sites during install to find required software O Cosmet Creer E in Figure E 3 Installing APE 90 Appendix F Testing A new plug in project uk ac bath cs asp ide testing has been created containing all the test code In order to run the tests please download the source code either from the src folder on the supplied cd from the website http ape robibbotson co uk or from the GIT repository found at git github com robibbotson APE git The testing project has a dependency on the Eclipse plug in SWTBot found at www eclipse org swtbot This can be installed into Eclipse using the update manager and update site http download eclipse org technology swtbot galileo dev build update site F 1 Running The Tests When the source code has been
17. WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import org eclipse jface action Action import org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor Je Abstract class to share common functions x author Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractProgramConverterAction extends Action protected ITextEditor editor private AbstractProgramConverter converters public AbstractProgramConverterAction String name AbstractProgramConverter converters super name H 3 3 File setEnabled false this converters converters public void setEditor ITextEditor editor this editor editor setEnabled editor null Override public void run super run for AbstractProgramConverter conv converters conv convert editor AggregateLparseToGringoCon verter java J P K k Ak k k ak aK aK k k K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the
18. if annotation null amp amp annotation additional Field additionalField argumentConstantFile getAdditionalArguments get field getName additional createField composite additionalField if field getType Button class control createButton composite annotation additional if field getType Spinner class control createSpinner composite if field getType Text class control createText composite if additional null control setLayoutData new GridData SWT BEGINNING SWT BEGINNING false false 2 1 else control moveAbove additional control setLayoutData new GridData SWT BEGINNING SWT BEGINNING false false 1 1 GridData additionalGrid new GridData SWT BEGINNING SWT BEGINNING true false 1 1 additionalGrid minimumWidth 100 additional setLayoutData additionalGrid controlMapping put field getName control return control private Control createButton Composite composite CommandLineSwitch annotation final Control additional final Button button new Button composite SWT CHECK button setText annotation description P annotation option button addSelectionListener new SelectionAdapter O GIT Override public void widgetSelected SelectionEvent e if additional null additional setEnabled button getSelection updateLaunchConfigurationDialog
19. 13 AA o ea hee kaa a Re ee ee Ee a Ge ee eS 13 AE send wowed ewe Ed Ree aoe RA eG e ee E 14 i tee Be ee RAS hat he hae Ae 14 2 5 9 Debugging s sce ca cpad soam smew ia aaea a a 14 ii 2 6 Common Language 2 a e 2 7 Regression Testing 2 e ie ee hed Cee Ba eh E hee Shee eS 2 9 Summary A ee oid Ju Sine ass Gas A kh E 3 2 __Discussion f Results omic e aoe Soe we eR Be Pee eee PAR ee Be a Hint es Ao at De p o E iae BR de oh dk aSa 32 2 Current Editor eses cas rs a RG ee A Re ko 323 APE og bk eR EAS eee ee we EAE ee eee ees 3 2 4 ASP Tools gt 4 228 a 54 24 bese Ree E eh ee ee eS 82 5 HOALUTES si geen Rah go geal bk ape FO Qe Pe GAM ede wa ee 3 9 OUMIMATY aos Bok Ae ee ey Se Rk we dt e A ee AI Architecture e ee geg eane A be e ae A ee a ee SG he bak 2G we Sa bak ee PG boa da a ae AV 2 APE fa ba es eka Ree ae ae ER he SE eee a 4 2 Developer Framework o e e pu a a ee ba a a Pian Br ah ease A ea ee 4 5 Testing s e s 4 see hae Bae Bg eee ae Pe a ea ae ee 45 1 APH Tests 2 4 45 265 oe bee ses ae ee eee 51 Approach cr 46 64 44 645k 205 Se bdo ke a eae be eG a hw a ethane a Be ee a AAA AA MS A ee ne a S 5 4 Framework 5 4 1 Launch Configuration Tab Group sooo a 5 4 2 Launch Configuration Type iii 19 20 21 21 21 23 24 26 27 29 29 29 31 33 34 34 35 36 5 4 3 Launch Shortcuts 46 5 5 Gringo and Claspl ee 46 iB bg ee Ba heh OS hae as 46
20. LPARSE supports primed atoms such as p Symbolic names are built into LPARSE such as plus This is not the case for Gringo to not conflict with user defined names The user may want to convert between different solvers As a first step APE should be able to highlight what is incompatible This should be done by changing the tool type in APE and the syntax highlighting should be able to identify what would cause problems Future steps could be to automatically convert between different solvers if any incompatibility issues occur If the user wanted to convert between different programs then APE should show what is common between the two and what will cause incompatibility for the first step Future steps for APE would be to develop a common language and to convert to that in order for it to work between different solvers 2 7 Regression Testing Regression testing as explained by Wahl is a testing process that is used to de termine if a modified program still meets its specifications or if new errors have been introduced As the field of ASP is changing with new tools debuggers solvers etc being developed then these will need to be added into APE Having a good regression testing 16 framework will make the developers job straightforward as it will be easier to maintain Additionally it will allow APE to be tested for compatibility issues when new versions of Eclipse are released Two forms of regression testing need to occur within AP
21. WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import org eclipse jface action Action import org eclipse jface action MenuManager import org eclipse jface text BadLocationException import org eclipse jface text IDocument import org eclipse jface text ITextSelection import org eclipse jface viewers DoubleClickEvent import org eclipse jface viewers IDoubleClickListener import org eclipse jface viewers ISelection import org eclipse jface viewers IStructuredSelection import org eclipse jface viewers TreeViewer import org eclipse jface viewers ViewerFilter import org eclipse swt SWI import org eclipse swt widgets Composite import org eclipse ui PlatformUl import org eclipse ui part ViewPart import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor LparseEditor import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions LparseContentAssistProcessor x A view showing the outline of predicates These predicates can be double
22. X cat X b hyl bird human bird X human tweety b human tux b X human x human X hu hu tweety hu tux hu hu a Variable Head Completion b Variable Body Completion Figure 5 6 Predicate Completion Proposals The view implemented followed the model view controller MVC design pattern The model represents the state of the data being presented to the user The view presents this model to the user graphically with the controller providing the interaction between the two For the predicate view the model was an array of PredicateViewltem objects with the view being a standard SWT TreeViewer control The controlling actions are performed in the PredicateView class see Appendix H 4 8 page 137 Like the content assist processor the view presents suggestions based on the last word typed by the user It shows all the previously defined predicates as well as suggestions from the last word typed The suggestions presented use the same IProposalGenerator generators to give suggestions If the user wishes to add a suggestion to the editor then they can double click on an item in the tree which will insert it into the document at the last location An example of the view can be seen in Figure 5 7 This corresponds to the same file shown in Figure 5 5 The comparison between the two is clear Again the view shows both forms of predicate proposal as explained in Section page However various options and f
23. added quickly as well as being maintainable The implementations of LPARSE and SMODELS were analysed to find the similarities that exist between the tools The main things found were e Each program has program arguments e g lparse help e A launch configuration delegate e Launch configuration interface e Launch shortcut The framework was designed so that these similarities were supported by it Choices needed to be made such as how are the clients e g Gringo LPARSE going to instantiate it How are clients going to be able to share information Are interfaces going to be helpful Is there code to re use It was decided that the easiest method would be to allow clients to subclass key classes in the framework in order to instantiate Each client can be ran as a module keeping it away from depending upon others Modularity plays a key part in safe software allowing for better testing as well as developers understanding the structure better Having these classes abstract means only clients will be able to implement them A choice then had to be made about whether to provide clients with interfaces within the framework or whether to restrict them to an abstract class Bloch Blo08 states that interfaces should be preferred to abstract classes Interfaces enable safe powerful functionality enhancements Blo08 Abstract classes however leave 33 the programmer with no alternative other than inheritance leading to more fragil
24. are LPARSE and Gringo Although Gringo extends the language of LPARSE differences between the two are apparent Examples of which are discussed in Section 2 6 page 16 As LPARSE and Gringo are the most common tools in use then it made sense that the type of conversion supported should be between the two grounders A program written in the syntax of LPARSE should be able to be converted to Gringo and ran through clasp returning the same answer set as if the original had been ran through SMODELs Likewise the opposite should occur with a Gringo syntactically correct program being converted to 26 a LPARSE accepted program giving the same computed answer sets through both solvers clasp and SMODELS A huge advantage to the user is the time that this conversion could save If it cannot be done automatically the user has to manually perform the cumbersome job of rewriting the program this time in the syntax that will be recognised Having this done automatically by a few clicks or a keyboard shortcut speeds up the user s development process Predicate Completion Providing predicate completion would reduce the time taken to input the program For ease of understanding the program predicates often follow a naming convention By having a descriptive predicate name it saves the programmer having to explain what it does through other means such as commenting Having predicate completion would save the programmer having to type the full name each ti
25. are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knight a If A lies it is not possible that they are both knights knave a knight b knight c Hint 2 If B tells the truth A is a knave and C is a knight 2 knave a knight c 2 knight b If B lies it is not possible that A is knave and C is knight knave b knave a knight c knight X p 96 G 5 Expected Results G 5 1 New Predicate Declaration Predicate View P Predicates 3 Y person person b person c person a person P person P Yknave knave b knave c knave a knave P knave P Wknight knight b knight c knight a knight P knight P Y kni knight b knight c knight a kni b kni c kni a knight P knight P kni P kni P Figure G 1 Predicate View Suggestions 97 Auto Completion 2 knightCb knight c 2 knight Iknight b knight c knight a X knight P knight P Ikni 2 kni b kni c Ikni a 3 kni P knightCa lare bc Figure G 2 Auto Completion Suggestions G 5 2 Previous Predicate Declaration Predicate View gt Predicates 3 Y person person b person c person a person P person P Yknave knave b knave c knave a knave P knave P Y knight knight b knight c knight a knight b knight c knight a knight P knight P knight P knight P imp ey
26. asp ide ui ASP perspective and syntax colouring e uk ac bath cs asp ide dependencygraphs Dependency graph model and depen dency graph user interface e uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse LPARSE preferences LPARSE parser document model and LPARSE launcher e uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse ui LPARSE editor LPARSE preference page and LPARSE launch configuration user interface e uk ac bath cs asp ide smodels SMODELS preferences and SMODELS launcher e uk ac bath cs asp ide smodels ui SMODELS preference page and SMODELS launch configuration user interface A problem with this approach is that if APE continues to grow then it will become un manageable If every new feature is going to have a core and UI plug in then the number of plug ins increases very quickly Another problem is that boundaries are blurred across plug ins Taking the LPARSE plug ins as an example a couple of problems can be seen upon first observation In order to access the preferences in the UI plug in part the name http www eclipse org pde 31 of the LPARSE plug in is hard coded This means that it is very fragile if any refactoring occurs such as renaming a package or plug in name then APE will break Secondly a problem can be seen from a developers point of view LPARSE is an external program meaning that arguments need to be passed to it These arguments need to be found for the user in the launch configuration interface In addition they need to be foun
27. case the use of an IDE would depend on whether it supports new experimental non mainstream solvers 1 am especially thinking of whether au tomatic completion color highlighting or syntax checking might break in a bad way crashes or the IDE refusing to save or run the program if one writes programs in some extended syntax that the IDE does not know about If all that happens is minor issues e g the color highlighting does not look good or syntax checking needs to be disabled then 1 would be ok with it This sounds like an excellent idea could definitely help make developing ASP pro grams easier Syntax highlighting highlights unrestricted first order variables Support for modularization sections files size estimate for ground program atoms clauses recognizing of obviously wrong clauses no ground atoms To support Answer Set Programming you need to understand both the paradigm and the methodology methodologies used Once you understand the methodology you can support it Automatic syntax checking depending on target system hints on possible problems configurable aspviz is a nice idea but somewhat difficult to use visualization should be simplified 84 Appendix C Requirements Specification This chapter documents the requirements for the project Further discussion can be found in Section 3 page C 1 Functional 1 The system should provide a easy way to create an AnsProlog project 2 The
28. devised were carefully designed so that they were not too simple and covered enough of the code base to be useful The unit tests have been designed so that they are decouple from one another No test depends upon another Unfortunately tools such as JUnit are not designed to test user interfaces However an open source tool SWTBot built on JUnit is available to use The testing is performed at the grey box level where the internal 36 data representations are known but performed from the perspective of a potential user of the system SWTBot provides this functionality automating the user interface testing by clicking through simulating a user Regression testing will be performed by comparing the expected output of the program and the actual output For each tool in APE the expected output will be stored SWTBot can then be used so that they are used with the same input files The output from each tool can then be stored with a check occurring with the expected and output lines read line by line for equality As the system grows and tests are added the time taken for the whole test suite to run will increase In future it may be more suitable for only a subset of tests to run When one aspect of the system is changed then the tests for that area will be ran However a full test run of all tests will be ran regularly as well To be able to do this the tests have to be designed so that they can be ran independently from one another Therefore an arc
29. http help eclipse org help32 index jsp Nissim Francez Shalom Goldenberg Ron Y Pinter Michael Tiomkin and Shalom Tsur An environment for logic programming In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 85 symposium on Language issues in programming environ ments pages 179 190 New York NY USA 1985 ACM Press W Faber and G Pfeifer DLV homepage http www dbai tuwien ac at proj dlv Amit Gupta and Rajesh Bhatia Testing functional requirements using b model specifications SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 35 2 1 7 2010 David Geer Eclipse becomes the dominant java ide Computer 38 7 16 18 2005 Michael R Genesereth and Matthew L Ginsberg Logic programming Com munications of the ACM 28 9 933 941 1985 Martin Gebser Roland Kaminski Benjamin Kaufmann Max Ostrowski Torsten Schaub and Sven Thiele A users guide to gringo clasp clingo and iclingo http sourceforge net projects potassco files User_ s 20Guide 20 28gringo_clasp_ 2B 29 2008 11 09 guide pdf download Accessed on 09 12 2009 Martin Gebser Roland Kaminski Max Ostrowski Torsten Schaub and Sven Thiele On the input language of asp grounder gringo In LPNMR 09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning pages 502 508 Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Springer Verlag Martin Gebser Benjamin Kaufmann and Torsten Schaub The conflict driven answer set solver clasp In LPNMR 09 Proceedings of the
30. import org eclipse jface text IDocument import org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor Used when converting from gringo to lparse Lparse does not accept the x restricted names below so this class simply appends a at the beginning of each occurrence of the restricted names author Rob Ibbotson public class RemoveRestrictedNames extends AbstractProgramConverter private String restrictedNames new String 4 abs and assign bnot div eq ge gt le gt lt minus mod neq or plus times xor Override public void convert ITextEditor editor IDocument document editor getDocumentProvider getDocument editor getEditorInput for String regex restrictedNames String fullRegex s regex 3 Matcher matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document while matcher find 831 String matched matcher group Matcher innerMatcher getMatcher regex matched innerMatcher find String newString _ innerMatcher group String before matched substring 0 innerMatcher start String after matched substring innerMatcher end matched length
31. in Ifl Technical Report Series 2006 Available from http cig in tu clausthal de NMRO6 Gabor Szeder Unit testing for multi threaded java programs In PADTAD 109 Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Systems pages 1 8 New York NY USA 2009 ACM Nancy J Wahl An overview of regression testing SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 24 1 69 73 1999 Leslie B Wilson and Robert G Clark Prolog In Comparative Programming Languages pages 343 344 Harlow England 2001 Addison Wesley Publishers Ltd 77 WSWO05 Michael Wick Daniel Stevenson and Paul Wagner Using testing and junit across the curriculum In SIGCSE 05 Proceedings of the 86th SIGCSE tech nical symposium on Computer science education pages 236 240 New York NY USA 2005 ACM All links in this dissertation were accessible on the 5th May 2010 78 Appendix A Questionnaire As found on http www robibbotson co uk questionnaire php 1 Which editor do you currently use to develop ASP programs 2 How many years have you been developing ASP programs 3 Which ASP tools do you currently use e div e dit e lparse smodels e lparse cmodels e lparse sup e gringo clasp e ASPViz e SPOCK e Other 4 Are you aware of APE e Yes e No 79 Only if Yes to 4 5 Do you use APE e Yes e No Only if No to 5 6 What is your reason for not using APE e Do not understand how to use it e Does not support tools I
32. inserted into the Eclipse workspace the tests can be run using SWTBot The automatic tests are all contained within the plug in project uk ac bath cs asp ide testing To run first go to Run Configurations and then select a new SWTBot launch configuration Select the testing package and click Run A new version of Eclipse will pop up to run all the tests F 1 1 Screencast Actions speak louder than words so a screencast has been provided showing the tests in action This video of this can be found on the website http ape robibbotson co uk iscreencasts or in the folder screencasts on the supplied CD 91 F 2 New Feature Test One of the main features added in the project was a framework with the ability to quickly add a new external program into APE This was put to the test with the program ASPeRIX being added into APE ASPeRIX is a grounder and solver combined into one A screencast showing the ease of the process has been produced Again this can be found on the website http ape robibbotson co uk screencasts or in the folder screencasts on the supplied CD 92 Appendix G Predicate Completion Tests G 1 Base File This is the file that all other tests will be based from It sets up the program ready to be extended later on G 1 1 File puzzlel_base lp puzzlel lp Knights and Knaves author Tommi Syrj nen Raymond Smullyan presents the following puzzle in his book Forever Undecided The Island of Knigh
33. is present and opens in APE as can be seen in Table 6 3 Test Case Expected Result Predicate view The predicate view is selected It opens and is visible Table 6 3 Predicate View Tests 6 4 Manual Testing For this project it was not possible to use SWTBot to test every aspect of APE This was down to limitations of SWTBot as well as time constraints limiting the time available to spend writing tests Instead manual testing was used to complement the testing process 6 4 1 Preference Dialog Each external program that can be run within APE has its own preference page On this page the external program location is set so the program can be launched However the preference dialog opening sequence is different on different operating systems For Windows it is opened by clicking Window gt Preferences whilst on Mac OS X it is opened by clicking Eclipse gt Preferences A decision was made to not spend time writing versions of tests for specific operating systems Instead the preferences were tested manually with the test cases seen in Table 63 Test Case Expected Result Program location set The program is selected in the preference page A location path is stored for the program with out error Program location saved The preference dialog is reopened The path stored is the same one as saved from the test above Program run with path A launch configuration is made and ran with the path being set in the preferenc
34. jface text contentassist CompletionProposal import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile Generates the proposals for the given atom Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class AtomProposalGenerator extends ProposalGenerator Override 631 public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generatePredictedProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals addAll makeProposals super getPrefixNamedAtoms prefix file prefix offset return proposals Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateCurrentProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt Add itself if prefix equals proposals add new CompletionProposal prefix offset prefix length prefix length prefix length offset return proposals private List lt ICompletionProposal gt makeProposals String symbols String prefix int offset final List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt for String symbol symbols Don t add the prefix as will be added by current proposals if symb
35. mechanism Apt03 Benefits of this approach means programs are easier to create and enable machines to explain their results and actions GG85 Interactive programming allows the user to write a single program and interact with it by means of various queries of interest to which answers are produced Apt03 Visualisation of a logic program can be seen in Figure 2 1 Baral explains that classical logic was the initial choice to represent declarative knowledge Classical logic embodies the monotonic property with conclusions being made often with incomplete knowledge The monotonic property means that once a conclusion is reached it remains valid even when additional knowledge is known This is not like human reasoning where conclusions can be withdrawn or changed upon receiving more knowledge This led to the development of non monotonic logic to enable true declarative logic programming to occur One of the main declarative logic languages used today is Prolog Programmation en Logique CR93 Prolog is a logic programming language in which the programmer states what is to be done rather than how it is to be carried out WC01 Wilson and Clark observe that the approach is goal orientated and dominates the artificial intelligence scene However as Prolog evolved to be a fully fledged programming language with efficient implementations it came at the cost of sacrificing the declarativeness Bar03 That was why AnsProlog was d
36. peered oe ates 100 List of Tables 3 1 Most Desired Features ee 26 Se Eee Se ae a A a 60 padi eke Bow Bide elke eee go eae ee aye bees Gs Eee ate A 61 6 3 Predicate View Tests ee 63 6 4 Preference Tests oa aaa ee 64 6 5 Installation Tests 2 ee 64 Rt Rie eas cee ce os ae dee eee i ade ee NG 65 6 7 Predicate View Tests o a aaa ee 66 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Marina De Vos for her support and guidance throughout this project Additionally thanks must be given to my friends and family who have supported me throughout xi Chapter 1 Introduction Answer Set Programming ASP is a declarative form of programming where the program mer specifies what needs to happen rather than how it should happen Given a set of rules and facts ASP will attempt to solve these finding the consistent rules within the program which are known as the answer sets The possible answer sets are computed in a two stage process Firstly a grounder is run on the program converting the variables within the pro gram into atoms This is followed by a solver running on the grounded program to compute the answer sets Examples of grounder and solver program pairs are LPARSE SMODELS and Gringo clasp With the increasing efficiency of answer set solvers and novel application areas for answer set programming ASP is becoming a useful programming paradigm for declarative proble
37. platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist CompletionProposal import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile Jer x Proposal generator class Provides some common helpful methods for the x content assist generators vel author Rob Ibbotson public abstract class ProposalGenerator implements IProposalGenerator protected String getPrefixNamedAtoms String prefix LparseSourceFile file final List lt String gt common new ArrayList lt String gt 0 for String sym
38. public class CommonTests extends AbstractTest public CommonTests String program protected void createNewProject super program BOT menu File menu New menu Other click BOT shell New activate BOT tree select AnsProlog expandNode AnsPrologx select New Project BOT button Next gt click BOT text WithLabel Project name setText testProjectName BOT button Finish click protected void deleteProject SWTBotView view BOT viewByTitle Navigator view show view bot tree getTreeIltem testProjectName select BOT menu Edit menu Delete click BOT shell Delete Resources activate BOT checkBox Delete project contents on disk cannot be undone select BOT button OK click protected void createNewFile BOT menu File menu New menu Other click BOT shell New activate BOT tree getTreeltem AnsProlog expand getNode Lparse File select BOT button Next gt click BOT tree getTreeltem testProjectName select BOT text WithLabel File name setText testFileName BOT button Finish click protected void deleteFile SWTBotView view BOT viewByTitle
39. support DLV due to time constraints in the initial development Sureshkumar Sur06 mentioned that the project is not open source meaning only binary builds are available However this should not pose a problem for integrating DLV into APE as DLV will be used as it is rather than developed further Java Wrapper A wrapper exists as explained by Ricca that wraps around DLV so that DLV programs can be developed as Java programs APE will need to support a similar architecture in order to call DLV from within a Java program Ricca uses a DlvHandler class which provides the functionality to call DLV The DlvHandler manages a DLV instance which is a native process This is done by using the Runtime exec method and java lang Process class All DLV input and output operations go to the DlvHandler instance inside the Java Virtual Machine through a system pipe 2 5 2 SMODELS SMODELS is the engine that performs the computation of the answer sets of the input program Bar03 A SMODELS program may have none one or many stable models known as the answer sets The stable models are seen as a rational belief about the program SMODELS can be used either as a C library that can be called from user programs or as a stand alone program together with a suitable front end The main front end known as a grounder is LPARSE Other solvers that accept LPARSE input include assat nomore and SMODELS c 2 5 3 LPARSE LPARSE programs are written
40. system should provide a easy way for creating a new AnsProlog file 3 The system should provide a source file editor a The system should provide an editor for the grounders LPARSE and Gringo b The editor should provide syntax highlighting c It should identify keywords comments variables functions atoms negated atoms end of line operator and the characters signifying a rule 4 The editor should provide syntax checking a The editor should underline syntax errors b The editor should explain the error 5 The editor should indent source code 6 The editor should provide block commenting 7 The system should be able to convert between different programs a The system should convert from the language of LPARSE to Gringo b The system should convert from the language of Gringo to LPARSE 85 8 The system should provide a way for auto completion a The system should provide auto completion of predicates from within the editor by using the standard Eclipse shortcut of Contol space b The system should provide a new view showing all the predicates in the program giving an outline 9 The system should provide helpful error notifications when the program location has not been set 10 The system should provide a framework a The framework should allow automatic generation of a user interface to configure solver arguments b The framework should allow automatic generation of the delegate that runs the
41. tabs make up the launch configuration The process of building the launch configuration from the tabs can be seen in Figure The launch plug in tab group implements the Eclipse extension point In the tab group in stances of all the tabs are constructed The tab group is the holder for all of them defining the name that the user sees in the Run Configurations dialog When the user clicks Run then this launch configuration is passed to the delegate which builds up a command line before launching the program in a separate process Common tabs present that are found in all APE external programs are the input and common tabs The input tab allows the user to pick the files that the program will run on The common tab meanwhile allows the user to specify common Eclipse options For example standard output can be redirected as well as choosing whether the launch should be a foreground or background process The program can also implement its own tabs if necessary A program may allow users to specify its arguments on a tab For example Gringo has the argument ifixed allowing the user to fix the number of incremental steps 41 org eclipse debug ui launchConfigurationTabGroups Plug in Tab Group Plug in Specific Tab s Input Files Tab Figure 5 1 Tab Group Structure to a number On the tab page a checkbox will allow the user to choose that option before specifying a number for the number of incremental steps Impl
42. the program s location to be specified in the preference as well as being able to run from the Run Configurations dialog No shortcut or image was added however this is simple and would only take a few minutes for a good developer The test showed how no complicated code was needed with the framework handling all the GUI interaction and the process of launching the program Of course this test is slightly unfair as it was performed by someone with knowledge of APE however for a new developer the learning curve should not be too steep and should not cause a big rise in time taken 6 5 2 Support for Gringo and Clasp Both Gringo and Clasp have been implemented making use of the framework described above The user now has the choice of developing their program for LPARSE SMODELS or Gringo clasp Unit and regression tests are in place to ensure that the programs will continue to work in future versions of APE 6 5 3 Auto Predicate Completion Predicate completion has been implemented meaning that this requirement has been met The user has the choice of using the inbuilt Eclipse content assister or using the new 67 predicate view which gives an outline of all the predicates defined in the program Manual testing has been performed to ensure that these features work correctly The tests and results can be seen in Appendix G page 6 5 4 Conversion Conversion between the languages of LPARSE and Gringo has been added into APE The process w
43. use please specify the missing tools in the other box below e Missing features please specify the missing features in the other box below e Other To all 7 Which of the following features would you like in an IDE for ASP please choose a maximum of three e Visualisation of program e Automatic completion of predicates e Integration of dlv e Integration of gringo clasp e Conversion between different solvers e Replacement of a rule by its grounding e Debugging please specify the debugging features you would like in the other box below e Other 8 Any further comments about an IDE for ASP 80 Appendix B Questionnaire Results Which editor do you currently use to develop ASP programs Editor Name Count Text Editor Emacs w Eclipse 1Clingo Text Edit Context TextWrangler Nedit Notepad gedit vi Dol Rel EA ln Re Re po on How many years have you been developing ASP programs Years Developing Count 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 6 1 8 1 10 1 15 1 17 1 81 Which ASP tools do you currently use Tool Count dlv 8 dlt 2 lIparse smodels 11 lIparse cmodels 1 Iparse sup 1 gringo clasp 12 ASPViz 3 SPOCK 1 Other 7 Other e dlv complex e asperix e ezcsp e platypus e claspar e bingo e clingo Are you aware of APE Yes 6 No 11 Do you use APE Yes 0 No 6 What
44. using standard though extended such as AnsProlog logic programming notation LPARSE adds a layer of syntactic sugar on top of SMODELS Syr It is the most feature rich of the different parsers and front ends and is the default to use when writing SMODELS programs LPARSE provides a grounded input program that can be used within a solver such as SMODELS To ensure fast grounding by processing each rule only once the input must satisfy the property of being strongly range restricted 12 Bar03 This means that any variable that appears in the rule must also appear in the domain literal in the body Other front ends exist in addition to LPARSE Syr smodels API A C library that allows it to be called within any C program parse Original parser of SMODELS producing output in 1 x format primitive parse pparse Accepts only ground programs producing output in 2 x format model checking models mcsmodels A deadlock and reachability checker dlsmodels An older version of mcSMODELS which detects deadlocks 2 5 4 Cmodels Cmodels is a system that computes answer sets for either disjunctive logic programs or logic programs containing choice rules Liea It uses satisfiability SAT solvers to enumerate models of the program Like SMODELS the input to the solver is a grounded logic program achieved by using LPARSE Cmodels computes the supported model M of a logic program P Computing M is accomplished by forming the co
45. w restricted programs e Its instantiation procedure uses back jumping and improves on the technique used in dlvs grounder e Its primary output language is textual as with dlvs grounding component A restricted means that the variables in the program are bound by the rules of a smaller program These features of Gringo allow for more optimised programs to be grounded GrinGo on most instances is faster than LPARSE GST07 2 5 7 clasp clasp works on logic programs in Gringo s output format This numerical format which is not supposed to be human readable is output by Gringo and can be piped into clasp GKK7 It is the best performing solver as described by Gebser et al Gebser et al also explain that clasp was originally designed and optimised for conflict driven ASP solving centred around the concept of a nogood from the area of constraint processing The system architecture of clasp can be seen in Figure 2 3 page 15 2 5 8 ASPViz ASPVIZ is a Java program that constructs two dimensional images from the answer sets of a given program ICDVBPO8 As explained by Cliffe et al the tool takes two ASP programs P and P The former represents the given problem and the latter elaborates on the conclusions drawn by P concluding the necessary literals to render a graphic To use this within APE would mean allowing the user to supply both parts of the program so that ASPVIZ can draw its output 2 5 9 Debugging Debuggi
46. with the option to close the launch configuration clicked The dialog box closes without error Launch configuration runs The same as 3 with the option to run the launch con figuration clicked The program runs without error Launch configuration tab check The same as 3 Each tab in the launch configuration is clicked no errors occur when checking each one Launch configuration data check The same as 6 When each tab is opened each check box is checked and unchecked with numbers and text being entered in the relevant controls Table 6 2 Program Tests Although the tests in Table 6 2 test the program functions correctly within APE it does not test that the output produced is correct To do this regression tests were added for each program ensuring the output produced is consistent across APE versions Regression Tests Regression tests currently exist for each program implemented within APE These are LPARSE SMODELS Gringo and clasp Each program has an associated set of test input files These are stored under the tests directory see Section 6 2 page 58 in a subfolder specific to each program The expected results that the programs should output are stored in the expected folder under the results directory within the testing project The program output when ran through APE can then be compared to the expected result to ensure it is correct When the program is ran the output from the program is redirected from s
47. www mat unical it wrapper papers asp03 pdf Janet M Ruane Essentials of Research Methods A Guide to Social Science Research Wiley Blackwell 2004 Nayan B Ruparelia The history of version control SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 35 1 5 9 2010 Donn M Seeley Coding smart People vs tools Queue 1 6 33 40 2003 Lucy Suchman and Brigitte Jordan Interactional troubles in face to face sur vey interviews Journal of the American Statistical Association 85 409 232 241 1990 lan Sommerville Software Engineering Update 8th Edition Addison Wesley 2006 lan Sommerville Software Engineering Update 8th Edition page 126 Addison Wesley 2006 Ian Sommerville Software Engineering Update 8th Edition chapter 16 pages 383 385 Addison Wesley 2006 Sun The java tutorials 2010 Available from http java sun com docs books tutorial reflect index html A Sureshkumar Ansprolog programming environment ape Investigating software tools for answer set programming through the implementation of an integrated development environment B Sc Dissertation Department of Computer Science University of Bath June 2006 Tommi Syrj nen Lparse 1 0 User s Manual Available from http www tcs hut fi Software smodels lparse ps Tommi Syrjanen Debugging inconsistent answer set programs In Jiirgen Dix and Anthony Hunter editors Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Non monotonic Reasoning NMR number Ifl 06 04
48. x clicked to be inserted into the editor It is an alternative to content x assist with the possibilites all being represented in a tree The class makes SET use of the ContentAssistProcessors in order to get all the proposals easily Filtering is applied to allow the user to choose whether to show predicates from a previously typed e g a different line or b from what they have just typed author Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateView extends ViewPart public static final String PREDICATE VIEWID uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views PredicateView private TreeViewer private Action viewer null doubleClickAction null private Action private Action currentFilterAction predictedFilterAction private Action autoExpandAction private ViewerFilter currentFilter new Predicate ViewCurrentFilter private ViewerFilter predictedFilter new Predicate ViewPredictedFilter public PredicateView public void createPartControl Composite parent viewer new TreeViewer parent SWT SINGLE SWT V_SCROLL SWI H SCROLL viewer setContentProvider new Predicate ViewContentProvider viewer setLabelProvider new Predicate ViewLabelProvider viewer expandAll makeActions createMenu hookDoubleClickAction private void createMenu IMenuManager rootMenuManager getViewSite getActionBars getMenuManager rootM
49. 10th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning pages 509 514 Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Springer Verlag Michael Gelfond and Vladimir Lifschitz The stable model semantics for logic programming In Robert A Kowalski and Kenneth Bowen editors Proceed ings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic Programming pages 1070 1080 Cambridge Massachusetts 1988 The MIT Press 75 GL93 GSTO7 Joh KO85 Liea Lieb LifOs LPF 06 Nou05 Pro09 PRS02 RB06 Rei96 REM 04 Joseph Goguen and Charlotte Linde Techniques for requirements elicitation In Requirements Engineering pages 152 164 IEEE 1993 Martin Gebser Torsten Schaub and Sven Thiele Gringo A new grounder for answer set programming In LPNMR pages 266 271 2007 Stephen C Johnson Yacc yet another compiler compiler Available from http dinosaur compilertools net yacc index html Henryk Jan Komorowski and Shigeo Omori A model and an implementation of a logic programming environment In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 85 symposium on Language issues in programming environments pages 191 198 New York NY USA 1985 ACM Press Yulia Lierler CMODELS homepage http www cs utexas edu tag Yulia Lierler SUP homepage nttp www cs utexas edu users tag sup Vladimir Lifschitz What is answer set programming In AAAI 08 Proceed ings of the 23rd national conference on Artif
50. E Firstly end to end input and output must be consistent between different versions For example when running tools within APE such as LPARSE and SMODELS when given the same input the output should be identical for the previous and current version of the code Secondly the user interface should be tested after any change This is significantly harder to test but it will ensure that developers have more confidence when making changes in future releases Commercial tools exist such as Window Teste that enable automated regression and coverage tests to occur However in the case of APE it is more appropriate to use open source tools such as SWTBod SWTBot provides an API that allows rigorous functional testing SWTBot allows tests that interact with the applications user interface Using a tool such as this would allow regression tests to be produced testing the user interaction of APE 2 8 Usability Evaluation For APE to be deemed a success we must ensure that is accepted by the ASP community For it to be accepted the factors behind what motivates people to use particular software must be researched Seeley states that a good tool should promote novice learning and yet also be extremely efficient for experts In order to ensure that the APE is being used correctly evaluation of users using the system must be performed Interface evaluation is the process of assessing the usability of an interface and checking that it meets user requirements
51. Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software x Foundation either version 2 of the License your option any later version or at x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch constants import org eclipse swt widgets Button import org eclipse swt widgets Spinner import org eclipse swt widgets Text import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch AbstractArgumentConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch CommandLineSwitch Class that lists all the of the arguments that the gringo program accepts The description is what the user sees with the option being what is actually passed to gringo Dependencies are added in the constructor author Rob Ibbotson public class GringoProgramArgumentConstants extends AbstractArgumentConstants QACommandLineSwitch option const de
52. Extending and Continuing the Development of an Integrated Development Environment for Answer Set Programming Robert Ibbotson Bachelor of Science in Computer Science with Honours The University of Bath May 2010 This dissertation may be made available for consultation within the Uni versity Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation Signed Extending and Continuing the Development of an Integrated Development Environment for Answer Set Programming Submitted by Robert Ibbotson COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this dissertation rests with its author The Intellectual Property Rights of the products produced as part of the project belong to the University of Bath see http www bath ac uk ordinances intelprop This copy of the dissertation has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the dissertation and no information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author Declaration This dissertation is submitted to the University of Bath in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Computer Science No portion of the work in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for any other degree or qualification of this or any other university or institutio
53. GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details EGI You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A K K k k k k k package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import java util regex Matcher import org eclipse jface text IDocument import org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor x This is used to convert from lparse to gringo Aggregation is done x differently as described in the gringo manual This class expands it out so x that it can be understood by both Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class AggregateLparseToGringoConverter extends AbstractProgramConverter private static final String startRegex d private static final String atom w HAAGA WAY private static final String optionalAtoms atom private static final String endRegex APA Override public void convert ITextEditor editor IDocument document editor getDocumentProvider getDocu
54. H 1 5 pagel 109 This is the class that performs the algorithm set out above producing the result seen in Figure from a list of fields with annotations For programs with many arguments the above method was not suitable Although it will generate all arguments fine it would produce a huge list that would require a lot of scrolling for the user It was deemed that this was not a viable option to the user so an additional abstract class AbstractMultipleFileArgumentsTab see Appendix H 1 4 page 108 was created This extends from the AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab class but allows the user to specify multiple argument input files Each files arguments are generated into collapsable panels one for each file input meaning that it is much more user friendly to the user An example of this in action can be seen in Figure 44 LA Input Files 64 Gringo Arguments En Output E Common C Print extended statistics stats O Do not print models quiet C Write output in ASP Competition 09 format asp09 O Set time limit to lt n gt seconds time limit lt n gt 9 Figure 5 3 Multiple File Arguments Summary A launch configuration tab is the main way a user will launch a program A framework has been developed allowing users to specify a list of program arguments with each one anno tated with the annotation CommandLineSwitch Dependencies between arguments which require more information from the user are managed by Abstr
55. However if other conversions took place then the place in the document would change However the converter does not know this and so would insert it into the wrong location 5 6 2 Gringo to Lparse Two converters have been implemented to convert from Gringo to LPARSE These are RemoveRestrictedNames and PoolingGringoToLparseConverter Both of these extend AbstractProgramConverter using regular expression matching to find lines that need con verting within the editor Remove Restricted Names Symbolic names such as and plus and eq are not valid LPARSE syntax The converter has a list of restricted names that are not valid in LPARSE This list is iterated through with each item being checked to see any are present within the document This is done using the regular expression s name where name is the restricted name from the list The regular expression specified checks for the restricted name and checks that it is not a substring of some other word by checking for whitespace before and after it Upon finding a match a underscore is appended to the start of the word The matching process then continues to find anymore matches of the name in the editor When no more matches can be found the next item in the restricted name list is checked until the end of the list is reached and no more matches have been found 49 Pooling Converter Having a pooled term such as p X Y X Z expands to p X Y Z p X X Z in Gringo However for LPAR
56. ILaunchConfigurationType type null public AbstractLaunchShortcut String type this type manager getLaunchConfigurationType type Override public void launch ISelection selection String mode if selection instanceof IStructuredSelection final List lt String gt inputFiles getInputFilesFromSelection IStructuredSelection selection launch inputFiles Override public void launch IEditorPart editor String mode IEditorInput editorInput editor getEditorInput O IResource adapter IResource editorInput getAdapter IResource class String workspaceLocation adapter getWorkspace getRoot getLocation toOSString editor or naviagtor view if inputFiles size gt 0 author Rob Ibbotson ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy workingCopy public class AbstractLaunchShortcut implements getWorkingCopy manager type inputFiles ILaunchShortcut Je workingCopy workingCopy null protected final ILaunchManager manager makeNewWorkingCopy inputFiles type DebugPlugin getDefault getLaunchManager workingCopy try workingCopy launch ILaunchManager RUN_MODE null catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e private List lt String gt getInputFilesFromSelection IStructuredSelection selection final List lt String gt inputFiles new LinkedList lt String gt for Object o selection toAr
57. K K k k k k k package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile x Proposals based on symbols Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class SymbolProposalGenerator extends ProposalGenerator Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generatePredictedProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator if hasBodySeperator return super generateConstantPredictedProposals super getPrefixNamedAtoms prefix file file getSymbolicConstantTable getSymbols prefix offset return new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateCurrentProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator if hasBodySeperator return super generateConstantCurrentProposals super getPrefixNamedAtoms prefix file file getSymbolicConstantTable getSymbols prefix offset 9 l return new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt H 4 7 File VariableProposalGenerator java PRR RCC look x APE AnsPrologx x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or mo
58. ORR ACACIA OR AK x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo preferences import org eclipse jface preference FieldEditorPreferencePage import org eclipse jface preference FileFieldEditor import org eclipse ui l Workbench import org eclipse ui IWorkbenchPreferencePage import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo GringoPlugin Gringo preference page for the program location Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class GringoPreferencePage extends FieldEditorPreferencePage implements IWorkbenchPreferencePage OGT public GringoPreferencePage super GRID setPreferenceStore GringoPlugin getDefault getPref
59. Predicate Auto Completion A feature not automatically tested is predicate completion No automatic tests were con structed due to time constraints within the project However manual tests were still per formed in order to make sure the feature worked as expected When developing an ASP program two possible ways are presented to the user through the editor and through the predicate view Both forms were tested as seen in Table 6 6 and Table In order to test both of these features a common set up occurred A new AnsProlog project was created with a new LPARSE file being created Testing then occurred with the input files found in Appendix G page 93 Test Case Expected Result Ctrl space pressed when cursor is The suggestions presented to the user positioned at end of Appendix G 2 should be a combination of all the pre viously defined predicates in the file In addition suggestions should be made from the predicate has just typed Ctrl space pressed when cursor is Suggestions suggested to the user should positioned at end of Appendix G 3 be all the relevant previous predicates de fined in the file No duplication should occur with suggestions from the predicate just typed by the user Ctrl space pressed when cursor is Suggestions presented to the user should positioned at end of Appendix G 4 show the possibilities with the variable de fined previously in the list Table 6 6 Predicate Completion Tests The
60. RSE editor To keep it consistent with other development tools within Eclipse the keyboard shortcut Ctrl space was assigned to activate the content assistant Whenever the user wishes for proposals the user can press the shortcut to be presented with suggested options Keeping the same shortcut allows developers with experience in other tools to be able to apply them within APE As discussed in Section page 5 ASP programs can consist of different components atoms variables constants and rules Each of these have a specific content generator responsible for generating the ICompletionProposal that makes up what the user sees Contextual proposing is used meaning proposals are based on the last word typed by the user Only proposals starting with the last word typed are presented to the user If the user has not typed any word then all proposals are shown to the user Two forms of proposal can be presented The last word typed is based on previous predicate names Proposals presented should be previous predicate names with possible constant and variable options 52 The last word typed is the new predicate name Proposals presented should be the last word typed with possible constant and variable options An example of this can be seen in Figure 5 5 Previous predicates are suggested first in the suggestions as it is the most likely reason for users using predicate completion LA graph ip bird tux penguinCtux bird tweety chic
61. SE editor Predicate view showing the program outline and predicated predicates e Easy installation and updating with the new update site One thing noted from the requirements gathering phase was the wide range of ASP pro grams and tools in use by a variety of users Given the time constraints of the project it was infeasible to even consider implementing every program that may be useful to a potential user of APE Instead it was decided to implement a framework so that future developers can quickly add a new program if there is enough demand As the result in Appendix F 2 page 92 shows a new program can be added and launched within APE in less than twenty minutes The previous version of APE suffered from not having a good test strategy when changes were made Manual tests were ran to check the main features functioned correctly Prob lems occurred when Eclipse was updated with no specific tests in place the problem could not be quickly identified Therefore a testing strategy was devised to perform automatic and manual testing making use of SWTBot to provide this functionality A common framework was devised so that future tests can extend and reuse common components The installation of APE has been made easier with potential users now able to install using the update manager located within Eclipse This allows the user to specify a website that holds the plug in The installation is then performed automatically with the user not ha
62. SE the same term would stand for p X Y p X Z As this conversion is going from Gringo to LPARSE the conversion finds the pooled terms within the editor document and expands them into the format of p X Y Z p X X Z Expanding the terms like this would mean the same output would be given whether running through the solver clasp or SMODELS To identify pooled terms the regular expression below is used a zA Z C A Z A Z This checks for the following E At least one letter followed by an opening bracket 2 Possible spaces followed by a variable capital letter followed by possible spaces 3 Comma or semi colon followed by possible spaces 4 Another variable followed by spaces 5 Item 3 and 4 has to occur at least once 6 Closing bracket The converter locates a match in the document using the regular expression Each expanded term is then inserted into the document with the whole original line it was on in order to keep the context For example p X Y X Z male X female Y Z is initially expanded to p X Z Y male X female Y Z p X Z X male X female Y Z However as this contains multiple pooled terms the process carries on until there are no more matches After all matches have been found and expanded the following is left by the converter p X Z Y male X female Y p X Z Y male X female Z p X Z X male X female Y p X Z X male X female Z 50
63. Separator program File separator protected void runTests throws IOException super createNewProject super createNewFile super createNewConfiguration String files new File testDirectory list set UpConfiguration for String file files copyInputFile file setSaveFile file Sleep so it has time to write the file BOT sleep 2000 super deleteConfiguration super deleteFile super deleteProject protected void checkResults throws IOException String results new File resultsDirectory list String expected new File expectedDirectory list Assert assertArrayEquals expected results Now go through and check the actual content is equal 9pT for String res results BufferedReader resultReader new BufferedReader new FileReader new File resultsDirectory res BufferedReader expectedReader new BufferedReader new FileReader new File expectedDirectory res String resultLine String expectedLine D while resultLine null amp amp expectedLine null resultLine resultReader readLine expectedLine expectedReader readLine Assert assertEquals File res Expected expectedLine Got resultLine expectedLine resultLine resultReader close expectedReader close private void setUpConfiguration
64. String whole before newString after replaceInDocument matcher start matched length whole document As document is changing update the matcher matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document H 4 Auto Completion The following section documents the code in place to pro vide the content assistant in the editor as well as through the Predicate View H 4 1 File AtomProposalGenerator java patata OR A A K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse
65. THOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java lang annotation ElementType import java lang annotation Retention import java lang annotation RetentionPolicy import java lang annotation Target x Allows a nice way of representing the program argument The option is what x the program sees The description is for the gui and what the user sees x Additional defines whether any further fields depend upon this one author Rob Ibbotson QRetention RetentionPolicy RUNTIME Target ElementType FIELD public interface CommandLineSwitch String option default VIT String description default boolean additional default false H 2 Gringo This section shows some of the classes that comprise of the Gringo integration inside of APE These classes show how the framework is used Clasp although not included inside this chapter follows a similar methodology H 2 1 File stants java GringoProgramArgumentCon PRR ACCOR A A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the
66. a a a a a 85 C2 Nontfunctianal 86 D Installing APE 87 D 1 Update Site o sa goe s sori apaa kain a e e a a a a E a a S a 87 D 2 Supplied CD or Website 2 2 ee 87 E Implementation Screenshots 88 F Testing 91 F 1 Running The Tests 2 aaa e 91 F 1 1 Screencast a 91 r2 New Feature lole coi o aos a de e e ee Bad ke 92 G Predicate Completion Tests 93 Gal Base File ye me ig oh Hie a a eee a e 93 G 1 1 File puzzlel base lp ooo aaa e 93 G 2 New Predicate Declaration ee 94 G 2 1 File puzzlel_new lp oaaae 94 G 3 Previous Predicate Declaration 95 rra site e 95 ao ee ee ee ae a 95 a ae 95 A ere rene erent ere 97 be ee ee ee ee ee ek 97 eae worn we a oars hewn 98 ba A eee eee eva ee Ae ee 99 101 ee ee oe ee ee ee ee ea ee eee ee ee 102 a ose oe 102 eres 103 se 106 nasa 108 ee eee 109 a dnd ethene en eae 113 A thee eu mneee ern setae 114 a ene ones 114 A 115 ra 116 ee 117 rondando sad oe 118 ones i ae 118 ie oes Gee a 119 eee ene ee be See ee oe ob ele ee ee ee eee ee 120 ints Sey Sines ras 120 ae 121 recente 122 AEETI 124 DOTEE 125 vi H 3 6 File RemoveRestrictedNames jaVal o o 127 ER a ala eee o 128 a e e a 128 a ne 129 pic rd A e 130 robada 132 sa 133 ech ea A amp ae ae 135 he dik Os amp aie aS 136 AAA 137 ade ra 140 in a 141 Via ae Soe A a A 141 bad thee e ett e eR 144 H 4 13 File Predic
67. actArgumentContstants as the argument list class extends from it The launch configuration consists of a tab group managing multiple tabs Two of the tabs will always nearly be the input and common tabs However for the external program argument tab the tab can extend from AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab or AbstractMultipleFileArgumentsTab The user can then specify the argument list file with the whole user interface being generated at runtime It saves having to write hun dreds of lines of code managing the layout of controls as the framework generates it all at runtime for the user As a result very little code has to be written to generate the argument tab An example is the GringoArgumentsTab see Appendix H 2 2 page 115 5 4 2 Launch Configuration Type Each launch configuration has an associated launch delegate that facilitates the program running When the users runs the program the launch configuration is passed to the del egate which constructs the correct command line from the launch configuration as defined in the launch configuration tab For the delegate to be built correctly it must be aware of the elements in the launch configuration and what they correspond to To share information between the tab and the delegate a new abstract class AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate see Appendix page is provided The developer can extend from this passing in the argument list file When the launch configuration is passed from the tab the
68. al proposal if completionProp getDisplayString startsWith node name node children add new PredicateViewltem completionProp getDisplayString new ArrayList lt PredicateViewltem gt node true for ICompletionProposal proposal gen generateCurrentProposals file prefix offset hasBodySeperator CompletionProposal completionProp CompletionProposal proposal if completionProp getDisplayString startsWith node name node children add new PredicateViewltem completionProp getDisplayString new ArrayList lt PredicateViewltem gt node false return nodes toArray new PredicateViewltem nodes size imal private static List lt PredicateViewltem gt getHeadNodes LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator List lt PredicateViewltem gt nodes new ArrayList lt PredicateViewltem gt for IProposalGenerator gen nodeGenerators for ICompletionProposal proposal gen generatePredictedProposals file offset hasBodySeperator CompletionProposal completionProp CompletionProposal proposal nodes add new PredicateViewltem completionProp getDisplayString new ArrayList lt PredicateViewltem gt null true for ICompletionProposal proposal gen generateCurrentProposals file prefix offset hasBodySeperator CompletionProposal completionProp Completi
69. amConverter private static final String startRegex a zA A ES private static final String variable AZ private static final String variableSpaced HER variable x private static final String combinedVariable variableSpaced private static final String endRegex 5 variableSpaced Override public void convert ITextEditor editor IDocument document editor getDocumentProvider getDocument editor getEditorInput Matcher matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document while matcher find List lt String gt replacement matcher group if replacement size gt 0 buildReplacement replaceWithFull replacement document matcher start matcher end matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document GGT private String fullRegex private List lt String gt buildReplacement String group return startRegex combinedVariable endRegex List lt String gt newStrings new ArrayList lt String gt String start getStart group Going to bruce forsyth it List lt String gt constants new ArrayList lt String gt Find the constant first constants addAll getRegex group constants addAll getRegex group constants addAll getRegex
70. ap lt String AbstractArgumentConstants gt private int expandItemNumber 0 Override public abstract String getName Override public abstract void setDefaults ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy configuration Override public void createControl Composite parent ExpandBar bar new ExpandBar parent SWT V_SCROLL for String name fileList keySet super setArgumentConstantFile fileList get name Composite composite super createCompostiteControl bar createNextExpandItem bar composite name setControl bar Override public void initializeFrom ILaunchConfiguration configuration for String name fileList keySet super setArgumentConstantFile fileList get name super initializeFrom configuration private Expandltem createNextExpandItem ExpandBar bar Composite composite String text Expandltem item new ExpandItem bar SWI NONE expandItemNumber item setText text item setHeight composite computeSize SWI DEFAULT SWT DEFAULT y item setControl composite if expandItemNumber 0 item setExpanded true expandItemNumber 4 return item H 1 5 File AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab java 8 OR RAR ACCC OR AK x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under t
71. as discussed above This problem is caused by no suitable parser being implemented inside of APE for Gringo Although the grammar is known for Gringo it would have meant converting the program from C into a Java compatible parser This would have been a time consuming process This was not considered an option given the very small chance of the problem occurring If the user knows the program is correct then the syntax checking can be turned off 7 3 Further Work Further work could firstly be to look at the limitations outlined above As more incompat ibilities between LPARSE and Gringo are discovered then these could be added into APE Additionally if any new grounder with a different input language is added to APE then this should be added as a new conversion method One such example would be if DLV was added to APE then conversion between that and LPARSE could be performed Once it is in LPARSE then it could be converted into Gringo compatible syntax The idea is that there is one language that is the base that can then be converted into any language Work could then be done writing a compatible Java parser for Gringo At the moment any Gringo programs are using the LPARSE editor meaning that the program is being built into a LPARSE representation Although the languages are similar differences do occur meaning that syntax errors could be missed or wrongly identified by using the wrong editor This can be solved by writing a Java parser t
72. ased on semi naive evaluation Although it would be nice if APE supported every tool listed above it would be infeasible given the timescales of the project It was decided that support should definitely be added for the most popular Gringo and clasp For the other tools it was decided to not add support for them at this time within APE This was to allow implementation to focus more on specific IDE features as discussed in Section page Framework Gringo and clasp are the main tools that will be added into APE following user feedback However in future integration of other tools should be made as seamless as possible To allow for this a framework will be developed at the same time as integrating Gringo and clasp By ensuring a suitable framework is in place it will enable future developers of APE to rapidly add in new programs without having to worry about low level implementation details The framework will handle the difficult coding for the developer http www mat unical it dlv complex http krlab cs ttu edu marcy ezcsp index html http www cs uni potsdam de platypus http potassco sourceforge net http potassco sourceforge net labs html 25 Feature Count Predicate completion 9 Conversion between solvers 10 Debugging 7 Integration of dlv 2 Visualisation 7 Integration of Gringo clasp 5 Replacement of a rule by its grounding 2 Table 3 1 Most Desired Features 3 2 5 Feat
73. ateViewPredictedFilter javal E A A A es ue ee ges 145 eee Oe epg Be Bes a ae 145 cd Bie eden eer he anes e ee 146 Eso Mie Gea Sys Geeks nae Gy hs GH et me 148 vil List of Figures 2 1 A Logic Programming System GGS N o o o 5 2 2 Declarative Problem Solving in ASP GKK7 7 2 3 System Architecture Of Clasp GKS09 o o o 15 3 1 Experience With ASP o e 21 3 2 Editors Currently Used For ASP Development 22 3 3 ASP Tools Currently Used o o e o 24 4 1 Eclipse Architecture As Seen In RBO6 o 30 5 1 Tab Group Structure 42 5 2 Single File Arguments 2 20 20 0000 e 44 5 3 Multiple File Arguments 0 0 0 0 0002 eee ee ee 45 5 4 Conversion Options o o eaa ee 49 5 5 Predicate Completion Ordering 0 0 00000 ee eee 53 5 6 Predicate Completion Proposals 0 0 00000 ee eee 54 5 7 Predicate VieWl ee 55 5 8 Predicate View Options 2 2 a 55 6 1 Testing Plug in Structure ooo ee 59 E 1 New AnsProlog Project lt a 44 6 rca 40 40 hawk a eee EHR 88 E 2 Ney LPARSE Fil s jae cora A446 6 St aH od oe te ote eee ede te 89 E 3 Installing APE 0 e e 90 G 1 Predicate View Suggestions 2 o e 97 viii G 2 Auto Completion Suggestions o o a a 98 EEEE 98 decana TTIE 99 e eee hope one 99 Ou pve een ane oa
74. ation getAttribute field getName catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e if attribute null amp attribute equals return arguments arguments add attribute protected List lt String gt getSpinnerValues ILaunchConfiguration configuration Field field AbstractArgumentConstants constants List lt String gt arguments new LinkedList lt String gt int attribute 999 try attribute configuration getAttribute field getName 999 catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e if attribute 999 return arguments arguments add Integer toString attribute Je x Helper method to pipe output from one process to another Oparam ouput The process to read the ouptut from Oparam input The process to write the input to de JE RR CBE E protected void pipe Process output Process input BufferedReader reader new BufferedReader new InputStreamReader output getInputStream BufferedWriter writer new BufferedWriter new OutputStreamWriter input getOutputStream String line try while line reader readLine null writer write line writer newLine writer flush reader close writer close catch IOException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e Suppress Warnings unchecked
75. ax checking to find compile errors as well as being able to gener ate a dependency graph of the program being developed ASP is an emerging field with tools and programs being continually developed Since 2006 further tools such as AspViz SPOCK as well as Gringo and clasp have been developed APE does not provide any support to run these This dissertation aims to take the work done by Sureshkumar extending it to provide an IDE that is usable with the features most desired by potential users As ASP is still an emerging field the project does not aim to add support for every possible external program found in the domain Instead this project aims to produce an architecture that will allow future developers to quickly add programs in the future Supporting this methodology further the project aims to promote a testing strategy such that any future tools added will not cause existing features found within APE to break Previous development of APE has followed a evolutionary approach which Sommerville describes as interleaving the activities of specification development and valida tion However for this dissertation the approach was changed to use the more traditional waterfall model software process model Sommerville describes this as taking the funda mental activities of the project and representing them as separate process phases This process has been documented in the rest of the dissertation which follows the structure below Literat
76. ble capital letter followed by possible spaces 3 Possible comma followed by possible spaces followed by variable followed with spaces 5l 4 Semi colon followed by spaces followed by variable followed by spaces 5 Same as step 3 6 Closing bracket Using the same example as before see Section page the line p X Y X Z male X female Y Z would be expanded to the following using this converter p X Y male X female Y p X Y male X female Z p X Z male X female Y p X Z male X female Z 5 7 Auto Predicate Completion A feature requested by users was the ability to have suggestions presented to them whilst typing their program Using a content assister would allow for quicker development The Eclipse plug in developer guide describes the implementation of content assist as allowing context sensitive completion upon the user request Popup windows show the user the possible choices to complete a phrase with the user then able to select a choice for insertion into the document Contextual popups provide the user with proposals relevant to the current document cursor position For this project it was decided that contextual popups would be implemented to provide the user with relevant choices to the position in the document To do this a content assist processor LpasreContentAssistProcessor was added to the LPARSE editor Suggestions are presented to LPARSE and Gringo programs as both make use of the LPA
77. bol getSymbols file getAtomTable if symbol startsWith prefix common add symbol return common toArray new String common size protected List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateConstantPredictedProposals String prefixNamedAtoms String symbols String prefix int offset List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt for String common prefixNamedAtoms if common equals prefix proposals addAll makeFullBodyProposal symbols prefix common offset return proposals protected List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateConstantCurrentProposals String prefixNamedAtoms String symbols String prefix int offset List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt if prefix equals proposals addAll makeFullBodyProposal symbols prefix prefix offset return proposals protected List lt ICompletionProposal gt makeFullHeadProposal String symbols String prefix String replacement int offset return makeFullProposal symbols prefix replacement offset protected List lt ICompletionProposal gt makeFullBodyProposal String symbols String prefix String replacement int offset return makeFullProposal symbols prefix replacement offset protected List lt ICompletionProposal gt makeFullPro
78. can then be selected and installed onto the system following the prompts When Eclipse has restarted the AnsProlog perspective can be activated by going to the Window menu bar Then Open Perspective selecting AnsProlog APE is then ready to be used D 2 Supplied CD or Website Alternatively APE can be installed from the code supplied on the CD folder update site or from the website Copy or download this to your computer storing in a local folder This folder now contains all the same code found on the remote update site documented above In Eclipse the Install New Software wizard can be directed to point to a local update site Point it to the local folder and install it like above Alternatively the src folder found on the supplied CD or website can be compiled to build the correct JARs These can then be copied across to the Eclipse plug in directory However this method of installation is not favoured and one of the above methods should be used 87 Appendix E Implementation Screenshots In order to not break up the flow of the main dissertation body this chapter contains the screenshots referred to in chapter New Project Select a wizard ms Wizards type filter text Y 2 General Project Y 2 AnsProlog 2 New Project gt 3C C gt CVs gt 3 Drools gt 3 Guvnor gt Java gt amp Plug in Development gt 3 Examples lt Back Next gt Cancel Finish Figure E 1 New AnsProlog
79. ch as GIT are becoming increas ingly popular in the open source community SVN revolves around one repository with each client connecting to that one repository GIT on the other hand is a repository with each client having its own repository each with a user It is decentralised meaning people 38 can track their own edits locally without having to push things to an external server As APE in future may have multiple users contributing it was decided that GIT would be the best form of version control By hosting it on Githul it allows people to clone and work on their repository before merging the changes back in Github has the advantage of allowing SVN access to the GIT repositors This made it an easy choice as people have the choice of using SVN or GIT for developing APE 5 2 Improvements As documented before see Section 3 2 3 page 23 and Section 4 5 1 page 36 users initially trying APE had experienced difficulties getting it to function with the latest version of Eclipse Trying the existing code as supplied by Sureshkumar revealed the problems When trying to launch LPARSE or SMODELS through a launch shortcut in APE nothing would appear to happen A launch shortcut allows the user to run the program by right clicking in the editor or right clicking on a file and launching it Sureshkumar had only implemented the latter method no code was in place to allow launching within the editor Further no error message informed us
80. ckages giving an extra level of abstraction and a text editor allowing browsing to declaration and implementation From the two Prolog environments documented here it seems that adding support to APE to support searching for declarations and implementations of constants variables and atoms would be a worthwhile feature In addition code completion would be a useful feature for the IDE If the user has already defined a constant variable or atom then APE should recognise this and as such be helpful to the user by showing code completion possibilities 2 5 ASP Tools Many tools exist within the field of ASP The ones added to APE will be the most de sired from the community decided through means of a questionnaire Some of the more commonly used ASP tools are documented here http www google com http 11 2 5 1 DLV DLV is a system for disjunctive data log with constraints true negation 4 la Gelfond amp Lifschitz and queries FP The DLV system supports disjunctive logic programming where a program may contain disjunction in the head of rules and negation in the body LPF 06 Baral explains that the DLV system processes the input program in several steps Firstly it converts it to an internal representation then it converts it to a program without variables In the next step possible answer sets are computed with these answer sets going through post processing according to the front end Currently APE does not
81. class GringoLaunchConfigurationTabGroup extends AbstractLaunchConfigurationTabGroup Override public void createTabs ILaunchConfigurationDialog dialog String mode ILaunchConfigurationTab tabs new ILaunchConfigurationTab new InputFilesConfigurationTab new GringoArgumentsTab new CommonTab setTabs tabs H 2 5 File GringoLaunchShortcut java PRR A a aK K k k K K K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform x Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch AbstractLaunchShortcut x Launch shortcut for gringo so it can be launched from the editor by right x clicking x auth
82. cle are Unit Testing Unit testing is the first stage of testing Szeder says the benefit is that it allows developers to detect bugs early on in the development process All individual components are tested leading onto integration testing One such unit testing framework that exists for Java is JUnit As described by Wick et al in WSWO05 JUnit has a number of fundamental concepts Each test case is a Java class that consists of one or more test methods Each method tests some particular aspect of the Java class being tested Multiple test cases can be structured so that they are part of a test suite 35 Problems are faced when unit testing is performed User interfaces are not easily testable as well as mistakes made in the construction of the actual tests A common pitfall faced is when tests are too simple meaning complex paths throughout the system are not tested Integration Testing Following on from unit testing it is common for integration testing to be performed As all the individual components of the system have been tested they then need to be tested so that the interaction between components is correct The interfaces that make up the communication between components have to be tested to ensure that the design is met Regression Testing Another stage of the test cycle is regression testing These tests are usually ran after integration tests The tests aim to find errors in the system after changes have been made to the pr
83. d in the launcher found in the LPARSE plug in As a result these arguments are repeated in both the interface and the launcher This is not maintainable and if LPARSE changes then changes have to be made in two locations As part of the new framework to be developed see Section 4 2 page 33 this will be resolved however it will not be suitable to have separate core and UI components Therefore the original APE plug ins will be refactored leaving four from the original seven The resulting plug ins will be a combination resulting in e uk ac bath cs asp ide e uk ac bath cs asp ide dependencygraphs e uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse e uk ac bath cs asp ide smodels This refactoring provides a clearer structure as well as enabling the launcher and interface to share the same components Of course this dissertation is aiming to provide new and usable features for the potential users Therefore to keep the same pattern three new plug ins will be added to the feature of APE These will be e uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo e uk ac bath cs asp ide clasp e uk ac bath cs asp ide testing Installation All the plug ins documented above combine together to create a feature A feature provides the branding of the plug ins bringing together a group of related plug ins that install and get updated together Of course this is the whole project known as AnsProlog Program ming Environment APE The feature project already exists and can be found under t
84. delegate knows all about the arguments obtaining the list of possibilities through reflection again Dependencies are 45 figured out with the command line having the correct information following the additional flag on the annotation The framework allows a much cleaner extendable interface with the argument list be ing reused By using the AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate in combination with AbstractArgumentConstants and CommandLineSwitch the programmer can significantly cut down the amount of code needed to implement the tool into APE 5 4 3 Launch Shortcuts A launch shortcut allows users to launch the program quicker than going through the Run Configurations dialog When a shortcut is clicked a default launch configuration is created or re used if it already exists Two methods of launching are possible 1 Right clicking in the editor and launching from the context menu 2 Finding the file you wish to launch in the navigator right clicking and launching from there Ultimately both methods follow the same code path but the information at the start is gathered slightly differently such as how to know which file it needs to be launched for Between tools the process is exactly the same with every program launching in the same manner that is passing it to its delegate The framework allows developers to extend AbstractLaunchShortcut see Appendix H 1 3 page 106 It means that a launch shortcut for each program can be implemen
85. den cies a message box is now presented to the user whenever the program path has not been set Other improvements made to APE were to create a specific project and file creation wizard https github com Repository can be found at git github com robibbotson APE git 39 for AnsProlog projects Previously a general project and text file had to be created for any development within APE This was confusing to users as time was spent looking for the APE wizard which did not exist Therefore one of the first things implemented for this dissertation was to implement the wizard as can be seen in Appendices page 88 and E 2 page 89 The new file wizard automatically appends a Ip extension to the filename if one has not been specified by the user By having these wizards it ensures greater clarity for users of APE 5 3 Installation In order to facilitate easy installation for users an update site was created This allows the user to connect to a websitd within Eclipse to install the plug in An example showing the installation wizard can be seen in Appendix E 3 page Previously installation required the user to do the majority of the work The user was responsible for placing the correct Java ARchives JARs into Eclipse s plug in folder This method is tiresome and can lead to errors if done incorrectly With the new method the chances of incorrect installation of APE are reduced Future updates are easily installed Once in
86. dify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile Je x Proposals based on variables Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class VariableProposalGenerator extends ProposalGenerator Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generatePredictedProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt String symbols file getVariableTable getSymbols for String common super get PrefixNamedAtoms prefix file if common equals prefix if hasBod
87. e e Basic functionality already provided by Eclipse e Multi platform support as Eclipse is written in Java e Proven history of successful plug ins built on Eclipse architecture As much previous work had been done by Sureshkumar changing the architecture was not even considered By changing the architecture it would have meant time was spent repeating and re implementing the work done by Sureshkumar albeit using different tools Given the timescale no new features would have been added providing no benefit to the overall goal of developing a suitable IDE for users of ASP 4 1 1 Eclipse Plug ins In order to understand how APE fits together the plug in architecture of Eclipse must be understood Rivieres and Beaton RB06 describe the Eclipse platform in great detail Apart from a small kernel called the platform runtime all of Eclipse s functionality is found 29 Eclipse Platform Workspace Platform Runtime Figure 4 1 Eclipse Architecture As Seen In RB06 located inside plug ins The structure can be seen in Figure 4 1 Multiple plug ins interact with Eclipse s core seven plug ins The platform runtime then brings them altogether to be the application known as Eclipse A typical Eclipse plug in consists of e Java code in a Java ARchive JAR e Read only files e Resources such as images e A manifest The manifest is the way a plug in declares how it interconnects to other plug ins This is managed through extension po
88. e person a b c Each person is either knight or knave but not both 1 knight P knave P 1 person P Rest of the rules model the hints Hint 1 If A tells the truth both B and C are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knight a If A lies it is not possible that they are both knights knave a knight b knight c Hint 2 If B tells the truth A is a knave and C is a knight 2 knave a knight c 2 knight b If B lies it is not possible that A is knave and C is knight knave b knave a knight c knight G 4 Variable Predicate Declaration G 4 1 File puzzlel_variable lp puzzle1 lp Knights and Knaves author Tommi Syrj nen Raymond Smullyan presents the following puzzle in his book Forever Undecided 95 The Island of Knights and Knaves has two types of inhabitants knights who always tell the truth and knaves who always lie One day three inhabitants A B and C of the island met a foreign tourist and gave the following information about themselves 1 A said that Band C are both knights 2 B said that A is a knave and C is a knight What types are A B and C There are three persons in this puzzle person a b c Each person is either knight or knave but not both 1 knight P knave P 1 person P Rest of the rules model the hints Hint 1 If A tells the truth both B and C
89. e and less powerful classes However Bloch does state that it is far easier to evolve an abstract class than an interface As the framework is new and likely to evolve it was decided that for this project abstract classes would be favoured with any methods that the client needing to implement being declared abstract in the abstract class Additionally interfaces can be added later as the framework develops if there is a justifiable reason for the client needing them 4 3 Conversion The most desired feature from the requirements gathering was the ability for users to auto matically switch between different solvers Given the scope of the project the requirements narrowed it down to converting from Gringo to LPARSE and vice versa As discussed in Section page differences exist between the input languages between Gringo and LPARSE To solve this problem there are two possible solutions that stand out The first possible option is to parse the LPARSE program into the internal model representation within APE This then enables easy checking of the program to spot any incompatibilities between the model and what is acceptable Gringo syntax However a problem occurs with this method when converting back the other way from Gringo to LPARSE No functionality exists to convert to internal Gringo representation This of course poses a problem as this model cannot then be analysed to spot incompatible LPARSE syntax The alternative method is to use r
90. e future Given the timescale and scope of this project not all tools will be added into APE For future development work a regression framework would be useful The different regressions that may occur are documented as well as how these can be tested and what tools exist in order to develop a good testing framework Finally documented is the different techniques needed to evaluate the interface design For acceptance by the community a good user interface is a must If the tool is good to use then people are likely to stick by the tool otherwise they will carry on using existing methods By now understanding the paradigm of ASP as well as the methodologies currently in use a tool can be developed APE that will provide a methodology to support these 18 Chapter 3 Requirements In order to provide a successful system requirements must be identified early on in the project Sommerville describes requirements elicitation as the process of deriv ing the system requirements through observation of existing systems Requirements are a vital part of the project with Goguen and Linde describing projects failing because of inadequate requirements The functional requirements define the behaviour that APE should provide These include new features to be implemented as well as improvements to existing features in APE Constraints of the system also known as non functional require ments are thought about and documented This chapter does not ai
91. ed on what the user has just typed Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public interface IProposalGenerator public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generatePredictedProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateCurrentProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator H 4 3 File LparseContentAssistProcessor java patata total A A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse import org eclipse j
92. egular expressions to scan the file and to spot the in compatibilities Action can then be taken to convert from Gringo to LPARSE This is the approach that will be taken in order to ensure consistency between both methods added to APE 4 4 Predicate Completion A new feature to be implemented learnt through the requirements process is that users would like automatic predicate completion This is a common feature found in many IDEs and makes the programmer s life a lot easier The most appropriate choice to implement this would be to have it as a keyboard shortcut To keep it consistent with the Eclipse Java content assist processor the control key and space bar should be pressed to pop up a small dialog box inline showing all the possible suggestions to the user Upon pressing the shortcut the possible predicates are displayed for the user to choose from The possibilities could be facts constants variables or predicate names The choices for the user to choose from are two pronged The first choices are based on the letters typed and then the possible choices from previous declarations Secondly the choices are based on what the user has typed as being the full predicate name The choices then presented 34 to the user are the possible constants or variables Additionally it was decided that a predicate view should be implemented into APE This was designed to be implemented as an Eclipse standard view window A view window is a panel i
93. ementation The scenario set out above is common with every external program having program argu ments that the user can specify Each argument can be thought as having two components Firstly there is the actual option that the program understands followed by the human readable description describing what the option does In the case of APE the arguments of a program are used in two places the delegate and the tab which allows the user to specify the arguments Previously in the cases of LPARSE and SMODELS a list of arguments were hardcoded in both the delegate and tab If any were added or changed in future then it would have had to be done in two places not very maintainable code The framework set out to solve this problem It was decided to allow the user to specify a list of program arguments in one file From this the tab group and delegate would be produced If any were added or changed in future then updating the one list would be reflected in both the tab interface and delegate For each program argument the user may choose to enable the option This is represented in the user interface tab as a checkbox Specifically in the code it is a Button with type of SWT Check However dependencies occur with arguments for example if the user enables a option they may need to enter a number or type some text to be more specific The framework handles this possibility allowing dependencies to be added and still automatically generated for the use
94. enuManager add currentFilterAction root MenuManager add predictedFilterAction root MenuManager add autoExpandAction private void makeActions makeDoubleClickAction makeFilterActions makeAutoExpandAction private void makeAutoExpandAction autoExpandAction new Action Auto expand autoExpandAction setChecked true private void makeFilterActions currentFilterAction new Action Do not suggest from previous predicates public void run E currentFilterAction setChecked false updateFilter currentFilterAction predictedFilterAction new Action Do not show from current public void run predictedFilterAction setChecked false updateFilter predictedFilterAction 6ET private void updateFilter Action action if action currentFilterAction adjustFilterState action isChecked currentFilter if action predictedFilterAction adjustFilterState action isChecked predictedFilter private void adjustFilterState boolean checked ViewerFilter filter if checked else viewer addFilter filter viewer removeFilter filter private void makeDoubleClickAction doubleClickAction new Action public void run ISelection selection viewer getSelection Object obj IStructuredSelection selection getFi
95. erenceStore public void createFieldEditors addField new FileFieldEditor GringoPreferenceConstants GRINGO PROGRAM PATH Program Location getFieldEditorParent public void init IWorkbench workbench H 3 Conversion This section shows some of the classes responsible for the con version between the programs It provides the functionality to convert from LPARSE to Gringo and Gringo to LPARSE H 3 1 File AbstractProgramConverter java PRR OR ACA K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software x Foundation either version 2 of the License your option any later version or at x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import java util List import java util regex Matcher import java ut
96. erences TEclipsePreferences import org eclipse core runtime preferences InstanceScope import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfiguration import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo GringoPlugin import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch constants GringoProgramArgumentConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo preferences GringoPreferenceConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate The delegate that runs gringo Gets all the arguments and what the user chose x from the run configuration then builds the command line before running in a separate process x author Rob Ibbotson public class GringoLaunchConfigurationDelegate extends AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate Override public List lt String gt getProgramArguments ILaunchConfiguration configuration List lt String gt arguments new LinkedList lt String gt add the input files arguments addAll getInputFiles configuration GringoProgramArgumentConstants gringoConstants new GringoProgramArgumentConstants for Field field getFields gringoConstants getClass arguments addAll getFieldValue configuration field gringoConstants return arguments H 2 4 File Override public String getProgramLocation IEclipsePreferences node new InstanceScope get Node GringoPlugin PLUGIN_ID final String program node get
97. ers that it had not been implemented and no exception was thrown leading users wondering what was wrong This problem was fixed by changing LPARSE and SMODELS to use the new framework launch shortcut as discussed in Section page 1 Other problems encountered were problems when the program location of LPARSE and or SMODELS were not set The program is launched as an external process so the file path to that program has to be specified This is set within the preferences inside APE If it is not set then APE cannot launch the program However again no error message is given if the program path has not been set and the program is launched leading to APE hanging When inspecting the code it was clear why no error message was given Taking the case of LPARSE the code had been split into two projects uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse and uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse ui corresponding to the core and user interface com ponents of LPARSE Informing the user that the program path has not been set is only applicable when the program is launched However the launch delegate which launches the program is located within the core plug in meaning there is no access to the user interface components As a result no error message can be presented to the user at least not in a nice graphical manner To solve this the changes to the structure as documented in Section 4 1 2 page 31 were made As uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse will have the correct user interface depen
98. erter extends AbstractProgramConverter private static final String startRegex a zA ace aa ot es private static final String variable A Z J private static final String variableSpaced ZOUE TE variable x private static final String combinedVariable variableSpaced variableSpaced x private static final String semiColon combinedVariable combinedVariable private static final String endRegex PNA S Override public void convert ITextEditor editor IDocument document editor getDocumentProvider getDocument editor getEditorInput Matcher matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document while matcher find List lt String gt replacement buildReplacement matcher group replaceWithFull replacement document matcher start matcher end matcher getMatcher fullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document private String fullRegex private List lt String gt buildReplacement String group return startRegex semiColon endRegex List lt String gt newStrings new ArrayList lt String gt String start getStart group Matcher matcher getMatcher combinedVariable group String found while matcher find mm found matcher group LGI found found substring 0 found len
99. es The program runs without error Program run without path A launch configuration is made and ran without the path being set in the preferences A mes sage dialog should inform the user that the pro gram cannot run as no program location path has been set Syntax highlighting Changes made to the syntax highlighting are re flected in the visible editor Table 6 4 Preference Tests 6 4 2 Platform Compatibility amp Installation Part of the reason for developing APE as an Eclipse plug in originally was so it could be run on any platform due to running on Java Although it should be cross platform compatible tests were still carried out ensuring no incompatibilities within APE were encountered Test Case Expected Result Installation Installing from the update site causes no prob lems with all features of APE present Uninstallation APE is removed from the system correctly with no trace left Table 6 5 Installation Tests APE was installed through the update site onto the following operating systems e Windows XP e Windows 7 e Mac OS X 10 6 e Linux Ubuntu 9 10 Following the installation on each operating system the corresponding external programs were installed on the host system After that the automatic test suite was ran as well as the 64 manual tests documented in this section With no problems being encountered it provided assurance that APE is platform independent 6 4 3 Predicate View amp
100. eveloped see Section 2 3 pagel6 User Queries Answers Application independent inference procedure Facts Conclusions Knowledge base Figure 2 1 A Logic Programming System 2 2 1 Parts of a Program Syrj nen states that there are four parts of a logic program constants variables atoms and rules Constants Constants can be either numerical or symbolic They are the individual things that exist in the problem domain universe Symbolic constants normally begin with a lower case letter e g foo bar 2 3 a Variables Variables usually begin with a capital letter Unlike other forms of programming no value is assigned to the variable The underling engine assigns the correct values or substitutes the constants in the correct place of the variable e g X Bar Foo Atoms An atom consists of a predicate symbol followed by a parenthesised list of con stants or variable Atoms are used to express relationships between constants e g parent rob brian This atom may say that Rob is Brian s parent An atom is boolean that is to say its value is either true or false Rules Rules allow inferences to be made based on the predicate A rule consists of a head and body In formal notation the rule is written as head body whilst in program ming notation it is written as head body An example of a rule is sibling X Y parent Z X parent Z Y which tells us that X and Y are siblings if they have the same parent 2 3 Ans
101. evious version of the system Rothermel et al gives a definition as Regression testing is an expensive testing process used to revalidate software as it evolves 4 5 1 APE Tests Potential users of the system have already been put off from using APE due to incompat ibilities encountered with APE see Section page 23 Having tests in place would have identified this Due to the limited time it would not be suitable to devise tests for all three test cycles above Instead a hybrid approach of unit testing and regression testing was adopted Implementing any testing strategy comes with an associated development cost For a large project this cost can be thought of as a temporary short term cost especially when the application will evolve The time cost spent will be recuperated in the long term when the system is large and tests will pick up many errors For a smaller development project the cost is much harder to recover The project may not evolve with the time spent devising tests not being recovered in the long term This was a consideration for this project Given the limited timescale in place then the time spent devising tests may be better adding new features Likewise not having enough test coverage may mean that the APE is full of bugs frustrating users Therefore the project aimed to strike a balance between good tests and the time spent developing them As mentioned above the right mix of testing had to be implemented The unit tests
102. expected results of these tests can visually be seen in Appendix G 5 page 65 Test Case Expected Result Predicate view cursor at end of list ings and filters off All suggestions should be presented to the user The suggestions should be ex panded so the predicate name is the node of the tree with all the possibilities being children The possibilities should include options from previous as well as predi cates just typed The suggestions should have all the previous defined constants and variables as possibilities Predicate view cursor at end of list ings and no auto expansion filter on The results should be the same as the first test However the children in the tree view should not be visible Instead it should just be the name of predicates Predicate view cursor at end of list ings and current pred icate filter on The suggestions should be the same as above However no previously defined predicates should be suggested Instead suggestions should be made for the predi cate the user has just typed The sugges tions should suggest constants and vari ables Predicate view cursor at end of listings and previous predicate filter on Same as above apart from only previous predicate suggestions should be visible Double clicking Double clicking on any item in the true should insert the predicate into the editor at the cursor position Table 6 7 Predicate View Te
103. f requirements to be drawn up as seen in Appendix C Improvements that could be made to the previous version of APE were iden tified Responses indicated that APE did not work due to new versions of Eclipse causing incompatibilities Further users who had heard of APE did not use it as APE did not provide the features they needed APE is implemented as a set of plug in projects for the Eclipse platform This methodology allows APE to interact with other Eclipse plug ins to use features such as source control and build script support In addition as Eclipse is a Java program the Java Virtual Machine JVM provides multi platform support meaning APE can be run on any operating system where the JVM can be ran The dissertation did not consider changing this implementation method as otherwise the project would have been repeating Sureshkumar s work albeit in 69 a different way Instead the dissertation extended upon the previous work and provided more functionality into APE e New framework to facilitate easy adding of external programs into APE Automatic program argument generation tab Simple delegate generation for program arguments Simple shortcut for launching the program Launching Gringo and clasp using the new framework Automatic unit and regression testing framework New AnsProlog file wizard e Conversion between the language of LPARSE and Gringo Automatic predicate completion Content assist within the LPAR
104. face text BadLocationException jface text IDocument import org eclipse jface text ITextViewer import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import org eclipse jface text contentassist IContentAssistProcessor import org eclipse jface text contentassist IContextInformation import org eclipse jface text contentassist IContextInformationValidator import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseParser 3 import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile x Provides the implementation for the auto completion proposals for lparse source files The main setup for this is provided in the LparseSourceViewerConfiguration file author Rob Ibbotson public final class LparseContentAssistProcessor implements IContentAssistProcessor TET private static List lt IProposalGenerator gt generators new ArrayList lt IProposalGenerator gt static generators add new AtomProposalGenerator generators add new NumericConstantProposalGenerator generators add new SymbolProposalGenerator generators add new VariableProposalGenerator public LparseContentAssist Processor public ICompletionProposal computeProposals IDocument document int offset List lt IProposalGenerator gt generators final List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionP
105. framework can be used to add any new ASP programs in the future A key part of the IDE is the benefit of running external programs within it The framework facilitates this implementation Any new program can easily be added to be run within APE However the programs to be added should be driven from user feedback Adding every possible tool could make the interface clunky and unusable Instead the most desired programs should be added into APE This feedback could be gathered from interview sessions discussions and even more questionnaires However interviews and observation sessions could be the most useful as they allow the most interaction between the interviewer and interviewee Testing has also been added into APE Automatic testing is performed by the tool SWTBot This runs as if it is the user clicking through all the options like the user would in order to perform the test These tests perform both unit and regression tests This helps to identify individual components as well as checking between versions of APE However given the time constraints in the project not all features found within APE could have tests written for them Instead manual tests complemented the automatic ones Work could be done to ensure that the automatic tests are written for all features to give good test code coverage Work can also be done to change the way that SWTBot is ran Currently tests are ran within Eclipse However SWTBot has the feature so that it can be
106. fset lt document getLength amp amp document getChar offset n offset return offset protected void replaceWithFull List lt String gt replacements Document document int startPos int endPos StringBuffer buffer new StringBuffer int startOfLine startPos int endOfLine endPos String previous String suffix try startOfLine getLineStart document startPos endOfLine getLineEnd document endPos previous document get startOfLine startPos startOfLine suffix document get endPos endOfLine endPos catch BadLocationException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e for String replace replacements String newString previous replace suffix System getProperty line separator buffer append newString replaceInDocument startOfLine endOfLine startOfLine buffer toString document File AbstractProgramConverter Ac tion java GGL patata ROA A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY
107. ftware Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java io BufferedReader import java io BufferedWriter import java io IOException import java io InputStreamReader import java io OutputStream Writer import java lang reflect Field import java util LinkedList import java util List import org eclipse core runtime CoreException import org eclipse core runtime IProgressMonitor import org eclipse debug core ILaunch import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfiguration import org eclipse debug core model ILaunchConfigurationDelegate import org eclipse debug core model RuntimeProcess import org eclipse swt SWI import org eclipse swt widgets Button import org eclipse swt widgets Display import org eclipse swt widgets MessageBox import org eclipse swt widgets Spinner import org eclipse swt widgets Text import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin x An abstract
108. functions provided by the environment DMS84 Eclipse has become the dominant IDE for Java Gee05 Geer states that the power of Eclipse is due to being inexpensive whilst being a common platform that different tools can be integrated with Applying the same principles to APE will hopefully allow it to become widely accepted by the community APE will come pre packaged with a variety of ASP tools based on user feedback However like Eclipse it must allow different tools to be added at a later date By doing this it will allow it to stay future proof As the aim for this project is to build upon APE it is pointless to talk about ways other than Eclipse that an IDE for ASP could have been developed Instead we will focus on the Eclipse plug in framework then what APE provides before looking at other IDE s in the logic field 2 4 1 Eclipse Plug in The Eclipse platform developer guide states that the whole Eclipse platform is structured as a core runtime engine with a set of additional features that are installed as platform plug ins Plug ins contribute by adding functionality to pre defined extension points The plug in identifies what extension points should be used In addition the plug in provides a manifest file MANIFEST MF that describes the packaging and prerequisites It also provides a plug in manifest plugin xm1 that describes the extensions the plug in is defining APE was first developed in 2006 Since then the Eclipse p
109. gS Aye ate Eve A 48 0 1 Process cos a She Po Bee Bae e ek eg a tk Pe ee 48 5 6 2 Gringo to Lparse 2 2 2 ee 49 kA he Manin eee gs Genk ds gs Oe amp Gee eh a 51 cenar a de 52 5 7 1 Predicate View ee 53 5 8 Summary acae e ati ana Ra a a b a aTe ee 55 6 Testing 57 6 1 Test Environment 57 6 11 Automatic Wests lt sep e A ER ee 2 57 6 1 2 Manual Tests 2 0 20 0 0 2 ee ee 58 E Gee ee aes Boe te A eee ek 58 6 3 Automatic Testing eoa ee 60 6 3 1 Project Tests 2 2 2 ee es 60 6 3 2 External Program Testing 0 0200005200 e 60 6 3 3 Conversion Between Solvers 0000000004 62 See e ew ae ae Bae Re ee ee 63 6 4 Manual Testing 2 a ee 63 6 4 1 Preference Dialog o e ee ee 63 pu A de ees 64 rn 65 A a A A Be we oe ne a Be ge 67 6 5 1 Framework To Add New Features 0 67 6 5 2 Support for Gringo and Claspl o e 67 Dr o a Oe hoe eS 67 A a ee DeSoto ee a ee ad 68 6 5 5 Regression Testing Ability ooa aa a 22200 68 6 5 6 User Friendly o o e 68 7_ Conclusions 69 A Project SumMary dew macia ca e E A aa AA 69 1 2 Vim tations 2 eiro s a em dr a a ee ES 71 13 Further Work ee 71 LA SUMMARY seraa Ge A OR eee We Seat ate eka ee 73 Bibliography 78 79 B Questionnaire Results 81 C Requirements Specification 85 Cl Functional s s sre s a sanes apa pha aka o
110. gs of the 9th In ternational Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning LPNMR 07 Tempe AZ USA volume 4483 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence pages 31 43 Springer 2007 Joshua Bloch Effective Java 2nd Edition Prentice Hall 2008 Owen Cliffe Marina De Vos Martin Brain and Julian Padget Aspviz Declar ative visualisation and animation using answer set programming In ICLP 08 Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Logic Programming pages 724 728 Berlin Heidelberg 2008 Springer Verlag Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel The birth of prolog In HOPL I The second ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages pages 37 52 New York NY USA 1993 ACM Press Eric Clayberg and Dan Rubel Eclipse Plug ins 3rd Edition Addison Wesley Professional 2008 Norman M Delisle David E Menicosy and Mayer D Schwartz Viewing a programming environment as a single tool In SDE 1 Proceedings of the first ACM SIGSOFT SIGPLAN software engineering symposium on Practical 74 DV09 Ecl09 FGP 85 FP GB10 Gee05 GG85 GKK GKO 09 GKS09 GL8s software development environments pages 49 56 New York NY USA 1984 ACM Press Marina De Vos Answer set programming lecture slides December 2009 Avail able from http www cs bath ac uk jap CM30174 Slides asp pdf Eclipse Platform plug in developer guide 2009 Available from
111. gth 1 trim newStrings add start found For the final case different reg expression matcher getMatcher combinedVariable A group matcher find found matcher group found found substring 1 found length 1 trim newStrings add start found return newStrings private String getStart String group Matcher matcher getMatcher startRegex group matcher find return matcher group H 3 6 File RemoveRestrictedNames java patata ROA A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import java util regex Matcher
112. h In addition a delegate is specified that performs the launch for the specific launch type org eclipse debug ui launchConfigurationTabGroups For a program to be launched the configuration has to be specified by the user This extension point allows the program configuration to be specified within the Run Configurations dialog found within Eclipse org eclipse debug ui launchConfigurationTypelmages For the launch configuration type an image can be associated This is shown in the Run Configurations dialog as well as when the program is launched through a shortcut org eclipse debug ui launchShortcuts A launch shortcut allows the program to be launched within the editor by right clicking Alternatively the file can be right clicked in the navigator pane and launched The above extensions are what a typical external program project implements within APE It was decided to leave the preference page and image out of the framework due to being extremely simple to implement Instead the other three extensions were concentrated on to produce a framework that allows for simple implementation 5 4 1 Launch Configuration Tab Group Background The external program is typically ran in APE through the Run Configurations inter face In this dialog the user picks the external program that they wish to run The user is then presented with a range of tabs which can be clicked through building the launch configuration All the options picked on the
113. he terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software OTT Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA AOAC ACR kk kek a ak ae package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java lang reflect Field import java util HashMap import java util Map import org eclipse core runtime CoreException import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfiguration import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy import org eclipse debug ui AbstractLaunchConfigurationTab import org eclipse swt SWT import org eclipse swt events ModifyEvent import org eclipse swt events ModifyListener import org eclipse swt events SelectionAdapter import org eclipse swt events SelectionEvent import org eclipse swt layout GridData import org eclipse swt layout GridLayout import org eclipse swt widgets Button import org eclipse swt widgets Composite import org eclipse swt widgets Control import org ec
114. he name uk ac bath cs asp ide feature At the moment this feature is installed by dragging and dropping the JARs into the plug in directory located inside the Eclipse install folder This is not user friendly and is something that will be changed in order to ensure APE is as easy to install as possible 32 A new update site project called uk ac bath cs asp ide updatesite will be created wrap ping around the feature to allow users to install the plug in by connecting to a website that will install or update APE In addition the feature will be able to periodically keep checking upon the website to inform the user when an update is available This will alert users to new features that may be available in the future This is a much easier method than having to download then drag and drop files each time a user wishes to install a new update 4 2 Developer Framework A new framework is going to be developed that will allow future tools to be integrated into APE much more easily In order to do this existing tools were analysed to understand how they were implemented This allowed identification of shared components that could be reused APE currently consists of two external tools LPARSE and SMODELS Both tools within APE enable the launching of an external tool This is exactly what will need to be done when Gringo and clasp are added into APE However future tools may be added so it made sense to develop a framework to allow future features to be
115. he predicate view Easy parsing to a predicate view x item Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateViewContentProvider extends ArrayContentProvider implements ITreeContentProvider Override public Object getChildren Object parentElement return PredicateViewltem parentElement getChildren Override Tvl public Object getParent Object element Override public boolean hasChildren Object element return PredicateViewltem element getParent return getChildren element length gt 0 H 4 10 File PredicateViewCurrentFilter java PRR k ak aK k RA A K K APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA
116. heir computer Further usability has been improved by refactoring the projects All have access to user interface components which means meaningful error messages can be presented to the user An example of this is when a program location has not been set 68 Chapter 7 Conclusions The aim of the dissertation was to extend upon the work done by Sureshkumar Research has been performed asking potential users for the features they desire Additionally the project has aimed to make future development for APE easier This chapter documents what has been achieved during the course of the dissertation the significance of the work performed as well as any future improvements to the project identified 7 1 Project Summary The scope of the project was identified early on in the project Given the limited time and resources available the requirements elicitation process was limited to the distribution of an online questionnaire to potential users This was used to collate the thoughts of the ASP community With more resources available other requirements gathering processes could have been considered For example having face to face consultations or demonstration systems would have provided a greater understanding of how APE could be used The response rate from the questionnaire was 37 Although low seventeen responses were received giving indication that enough people were interested to make the project worthwhile These responses enabled a set o
117. here k 0 and m n in the context of the literal formula above Section 2 3 page 6 7 De Vos IDVO09 defines the Gelfond Lifschitz transformation as Let P be a logic program and M a set of atoms The GL reduct P is obtained by e Removing each rule with some negative literal not a in the body such that a e M e Remove all negative literals from remaining rules If the answer set S of the reduced program is S after reduction then 5 is an answer set of the original non reduced program Example program a b bi c not d d not c Trying S a b c d a b bi crnot d Answer set S a b S S therefore not an answer set of the original program Trying S a b c a b bi c not d Answer set S a b c S S therefore an answer set of the original program The full answer sets for the example program are a b c and a b d 2 3 1 AnsProlog vs Prolog AnsProlog was born as a declarative alternative to Prolog Bar03 Baral de scribes the differences as Positioning of rules in AnsProlog does not matter Prolog processes literals from left to right and top to bottom In AnsProlog the ordering of literals does not matter a program is considered a set of AnsProlog rules The cut operator is not present in AnsProlog The cut operator in Prolog is a goal that cannot be backtracked past It is used to stop extra solutions being found or additional calcu
118. hitecture will be implemented to perform common tasks that all tests may have to share 37 Chapter 5 Detailed Design and Implementation The previous chapter identified ways in which the system should be designed in order for the requirements as outlined in Section 3 to be successfully implemented This chapter documents how these have been implemented as well as the further design choices faced along the way 5 1 Approach APE is licensed under the General Public Licensd GPL This type of licence explicitly declares that users can freely run copy change develop and improve the software Mod ifying and improving APE will not infringe upon this licence APE will continue to be licensed under the GPL to allow future developers the same freedom The version of APE produced by Sureshkumar was hosted on the Knowledge Representation and Reasoning KRR websitd Jat the university As with all software projects the first stage was to add the existing code into a version control system making use of the advantages that this provides Ruparelia describes in that one main advantage of version control is that it en ables developers to keep historical versions of source code and project files that are under development with the ability to retrieve past versions A variety of choices exist with two of the most common being concurrent versions system CVS and subversion SVN As Ruparelia explains distributed version control systems su
119. hould have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java io File import java util Arrays import java util LinkedList import java util List import org eclipse core resources IFile import org eclipse core resources IResource import org eclipse core runtime CoreException import org eclipse debug core DebugPlugin import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfiguration import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfigurationType import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy import org eclipse debug core ILaunchManager import org eclipse debug ui ILaunchShortcut import org eclipse jface viewers ISelection import org eclipse jface viewers IStructuredSelection import org eclipse ui I EditorInput import org eclipse ui IEditorPart import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin String fileName adapter getFullPath toOSString x Abstract class to allow clients implementing an easy String fullPath workspaceLocation fileName way to launch a program launch Arrays asList fullPath x To be used with link AbstractLaunchConfigurationDelegate to launch the x program This shortcut allows launching from the private void launch List lt String gt inputFiles LOT protected
120. icial intelligence pages 1594 1597 AAAI Press 2008 Nicola Leone Gerald Pfeifer Wolfgang Faber Thomas Eiter Georg Gottlob Simona Perri and Francesco Scarcello The dlv system for knowledge repre sentation and reasoning ACM Trans Comput Logic 7 3 499 562 2006 Dana Nourie Getting started with an integrated development environment ide 2005 nttp java sun com developer technicalArticles tools intro html Viera K Proulx Test driven design for introductory oo programming In SIGCSE 09 Proceedings of the 40th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education pages 138 142 New York NY USA 2009 ACM Jenny Preece Yvonne Rogers and Helen Sharp Interaction Design John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York NY USA 2002 Jim des Rivieres and Wayne Beaton Eclipse platform technical overview 2006 Available from http www eclipse org articles Whitepaper Platform 3 1 eclipse platform whitepaper html Steven P Reiss Software tools and environments ACM Computing Surveys 28 1 281 284 1996 Gregg Rothermel Sebastian Elbaum Alexey G Malishevsky Praveen Kallakuri and Xuemei Qiu On test suite composition and cost effective re gression testing ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 13 3 277 331 2004 76 Ric Rua04 Rup10 See03 SJ90 Som06a Som06b Som06c Sun10 Sur06 Sze09 Wah99 WC01 Francesco Ricca A java wrapper for dlv Available from http
121. ided then quite simply users will not use the IDE Testing One of the issues raised with the current version of APE is that it is incompatible with the latest version of Eclipse Features that should work do not Therefore a requirement to do regression testing was added As discussed in the literature survey see Section 2 7 page SWTBot can provide a easy to use interface for this By having regression tests in place it will enable errors to be picked up when new versions of Eclipse are released Additionally it will allow future developers to implement new features ensuring that previous working features have not been broken because of their changes 23 12 DLV DLT DLV complex Lparse Smodels Gringo Clasp Sup Platypus Claspar ASPViz Asperix Crmodels Ezcsp Clingo Cmodels bingo Figure 3 3 ASP Tools Currently Used 3 2 4 ASP Tools As discussed in the literature survey many ASP tools exist that are not currently present in APE However too many tools exist to add all of them into APE given the scope of the project A question was asked asking users what tools they actively use in their ASP development By gauging their responses it enabled the common tools to be identified and integrated into APE rather than spending time adding tools that would not be used by any users The results were not that surprising with the main better known tools having the market share of use The most popular tools of the users questioned were 1 G
122. ied on people giving up their time to allow observation of them However due to the suitability of the questionnaire results and time constraints this avenue was not explored 20 3 2 Discussion of Results The questionnaire was distributed to forty six people Seventeen responses were returned giving a response rate of 37 This low response rate may be explained by people being unwilling to complete the questionnaire or people on the mailing list now being inactive in the ASP scene The feedback from the responses received was extremely positive Although it was a low response rate the justification to carry on with the development of APE was found from the comments received Such comments received included great initiative and this sounds like an excellent idea could definitely help make developing ASP programs easier 3 2 1 Experience In order to better understand the experience of users they were asked how many years they had been using ASP for Most people had Number development experience ranging from 1 to 10 4 o years A couple of people questioned had ex perience of 15 years and 20 years However TO the majority were considerably less This sug gests that the people questioned have enough experience in ASP to give valuable sugges 1 O O O O O tions about the direction that APE devel opment should head The respondents ex perience is widely spread meaning that the 0 5 10 15 20 answers will be coming fro
123. igating requirements in this field could not be performed in suitable detail 19 3 1 Gathering Process Many approaches were considered for the requirements elicitation process Goguen and Linde discuss the various approaches that were available Examples include ques tionnaires face to face interviews telephone interviews focus groups and observation ses sions Ruane explains the main choice is choosing whether questions are to be asked via a questionnaire or as an interview A questionnaire is an extremely efficient data collection tool with Goguen and Linde describing questionnaires as being useful when the population is large enough with a clear issue Criticisms as explained by Ruane are that words can be put in the mouth of respondents with no meaningful information gathered In addition no probing questions can be asked as respondents are not inclined to invest time to reply As Ruane explains an interview is much more personal An interviewer can build a rapport with the respondent being able to listen and interact to build knowledge of the subject For this dissertation a questionnaire was deemed suitable A questionnaire allowed people from all around the world to participate without putting a burden on their time Face to face interviews would have been a great monetary expense involving travelling and meeting people In addition like telephone interviews it would have impeded upon people s time Therefore it was deemed suitable
124. il regex Pattern import org eclipse jface text BadLocationException import org eclipse jface text IDocument import org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin x Provides many functions for the converters that extends this author Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractProgramConverter public abstract void convert ITextEditor editor protected Matcher getMatcher String regex String toBeSearched Pattern pattern Pattern compile regex return pattern matcher toBeSearched protected String getDocumentString int offset int end IDocument document ToT mm String string try string document get offset end catch BadLocationException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return string protected void replaceInDocument int offset int length String replacement IDocument document try document replace offset length replacement catch BadLocationException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e protected int getLineStart IDocument document int offset throws BadLocationException while offset gt 0 amp amp document getChar offset An offset Don t want to return n want the one before nor return 1 want 0 return offset 1 protected int getLineEnd IDocument document int offset throws BadLocationException while of
125. ilters are presented to the user to allow more fine grain control compared to the content assist The options presently available can be seen in Figure Do not suggest from previous predicates As the name suggests any previous predi cates are not shown in the view Only suggestions from what the user has last typed are Do not show from current Only suggestions from previous predicates are suggested No suggestions are presented based on the word last typed by the user Auto expand Like the name suggests auto expansion of the tree can be controlled By 54 FP Predicates X Y chicken chicken tweety chicken tux Y bird bird tweety bird tux Y penguin penguin tweety penguin tux vb bird tweety bird tux b tweety b tux Figure 5 7 Predicate View ES AnsProlog vo O vchicker Do not suggest from previous predicates chic Do not show from current chic vbirg Y Auto expand bird tweetv Figure 5 8 Predicate View Options default it is turned on However the user can turn it off and any future items added to the tree will not be expanded Instead just the predicate name will be visible with the option to expand to see all possible suggestions for that predicate 5 8 Summary This chapter has documented the features and improvements made to APE throughout the course of the dissertation Improvements have been made with a new file and project wizard being created to be more helpful to users Addi
126. in the background updating the underlying model enabling errors to be indicated to the user whilst they are typing The LPARSE parser is written for the tool Yet another compiler compiler Yacc Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program Joh Yacc is a parser that calls the lexical analyser to compare against the rules the grammar LPARSE uses the lexical analyser tool Lex to provide the input token stream As LPARSE is licensed under the GPL Sureshkumar was able to extract the grammar from the source code of LPARSE Both Yacc and Lex output their programs in C code However programs exist to perform the same functionality but output in Java code instead Sureshkumar made use of the tool JF lex to do this This allowed an equivalent Java parser to be produced that is now used within APE A Java object model is built up as the user types their program allowing syntax error checking to be performed For this project it was hoped that a similar approach could be adopted to provide the same functionality however this time for the grounder Gringo However the parser for Gringo is not written in Yacc or Lex Instead it is a C program that uses the r2c parse This made the same approach used for LPARSE unsuitable One approach to solve it would be to learn the Java Native Interface JNI so that the Java Virtual Machine JVM could interact with the Gringo code JNI allows Java applications to call native
127. ing Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version 931 x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A K k k k k k k package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse conversion import java util ArrayList import java util List import java util regex Matcher import org eclipse jface text IDocument import org eclipse ui texteditor ITextEditor Je Used to convert from lparse to gringo There is a difference in pooling between the two p X Y Z in gringo is p X Z p X Y whereas in lparse it is p X Y p Z This expands out the rules so that they can then be understand x by both grounders in the same manner This converter converts from p X Y Z x to the form p X Y p Z x author Rob Ibbotson public class PoolingLparseToGringoConv
128. instanceof Text Text text Text control text setText configuration getAttribute field getName catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return control e TT Override public void performApply ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy configuration for String attributeName 0 Control control controlMapping get attributeName if control instanceof Button controlMapping keySet Button button Button control configuration setAttribute attributeName button getSelection if control instanceof Spinner Spinner spinner Spinner control configuration setAttribute attributeName spinner getSelection if control instanceof Text Text text Text control configuration setAttribute attributeName text getText protected void setArgumentConstantFile AbstractArgumentConstants constantFile argumentConstantFile constantFile H 1 6 File CommandLineSwitch java paraa tol A A K K x APE AnsPrologx x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WI
129. ints and extensions Plug ins can implement behaviour by extending from an extension point For example by extending the extension point org eclipse ui preferencePages each plug in can contribute its own preferences A manifest is represented by two files MANIFEST MF which describes the runtime dependencies 30 of the plug in The other is plugin xml which lists the extensions and extension points that the plug in implements Upon startup this all combines together to provide a usable application The platform runtime discovers all plug ins and builds an in memory plug in registry after reading all the plug in s manifests Each plug in is lazy in that it is only activated when it is needed in order to reduce the memory footprint of Eclipse All of this development is made easy through the use of the Plug in Development Environ ment PDE which itself is an Eclipse plug in to aid the development of Eclipse plug ins 4 1 2 APE As discussed by Rivieres and Beaton complex tools are usually split across multiple plug ins Sureshkumar followed this guidance splitting APE into seven plug ins As sug gested by Clayberg and Rubel in they have been broken down into User Interface UI and core plug ins The UI plug ins are for the user interface whereas the core plug ins are designed to operate in a headless environment one without a UI As discussed by Sureshkumar in Sur06 APE consists of e uk ac bath cs asp ide Logging e uk ac bath cs
130. ioned mentioned using an existing IDE To ensure that people move across to using APE it will need to be publicised as well as being user friendly User interface design is discussed in the literature survey Section 2 8 page 17 Ensuring that these principles are met will ensure that the migration across to APE will be as seamless as possible 3 2 3 APE The next question asked users outright if they had heard of APE Of the responses received only 45 had heard of APE with no one actively using it The reasons given for this were e APE is not compatible with the latest version of Eclipse e Not enough features are provided e It is hard to use Firstly 55 had not heard of APE leading to the conclusion that the work must not have been widely publicised following the work done by Sureshkumar However following the responses received this is perhaps a good thing as one response was that APE does not work correctly with Eclipse This may just be a single user issue or it may be part of a wider problem If the latter it is a good job that not many people have used it as their view of the product would be skewed with users having negative connotations towards APE Following other responses APE will need to support the features that users want As it stands APE is a bare bones IDE and will not be suitable for all users However by the end of the project it will have been extended making it suitable for more users If these features are not prov
131. is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch OTT import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy import org eclipse debug ui DebugUlTools import org eclipse debug ui DebugUIConstants import org eclipse swt graphics Image import org eclipse swt widgets Composite import uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch constants GringoProgramArgumentConstants import uk ac bath cs asp ide launch AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab x The arguments tab for gringo in the run configuration x author Rob Ibbotson public class GringoArgumentsTab extends AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab private Image image Override public void createControl Composite parent super setArgumentConstantFile new GringoProgramArgumentConsta
132. is your reason for not using APE Other e Have never tried it e Does not offer enough features 82 Reason Count Do not understand how to use it 0 Does not support tools I use please specify the missing tools in the 0 other box below Missing features please specify the missing features in the other box 1 below Other 4 e Does not work with eclipse e Habitual emacs user Which of the following features would you like in an IDE for ASP Feature Count Visualisation of program 7 Automatic completion of predicates 9 Integration of dlv 2 Integration of gringo clasp 5 Conversion between different solvers 10 Replacement of a rule by its grounding 2 Debugging please specify the debugging features you would like in the if other box below Other 1 Other e Integration of bingo caspd Any further comments about an IDE for ASP e Converting to DLV syntax would be very good e Editing facilities in an eclipse style e I guess visualization of programs refers to an intuitive visualization of answer sets so that an immediate feeling of what comes out is available e I have seen a feature in many procedural IDES that I like Clicking a next to the function name hides the body of the function only shows the name clicking the shows the entire function For ASP only shows the head of a rule shows the entire rule 83 At least in my
133. ist import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist CompletionProposal import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions AtomProposalGenerator import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions IProposalGenerator import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions NumericConstantProposalGenerator import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions SymbolProposalGenerator import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions VariableProposalGenerator x Generates the proposals and stores in a model of link Predicate ViewItem author Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateViewltem private static List lt IProposalGenerator gt nodeGenerators new ArrayList lt IProposalGenerator gt 0 private static List lt IProposalGenerator gt leafGenerators new ArrayList lt IProposalGenerator gt 0 static nodeGenerators add new AtomProposalGenerator leafGenerators add new NumericConstantProposalGenerator leafGenerators add new SymbolProposalGenerator leafGenerators add new VariableProposalGenerator O private String name private boolean predictedProposal private List lt PredicateViewltem gt children private PredicateViewltem parent public PredicateViewltem St
134. ken tweety Q bi bird bird tweety bird tux bi bi tweety bi tux Figure 5 5 Predicate Completion Ordering As mentioned above suggestions do not just consist of predicate names Instead possible constant declarations or variable rules are suggested as well This can visually be seen in Figure 5 6 a Proposals are suggested in the following order Predicate name The first proposal is the the predicate name Numeric constants Numeric proposals consist of the predicate name followed by a num ber in brackets e g age Rob 2 Symbolic constants Symbolic proposals consist of the predicate name followed by a word in brackets e g bird tweety in Figure 5 6 a Variable proposal Variable proposals consist of two forms Variables can be defined in the head or body of a rule If in the head of the rule then the suggestion should include whilst the body should end with a possible Examples of both types of proposals can be seen in Figure 5 6 a and 5 6 b 5 7 1 Predicate View To further aid predicate completion for the user it was decided to implement a predicate view that represents the current document in the editor A view is a collapsable component in the Eclipse workbench that presents information to the user 53 AsperixTest Ip bird tux penguin tux bird tweety chicken tweety A graph ip bird tux penguin tux bird tweety chicken tweety mammal X human
135. lag on the annotation tells the interface when generating the code to look in the map to generate the additional controls 43 Listing 5 1 Example Gringo Argument Annotation CommandLineSwitch option ifixed description Fix number of incremental steps to lt num gt additional true public static final Button ATTR GRINGO FIX NUMBER null Suppress Warnings unused private static final Spinner ATTR GRINGO_FIX NUMBER NUM null A full example can be seen in Appendix H 2 1 page 114 However a short code snippet showing the key fundamentals is shown below The result of the generation for the whole of the Gringo arguments can be seen in Figure A input Files 095 Gringo Arguments E Common O Replace constant lt c gt by value lt v gt const Print plain text format text Print Lparse format Iparse Print ASPils format in normal form lt num gt aspils 0 Enable lightweight mode for ground input ground Shift disjunctions into the body shift Turn on binder splitting bindersplit yes Fix number of incremental steps to lt num gt ifixed 9 Process base program only ibase OO0O0000 000 Print syntax information syntax C Print internal representations of rules during grounding debug C Print extended statistics stats Figure 5 2 Single File Arguments The generation code can be be found in AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab see Appendix
136. lations being performed Prolog can get stuck in infinite loops Prolog has problems with programs that have recursion through the negation as failure operator These problems are not found in AnsProlog as answer set semantics are used to characterise negation as failure 2 3 2 AnsProlog Usage Answer set programming has been applied to several areas of science and technology Lif08 Lifschitz Lif08 gives three usages where ASP has already been used Automated product configuration ASP has been used for the creation of a web based product configurator Decision support for the space shuttle An ASP system capable of planning and di agnostic tasks has been used for the operation of the space shuttle Inferring phylogenetic trees An ASP based method for reconstructing a phylogeny for a set of taxa has been applied to historical analysis of languages and parasite systems The decision to use ASP is due to the advantages that ASP provides De Vos DV09 gives the following advantages of programming in ASP e Programs are simple and quick to write e Portable to different machine architectures e Specification is equal to the implementation 2 4 IDEs A programming environment is a suite of programming tools designed to simplify pro gramming and thereby enhance programmer productivity Rei96 The programming en vironment should appear to the programmer as a single tool there should be no firewalls separating the various
137. lipse swt widgets Spinner import org eclipse swt widgets Text import uk ac bath cs asp ide ASPPlugin x Abstract gui control to represent all the program arguments defined as x constants with the link CommandLineSwitch annotation Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab extends AbstractLaunchConfigurationTab private AbstractArgumentConstants argumentConstantFile null protected Map lt String Control gt controlMapping new HashMap lt String Control gt private ModifyListener modifyListener new ModifyListener Override public abstract String getName Override public void modifyText ModifyEvent updateLaunchCo O TIT Override public abstract void setDefaults ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy configuration Override public void createControl Composite parent setControl createCompostiteControl parent protected Composite createCompostiteControl Composite parent Composite composite new Composite parent SWT NONE composite setLayout new GridLayout 2 false for Field field argumentConstantFile getClass getFields createField composite field return composite private Control createField Composite composite Field field Control control null Control additional null CommandLineSwitch annotation field getAnnotation CommandLineSwitch class
138. lse rather it cannot be proven to be true This allows the answer set to be computed in the absence of knowledge rather than with what is known The answer sets of a program are defined as the answer sets of the ground program A term is said to be ground if no variables occur in it Bar03 An atom is considered ground Representation Interpretation Logic Program Computation Answer Set s Figure 2 2 Declarative Problem Solving in ASP if it only contains grounded terms The Herbrand Universe HU of a language is the set of all ground terms which can be formed with the functions and constants of The Herbrand Base H Bz is the set of all ground atoms that can be formed with predicates from L and terms from HU Bar03 For positive answer set programs programs without negation as failure the answer set is computed from the deductive closure DV09 The answer set is computed by the following algorithm e Take all rules off which the bodies are true e Assume the heads to be true e Continue until a fixed point is reached This fixed point is the unique answer set lm P of the program Example program a c d Cire fg d e answer set e d c a For programs with negation as failure the process is slightly more involved Given a po tential answer set S the program is converted to AnsProlog using the Gelfond Lifschitz GL transformation AnsProlog is a subset of AnsProlog w
139. lug in API has changed consid erably The first job when extending upon APE will be to find any incompatibilities that may have been introduced by the newer versions of Eclipse The Eclipse developer guide defines the changes between different Eclipse versions This will be the first place to look when identifying an incompatibility bug 2 4 2 APE APE was developed in 2006 by Adrian Sureshkumar Sureshkumar stated that due to time constraints not all features that he would have liked had been implemented The features that were implemented in APE were e Syntax highlighting e Error and warning underlining e Block commenting e Launching LPARSE and SMODELS from within a graphical user interface for program arguments e Piping SMODELS output to another program e Multiple file support e Common Eclipse features such as source control are also applicable to APE Sureshkumar added that before APE can be widely used other solvers such as DLV need to be supported This is so it will appeal to more users and will enable a bigger take up of the tool Sureshkumar Sur06 also stated that rigorous testing should be performed 10 before releasing to the community When first developed due to the small nature of the project no unit testing had been performed When extending upon APE it is important that testing is added as a priority to enable maintainable code It is also important to note that since 2006 a lot may have changed in the field of ASP a
140. m different per spectives The danger of answers from more experienced users is that they could have Figure 3 1 Experience With ASP workarounds in place and do not feel the need to change Likewise with inexperienced users the danger is that people do not know the domain well enough to give useful feedback However for this project there is a mixture giving a variety of views enabling requirements to be gathered from both experienced and inexperienced ASP users 3 2 2 Current Editor The main fundamental part of ASP development is the writing of the ASP program For a better understanding of currently used tools a question was asked to find out which text editor the respondents preferred to use The question was designed to see whether any particular editor is the preference and if so what features does it have that could be incorporated into APE From the answers received it can be seen that the most popular choices are Emacs and 21 5 00 3 75 2 50 1 25 0 Text editor Emacs Eclipse Iclingo Text edit mac Context Textwrangler Nedit Notepad Figure 3 2 Editors Currently Used For ASP Development 22 gedit Vi m Some people answered with the response text editor before the question was changed as explained in Section 3 1 page 20 Some people specified that they use Eclipse not as part of an IDE just as a text editor The responses show that the market is there for APE to penetrate as no one quest
141. m solving and knowledge representation systems CDVBP08 ASP programs are written in the language of AnsProlog AnsProlog is a short form for answer set programming in logic and the denotes that we do not place any restrictions on the rules Bar03 Programs can consist of facts with a set of rules from which other facts can be derived Programs look syntactically similar to Prolog programs with rules consisting of both a head and body However differences are present between the two AnsProlog allows rules to be placed anywhere AnsProlog does not have the cut operator and AnsProlog programs cannot get stuck in an infinite loop Investigation was done in 2006 by Sureshkumar to add support for ASP in the form of an Integrated Development Environment IDE IDEs exist to enable and assist the programmer in achieving their goal of writing the program in the most efficient manner possible Typical features include syntax highlighting automating repetitive tasks com piling code debugging as well as speeding up development by being able to run external programs from within the IDE Nourie sums up an IDE as a set of tools that aids application development Sureshkumar developed a plug in for the Eclipse platform called APE standing for AnsPro log Programming Environment Support exists within APE to run the external grounder LPARSE and solver SMODELS APE also supports commonly found IDE features such as syntax highlighting synt
142. m to give a full set of requirements for APE The field of ASP is ever changing and it would be impossible to document every possible feature that may be useful in APE Instead key requirements are documented concluding with the requirements implemented given the time scale limitations of the project Goguen and Linde say a basic question for requirements gathering is finding out what users really need The users in this project can also be considered as the stakeholders As described by Preece these are the people that have an interest in the project For this dissertation the stakeholders are ASP programmers as well as other members who have an interest in ASP programming These are the people that will benefit most from successful completion of the project Requirements have been gathered from these stakeholders as well as from a developers point of view In order to think of future developers introspection as described by Goguen and Linde has been used Introspection is described as being useful but has the problem of being inaccurate if performed by someone in a different field Given the requirements are thought of by a programmer to help future programmers then the problems documented by Goguen and Linde are not so much a concern For this dissertation it was deemed a suitable method considering the developer requirements are a subset of the main requirements of the project In addition time constraints of the project meant other ways of invest
143. me By only typing the first letter and seeing a list of proposals input time can be reduced In addition it can reduce the number of errors caused by mistyping predicate names later on A predicate view could also be provided to the programmer to allow them to see an outline of the program and all possible actions they can take from previous predicates defined The view would allow the developer to see all the previously declared predicates as well as the constants variables and rules in the program The view could provide an additional way of auto completion for the user The user could double click on some text in the view in order to insert the text into the editor document at the cursors position Other Features Space was left on the questionnaire to allow users to highlight new features that may not have been covered by other aspects of the questionnaire The only response received was for the integration of bingo caspd to be added to APE As this was just the one response it was decided that it was not worth investigating bingo or caspd as other features were more of a priority 3 3 Summary The requirements gathering has helped to give a fuller insight into what potential users of APE wish to see from the IDE Non functional requirements have been identified such as which tools APE should support In addition improvements and features have been sug gested and explored in more detail Requirements have been considered from a developers p
144. ment editor getEditorInput Matcher matcher getMatcher getFullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document while matcher find String replacement buildReplacement matcher group replacelnDocument matcher start matcher group length replacement document matcher getMatcher getFullRegex getDocumentString 0 document getLength document private String buildReplacement String group StringBuffer newString new StringBuffer Matcher matcher getMatcher startRegex group String found getStringFromMatcher matcher newString append found substring 0 found length 0 1 newString append matcher getMatcher group found getStringFromMatcher matcher matcher getMatcher atom found boolean notFirst false while matcher find if notFirst newString append matcher group newString append 1 notFirst true newString append newString append return newString toString private String getStringFromMatcher Matcher matcher matcher find return matcher group private String getFullRegex PGI H 3 4 File return startRegex atom optionalAtoms endRegex PoolingGringoToLparseCon verter java PR RRC ROA A K K x APE AnsProlog Programming Environment plug in for
145. methods Blo08 Bloch states that the JNI approach has serious disadvantages as shown below e JNI is platform specific e Native languages are not safe exposed to memory corruption e Decreases performance as there is a fixed cost of going into and out of native code Require glue code that is difficult to read and tedious to write One small bug can corrupt the entire application Due to these problems outlined it was deemed that using the JNI would not be an appropri ate approach for the project Further it was decided that the time spent converting the r2c grammar into a compatible yacc one would be better spent implementing other features of the project Instead it was decided that it would be suitable for Gringo to make use of the LPARSE editor as Gringo is just an extension on the LPARSE language Although there are http jflex de http www rforge net r2c AT incompatibilities conversion between the two can take place see Section 5 6 page 48 In addition an option was added into the Source menu so that the user could disable syntax checking if they knew the program was correct Although not an ideal solution it was the one considered viable given the time constraints and the time that would be taken learning C r2c or JNI 5 6 Conversion One of the main features requested was for conversion between different solvers Two input languages are now present in APE It made sense to give users the op
146. mpletion of P classifying it additional atoms can be introduced and then invoking a SAT solver Lieb 2 5 5 Sup SUP is a native Answer Set Programming ASP solver that can be seen as a combination of computational ideas behind cmodels and SMODELS Lieb It can be thought of Cmodels without completion Sup computes the supported models of P but does not form the completion of P Sup applies Minisatp to P and the non clausal constraint mechanism of Minisat is employed for expressing the supportedness restriction Lieb 2 5 6 Gringo Gringo is a grounder capable of translating logic programs provided by users into equivalent propositional logic programs Gringo is attractive as it significantly extends the input language of LPARSE while supporting a compatible output format recognised by many state of the art ASP solvers GKO 09 As Gebser et al explain before Gringo there were only two major grounders LPARSE and DLV s grounding component Gringo combines and extends from both of these grounders A salient design principle of GrinGo is its extensibility that aims at facilitating the incorporation of additional language constructs GST07 http minisat se 13 Gebser et al describe the features that Gringo combines e The input language features normal logic rule cardinality constraints and further LPARSE constructs e It offers the new class of A restricted programs that extends LPARSE s
147. n Eclipse that can be docked on any side toolbar Alternatively it can be minimised or even expanded By implementing it like this it allows the user control over the view deciding how and when they want to see it 4 5 Testing Testing is a fundamental process to any software development project Testing is the process to ensure that the system works as expected with the requirements of the sys tem implemented correctly Different approaches are taken in a project depending on the methodology of the project People such as Proulx prefer an agile approach with test driven design favoured reasoning that higher quality code is produced However as this dissertation is following a waterfall style development process then such agile methods are not applicable Instead a higher level view of the testing process is considered before deciding on the most appropriate tests Three different views of a system can be considered when tests are performed Black box The system is treated as an external entity black box where no internal representation of the system is known White box The tests have access to the internal data representations and assumptions made in the system Grey box A hybrid of the other two approaches The internal representation is known but the tests are performed at a black box level Testing is not a short cycle and many different levels of testing exist in order to fully understand the system Some of the main stages in the cy
148. n of learning Except where specifically acknowledged it is the work of the author Signed Abstract Work has previously been done to support the logic programming paradigm of Answer Set Programming ASP in the form of an Integrated Development Environment IDE called AnsProlog Programming Environment APE APE is a Eclipse plug in that provides support through features such as toggle commenting dependency graphs and the ability to launch programs such as LPARSE and SMODELs This dissertation extends upon APE investigating further the tools used by the ASP community and the possible support an IDE can provide Improvements are made to APE as well as providing a scalable maintainable architecture for future developers of APE Contents 1 2 Literature Survey 4 oa da as a Be a a 4 2 2 Logic Programme 4 A pola gc Ge a ee Se Di ee 5 2 3 Answer Set Programming 2 2 a e 6 2 3 1 AnsProlog vs Prolog os oe ame foo a dae Se ed 8 ogee ae ee ee we Be teat O ge e 9 ZA IDEs 64454 hee be BARGE Da RD hoa RoE he ee eS 9 2 4 1 Eclipse Plug in 0 0 0 000002 eee ee ee 10 DAD APE oa a a ate ae a ae gle Bath ee de ee ee 10 24 3 Other IDES i eee io ee Be Bk PP a ae ed 11 25 ASP Tools s c a e Seek ew RR a ee ee es 11 A ek Sens AF oe He Re hee Gee as Ge Ave te ee a Ge ed he 12 29 2 SMODEES os sek eek ee ae e ae oe Re eae eS 12 Df eh Cb Geb ede eed Rhee ea ee ES 12 254 Code Ig s seg Oe eee i we ek ee E a 13 AA AE EEN
149. nd Shift S to stand for converting to SMODELS the solver associated with LPARSE Likewise a shortcut exists to convert from LPARSE to Gringo This shortcut is Control Command Shift G with the same principle being applied of converting to a Gringo program 5 6 1 Process An abstract class AbstractProgramConverter see Appendix H 3 1 page 120 was created in order to provide the core functionality when converting between the programs This class 48 8 Eclipse File Edit Navigate Search e0n0 Toggle Comment 7al A Q Lparse gt Gringo 38G ri 31 0 4 Gringo gt Lparse S ts Navigator X o YE Test AL U Figure 5 4 Conversion Options provides methods so that each line in the editor s document can be identified Additionally methods exist so that text can be replaced as well as providing a way to get a regular expression matcher for a given String The conversions implemented work in all cases implemented by using regular expressions to check for matches that need converting The process is a cycle with the regular expression being matched the replacement being added and so on until no more matches can take place Performing the conversion one by one means that any convoluted matches can be found with the replacement being inserted into the correct place Performing all conversions at once would not work When a conversion takes place the location in the document for the converted to be reinserted is known
150. nd what was important then may be different now Before developing any new functionality it is important to see what has changed and what is still relevant in the original tool 2 4 3 Other IDEs As Sureshkumar Sur06 commented upon Komorowski and Omori KO85 and Francez et al FGP 85 present what the IDE scene for logic programming languages was like in the 1980 s Answer Set Programming is currently in a similar state Doing a Googld search for Answer Set Programming integrated development environment presents no noticeable results At the time of writing the top hit is in fact the knowledge representation and reasoning at the University of Bath websitd where APE is currently documented In the three years that have passed since APE was first developed it seems that no noticeable further work has been done in this area Looking at what features exist for Prolog will allow similar logic features to be analysed deciding what features should to be added into APE A Google search for Prolog integrated development environment presents many results Tools such as the Prolog Development Tool PDT exist as a plug in to Eclipse PDTs main features include syntax highlighting searching for previous predicates as well as references to the predicate It has features such as code completion as well as making development easier with keyboard shortcuts Other environments such as Visual Prolog exist This provides the ability to group items into pa
151. ng is a major feature of an IDE and would be especially useful within APE Cur rent ASP systems are still mostly experimental tools and their support for debugging is limited Syr06 Debugging answer set programs is a task of supporting a programmer in investigating why a program does not behave as expected rather than a series of static tests that can be performed BD05 14 Preprocessing P Ground Logic Normal Program Program arser Rules Builder Lparse Format r A Static Data Propositional Variables Solver Propagation Decision Assignment Local Unfounded Heuristics Atoms Bodies aa Set Check Conflict Ja Resolution Nogoods Figure 2 3 System Architecture Of Clasp KS09 APE currently checks user input syntactically This ensures that the syntax the user is entering is correct for the formal language For semantic errors where the program is syntactically correct APE does not support any tools that allow the user so see why the behaviour is different Syrj nen Syr06 says that semantic errors can be categorised into two types 1 Typographical errors such as a misspelling of a variable or predicate 2 Logical errors where a rule behaves different than the intention Currently in APE the most practical approach is to remove rules from the program until the resulting program has an answer set and then examining the removed rules to see what caused the error It is a
152. non exact process as it is subject to the potential differences between what the programmer wrote what the programmer meant to write and what the programmer actually meant BDO05 A debugging tool SPOCK explained by Brain et al exists for debugging ASP programs The input of SPOCK is a logic program in the core language of DLV or SMOD ELS read from the system standard input and or from multiple files The output varies according to the selected functionalities determined by a set of options The most impor tant syntax extension of the input programs is the labelling of rules allowing debugging mechanisms to explicitly refer to certain rules 2 6 Common Language As discussed above a variety of different tools exist to allow users to ground and solve ASP programs Some users may prefer to use dlv others LPARSE with SMODELS and others Gringo with clasp In some situations it may be desirable for users to convert between one or the other Gringo is built on top of LPARSE meaning programs written for LPARSE should work fine with Gringo As LPARSE is more level restricted programs tend to be more verbose than the ones for Gringo It is not suggested writing programs in the input language of Gringo for compatibility with LPARSE GKK The key differences between LPARSE and Gringo are e Gringo supports min and max aggregates e Variables within compound terms are supported e g p f x LPARSE would treat it as f x
153. nts super createControl parent Override public String getName Override public void setDefaults ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy configuration Override public Image getImage return Gringo Arguments if image null image DebugUITools getImage IDebugUIConstants IMG_VIEW_VARIABLES return image H 2 3 File GringoLaunchConfigurationDele gate java POR RCRA AOAC k k K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform x Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch import java lang reflect PField import java util LinkedList import java util List TI import org eclipse core runtime pref
154. nts and suggestions for future developers Chapter 2 Literature Survey 2 1 Introduction An Integrated Development Environment IDE currently exists for Answer Set Program ming ASP called APE This is limited and needs to be further developed before it is widely accepted Before extending upon APE it is important to fully understand the subject by reading relevant literature This will result in effective requirements being gath ered If these requirements are not satisfied it may be impossible to make the system APE work satisfactorily Som06b To begin this literature survey the wider field of logic programming will be researched before focussing on ASP then onto APE 2 2 Logic Programming The logic programming paradigm has its roots in automated theorem proving Apt03 and Robinson s resolution rule Bar03 Logic programming differs substantially from other programming paradigms Apt03 Apt Apt03 gives a good summary of the differences as e Computing takes place over the domain of all terms defined over a universal alphabet e Values are assigned to variables by means of automatically generated substitutions general unifiers e Control is provided by a single mechanism automatic backtracking Logic programming is both declarative and interactive A declarative program is viewed as a formula and one can reason about its correctness without any reference to the underlying computational
155. o allow parsing of Gringo programs whilst the user is typing Furthermore work could be done improving the syntax error messaging presented to users When a syntax error is detected within the editor the problem area is underlined in red 71 When hovering over the area with their mouse the user is presented with a message inform ing them of the problem Currently every error message says syntax error which although indicating a problem at the location does not provide anything meaningful for the user Error messages such as unknown constant or missing rule head could be used to help the user identify problems quicker In this project two new external programs Gringo and clasp have been added These programs make use of the new framework that has been implemented to facilitate easy integration of programs into APE However the existing tools LPARSE and SMODELS were not fully migrated over to make use of the new framework Aspects were such as being able to launch each program through the launch shortcut However the delegate and program argument user interface code was not Therefore further work could look at migrating this over to use the same methodology as Gringo and clasp By doing this it would allow more maintainable code with each program using the same code path With each program using the same implementation it would enable future developers to understand the code base which can only mean better designed code Further the
156. ogram BeforeClass public static void setUp SWTBotPreferences PLAYBACK DELAY 5 BOT new SWTWorkbenchBot for SWTBotView view BOT views if view getTitle equals Welcome view close BOT perspectiveByLabel AnsProlog setUpPreferences activate Suppress Warnings deprecation private static void setUpPreferences LparsePlugin getDefault getPluginPreferences set Value LparsePreferenceConstants LPARSE_PROGRAM_LOCATION LPARSE_LOCATION SmodelsPlugin getDefault get PluginPreferences set Value SmodelsPreferenceConstants SMODELS_PROGRAM LOCATION SMODELS_ LOCATION uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo GringoPlugin getDefault getPreferenceStore setValue GringoPreferenceConstants GRINGO PROGRAM _PATH GRINGO_LOCATION uk ac bath cs asp ide clasp ClaspPlugin getDefault getPreferenceStore setValue ClaspPreferenceConstants CLASP_PROGRAM_PATH CLASP_LOCATION AfterClass public static void afterClass public AbstractTest String program BOT sleep 1000 this program program testProjectName Test_Project testFileName Test_File_ program lp testConfigName Test_Configuration_ program stl H 5 3 File CommonTests java package uk ac bath cs asp ide testing base import org eclipse swtbot eclipse finder widgets SWTBot View
157. oint of view planning for the future Examples include having a framework so future developers can add in additional tools easily In addition maintainability is also considered by constructing a suite of regression tests that can be run for future releases of APE 27 A full requirements specification can be found in Appendix C page However as doc umented above only specific features will be considered for further development of APE This is because of the time constraints faced when completing an undergraduate disserta tion The requirements to be considered thus the scope of the project given the time scale can be summarised as follows e Support for Gringo and clasp Auto predicate completion e Conversion between LPARSE and Gringo e Conversion between Gringo and LPARSE Framework to add new features e Regression testing ability e User friendly 28 Chapter 4 Design Following the requirements process the next step was the design stage The design stage allows the requirements to be thought about in more detail assessing the best way to implement these This chapter documents the rationale behind these decisions and the choices made prior to implementing the system 4 1 Architecture APE as it currently stands is implemented as an Eclipse plug in The reasoning behind this decision is documented in Sur06 In this document Sureshkumar justifies and gives examples of many of the advantages of choosing Eclipse Some given ar
158. ol equals prefix final ICompletionProposal proposal new CompletionProposal symbol offset prefix length prefix length prefix length offset proposals add proposal return proposals H 4 2 File ProposalGenerator java PRA A k A ak aK k k K K K x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform x Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal OET import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile What proposal generators implements The predicted are from previously typed x predicates The current are bas
159. onProposal proposal nodes add new PredicateViewltem completionProp getDisplayString new ArrayList lt PredicateViewltem gt null false return nodes H 4 12 File PredicateViewLabelProvider java PRR ACCOR k k A A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import org eclipse jface viewers LabelProvider x Label provider for predicate view x Oauthor Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateViewLabelProvider extends LabelProvider H 4 13 File PredicateViewPredictedFilter java package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import org eclipse jface viewers Viewer im
160. or Rob Ibbotson public class GringoLaunchShortcut extends AbstractLaunchShortcut public GringoLaunchShortcut super uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo launch GringoLaunchConfigurationType H 2 6 File GringoPreferenceConstants java 6IT patata ROA A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo preferences Je Constant for the plug in preferences Stored in the preference store under this id x author Rob Ibbotson public class GringoPreferenceConstants public static final String GRINGOPROGRAMPATH gringoProgramPathPreference H 2 7 File GringoPreferencePage java
161. orks both ways with tests in place to ensure regressions do not occur This ability will allow the user to make use of convert into either language if they need to use a different solver 6 5 5 Regression Testing Ability This chapter has documented the various tests that have been performed following the development of APE Unit tests as well as regression testing has been performed This is automatedthrough the tool SWTBot A whole test run showing the speed that SWTBot runs at can be seen in Appendix page If features were not able to be tested through SWTBot then they were tested manually Regression tests compare the output from previous versions of APE expected output to the output of the developer s build of APE If all tests pass it means the output is correct in the sense it is the same between versions of APE 6 5 6 User Friendly In order to achieve acceptance then APE has been designed to be as usable as possible Most of the GUI design is handled by the Eclipse framework however other features have been thought of that enable the user experience to be as pleasant as possible Examples are the new file and project wizard for AnsProlog files and projects Additionally installation and updating of APE has been made easier for users Users can now install from an update site which will tell the user when updates are available to be installed This saves the user having to manually install by dragging JARs into specific folders on t
162. otation to have a list of program arguments This class allows the additional arguments to be added the ones that depend upon others For example a radio button when selected may then need a text box for the user to enter the specifics This class is to manage these dependencies author Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractArgumentConstants private Map lt String Field gt additionalArguments public AbstractArgumentConstants additionalArguments new HashMap lt String Field gt 0 public Map lt String Field gt getAdditionalArguments public void addAdditionalArguments String key String value return additionalArguments additionalArguments put getField key getName getField value protected Field getField String fieldName Field field null try 0T field Reflection getCallerClass 3 get DeclaredField fieldName catch SecurityException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e catch NoSuchFieldException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return field H 1 2 File AbstractLaunchConfigurationDele gate java 8 ORR ACC OR ACI ACK APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free So
163. p cl return true GET return false catch BadLocationException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return false Override public IContextInformation computeContextInformation ITextViewer viewer int offset Override public char getCompletionProposalAutoActivationCharacters Override public char getContextInformationAutoActivationCharacters Override public IContextInformationValidator getContextInformation Validator Override public String getErrorMessage return null return null return null return null return null H 4 4 File tor java NumericConstant ProposalGenera POR ACCA ACC AK x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to
164. port org eclipse jface viewers ViewerFilter x A filter for the predicate view Only show suggestions based on previous GvI x author Rob Ibbotson public class PredicateViewPredictedFilter extends ViewerFilter Override public boolean select Viewer viewer Object parentElement Object element return PredicateViewltem element isPredictedProposal H 5 Testing The code below shows the testing classes that most of the tests extend from These are the abstract classes that provide most of the functionality H 5 1 File AbstractRegressionTest java package uk ac bath cs asp ide testing base import java io BufferedReader import java io File import java io FileReader import java io IOException import org eclipse swtbot eclipse finder widgets SWTBotEclipseEditor import org junit Assert public abstract class AbstractRegressionTest extends CommonTests protected String testDirectory null protected String resultsDirectory null protected String expectedDirectory null public AbstractRegressionTest String program super program testDirectory File separator tests File separator program File separator resultsDirectory File separator results File separator actual File separator program File separator expectedDirectory File separator results File separator expected File
165. posal String symbols String prefix String replacement int offset String suffix final List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt for String symbol symbols String fullReplacement replacement symbol suffix int replacementOffset offset prefix length int replacementLength prefix length SET int cursor replacementOffset replacementLength proposals add new CompletionProposal fullReplacement replacementOffset replacementLength cursor return proposals H 4 6 File SymbolProposalGenerator java PRR RA A K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A
166. r interface To understand the whole process the algorithm first needs to be defined 1 Use reflection to obtain all public fields in the argument list class 42 2 For each field retrieve the annotation checking it is of type CommandLineSwitch 3 Get the type of the field which should be of type Button 4 Generate the control from the type with the label being the description and option obtained from the annotation 5 Check the annotation to see if the additional flag is true 6 If true obtain the additional fields stored in AbstractArgumentConstants 7 For the additional field generate the appropriate control based on the type placing it next to the control created in step 4 From the algorithm it can be seen that two new concepts have been introduced into the framework the annotation CommandLineSwitch see Appendix H 1 6 page 113 and the abstract class AbstractArgumentConstants see Appendix H 1 1 page 102 The annotation is used on all the fields declared in the argument list class Each field is annotated with the annotation so the option description and additional flag is known when the fields are obtained through reflection Reflection being the ability to modify or examine programs running in the Java virtual machine As the user interface is being generated at runtime this method has to be used Bloch explains the problems of using reflection compile time checking is eliminated as well as the code for it being clums
167. ray if o instanceof IFile final IFile file IFile o final String filePath file getLocation toFile toString inputFiles add filePath return inputFiles 80T Suppress Warnings unchecked private ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy getWorkingCopy ILaunchManager manager ILaunchConfigurationType type Object inputFiles ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy workingCopy null try for ILaunchConfiguration config getLaunchConfigurations type Manager List lt String gt configInputFiles config getAttribute LaunchConstants ATTR_INPUT_FILES new LinkedList lt String gt if inputFiles equals configInputFiles workingCopy config getWorkingCopy break catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return workingCopy private ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy makeNewWorkingCopy List lt String gt inputFiles ILaunchConfigurationType type File file new File inputFiles get 0 toString ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy workingCopy null try workingCopy type newInstance null file getName workingCopy setAttribute LaunchConstants ATTR INPUT_FILES inputFiles workingCopy doSave catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return workingCopy H 1 4 File AbstractMultipleFileArgumentsTab java PRR ACCC jok x APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclip
168. re added to APE was the ability to convert between the languages of LPARSE and Gringo Again automatic tests using SWTBot were devised to ensure conversion can be tested The same process as the regression tests above was used Files to be converted are stored in a conversion folder under the test directory within the testing project The expected output of these files when ran through the conversion process is stored in a conversion folder under the expected results folder The following algorithm then takes place 1 For each conversion test in the test directory 2 Create a new AnsProlog project 62 3 Create a new AnsProlog input file 4 Open the editor for this file 5 Read the test into a buffer and set the text in the editor to be this 6 Select the conversion method from the Source menu 7 Write the text in the editor to a file stored in the actual directory Following the tests the expected and actual output is compared to ensure that it is correct If any differences are found then this will fail the test allowing the developer running the tests to look into the problem in more depth Future tests can be added with the developer adding extra files in the test directory as well as the expected output in the expected directory 6 3 4 Predicate View The majority of the predicate tests have been performed manually due to time constraints limiting the amount of time to write tests However a simple SWTBot test to check the view
169. ring name List lt PredicateViewltem gt children PredicateViewltem parent boolean predicted this name name this children children this parent parent this predictedProposal predicted public String getName public PredicateViewltem getChildren return name return children toArray new PredicateViewltem children size public PredicateViewltem getParent public boolean isPredictedProposal return parent return predictedProposal EFI Override public String toString return getName Override public boolean equals Object obj if this obj if obj instanceof PredicateViewltem PredicateViewltem pvi PredicateViewltem obj return true return false if pvi getName equals this getName return true return false Override public int hashCode public static PredicateViewltem getInput LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator return this getName hashCode List lt PredicateViewltem gt nodes getHeadNodes file prefix offset hasBodySeperator for PredicateViewltem node nodes for IProposalGenerator gen leafGenerators for ICompletionProposal proposal gen generatePredictedProposals file offset hasBodySeperator CompletionProposal completionProp CompletionPropos
170. ringo 2 clasp 3 LPARSE 4 SMODELS 5 DLV 6 ASPViz LPARSE and SMODELS are already present in APE so no further work needs to be done for them Gringo and clasp are the most popular grounder and solver combination meaning that support will definitely need to be added The specifics of these tools can be found discussed in Section page DLV is another tool that could be added however 24 depending upon time constraints may not 17 of the respondents used ASPViz so like DLV it will added into APE if time constraints will allow In addition to the popular tools listed above it was shown that users make use of other tools that had not been considered in the literature survey Responses showed that users make use of the following programs DLV Complex extends DLV by means of functions It is a powerful system supporting functions sets lists as well as libraries ASPeRIX Grounding is performed on the fly meaning no pre grounding processing is performed Only ASPeRIX is needed for both grounding and solving EZCSP is an inference engine that allows computing extended answer sets of ASP programs Platypus Pis an extensible distributed platform for answer set programming Claspar Plis a parallelised version of clasp Clingo combines both Gringo and clasp Takes the input as the input language of Gringo and outputs in the output language of clasp Bingo Plis still under development It is an experimental bottom up grounder b
171. roposal gt final LparseSourceFile sourceFile new LparseParser parse document final String prefix lastWord document offset final boolean hasBodySeperator lineContainsBodySeperator document offset for IProposalGenerator generator generators proposals addAll generator generatePredictedProposals sourceFile prefix offset hasBodySeperator for IProposalGenerator generator generators proposals addAll generator generateCurrentProposals sourceFile prefix offset hasBodySeperator return proposals toArray new ICompletionProposal proposals size Override public ICompletionProposal computeCompletionProposals ITextViewer viewer int offset return computeProposals viewer getDocument offset generators public static String lastWord final Document document final int offset try for int n offset 1 n gt 0 n final char c document getChar n if Character isJavaldentifierPart c return document get n 1 offset n 1 catch BadLocationException e Bad location return ASPPlugin getLogger logException e return public static boolean lineContainsBodySeperator final IDocument document int offset try for int n offset 2 n gt 0 n final char c document getChar n final char cl document getChar n 1 if ce am
172. rstElement try String lastWord LparseContentAssistProcessor last Word getDocumentInEditor getOffSetInEditor get DocumentInEditor replace getOffSetInEditor lastWord length lastWord length obj toString catch BadLocationException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e 3 E private void hookDoubleClickAction viewer addDoubleClickListener new IDoubleClickListener public void doubleClick DoubleClickEvent event doubleClickAction run public void setFocus public void modelUpdated LparseSourceFile model viewer getControl setFocus Object expandedElements viewer getExpandedElements Get the last word typed String lastWord LparseContentAssistProcessor last Word getDocumentInEditor getOffSetInEditor boolean hasSeperator LparseContentAssistProcessor lineContainsBodySeperator get DocumentInEditor getOffSetInEditor OVI viewer setInput PredicateViewltem getInput model lastWord getOffSetInEditor hasSeperator if autoExpandAction isChecked else viewer expandAll viewer setExpandedElements expandedElements private int getOffSetInEditor LparseEditor activeEditor LparseEditor PlatformUI getWorkbench getActiveWorkbenchWindow getPages 0 getActiveEditor ITextSelection textSelection ITextSelection ac
173. run from the command line also known as headless mode The tests could be ran like that rather than having to have a version of Eclipse open Additionally this means that the tests could be scheduled For example a server could be set up so that each night it pulls down the latest source code from the GIT repository When that has completed the tests then run on the latest version An email is then sent to interested parties to inform them of the result This means that any bad code checked into the repository would be identified and fixed as soon as possible Future work could also look at the expansion of the framework to be more general purpose perhaps a separate project Currently it is embedded within APE with it providing a mechanism for user interface code to be generated The user specifies a list of arguments 72 that are automatically turned into user interface code at runtime through reflection The framework handles the layout and positioning of these elements reducing the need for the developer to think about them This could prove beneficial in other applications as it would reduce the time the developer has to spend developing an interface The viability of this approach could be researched to see if the advantages could be justified in other applications other than APE 7 4 Summary This dissertation has succeeded in setting out what it aimed to do APE has been extended providing an IDE that has the features most desired by the u
174. s long as it is just one release However as APE is being extended as well as being developed in the future with many possible releases then the advice given by Clayberg and Rubel in of having automated and manual tests being in place to prevent regressions was headed Indeed it was decided that a robust testing policy should be in place requiring a suite of tests to be run before a check in is approved into the repository in the future This chapter outlines the tests in place to identify errors that may be present within APE If errors were found whilst testing they were debugged and fixed ensuring that the test passes In the case of this project it was decided to have two strands of testing System testing Automated and manual tests of the system comprising of unit and re gression tests following the advice set out by Clayberg and Rubel Requirements Test that the requirements as set out in section have been implemented correctly 6 1 Test Environment 6 1 1 Automatic Tests As discussed previously in Section 2 7 page 16 and Section 4 5 1 page 36 automatic testing will be handled by SWTBot SWTBot provides APIs that hide the complexity involved with SWT and Eclipse SWTBot tests run in the UI thread simulating the actions of users Tests for SWTBot have the same annotation features as JUnit4 Tests to be ran http www junit org 57 are annotated with the annotation Test Static setup and tear down can be performed with
175. scription Replace constant lt c gt by value lt v gt additional true public static final Button ATTR GRINGO REPLACE CONST null CommandLineSwitch option text description Print plain text format public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO_PLAIN TEXT FORMAT null CommandLineSwitch option lparse description Print Lparse format public static final Button ATTR GRINGO LPARSEFORMAT null CommandLineSwitch option aspils description Print ASPils format in normal form lt num gt additional true public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO_ASPILS null CommandLineSwitch option ground description Enable lightweight mode for ground input GIT public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO_LIGHT_GROUND null CommandLineSwitch option shift Shift disjunctions into the body public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO_SHIFT_DISJUNCTIONS null description CommandLineSwitch option bindersplit yes description Turn on binder splitting public static final Button ATTR GRINGO_BINDER SPLIT null CommandLineSwitch option ifixed description Fix number of incremental steps to lt num gt additional true public static final Button ATTR_GRINGO FIX NUMBER null CommandLineSwitch option ibase description Process base program only
176. se of action By having all tests within one package it allows future developers to quickly locate them as well as being able to run all tests in one click This made more sense the alternative would have been running through the tests in each project individually The structure of the new project can be seen in Figure 6 1 SWTBot tests refer to the Java classes comprising of the tests for APE However as can be seen the project also holds other key information The MANIFEST MF file is needed for the plug in to interact correctly Two folders results and tests are also present This is where the regression input and expected result files are stored as explained in Section 6 3 2 page 58 uk ac bath cs asp ide testing SWTBot Tests META_INF programs e g Iparse smodels conversion programs conversion gringo clasp Figure 6 1 Testing Plug in Structure 59 6 3 Automatic Testing Automatic testing is performed by SWTBot It runs from a users perspective opening a new version of Eclipse running through all the tests A demonstration of the tests being run for APE can be seen in Appendix F 1 1 page 91 6 3 1 Project Tests Table 6 1 shows the tests devised to ensure that project creation and deletion works cor rectly A key part of developing ASP programs is being able to store all development files within a project Test Case Expected Result Project creation A new AnsProlog project is created with the specified name u
177. se platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1801 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide launch import java util LinkedHashMap import java util Map 60T import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfiguration import org eclipse debug core ILaunchConfigurationWorkingCopy import org eclipse swt SWT import org eclipse swt widgets Composite import org eclipse swt widgets ExpandBar import org eclipse swt widgets ExpandItem Gui abstract control to show the program argumnets specified author Rob Ibbotson public abstract class AbstractMultipleFileArgumentsTab extends AbstractSingleFileArgumentsTab protected Map lt String AbstractArgumentConstants gt fileList new LinkedHashM
178. sers A viable IDE is now available for users to choose to develop their ASP programs within Without APE users would still have to use multiple programs to perform their development Considerations have taken place to consider the usability through the use of an update site as well as providing error messages when preferences have been set incorrectly Additionally if desired external programs can quickly be added to APE APE is now at the stage where it is ready to be used by the ASP community Feedback gathered from these users will drive development in the future 73 Bibliography Apt03 Bar03 BDO05 BGP 07 Blo08 CDVBPO08 CR93 CROS DMS84 Krzystof Apt The logic programming paradigm and prolog In John Mitchell editor Concepts in Programming Languages pages 475 508 Cambridge UK 2003 Cambridge University Press Chitta Baral Knowledge Representation Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK 2003 Martin Brain and Marina De Vos Debugging logic programs under the answer set semantics In Marina De Vos and Alessandro Provetti editors Answer Set Programming Advances in Theory and Implementation pages 142 152 Research Press International 2005 Martin Brain Martin Gebser J rg P hrer Torsten Schaub Hans Tompits and Stefan Woltran Debugging ASP Programs by Means of ASP In Chitta Baral Gerhard Brewka and John Schlipf editors Proceedin
179. sing the New menu option Project deletion The project is selected in the file navigator and the option to delete is clicked The project is deleted successfully Table 6 1 Project Creation amp Deletion Tests 6 3 2 External Program Testing The main functionality of APE comes from the external programs that are able to be launched within APE The four programs present in APE at the end of this dissertation project are LPARSE SMODELS e Gringo e clasp All of these programs share the same the functionality 1 File creation and deletion for the program 2 Can create and delete a launch configuration 3 Can close the launch configuration 4 Can run a launch configuration 5 Can access all the tabs in the launch configuration dialog 60 6 Can input dummy data into the launch configuration The test cases performed by SWTBot can be seen in Table Test Case Expected Result File creation A new file is created through the New file menu wizard The file is successfully created without a problem File deletion The file created is highlighted in the file navigator view The option to delete the file is clicked with the file being successfully removed from the system Program launch configuration The Run Configurations menu option is chosen The specific program is selected in the list with the launch configuration options opening successfully Launch configuration closed The same as 3
180. solver c The framework should allow automatic generation of launch shortcuts that the solver can use 11 The system should be to filter the input to a solver 12 The system should filter output 13 The system should be able to save the program output 14 The system should provide debugging tools 15 The system provide version control tools C 2 Non functional 1 The system should have a framework in place to allow easy integration of existing ASP tools a The system should integrate the tools Gringo clasp into APE 2 The system should run on multiple platforms 3 The system should run on the platform that the existing tools run on 4 The system should have tests in place to identify errors a The tests should identify errors when a new version of Eclipse is released b The tests should identify any errors that may occur when new features are added to APE 86 Appendix D Installing APE There are a variety of ways that the version of APE completed for this project can be downloaded and installed onto your system As it is written in Java it is cross platform meaning that there are no specific operating system instructions D 1 Update Site In Eclipse navigate to the Help menu bar then select Install New Software A dialog box as seen in E 3 on page 90 will be presented Enter the update site into the Work with text box The update site is http ape robibbotson co uk updates The AnsProlog Programming Environment
181. stalled Eclipse periodically checks the update sites of installed plug ins to see if a new version is available If one is the user is informed enabling them to install the updated version The update site stores a site xml file which tells Eclipse about the feature being installed The update site also has a features and plugins which stores the JAR files These are copied across to the user s computer during the installation 5 4 Framework This dissertation did not set out to add every possible ASP tool into APE Instead it aimed to differentiate from Sureshkumar s work by providing an architecture for future developers to add tools and programs quickly To do this the common aspects from the programs currently implemented within APE were analysed As each plug in implements extension points the common extension points used in the implementation of LPARSE and SMODELS were inspected It was found both plug ins implemented the following org eclipse ui preferencePages The preference page allows the user to specify any spe cific preferences for the program One preference that is necessary in all programs is the program location path enabling the external tool to be launched within APE Website can currently be found at http ape robibbotson co uk updates 40 org eclipse debug core launchConfigurationTypes When a program launches it has a launch configuration type This has to be unique as it acts as an id for that programs launc
182. sts 66 6 5 Requirements Gupta and Bhatia describe the requirements testing process as ensuring that the design and code fully meet those requirements The process is aimed at prevention rather than detection of defects Gupta and Bhatia carry on to say that requirements are not often tested as they are ambiguous or incomplete However in the case of this project it is felt that the requirements checking would be beneficial In the following section the main requirements as seen in Section 3 are discussed describing how they have been checked for completeness with the tests in place 6 5 1 Framework To Add New Features One of the main features added into APE is the ability to quickly define an external program to be launched within APE The new framework allows users to extend from a variety of abstract classes to implement the tool If anything specific needs to be implemented then subclassing will allow it to be done A key benefit provided by the framework is the speed at which future tools will be able to be added into APE In order to validate this claim then a test was performed seeing how long it takes for a new tool to be added into APE The test run can be seen in Appendix F 2 page The external program added into APE was ASPeRIX a program that performs the grounding and solving in one step As the results show in Appendix the whole process of adding the tool took under twenty minutes The test added in the new tool allowing
183. super getRunConfiguration BOT cTabItem Input Files activate BOT button Add Resource click BOT shell Resource Selection activate BOT text 0 setText testFileName BOT table 0 getTableltem 0 select BOT button OK click BOT cTabltem Common activate BOT checkBox File click BOT button Apply click BOT button Close click protected void copyInputFile String file throws IOException File testFile new File testDirectory file BufferedReader reader new BufferedReader new FileReader testFile String currentLine SWTBotEclipseEditor textEditor BOT activeEditor O toTextEditor StringBuffer buffer new StringBuffer while currentLine reader readLine null buffer append currentLine buffer append System getProperty line separator reader close textEditor setText buffer toString textEditor save private void setSaveFile String file throws IOException String saveFileLocation resultsDirectory file result File result new File saveFileLocation super getRunConfiguration BOT cTabItem Common activate BOT text 3 setText result getCanonicalPath BOT checkBox Launch in background click BOT button Apply click BOT button Run click
184. t themselves 1 A said that B and C are both knights 2 B said that A is a knave and C is a knight What types are A B and C NV KL LK KKK KCK LCL RN SL SR There are three persons in this puzzle person a b c Each person is either knight or knave but not both 1 knight P knave P 1 person P Rest of the rules model the hints Hint 1 If A tells the truth both B and C are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knight a If A lies it is not possible that they are both knights knave a knight b knight c Hint 2 If B tells the truth A is a knave and C is a knight 2 knave a knight c 2 knight b If B lies it is not possible that A is knave and C is knight knave b knave a knight c kni 94 G 3 Previous Predicate Declaration G 3 1 File puzzlel_previous lp puzzlel lp Knights and Knaves author Tommi Syrj nen Raymond Smullyan presents the following puzzle in his book Forever Undecided The Island of Knights and Knaves has two types of inhabitants knights who always tell the truth and knaves who always lie One day three inhabitants A B and C of the island met a foreign tourist and gave the following information about themselves 1 A said that B and C are both knights 2 B said that A is a knave and C is a knight What types are A B and C AN KK KKK KKK KL ARSS SR There are three persons in this puzzl
185. tandard output to a file The file it is written to is stored under the results folder in a directory called actual The tests are ran automatically with SWTBot providing the functionality to do this The tests are ran just like a user would run them with all the user interface steps being per 61 formed The following algorithm takes place when running the tests 1 For each test file in the test directory 2 Create a new AnsProlog project 3 Create a new AnsProlog input file 4 Open the editor for this file 5 Read the test into a buffer and copy into the editor 6 Save the editor 7 Open the Run Configurations dialog 8 Create a new launch configuration setting up all necessary options for the program 9 Redirect output to the actual directory 10 Launch the program 11 Repeat the process for the other tests in the test directory Test output for each test will be stored in the actual directory The next stage performed is comparison between this output and the expected output in the expected directory Files to be compared have the same name in both directories Each file is read into a buffer line by line Each line between the two files is compared If they are identical the next line is read if not than the output is not equal and therefore an error is identified When all lines have been read without error for all tests it shows that the program is running within APE as expected 6 3 3 Conversion Between Solvers A featu
186. ted with one line in the constructor of the class This line calling the super class with the configuration type id An example in action can be seen in GringoLaunchShortcut see Appendix H 2 5 page 118 5 5 Gringo and Clasp A requirement of the project was the addition of the grounder Gringo and solver clasp Both of these tools were added into APE making use of the framework above Each program had a new plug in project created uk ac bath cs asp ide gringo and uk ac bath cs asp ide clasp 5 5 1 Gringo Editor Problems A main feature of any IDE is syntax checking as programs are typed Any errors that are found are highlighted or underlined indicating to the user where the error lies This process is called syntax analysis This is carried out by parsing the program The input file is broken up into a stream of tokens lexical analysis with the parser trying to match these tokens against the program specification known as the grammar of the program 46 In order to provide syntax checking and error highlighting within the IDE this process has to occur whilst the user is typing their program In an Eclipse editor this process is managed by a reconciler A reconciler is a background process that updates the underlying model of the program It can be activated after every key stroke when the user stops typing or when the user saves the file depending upon the performance implications When developing a LPARSE file the reconciler is working
187. the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse internal editor actions import java util ArrayList import java util List import org eclipse jface text contentassist ICompletionProposal import uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse core ast LparseSourceFile EST Je Generates content assist proposals from numeric constants x author Rob Ibbotson public class NumericConstantProposalGenerator extends ProposalGenerator Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generatePredictedProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator if hasBodySeperator return super generateConstantPredictedProposals super getPrefixNamedAtoms prefix file file get NumericConstantTable getSymbols O prefix offset return new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt Override public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateCurrentProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator if lhasBodySeperator return super generateConstantCurrentProposals super getPrefixNamedAtoms prefix file file get NumericConstantTable getSymbols prefix offset return new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt H 4 5 File ProposalGenerator java arado jok x APE AnsPrologx x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse
188. the annotations BeforeClass and AfterClass For specific tests setup and tear down can be done with the annotations Before and CAfter Tests have no guaranteed order of execution resulting in tests being independent of one another If tests depended upon one another it would cause a catalog of issues when the execution order changes A benefit of this approach is that each test can be isolated when failing being reran when fixed 6 1 2 Manual Tests Whilst developing features for APE the plug in development environment PDE allowed individual aspects of APE to be tested A new instance of Eclipse can be launched along with the plug in under development simulating the configuration of a normal Eclipse in stallation This configuration includes the Java Runtime Environment as well as the set of other plug ins available to the installation In addition the Eclipse instance launched through the PDE can be started in debug mode allowing defects to be easily located 6 2 Location A decision had to be made about where the tests within APE were to be stored A couple of options were available Existing projects One option was to store the tests under each project in APE For example tests for LPARSE would live in uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse New project Another option was to create a separate plug in project called uk ac bath cs asp ide testing to hold tests for all the projects within APE It was decided the second option was the best cour
189. tion to convert between them especially given the syntax highlighting problem outlined above Differences between the languages have been taken from the Gringo user manual as discussed in Section page The differences are not a definitive list as stated in the Gringo manual GKK However they are the ones well known about meaning that it should be suitable for this project to convert the more common cases As future work is done on APE further conversions could be added as the differences between the languages become better known The user can choose for the conversion to occur in two ways whilst viewing the document in the editor Source Menu Both conversion methods are available in the Source menu as can be seen in Figure This is in the same menu as being able to toggle comments for the editor It was decided to locate the conversion method options in the same menu to ensure consistency for the user Any options they can perform in the editor can be performed from the Source menu Keyboard Shortcut Alternatively keyboard shortcuts can be used to convert the pro gram The specific shortcuts can be seen by the user to the right of the options in the Source menu as seen in Figure The shortcut to convert from Gringo to LPARSE is Control Command Shift S Originally the shortcut was designed to be Control Command Shift L to stand for converting to LPARSE However it was found that it was already defined in Eclipse Therefore Control Comma
190. tional improvements have been made with the existing tools inside APE being fixed so they can be launched through a shortcut Further error reporting has been improved with refactoring taking place to ensure that the right classes can access the user interface components New features have been added with conversion between program languages now available This will save the user having to find the incompatibilities themselves and spend time rewriting their program Predicate completion is now available to enable faster develop ment on programs for users This can be activated through the new view or through the 55 traditional Eclipse content assister Additionally a new framework has been developed which new programs being implemented into APE can subclass The framework minimises the amount of coding needed by the developer to add the program into APE This has been taken advantage of with the programs Gringo and clasp added making use of this Further the project has added a automated testing strategy to minimise the chance of errors occurring as APE is developed in the future This is fully documented in the next chapter 56 Chapter 6 Testing Part of any software project is the testing stage Clayberg and Rubel state that tests are necessary to ensure that a product continues to function correctly over multiple releases Sureshkumar s testing was limited to manually testing the system which Clayberg and Rubel say is acceptable a
191. tiveEditor getSelectionProvider getSelection return textSelection getOffset private Document getDocumentInEditor LparseEditor activeEditor LparseEditor PlatformUlI getWorkbench getActiveWorkbenchWindow getPages 0 getActiveEditor return activeEditor getDocumentProvider getDocument activeEditor getEditorInput H 4 9 File PredicateViewContentProvider java PRR ACCOR ACI K K x APE AnsProlog x Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street x Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA A package uk ac bath cs asp ide lparse views import org eclipse jface viewers ArrayContentProvider import org eclipse jface viewers ITreeContentProvider The content provider for t
192. to allows users the choice of whether to complete the questionnaire Questionnaires can suffer from low response rates Ruane gives an example of less than 30 However it was deemed enough responses would be received due to the large population as well as the advantages APE would provide The questionnaire as suggested by Ruane Rua04 was designed to stand on its own Benefits of this approach are the elimination of time and space barriers Suchman and Jordan describe that most useful information in requirements gathering is obtained when both interviewers and respondents negotiate the meaning of questions and answers Unfortunately the questionnaire hinders this process However in the case of this project when feedback was received it was acted upon For example following feedback the first question was changed from What do you currently use to develop ASP programs to Which text editor do you currently use to develop ASP programs to ensure greater clarity for respondents The questionnaire distributed to the stakeholders can be found in Appendix A page Likewise the results received can be seen in Appendix B page One area that was not explored was observation sessions to see how users use the current ASP tools available to them Again the same problems as face to face interviews would be encountered Therefore it may have been suitable to limit these sessions to only observe people within the university This would have rel
193. ts and Knaves has two types of inhabitants knights who always tell the truth and knaves who always lie One day three inhabitants A B and C of the island met a foreign tourist and gave the following information about themselves 1 A said that B and C are both knights 2 B said that A is a knave and C is a knight What types are A B and C NV KL KK KK CK LCL RR SR There are three persons in this puzzle person a b c Each person is either knight or knave but not both 1 knight P knave P 1 person P Rest of the rules model the hints Hint 1 If A tells the truth both B and C are knights 2 knight b knight c 2 knight a 93 If A lies it is not possible that they are both knights knave a knight b knight c Hint 2 If B tells the truth A is a knave and C is a knight 2 knave a knight c 2 knight b If B lies it is not possible that A is knave and C is knight knave b knave a knight c G 2 New Predicate Declaration G 2 1 File puzzlel_new lp puzzlel lp Knights and Knaves author Tommi Syrj nen Raymond Smullyan presents the following puzzle in his book Forever Undecided The Island of Knights and Knaves has two types of inhabitants knights who always tell the truth and knaves who always lie One day three inhabitants A B and C of the island met a foreign tourist and gave the following information abou
194. ts constants List lt String gt arguments new LinkedList lt String gt if field getType Button class arguments addAll getButtonValues configuration field constants if field getType Text class arguments addAll getTextValues configuration field constants if field getType Spinner class arguments addAll getSpinner Values configuration field constants return arguments private List lt String gt getButtonValues ILaunchConfiguration configuration Field field AbstractArgumentConstants constants List lt String gt arguments new LinkedList lt String gt 3 boolean attribute false try attribute configuration getAttribute field getName false catch CoreException e ASPPlugin getLogger logException e if attribute CommandLineSwitch annotation field getAnnotation CommandLineSwitch class arguments add annotation option if annotation additional Field additionalField constants getAdditionalArguments get field SOT getName arguments addAll getFieldValue configuration additionalField constants return arguments protected List lt String gt getTextValues ILaunchConfiguration configuration Field field AbstractArgumentConstants constants List lt String gt arguments new LinkedList lt String gt String attribute null try attribute configur
195. ure Survey The dissertation starts off with a survey of relevant literature This section covers previous research in the field of ASP as well as IDE development APE is looked at in more depth as well as logic programming in general Requirements This chapter documents the elicitation process of requirement gathering for the project Gathering choices are explained as well as documenting the key requirements that the APE must implement The scope of the project is defined given the time scale Design The design decisions made for the project are explained in this chapter The system architecture is introduced as well as the decisions made from the requirements Detailed Design amp Implementation This chapter follows the same approach as the design chapter A high level overview of the implementation process is given with key algorithms explained Approaches are reflected upon with decisions made throughout the project justified Testing This chapter explains the testing process and strategies that have been imple mented for the project Automatic and manual tests are performed as well as expla nation as to how this will help future developers Additionally the requirements are revisited to ensure the project has succeeded in meeting them Conclusion This chapter documents any findings from the project as well as providing a critical evaluation of the dissertation as a whole The future direction of APE is considered with possible improveme
196. ures Although the most popular tools in use by the ASP community have been identified this does not necessarily correspond to the features that possible users may want to see in the IDE An effective part of requirements gathering is ensuring that the system matches the needs of the user In order to do this users were asked to pick their three most desired features for an IDE for ASP The results can be seen in Table B1 From the results it is clear that the most desired features are being able to convert between different solvers as well as having predicate completion After this the features most desired are debugging as well as visualisation of the program being developed Both debugging and visualisation would be implemented through the means of external tools specifically SPOCK and ASPViz Both of these are explained in the literature survey in Section page As a framework is being developed to enable ease of future implementation it was decided to not add SPOCK or ASPViz initially Instead they could be added if time suffices After that the most desired feature is integrating Gringo and clasp into APE This is understandable given that they are the most widely used tools as seen in Section 3 2 4 page Conversion Between Solvers As stated above the most desired feature from respondents is the ability to convert between different solvers The answer did not mean a true solver but rather a grounder and solver pair Such examples of grounders
197. ving to do anything other than specify the update site Previously the user had to drag the JAR files into the correct directory in order for APE to be usable within Eclipse The new process simplifies this greatly making it much more user friendly 70 7 2 Limitations Given the nature of the project not every feature implemented went smoothly Conversion between solvers does not convert every incompatibility found between the languages of LPARSE and Gringo The conversion methods are taken from the Gringo and clasp user manual GKK The manual itself says that not all possible incompatibilities between Gringo and LPARSE are known APE does not give a guarantee that conversion will work in every possible case due to these unknown cases However the more common conversions between pooled terms aggregates and restricted variable names are converted successfully within APE Currently Gringo programs use the LPARSE editor A underlying LPARSE model of the program being written is used rather than a Gringo model Problems with this could be incorrect syntax highlighting Another issue could be syntax errors being identified at incorrect locations Program errors could be shown when they shouldn t be alternatively errors may not be shown when they should Although the option is provided to the user to disable error checking it does defeat the objective of the IDE Alternatively the user can convert the syntax but problems exist with that as well
198. wer Set Programming To fully understand how APE can be used the field of ASP needs to be fully understood In answer set programming a logic program is used to describe the requirements that must be fulfilled by the solutions of a certain problem Bar03 The answer sets of the program are usually defined through the stable model semantics GL88 These sets then correspond to the solutions of the problem ASP programs are written in AnsProlog AnsProlog is short form for answer set programming in logic and the denotes that there are no restrictions on any of the rules Bar03 With the increasing efficiency of an swer set solvers and novel application areas for answer set programming ASP is becoming a useful programming paradigm for declarative problem solving and knowledge representa tion systems CDVBP08 The process of programming in ASP is explained in the Gringo and clasp user manual GKK This describes the process as a four box model as can be seen in Figure page Baral specifies that AnsProlog programs can be considered to be a collection of rules of the form Lo or or Lk Lg y1 Em not Lm 1 not Ln Where each L is a literal A positive literal is an atom whilst a negative literal is an atom preceded by gt Em 1 Ln are considered true if evidence cannot support the truth of Em 1 Ln not stands for negation as failure With negation as failure not L does not mean L is fa
199. y and verbose The Java tutorial page Sun10 explains a further disadvantage is the increase in performance overhead Bloch explains that you can obtain many of the benefits of reflection while incurring few of its costs by using it only in a very limited form Creating instances of the class via reflection and then accessing them normally using their interface or superclass is the method explained This is exactly what occurs in the framework The interface is the annotation CommandLineSwitch which provides access to the objects From that compile time checking can occur as the annotation is the object being referred to Due to this it was decided that reflection was an appropriate form to use for the project especially considering the disadvantages are reduced by following the advice set out by Bloch The type of the field is used to know what control the interface should generate Typically it will be a Button creating a checkbox for each option However the type is more critical in the additional dependent fields As the user may be needed to enter a number or text the type could be Spinner or Text However the additional dependent fields are not declared public Instead they are private members However a mapping takes place linking the public field with its additional members This is managed by the AbstractArgumentConstants class By the argument list file extending this class a mapping is provided allowing mapping of fields The additional f
200. ySeperator proposals addAll makeFullHeadProposal symbols prefix common offset proposals addAll makeFullProposal symbols prefix common offset Ds else proposals addAll makeFullBodyProposal symbols prefix common offset return proposals Override LET public List lt ICompletionProposal gt generateCurrentProposals LparseSourceFile file String prefix int offset boolean hasBodySeperator List lt ICompletionProposal gt proposals new ArrayList lt ICompletionProposal gt String symbols file getVariableTable getSymbols if prefix equals if hasBodySeperator proposals addAll makeFullHeadProposal symbols prefix prefix offset proposals addAll makeFullProposal symbols prefix prefix offset else proposals addAll makeFullBodyProposal symbols prefix prefix offset return proposals H 4 8 File PredicateView java PRR A a aK k A A K K APE AnsPrologx Programming Environment plug in for the Eclipse platform x Copyright C 2010 Rob Ibbotson x This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software x Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version x This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY x

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