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Information Systems Technician Training Series

1. What action does the 2 40 degaussing of magnetic media accomplish T Sorts out individual bits Le Rearranges all alphabetic and numeric characters 3a Magnetically saturates the oxide coating and rearranges all 0 and 1 bits 4 Demagnetizes the media 2 41 and then replaces EOT and BOT markers with up to date labels for reuse What guidelines if any do you use to destroy magnetic tape and diskettes Ty Local SOPS 2 OPNAVINST 5530 14 3i SECNAVINST SZI Iw 4 None Most AIS installations have incorporated or are capable of installing an automated tape library control ATLC system Which of the following processes takes 2 42 place in an ATLC system T Save labels are automatically scanned by an optical reader Dy Storage handling and retrieval of magnetic media are done 2 43 automatically Zia Tape disk files are automatically saved retained and scratched based on purge dates 4 Information needed to build an ATLC master record is automatically extracted from the media s internal label LS Under an ATLC system what report indicates the tapes that are to be scratched or released Te The library maintenance report ae The media to be released report 3 The user programmer report 4 The applications report The diskette should be inserted in a horizontal diskette drive with a the label and b the recording window facing in which of the following directions
2. A record consists of a group of related fields all pertaining to the same subject a person a thing or an event Field A field consists of one unit of information A field is also referred to as a data item or a data element It maybe alphabetic like your name John or Jane Doe numeric like your ZIP Code 01234 alphanumeric like your post office box or street address P O Box 669 or 1234 Main St or logical true false like on leave true on leave false not on leave Pointer A pointer is a data item in one record that identifies the storage location of another logically related record Index An index enables you to access records in a database also referred to as database file or file in the order of the index regardless of the physical sequence of the records in the database You can think of indexing as sorting without having to sort The index itself is a file It contains a duplicate of the key field or fields such as account number or name and security number and a pointer to the actual disk record identified with this key in another permanent disk file For example if there are 5 000 records in your database and the key field happens to be SSN then the index would also contain 5 000 entries with each entry having an SSN It is also possible for you to have one or more secondary indexes that contain other various secondary key fields Primary key The primary key in a database consi
3. figure 2 5 It is a permanent home address you might say Your responsibility is to ensure that whenever new tapes and disks are brought into the library be properly numbered If the tape or disk is a replacement for one that is no longer usable you must be sure to dispose of the old media and physically remove the identification label Certification Label The certification label is used to indicate the last time a magnetic tape or disk underwent certification Diskettes are not normally certified but instead are disposed of upon receiving an unacceptable number of unrecoverable read write errors It has been found to be more cost effective to simply replace this type of media with new rather than putting it through a refurbishing process NONPERMANENT LABELS The non permanent type label has a special adhesive backing of stick on type construction that can be applied to just about any kind of surface yet be removed with very little effort This type of label is most useful in applications where information regarding the media itself or what is written upon it changes quite frequently Usage labels cleaning labels and save labels are usually nonpermanent type labels Usage Label The usage label is used to determine how many times a tape has been read from or written to It can be placed on either side of the tape reel The usage label is normally made up of several boxes or circles approximately one quarter inch in
4. software 3 23 what 325 With database software what name is given to the type of language used to retrieve information from a database 1g Query 24 System 3 Information 4 Report generator When you want to produce a high quality printed document with a variety of type sizes and styles what type of software package would be best to use l Word processing Lh Desktop publishing oS Graphics 4 Database When you want to use desktop publishing software to process a document you created with word processing software you will have to take what action il Import the document file ie Rekeystroke the document cm Reformat the document file using a stand alone utility program 4 Translate the document file using a stand alone utility program Which of the following is NOT a function of desktop publishing software die Composition Lx Calculations cy Graphics 4 Layout involves which tasks Layout following Lig Arranging text only a Drawing borders only ey Incorporating illustrations only 4 Arranging text drawing borders and incorporating 3 33 illustrations added between known The space lines of material is by what term Iis Letter spacing 2 Gutter spacing S Clipping 4 Leading You can expect to find which of the following capabilities relating to graphics in a desktop aAA publishing program 1 Resizing only a Importing only 38 Color layeri
5. Indicator and Warning Lights In looking at you will notice indicator lights located above the control buttons on the control panel They provide status information and show the functions or features currently in effect POWER INDICATOR The power light lets you know that power is being supplied to the printer ONLINE INDICATOR The online indicator tells you that the printer is in online status and is ready to receive output from the microprocessor While it is in this status normally all other panel buttons are inoperative ERROR INDICATOR The error indicator light warns you that there is a problem of some sort that makes the printer inoperable This could be caused by a cover left open the printer out of paper an electrical malfunction a paper jam or possibly the font cartridge is not in place or is improperly seated FONT PRINT MODE AND PITCH INDICATOR LIGHTS The lights located above each button and next to each feature tell you the current operating modes of the printer The lights are lit next to selected features Accessories and Other Hardware In addition to monitors disk drives keyboards and printers you may find a number of other attachments to microcomputer systems These might include a mouse device cassette tape drive optical scanner CD ROM drive switch box modem and so on MOUSE DEVICE You may have a mouse device attached to your micro It allows you to freehand sketch or to select items fr
6. Printer operating control panel applications program When in offline status the printer cannot receive data LINE FEED LF BUTTON The line feed button allows you to advance the printer paper one line at a time every time you press it On many printers if you depress the line feed button for more than 5 seconds the paper feeds continuously line by line Regardless of how this button is used the internal line counter is incremented accordingly therefore the top of form position is never changed FORM FEED FF BUTTON The form feed button allows you to advance the printer paper to the top of form TOF position the top of the next page TOP OF FORM TOF BUTTON Pressing the TOF button will advance the printer paper 1 1 2 inches and redefine the location of TOF on the paper On this particular printer it will not feed the paper to the TOF position as it does on many of the high speed printers you have operated FONT BUTTON With the font button you can select between fonts depending upon job requirements If no selection is made the operating system normally defaults to the courier font PRINT MODE BUTTON The mode button allows you to select the quality of print This particular printer has two settings draft mode and letter quality LQ mode e PITCH BUTTON Use the pitch button to select the number of characters to print per inch This particular printer has three settings 10 12 and 17 characters per inch
7. using a specially designed computer software program Once the media has been overwritten it should be verified checked to be sure the read mechanism cannot detect any traces of data information except the characters used in the overwrite procedure Only then can the media be considered as unclassified and all classification labels and markings identifying the subject matter be removed You should also ensure the computer operator checks out the computer and all related components that are to be used immediately before beginning the overwrite procedure This is to let you know that malfunctions which could prevent the classified information from being effectively overwritten do not occur During the overwriting process all storage locations will be overwritten a minimum of three times once with the binary digit 1 once with the binary digit 0 and once with a single numeric alphabetic or special character other than 0 or 1 The current used in overwriting must be equal to that used when the data was first recorded but not so strong that it will damage or impair the equipment If the storage device fails in such a reamer that it cannot erase the data from the media the media may be declassified by exposing the recording surface s to a permanent magnet having a field strength at the recording surface of at least 1500 oersted Care must be taken to ensure that the entire surface is wiped at least three times
8. 3 20 Data management 3 1 sequentiall 3 20 Data transmission methods 1 9 Floppies 1 19 parallel 1 9 serial 1 9 H Database management systems DBMS 3 21 Hard disks 1 20 data manipulation languages DMLs 3 24 Help aides 1 25 DBMS events 3 24 High level languages 3 3 schema 3 22 ADAJ3 3 schema data definition language DDL 3 23 BASIC 3 3 subschema 3 23 C 3 3 INDEX 1 High level languages Continued COBOL 3 3 FORTRAN PASCAL 3 3 Hypothermagraph 2 2 I Input ouput I O channels 1 9 duplex 1 9 simplex Input output devices 1 14 CD ROM drive 1 23 disk drives 1 18 keyboards 1 16 1 28 modems monitors 1 14 1 27 mouse 1 23 optical scanner 1 23 printers 1 2 1 1 28 switch boxes 1 24 tape drive 1 23 I O and program specifications 3 20 J Jobs 2 5 canceling 2 6 displaying 2 5 monitoring restarting 2 5 starting 2 5 L Labels 2 10 external internal 2 13 Library environment 2 22 Library functions 2 8 care and handling 2 14 2 16 cleaning and recertifying 2 17 2 19 degaussing 2 20 destruction 2 20 disaster off site backup 2 13 labeling magnetic media 2 10 receipt of magnetic media 2 10 releasing magnetic media 2 21 shipment 2 14 storage 2 21 Loading and unloading tapes paper forms 2 32 tapes 2 31 M Magnetic disk 2 16 care and handling 2 16 cleaning and recertifying 2 19 Magnetic media a
9. In this case you can correct a mispelled or is it misspelled word by selecting the correctly spelled word from the list on the display screen The same is true of the thesaurus the software lists synonyms on the screen You select the one you want and it replaces the original word with the selected synonym Some word processing programs have automatic paragraph numbering and outlining features Once you have created the outline or document you can delete or add entries and the software will automatically renumber reletter the outline or paragraphs in the document Some word processing programs have indexing capabilities You can tell the software which words terms are to be included in an index The software will then automatically create the index in alphabetical order with the appropriate page numbers Some enable you to create a table of contents or other types of lists Some word processing programs even include some of the features of a spreadsheet package While they may not be as easy to use or as sophisticated you can define columns and rows and perform some arithmetic functions For example you could total a column or calculate total cost of an order by having the software multiply the number of items by unit cost and put the result in another column Some word processing programs enable you to set up records with defined fields For example you could set up a file of records with names and addresses Let s say
10. Like other software packages you have cursor movement keys function keys and commands to tell the software what to do The following list contains some of the more common ways you can expect to interact with a spreadsheet software package Cursor movement or arrow keys You can move the cursor one cell at a time in one of four directions up down left or right Other keys such as PgUp and PgDn move the cursor up or down one full page still others when used in conjunction with other keys move the entire worksheet in a specific direction Function keys You can use F1 F2 F3 and so on to display HELP screens edit entries display range names enter absolute formulas move back and forth between screens or windows perform range and global recalculations and so on Spreadsheet commands You can use commands to tell the software what to do Features of Spreadsheet Software Spreadsheet software packages normally include ways to do the following things Enter labels non numeric data Enter values numeric data Enter formulas to perform calculations analyses comparisons and projections Insert and delete columns and rows Copy and move ranges of data cells records from one area of a worksheet to another Erase part or all of a worksheet Change the way values are represented on part or all of a worksheet Split the viewing screen to allow you to view two parts of a worksheet si
11. completion letter questions E mail fleetservices cnet navy mil Phone Toll Free 877 264 8583 Comm 850 452 1511 1181 1859 DSN 922 1511 1181 1859 FAX 850 452 1370 Do not fax answer sheets Address COMMANDING OFFICER NETPDTC N331 6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD PENSACOLA FL 32559 5000 NAVAL RESERVE RETIREMENT CREDIT If you are a member of the Naval Reserve you may earn retirement points for successfully completing this course if authorized under current directives governing retirement of Naval Reserve personnel For Naval Reserve retire ment this course is evaluated at 5 points Refer to Administrative Procedures for Naval Reservists on Inactive Duty BUPERSINST 1001 39 for more information about retirement points Student Comments Information Systems Technician Training Series Course Title Module 2 Computer Systems NAVEDTRA 14223 Date We need some information about you Rate Rank and Name SSN Command Unit Street Address City State FPO Zip Your comments suggestions etc Privacy Act Statement Under authority of Title 5 USC 301 information regarding your military status is requested in processing your comments and in preparing a reply This information will not be divulged without written authorization to anyone other than those within DOD for official use in determining performance NETPDTC 1550 41 Rev 4 00 1X CHAPTER 1 COMPUTER HARDWARE STARTUP LEARNING OBJ
12. created and so on Most of the time the computer console printout will provide you with the answers you are looking for when it comes to reconciling processing discrepancies For example it will inform you of the reasons certain output products tapes diskettes or report listings were not produced Possibly the operator selected an incorrect program option or the input parameters were incorrect or incomplete before starting the job In short you are responsible and also accountable for every job you work on from the time it is submitted by the user until its delivery back to the user When checking the user s output you should once again refer to the run sheet and or task folder to verify that all items requested were in fact produced If the output is in the form of magnetic tape disk or diskette be sure it is labeled properly given the proper classification and it is on the appropriate media magnetic media that has been designated for mail out or distribution only When checking reports make sure that they were run on the proper forms size and type that no pages are missing and the correct number of copies were printed and that all print is legible and lined up properly Once it is completed you then package each copy of the report along with any other output products and the original input place it in the proper pickup area and log the job out in the job control log You may need to notify the user when th
13. it is your responsibility to make an entry in the error trouble log giving the cause of the problem and as much detail as possible DOCUMENTATION Documentation who needs it In data processing we all do for without it we would quickly find ourselves in serious trouble As a computer operator if you want to know how to run a particular procedure job or system or learn more about a particular procedure job or system the operator s manual or run manual is a good place to start It can provide you with a wealth of information Examples are a written overview of the system and systems flowchart in depth coverage pertaining to I O requirements file specifications layouts processing methods job setup error messages that might be generated recovery restart procedures and sample reports As the console operator you are responsible for running hundreds possibly even thousands of jobs on a regular basis Without using the available documentation even an experienced operator cannot understand or be expected to remember exactly how each job is to be set up and run The actual format of the operator s documentation differs depending on your installation s requirements and SOPS In some installations you will find that each procedure or job has its own folder or notebook Other installations may include an entire system several jobs such as personnel or payroll in one large notebook Regardless of how the documentati
14. straps in tacks of 20 S h S wrap around S Carry magnetic tape by he center hub never he flanges 4 Using both hands mount tape by applying an even amount of pressure to the outer flange Whenever you are retrieving storing or handling a disk pack you should always 2 35 carry it in which of the following ways Ti By the handle located on the top cover Zs By the handle located on the bottom cover 3 By placing both hands on the bottom cover 4 Under your arm so it will not get away from you When you are working with magnetic tape the greatest number of tape errors are normally found in what area FRE of the tape 1s Within the first 100 feet ae Within the last 100 feet 3 In the middle of the tape 4 On the edges of the tape 14 A new tape should be cleaned a a minimum of how many times and b for what reason l a One b to relieve tape packing 2 a One b to help prevent head wear oss a Two b to relieve tape packing 4 a Two b to help prevent head wear When you are cleaning a tape a what is used to remove protrusions from the oxide surface and b what is the maximum percentage of tape errors that are removed Knives 75 Wiping assemblies 75 Knives 90 Wiping assemblies 90 Cw OOOO D Soft data checks are also called what type of errors Permanent Temporary lard parity igad to disk contact Ae wN
15. supply payroll and soon This report is normally listed by project number and identification number USER PROGRAMMER REPORT This report provides you with information pertaining to media that is assigned to a particular user or programmer It should be in user programmer number release date and identification number sequence MEDIA TO BE RELEASED REPORT This report provides you with information pertaining to the media that are scheduled to be released scratched according to purge date It is normally listed in identification number and or in file ID sequence LIBRARY MAINTENACE REPORT This report provides you with information regarding the media itself indicating when the media was last cleaned when it was last stripped magnetic tape only and recertified This report is normally listed by media type tape or disk and identification number OFF SITE STORAGE REPORT This report provides you with information pertaining to the media that are stored off site This report is normally listed by media type release date and identification number HISTORY REPORT This report provides you with various information pertaining to all magnetic media classified as history files This report should be listed in media type release date and identification number sequence All input changes and deletions to the ATLC systems database master file should be accomplished by the librarian to ensure database integrity You sh
16. the diskette s jacket Instead use a felt tip marker and be sure to press lightly Unless labels are scarce you would do well to inform the user it is far better to prepare a new label before placing it on the diskette Then using extreme care remove any label on the diskette 2 29 and place the new one on Never stack labels one on top of the other on a diskette It may cause problems when you insert the diskette into the drive Show end users how to handle and properly use diskettes To be used a diskette must be inserted into a disk drive Sounds simple enough however if you were to measure a 5 25 inch diskette you would find that each side measures 5 25 inches it is perfectly square To the end users inserting a diskette into a drive could become a bit of a problem with eight possible ways to insert it We know a diskette goes into a drive correctly in only one way If the disk drive is the horizontal type insert the diskette with the label facing up and the recording window toward the drive door as shown in figure 2 19 Normally if the disk drive is the vertical type hold the diskette with the label facing left while inserting it with the recording window toward the drive door Once the diskette is properly inserted close the drive door by lowering the drive latch This positions the read write heads and locks the diskette in place This locking step is necessary otherwise the system will not be able to access the dis
17. unit rather than through its T There is a problem with own power line cable hardware that you cannot correct iy Printer 2 There is a problem with 2 Keyboard software that you cannot Bis Monitor correct 4 None 3 Both 1 and 2 above 4 The system is completely High voltage can overload down and literally burn up the computer s internal 2 6 Computer rooms components To avoid high preset temperatures to voltage peaks you should prevent equipment failures use what device Regardless of temperature requirements which of the Iz Mouse following temperature ranges 2 Fuse box is most often maintained in 3 Surge protector computer rooms 4 Gender changer 1 60 F 65 F What device has a cable with Di 65 F 70 F a twenty five pin serial 3 70 F 75 F connector to connect it to 4 75 F 80 F the system unit ox What instrument is used to Ie Monitor monitor both temperature and 2 Keyboard humidity in a computer 3x Printer space 4 Surge protector Des Hygrometer Which of the following types oa Barometer of devices can usually Fr Thermometer operate in either a serial 4 Hypothermagraph or a parallel mode 2 8 What type of distinctive 1 Keyboards function keys provided by 2 Monitors the manufacturer provide 3 Printers faster and easier 4 Surge protectors performance of routine functions 10 Special Command Programmable Atypical m NH When powering up a computer you should power up the
18. when system performance has dropped because of increased use or changes to peripherals By increasing memory and buffer sizes the throughput time of the system is improved and the user access time is shortened Hardware addresses are changed when there is a change to hardware status such as the addition or loss of a piece of equipment The addition of new application software will cause the system to be unavailable to users during the implementation When the software arrives it will include the installation instructions that are to be followed Powering Up the Computer The CPU is normally powered up first then one by one each of the I O devices is turned on This is done to prevent a sudden surge of power that might overload the circuits With the computer system powered up you can then proceed to IPL the system Booting the System Anytime the system loses power is shut down or becomes disabled because of a system crash it usually needs to be rebooted or initial program loaded IPLed A system crash is the result of a hardware software or operation problem a malfunction in the CPU a programming error from which the operating system could not recover or an operator error caused by an incorrect response to a message Booting most systems resets all status indicators and reloads the supervisor the executive system program along with other resident routines into the CPU memory The manner in which the system is booted depen
19. which allows them to be run without change on a variety of computers INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE Depending on the needs of the users the software will vary from command to command But one thing is for sure your system will have a disk operating system to make the whole thing work Beyond that you may have users who run only wordprocessing or only database management applications Maybe they use graphics and do desktop publishing Maybe all their applications are accounting and they rely primarily on spreadsheet programs and specialized accounting type programs Some may even be writing their own programs in languages such as PASCAL BASIC or COBOL It may be your job to help users install learn and effectively use one or more software packages or programs It may be your job to develop specialized programs or routines for your installation or for users in their own work spaces In the following sections we will discuss installation and use of a few of the general types of software we commonly associate with microcomputers Operating System The operating system will be the first program you will need to know about because you must install it before other programs It manages the operation of the system If the system has a hard fixed disk you will install the operating system onto it The first step will be to partition the hard disk that is identify the hard disk to the operating system and create a partition for the
20. CPU first then each piece of equipment individually for which of the following reasons T To save time 2 To save power ot To prevent a surge of power 4 To verify all the indicator lights are working As a computer console operator you normally have to reboot IPL the computer system after each of the following conditions except which one Ts The system has lost ower he system has wait state he system is or repairs he system is disabled ue to a system crash gone into shut down QHmRhHOHDDH Some mainframe computers use a disk to store their operating system This disk is known by which of the following names DISKMAIN MAINSYS PACSYS SYSRES A GW N What are the two types of computer diagnostics T Internal and external Zs Internal and booted 3 External and peripheral 4 External and selected YI 2 5 As a computer console operator you are responsible for responding to messages from the computer Basically you are concerned with what two types of messages Ls Program and control 2 User and applications 3 System and conditional 4 Operating system and program generated As a computer console determine stopped operator you can if a job is active terminated or waiting for printer by performing which of the following console functions 1 Initiating job log 2i Displaying job status Si Que
21. Disks and Disk Drives Magnetic disks regardless of their type or size are without a doubt the most important secondary storage medium used with microcomputers Disks provide fast retrieval of information The disk s physical characteristics flat and round allow the disk drive direct access to data Put simply the processing unit goes directly to a designated disk drive seeks out the specific location on the disk where the data is stored and immediately retrieves it The disk drive does NOT have to read through a series of records before reaching the one desired as is the case with magnetic tape units The two forms of magnetic disk typically used with microcomputers are the floppy disk diskette and the hard disk Let s look at the sizes and construction of each and at the disk drive devices that read from and write to them DISKETTES AND THEIR DRIVES A diskette is also referred to as a floppy disk or just plain floppy because it is a round flexible platter Physical Characteristics The platter is enclosed in a plastic jacket At present diskettes come in two sizes diameters 5 1 4 5 25 inches and 3 1 2 3 50 inches see figure 1 18 The platter is made of a tough plastic that is coated with a magnetic oxide material allowing it to be magnetized The inside of the plastic jacket is lined with a soft wiping material that continuously cleans the floppy disk as it spins within the jacket Look al figure 1 19
22. HARDWARE Microcomputers come in many shapes and sizes with a variety of capabilities A microcomputer can be designed to operate in a stand alone configuration or as a component an intelligent terminal a server for a complex local area network LAN or large distributed system In this chapter we will focus our attention on desktop microcomputers that operate in a stand alone environment Most stand alone desktop microcomputer systems contain at least five hardware components They are as follows The computer or system unit which normally houses the microcomputer microprocessor chip s along with other hardware components and secondary storage devices e Secondary storage devices floppy disk drives hard disk drives and magnetic tape units housed either in the system unit or separately e A monitor standard output device A keyboard standard input device and e A printer an additional output device for hard copy RMM20020 THE MICROCOMPUTER In this section we will examine the microcomputer with its individual hardware components We will examine it from the inside You will see how the components work and how they interface and interconnect with one another There will come a time when you maybe required to replace or add a board in a computer to upgrade or expand the capabilities of the system A few examples are as follows e You may need to install an expanded memory board to increase the am
23. Lt a Up b toward the drive door 2 a Up b away from the drive door 3 a Down b toward the drive door 4 a Down b away from the drive door What is the extension of a file named DIAG A 89 1 DIAG 2 A 89 3i 89 4 A When you display a tree structured directory on a monitor screen what notation identifies subdirectories lt DIR gt lt B SS lt BDIR S gt SUB as HS G DR e an extension What command is used to 2 48 instruct DOS to create a directory 1 CD 2 CHDIR 3 DIR 4 MKDIR To move through a tree structured directory you must issue commands that 2 49 use what name Branch name Trunk name Path name Leaf name A w N e You run the risk of losing data and programs stored on disk if you do not take which of the following actions copies codes in Ls Make backup 2 Enter security the file name Bg Assign a volume and name to each disk 4 Use subdirectories to store similar data and programs Which of the following actions if any can you take to help prevent data loss and extend the life of floppy disk drives T Perform diagnostic routines periodically to see if there are any problems Zn Clean floppy disk drives with a head cleaning diskette oe Clean the floppy disk drives with a cleaning solution on a soft cloth 4 None 16 number 2 50 When you load or unload a tape from a tape drive which of the following conditions
24. Powerful software is available to mike the programmer s work easier This software falls into one or more of the following categories Query languages Allow records to be printed or displayed in a specified format Database languages Allow records to be added or retrieved and manipulated following set formats Report generators Allow reports to be created from retrieved data records Application generators Allow the use of pre written modules in creating a program High level languages Allow the programmer to create a program from scratch Generalized software Directs certain internal computer functions Determine System Hardware Requirements Once you determine the source of the program whether a commercial or an in house program you need to look at what type of hardware will be required Commercial software will have the hardware requirements stated in the paperwork The users may have certain hardware requirements dictated to them that will have to be met For example a laser printer a specific type of floppy drive or a CD ROM drive may be required For in house programs it may be more difficult to determine the hardware needed until the program specifications are complete When additional hardware is required you should first determine if it is available at the facility You may 3 20 find the hardware needed is not being used where it is located and you can move it to meet the new requirements If the
25. RMM20055 Figure 2 2 Damaged wrap around strap new does not necessarily mean good If a tape cleaner or certifier is not available you may be able to use the computer to check out the tape Some computer systems have software programs that will allow you to test a tape while it is on the tape drive However to use this method you must be allocated computer processing time Before releasing magnetic media from the library for use on the computer you must ensure that the media has been properly labeled and prepared prepped LABELING MAGNETIC MEDIA We use two types of labels for magnetic media The first type is placed on the outside of the media itself and RMM20056 Figure 2 3 Damaged disk dust cover RMM20057 Figure 2 4 Checking for BOT and EOT with read write head is referred to as an external label External labels are the labels we are interested in The second type is written directly onto the media and is referred to as an internal label Internal labels contain information that is needed by the executive control programs systems software of the computer to allow for the proper functioning of applications programs External Labels External labels are considered permanent or nonpermanent depending on their purpose see figure 2 5 The two types of permanent tape and disk labels are the identification label which indicates the number that has been assigned to the media and the certification
26. SSN DIVISION NEC 1 NEC 2 NEC 3 NEC 4 RMM20086 Figure 3 5 Example of a database record the database for the records that meet the criteria SKI or SK2 Supply Department and NEC 1234 The computer then displays or prints the requested information in the format specified See figure 3 6 You do this through the query and report features of the database package Doesn t that beat manually searching through a drawer full of folders which could take hours A database is nothing more than a collection of data many file folders or individual records containing several fields or data elements The database is organized to allow you to retrieve update and have ready access to various information that can be formatted and printed as you desire The database itself doesn t do anything it just holds information Understanding Database Software To understand how a database program works you first need to have an understanding of certain terms Some of the terms you are already familiar with whereas others you may not be These include database record field pointer index primary key and secondary key They are defined as follows Database A database holds information that is related to a specific type of application payroll personnel supply inventory and so on In this context the term database is often considered synonymous with file This is especially true when dealing with database files Record
27. What microcomputer unit processes the data performs arithmetic and logic functions and maintains control of the system 1 RAM 23 System unit ais Display unit 4 Hard disk drive The disk controller board video board and input output boards are plugged into what board ale Memory 2 System oe Mother 4 Serial parallel Microprocessor chips contain what three types of CLECULELY 2 T Memory control logic and instruction decoding De Memory instruction decoding and arithmetic processing oe Operating system control logic and arithmetic processing 4 Control logic instruction decoding and arithmetic processing L Pos The system board mother board contains which of the following types of chips Ti RAM and ROM only 2 RAM ROM and I O integrated chips only ce I O integrated circuit chips and microprocessor chip s only 4 RAM ROM I O integrated chips and microprocessor chip s Compared with a computer that processes 8 bits at a time a computer that handles 32 bits at a time has which of the following advantages Tx Processes program instructions faster 2 Can accommodate a larger primary memory 3x Both 1 and 2 above 4 Can accommodate a modem IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 1 20 THROUGH 1 22 SELECT THE DESCRIPTION IN COLUMN B THAT MATCHES THE MICROCHIP LISTED IN COLUMN A t 20 dea Zs Aes A CHIPS Bs DESCRIPTI
28. a Ta byte va file 3 record 4 system A vector is which of the following a sequences of data items that have which of the following b characteristics Ta a One dimensional b different 2a a One dimensional b identical ae a Two dimensional b different 4 a Two dimensional b identical Which of the following is a unique value that identifies a record in the database to a run unit 1 A sort key 2 A search key 3 An actual key 4 A database key of a named records is An occurrence collection of called a 1 key 2x set 3 mark 4 keyword Each set occurrence must contain what minimum number of occurrences if it is defined as an owner type of record Ls One Za Two 3a Three 4 Four S04 A named collection of 3 60 records that need not preserve owner member relationships is called a an Lis set 2 area Sa data item 4 database key A database consists of all of the following items controlled by a specific schema except which one 3 61 Ik Sets 2 Areas or Files 4 Records The data manipulation language relies on which of the following language types to provide the procedural 3 62 capabilities required to manipulate data hes Host 2 Query Dis Application 4 DDL After the database physical description has been S654 examined which of the following items keys the actual physical record to be read ie DDL ae DBMS 3 4 The object progra
29. aided design CAD programs desktop publishing programs and so on You as a professional data processor may also be involved with the construction and modification of batch files This provides a convenient way to save numerous keystrokes for the user and allow the computer to run unattended for some periods of time All of these software functions can and have been implemented on both large and small scale computers On large computer systems you maybe executing programs through system job control language commands and processing jobs with multi reel tape files or files that reside on disk packs You will be responsible for ensuring that system control commands are correct for a job selecting a utility program to copy a file or create a new file by specifying the parameters and working with an online database management system that keeps up to date information on inventory management or personnel In looking over these last few paragraphs possibly you see yourself as a worker a supervisor a teacher and a troubleshooter and rightly so Microcomputers make up a significant part of your profession and because of this you will be the person that others will come to looking for answers to their questions The mere fact that you are a communications specialist gives the outside world the end users the impression you know it all that is all there is to know about mainframes minis and particularly microcomputers WORKING WITH
30. also help you find problems DIAGNOSTIC ROUTINES Most microcom puter systems come with online diagnostic routines These are tests you run from the keyboard They are in addition to the diagnostic tests the system automatically runs when you turn it on Your system will probably provide a disk read test a keyboard test memory tests and a power up test The diagnostic program will tell you what commands to use to perform each test what to look for and how to stop each test A major hardware failure could prevent the system from being able to display error messages on the display screen Should this happen your microcomputer system unit may have diagnostic light emitting diodes indicator lights to help isolate the problem Follow the instructions in the owner user manuals 2 35 Table 2 1 Checklist for Identifying Problems ___Any error messages if yes look them up in troubleshooting section of manual ___Computer plugged in _ Cables properly connected ___ All components turned on ___Software properly loaded Correct floppy disks in the proper drives ___Correct directory being used ___File name entered correctly ___Monitor displaying properly if not is the brightness turned down too far Cursor keys working properly if not is a key like the NumLock key depressed preventing the use of the cursor keys on the numeric keypad SUMMARY In this chapter on computer center operations we covered tr
31. an envelope which you either provide yourself or obtain from your nearest Educational Services Officer ESO Submit answer sheets to COMMANDING OFFICER NETPDTC N331 6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD PENSACOLA FL 32559 5000 Answer Sheets All courses include one scannable answer sheet for each assignment These answer sheets are preprinted with your SSN name assignment number and course number Explanations for completing the answer sheets are on the answer sheet Do not use answer sheet reproductions Use only the original answer sheets that we provide reproductions will not work with our scanning equipment and cannot be processed Follow the instructions for marking your answers on the answer sheet Be sure that blocks 1 2 and 3 are filled in correctly This information is necessary for your course to be properly processed and for you to receive credit for your work COMPLETION TIME Courses must be completed within 12 months from the date of enrollment This includes time required to resubmit failed assignments PASS FAIL ASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES If your overall course score is 3 2 or higher you will pass the course and will not be required to resubmit assignments Once your assignments have been graded you will receive course completion confirmation If you receive less than a 3 2 on any assignment and your overall course score is below 3 2 you will be given the opportunity to resubmit failed assignments You may
32. and the error light on ye The power light on the online light on and the error light off 4 The power light on the 1 61 offline light on and the error light off To freehand sketch or to select items from menus on a display screen you use what device ike Cat Ve Mouse F Modem 4 Optical scanner allow you to 1 58 CD ROM uses a technology called WORM What does WORM mean ke Write or read many 2 Write once read many ot Write or read memory 4 Write once read memory A cable that allows devices to communicate without modems and phones lines is called a I convert cable ae phone cable 3 null modem cable 4 connector cable To find out how to install or configure a piece of hardware you should use what reference source T User owner s manual ae Diagnostics manual cn Training manual 4 Textbook Which of the following contained in come with a sections is NOT the manuals that system or the software 1 Reference 2 Error messages 3 Troubleshooting 4 Standard operating procedures You should look at the 1 64 headings in the table of contents and browse the appendices glossary and index of a manual for which of the following reasons Tz To get an idea of what information the manual contains only 2 To see how the information is organized only 53 To get an idea of what information the manual contains and how it is organized 4 To decide whether to b
33. be located just about anywhere on the back on the sides or tucked away underneath the monitor to keep them from being accidentally hit as shown in figure 1 13 1 15 Located on the front of most monitors generally below the screen you will find some type of power on off switch It will probably have a green light emitting diode LED indicator light When this light is lit the monitor is on and power is supplied At this point it would be helpful for you to have a basic understanding of display technology along with the various types of display graphics cards used to support display devices Having a good working knowledge in this area will put you in a better position to assist the end users in answering any technical questions they may have as well as aid you in troubleshooting and diagnostics testing A key characteristic of any display device is its resolution which determines the sharpness and clarity of the screen image If you look closely at your display you ll notice that images are formed by lighting up tiny dots on the screen Resolution is measured by the number of these dots or pixels short for picture elements per square inch of screen Whether you are working with text or graphic images the more pixels used to form characters images and the more pixels that can be packed per square inch of screen the higher the resolution and the sharper the character image For example a display resolution of 1280 by 1
34. be read many times The expression Write Once Read Many WORM describes this type of technology CD ROM DRIVE N CD ROM CARRYING CASE RMM20043 SWITCH BOXES When you want to share printers you can connect them through a switch or switch box For example two or more computers can use one printer or one computer can use two or more printers As you can see you will need a cable between the switch box and each device You then switch the setting A or B on the box to switch signal lines without disconnecting and reconnecting cables Switches range from this simple manually operated switch box with two settings to switches that select signal lines automatically and provide buffering capability Some also provide for both parallel and serial devices RMM20044 MODEMS Modems provide communication between systems Through them your system can send or receive data over phone lines You may also use a null modem cable for communication between systems that are close enough to each other to be connected by cable A null modem cable creates a communications link that allows devices to communicate without using modems and phone lines To make the systems and null modem cable fit together you may need a gender connector or gender changer to bridge two like connectors RMM20045 GENDER CHANGER As you can see a basic low end system is only a beginning As you become more familiar with microcomputers and as te
35. book provide you a way to organize and find files by category and name Most operating systems give you the option of creating either single or multiple file directories regardless of whether your system uses floppy or hard disk Disks with only one directory are said to be of the unstructured or flat type Disks having more than one directory are said to be hierarchical or tree structured because they contain a root directory and several subdirectories each subdirectory containing files with common subject matter We use the term free structure because this type of directory takes on the appearance of an upside down tree with the trunk of the tree or root directory located at the top and all the branches or subdirectories located below Let s assume you have a floppy disk that contains 50 files with only a main or root directory as shown in figure 2 16 Upon displaying the directory using the DIRectory command you notice the files are listed in random sequence usually in the order of their creation or when last updated We call this an unstructured directory Looking more closely you realize a number of things First that better organization is needed Second that most of the files listed can be grouped together by categories supply 3 M personnel disbursing food services and division management Finally you see that there are really two types of 2 27 A DIR Directory of A FIL__NAME EXT FSIZE CR DATE PERSROST R
36. by sending an electric current through the wires on which the core is strung It is this direction of current that determines the state of each core Look at Since the cores store data in the form of magnetic charges core storage retains the data even when the power is off This is called nonvolatile storage An example of nonvolatile storage is ROM However the process of reading from core is destructive This means the data must be electronically regenerated after being read SEMICONDUCTOR STORAGE SILICON CHIP Semiconductor memory has hundreds of thousands of tiny electronic circuits etched on a silicon chip Each electronic circuit called a bit cell can represent a 0 bit or a 1 bit depending on the current flow in that bit cell An OFF state represents a 0 bit and an ON state represents a 1 bit Another name you ll hear used for semiconductor memory chips is integrated circuits ICs See figure _1 5 Technological developments have enabled even more circuits to be put on a single chip resulting in large scale integration LSI and very large scale integration VLSI BIT OR OFF 1 BIT OR ON RMM20005 Figure 1 4 Two state principle of magnetic storage T0421 6814 TA ATA ATA RMM20006 Figure 1 5 Semiconductor memory chip exposed Some of the advantages of semiconductor storage are fast internal processing speeds high reliability low power consumption high density many circuits and low co
37. can be stored as a file for use with different applications In short by shortening commands and character strings keystroke repetition is greatly reduced Desktop Organizer Utilities Desktop organizers consist of programs that emulate such things as calculators notepads phone directories calendars and appointment books Most of these utilities are RAM resident This means they can be accessed from within other applications programs For example you can call up the calculator utility while you are currently working in a word processing application An image of a calculator will pop up in a small window on your monitor s screen You then perform the necessary calculations and return to the word processing application Some desktop organizers allow you to take the resulting calculation and place it directly into the word processing document you are working on This is refereed to as cut and paste Most programs included in desktop organizers also operate in this pop up mode Backup Utilities As computer specialists we should all be familiar with backup utilities Disk backup utilities provide us a cost effective way to backup a hard disk Advanced features such as automatic backup backups taken at predescribed intervals file compression which allows more data to be placed on a diskette and automatic disk formatting make disk backup utilities a good alternative to the backup utilities supplied with most opera
38. components Establish a schedule for routine operator user maintenance Loading and Unloading Tapes When you are loading or unloading mounting or dismounting a magnetic tape look for tapes with irregular windings and reel warpage You will see that as tape is wound on a reel it is normal for some of its edges to protrude slightly These irregularities usually result from high speed rewinding The terrific speed at which tape moves during a high speed rewind produces the slightly irregular winding caused by air being trapped between adjacent layers of tape This in itself will not cause improper operation of the tape but it does require you to use good judgment and extreme care when handling tapes MOUNTING A TAPE When you mount a tape make sure the tape unit is not being used for another job Check to make sure you are mounting the correct reel of tape according to job requirements Tapes have external labels that identify the data or programs on them Remember if the reel of tape is an input be sure the file protection ring is removed If the tape is an output be sure a file protection ring is inserted Then proceed to mount the tape Have one of the more senior operators on the system show you how to perform this operation because mounting a tape and depressing the proper keys buttons differ from one system to another Basically you will place the reel on a hub and lock the reel in place Then you thread the tape through th
39. detect when a program was in a loop when a peripheral device became disabled or when the CPU went into await state The operator used some switches to manipulate the logic of the program or to enter data into the system other switches and dials to display the contents of registers or data stored within main memory and still other switches to perform special functions such as single cycling the computer through the instructions of a program Today the communications mode between the operator and the CPU differs considerably from those earlier systems We know the computer can communicate far more effectively with the operator that s YOU through a CRT and console printer than it does through lights or display panels Now you are able to communicate with the computer by entering the necessary responses through the keyboard of the console CONSOLE OPERATIONS Depending on the size of the computer system you are assigned to there may be one or more system consoles used to monitor the system The consoles include a CRT and a keyboard and may have a console printer As a console operator you are ultimately responsible for controlling the entire system You are responsible for initial program loading IPLing or booting the system starting jobs monitoring jobs responding to messages and most importantly making decisions and taking care of any problems that may arise with regard to hardware and software You are also responsible
40. encompasses all the technical and management duties required for converting processing transferring verifying and inputting data Over the years data resources in the Navy have grown in size and complexity It is apparent that not all of the data problems within the Navy are resolved with the use of software Some are taken care of with hard work DATA MANAGEMENT Data management programs or routines are concerned with reading and writing data locating data files controlling I O devices handling I O errors and requests and providing space on output media for new files In short data management routines oversee the 3 1 locating accessing outputting and maintenance of data files Can you imagine yourself trying to keep track of the location of all data files which disk pack each is on and which disk pack is mounted on which online disk drive To try to do this would be overwhelming Thanks to data management routines you are relieved of this responsibility The converting transferring and verifying of data files is left up to the operator to perform All of these processes are completed by the use of application utility programs The transferring and verifying of data files is accomplished by using a copy utility Data file conversion is accomplished by a utility of the software program being used such as converting a WordPerfect file into a Microsoft Word file There are several different ways to accomplish the
41. equipment from being damaged by short surges of high voltage by filtering them out T TIMING The regulation of the flow of signals that control the operation of the computer TREE STRUCTURED DIRECTORY A disk containing a root directory and several subdirectories TWENTY FIVE PIN SERIAL CONNECTOR A serial connector that has twenty five pins usually used for connecting a printer or monitor to the CPU U UNIX An operating system that has many high level utility programs it is capable of running a number of jobs at once UNSTRUCTURED DIRECTORY A disk with only one directory contained on it Vv VIRUS A computer program which can wreak havoc on a system either by destroying data or simply changing and slowing up the processing of the system AI 4 APPENDIX Il GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABEND Abnormal end of job ALCS Automated library control system ALU Arithmetic Logic unit ATLC Automated tape library control C CAD Computer aided design CMOS Complementary metal oxide semiconductor CODASYL Conference on data systems languages COOP Continuity of operations CPU Central processing unit D DASDI Direct access storage device initialization DBMS Database management system DBTG Database task group DDL Data definition language DML Data manipulation language DOS Disk operating system DTP Desktop publishing E
42. example we will use two diskettes A technique referred to as the odd even backup uses two diskettes Label one diskette as odd and the other as even When you make your backups use the odd diskette on odd days and use the even diskette on even days This pays off when you find that errors were inadvertently made to a file the day before and you backed up that file onto your backup diskette With this system you can go back 2 days if needed No matter how many backups you make two three or one for everyday of the week or what method you use to make them they are worthless if they are destroyed along with your microcomputer You need to make multiple backups and store a set in a different area away from your working area or at a minimum in a data safe This will require some extra effort by you or the user but it will more than pay for itself should you ever experience a data loss Care Handling and Protection of Diskettes As communications specialists we know how sensitive diskettes are when it comes to rough handling extreme heat and cold high and low humidity static electricity and contaminants such as dirt dust liquids and grease Unfortunately many end users do not They may leave their diskettes lying around out of their protective envelopes expose them to direct sunlight store them next to an electric pencil sharpener and so on It will be your job to explain and demonstrate to new users how to properly ma
43. following factors or actions ensures that nothing is internally wrong with the tape Is The protective covering is still on the tape Zis The warranty of the manufacturer is in eftecrt a Verification of the tape 2 30 with a tape cleaner certifier 4 Visual inspection of the shipping container looking for physical damage What are the two types of labels used for magnetic media 1 Internal and EOF 2 Internal and external cy External and media 4 External and BOF 13 As media librarian you are NOT responsible for the initial preparation of which of the following tape labels Ta Save 2 Usage 3 Certification 4 Identification Which of the following labels remains on a magnetic tape throughout its life cycle is Save Za Usage 35 Program 4 Identification On magnetic tape what is the purpose of the usage label Tx It indicates how often a tape is to be certified 2R It helps to identify what has been previously written on the media a It contains information that helps to identify the job or task number 4 It indicates the number of times a tape has been read from or written to When using internal labeling how many blocks of information if any are written immediately after the BOT marker 1 Five a Two ce Six 4 None Which of the following is a 2 34 good tape handling practice ii tore magnetic tape in a orizontal position va tack tapes with
44. inch piece of foam rubber the same width as the reel inside the flanges and one half inch thick Stoppers are used to keep the tape from unraveling once inside the canister RMM20062 Figure 2 9 Magnetic tape being held improperly the fingers should go through the hub hole without squeezing the flanges 2 15 Never use rubber stoppers with wrap around straps The extra thickness could result in the tape being embossed leaving a permanent imprint While working with tapes in canisters canisters may be stacked for short periods of time NOTE Avoid stacking more than 10 canisters since weight can cause the canisters on the bottom to crack Avoid stacking tapes with wrap around tape straps because doing so can cause tape edge damage Store magnetic tapes in a vertical position Always handle tape reels by the center hub never by the flanges NOTE If you happen to drop a tape reel check it immediately for cracked flanges and the tape itself for possible edge damage Periodically remove and check inside the flange and hub areas of take up reels on tape cleaning and certifying equipment for dirt or other contamination Also check these reels at the hub periodically for signs of warpage or cracks Periodically check the mounting hubs on your equipment to ensure they are tight secure This prevents a reel of tape from wobbling during a cleaning or certifying operation When you mount a tape on a device alw
45. into ROM and once installed they cannot be changed Consequently you cannot put any of your own data or programs into ROM Many complex functions such as routines to calculate square root translators for high level programming languages and operating systems can be stored into ROM Because the instructions are permanently stored they are quickly performed with accuracy Also your computer facility can order programs designed for its needs and have them permanently installed into ROM by the manufacturer To describe these permanently installed programs the term microprogram or firmware is used PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY PROM Your computer facility can also buy programmable read only memory PROM already programmed by the manufacturer or in a blank state Using a blank PROM and a device designed to write burn a program into PROM you can enter any program into the memory However you cannot make any changes to the program once it has been written into PROM But PROM does provide flexibility not available with ROM Of course you must be sure the program is error free before it is written into PROM 1 6 ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY EPROM The erasable programmable read only memory EPROM was developed to overcome the drawback of PROM Your facility can buy blank EPROMs from the manufacturer and you can write programs developed at your command activity using a special device The big difference w
46. layer interface of the tape An effective RMM20065 Figure 2 11 A 100 feet of contaminated tape being removed from reel stripping 2 17 process to clean a tape is to use a magnetic tape cleaner certifier similar to the one shown in figure 2 12 Knives are used to remove any protrusions from the oxide surface It is estimated that a maximum of 90 of all tape errors are removed in this manner Most tape cleaners clean tape by wiping the oxide and back surface of the tape Loosened dirt oxide particles and other debris are removed from the tape by wiping assemblies When the EOT marker is sensed by a photoelectric cell the tape is automatically reversed and the wiping assemblies clean the entire length of tape in the opposite direction The wiping tissue used is made of a special textured fabric and is wound on a spool It is important to change the wiping material frequently at the point of contact with the tape This is done to avoid entrapment and retention of abrasive dirt particles at the tape surface being wiped Some tape cleaners like the one shown in figure 2 12 move the wiping material along automatically In addition most tape cleaners repack the tape as it rewinds using a built in machine programmed tension arm This feature helps to relieve irregular tape pack tension thereby reducing the possibility of tape deformation inside the tape reel The repack tension arm is shown injfigure 2 12 Tape cleaning
47. media that is supported by a particular implementation 3 26 The database administrator may allocate media and devices with differing characteristics to suit the command s operational requirements without alteration to the storage schema Database Management System Selection When selecting a DBMS the primary consideration should be to select a technology that will support the long term DBMS needs The work of identifying the needs of the command should be done in a very careful and thorough manner The ultimate goal is to make the best choice for the command One of the best ways of identifying the needs of the command is to conduct interviews with the users The results of the interviews will identify areas of concern to them such as e How fast can data be accessed e How easy is it to retrieve and manipulate the data e How fast and easy is it to develop quality applications e Will the redundancy of data be reduced Will it provide for the management and accurate identity of all the data elements Once the needs of the command have been identified it is time to prepare the presentation for management A first step in the preparation of the presentation is to describe how the needs of the command will be addressed by the DBMS Develop specific examples to illustrate how each item identified would be handled in the database environment After receiving permission from management to continue you can start the
48. messages can cause a job to prematurely or abnormally terminate ABORT When this occurs it is imperative that normal operations be resumed as quickly as possible Error recovery must be accomplished to maintain production schedules and minimize cost and lost computer time By monitoring the console CRT or console printer you can determine whether a job aborted because of invalid data or during processing On some systems the operating system software will display on the console the reason for the job s cancellation or the point at which the abort of the program took place If the job aborted during the input phase you may conclude that bad input data was at fault If the input data was accepted and processing begun you may conclude that a program malfunction was encountered barring any hardware problems and caused the job to be automatically flushed canceled from the system Regardless of why the job aborted ultimately you are responsible for initiating recovery from the job cancellation using one of a number of methods In many cases the operator s manual or run manual will provide you with the proper procedures necessary to recover or restart a job One method is to rerun the entire job However this could be very costly and time consuming especially if the master file s had to be returned to its their original state You might have to recreate files from backup files and rerun programs that added changed and dele
49. missing parts After checking over each component and making sure everything is there it is time to begin connecting everything together SETTING UP THE HARDWARE The first thing you must do when setting up the hardware is to read the installation instructions They 1 26 will tell you what cables belong to what equipment and how to hook up the equipment properly In the following paragraphs we will give you an idea of what is involved when installing a microcomputer having a separate monitor keyboard and printer Ade F E gt Normally each device comes with its own power line cable except the keyboard which gets its power from the system unit You plug each into an electrical outlet Be sure all power cables are polarized grounded shielded and have a three conductor grounding plug This brings us to another very important subject power requirements Power Requirements Most microcomputers can operate on voltages in the range of 100 to 130 volts or 200 to 230 volts alternating current at They are able to accommodate either voltage through the use of a selectable switch called a voltage or line select switch The voltage switch on our particular microcomputer is located on the back panel of the system unit see figure 1 25 CAUTION Changing the voltage switch to a different setting say from 115 volts to 230 volts would also require that the power cable be changed Do NOT attempt to do this on your
50. not function at all PRACTICAL END OF LIFE The tape can produce usable results but because of cost and annoyance of failures it is impractical to use it any longer LEVEL OF REJECTION This is a judgment call and must be based on your past experience or expertise you might say Some librarians and management personnel feel that after a tape is cleaned if 15 write errors occur throughout the tape then the tape has reached the threshold of rejection REPACK TENSION ARM AND WHEEL PHOTOELECTRIC SENSING DIODE WIPING ASSEMBLIES 2 CLEANING KNIFE RMM20066 Figure 2 12 Tape cleaner certifier TAPE REPLACEMENT LEVEL This is the point at which the number of errors exceeds the rejection level Maintaining Magnetic Media Maintaining media involves using specialized library equipment to clean certify and degauss magnetic media It also involves seeing that media is in usable condition The duties and responsibilities include the following e Splicing leaders onto magnetic tapes e Placing BOT EOT markers on magnetic tape e Rotating tapes and disks Inspecting and changing disk pack filters Setting up and operating tape cleaners certifiers and degaussers Mounting and dismounting magnetic tapes Performing cleaning certifying and degaussing functions Performing emergency shut down power off procedures on equipment Setting Up Operating and Maintaining Equipment Be sure you and the
51. of the types of problems that can and do arise and the manner in which you are to respond Hopefully you now know and are aware that monitoring a job means more than just calling up the operator to see how the job is progressing It means you must oversee the job to its completion doing whatever is necessary to help keep the job or system on track Virus Utilities Virus utilities keep out viruses malicious logic that can attack computer system software This type of software is normally designed to prevent both known and unknown viruses from invading a system and detects and removes those already present What is a virus you might ask A virus is a self replicating malicious program segment that attaches itself to an application program or other executable system component and leaves no obvious signs of its presence And just like any bacterial disease it can spread from disk to disk Viruses take advantage of the sequential step by step process that the computer follows The virus is read into the computer via a peripheral device tape drive diskette drive communication device and soon from a previously infected software application The virus then inspects the first few instructions of each program until it finds a program that does not begin with the same instructions as itself Then it attaches a copy of its own instruction set to the front of the program being examined The spread of the virus comes from inspecti
52. on how much the system is used and whether the area is very dusty and smokey Some floppy disk drive manufacturers recommend cleaning the heads no more than twice a year As your subject matter experts SMEs we recommend cleaning the heads after 40 to 50 hours of actual use To clean keyboards you can use specially angled swabs with cleaning solution and or a portable vacuum that has special attachments to reach between keys Vacuums of this type usually have dual filter systems to keep from blowing dust and dirt back into the room Ultra soft thin bristle brushes are also available for cleaning keyboards We do not recommend you use 2 30 low pressure air or canned air a harmless gas under pressure as this cleaning method has a tendency to blow dust and dirt into cracks crevices and electrical components that could eventually cause you problems The display screen needs routine cleaning A dirty screen can be hard to read and may contribute to headaches and fatigue You will be able to see the dirt dust and smoke buildup on the screen The dust can cause Static electricity that may result in lost data You may use a liquid video spray cleaner but do NOT spray it on the screen Spray it on a lint free nonabrasive cloth A word of caution Many commercial cleaning solvents contain alcohol and other flammable agents If your display screen is on energized when it is cleaned with one of these flammable fluids combustion can oc
53. operating system Partitioning is the process of dividing the hard disk into smaller drives which will allow you to use different operating systems such as DOS or UNIX Next you will format the hard disk prepare it so it can be used The operating system will ask a question similar to Are you sure you want to format the hard drive before it proceeds with the format Then copy the operating system files from the distribution disks onto the disk You must follow the steps in the owner user manual It may tell you to use a setup command that will lead you through the process from the display screen Once it is installed everytime you turn on the system the operating system will load from this partition If the system has only floppy disk drives you will make copies of the distribution disks onto new diskettes If the new diskettes are not formatted you can use a command such as DISKCOPY that will format and copy Again follow the instructions from the startup or getting started section of the owner user manual If there is a setup command use it to lead you through the process Be sure to prepare external labels with the name of the operating system Write the serial number if there is one and write WORKING COPY Be 3 4 sure you use a felt tip pen if you are writing on a label already attached to the diskette Once you have the operating system copied and installed put the original distribution disks in a safe place N
54. operations and troubleshooting techniques Data file processes memory requirements and database management are also covered MODULE 3 Network Communications This module covers network administration LAN hardware and network troubleshooting Related areas discussed are network configuration and operations components and connections and communication lines and nodes MODULE 4 Communications Hardware This module covers various types of communications equipment including satellites and antennas Subjects discussed include hardware setup procedures COMSEC equipment requirements distress communications equipment troubleshooting equipment satellite theory and antenna selection and positioning MODULE 5 Communications Center Operations This module covers center operations including transmit message systems voice communications center administration quality control and circuit setup restorations Guidelines for setting EMCON and HERO conditions and cryptosecurity requirements are also discussed INSTRUCTIONS FOR TAKING THE COURSE ASSIGNMENTS The text pages that you are to study are listed at the beginning of each assignment Study these pages carefully before attempting to answer the questions Pay close attention to tables and illustrations and read the learning objectives The learning objectives state what you should be able to do after studying the material Answering the questions correctly helps you accomplis
55. or more of the many programming languages Just as we humans speak in many different languages computers also speak use many different languages We can divide programming languages into three categories machine languages assembly languages and high level languages Machine Languages A machine language consists of a combination of Os and 1s that is used to indicate OFF and ON states of electricity All data and instructions are represented written in a binary form This is the ONLY form the computer is able to understand Each computer has its own machine language therefore a program written for one computer type cannot be transferred to another type of computer system Writing programs in machine language code is time consuming and requires the programmer to specify each operation code and the specific location for each piece of data and each instruction Assembly Languages We use assembly languages to avoid having to code directly into machine code Os and 1s Assembly languages use symbolic codes called mnemonics to represent operations For example the letter A could be used for add and the letters ST could be used for store Although assembly languages are more user oriented than machine languages they are still quite complex to work with as a programmer Assembly languages are generally used by systems programmers to design and maintain operating systems and other systems software where speed of operation and conser
56. or pixel on a display screen what technique can be used Dot display Bit display mapping Bit mapping Having a display device that 1 37 can automatically switch to any standard graphics card allows you to take which of the following actions ae Upgrade the graphics board without upgrading the display unit 2 Use any graphics package regardless of operating system 3 Perform system and display diagnostics more rapidly 4 Each of the above What is the function of the 1 38 keyboard L To receive output from the microcomputer 2 To input data into the microcomputer only om To input programs into the microcomputer only 4 To input data and programs into the microcomputer 1 39 In addition to alphabetic characters numbers and special characters keyboards have what other types of keys I Control only 2s Function only on Control and function 4 Operation What key usually stops the execution of an operation or function Escape Delete Return Control Hm GW N e Keys can be combined to perform special functions For example pressing the CTRL ALT and DEL keys at the same time on most IBM compatible personal computer systems would have what result Iy Reboot the operating system 2n Load a new applications program on Display a help screen 4 Store the file on the screen displayed To tell the computer you have entered data or instructions and are rea
57. possible when updating all the common data in different databases and files e Excessive funds are expended for report production for management e Excessive CPU time is expended when collecting data for reporting e Data integrity is harder to maintain because of the greater chance of error To overcome these problems many Navy AIS facility are using a DBMS This has produced a better record in operations and productivity than its ONLINE DATABASE SOFTWARE ee T a i al w SYSTEM A PROGRAMS OUTPUT OUTPUTS APPLICATIONS 3 22 SCHEMA SYSTEM B PROGRAMS OUTPUT Figure 3 14 A database management system DBMS predecessor the file management system DBMS software evolved from many different software improvements from many different manufacturers None of the many DBMSs function exactly alike Regardless of the manufacturer s software installed at a particular AIS facility a basic DBMS can be conceptually depicted as shown ir figure 3 14 Take a few minutes to study the figure and refer to it as you study this section You need to understand the concepts before we pictorially depict a DBMS execution event The concepts include schemas subschemas data definition language DDL and data manipulation language DML Schema A schema is a complete description of a database and consists of data definition language DDL entries It includes the names and descriptions of all of the areas set
58. resubmit failed assignments only once Internet students will receive notification when they have failed an assignment they may then resubmit failed assignments on the web site Internet students may view and print results for failed assignments from the web site Students who submit by mail will receive a failing result letter and a new answer sheet for resubmission of each failed assignment COMPLETION CONFIRMATION After successfully completing this course you will receive a letter of completion ERRATA Errata are used to correct minor errors or delete obsolete information in a course Errata may also be used to provide instructions to the student If a course has an errata it will be included as the first page s after the front cover Errata for all courses can be accessed and viewed downloaded at https www advancement cnet navy mil STUDENT FEEDBACK QUESTIONS We value your suggestions questions and criticisms on our courses If you would like to communicate with us regarding this course we encourage you if possible to use e mail If you write or fax please use a copy of the Student Comment form that follows this page For subject matter questions E mail n311 products cnet navy mil Phone Comm 850 452 1501 DSN 922 1501 FAX 850 452 1370 Do not fax answer sheets Address COMMANDING OFFICER NETPDTC N311 6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD PENSACOLA FL 32509 5237 For enrollment shipping grading or
59. see three main menus Catalog Tools and Exit Catalog provides you with options for managing catalogs and the files contained in them A catalog is a file in itself that contains the names of related files Tools provide you with a variety of utilities for accessing the disk operating system DOS for importing and exporting files and for setting program parameters Exit enables you to leave the control screen and go back to the disk operating system CATALOG TOOLS EXIT DATABASE CONTROL SCREEN CATALOG CADBASE UNTITLED CAT QUERIES FORMS REPORTS LABLES APPLICATIONS h lt CREATE gt lt CREATE gt lt CREATE gt lt CREATE gt lt CREATE gt SUPFILEt SUP FILE2 SUP FILES FILE NAME DESCRIPTION SUP FILEA Press ENTER on lt CREATE gt to create a new file HELP FI USE DATA F2 DESIGH SHIFT F2 QUICK REPROT SHIFT F 9 MENUS F10 _ RMM20092 Figure 3 11 Typical control screen used with database applications Most database packages provide you with some type of query language that allows you to query a database to obtain answers about the contents of the database insert new data update information in various tables and create views By using various commands and control statements you can perform arithmetic logical and comparison operations on the data you have selected DESKTOP PUBLISHING PACKAGES Desktop publishing DTP packages are used primarily for designing and publishing professional looking
60. selection process Since all DBMS software is not the same you must look at the quality of the product and the ability of the vendor to continue to enhance the product in the future All of the decisions should be based on the features currently available or in a beta testing environment The goal is not to find the perfect DBMS but to identify and recommend the best of those available that will meet the command s needs This selection criteria applies whether the DBMS is going to be used on a mainframe computer or a microcomputer system However the microcomputer system has a few added concerns that must be met The most important of these concerns are The capability of receiving downloaded data from a mainframe or another microcomputer The ability to be used on a network The ability to enable quick and easy setup of screen formats The ability to handle a maximum number of records fields tables and so on and the size of each The ability of the software to accept files in multiple formats and to transport files and records out to other microcomputer packages LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM To decide on the logical structure to use with a DBMS you will need to first perform a comprehensive review of the data Determine what data is needed where the data comes from and how the data will be used Look at the reports needed Find out what transactions and displays are most appropriate for collecting
61. the Department of Defense ADDRESSING Locating a required piece of data by specific techniques ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT The part of the cpu that contains the logic capability and performs all the arithmetic functions addition subtraction multiplication and division ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The capability of a machine to perform human like intelligence functions such as learning adapting reasoning and self correction ASSEMBLER A computer program that translates assembly language programs into machine language object programs B BASIC Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code A high level general purpose programming language used primarily on microcomputers BIT MAPPING A data structure that describes a bit image being held in computer storage BUBBLE MEMORY Method by which information is stored as magnetized dots bubbles that rest on a thin film of semiconductor material C C An object oriented version of the C programming language CACHE MEMORY A faster memory in which parts of the information in the main slower memory or disk are copied CARRIER PACKAGE The portion of the microprocessor chip that plugs into the motherboard AI 1 CERTIFIER The piece of equipment that is used to certify magnetic tape and check for errors COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language A high level programming language designed for business type applications COMPIL
62. thesauruses and grammar checkers are often included in word processing packages Many applications programs include keyboard enhancing programs that allow you to store frequently used words and sentences you can then access with either a single keystroke or combination of a few keystrokes also known as hot keys Then there are mouse utilities that allow you to program the right and middle mouse buttons for particular tasks While utility programs are getting easier for us to use selecting the best one to accomplish a particular task can be somewhat difficult If you look around to see what utilities are available you will find there are thousands of various types on the market to choose from To introduce you to the types we have organized the various utility software programs into eight categories keyboard enhancement desktop organizer backup file management file maintenance DOS shell printer and virus utilities Keyboard Enhancement Utilities Keyboard enhancers as the name implies enhance the function of the PC keyboard These programs which are usually RAM resident programs translate a single keystroke into user defined macro commands A macro consists of one instruction that represents many instructions For example Ctrl Alt C keystrokes could be simplified as the Esc key with a user defined macro Any string of keystrokes or characters can be stored as a macro More importantly once you have defined the macro it
63. time clock when the system is turned off The life expectancy of this battery is 3 to 5 years Other boards you are likely to see in a typical microcomputer are the disk controller board SCSI adapter board and VIDEO DISPLAY BOARD MOTHERBOARD Cae as ol ge Y video display board figure 1 9 We will take a look at each SLOT A SCSI ADAPTER BOARD The small computer systems interface SCSI adapter board is used to control peripheral equipment such as a CD ROM drive SLOTS B D E F AND H Slots B D E F and H on this particular micro are reserved for future use SLOT C DISK CONTROLLER BOARD Most disk controller boards are capable of supporting two internal hard disk drives two internal floppy drives and one external magnetic tape drive for tape backup SLOT G VIDEO DISPLAY BOARD The video display board includes graphics memory chips to provide the system with graphics capabilities Most micros come from the factory set for VGA video graphics array settings By now you should have a pretty good idea of what you can expect to see inside the system unit in the way of microcomputer boards Before installing any internal components within the system unit you must first carefully remove the outer cover Be sure you are authorized to make such changes before removing the cover However before you go looking for a screwdriver read the owner s manual very carefully paying particul
64. types record types and associated data items and data aggregates as they exist in the database and are known to the DBMS In other words it is the overall logical database description or framework into which values of data items can be fitted A schema can be viewed like the bins in a storage house holding supplies The schema will not change but the data values will DATABASE SYSTEM C PROGRAMS RMM2 p B D Subschemas A subschema is the applications programmer s view of the data within the database pertinent to the specific application A subschema has access to those areas set types record types data items and data aggregates of interest in the pertinent application to which it was designed Naturally a software system usually has more than one programmer assigned and includes more than one application This means there are usually many different subschemas for each schema The following are a few of the many reasons subschemas are used e Subschemas provide different views of the data to the user and the programmer who do not need to know all the data contained in the entire database Subschemas enhance security factors and prohibit data compromise Subschemas aid the DBA while assuring data integrity Each data item included in the subschema will be assigned a location in the user working area UWA The UWA is conceptually a loading and unloading zone where all data provided by the
65. unit assembly This allows you to swing the unit out to the side and gain access to the upper and lower forms tractors figure 2 20 frame B You then open all four tractors to unload or load paper forms Unloading Forms To remove forms already in the printer tear off the form at the end of the report and let the unused portion fall back into the box The printed portion will normally follow on down into the printer s stacker Now you are ready to insert load a new form Loading Forms Quite often you will find yourself having to load a form of a different width To do this you will have to adjust the tractors When adjusting the tractors it is a good practice and sometimes a command policy to keep the left hand tractors in one permanent location In this way both you and the programmer always know where print position 1 will print on any given form To adjust the LEFT HAND FORMS TRACTORS B PRINT UNIT MECHANISM AND UPPER LOWER FORMS TRACTORS RMM20076 Figure 2 20 Open the print unit to access the print unit and forms tractors 2 32 right hand tractors you must use the tension control figure 2 21 This allows you to move the tractors to the desired location As you become more experienced you will know where to position the tractors for all standard form widths You then place the form over the sprockets and close the tractors Now that the forms are in place you apply the proper amount of tensi
66. use when working with just about any keyboard Beginning in the top left hand corner you see the ESC ape key TAB key CTRL control key SHIFT key ALT alternate key and to the immediate right are the SPACE BAR and the CAPS LOCK key On the right hand side of the keyboard are the BACK SPACE key and the ENTER RETURN key Depending on what program software you are using the keys may be assigned different functions e ESCape KEY The ESCAPE key usually stops the execution of a program or function TAB KEY The TAB key moves the cursor to the next tab stop position CTRL KEY The CONTROL key performs special functions within the system program It is used in combination with other keys to increase the number of functions you can specify to a system or program For example on most IBM compatible systems when used with the ALT and DEL keys it reboots the operating system e SHIFT KEY The SHIFT key works in conjunction with other keys When you hold down the shift key or depress the CAPS LOCK key and press a letter key the letter will be displayed and stored in UPPER CASE When you hold down the shift key with the number keys on the row above the alphabetic keys the special characters shown on the top of each key will be displayed and stored The CAPS LOCK key on this particular keyboard contains a light within the key itself When it is lit you know the caps lock feature is on ALT KEY The ALTERNATE key also works in conju
67. using the copy command in the operating system First setup the name of the directory in which you want to store the files Then copy them to the hard disk If your system has no hard drive copy the files to other diskettes Most operating systems have a copy command that allows you to copy all files on a diskette with a single command This is called a wild card copy The copies will become your working copies Prepare external labels for the working copies Store the distribution diskettes in a safe place away from the microcomputer in case you need them in the future SET UP INSTALL THE SOFTWARE Place the user manual with installation instructions next to the microcomputer and follow the step by step procedures Make sure you complete each task successfully before going onto the next The first step will probably be to execute the program from a setup disk or in a setup mode You will probably execute a command that will lead you through a series of prompts and menus on the display screen This will allow you to tell the program about your system and make initial settings These settings will define your system and set the defaults This means that everytime you execute the program the settings will be what you specified You will not have to reset them each time For example you might be asked whether you want the software to automatically backup your data If you enter yes y it will ask you how often every so many minutes
68. what type of programs CDA General Privileged Ww G Df When you write a program which of the programming language categories listed below would be the most time consuming I COBOL De FORTRAN oy Machine 4 Assembly There are a whole host of high level programming languages Which of the following languages was designed with the professional programmer in mind Ada C COBOL FORTRAN A G N eae Ly trademark of the U S Defense Applications Ze Ada is a registered Department of All microcomputer systems will have at least what type of software Ts A window program 2 An operating system 3a A word processing package 4 A data base management system Which of the following types of information provide to an must you applications software package when you install it on a microcomputer system Ty Microcomputer configuration information 2 Examples of the work that will be performed 3 Lists of outputs you want on a scheduled basis 4 All of the above To make a microcomputer system easier for the user to start each day you should take what action le Give the user a written list of specific instructions to follow 2 Set the system to automatically boot when the user turns on the power 3 Go to each system each morning and boot the system for the user 4 Make arrangements for one person in each functional area to boot all the system
69. you will notice a hole in the middle of the diskette It is referred to as the center hub The hub makes it possible for the floppy disk drive s spindle to rotate the diskette inside the jacket The recording window allows the read write head mechanism of the floppy disk drive to come into contact with the diskette so it can read from or write data onto the diskette s surface Located just to the right of the center hub is what we refer to as an index hole This index hole and corresponding hole or holes in the diskette marks the first sector or starting point on the diskette The sectors on a diskette are controlled by timing On a soft sectored diskette the timing is controlled by the software therefore only one timing hole is needed on the diskette On a hard sectored diskette the timing is controlled by the hardware and the diskette has several timing holes Types of Floppies Diskettes The diskettes you will be using must be compatible with the floppy disk drives on your microcomputer system Diskettes can be soft sectored or hard sectored Depending upon the disk drive s characteristics the disk drive can record data on one side of the diskette or both and can record data in one of several bit densities depending upon how the diskette is formatted When you are working with a soft sectored diskette you must use your microcomputer and a utility routine or program in this case a formatter program to sector or form
70. your organization sends a memo each month to the same list of organizations Using a feature of the word processing program you could create one letter and have the names and addresses inserted in merged with the letter automatically in the proper places This is the same feature the sweepstakes companies use to insert your name throughout their letters to you to personalize them This is sometimes called the mail merge function It is unlike the merge function we think of in data processing in which the records in two or more like files are sorted in the same sequence by keys and then merged together into a single file In mail merge the variable information name address and so on is inserted in predefined places in a document and the document is printed Some word processing programs include many of the features of desktop publishing You can view a finished document on the screen as it will appear on paper WYSIWYG what you see is what you get You can scan art and insert it in the document You can use a variety of type styles and sizes fonts if your printer can handle them Capabilities are continually being added and combined You might have several electronic office tools all rolled up into one package word processing with mail merge database with report capability spreadsheet with charting capability and a communications package How is that for an integrated software package You will be able to use each tool as a s
71. 024 means that the screen consists of 1280 vertical columns by 1024 horizontal rows of dots or if you prefer 1280 x 1024 1 310 720 pixels The distance between the dots is called dot pitch Smaller pitch values indicate sharper images The original IBM PC color monitor had a dot pitch of 0 43mm The state of the art displays marketed today have a dot pitch of 0 28mm or less Most display devices are capable of providing you with both text and graphics pictures Text output consists of letters numbers and special characters only Text characters are created on the screen in the form of a RMM20027 Figure 1 13 Monitor controls switches and indicators dot matrix similar to a dot matrix printing device Nor mally it is the display device manufacturer who will decide on a specific matrix size say 7 by 12 for a total of 84 dots or pixels to display each character of text sed figure 1 1 The more pixels used to form charac ters the higher is the resolution Most display devices use 25 rows of 80 character lines when displaying text and there are some that will display 50 rows of 132 character lines in what is called a compressed mode Graphics output consists of complex picture images which brings us to the term bit mapping Bit mapped graphics use a technique whereby each dot or pixel on the screen can be addressed and individually controlled by the user This allows you to create virtually any type of image on t
72. 14 Floppy disk drive units consist of a diskette drive the mechanism within which the diskette rotates and a controller containing the electronic circuitry that feeds signals into and from the diskette Diskettes are thin flexible platters floppy disks coated with magnetic material so characters can be recorded on the surface in the form of magnetized spots Just like hard disks as the disk spins characters can be stored on them or retrieved from them in a random direct manner 1 8 Computer Consoles RMM20015 Computer consoles usually include at least a display and a keyboard They may also include a printer The main console is located near the CPU and is used by the computer operator to control the operations of the computer system Other consoles maybe used at the peripheral devices to specify what media to mount what forms to use in the printer what alignment is required and so on They may also be used by the peripheral equipment operator to start and stop jobs bring up other peripheral devices requeue jobs and so on Computer consoles are not normally used for keying data from source documents for production jobs Cathode Ray Tube CRT Terminals A cathode ray tube CRT terminal looks like a television with a typewriter like keyboard It allows you the operator to enter programs and data directly to the computer At the same time it displays the program or data on the display screen of the CRT It can a
73. 8 O Leary Timothy and Linda Microcomputing Annual Edition 1994 1995 McGraw Hill Inc New York NY 1994 Prasad Nallur Jeffrey Savit IBM Mainframes Architecture and Design Second Edition McGraw Hill Inc New York NY 1994 Simon Alan R The Computer Professional s Survival Guide McGraw Hill Inc New York NY 1992 Spencer Donald D Ph D Computer Dictionary Fourth Edition Camelot Publishing Co Ormond Beach FL 1993 Wang W E Joe Kraynak The First Book of Personal Computing Second Edition SAMS Prentice Hall Computer Publishing Carmel IN 1990 Alll 1 INDEX A Database management system selection 3 26 AIS service requests 2 8 Database organization methods 3 12 Applications software 3 2 hierarchical 3 13 Arithmetic logic unit 1 2 1 3 list 3 13 Auxiliary storage 1 6 network 3 13 relational 3 14 B Diagnostic troubleshooting 1 26 Ricmappuelicial Diskettes 1 19 care Documentation _1 24 2 6 j Duplex 1 9 Cables 1 28 fill duplex 1 9 Computer output 2 2 half duplex 1 9 Console operations 2 2 booting the system 2 4 E computer diagnostics 2 4 External labels console keyboards 2 3 nonpermanent 2 12 configuration changes 2 3 permanent 2 12 powering up the system 2 4 Control keys 1 17 Control panel 1 22 Control unit 1 3 F File and disk management File fragmentation 2 34 File organization 3 20 D direct 3 20 indexed sequential
74. 8 February 1982 June 1988 October 1990 October 1991 October 1985 April 1991 April 1989 microprocessor chip For example IBM uses an Intel 8048 chip on the keyboard to determine which keys are being depressed and also to check to see that the keyboard is communicating properly with the microprocessor In fact most peripheral devices have one or more specialized processors embedded in them Other specialized processors are the Intel 80287 and the faster 80387 math coprocessor These are special purpose programmable microprocessors designed to perform arithmetic calculations up to 100 times faster than the main microprocessor A math coprocessor executes arithmetic instructions that would normally be handled by the main microprocessor s arithmetic logic unit ALU as well as those the main microprocessor cannot perform because of register constraints The 80287 and 80387 are companion chips to the Intel family of microprocessors Computer systems using the 80 series of chips are capable of very high speed mathematical operations when the math coprocessor chip is plugged either into or alongside the system or motherboard Math coprocessor chips are used in SX version computers The SX denotes that the computer does not have a math coprocessor integrated into the cpu chip A DX version computer has a math coprocessor integrated into the cpu chip With the development of the Pentium chip math coprocessor chips were no longe
75. ARALLEL TRANSMISSION RMM20019 Figure 1 7 Serial and parallel data transmission peripheral device know when the computer is ready to accept another character and vice versa This type of transmission is used when you want to have fast data transfer Its drawback is that the computer cannot be too far away from the peripheral device MODEMS We said that both signals and data can be transmitted and received through cables communica tions lines which we refer to as I O charnels When we transmit data directly to the computer over long distances it becomes necessary to add two other devices one at each end of the communications line These devices are called modems The word modem is an acronym for MOdulator DEModulator A modem converts the digital signal produced by your terminal or the computer to an audio signal suitable for transmission over the communications line The modem at the other end of the line reconverts the audio signal back to a digital signal before it is supplied to the computer or your terminal If this conversion were not carried out the digital signal would degenerate and become garbled during transmission WORKING WITH MICROCOMPUTERS Microcomputers are everywhere They stand alone They communicate with minis and mainframes They communicate with other micros through local area networks This communication is accomplished by the use of software designed to make your computer system function The o
76. CHECKLIST Tape unevenly wound Cracked flanges Cracked broken canister Faded peeling label Mismatched reel with tape strap No write ring in scratched tape Write ring not removed from a read only tape CARE AND HANDLING OF MAGNETIC DISKS As the librarian you are primarily concerned with the care handling retrieving storing and labeling of magnetic media When we care for magnetic media especially disks or diskettes an important element of that care is cleanliness Disk packs as well as diskettes have a tendency to attract dust smoke oil hair you name it and a disk pack will attract it or at least it seems that way Because even tiny particles can cause problems it is imperative that all AIS spaces including the media library be as contamination free as possible For you that means all disk pack file drawers must be kept closed when not in use Vacuum the disk pack covers 2 16 and storage cabinets on a regular basis at least once a week to prevent dust buildup It also means you must examine disk pack filters as often as possible preferably after every use to ensure there is no dust buildup or damage of any kind If dust buildup or damage to the filter exists by all means replace the filter before it is to be used again Be sure no foreign objects or notes are placed inside the disk pack covers Foreign objects have a tendency to fly and as a result could slip between the disk platters an
77. COMM TP7 To name a file including its extension you may use any combination of the following characters the letters A through Z upper and lower case the numbers 0 through 9 the following special characters _ and the left and right apostrophe Why would you want to use an extension you might ask Let s assume you created a file that contains all E 4 evaluations for the year 1997 and you named the file DIV EVAL It s a perfectly good and valid name under DOS However it is entirely possible you would want more than one file called DIV EVAL considering the years that follow In this case you might want to use the option of adding a file name extension For example you could label the 1997 evals DIV EVAL 97 the next year s DIV EVAL 98 the following year s DIV EVAL 99 and so on In this case the years 97 98 and 99 are the extensions Some extensions have special meanings in DOS and are either created by DOS or assume the file contains a special type of program or data For this reason use extreme caution and avoid using file extensions defined by the program or operating system you are using Examples of extensions assigned by DOS are as follows COM EXE SYS BAT File extensions such as COM mand Executable SYS tem and BAT ch contain executable code That is the code is actually understood by the hardware when programs are run BAK When opening a text file the DOS program a
78. DBMS in response to a CALL for data is delivered It is also where all data to be picked up by the DBMS must be placed Schema Data Definition Language DDL The schema data definition language DDL is used for describing a database which maybe shared by many programs written in many languages This description is in terms of the names and characteristics of the data items data aggregates records areas and sets included in the database and the relationships that exist and must be maintained between occurrences of those elements in the database Data item A data item is an occurrence of the smallest unit of named data It is represented in a database by a value Data aggregate A data aggregate is an occurrence of a named collection of data items within a record There are two kinds vectors and repeating groups A vector is a one dimensional sequence of data items all of which have identical characteristics A repeating group is a collection of data that occurs a number of times within a record occurrence The 3 23 collection may consist of data items vectors and repeating groups Record A record is an occurrence of a named collection of zero one or more data items or data aggregates This collection is specified in the schema DDL by means of a record entry Each record entry in the schema for a database determines a type of record of which there may be an arbitrary number of record occurrences records in t
79. ECTIVES Upon completing this chapter you should be able to do the following Describe the different components of a computer system Describe how to startup a computer system Describe how to set parameters for operation and how to perform and interpret diagnostic tests e Explain what is involved in inspecting components running system checks and troubleshooting error conditions e Explain how to perform computer interface changes CMOS changes and configuration changes Describe how to inspect repair and install cables e Explain how to install computer equipment and prepare computers for shipment We receive information in many different forms from our eyes ears nose mouth and even sensory nerves Our brains receive and accept this information work with it in some form or fashion and then store it away somewhere in the back of our minds memories for future use If what we are processing at the time requires immediate attention our minds direct us to respond with words or actions The computer s brain the central processing unit is designed to do basically the same thing That is it receives information input data works with this information processes data and transmits this information output data to some form of output media This is often shown graphically as poy LE ee Anes RMM20001 1 1 Computers do nothing more than what we instruct them to do They simply follow a se
80. ELETED USING DELETE cer rar service deteriorates RIGHT MARGIN UNJUSTIFIED 3 This letter was drafted by DPCS SW A B Frost who may be reached at AUTOVON 111 2222 Commercial 777 888 9999 if you J R FROST By direction CENTERING TEXT JUSTIFY TEXT TO RIGHT MARGIN RMM20083 Figure 3 2 Examples of basic features found in word processing packages Delete key To take out unwanted characters words sentences and so on e Backspace key To erase words to the left of the cursor one character at a time NOTE In some packages this key may be defined differently For example it may backspace without deleting e Typeover mode To replace text by typing over it Wordwrap As you enter text words automatically move to the next line when the right margin is reached You do not have to press the return key at the end of each line as you do on a typewriter Cut and paste function Allows you to move material from one place in a document to another e Function keys To underline center tab indent put text in bold use subscripts superscripts You can put text in columns add headers footers footnotes page numbers date and so on Special Features Many word processing programs include dictionaries and a thesaurus These enable you to check for correct spelling and to look for synonyms Some of the dictionary routines even provide a list of correctly spelled words you might have meant
81. EPROM Erasable programmable read only memory IC Integrated circuits IPL Initial program loading AII 1 LAN Local area network LQ Letter quality LSI Large scale integration M MODEM Modulator demodulator P PROM Programmable read only memory Q QWERTY Refers to the letter sequence QWERTY on the keyboard R RAM Random access memory ROM Read only memory S SOP Standard operating procedure SYSRES System resident U UWA User work area V VLSI Very large scale integration W WORM Write once read many WYSIWYG What you see is what you get APPENDIX III REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP THIS TRAMAN NOTE The following references were current at the time this TRAMAN was published but you should be sure you have the current editions American National Dictionary for Information Processing Systems Federal Information Processing Standards FIPS Publication 11 3 U S Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Washington DC 1991 Banks Michael The Modem Reference Second Edition Brady Publishing New York NY 1991 Cannon Don L Gerald Luecke Understanding Microprocessors Howard W Sams and Co Indianapolis IN 1984 Mueller Scott Upgrading and Repairing PCs Fifth Edition Que Corporation Indianapolis IN 1995 Norton Peter and Robert Jourdian The Hard Disk Companion Simon amp Schuster Inc New York NY 198
82. ER A program that translates a source program written in a high level programming language into machine language CONTROL MEMORY RAM consisting of addressable storage registers primarily used in mini and mainframe computers D DEGAUSSER Device used to erase information from magnetically recorded media such as a floppy disk or magnetic tape DIAGNOSTIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Indicator lights used to help isolate a hardware failure DIAGNOSTIC ROUTINE Routine designed to locate a malfunction in the central processing unit or a peripheral device DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM A computer system designed to operate as a communications network with all its terminals linked to a remotely located central processing unit DUPLEX Pertaining to a communications system or equipment capable of transmission in both directions E EXTERNAL DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostics that can be run from a peripheral device F FILE FRAGMENTATION Files that are split into many noncontiguous areas on the disk FINITE To have limits an end or a last number FIVE PIN CONNECTOR A connector that has five pins usually used to connect a keyboard to the CPU FORTRAN FORmula TRANslator A high level programming language for scientific and mathematical applications H HARD SECTORED Wedge shaped storage division on a floppy disk from time of manufacture HIERARCHICAL DIRECTORY A term used to refer to the organizat
83. IAL QUALS US ATL FLT HDQ USS NIMITZ ELECT ORD DIVE MASTER C SCHOOL IEEE SCHOOL Figure 3 8 Example of a hierarchical database structure RMM20089 flexible than hierarchical databases they still have limitations The networking scheme must be defined when the database is initially created and information retrieval is based solely on the predefined scheme PERSON COMMAND DATE REPORTED DBUTIESIRESPON C SCHOOL IEEE SCHOOL SPEC ORDNANCE RMM20090 E Awar oan a wre Figure 3 9 Example of a network database structure RELATIONAL DATABASES Relational databases have many advantages over network and hierarchical databases They consist of one or more tables in which data are stored in the form of rows and columns The main advantage is that relationships between the data can be established whenever you the user request information For example relation tables could be used to link a person with his her NECs duty assignments and any special qualifications as shown in Many other relations are of course possible Any relational database package normally uses an index of some sort for faster access to the data Relational structures are a very popular database structuring approach for both mainframe and microcomputer database packages Using Database Software Some of the more common operations you can expect to perform when using a database software package are as follows Create data
84. ICAL SX POWER STRIP OUTLET A gt ON OFF SWITCH en R ae RESET BUTTON SURGE PROTECTOR RMM20049 Figure 1 26 Surge protector with computer and peripherals connected ON OFF SWITCH CONNECTOR SLOTS DEF GHI J 1 POWER CABLE CONNECTOR VIDEO CONNECTOR SLOT H RMM20050 Figure 1 27 System unit rear view with the flick of a single switch There are many varieties of surge protectors and there is probably a particular type already in use in your workspaces The System Unit In looking at the back of the system unit shown in you will see a number of places called connector slots to attach cables Remember this is just an example Each computer is different refer to the owners manual for exact locations of the connector slots You will also see the power cord connector You will need to connect the monitor the keyboard and the printer to the back of the system unit Before making any type of electrical connections be sure the ON OFF switch located on the surge protector is in the OFF position and that the plug is removed from the wall outlet This doubly protects both you and the equipment you from being electrocuted and the equipment from being damaged Connecting the Monitor Located on the back of most monitors is an ac power cable and a video input cable You may also find a voltage selection switch for 115 220 vac operation Most monitors are designed to operate at either 115 or 220 volts ac depen
85. IS installations have incorporated or are capable of installing some type of automated tape library control ATLC program Various manufacturers supply these software programs for their computing systems These programs provide an automated capability for preparing various user and management reports to assist in the operation and control of your installation s magnetic media library These reports reflect the current status of each tape reel disk pack and diskette in the library You will find that various manufacturers give different names to their library accounting programs however the majority of these software systems accomplish the same functions The names may change but the game is the same For this chapter we use ATLC A good ATLC system should be capable of providing you with the library edit and error reel master list application user programmer media to be released library maintenance off site storage and history reports LIBRARY EDIT AND ERROR REPORT This report provides you with information and error type messages pertaining to the ATLC system transactions those submitted rejected and processed MASTER LIST REPORT This report provides you with information pertaining to each type of media contained in the ATLC system This report is normally listed in identification number sequence APPLICATION REPORT This report provides you with information pertaining to media assigned to any particular project
86. NONRESIDENT TRAINING COURSE August 1997 Information Systems Technician Training Series Module 2 Computer Systems NAVEDTRA 14223 NOTICE Any reference within this module to Radioman or the former Radioman rating should be changed to Information Systems Technician and the Information Systems Technician IT rating The subject matter presented relates to the occupational standards for the IT rating DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A Approved for public release distribution is unlimited Although the words he him and his are used sparingly in this course to enhance communication they are not intended to be gender driven or to affront or discriminate against anyone DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A Approved for public release distribution is unlimited PREFACE By enrolling in this self study course you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy Remember however this self study course is only one part of the total Navy training program Practical experience schools selected reading and your desire to succeed are also necessary to successfully round out a fully meaningful training program COURSE OVERVIEW In completing this nonresident training course you will demonstrate a knowledge of the subject matter by correctly answering questions on the following subjects Computer Hardware Startup Computer Center Operations and Data Management THE COURSE Thi
87. ONS 8086 8 bit 8088 2 16 bit 38 6DX 3 32 p1t 4 Hybrid What type of chip is the L238 80287 T RAM 2w DOS Be LAO Circuit 4 Math coprocessor Which of the is NOT used with the term monitor following terms T Display Zis System unit 3 Display device 4 Cathode ray tube Most color monitors are of the RGB type What does RGB mean ier Oe Ti Red green blue Piz Red gold blue ae Raster gauge beam 4 Registered global beam Depending on the amount of RAM available color monitors can display what oes ile range of colors es 8 to 256 Li 16 to 256 38 8 to 16 000 000 4 16 to 16 000 000 Most monitors will have an 1 32 LED indicator light What does LED mean Te Light emitting diode 2 Light enhancing diode Fe Low emitting device 4 Low enhancing device interchangeably 1 29 What characteristic determines the sharpness of the monitor screen image Lis Color 2 Resolution Sy Refraction 4 Screen size The number of dots or pixels per square inch of screen measures what characteristic Ta Color 2 Refraction a Resolution 4 Screen size A screen with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 has what total number of pixels al Ty 024 2 1 280 3 2 304 4 hes uae 720 By what means are characters created on the screen 1 Dot matrix Z Dot mapping 3 Line drawings 4 Opaque images To individually control each dot
88. PROCESSING Handling all the elements of a word or message simultaneously PASCAL High level structured programming language that has gained wide acceptance as a tool for both applications programming and system development PENTIUM CHIP A processor chip that can execute many instructions at the rate of two instructions per clock cycle PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT Equipment used for data entry storage or retrieval but which is not part of the central processing unit Peripherals include crt displays terminals printers and mass storage tape disk and drum devices PHOTOELECTRIC CELL A mechanism that when activated by a light source emits an electrical impulse Q QUERY To make a request for information from a database system R RECONCILING Refers to the correcting of processing discrepancies RELATIONAL DATABASE A database organization scheme that treats files as tables of data in which the rows represent fixed length records and columns represent fields RIGID Refers to the hard metal platters usually constructed of aluminum or glass that comprise a hard disk SCHEMA Structure for organizing knowledge relative to context or expectations SCRATCHING MAGNETIC MEDIA Making the magnetic media available to the computer operator for reuse AI 3 SCSI ADAPTER A general purpose parallel interface designed for connecting one or more computers and one or more peripherals A total o
89. PT 14221 7 18 96 SUPAUDIT DOC 983 7 18 96 SUPUPDAT EXI 83362 7 21 96 EIV PRT MON 684 7 22 96 FOODSERV UPD 25642 7 24 96 DIN MENU DLY 6363 7 25 96 DISBOFFR RPT 727 7 25 96 3M COORD DOC 23323 7 25 96 SUPUDAT EX2 1483 7 26 96 EVALS DU DP2 8864 7 26 96 PERS UPD NEW 9958 7 27 96 PAYROLL LST 31487 7 28 96 SUP INVT EX2 4343 7 28 96 IMMS RPT LTR 6813 8 02 96 DIV NOTE S 10421 8 03 96 3M AWRPT MON 17453 8 03 96 DIV GMT WK4 1690 8 06 96 FIREBILL XD 9090 8 06 96 821 8 16 96 50 FILES S 101435 bytes free RMM20072 Figure 2 16 Unstructured disk file directory categories files that deal with user applications and those that deal strictly with division matters Using the tree structured approach you can divide your disk into smaller units by subdirectories as shown in figure 2 17 In this example E5 Christmas as the primary user of these files decided to organize her files by setting up a separate directory called ES5CHRISTMAS Within the ESCHRISTMAS directory she set up several subdirectories They are identified by lt DIR gt following the name and they have no extensions Notice also that some files those that relate to division matters are included in the subdirectory along with the subdirectories that relate to user files Because E5 Christmas uses the division files frequently she wanted to be able to access them directly from her directory Subdirectories like other files appear as entries in the directory how
90. REQUIREMENTS To translate user requirements into technical terms the first skill you will need is the ability to communicate with the users Usually the users know what they want and need but they do not always know how to phrase it and put it into a logical process That is where you the computer specialist come into play As communications specialists we have to be able to translate their ideas into a logical process One effective method we can use is pseudocode because the code can be easily read and understood by both users and communications specialists figure 3 12 After we determine the process and document it in pseudocode we take the pseudocode to the users for their review to make sure we have covered all of their needs After talking with the users we make any necessary changes then go back to the users again As the programmer it is your responsibility to determine the necessity and feasibility of the user s requirements to avoid unnecessary or even impossible programming We continue this process until the users have no more changes and approve the pseudocode The approval is required before moving on to the development of the program requirements Determine System Software Requirements When we start to determine the system software requirements we look at the pseudocode and the user s requested end product s to determine whether a commercial software package is available to accomplish the job or if we will ne
91. You enter the number It may give you a choice of whether you want a beeper set to alert you to a given condition For example the system can be told to beep when certain error conditions occur If the software is a wordprocessing program you will want to specify the margin settings you normally want for example left margin at position 10 and right margin at position 75 You might want to tell it to automatically right justify print and to format date as mm dd yy You can tell it whether the default setting for paper type should be continuous form or single sheet and so on Once you have established the defaults you will not have to change them unless you want something different You may also need to tell the software what type of printer you will be using This will enable the program to send the proper signals to your particular printer You may be able to define several printers and select the appropriate one when you use the software Some software packages come with definitions for many printers and it is a simple matter to tell it which you have by selecting the make and model number from a menu Occasionally you will need to upgrade the software that you have loaded onto the computer To do this you will follow the same procedures that you did when the software was originally loaded That is read and follow the instructions included with the upgrade Virus software is upgraded most frequently with the discovery of new viruse
92. a record It is intended as a conceptual training aid for instructional purposes only The numbered arrows ir figure 3 19 trace a call for data by application Program 1 of System A Calls for data by other programs maybe handled concurrently by the DBMS but this is not depicted in the figure The following events numbered to correspond with figure take place depending on the software system in use when a program attempts to read a record 1 DML Program 1 of System A makes a call for data from Database A to the DBMS 2 The DBMS analyzes the call and supplements the arguments provided in the call itself with information provided by the schema for Database A and the subschema referenced by Program 1 3 The DBMS obtains the subschema used for System A and retrieves the description of the data in question 4 The DBMS examines the database physical description and keys the actual physical record to read 5 On the basis of the call for its services and the information obtained from the schema and subschema the DBMS requests physical I O operations as required to execute the call from the operating system 6 The operating system OS interacts with the storage media containing the database 7 The operating system then delivers the requested data from the actual database to the system buffers 8 The DBMS transfers data as required to fulfill the call between the system buffers and the user work area UWA of P
93. a to another site The most important thing to remember to do before packaging a tape or disk up for shipment is to make a copy There is nothing worse than mailing off a disk or tape and the recipient finding it blank when it arrives and you don t have another copy The following steps should be followed to prepare media for shipment Pull media from the library Copy the media returning original to library Box media in shipping container Label container Affix warning labels on all sides The warning labels should state that the package contains magnetic media do not xray CARE AND HANDLING OF MAGNETIC TAPE While it is inevitable that computer tape eventually acquires errors you can help minimize tape errors through proper handling techniques Tapes should never be handled unnecessarily because each time you 2 14 RMM20060 Figure 2 7 Magnetic tape in a canister handle a tape the possibility of damage increases especially to the outer edges of the tape Devices such as canisters and wrap around tape straps help protect the reel and tape during handling and storage The canister tape seal shown in figure 2 7 offers the maximum protection against dust and physical abuse Canisters provide a dust free environment and support the tape reel by its hub Canister tape seals are normally supplied by the manufacturer unless your command specifically asks for another type such as the wrap around strap Some AIS i
94. aken to protect the security of the computer center and the media library the safest possible means of protecting data and information of a vital nature is the off site back up procedure This is true because there is no totally fail safe procedure to protect a computer room or the library from the many dangers to which it is exposed It is up to the individual programming branch supervisors operations supervisor or division chief to ensure that all projects systems or jobs under their cognizance or control be identified duplicated and stored off site in accordance with local Continuity of Operations COOP instructions Off site magnetic media should be changed each time the data information is updated In the case where daily updates occur backup files should be minimized to once a week if at all possible As librarian you should have an established standard operating procedure SOP to copy master files for the various types of media for use in the event the originals become damaged Copies should be made each time a master file is updated These copies can be the actual COOP tapes disks or duplicates depending on the proximity of the COOP storage site and the delay in operations required to retrieve the copies If the COOP site is distant from the operation the COOP files should be duplicated and the duplicates stored within the library for fast recovery SHIPMENT OF MEDIA Occasionally you will be expected to ship medi
95. and manipulating the data At this point you can determine what programs and queries will need to be developed and decide on the best organization for the data 3 27 The programmer will be the one to decide the organization of the database and to define the physical structures of the database management system Programs to process the transactions and to generate the anticipated management information and decision support reports are mapped out using the pseudocode and flowcharts Once the programs are mapped out they are written tested and implemented creating the database management system SUMMARY As a communications specialist you need to know a lot more about computers than just how to operate them You must have a good working knowledge of computer software You should be able to explain and demonstrate how to use systems and applications software to both communications specialists and end user personnel You will need to interact with the users to determine their requirements and needs We covered how to determine system software and hardware requirements and the importance of calculating memory requirements We discussed the parts of a database management system DBMS and the selection process for a DBMS including those for personal computers APPENDIX GLOSSARY A ABORT Procedure for terminating a program when a mistake malfunction or error occurs Ada A high level programming language designed by
96. anufacturer has made it easier and faster for you to perform routine functions Depending upon the software being used some console keyboards use the top row of keys 0 9 as command function keys The command keys cause such functions as automatic skip enter update move copy end of job EOJ delete The operator s guide usually provides documentation regarding each of the function keys For the most part console keyboard operations are relatively easy Prompts are often displayed to help you in responding to messages initiating jobs and entering commands and data Configuration Changes Computer system configuration changes take the form of both hardware and software changes The addition of new hardware and software upgrades will affect how you do your job HARDWARE Changes to system hardware include the addition of new the loss of existing and the modification of existing peripheral equipment You as the computer operator may be involved with helping to move the equipment running cables or removing cables but the majority of the work is usually performed by maintenance technicians SOFTWARE Changes to the software include changing memory buffer sizes and hardware addresses and adding new application software Changes to memory buffer size and hardware addresses require changes to the operating system In addition you must follow the manufacturer s instructions Memory and buffer size changes are done
97. ar attention to the section on cover removal and the steps to follow For example the owner s manual might say Once all cabinet screws have been removed raise the cover keeping it as high as DISK CONTROLLER BOARD SCSI ADAPTER Le ENR flea RMM20022 Figure 1 9 Boards within the microcomputer system unit and their locations possible while pulling it forward for removal This action ensures that none of the internal wires cables or connectors are accidentally pulled loose and avoids possible damage to the components already installed inside the system unit So that you will have a better understanding and appreciation for this microcomputer we will take a closer look at microprocessor chips and see how they differ from one another We will also examine what all this means to you from a communications specialist s standpoint Microprocessor Chips All microcomputer systems are driven by one or more microprocessor chips A microprocessor chip is made up of thousands of integrated circuits that contain all of the essential elements of a central processing unit figure 1 10 These include the control logic instruction decoding and arithmetic processing circuitry To be useful the microprocessor chip which is no bigger than your fingernail must be mounted onto what is called a carrier package figure 1 11 This carrier package along with other chips memory chips RAM and ROM and I O inte
98. are predefined by the software to perform specific tasks Menus You select the function or command you want performed from a list presented on the display screen by the software Function keys You select the function key F1 F2 and so on that is predefine to tell the software what you want it to do This enables you to perform some of the more common commands without going through menus and with fewer keystrokes than required for direct commands e Programs macros You execute routines a series of instructions keystrokes that have been developed and stored previously Which of these methods you will use depends on the design of the software not all software includes all methods Some software gives you a choice and you can select the method you prefer When learning it is usually easier to use a menu because all the choices are presented Once you have learned the software you may prefer direct commands because you do not have to work your way through a series of menus to find the function or command you want Programs macros are most useful for repetitive tasks They enable you to enter the sequence of keystrokes steps or characters you want to repeat Once entered and stored you can execute the entire sequence with one or two keystrokes a real time saver Becoming a Proficient User You will also learn that software does not do everything you want in the way you would like The more you work with a package t
99. at each diskette for you On most microcomputer systems using the FORMAT command will automatically sector the diskette for you If you are working with hard sectored diskettes then you need not format them They have already been presectored by the manufacturer for your specific RMM20033 D 5 1 4 inch 3 1 2 inch Figure 1 18 Floppy disks diskettes used on microcomputers 1 19 WINDOW or HEAD SLOT EXPOSED DISK BEGIN SECTOR HOLE in disk SECTOR SIGHT HOLE in jacket TRACKS DISK WRITE PROTECT NOTCH LINING Figure 1 19 A typical 5 25 inch diskette microcomputer system Floppy disk drives that use hard sectored diskettes read and write data faster However the diskettes are more expensive and can only be presectored reformatted for a specific system such as an IBM compatible or a Macintosh Most diskettes sold today are soil sectored because the wide range of microcomputers and their operating systems vary considerably in respect to sectoring re quirements For now the important thing to remember about sectoring is the fact that no matter what type of diskette you are working with soft or hard sectored it must be formatted before it is usable for storing data Storage Capacity Although diskettes are relatively small in size they can store a respectable amount of data Some diskettes are single sided single density whereas others are double sided single density dou
100. ation are used typeover and insert As the words imply if you are in typeover mode you will replace what is presently there If you are in insert mode the material to the right of the cursor will move to the right as you enter new material These along with other features are shown in Take a few minutes to study the figure The basic features you will use are as follows Cursor movement keys Move the cursor up down right left to top bottom of document to next previous page screen search to find a character string or function code in the document Insert mode To add letters characters words sentences and so on f USING COMPUTER DATE From Commanding Officer Code 314 Naval Education and Training Program Management Support Activity INDENT To IPOS John Doe P O Box 1000 Anywhere in teh USA 32509 TEXT IN BOLD Subj NRTC DATA PROCESSING TECHNICIAN 4 End Copy of your conrespondence dated 18 Sep 94 INSERT MODE 1 We x yous comments because we ate cont Lapatng ana vg i I l 1 a aE ropy to omenan question 2 6 fwe do not concur The information needed to answer question 2 6 can be found in Topic 4 TYPEOVER MODE pagos tast paragrap ough 15 where it states overloading or precomputer and postcomputer resources will have the undertoading underloading f Same effect as overloading or the computer The end ret tyovontea apart sna WFORMATION nas BEEN D
101. ave to change from the keyboard B2 only B2 and C2 only B2 and D2 only B2 C2 and D2 Ps GW NI j In the spreadsheet a what term is used to describe the entries in column A and b what type of data does column A contain Labels numeric Labels nonnumeric Values numeric Values nonnumeric COP oMoD Which of the following names is are also used to describe a spreadsheet Array only Matrix only Worksheet only Array matrix worksheet Hm GW Nhe and What type of packages work primarily with records fields indexes pointers and keys Tis Graphics a Database 3 Spreadsheet 4 Word processing To access records in a 3 24 database in a sequence other than the sequence in which they are stored you can use which of the following techniques T Indexes Dee Pointers Bis Directories 4 Key searches List databases use technique to link records ls Indexes can Pointers 3 Catalogs 4 Directories What type s of database structure link s related data elements by using superior subordinate relationships iL Network only 2 lierarchical only 3a lierarchical and network 3 26 4 Relational What type of database structure enables the user to establish relationships when requesting information rather than requiring relationships be established at the time the structure is defined 1 List 2 Network Fa Relational 4 Hierarchical 21
102. ays push in on the hub itself never on the outer flanges Never touch or handle the recording surface of the tape Never place magnetic tape on top of equipment because of the heat generated by the equipment and because internal magnetic fields within the device may scramble recorded bits of information on the tape Smoking should not be allowed in working spaces where magnetic tape is being used Smoking is never permitted while handling magnetic tape attending to tape units or working in the library area Ashes may contaminate tapes and live ashes may cause permanent damage if they come in contact with the tape And last but not least always follow the rules and procedures that have been established by your command or installation Check your SOP manual Remember anytime your library personnel are to handle magnetic media whether it be issuing receiving filing scratching inventorying or mailing they need to be on the lookout for certain things They must look for such things as tapes that are unevenly rewound write rings that have not been removed from a newly created file cracked tape flanges worn tape straps broken or cracked tape canisters faded or peeling file identification or reel identification labels mismatched tape reel number against tape strap number and soon Media with problems such as these should not be released for use or filed in the library until the problems are corrected TAPE PROBLEMS
103. bases Insert update and delete data in a database PERSON SSN DOB NAME EAOS VAT 110245 DOE J A 1296 128406789 081664 FROST J R 0694 333333333 022637 DOE J B 0895 5556555656 041268 BOAT P T 1093 ASSIGNMENTS 411111111 123456789 333333333 555555556 111111111 123456789 333333333 5556556555 SCHOOLS SSN SCHOOL SPEQAL QUALS 123456739 ASCH 333333333 C SCH ADY STRKPR TR 565655565 SNAPC ADV OPER TRANG OTHER RELATIONS DATE REPORTED DUTY SECTION RMM20091 Figure 3 10 Example of a relational database structure 3 14 Create and run forms and reports design and print labels Query the database for information Create and run execute applications programs Import and export files You can use function keys F1 F2 and so on to provide help screens to display lists of items to design database files queries reports forms and labels to add fields to a layout to move or copy selected data to enlarge shrink fields or condition boxes to print a quick report to access menus for the current screen to access macros and so on Some database packages provide you with some type of control screen like the one shown in figure 3 11 Using a control screen allows you to access a number of features This particular control screen has six panels each corresponding to a different type of operation on your database Displayed across the top left hand corner of the control screen you
104. ble sided double density or double sided quad density When we refer to a diskette as being double sided double density what are we really saying We are saying the floppy disk drive is able to read from and write to both sides of the diskette hence the term double sided and that each sector on the disk can store 512 bytes of information instead of the 256 bytes that can be stored on a single density diskette hence the term double density A diskette s capacity is also affected by the number of tracks per side Therefore if you wanted to know the total storage capacity of a double sided double density diskette with 80 fifteen sector tracks per side then you would use the following formula to calculate the number of bytes 512 bytes 7 680 bytes 614 400 bytes 1 228 800 1 2M bytes bytes per sector 5 12 times sectors per track 15 times tracks per side 80 times sides 2 To review multiply bytes 5 12 times sectors 15 times tracks 80 times sides 2 This gives the total capacity of the diskette 1 2M bytes Write Protect Feature Like all other media floppy disks diskettes must also have a way of being protected from a user accidentally writing on them This is accomplished with a write protect notch or cut out located in the upper right hand corner of the plastic jacket seed figure 1 19 Whether or not the write protect notch is covered to protect the data on the diskett
105. both data and control information to and from the computer and peripheral devices Signals are transmitted and received through a cable connecting the CPU and its online devices This cable or line provides a path for the signal to travel and is called a channel Not only signals for monitoring but also data are transmitted via channels All channels between the CPU and the peripheral devices are designated as I O channels An I O channel may be used for data input data output or data input and output depending on whether the peripheral device handles input only output only or both input and output Channel Types T O channels may be simplex or duplex SIMPLEX CHANNELS In simplex operations communications are in one direction only such as a radio If a device such as a terminal were to be connected to such a circuit it would only be capable of sending or receiving data but not both For this reason 1 9 simplex circuits are seldom used because a return path is generally needed to send acknowledgment control information or some type of error signals DUPLEX CHANNELS A duplex channel simply means that within each cable connection there are two paths lines for the transmission of data One path is for sending and one is for receiving similar to your telephone There are two types of duplex charnels half duplex and fill duplex A half duplex channel is capable of transmitting and receiving signals but only in
106. by a nonuniform motion of the magnet Care must also be taken to assure that all tracks are covered by the center of the magnet A thin sheet of clear plastic a 1 to 5 mill sheet should be used to prevent any damage to the recording surfaces MAGNETIC TAPE AND DISKETTE DESTRUCTION When it comes to the destruction of magnetic tape and diskettes you will use the same techniques as hard copy material Depending to the equipment available to you you will shred or burn the material depending on the classification and the type of equipment Because of their design some of the shredders can not be used to shred magnetic tape or diskettes Remember to use your local standard operating procedures SOPs as guidance for the destruction techniques that are used at your command RELEASING SCRATCHING MAGNETIC MEDIA As librarian one of your many tasks may be to release scratch magnetic media that is make the media available to the computer operator for reuse Before you release or scratch media there are several things you should know First never remove a save label from a tape disk or diskette without the permission of the user to whom the data on the media belongs Well then you might ask how does one go about getting the user s permission There are several ways this can be accomplished by phone by way of an interoffice memo or by contacting each individual in person but the fastest and easiest way is to distribute a cop
107. can be put out They can also help reduce the heat to which the storage media are exposed Heat can be particularly harmful and damage the data even if the medium itself is not destroyed because plastic melts and metal warps If the storage devices are insulated this will further protect against water damage either from natural accidents such as floods the sprinkler system or personnel putting out a fire Some commands prefer to use an inert gas extinguishing system or chemical fire extinguishers rather than the conventional water sprinklers These help to eliminate the damage and contamination that would otherwise be caused by water Another safety feature is the lead strip vault door hinge The lead strip will melt at 150 F and automatically close the vault door see figure 2 14 LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT The library is usually located in the same functional area as the computer room it is supporting This is especially true aboard ship Magnetic tape disk and other media must be maintained within the same environment or the same type environment as the Dy WWI PY E G L H oh zi th K paai h vita RMM20067 Figure 2 13 Media storage vault and cabinet with doors open 2 22 aad ot RMM20068 Figure 2 14 A lead strip bolted in the vault door hinge computer facility If not the media should be placed in the proper environment for a minimum of 24 hours before using otherwise the operators may enco
108. chnology changes you will find more and more capabilities and more uses for microcomputers SETTING UP AND OPERATING MICROCOMPUTERS Before you begin to set up or operate a microcomputer know what you are going to do THINK FIRST Start with the documentation NOT with the hardware and software USING DOCUMENTATION The first thing you will want to do when you install or start using a system or a new software package is become familiar with the documentation that comes with it You will also want to see what other documentation and training materials are available Don t get discouraged over the amount of reading material provided to you It takes time to learn something new and it takes practice to become proficient Spend time learning all you can about the software and hardware Refer to manuals and other help aides when you have problems You may also have in house user manuals to use RMM20046 User Owner Manuals User owner manuals will tell you about the hardware and how to install and configure it Each device will probably have its own owner s manual For example the printer s manual will tell you how to connect the printer to the system how to insert the paper and change a ribbon how to use the tractor feed for continuous form paper what the lights mean what settings you can change from the front operating panel and so on The owner s manual for the monitor will tell you whether the monitor is monochrom
109. components upon power on EXTERNAL DIAGNOSTICS diagnostics can be loaded into the computer from a peripheral disk or magnetic tape unit but initiated and controlled by the computer These diagnostics are very thorough and offer the option of testing all or specific sections of a computer They are more comprehensive than the internal diagnostics External RESPONDING TO MESSAGES Unless you respond correctly to a system or program generated message CPU time can be lost the wrong program options can be executed and the system can even become disabled As a console operator you are the most important part of a team effort that makes computerized procedures successful It is true that while complex operating systems make it easier for you to perform various tasks correct responses to messages are just as critical Never second guess a response Always refer to the proper documentation to determine the response needed Manuals provided by the manufacturer operator s manuals and error message manuals should be located as near to the console as possible for your convenience Basically you will be concerned with two types of messages system generated messages and program generated messages System Generated Messages System messages are generated by the operating system software To be more specific it is the executive program the supervisor that is responsible for monitoring and allocating the resources of the syste
110. cur An energized display screen can discharge quite a bit of static electricity a sufficient amount to ignite alcohol So if you intend to clean your screen turn the monitor OFF first Also available are wet dry towelettes These are convenient to use because the cleaning solution is normally premeasured and they come in individual packets To reduce static electricity special antistatic sprays are available or you can use antistatic pads or mats Some cleaning solutions include antistatic chemicals An antistatic filter for the display screen is another way to reduce static buildup Antistatic dust covers may also help when the system is not being used Printers create their own bits of paper and dust To clean the printer use a vacuum designed to clean computer components These vacuums are usually portable have a dual filtering system and can clean in small hard to get places Cleaning solutions and specially shaped brushes are available for cleaning platens For cleaning the print heads you can feed a specially designed print sheet cleaner through the printer just like you feed continuous form paper Laser printers have special cleaning requirements You use dry lint free clothes to wipe any residue of surfaces and a cleaning brush to clean the antistatic teeth Operator user maintenance is important for effective operation of computer systems It helps prevent data loss and will increase the life of the computer system and its
111. d accountable for its protection You must protect it from a number of things The data that is recorded on magnetic media must be protected from theft unauthorized access by individuals destruction by fire flooding contamination accidental overwrite and so on The key words here are protection and security not only of the media but also of the library spaces as well The library must be theftproof It should be of vault type construction with no windows and with cypher locks or their equivalent on the doors Personnel access must be closely controlled You must follow proper procedures to ensure that material entering or leaving the library is controlled You should be aware of the fact that security means more than the loss of data through theft or sabotage If the user cannot depend on the data as recorded on magnetic media and retrieved from the library then the entire library becomes worthless Regardless of the classification of the data your command processes Unclassified Confidential Secret Top Secret you must ensure that the library is secure Another security requirement is fire control Smoke and fire alarm systems are necessary Sprinkler systems that react immediately to any threat of fire area must Insulated vaults safes and storage cabinets like the ones shown in figure 2 13 are extremely helpful in preventing magnetic media and paper records from being destroyed in the early moments of a fire before it
112. d become undetectable until the disk pack is used This would certainly cause severe damage to the pack and drive and make your maintenance technician very unhappy If for any reason you suspect a disk pack has been damaged or dropped under no circumstances should you release it from the library until it is checked out by a person using an authorized pack cleaner certification device Anytime you are retrieving storing or just plain handling a disk pack always carry it by the handle located on top of the cover as illustrated in figure 2 10 The handle is designed in such a manner that the pack is supported at its center by locking the cover to the spindle on the pack You must ensure that the bottom cover of the pack is firmly secured attached while holding the pack vertically by the handle You should never set the pack down onto the bottom cover The locking knob which is cone shaped could puncture the pack s filter or possibly bend the disk s lower platter RMM20064 Figure 2 10 Magnetic disk should be carried level using the dust cover handle CLEANING AND RECERTIFYING MAGNETIC TAPE How important is tape cleaning and recertification Let us answer that question by asking another question When do you suppose tape failures are most likely to occur If you answered when the tape is being used on the computer system then you are correct Consider this example an unrecoverable tape error appears while the opera
113. data is encrypted Learning About Software The first thing you will learn is there is a lot to learn You will need to know what functions you can perform what keys activate what functions and how to save the work files you create If a tutorial or learning section comes with the software start with it It will give you an overview Then begin by experimenting and practicing on something you cannot hurt or destroy Don t start with the master copy of a large database file Instead create a few records in a test file and practice on it Try out each function then try the functions in combination with other functions Even make mistakes on purpose to see what happens Did the software give you an error message Can you recover Does the software provide an undelete feature that lets you cancel what you just did How much protection from error is built into the software Does it give you a message such as Do you really want to delete this file Or does it just assume when you hit the delete key you mean to Most of the better software packages have built in safeguards to protect us from ourselves Recovery from operator user error is a very important feature of many software packages Interacting with Software Packages Basically there are only a few ways to tell software what to do They are as follows e Direct commands You enter words characters via the keyboard to tell the software what to do These words and or characters
114. de of plastic uneven tape packing look for ripples between the layers of tape and broken or deteriorated locking mechanisms 2 21 MAGNETIC DISK Look for contaminants inside and outside of the disk pack covers cracked or broken covers top and bottom and damaged or warped disk platters Be sure the locking mechanism is functioning properly DISKETTES floppy disk Look for contaminants primarily dust and oily marks on the outside cover Next you should look at the usage and certification labels to see whether or not the tape or disk needs to be cleaned or recertified and if so do it Finally be sure to place insert a write ring in the slot provided on the back side of each scratch tape Forward the magnetic media to the computer operations area Do not forget to follow up on the paperwork That is update the library master file or database to reflect latest status on the media LIBRARY MANAGEMENT In addition to performing library functions you will need to consider other areas of library management These include protection and storage of media maintaining a proper physical environment management of classified media and materials magnetic media administrative duties tape retention and disaster off site backup You will learn about these management areas in this topic STORAGE OF MAGNETIC MEDIA Data is one of your installation s most valuable assets and as the librarian you are responsible an
115. dge will help users They probably don t know the agony of delete or the problems sometimes caused by very large files Think about what you have learned regarding file management How to name files How to cleanup files How to back up files When to back up files Where and how to physically store files How to protect files How to organize files on disks Let s examine some of the considerations for setting up files and file management procedures for microcomputers naming files disk file organization and file backup We will be using DOS as the operating system for the examples in this section Naming Files Every newly created file must be given a file name if it is to be stored written and given an address on disk When the operating system looks for a filename it looks up the address in its address book the directory The directory is maintained in a fixed location on every disk Every operating system will have a system for naming files In DOS file names have two parts The first part the primary file name names the file and can be from one to eight characters in length The second part called the file name extension is optional and can be from one to three characters While the extension is optional the primary part of the file name is NOT An extension cannot name a file it can only be used to further qualify or describe a file If both parts are used they must be separated by a period for example TELE
116. diameter which are filled in one at a time by the computer operator each time a tape is used Notice that we did not mention disks Disks are normally sent outside of the command for cleaning At that time they are also certified for use However magnetic tape is an entirely different story After so many uses a tape must undergo a cleaning and that is where you come in Every time a tape is returned to the library you should make it a point to check the usage label to see whether or not it requires cleaning A magnetic tape maybe cleaned at any time However if the tape does contain live data data still needed try to be extra careful not to damage the tape during the cleaning process Normal operating conditions in the computer room require the read write heads to be cleaned at least once every 4 hours of operation and the entire unit once every 8 hours unless usage is very heavy or as specified in the SOP If this is done a tape should be cleaned after every 5 uses and the number of uses between cleanings should never exceed 10 Cleaning Label The cleaning label is used to indicate when and how often a tape has been cleaned This is important to know for after a tape has undergone so many cleanings usually 10 it should be put through a certification process to determine its accuracy reading and writing capability Normally you place the cleaning label on the backside of the tape since the information it contains is u
117. ding upon the setting of the voltage selection switch shown in figure 1 28 Normally they are preset at the factory for 115 vac operation Should VOLTAGE SELECTION SWITCH 25 PIN CONNECTOR 5 CONNECT TO VIDEO OUT AC POWER ER ON SYSTEM CABLE RMM20051 Figure 1 28 Back of monitor 1 27 your monitor have such a selection switch be sure it is set for the proper line voltage Then plug the power cord into one of the receptacles on the power strip The video input cable has a twenty five pin serial connector Plug it into SLOT H on the back panel of the system unit where the video display board happens to be located on this particular unit see Ensure that whenever you plug in a cable that it is properly and firmly seated and tightened down if the connector comes with screws Connecting the Keyboard On the end of the keyboards cable is a five pin connector Plug this into the back of the system unit to allow for communication between the keyboard and the system unit see Connecting the Printer Like the monitor the printer has its own power cable and a data cable for communicating with the system unit Since most printers can operate in either serial or parallel mode it is important you look at the data cable to see what type of connector you are working with Serial connectors are usually smaller than parallel connectors and contain fewer pins After visually inspecting the data cable connect it to the appropria
118. directly or you can input text created using a word processing program Documents created in word processing programs can be imported into the DTP software Once they are imported you can manipulate the text copy any way you want to satisfy your particular publication needs The following are features and terms you need to become familiar with e Type styles and sizes Type is classified according to its style of letter and size You can choose a variety of type styles typefaces and sizes to create impressive forms letterheads brochures flyers and so on Examples of Courier and Roman WP are shown in Table 3 1 Notice each is in a different size Printers measurements are based on the point system The point is approximately 1 72 of an inch When you hear someone say 8 point type that simply means that the body of the type measures 1 9 of an inch from top to bottom 12 point type measures 1 16 of an inch and so on The typeface itself is seldom as large as the body because a small shoulder or ledge is left below the letter on most type Type sizes range from 3 to 120 point You will also see the term font used in connection with desktop publishing and word processing A font is a collection of characters of unified design the typeface and point size are needed to specify a font However the term font is often used interchangeably with typeface Table 3 1 Table of Type Styles in Several Fonts Courier 8 point C
119. directory of files in a single stroke For example you can issue commands to copy print or delete all the files in a subdirectory as easily as you can for a single file Other files on the same disk but in different directories go unused and undisturbed Subdirectories are especially helpful when working with hard disks because of their large storage capacities To learn more about DOS directory structures and commands read the DOS reference guide that accompanies the DOS software Backing Up Files You have heard it before and you are going to hear it again here BACKUP your programs and data files If you don t you will eventually lose all or part of your data and the only person you can blame is yourself Data can be lost or damaged in a number of ways Common causes of data loss are power surges and drops power failures and user errors User errors top the list Less common but potentially disastrous are fire theft vandalism and natural disasters How often have you come close to erasing a file or formatting a floppy or hard disk by accident Probably more times than you care to admit No matter how many precautions you take you can t prevent all the potential ways data can be lost You can certainly reduce their adverse effects by backing up your files on a regular basis When working with data files you will want to back them up at least on a daily basis either to tape diskette or to another hard disk For our
120. dministrative duties 2 24 Magnetic tape care and handling cleaning and recertifying 2 17 Main memory 1 3 Management of classified media 2 23 Memory classifications 1 5 erasable programmable read only memory EPROM 1 6 programmable read only memory PROM 1 6 random access memory RAM read only memory ROM 1 6 Memory types 1 4 bubble storage 1 5 magnetic core storage 1 4 semiconductor storage 1 4 Messages 2 4 program generated 2 5 system generated 2 4 INDEX 2 N 0 Microprocessor chip Modems 1 10 Motherboard 1 12 Naming files Operating environment 2 2 P Peripheral devices 1 6 bar code readers 1 7 cathode ray tube CRT terminals 1 8 computer consoles 1 8 floppy disk drive units 1 8 key to online data entry terminals 1 7 magnetic disk drive units 1 8 magnetic ink character readers magnetic tape units 1 7 plotters 1 9 printers 1 8 scanners 1 7 Power requirements 1 26 Primary storage 1 3 Programming languages 3 2 R assembly languages 3 3 high level languages 3 3 machine languages 3 2 Resolution 1 15 S Secondary storage 1 6 Shift operations 2 7 Software 3 3 database desktop publishing Software Continued spreadsheet 3 9 utilities word processing 3 7 Software installation 3 3 application 3 3 operating system 3 3 Software packages 3 5 Special function keys 1 17 S
121. do is check the shipping container for obvious damage such as crushed corners holes and the like as shown inl figure 2 1 If you find obvious damage closely examine the media to determine whether damage has occurred In case of damage the affected media must be disposed of in accordance with command policy or contract specifications Physically check magnetic tapes for damage Get in the habit of looking for such things as broken or warped flanges and damage to the outer edges of the reel Also check for damage to the wrap around strap sed figure 2 2 Examine disk packs for broken or cracked dust covers see figure 2 3 In addition visually inspect each and every disk surface for physical damage and warpage Also check the air filter located on the bottom spindle of the pack to ensure that it is in place and correctly inserted mounted When you examine tapes check to ensure that reflective tape markers the beginning of tape BOT marker and end of tape EOT marker are physically located and properly placed at the beginning and at the end of the tape Should your command have a tape cleaner or tape cleaner certifier similar to the one shown in figure 2 4 by all means use it to check out the placement of the reflectors as well as to ensure that nothing is internally wrong with the tape Remember i A SAL L nikai aaa ee r ot E RMM20054 Figure 2 1 A damaged tape shipping container 2 10
122. documents They offer you a wide variety of publishing applications Typical applications include newsletters advertisements letterheads reports presentations catalogs books such as this TRAMAN brochures or flyers forms business cards contracts magazines and overhead displays Again you will see and hear new terms when you begin working with desktop publishing software These terms come primarily from the printing publishing industry PD DIVISON TRAINING NOTES Training Notes end kisas lor Product Developmen bnprovament An unodeclal pudNcetion of 031 Didsion Nunan 24 S duly 1990 improving The Product This ja Use last of three articles on readablitty purer programs There tss simply iso many bui tabea reap thay qoateadict and Uce pp iaie of balai address Hee beve to do rome broad Qu Ed Speen nool We sanad has arres hy discussing the elements shal Dr Picerh comaideas as infeuencing readabdbly The N the Flewch Keacaid formule RMM20093 our produsi Thi i l hasn provides yu The features of desktop publishing can be categorized as composition layout and graphics Let s take a look at each area Desktop Publishing Composition Composition includes defining the sizes and styles of type to be used the amount of space to allow between horizontal letters and vertical lines and coding the text copy to meet these standards and definitions You can enter and edit text
123. ds upon the computer system used and the software included in its operating system Many of the larger mainframe computers store their operating systems on disk and this disk is referred to as the SYStem RESident SYSRES pack Once the disk unit with the SYSRES pack is in a ready status you can then boot the system Some systems are so simple to boot that all you need do is depress the start or load button on the CPU or master console and enter the date and time on the console keyboard Some of the more complex systems may require you to take additional steps assigning various I O devices partitioning sectioning off memory and so on It is because of these differences that boot procedures are well documented with each step explained to the point that oA anyone even someone unfamiliar with the system could follow the step by step directions Computer Diagnostics Computer diagnostics are of two types those that are run when the computer is booted called internal diagnostics and those that can be run from a peripheral device called external diagnostics INTERNAL DIAGNOSTICS Internal diagnostics are performed when the computer is booted and are designed to test the computer hardware They return a pass fail result to the operator Some of the internal diagnostics are designed to test all or selected sections of the computer An example of an internal diagnostic test is the power on self test POST that checks the
124. dy to have them processed you should press what key s 1 Tab only 2 Ctrl and Tab 3 Ctrl and Alt 4 Enter return FI F10 are designed for Function keys specifically what purpose Ls To provide standard information to all programs Dos To control cursor placement on the screen 3 To be defined by each program for its own use 4 To allow changing the size of the characters displayed on the screen What are the the left and right arrow keys 155 To move the cursor one position left or right respectively 2 To move the cursor one line up or down respectively 1 45 3 To insert a character to the left or right of the position of the cursor respectively 4 To delete the character to the left or right of the cursor respectively Which of the following types 1 46 of keys are examples of control keys dL F1 through F10 Print screen delete and insert om Numbers and special characters 4 Alternate space bar and enter return Which of the following types 1 47 of keys are examples of special function keys 1 Cursor control 2 Tab and control Ss Letters and numbers 4 space bar and back space Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of a disk 1 Flat Mees Round 3 Direct access 4 Sequential access functions of 1 44 Diskettes are also known by which of the following terms icy Floppy disk ae Read only disk oy Write only disk 4 Hard disk i
125. e read write head assembly onto the machine take up reel unless the tape unit is a self loading tape unit Once the tape is properly loaded the ready light comes on If the tape is not properly seated on the tape unit s hub during use it will wobble or appear to be warped If the file protection ring is not completely inserted this too can produce the same effect In either case the reel behaves like it is warped and upon rewinding the edges of the tape can become badly damaged Self Loading Tapes The use of self loading tapes makes tape loading much easier Self loading tape units eliminate the need for you to manually thread a tape between the read write head assembly onto the machine take up reel All you need to do is to mount place the reel of input or output tape on the file reel hub and allow a small strip of tape to extend from the reel anywhere from 2 to 6 inches depending on the type of tape unit Then by depressing the proper control panel keys buttons in the appropriate sequence the tape unit automatically threads the tape by using a vacuum to pull the tape into the vacuum column past the read write head assembly onto the machine take up reel and advances to the load point BOT marker Tape Cartridges Tape cartridges are even easier to load Tape cartridges consist of a reel of tape and a take up reel enclosed in a protective case similar to the cassette tapes you are familiar with only larger Here
126. e code on the front of this manual and the codes on supermarket and department store products 1 7 Key to Online Data Entry Terminals DISK STORAGE ON LINE TERMINAL RMM20011 Using a key to online data entry terminal a person enters input data into the computer directly from the point of origin This eliminates the need for human intervention between source recording and the ultimate processing by the computer Magnetic Tape Units RMM20012 Magnetic tape units move magnetic tape across read write heads that read and write the information Characters are recorded written on the tape in the form of magnetized spots along the entire length of the tape On tape data is stored in a sequential manner In sequential processing the CPU must begin searching at the beginning of the tape and check each record until the desired data is found Magnetic Disk Drive Units NLe RMM20013 Magnetic disk drive units are storage devices that read and write information on the magnetized surfaces of rotating disks The disks are made of thin metal coated on each side so that data can be recorded in the form of magnetized spots As the disks spin characters can be stored on them or retrieved from them in a random direct manner This direct accessing of data has a big advantage over the sequential accessing of data You can direct the disk drive to begin reading at any point Floppy Disk Drive Units RMM200
127. e depends solely on the disk drive manufacturer For example on most systems using 5 1 4 inch diameter diskettes covering the write protect notch makes it impossible to write on the disk s surface However the opposite is true on systems using 3 1 2 inch diameter diskettes Uncovering the write protect notch makes writing impossible In short find out which is which on your particular system before you accidentally wipe out an entire diskette s data Floppy Disk Drives Floppy disk drives are manufactured to read and write data in one of several bit densities for both single and double sided diskettes A single sided disk drive can only read a single sided diskette However a double sided disk drive like the one shown in figure 1 20 can read both a single sided and a double sided diskette HARD DISKS AND HARD DISK DRIVES Although most microcomputer systems you will be working on use some type of floppy disk drive you should also be aware that all micros also contain a small sealed unit called a Winchester disk or hard disk drive Unless the disk drive is an external type unit you might never know it was there Floppy disk drives are easy to spot all you have to look for is the drive s door that open slot where you insert the diskette Hard disk drives on the other hand are normally sealed Figure 1 20 A floppy disk drive being removed from system unit 1 20 READ WRITE SPINDLE MOTOR HEAD ARM Fi
128. e development of database systems particularly those for the larger computer systems Because of space limitations the format specifications for a DML and a schema DDL are not presented The syntax rules for a data description language are similar to those for COBOL and are too technically extensive to include in this chapter For example a DDL has a character set words programmer supplied reserved words key words names literal and nonnumeric literal formatting and many other qualification rules Schema Subschema Data Conversion Since data description in the subschema is host language oriented the syntax used in the subschema to describe the characteristics of data items may differ from that in the schema or storage schema This means that data types that turn out to have the same representation in a given implementation may be described differently in the schema and storage schema than in the subschema Also there maybe data types defined in the subschema that have characteristics and representations different from those of any schema type and vice versa However any data item description is eligible for inclusion in a subschema for a particular host language subschema data description entry if one of the following conditions is satisfied in the implementation involved e The data item has the same representation both in the database and in the UWA in that implementation e A conversion procedure has been provided by t
129. e how to output and inspect data from a computer system Explain the importance of maintaining optimal environmental conditions Explain how to use the computer console to query and monitor the system Describe virus protection software Explain the use of AIS requests State the procedures used in the media library to store and maintain media and transfer data e Identify procedures used for storage media destruction Discuss administrative duties in a media library Explain how to create modify delete backup and restore system directories and data files Describe the system processes for performing system backups executing application utility programs and running batch jobs You as the computer operator are an extremely important individual within your automated information system AIS organization It is your efficiency performing in the best possible and least wasteful manner and your knowledge knowing and understanding the theory principles and facts coupled with experience that help ensure the overall effectiveness of the AIS installation You must be familiar with the various methods of controlling data and procedures You must also know the operating steps and procedures of your assigned computer system Technical administration and support are important aspects of AIS facility management You will be making hardware and software projection reports software performance repor
130. e in some logical order by NAME SSN and so on The database is normally stored on some type of secondary storage medium usually disk where the information is simply held until you need it Now suppose you wanted a list of the E 5 and E 6 Storekeepers in the supply department with an NEC of 1234 Under a manual system you would have to open and search through each individual s file folder there could be hundreds You would look at various entries first for rate or the rate field in your database file then in order to see if this person is assigned to the supply department the division field You would then check to see if this person has an NEC of 1234 the four NEC fields Finally you would have a stack of folders for all E 5 and E 6 Storekeepers who are assigned to the supply department and who have an NEC of 1234 You could then list the names from the file folders the records selected Depending upon the number of folders you have to look through the entire evolution could take hours to complete On the other hand you could use one of the many database packages available to obtain the same answer The database application program by knowing the fields in each record and the content of each field can easily search for this information in a matter of seconds You simply specify the selection criteria and the report format the software does the rest searches FLD FLD 2 FLD 3 FLD4 FLD5 FLD6 FLD7 FLD8 jane RATE
131. e job is ready 2 2 If during the course of checking over the user s output you happen to come across something unusual or you find an error by all means pull reject the job immediately bring it to the attention of your superior and notify the user of the delay Even at this late stage it is better to reject a job to correct any problems or discrepancies rather than release it only to have it returned for rerun later OPERATING ENVIRONMENT You work in air conditioned environments that other AIS personnel programmers analysts and so on would probably consider intolerable The coolness of the computer room or center is a constant source of discomfort Computer rooms have to be kept at a constant and fairly cool temperature to ensure ideal operating conditions and prevent equipment failures The humidity must also be controlled for the protection of the equipment and storage media This is accomplished by some sort of dehumidifier system Although the requirements usually call for 70 F to 74 F temperatures often range from 65 F to 70 F and the humidity ranges between 30 to 60 percent Fortunately for us most minicomputers and microcomputers generate far less heat and humidity than mainframes during operation and as a result require only a minimal amount of cool air You will be using a hypothermagraph to monitor the temperature and humidity of the computer room There are several different models and styles of hyp
132. e only printed not stored You are using a word processing program and want to add new material to a document What mode of operation should you use Lis New 2 Add St Insert 4 Typeover What feature of word processing enables you to continue typing without regard for where a line ends i Word wrap Z Hyphenation ay End around 4 Automatic return a9 To underline or center 3 14 material you should use what feature ils Cursor movement key 2 Direct command Sia Function key 4 Macro 3 1 0 Usually a dictionary is included with which of the following software S L5 Ts Database Zs Spreadsheet 3 Word processing 4 Desktop publishing Sk What type of software package works in columns and rows 1 Database ZR Spreadsheet IALO Sis Graphics 4 Desktop publishing A B 1 ITEM QUANTITY 2 Tapes 10 3 Disks 4 350 00 1400 00 Figure 3A IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 3 12 THROUGH 3 17 3 16 REFER TO FIGURE 3A B k2y What total number of data cells are shown Ts 7 Zi 12 ce 3 4 3 13 What value is shown in data cell B3 I ods 50 Dr 10 Sy S50 200 4 4 20 The values in the total column are calculated by software by the user the specifying a formula to perform what calculation if any al Column B times column C ca Column B plus column C ae Column C squared 4 None If you need to change the quantity of tapes and recalculate the cost which data cells would you h
133. e or color what buttons and dials you can use to adjust the display and so on The system owner s manual will provide a system overview It will tell you how to unpack and set up the system how to power up the system how to get the software running and so on Disk operating system and applications soft ware user manuals will tell you how to install and use the programs They will also specify the hardware requirements processor type memory size hard disk needed and so on Most manuals that come with the system and software will include sections with names like Getting Started Installation Using the Software System Commands Reference Error Messages and Troubleshooting A learning or self study section may also be included When you first begin take the appropriate manual and look at the headings in the table of contents Then browse through the appendices glossary and index to become familiar with what they contain This will give you an idea of what information you can find in the manual and how the information is organized For example are the commands listed in a reference section in alphabetic order or are they grouped by function in several sections The more you know about where to find information when you need it the more professional and confident you will be One of the most frequently used sections in the operators manual is the section that covers the parameters This section includes the factory settings the ot
134. eated tapes are then forwarded to the library where you the librarian check to see that all required entries on the save label have been made If there are discrepancies it is your responsibility to notify the appropriate personnel so that corrective action may be taken Once you are satisfied that all label entries are correct and complete you can then proceed to log and file store the media for future use Whenever you are asked to pull retrieve magnetic media input tapes disks diskettes you should ensure that save labels accompany the job request for all outputs to be saved Do this before releasing the job to the computer operator Internal Labels Before releasing new magnetic media from the library you are sometimes required to put the media through what is called an internal labeling or initialization process As the librarian one of your many jobs may be to perform this labeling or initialization process Why you might ask Good question Some computer systems require an internal label of some sort to be physically written on the magnetic media for validation checking purposes before the media can be accepted and processed by the system software and applications programs of the computer When dealing with magnetic tape the internal label consists of two blocks of information written immediately after the BOT marker The first block is normally reserved for the identification number which is assigned by you at
135. ed to develop an in house program Perform calculate pay UNTIL employee name equals END OF DATA Perform termination STOP ITITIALIZATION Display report headings Accept input record CALCULATE PAY Move input field to print buffer F hare winrvad nraatar than AN HUWUS WYIASYU y Sati uian sy Compute gross pay include time and one half for over 40 hours Else Compute gross pay equal to hours worked times hourly rate Display employee record TERMINATION Display End of Report message RMM20094 Figure 3 12 Pseudocode example 3 19 To determine whether the job can be done with a commercial software package you need to be aware of the different software packages available and their capabilities and features If it appears you can use a commercial software package and your AIS facility does not have it start looking at the different govern ment contracts in effect to locate the particular software package you are interested in If the software is not available on contract you will have to look for outside sources Once you locate the software package and obtain approval for purchase you can start the process of filling out the paperwork to order the software If you determine no commercial software is available to accomplish the user s request you need to look at the expertise available in your AIS facility and what programming software is available at your facility to accomplish the job
136. eds This type of printer can print up to 300 characters per second LASER PRINTERS Laser printers direct a beam of light through a rotating disk containing the full range of print characters The appropriate character image is directed onto photographic paper which is then put through a toner developed and used to make additional copies The print resulting from this process consists of sharp clean images that are easy on the eyes These printers can print up to 20 000 plus lines per minute Many micro printers can print subscripts and superscripts print in several different colors print graphic material and output text in several different type styles fonts Some printers print in a single direction only like the conventional typewriter whereas others print in both directions bidirectional to save on time consuming carriage returns Many come with either a friction feed for handling single sheet paper or an adjustable tractor feed for handling continuous forms and some even have both You can initiate a wide range of printer functions either through the applications program you are working with or by using the controls located on the front of the printer s operating panel These controls can be buttons lights and switches With a simple touch of a button you can change such things as type style letter quality pitch and spacing It s that simple As mentioned most printers are equipped with an operatin
137. elp then it is time to change the printer ribbon It is a good practice to get into the habit of performing a test print before starting a job especially if the job is a lengthy one A test print is a routine designed to show you whether the printer is functioning properly that each and every character is clear and sharp not chopped or halved that all characters are uniform throughout the entire print line not wavy and that all print hammers are firing properly You should now have a basic understanding of how to remove load and align forms in the printer setup the required print controls be able to respond to the various machine indicators and perform routine operator maintenance functions Reduce File Fragmentation File fragmentation occurs when you delete a file leaving basically a hole in the information on the hard disk or when you add information to an existing file when there is no contiguous space left next to the file To correct fragmentation you can make a backup reformat the hard disk and restore your files You can also run a software program referred to as a defragmenter to reorganize the files so the data in each file is contiguous 2 34 Troubleshooting and Isolating Problems Problems will range from simple to disastrous The printer may not be printing because it is out of paper The disk drive may not be reading because the drive latch is not closed The printer maybe printing garbage because
138. eparate entity or you can integrate them together to produce sophisticated reports by combining text graphics and images in relatively complex multicolumn layouts These packages will also include a graphical user interface GUI or lists of options menus presented on the screen rather than having you memorize numerous computer commands to get the personal computer PC to do what you want 3 9 SPREADSHEET PACKAGES Simply defined a spreadsheet electronically duplicates an accountant s or bookkeeper s tools which normally consist of a ledger pad a pencil with an eraser and a calculator When using spreadsheet software you enter and change data figures of various types by typing on a keyboard rather than writing with a pencil You are able to view your figures on the computer s monitor rather than having to read a ledger pad The data is presented as it would appear on paper in rows and columns Figure 3 3 is an example Many everyday tasks can be managed with spreadsheet software The computer can perform a variety of mathematical calculations from simple addition subtraction multiplication and division to trigonometry and statistical and business calculations Understanding Spreadsheets Before you can understand how a spreadsheet program works you must first have an understanding of what the terms record column and data cell mean Record A record is represented by a line row of data items of info
139. equipment that combines tape cleaning and recertification figure 2 12 operates in the following manner Any protrusions are removed by a knife edge during the first tape cleaning pass At the same time the location of every error that was not removed on the tape pass is indicated on a recording WIPING ASSEMBLIES 2 READ WRITE HEAD ASSEMBLY USED DURING RECERTIFICATION PROCESS chart upper left hand corner The location of each error is identified by its distance from the beginning of tape BOT reflector On the second pass that is the return pass the certifier stops at every unremoved error area and the operator using a microscope endeavors to remove the error with a sharp knife or scalpel Upon completion a recertification operation will usually restore the tape to a near error free condition On a 2 400 foot tape reel each recertification operation averages 15 minutes All tapes scratch tapes work tapes save tapes and data tapes should be cleaned after every 10 uses or every 90 days whichever is more frequent All tapes should have a cleaning label attached to the back surface of the tape reel Each time a tape is cleaned you should log the Julian date and initial the cleaning label Some helpful measurement criteria used by several of the AIS installations for determining retention or disposal of magnetic tape areas follows ABSOLUTE END OF LIFE The tape contains so many flaws errors that it can
140. ere are occasions when a program prematurely or abnormally terminates It does not process to normal end of job EOJ When this occurs the operator is expected to take whatever corrective actions are necessary to get the job going again More often than not the operator is able to recover a job by recreating a tape disk file moving the file to another device or possibly cleaning the read write mechanisms of the device prior to rerun But there are times when the operator will notify the I O control clerk to assist in correcting the problem Such would be the case when the input parameters are in error the user s input is bad or the job aborted because of an unrecoverable program error In the event this happens you maybe responsible for collecting all the data both input and output along with any memory dumps and forwarding them all to the programmer During the recovery phase of an operation the Operator may need you to provide certain input parameters or tape disk files before the job can be executed Because of time constraints a job that abnormally terminates may have to be rescheduled If so you may be responsible for seeing to it that the job gets rescheduled and that the user is notified of any job delay We could go on and on but by now you are beginning to get the picture These examples are just a few of the many things that can get in the way of achieving a normal EOJ We bring them to your attention to make you aware
141. etic domains under a microscope they would look like tiny bubbles hence the name bubble memory See figure 1 6 Memory Types by Function Functionally we can classify memory by its operational features random access memory RAM DATA OUT DETECTORS BIT BIT RMM20007 Figure 1 6 Bubble memory 1 5 read only memory ROM programmable read only memory PROM and erasable programmable read only memory EPROM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY RAM RAM also called read write memory is like a chalkboard You can write notes read them and erase them when you no longer need them In the computer RAM is the working memory Data can be read retrieved from or written stored into RAM just by giving the computer the address of the RAM location where the data is stored or is to be stored When the data is no longer needed you can simply write over it This allows you to use the storage again for something else Core semiconductor and bubble storage have random access memory RAM capabilities READ ONLY MEMORY ROM In most computers it is useful to have often used instructions such as those used to bootstrap initial system load the computer or other specialized programs permanently stored inside the computer The memory that enables us to do this without the programs and data being lost even when the computer is powered down is read only memory ROM Only the computer manufacturer can install these programs
142. ever you can t see a listing or a display of all the files in all the subdirectories at one A DP2JONES gt DIR Directorty of A PO2JONES FIL_NAME EXT FSIZE lt DIR gt aS lt DIR gt DIV PRT MON 684 EVALS DU DP2 8864 DIV NOTE S 10421 DIV GMT WK4 1690 FIREBILL XD 9090 WwQsB XD 821 PERSONEL SUPPLY DISBURSG FOODSERV 3M 13 FILES S 101436 bytes free RMM20073 Figure 2 17 Tree structured disk file directory time Instead you must look at each subdirectory to see what is in that one If E5 Christmas wants to see what files are in the subdirectory SUPPLY she would use the DOS command to change the directory name to SUPPLY and then display its directory example A As the number of files on a disk increases so does the need to have a disk that is well organized A well organized disk can save you a considerable amount of time and frustration in locating files As computer specialists we know this is true and of great importance but to the uninformed or new user who has not been properly trained disk management may seem very cumbersome and time consuming Some users may not even be aware that they can organize their files on disk and that s where you come in How can you help users create and use a tree structured directory you might ask Whenever you format a disk a single directory called a root directory is created You can then instruct DOS to create or MaKe other DIRectories using a command s
143. execution of instructions using various types of memories The I O devices simply aid the computer by providing and receiving data and programs In this section you ll learn about the control unit the arithmetic logic unit primary storage secondary storage peripheral devices I O channels and modems INPUT OUTPUT MAGNETIC TAPE ee _ CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT NL se OPTICAL DISK SPOHSHOHOHSHEOHHSHHUSHSOCEOE i CONTROL SECTION Y INTERNAL STORAGE SECTION OPTICAL DISK I INPUT _ PROGRAM OUTPUT STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE AREA AREA AREA SHSSCOSHOSSSSHOSCSESE SHOR SESSESEEEF Ce oeoeeeeceosetvesceeeeseseneeebDesteseseseoeeseeeeeeoeTeseee INPUT s OUTPUT UNIT WORKING UNIT STORAGE AREA sA ae E KEYBOARD TYPEWRITER ARITHMETIC LOGIC SECTION a MAGNETIC CHECKS PRINTER ee _ _ _ _ DISK DATA FLOW OR DRUM Dek INSTRUCTION FLOW DRUM e a Y sscecssscesecssesoesem FLOW OF CONTROL CRT TERMINAL RMM2002 Pirn ear ae Figure 1 1 Units devices of a computer system 1 2 CONTROL UNIT The control unit maintains order within the computer system and directs the flow of traffic operations and data The flow of control is indicated by the dotted arrows on figure 1 1 The control unit selects one program statement at a time from the program storage area interprets the statement and sends the appropriate electronic impulses to the arithmetic log
144. f 8 devices may be connected to one bus SEMICONDUCTOR A crystalline substance that conducts electricity when it is doped with chemical impurities SERIAL Pertaining to the sequential occurrence of two or more related activities in a single device SILICON CHIP Tiny portion of a silicon wafer with thousands of electronic components and circuit patterns etched on its surface SIMPLEX A mode of data transmission in which data can travel in only one direction on the line When a terminal is connected to such a circuit it can be used to either receive or send data to the cpu but not do both SINGLE FILE DIRECTORIES An option of the operating system that allows for only one file to be contained in a directory SOFT SECTORED Method of marking sectors or sections on a disk by using information written on the disk SPECIAL FUNCTION KEY Key on a keyboard to control a mechanical function initiate a specific computer operation or transmit a signal that would otherwise require multiple key strokes STAND ALONE Self contained computer system that can work independently not connected to or under the control of another computer system STRIPPING The removing of the first 100 feet of the magnetic tape This is the portion that becomes contaminated and causes the most errors SUBSCHEMA Logical organization of data required for a particular program SURGE PROTECTOR Device that protects electrical
145. f operation selected either through the buttons on the printer or through software If the software and hardware allow using several printers is the correct one selected and are any manual selections made when a switch box is used We could go on and on with examples The point is learn from experience Keep a list of symptoms probable causes and ways you can use to trace a problem to its cause This will help you to diagnose and troubleshoot problems You will find users tend to make the same mistakes over and over especially while learning Help them by telling them about common problems the reasons for the problems and ways to avoid having them happen to them You will soon learn the common errors keep a mental list of the sequence you use to start isolating a problem You may want to develop a checklist For example look at the list in table 2 1 These area few examples to get you thinking about problems Look at the condition and try to determine possible causes Look in the documentation it usually has a section that lists conditions and possible causes Ask the users what program they are using Ask the users what keys they depressed and in what sequence Ask what they were trying to do Always check for error messages Check any status information on the screen You might want to develop a separate list for each component or for each software package You might add to the lists in the documentation Diagnostic routines can
146. f the keyboard They must know how to properly logon to the system and how to enter their access code They must also understand how to gain access to library files and how to input and retrieve data to and from the computer They should know how to update and query the library s database and how to request library listings and reports Knowing how to close out files they are working with and how to properly logoff the system at the end of their work day are also important parts of their job TAPE RETENTION A restricted retention period has been established to prevent permanent physical damage to magnetic tapes especially tapes that are stored for long periods of time such as history tapes This provides for all magnetic tapes to be cleaned possibly certified and repacked at prescribed time intervals This procedure eliminates such problems as oxide sticking debris embedment and edge deformation caused by tape pack shifts inside the reel Initially an on site save tape retention period should be restricted to a maximum of 90 days with only one 90 day extension After 180 days you should notify the user indicating that the tape should be copied and verified onto a recently cleaned tape thus freeing the original tape to be tested for accuracy The retention period for off site tapes should initially be 180 days with one 30 day extension FILE AND DISK MANAGEMENT File and disk management are other areas where your knowle
147. f the programmer wanting to inform you of an available option or wanting you to supply data The program might display a message such as Enter expiration date or Option 1 to edit data Option 2 to update file or Load four part paper in printer Whenever a program message is displayed that requires a response the run book sheet along with the documentation operator s manual run manual provided by the programmer should explain each and every response or option available and how you are to respond STARTING JOBS As an operator you will be expected to run utility programs and batch jobs The start up procedures are similar for both refer to the operator s manuals and run folders for the specifics for each job you run The most 2 5 common application utility programs that you will run will be tape and disk copies to make backup copies of application files While batch jobs are more detailed when it comes to starting them as long as the run folder is followed there will be no problems They will have different inputs and outputs required than utility programs All of the file names and media types will be supplied by the user in the form of an AIS service request Remember before starting either an application utility or a batch job look at and follow the operator s manual and run folder for the job DISPLAYING JOB STATUS Using the system console you can display by their assigned name the status
148. for directing the activities of peripheral equipment operators to ensure accurate response to job run stream requirements You are constantly monitoring system operations to determine whether programs appear to be operating correctly You must be familiar with and know how to use the various types of control languages and statements that are used with computers 2 3 Each system has a language designed to interact with the user s application program and the computer s operating system These languages consist of control statements that are placed directly before the user s program to direct the operating system in its functions The format of the control language statements differs greatly from one system to another You will learn the specific control language used on your computer on the job In addition to console related functions you must maintain records required to supplement the console log including problem documentation and actions that were taken computer utilization logs file identification and so on Console Keyboard The standard keyboard has the same alphabetic key arrangement as a typewriter with a 10 key numeric keypad to the right with special function keys located on both sides of the alphabetic keyboard The special function keys differ depending upon the console keyboard The function keys are usually a different color from the alphabetic and numeric keys By providing you with special function keys the m
149. g control panel that allows you to change various settings For example you can change the number of characters per line or lines per inch change fonts and type size and switch from draft to letter quality mode You can choose any combination of CONTROL RMM20038 Figure 1 23 Dot matrix printer showing operating control panel features quickly and easily The printer we are using as our example is a dot matrix printer shown in figurel 1 23 Dot matrix printers are widely used with microcomputers in the workspaces You will become very familiar with their operation PRINTER OPERATING CONTROL PANEL The operating control panel shown 1 1 24 Hisplays the buttons that control various functions along with several indicator and warning lights that show you what functions are currently in operation Listed below are some of the more common CONTROL BUTTONS and INDICATOR WARNING LIGHTS you are likely to see and use on this type of printer Control Buttons You can set up various functions and control printing functions by manually pushing control buttons To activate the buttons you must first put the printer in an offline status Normally this is done by depressing the online button e ONLINE BUTTON The online button allows you to put the printer in either online or offline status When in online status the printer is under the control of the operating system and OW CINORM CI DRAFT or cero Cia ov Figure 1 24
150. g processed and the intermediate results of the arithmetic logic operations This is a working storage area within the storage section It is sometimes referred to as a scratch pad memory e To hold the processing results in an output storage area for transfer to an I O device TO DATA BUS rs ALU REGISTERS f LOGIC P RRR TEMPOARY HOLDING ARITHMETIC RESULT ES AAA 9 ALU SWITCHING CIRCUITS ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS CIRCUITS COMPUTE RMM20003 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT FEATURES Figure 1 2 Representative block diagram of an ALU To hold the program statements transferred from an I O device This area is called the program storage area Please note that the four areas input working output and program storage are NOT fixed in size or location but rather are determined by each individual program s requirements About now you re probably wondering how the control unit is able to find these stored instructions and data items To understand this picture memory as a wall of post office boxes in a post office Each box has a different number address and represents a specific storage location in memory as shown in figure 1 3 Like the mail in a post office box the contents of a storage location can change but the number on the post office box or memory address does not change In this manner a particular program instruction or data item that is held in primary s
151. g purposes defined Ti To perform user functions only 2 To perform commonly commands without the user having to type the command Se To provide user information only 4 To enter data and program information used status Textbook ASSIGNMENT 3 Data through Management S22 2 Assignment continued chapter 3 pages 3 6 _ __ gsl When you are learning a new a5 package what interfacing with usually the software method of the software is easiest alt Menu 2 Direct commands Ia Function keys 4 Programs macros Use of what feature s ZEG enables you to enter and save a series of keystrokes for later use dh Function keys 2 System commands 3 Job languages 4 Macro capability Macros can be developed and stored to perform which of a the following types of tasks 1y Repetitive only 2 Complex only J Awkward only 4 Repetitive complex and awkward What type of software package is designed Bak primarily to work with documents Word processing Spreadsheet Graphics Database HS G Dh pS 19 What is the usual method of entering a document Type it on a keyboard 2 Receive it over a network 3 Input it through a scanner 4 Import it from a desktop publishing program Once entered a document is normally stored as a data file in what way if at all Ta In RAM 2 In ROM oe On a secondary storage medium 4 None documents ar
152. grated circuit chips are on a circuit motherboard plugged into specific socket locations board called the system board or the figure 1 12 CONTROL ARITHMETIC INPUT LOGIC LOGIC CONTROL CONVERSION CIRCUITRY OUTPUT CONVERSION RMM20023 Figure 1 10 A typical microprocessor computer chip Figure 1 11 A microprocessor being mounted onto the carrier package Of all the boards in the microcomputer the system board is the most important But what are the functions of the microprocessor chip Are all microprocessor chips designed to perform the same functions Basically yes but there are some significant differences in how they perform their functions You should be aware of these differences especially if you will be working with several different types of micros A chip is a chip is a chip OR IS IT Computer chips like everything else in data processing have some rather unique and unusual names names like Zilog Z 80A Intel 80C88 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 68000 and so on Some chip names contain letters and numbers Others contain only numbers Having the right microprocessor chip in your computer INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIP MICRO PROCESSOR RAM RMM20025 Figure 1 12 The system motherboard showing placement of the microprocessor RAM ROM and integrated circuit chip system makes all the difference in the world in terms of internal processing speeds 33MHz 66MHz 120MHz and so on n
153. gure 1 21 Internal hard disk drive mounted on disk drive chassis units that can be tucked away just about anywhere Generally you will find them inside the system unit figure 1 21 in the space occupied by one of the floppy drives Hard disk drives provide you with many timesaving features not available nor possible with the floppy disk drives These include increased access speeds greater storage capacity up to 8 gigabytes GB of storage and overall convenience Working with hard disk is much easier because you can quickly end one program and start another all through the operating system Hard disk units consist of rigid metal platters that are tiered or stacked In most cases the disks themselves are not removable and for this reason can be hermetically sealed in the storage unit along with the access mechanism that contains the read write heads Because this type of disk drive is completely sealed and free from air contamination the read write heads can be positioned to within 20 millionths of an inch from the surface of the disk This also allows the disk to be rotated at a high rate of speed typically 3600 revolutions per minute Hard disks also comes in two sizes diameters 5 25 inches and 3 50 inches with 3 50 being the most popular Their storage capacities range from 500 megabytes to 8 gigabytes with the majority in the 1 2 to 2 gigabyte range As mentioned earlier hard disks can be placed internally w
154. gure 1 8 A siictncorpiiled system unit with the cover removed as two floppy disk drives and two hard disk drives or any combination thereof depending upon the particular configuration of your system You would also see several boards also referred to as cards Some boards are used to control the peripheral devices of the system while other boards work in conjunction with the microprocessor that is located on the system or motherboard itself These boards provide the flexibility to add a variety of capabilities to a basic system Certain boards are required such as the system board that contains the main microprocessor s Others you might add to control a light pen or mouse device or to handle a communications interface Looking inside the computer system unit 1 8 you will notice there are 5 available slots for board insertion These various boards are plugged into what is called the motherboard The motherboard is a printed circuit board that transmits the power and electronic signals between the other boards and peripheral devices It is mounted to the bottom of the chassis of the computer as shown inlfigure 1 9 Memory chips on the newer micros called single in line memory modules SIMMs are located on the motherboard in a group of 4 or 8 slots In older micros the memory chips are located on a memory expansion board Most microcomputers also have a lithium battery installed on the motherboard It provides power to the real
155. h the objectives SELECTING YOUR ANSWERS Read each question carefully then select the BEST answer You may refer freely to the text The answers must be the result of your own work and decisions You are prohibited from referring to or copying the answers of others and from giving answers to anyone else taking the course SUBMITTING YOUR ASSIGNMENTS To have your assignments graded you must be enrolled in the course with the Nonresident Training Course Administration Branch at the Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center NETPDTC Following enrollment there are two ways of having your assignments graded 1 use the Internet to submit your assignments as you complete them or 2 send all the assignments at one time by mail to NETPDTC Grading on the Internet Internet grading are Advantages to e you may submit your answers as soon as you complete an assignment and e you get your results faster usually by the next working day approximately 24 hours In addition to receiving grade results for each assignment you will receive course completion confirmation once you have completed all the vi assignments To submit your answers via the Internet go to assignment https courses cnet navy mil Grading by Mail When you submit answer sheets by mail send all of your assignments at one time Do NOT submit individual answer sheets for grading Mail all of your assignments in
156. hardware is not available at the facility begin the acquisition process This process is the same as for software except in most cases the requirements will have to go out on bids to several companies With this process it may take a long time to receive the hardware You should plan accordingly Calculate Memory Requirements When translating user requirements into an application there are several things to keep in mind We have covered the system software and hardware requirements now we turn our attention to the memory requirements Calculate the memory requirements carefully it will do no one any good to create a program that can not be run due to memory constraints of the system Factors to be combined when calculating memory requirements are e the operating system the program and the data to be input By taking into consideration the memory requirements of each of these factors there should be no problems as far as memory goes with running the programs VO AND PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS DEVELOPMENT Once you develop the pseudocode and identify the software and hardware requirements you can begin developing the I O and program specifications This is also a good time to determine what type of file organiza tion method will best suit the application The I O specifications will require the users interaction to further detail what they need as input data and output material They are your primary source for this
157. he database For example there would be one occurrence of a PAYROLL RECORD type of record for each employee A database key is a unique value that identifies a record in the database to a run unit program s The value is made available to the run unit when a record is selected or stored and maybe used by the run unit to reselect the same record Set A set is an occurrence of a named collection of records The collection is specified in the schema DDL by means of a set entry Each set entry in the schema for a database determines a type of set of which there may be an arbitrary number of set occurrences sets in the database Each type of set specified in the schema may have one type of record declared as its owner type of record and one or more types of records declared as its member type of record Each set occurrence set must contain one occurrence of its defined owner type of record and may contain an arbitrary number of occurrences of each of its defined member type of record types For example if a set type QUALIFICATIONS was defined as having owner record type EMPLOYEE and member record types JOB and SKILL each occurrence of set type QUALIFICATIONS must contain one occurrence of record type EMPLOYEE and may contain an arbitrary number of occurrences of record types JOB and SKILL Area An area is a named collection of records that need not preserve owner member relationships An area may contain occurrences of one or mo
158. he implementor or 3 25 A conversion procedure has been provided by the database administrator The implementor is responsible for defining the correspondence between the schema data types and specifications and the sub schema data types and specifications in terms of the representation of these respective data types in the implementation An example of a correspondence that might be established by an implementor would be correspondence between coded arithmetic data in the schema and COMPUTATIONAL data in the COBOL subschema The implementor might provide special conversion procedures in addition to those in the DBMS for implementing the conversion rules An example of a case where the implementor might provide a special conversion procedure would be in the interface between the DBMS and database procedures written in particular host languages If the DBMS supplies a standard parameter list to database procedures the representation of some of the parameter values might not match that of any data type in a particular host language In this case the implementor might wish to provide a standard conversion procedure to allow the host language to correctly access such values Developers of host language database facilities may provide rules defining the intended correspondence between data types allowed in their host language subschema DDL and the data types in the schema DDL Such rules may be specified directly naming characteristic
159. he more you will be able to find ways around what you consider deficiencies You will also learn you can compensate for these problems by writing and saving your own routines programs or macros to perform some of the more complex or awkward functions Some packages enable you to define your own function keys change the function of a key or store routines as macro instructions These are all desirable features for the more sophisticated users This also means routines can be developed by experienced proficient users for use by other users Do not hesitate to learn from others and do not limit your study Ask others how they are using a package What tricks have they learned and found useful What routines macros have they designed to perform recurring functions Build on their knowledge and share yours You might even institute a users group It need not be formally organized maybe during the noon time meal once a month Let s take a more in depth look at some of the more commonly used software packages word processing spreadsheet database management and desktop publishing software WORD PROCESSING PACKAGES Word processing packages are readily available for use in office environments on microcomputers They 3 7 enable you to create modify insert delete rearrnge save copy and print documents seel figure 3 1 The usual method of entering a document is to type it on a keyboard Another method is to use a scanner to
160. he screen Knowing this should give you abetter understanding and appreciation of why resolution is so important especially if you are viewing two documents on the screen at the same time side by side or working with three dimensional graphics The type of monitor or display device you have on your microcomputer will often dictate what type of display graphics board you can plug into your system unit The key word here is compatibility Some display devices can automatically switch between any standard display color graphics card Having such a display device or monitor allows you to upgrade the video graphics board in the system unit without having to upgrade the display unit However not all display devices are designed to accept the different types of video boards available primarily because of their resolution characteristics It is important that you read all the documentation that comes with your micro to determine whether or NOT your display device will be compatible with the video graphics board you want to install e eo00000 eoo0000 eo0oo0000 e 0oo0000 e e 00000 e 0o000 0 eoo0000 eoo0000 eoo000o 0 e 0oo000 0 eeeeee e eeeese e RMM20028 Figure 1 14 The letter L as formed within a 7 by 12 dot matrix 1 16 Keyboards Of all the components that make up a microcomputer you will become most familiar with the keyboard It will probably be your primary means for inputting programs and data
161. head librarian know and can explain the steps involved in setting up and operating equipment Be able to demonstrate the proper way to clean certify and degauss magnetic media Be sure all library personnel know how to properly perform emergency shut down power off procedures on the different types of equipment used in the library tape cleaner certifier degausser and remote computer terminal if used Like any area with equipment some operator maintenance is required to assure proper functioning and also to increase the useful life of the equipment Operator maintenance on tape cleaners and certifiers should be performed on a regular basis and include the following tasks Removing and replacing cleaning blades Removing and replacing wiping tissues Removing dirt dust from photoelectric cells e Ensuring tape pack wheel is rotating freely 2 19 Ensure that proper and regular operator maintenance is performed on the library s equipment Keeping a log of when it was conducted and when it should be done again will help Make sure outer cabinets are kept clean and free of dust All dirt oxide particles and other debris should be removed from the capstans turrets tape pack wheel and cleaning blades Cleaning blades should not be allowed to become nicked or dull Also see that the wiping tissues are clean and are rotating smoothly and automatically CLEANING AND RECERTIFYING MAGNETIC DISKS Today the removable and i
162. her settings available and how to change the settings Training Materials and Aides Software packages often include an online tutorial on disk If the package you are using has one take time to go through it It will give you at least an overview of what the software can do and how it works The system may also have hypertext Hypertext is an online information system that can be incorporated into a software package such as WordPerfect It is a data management program that allows you to very 1 25 quickly navigate through all sorts of information in connection with the applications program you are using In this example it would be WordPerfecto An entire user s manual and applicable documentation is readily available to you with a couple of keystrokes Hypertext which can include text graphics video and audio is especially useful for users who do not have access to manuals or when documentation is stored out of reach Video audio or other online tutorial training materials may be available at your command For disk operating systems that are in general use and for many software packages you can obtain text books training manuals and supplementary manuals written by people other than the vendor Local bookstores and libraries may have them Help Aides Other help aides are help screens keyboard templates and quick reference cards e Help screens are part of the program and can usually be called on to the displa
163. hese errors can be prevented by inspecting and cleaning the disk pack Although none of the major disk pack manufacturers recommend a regular schedule for cleaning of disk packs they do recommend that disks be cleaned and inspected when they have been exposed to possible moisture or contamination The fact is during operation the disk pack is surrounded by dirt and grease particles that are circulated through the air by the cooling fans of the disk drive consequently there is a definite need for a cleaning procedure if not an actual schedule If your installation has a disk cleaner certifier learn how to use it and you will find fewer disk errors and a significant decrease in the number of computer reruns A well organized disk management program will serve to eliminate head crashes caused by contaminants decrease if not eliminate hard data checks and decrease significantly the number of soft data checks encountered DEGAUSSING MAGNETIC MEDIA Degaussing magnetic media tapes disks and drums involves a process in which you demagnetize the media itself This rearranges all the 0 and 1 bits sort of mixing them up you might say Normally the only time you would be required to perform such an operation is when you must declassify remove the data from the media before the media can be scratched for reuse To remove a previously recorded magnetic signal all the O and 1 bits use a concentrated magnetic field to magnetically sat
164. horized mpliance with ror disclosure in co applicable executive orders statues and regulations This medium is classified 7 SECRET U S Government Property SAGE Protect it from unauthorized disclosure in compliance with applicable executive orders statues and regulations RED This medium is UNCLASSIFIED U S Government Property SF 710 1 87 RMM20069 Figure 2 15 Classification labels 2 23 copies of the certificate of degaussing destruction should not accompany the media during transmittal Performing Security Functions Security functions are very important in a magnetic media library not only for classified media but also for any material Data has value whatever its classification or use Top Secret Secret Confidential Privacy Act For Official Use Only or Unclassified Applicable security instructions and procedures must be followed Some of the tasks include the following e Storing and safeguarding classified media and materials Maintaining security logs and library access lists e Degaussing and or destroying classified media and materials Changing lock combinations on doors safes and vaults Ensure that all security procedures and measures relating to the library are understood by everyone connected with the library especially the librarians See that procedures are enforced This includes controlling entrance access to the library spaces both on
165. ic tape magnetic disk diskette and magnetic drum PERIPHERAL DEVICES Peripheral devices include all the I O devices used with a computer system When these devices are under control of the CPU we say they are online When they perform their functions independently not under direct control of the CPU we say they are offline The peripheral devices described in the following paragraphs are the ones we commonly use magnetic ink character readers scanners bar code readers key to online data entry terminals magnetic tape units magnetic disk drive units floppy disk drive units cathode ray tube CRT terminals printers and plotters Magnetic Ink Character Readers Ww ERIE GB Genea parii 1986 ae 6710 DOLLARS Ff Sinead PEN AIR PEDERAL CHEST QVIDB th anmas Jonen sane 0 WARA xa Sea ATA PO N 1 62328 1697 48814778 3636 RMM20008 Magnetic ink character readers read magnetically inscribed information like on a bank check and translate it to machine code Scanners Bii RMM20008 Scanners read text drawings and photographs and convert them into electronic representations of the images 753005774376 7i NSN 7530 00 577 4376 LABELS PAPER PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE CLASS A STYLE 1 32 X e WHITE 248 LABELS PER PACKAGE RMM20010 Bar Code Readers Bar code readers scan data encoded in special bar codes using reflective light and translate them to machine code Examples are th
166. ic unit and storage section to cause them to carry out the instruction The control unit does not perform the actual processing operations on the data Specifically the control unit manages the operations of the CPU be it a single chip microprocessor or a fill size mainframe Like a traffic director it decides when to start and stop control and timing what to do program instructions where to keep information memory and with what devices to communicate I O It controls the flow of all data entering and leaving the computer It accomplishes this by communicating or interfacing with the arithmetic logic unit memory and I O areas It provides the computer with the ability to function under program control Depending on the design of the computer the CPU can also have the capability to function under manual control through man machine interfacing The control unit consists of several basic logically defined areas These logically defined areas work closely with each other Timing in a computer regulates the flow of signals that control the operation of the computer The instruction and control portion makes up the decision making and memory type functions Addressing is the process of locating the operand specific information for a given operation An interrupt is a break in the normal flow of operation of a computer e g CTRL ALT DEL Control memory is a random access memory RAM consisting of addressable storage registe
167. ics card should be at the IBM standard video graphics array VGA level or better Secondary storage Large hard disks are essential for DTP work Desktop publishing files tend to get very large and you will soon accumulate many active files on the computer s hard disk A minimum of 500 megabytes of hard disk capacity is recommended Hard drives with 850 megabytes to 2 gigabytes are even better Mouse or trackball You will also need a mouse or trackball pointing device to move the cursor position on the monitor screen Printer Although the dot matrix printer is inexpensive and capable of printing graphics and letter quality text it is insufficient for many DTP applications A laser printer is the better choice when it comes to preparing quality text and graphics Scanner With desktop publishing systems you will naturally want a desktop scanner to capture photographs art work clippings and other forms of art work More and more DTP functions are being added to word processing packages For some applications this will eliminate the need for separate DTP packages However you will still need a scanner a mouse and a compatible laser printer UTILITIES Software utilities further enhance your computer s capabilities and make it run more efficiently whether it be a mainframe mini or micro Once a computer user like yourself becomes familiar with the system and applications software you are working with you wa
168. igned to prevent both known and unknown viruses from invading a system and to detect and remove those already present Virus detection software IBMAV is available free to all DON activities from Naval Command Control and Ocean Surveillance Center In Service Engineering East Coast Division NISEEAST in Charleston South Carolina For more information concerning virus software refer to chapter 2 in this module Utilities of the Future What can you expect to see in the fuure More and more you will see vendors combining several utilities into one package These packages will be difficult to categorize because they will work with operating systems application programs and peripherals For example a file maintenance utility may combine several commonly used programs such as disk diagnostic and recovery utilities a DOS shell hard disk backup a desktop manager and a disk optimizer a compression utility So how do you go about staying on top of the latest and greatest utility packages available That s easy You can learn about utility programs by reading trade magazines and software reviews Let the experts do the leg work of evaluation for you There are so many utilities available on the market that it would be impossible for you to do a good job of evaluating them on your own Vendors of application software and local computer clubs are other good sources of information PAYROLL PROCESS Perform intialization USER
169. ill also be comfortable for diskettes The users must also be made aware that they are to keep all types of magnetic media including diskettes at least one foot away from anything that generates a magnetic field This includes magnets of any kind such as those found in telephones stereo speakers and paper clip dispensers as well as magnets on copyholders and inside of printers It also includes motors such as those found in portable fans and floor buffers and polishers System Care and Operator User Maintenance The fact that microcomputer systems are small and out in the workspaces doesn t mean they don t need operator maintenance They do Dirt accumulates on diskettes disk drives printers display screens and keyboards Static electricity can also be a major problem especially in areas where humidity is low Keep your system as clean as possible One way to do this is by using dust covers This of course only protects the system when it is not in use You will still need to clean the components on a regular basis Clean the floppy disk drive heads with a head cleaning diskette It is easy to do Read the directions that come with the head cleaning kit They may have you put fluid on the cleaning diskette Then you insert the cleaning diskette in the drive and activate lower the heads for a few seconds This helps reduce service calls and you are less likely to lose data How often you will need to do this will depend
170. ill be numbered from 1 through 20 and the 7 columns will be identified by the letters A through G In this way the fourth column sixth row of the spreadsheet will be data cell D6 which in figure 3 3 contains the value 2156 10 The entire collection of data cells is often referred to as a matrix or an array When entering data it is not necessary to enter it in alphabetical or numerical order the software package will normally arrange the data in whatever sequence you desire In looking at you will notice each individual has only one record and each record row contains seven columns or data cells of information There could have just as easily been 20 50 or 75 columns of information per record The number of data cells is limited only by the parameters of the spreadsheet software and by the amount of available RAM To give you some idea of a spreadsheet s size the worksheet you see in figure 3 3 might be only a small portion of the entire worksheet the amount that can be displayed at one time Although there appear to be only 20 rows and 7 columns of information depending upon the software package you are using it could conceivably contain up to as many as 8 192 rows and 256 columns of information totaling more than 2 million data cells A spreadsheet of this size would be equivalent to a piece of paper approximately 21 feet wide by 130 feet long Try spreading that out on a table Interacting with Spreadsheet Software
171. infor mation To prepare the program specifications you will use the pseudocode and design the program to match Also look at the memory and storage requirements for the program You may have to adjust the hardware requirements to match the program specifications Be sure you are not going to overload the computer system File Organization File organization is the technique of physically arranging the records of a file on a storage media When the programmer creates a subschema a determination must be made on how the file will be accessed by the program The three file organizations methods used are sequential indexed sequential and direct Sequential file organization In sequential file organization the records are in the same order as they were written to the file e Indexed sequential file organization In indexed sequential file organization the records are stored in sequence according to a primary key and an index is created to allow random access of the file This type of organization also allows the file to be accessed sequentially Indexed sequential is the most commonly used type of file organization Direct file organization In direct file organization the records are stored and retrieved using a relative record number which gives the position of the record in the file This type of organization also allows the file to be accessed sequentially DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS DBMS A database management sy
172. inputting of data into the system The oldest technique is data entry keying the data off of source documents straight into the system The most common ways are inputting the data from a tape or disk file These files are produced from another job or from another installation such as status of supply parts Once the data is inputted into the computer system we have the capability of manipulating the data by copying appending deleting and editing it Copying and appending are used primarily for manipulating entire data files while deleting and editing are used for individual records in a data file COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE Up to now we have been discussing computer hardware the computer and its peripheral devices and the manner in which these devices work and are able to talk communicate with each other But what about this thing called software Do we really need it We most certainly do Software plays a major role in data processing for without software we could not direct the computer to perform simple addition It s the software that makes everything happen Or putting it another way it brings the computer to life At this point we briefly describe the general types of software used in computers Software can be defined as a set of computer programs procedures and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system Basically there are two types of software systems software and app
173. ion utilities save disk space by reducing file size by 40 to 60 percent Encryption utilities are designed for file security Using one of several encryption algorithms these utilities will encode a file so that it is readable only by reversing the encryption process Other utilities are designed to hide files from the operating system that is the file disappears from the operating system and is only accessible with a password Still others are designed to control access to files programs and communications devices DOS Shells These utilities called DOS shells help translate DOS codes into English words phrases and diagrams They act as a liaison between you and the operating system They display disk and file information adding commands not available in DOS and tend to simplify the execution of standard file management commands such as DELETE COPY and PRINT Printer Utilities Printer utilities provide software support for the enhanced fonts and graphics found in many printers They also provide such features as menu control for printer functions print spooling and printing horizontally Printer utilities allow you to use a printer that your applications software may not support They also allow you to make better use of your standard printer Virus Utilities Virus utilities are designed to keep out the malicious logic unfriendly viruses that attack computer system software This type of software is des
174. ional method of arranging files either in a DOS tree structure or in the file and folder method HUB The center part of the tape reel that attaches to the tape drive HYPERTEXT A document retrieval network having till text files and dynamic indexes for links among documents HYPOTHERMAGRAPH A piece of equipment that is used to record the temperature and humidity in a computer room INSTRUCTION AND CONTROL The portion of the control section that includes the combinational and sequential circuits that make up the decision making and memory type functions INTEGRATED CIRCUIT A miniaturized chip in which semiconductor components and other such technology combine the functions of a number of conventional components such as transistors resistors capacitors and diodes INTERNAL DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostics that are run when the computer is started IPL Initial Program Load A set of instructions that cause other instructions the operating system to be loaded into the main memory of the computer This must be done each time the computer is turned on J JULIAN DATE Form of calendar representation within a computer system indicating the year and the number of elapsed days in the year AI 2 LETTER QUALITY MODE The mode that produces high quality printed output from a printer LIBRARIAN Person responsible for the safekeeping of all computer files such as diskettes disk packs and magnetic
175. is inadequate e Privacy and safeguarding of proprietary information are not sufficient e Different views of data are needed by technical and nontechnical DBMS users Data structures are not tailored to individual user requirements The wide use of DBMSs in the Navy indicates that all or most future operating systems will be oriented primarily toward DBMS Slowly but surely the DBMS problems in the preceding list are being eliminated through better and more sophisticated software coupled with advanced training of users on such software usage Take a look at the changes that have been made from the conventional system file structure to the database management system structure As shown in figure 3 13 a conventional system is many application OFFLINE tlt MA TO DATA ONLINE BASE Figure 3 13 A conventional system 3 21 programs or systems using different databases and files These databases and files are systems that are either online or offline at any rate they must be online at execution time Under a conventional system when the same data was needed in SYSTEM A and in SYSTEM B it was usually duplicated This redundancy of data is not acceptable to the AIS community The following problems are just a few of those that exist when redundancy of data is required e Excess storage is required e An excessive number of personnel is required to handle and manipulate the data e A greater chance of error is
176. ith EPROM is that you can erase it if and when the need arises The data and programs can be retrieved many times If you want to reprogram memory you first erase the EPROM with a burst of ultraviolet light This not only enables you to reprogram when requirements change but also you can erase and write the program again if a mistake is made while programming the EPROM In other words a mistake is not fatal as it is when using PROM You have the flexibility to change programs to include improvements or modifications in the future SECONDARY STORAGE The last type of memory we briefly introduce here is called secondary storage or auxiliary storage This is memory outside the main body of the computer where we store programs and data for future use When the computer is ready to use these programs and data it reads them into primary storage Secondary auxiliary storage media extends the storage capabilities of the computer We need secondary storage for two reasons First because the computer s working memory primary storage is finite and limited in size it cannot always hold all the data we need Second in secondary storage data and programs do not disappear when power is turned off as they do when semiconductor memories are used Secondary storage media are nonvolatile memories This means the information is lost only if you or the users intentionally erase it The three types of secondary storage we most commonly use are magnet
177. ithin the system unit like the one shown in figure 1 21 or externally as a detachable unit as shown in figure 1 22 You may have also noticed that the disk drive shown in figure 1 22 is a portable hard drive in that the hard disk is removable The hard disks and read write mechanism are enclosed within a rugged case The result is a self contained hard disk you can insert like a floppy and remove for reasons of security Pr RMM20037 Figure 1 22 External hard disk drive with removable disk cartridge Printers Most printers you are likely to use while working on microcomputers are the low speed varieties They are able to print text at rates of 200 to 800 characters per second and usually output this information one character at a time After close examination you will find that basically the only major difference between printers designed for micros and those used on larger mainframes is their size and the speed at which they print Other than that they are very much alike in terms of setup operation and operational features Micro printers like mainframe printers are either impact or nonimpact At least six printing technologies are used to produce hundreds of microcomputer printer models These technologies include dot matrix which forms characters using a series of dots xerographic electrostatic ink jet and laser DOT MATRIX PRINTER The dot matrix printer uses a print head made up of pins It creates the cha
178. kette in the drive PROTECTION OF DISKETTES How many times have you read or heard the following Whenever diskettes are not being used they should be stored in a protective envelope or Whenever a diskette is removed from its protective envelope never touch any of the diskette s exposed parts a thousand times maybe The same may not be true of individuals who have just been introduced to the world of computers It will be your job to assist and educate these new users through OJT in their working environment Temperature and humidity are also important Never leave diskettes in direct sunlight or in areas where humidity is extremely high or low High humidity can cause moisture to form on the diskette s surface or possibly warp the diskette s protective jacket Low humidity makes conditions ideal for the buildup of static electricity which you can transfer or discharge to a diskette thereby destroying the data Diskettes are designed to withstand temperatures from 50 to 125 degrees Fahrenheit 10 to 52 degrees Celsius and a RECORDING WIND ow SS ae FILE Sy J SSN RMM20075 Figure 2 19 Inserting a diskette properly relative humidity of 8 to 80 percent However we in the computer community try to keep all magnetic media within a temperature range of 60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit and a relative humidity of 30 to 60 percent Generally speaking a temperature and humidity in which you are comfortable w
179. label which indicates the last time the media was certified tested for its reading and writing capability Nonpermanent labels include usage labels to tell you how often the media has been used on the computer cleaning labels to indicate when and how often the media has been cleaned and save labels to indicate the file or 2 11 files that are contained on the media As the magnetic media librarian you are responsible for initiating and maintaining the first four types of external labels identification certification usage and cleaning REEL IDENTIFICATION LABEL PERMANENT LABEL NONPERMANENT RMM2058 Figure of media labels 2 5 Examples labels The programmer user or control clerk is responsible for the save label PERMANENT LABELS The permanent type label comes with a special adhesive backing and when applied to a surface such as the flange of a magnetic tape it adheres permanently That is not to say this type of label cannot be removed but to remove it takes a considerable amount of effort Normally you would consider using this type of label only if it were to remain on the media throughout its life cycle as is the case with the identification number or certification labels Identification Label The identification number label contains a series of letters and or numbers usually from 3 to 8 characters in length that tell you where the magnetic media resides in the library see
180. lications software SYSTEMS SOFTWARE Systems software often referred to as systems programs consists of supervisory and support modules programs designed to coordinate the capabilities of the computer itself These include programs such as operating systems assemblers debug routines text editors compilers library maintenance routines utilities linkage editors and I O drivers Operating Systems An operating system is a collection of many programs used by the computer to manage and control its own resources and operations These programs control the execution of other programs They schedule assign resources monitor and control the work of the computer allowing it to carry out tasks independently of most human intervention Assemblers and Compilers Both assemblers and compilers are language translators They are usually designed for specific machines and specific languages They translate computer programs written in assembly language into machine language A language translator for an assembly language is called an assembler program Most high level language translators are called compiler programs These translators are designed to 3 2 convert the artificial languages used by programmers such as COBOL or FORTRAN into a machine usable code after it is entered into the computer Utilities Utilities are programs or routines that have general application They may be separate programs or they may be routines o
181. line oe Stand by 4 Parallel Which of the following components is NOT considered an input output 1 0 device Tels T Computer terminal 2 Scanners as Floppy disks 4 Magnetic tape unit Whether an I O channel is input only output only or both input and output is determined by what person or primary factor lyy The systems analyst 1 14 2 The maintenance programmer F The design of the CPU itself 4 The specific type of peripheral device following types ele ie An I O channel that is capable of communicating in both directions but in only one direction at a time is what type of channel Ty lalf duplex tae Full duplex oe jlalf simplex 4 Simplex Under full duplex I O channel operations communications are possible in which of the following directions Ls From the computer to the terminal only 2 From the terminal to the computer only 3 In both directions Simultaneously 4 In both directions one direction at a time When data is transmitted over a communications channel in a serial fashion the data is sent or received in which of the following forms leg Bits Zi Words 3 Records 4 Characters Which of the following devices is used to convert a digital signal produced by your terminal to an audio Signal suitable for transmission over a communication line 1 A line conditioner 2 A signal generator cr A modulator demodulator 4 An ana log to digital Simulator
182. lso receive information directly from the computer and display it on the screen You can add a printer a modem and adapters to the CRT terminal to provide for printed output and communications through telephone lines Printers Printers are widely used output devices that express coded characters as hard paper document copy They print computer results as numbers letters words symbols graphics or drawings Printers range from electric typewriters to high speed printers Low speed line printers include the dot matrix printer commonly used with personal computers High speed line printers are normally used with larger computers to print supply requisitions paychecks inventory or financial reports at 10 lines per second and faster Laser printers provide high quality print and print a full page at one time They are used with all types of computers Plotters RMM20018 Plotters are used with a computer to plot coordinate points in the form of a graph Digital incremental plotters in either online or offline operation with a digital computer provide a high speed plotting system of high versatility and reliability For online operation a small adapter unit converts the computer output signals to a form suitable for driving the plotter INPUT OUTPUT I O CHANNELS The input output I O channels provide for communications between the CPU and all peripheral devices This is accomplished by electrical cables that carry
183. m 4 The console operator When data has been requested by a DBMS to which of the following areas does the operating system deliver the requested data from the database Ig User work area UWA 2 System buffers 3 DBMS 4 DMS 25 After the operating system has transferred data to the system buffer area where does the DBMS deliver the data to be used by a source program To a system work disk 2i To a system work tape aH To the user work area UWA 4 To system buffer areas 1 and 2 A schema data definition language DDL entry includes references to a physical device or media space Ts True 2i False Which of the following items is are contained in a DDL Le Literal formatting only 2 Key words only OX Reserved words only 4 Literal formatting key words and reserved words To specify the relationship between DDL declarations and DML commands a set of basic data manipulation functions must be defined that is independent of which of the following languages DML only ae Host language only og DML and the host language 4 DDL When selecting a DBMS the 3 65 primary consideration should be to select a technology that will meet which of the following criteria La Be the lowest cost 2 Be the easiest to use 33 Require the shortest implementation time 4 Support the long term DBMS needs 26 When a DBMS is a microcomputer which of the is are a
184. m and also for communicating with you the operator While carrying out the instructions of an applications program or a utility program the computer is in a program or problem state While in this state interrupts occur that return control of the system resources to the supervisor When this occurs the computer is in the supervisor or control state When an interrupt occurs a message to the console operator may be displayed to indicate either a normal or abnormal condition Some messages require a response on your part others do not File XXX now being loaded or PAYROLL1 completed EOJ do not require a response Other messages like Printer Not Ready or No volume label found on pack XXX999 or Insufficient memory allocated for job XXX do require a response on your part You may be asking yourself how do I know what occurred and how do I respond to a system generated message YOU FOLLOW PROCEDURES Most messages are coded and you use this code to lookup the meaning of the message displayed These types of messages are normally found in the software manuals supplied by the manufacturer As you become more experienced you will quickly become familiar with the different types of messages and be able to determine the origin of the message just by looking at the identifying codes Program Generated Messages Program generated messages are those messages that are displayed by the program as the result o
185. me represent the fighting spirit of the Navy and those who have gone before me to defend freedom and democracy around the world proudly serve my country s Navy combat team with honor courage and commitment am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Computer Hardware Startup i404 4 4 4 ewe ee ee ae yw Computer Center Operations 04 2 1 3 Data Management 0 0 0000000 ee APPENDIX Tl Glossary du odo a hanwr da debe a gad eulkieaeesand AI 1 II Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations AII 1 II References Used to Develop the TRAMAN l Alll 1 Be Eee ee On eee i ae eee ee NONRESIDENT TRAINING COURSE follows the index ill CREDITS Trademark Credits Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation WordPerfect is a registered trademark of WordPerfect Corporation iv SUMMARY OF THE RADIOMAN TRAINING SERIES MODULE 1 Administration and Security This module covers Radioman duties relating to administering AIS and communication systems Procedures and guidance for handling of classified information messages COMSEC material and equipment and AIS requirements are discussed MODULE 2 Computer Systems This module covers computer hardware startup including peripheral operations and system modification Other topics discussed include computer center operations media library functions system
186. mentary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS chip Since this is a memory chip it requires a constant source of power a battery The battery used most often is a non rechargeable lithium battery with a life expectancy of 3 to 5 years Inspecting and Repairing Cables Although inspecting and repairing computer cables is not an everyday occurrence you should know how to perform these tasks When it comes to inspecting computer cables there are several things to look for Some of these are Pinched cables Cut broken cables Connectors plugs pulled apart e Bent pins Loose connections Most of these problems can be avoided by taking your time when installing the cables avoiding setting equipment on the cable not pulling the cables and tightening the connectors down The repairs that you will be expected to perform most often are Straightening bent pins e Tightening the connections Replacing broken cables You will not be expected to repin a cable since the equipment to perform this operation is very expensive It is cheaper and easier to just replace the cable when it is determined that the cable is bad Preparing the Computer for Shipment From time to time you will be expected to prepare a computer for shipping out of the command This occurs when a piece of equipment has to be returned to the manufacturer for some reason or if the computer has to be sent to another command In either case the equipment mu
187. might say You will need to know how to receive handle maintain condition clean and retire store issue and transfer magnetic media You will be working with a minimum of supervision and will have to work well with other people to provide the needed services in a timely manner As the AIS librarian you can be expected to perform any one several or all of the following tasks Keep an adequate supply of magnetic media scratch tapes initialized disk packs diskettes and cassettes available in the library and or in the computer area ready for use Retrieve and file magnetic media in accordance with command policy e Maintain a current inventory of all magnetic media Control tapes save tapes work tapes and scratch tapes on a rotational basis Test tapes for quality and clean and degauss tapes and disks according to prearranged schedules or upon release by programmers and in house users e Ensure that all magnetic media is acclimated to the atmosphere in which it will be used for at least 24 hours before releasing it for use e Inspect new tapes and install BOT and EOT reflectors if not provided by the manufacturer e File newly created tapes after checking the identification tape reel number against the tape strap number if used and verifying that the security classification on the label matches that on the tape reel e Refile previously created tapes being careful to scrutinize each as if it were a
188. mmands a set of basic data manipulation functions must be defined that is independent of the DML and the host language Specific commands provided by a particular DML must be resolved into those basic functions The resolution is defined by the implementor of the DML The basic data manipulation functions assumed in these specifications include the functions required to Select records e Present records to the run unit Add new records and relationships e Change existing records and relationships Remove existing records and relationships Schema and Storage Schema The concept of separate schema and storage schema allows the separation of the logical description of the entire database from the storage description of the same This concept is significant from the following points of view 1 A database administrator may design a schema structure consisting of logical record relationships that sensibly match the totality of applications under implementation or likely to be implemented 2 Efficiency considerations are separated from the logical description by specifying the storage environment and schema to storage schema mappings in the storage schema Tuning may be carried out by changing the storage schema without alteration to the schema subschemas and programs The storage schema describes the representation of stored data in device independent terms The database may therefore be stored on any combination of storage
189. multaneously Save retrieve rename erase and copy files e Print a worksheet is an example of a printed spreadsheet showing the labels and titles along with the values you entered shown in italics and the values calculated by the computer shown in bold Notice all the totals and subtotals were calculated by the computer By using spreadsheet software you need only enter a new price MAGENTIC MEDIA REQUIREMENTS SPREADSHEET Number to Number for ttem Be Replaced Exnansion Needed ttem Cost o Tapes 15 30 45 27 50 1237 50 o o Disks 4 5 9 350 00 3160 00 o 2 Diskettes o 8312 10 30 40 1 76 70 00 5614 10 50 60 1 90 78 00 o Subtotal 20 80 100 148 00 9 o Total 39 115 164 4636 60 o RMM20085 Figure 3 4 Example of a printed spreadsheet when the price changes and direct the computer to recalculate the totals subtotals Many of the available spreadsheet software packages will interact directly with other programs such as database and word processing applications Some spreadsheet packages integrate or combine several programs into one such as a spreadsheet program a graphics program and a database management program DATABASE PACKAGES Before we get too involved in database packages let us first define what a database is The term database conjures up different images for different people However the concept is about as nontechnical and easy to envision as a filing cabinet full of file f
190. n additional selected for system following important concern s ay Capability of downloaded data 2 Ability to be used on a receiving network Se Ability to enable quick and easy screen formats 4 All of the above
191. n which of sizes in Diskettes come the following inches and 5 1 4 and 5 and 5 1 4 1 2 and 5 1 4 Ws w Dh Ff w w w w The index hole on a diskette serves which of the following purposes if any Ty Marks the first sector of the diskette 2 Indicates the front side of the diskette 3 Indicates the back side of the diskette 4 None When software controls sector timing of diskettes a what sector type is being used and b which of the following numbers of timing holes are required on the diskette Lig a Hard sectored b One only 2x a Hard sectored b Several 3 4 a Soft sectored b One only 4 a Soft sectored b Several What is the purpose of a formatter program routine or command T To sector a soft sectored diskette 2 To create file labels on a diskette 3 To establish a naming pattern for writing files on a diskette 4 To set up a routine to be used to read a diskette that already contains files A diskette that can be written on both sides and can hold 512 bytes of information in each sector is what type of diskette 1 Dual sided single density Zi Dual sided double density 3 Double sided Ssingle density 4 Double sided double density You want to prevent data from being written on a diskette What should you usually do to the write protect notch if you are using a a 5 1 4 inch diskette and a b 3 1 2 inch diskette Cover it c
192. nage and maintain their diskettes as well as other types of magnetic media Because diskette mistreatment is usually fatal to data it is important to have procedures to help the end user better understand how to care for handle and protect diskettes They must be made aware that once a diskette is damaged there s little chance of retrieving the data If you were to calculate the value of a single diskette in terms of the data stored on it and the hours it took to input the data then a 2 diskette might well be worth several thousands of dollars If you can make the end users understand this then maybe they will treat diskettes more carefully Go over the fundamentals on how to care for handle and protect diskettes Explain how to properly load a diskette into a drive CARING AND HANDLING OF DISKETTES We know how important it is to keep diskettes away from cigarette smoke greasy foods and beverages that might be spilled on them but what about the end users Do they know the negative effects these substances can have on their computer the media or their work Probably not and that s where you come in Never bend or fold diskettes The diskette drive only accepts a diskette that is absolutely flat If it is bent or crinkled it may cause severe damage to the read write heads as well as make the data unretrievable When preparing an external file label never use a pencil or ball point pen if the label is already affixed to
193. nce Ot Desktop organizer 4 Printer File compression are often a feature of backup utilities They have which of the following advantages Make data easier to read 2s Allow more data to be placed on a diskette Si Require ewer data files for data storage 4 Each of the above File management utilities perform which of the 3 41 following functions Manipulate files only 2s Manipulate directories only Fs Manipulate files and directories 4 Provide file recovery 3 42 File maintenance utilities are NOT designed to perform which of the following tasks 1 Encrypt data Repair low level format damage on hard disks Ja Control access to resources and files 4 Organize files and set file attributes 3 43 What person is the primary source in determining the input data and output material ale User 2 Programmer 3 44 oe I O control clerk 4 Technical administrator 23 routines 3 40 How a file will be accessed by the program is determined at which of the following times 1 When the DBMS is selected De During the creation of the schema om During the creation of the subschema 4 When the file is downloaded Which of the following is the most commonly used file organization method 1 Sequential Zi Indexed sequential 3 Direct Of the following features of a DBMS which one if any is more important than the others T3 Easy access to the data Storage and mai
194. nction with other keys to increase the number of functions you can communicate to the system program SPACE BAR Press the SPACE BAR whenever you want to enter a blank character a space BACK SPACE KEY Pressing the BACK SPACE key moves the cursor one position to the left erasing the character that was previously entered ENTER RETURN KEY By pressing the ENTER RETURN key you tell the computer microprocessor you have entered data or instructions and are ready for processing Depressing this key also returns the cursor to the beginning of the next line SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS If you look at figure 1 17 you will notice once again several keys outlined in bold These are special function keys you can expect to use Located on the far left side of the keyboard you see 12 special function keys labeled F1 through F12 On some keyboards you will find these function keys have been placed across the top of the keyboard above the letters and numbers The number of these function keys may also vary To the right of the keyboard is another group of special function keys RMM20032 Figure 1 17 Special function keys 1 17 These include a 10 key 0 9 numeric keypad and the cursor control keys Also beginning on the top row at the right you see the NUM eric LOCK key SCROLL LOCK key PAUSE key and the PRT SC print screen key Located on the bottom right hand side of the keyboard are the INS ert and DEL ete keys The purp
195. newly created tape e Strip tapes by removing the first 100 feet when the error rate increases and replace the beginning of tape BOT reflector If a tape has damage to its end remove the last 100 feet and replace the end of tape EOT reflector Keep all system tapes and disks in good condition at all times e Maintain a record of tapes and disks that have been cleaned by stamping the Julian date on a cleaning label on the back surface of the tape reel or disk pack canister e Clean disk pack covers according to schedule or as the need arises e Maintain and distribute tape and disk error and usage reports e Maintain control of certain required data files program files and various types of microforms microfilm microfiche e File all library materials in a neat organized and uniform manner 2 9 e Have a standard operating procedure SOP instruction manual indicating all library procedures readily available e Have an adequate supply of save external labels and classification labels available for the computer operators Check all user submitted save labels with job run request sheets to ensure they are correct Check save labels to ensure they indicate no more than a 90 day save request and that only one 90 day extension is granted before the tape is copied to another tape Ensure all users annotate initial and return their weekly copy of the release report indicating what tapes are
196. ng and duplicating itself Execution of programs may seem to appear normal until the virus strikes A virus can destroy data files and programs depending on its design Be particularly careful about putting new software on your computer if it contains a virus it can infect your other programs and data giving you big problems Your ISSO and Naval Computer Incident Response Team NAVCIRT can assist you in the detection and eradication of the virus Processing AIS Service Requests Your first task may be to receive jobs from users Each job will have an AIS service request of some type A typical AIS service request is illustrated 1 of Module 1 figure 1 2 In looking over this form you will notice that it provides you with all the information needed to run the job LIBRARY FUNCTIONS As a librarian your job encompasses many duties and tasks vital to the smooth operation within your installation Usually you will find that there are instructions and or standard operating procedures SOPS to help guide you along in different areas of library procedure and toward establishing a highly functional library But what about you What should you know or be aware of when working in the AIS media library The answer to that question is the topic of our discussion library functions Put briefly as a librarian your job is to become as proficient as possible in the different areas of library management by learning all the ins and outs you
197. ng only 4 Resizing importing and color layering At a minimum to effectively use desktop publishing software requires which of the following processors Te A 286 16 bit 2 A 386 16 bit cn A 486 16 bit 4 A Pentium 32 bit The monitor to use with desktop publishing should have a what resolution and b at least what size screen 1 a High b 13 inch 2 a High b 19 inch 3 a Low b 13 inch 4 a Low b 19 inch 22 of the 232 software J aG What type of printer is best to use with desktop publishing T Daisy wheel Li Dot matrix ae Laser 4 Band Software utilities can NOT 1 enhance your computer s capabilities 24 fill some of the voids left by operating systems and applications software 3 replace the application software to perform tasks like word processing and database 4 make your computer more efficient need for Software utilities can be categorized into which of the following groups i File maintenance and file management only Da Keyboard enhancers DOS shell and backup utilities only a Desktop organizers printer utilities and virus utilities only 4 File management file maintenance keyboard enhancers DOS shell backup utilities desktop organizers printer utilities and virus utilities What type of utility usually includes a calculator notepad phone directory and appointment book 1 File management Zis File maintena
198. ns The markings must be sufficient to assure that any one receiving such media will know that classified information is involved and what its specific classification category is The unique methods employed when handling processing storing degaussing transferring or mailing this type of media require correspondingly unique security procedures some of which you read about in Module 1 Administration and Security Additional information regarding these and other areas related to AIS security may be found in OPNAVINST 5239 1 Automatic Data Processing Security Program and OPNAVINST 5510 1 Information and Personnel Security Program Regulations The rules regulations and procedures in the OPNAV instructions and local command instructions are there for good reason They provide you with the information needed to protect classified materials and media and their contents It is up to you to carry out these procedures without unduly complicating AIS operations You are probably asking yourself as a librarian charged with the responsibility of handling classified materials how do I go about keeping everything uncomplicated and on track The answer is simple follow established command procedures know where the materials are located and keep track of classified media and materials at all times whether they are in or out of the library The keyword here is accountability Every reel of magnetic tape disk pack and diskette
199. nstallations prefer to use wraparound straps better known as tape straps instead of canisters because they are far less expensive and take up less storage space in the library figure 2 8 Unfortunately tape straps do not provide the same degree of protection from dust or physical abuse as do the canisters It is RMM20061 Figure 2 8 Magnetic tape in a wrap around tape strap possible for a person to squeeze the reel flanges during handling even though a tape strap is properly in place as shown in figure 2 9 Handling tapes in this manner will certainly result in tape edge damage In addition defective or improper size straps may deflect twist or warp the reel flanges causing tape edge damage Nonetheless when handled with care the wrap around tape strap can bean effective method of tape protection Anytime you are handling magnetic tape regardless of how it is protected by a canister or a tape strap always use good judgment and follow the applicable safeguards as follows When a tape is not actually being used keep it in its protective container to avoid accidental breakage and unnecessary contamination Do NOT leave empty tape canisters open as this allows entry of dust or other tape contaminating matter Hang wrap around straps in a clean area while the tape is in use Whenever you return a tape to its respective canister you must ensure that a clean stopper is used NOTE A stopper is a one
200. nt the system to do more and do it faster and more efficiently Utilities can satisfy some of this need for more computer power overall performance internal security file and data management and backup capabilities Utilities strive to fill some of the voids left 3 17 by applications or operating system software For the most part utilities are meant to work in conjunction with your existing software In the past an individual had to be a technical expert when it came to setting up the necessary control parameters for a particular utility program a sort merge selective print and so on Quite often they were complicated to run Some of these utilities were stand alone programs occupying a niche not filled by applications programs The traditional mainframe utility programs such as sort merge and print have given way to desktop organizers and file managers that are now geared for individual use on a personal computer Today most microcomputer users initiate a wide variety of software utilities and are not even aware they are doing so Some of the more popular utilities have been incorporated into the disk operating system as well as applications programs as commands DOS includes such utilities as COPY SORT FORMAT BACKUP RESTORE TYPE to print files DIR to list files in directories RENAME to rename files CLS to clear your monitor s screen and many many more Utilities such as spell checkers dictionaries
201. ntenance of large volumes of data 3 Capability for sharing the data resources 4 None all are equally important In a DBMS do not want to environment users share their data with other users of the database iige True 2 False Technical and nontechnical DBMS users need different views of data lee True 2 False A conventional computer 3 50 system has few application programs or systems using different databases and files lg True 2 False Which of the following defines a DBMS schema 3 51 ile The actual data in the database framework Ds The software description of the operating system 3s An overall logical database description or framework 4 A data aggregate of owner type records Which of the following items enhances security factors and helps prohibit data compromise S o24 Ta A schema 2 A subschema 3i A subroutine 4 A data converter All data provided by the DBMS in response to a CALL for data is delivered to what is loading and called a unloading zone al system buffer 2 I O control area 3a user working area 4 DBMS waiting buffer A data item can be described 3 54 as an occurrence of which of the following elements Ts A bit in a database 2 The largest unit of named data 3 The smallest unit of named data 4 A byte in a database 24 conceptually a 3 534 A data aggregate is an occurrence of a named collection of data items within
202. nterchangeable magnetic disk pack is one of the most frequently used mass storage media Not only is it small fast and reliable but with the proper care and handling it has an almost indefinite life span Like magnetic tape the main enemy of the disk pack is dirt During the manufacturing of the disk packs every precaution is taken to maintain a sterile environment and a contamination free assembly of each component of the disk However these safeguards do not entirely prevent some contamination from occurring and everyday Operation continues to increase the contamination level until data checks read write errors do occur During normal computer use three different types of errors are encountered on disk packs temporary errors permanent errors and disastrous errors head to disk contact or head crash TEMPORARY ERRORS OR SOFT DATA CHECKS These temporary errors are the direct result of a minor buildup of contaminants such as dust smoke and oil PERMANENT ERRORS OR HARD DATA CHECKS These permanent errors cause data to be lost because of an excessive buildup of contaminants As a result the read write heads are no longer able to access this particular area on the disk HEAD TO DISK CONTACT OR HEAD CRASH These disastrous errors are caused when a read write head of the disk drive unit comes into direct contact with the surface of a disk platter Again this is the result of an excessive buildup of contaminants T
203. nual Become familiar with the kinds of operator user diagnostics you can perform In this way you may be able to identify and isolate problems Error messages also provide information to help you solve problems Usually an appendix or special section will include a list with some explanation Most of the hardware components have built in system checks that occur when the particular piece of equipment is powered on If an error condition occurs during the self test an error code or message is displayed You will use this code or message to begin the troubleshooting Get the manual and look up the error this will give the cause of the problem and an action to take to fix the problem and clear the error condition There are several commercial troubleshooting and information software packages available to use in performing system checks each of which will include an operating manual on how to run and interpret the results Remember to use the associated manual for whatever troubleshooting that you do INSPECTING THE COMPONENTS Once the computer components arrive the first thing that needs to be done is to inspect the components This is accomplished in several steps e Inspect the boxes for damage before opening them e After opening the box check to be sure everything is there e g operating instructions cables and cords Remove the components from the box looking for damage e g cracks in the case loose connections
204. of all jobs that are currently being executed The job status also indicates whether the job is active stopped terminated or canceled but still residing in the CPU waiting for space in the work area or on disk waiting for a printer or a communications line or waiting for you to respond to a message You can also display the status of the system s I O devices to see whether or not they have been varied offline to the system One of your primary responsibilities is to maintain an awareness of the jobs currently undergoing processing within the system Having the above information is extremely important to you as it enables you to provide services to the various jobs being processed The jobs with the highest priorities usually receive immediate attention Jobs with lower but equal priorities are processed in the order they were entered loaded into the system first come first served Considering these operating constraints it is easy to understand why the system is in a continuous state of change Through the use of the display command you are able to get an immediate picture of the system s activities Using this information as a frame of reference you can determine what actions are necessary to maintain a continuous work flow RESTARTING A JOB Unfortunately for us not all jobs processed come to a normal end of job EOJ Things like program or machine interrupts operator errors bad input data and incorrect responses to
205. of an application program and remove it from the system A program can be canceled by either the supervisor control program or by you Should the supervisor control program determine that an application program is not executable it automatically directs the computer to cancel the program and thereby halt its processing There are times when you must intervene with normal processing and flush a job from the system even though the program being executed may not have an error in it For example you could be instructed to process a higher priority job immediately Unable to wait for the completion of the current program job you are therefore required to abort it Don t become confused over the terms cancel flush or abort they all have the same meaning You may also be required to cancel a job because it has entered a continuous loop been running way beyond the allotted time or because it is trying to access a restricted file You will find that there are many such reasons for having to cancel a program There are times when you will cancel a program or a program will abnormally terminate ABEND This will require you to dump print out the contents of storage This is known as a post mortem dump The system prints the contents of all the storage areas used by the program in the processing This post mortem dump is used as a debugging aid to help the programmer analyze the program Whenever a job is canceled or abnormally terminates
206. olders The filing cabinet and its contents are the database The ability to retrieve the data and calculate statistics quickly and easily without regard to which folder or drawer contains the information makes the database system much more powerful than a comparable filing cabinet system Let s consider a simple database one which contains information about all enlisted personnel at your command in paygrades El through E6 including their NECs First you must establish a record in the database for each individual Conceptually you can think of it as a file folder containing information on one particular individual You have one file folder or record for each individual in your database In this case we want to know the individual s name rate social 3 11 security number SSN division and any NECs the individual currently holds Once you have defined the record you then proceed to establish fields for each of the data elements In this example the fields are name rate SSN division and NECs If you assume each individual can have a maximum of four NECs you would have a database containing eight fields as shown in figure 3 5 You now proceed to create the database by establishing the fields specifying their size and the type of information numeric alphanumeric or logical they can contain Then you enter the information for each individual into the appropriate fields Once it is created you can arrange the databas
207. om menus on the display screen As you move the mouse the cursor moves to a corresponding location on the display screen For example if you are selecting an item from the menu you move the cursor to the item and press a button on the mouse to select the item 1 23 RMM20040 TAPE DRIVE You can use cartridge or cassette tapes to provide backup to the hard drive The tape drive may be internal or external to the system unit A tape drive makes a good reliable backup system for the micro since it holds 60MB or more of data If a tape drive is not available you can backup to floppy disks Gl OPTICAL SCANNER An optical scanner can be used to scan read graphic art or text directly into the microcomputer This saves redrawing or retyping RMM20041 RMM20042 CD ROM DRIVE You may have a CD ROM compact disk read only memory drive to read data stored on compact disks CD ROM technology is the same as that used for audio disks except it includes routines for detection and correction of data errors The CD ROM drive can be internal or external to the system unit Compact disks can hold a vast amount of information 550MB or more They are used when the same information is needed by many and the information is fairly constant For example libraries can put all the information they need about documents and publications on a CD ROM On a CD ROM the information once recorded cannot be erased or changed but it can
208. on is formatted its basic objectives are to provide you with complete instructions and to serve as a ready reference So take the time to read the documentation You will find that from knowledge comes the wisdom to make the right choice or the right decision every time SHIFT OPERATIONS As you have probably realized by now you have the prime responsibility for keeping the computer in an operational state That is you are responsible for the continuous and efficient processing of all types of program applications Knowing this it is essential that you acquaint yourself with the status of the system before working on the shift whether it be on the day shift eve shift or mid shift Before you assume control of the shift you should be aware of its operational state Normally this information is obtained from the operators currently on duty the shift supervisor the various computer logs and run schedules and by monitoring the activities of the system In essence you must examine those indicators that can reveal possible trouble spots or system malfunctions For example ask what maintenance activities were accomplished if any on the previous shift s what devices pieces of equipment have been varied offline those devices which are not available to the CPU what other devices have not been fully operable what maintenance activities if any are scheduled during your shift and are any applications scheduled that are normally t
209. on microcomputers RMM20029 Keyboards come in many shapes and sizes have different numbers and arrangements of keys differ in respect to touch and have special keys to allow you to communicate specific software commands Most manufacturers have designed their keyboards as separate devices so you can place them wherever it is convenient Other manufacturers have designed their keyboards into the display monitor device or system unit The important things you need to know about keyboards are the types of keys and the function and placement of each All keyboards have the alphabetic characters upper and lower case numbers and some special characters In addition keyboards have special function keys and control keys that are defined by the operating system or the program We will briefly describe an example keyboard and explain some of the more common keys you are likely to use LETTERS NUMBERS AND SPECIAL CHARACTER KEYS The arrangement of letter number and special character keys may vary The QWERTY keyboard shown in figure I 15 has the same format as the conventional typewriter Se BUGUn0n ssi BAOAREN BE ARA E Le OS ht Beh a el RA a ae a St a he hb he ea a a E E Figure 1 15 QWERTY keyboard SPACE BAR Ea RMM20031 Figure 1 16 Control keys CONTROL KEYS In looking you will notice several keys are outlined in bold These are some of the more common control keys you can expect to
210. on to the paper To do this use the tension control figure 2 21 By depressing the left button you move the right hand tractor closer to the left hand tractor thereby decreasing the amount of tension to the paper By depressing the right button you move the right hand tractor farther away from the left hand tractor thereby increasing the amount of tension to the paper If there is not enough tension the forms tend to feed improperly and they may tear If too much tension is applied the tractor latching pins tend to rip out the sprocket holes in the form and may cause the forms tractors to open Once the proper tension is applied you can proceed to align the forms so that the information will print in the correct location both vertically and horizontally TENSION lt TENSION gt Figure 2 21 Tractor and tension control adjustments Aligning Forms Most high speed impact printers are designed with a ribbon shield This ribbon shield protects the form from coming into contact with the printer ribbon thus eliminating ink smears It also serves as a print line indicator which we use to align the form The ribbon shield swings in front of the form frame A Once the ribbon shield is in position it can be used as illustrated i frame B to help in the adjustment of the form Use the horizontal adjustment control shown in figure 2 23 to slide the entire print mechanism to the left or right When the left margin of the f
211. one direction at a time similar to citizens band CB radio transmissions Therefore it is necessary to check that the line is clear idle before starting a transmission A full duplex channel provides for simultaneous transmission in both directions as in the use of the telephone Data Transmission Methods Data may be transmitted over a channel in one of two ways in either serial mode or parallel mode SERIAL MODE In serial transmission basically only three wires are needed one to transmit data one to receive data and one to ground The data is sent or received in the form of bits one after another in serial fashion as shown in figure 1 7 This type of transmission is highly desirable whenever the computer system is linked to outside peripherals over a long distance such as remote terminals PARALLEL MODE Parallel transmission is a little more difficult to hookup than serial It requires all the data bits in a byte to be transmitted at one time batch mode so you usually have nine or ten wires going between the computer and the peripheral devices You have seven or eight lines for the data bits that make up a letter number or special character one line to ground and one or two lines called handshake lines The handshaking signals communicate information back and forth between the peripheral device and the computer This information lets the CRT TERMINAL one L SERIAL TRANSMISSION 1001001 P
212. or right This will move the print unit mechanism closer to or farther away from the print hammers thereby giving the forms sufficient clearance to pass between these two components The paper HORIZONTAL VERTICAL FORM THICKNESS RMM20079 Figure 2 23 Vertical and horizontal alignment controls used to adjust printer paper thickness control knob has a direct effect on the printer s phasing which has to do with the quality of the printed character For this reason it is important that this be set properly Once you become familiar with the various buttons levers and controls of anyone of the many printers you may be working on you will quickly find that most forms are relatively easy to align For those that are not such as preprinted forms often the programmer will assist you by printing out form alignment characters to allow for proper alignment before the actual printing of the job OPERATOR MAINTENANCE Although a maintenance contract is usually carried on the printer you are still responsible for part of the routine maintenance Keep the exterior and interior of the machine clean using a vacuum cleaner wherever possible Check the print mechanism for carbon and ink buildup that accumulates and eventually causes problems And most importantly of all change the printer ribbon as often as needed When the print starts to fade and adjustments to the form s thickness and print density controls do not seem to h
213. orm is even with the first ruled line on the ribbon shield print line indicator figure frame B release the horizontal adjustment button At this point the horizontal printing is accurate to within one print position Use the horizontal adjustment button figure 2 23 for any additional fine horizontal adjustments that may be necessary This A RIBBON SHIELD RELEASED VIEW PRINT FROM ABOVE LINE RIBBO INDICATOR aera B USING RIBBON SHIELD FOR INITIAL HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT RMM20078 Figure 2 22 Using the ribbon shield for alignment 2 33 control is especially useful when working with preprinted forms such as your LES statement Now that the form is positioned horizontally you can make the necessary vertical adjustments Again using the ribbon shield print line indicator as a guide you can move the form up or down one line at a time until the form is vertically aligned by pushing the line feed button Use the vertical print adjustment button figure 2 23 for any additional fine vertical adjustments to align the print line to its proper position Now that the form is vertically adjusted close the print mechanism and lock it into place with the print unit release lever Print forms not only vary in size but in thickness as well For this reason you will have to adjust the printer to accommodate for thickness differences To do this you move the form thickness control knob figure 2 23 either left
214. ormally the master record that points to the actual disk location of another logically related record as illustrated in figure 3 7 HIERARCHICAL DATABASES Hierarchical databases consist of elements that act in a superior subordinate or parent child relationship What this means is that one element is linked to another element in the database The superior element points to one or more subordinate elements There can also be a subordinate of a subordinate which will enable many hundreds of elements to be connected Seg figure 3 8 NETWORK DATABASES Network databases are very similar to hierarchical databases except that an element can have one or more superiors Network structure permits the connection of the nodes multidirectionally Each node may have several owners or elements and may own any number of other data elements on the network see figure 3 9 The database management software permits the extraction of needed information from such a structure to begin with any record in the file Although network databases are more PERSONNEL MASTER FILE MASTER FLE O FILE ae Er SSN NAVE DOV PAYGD RATING FILE KL1 KL KL 4 NEC FILE NEC1 NEC2 NEC3 NEC4 a KCL oa KIM KK Ly RMM20088 Figure 3 7 Example of a list database structure SSN DATE OF BIRTH NAME PAY GRADE RATING EAOS INTERMEDIATE ELEMENTS NEC HISTORY COMMAND DATE REPORTED DIV ASSIGNED DUTIES RESPON SEA SHORE SPEC
215. ose function of each of these keys is as follows e FUNCTION KEYS F1 F12 These special purpose keys are used to communicate special functions to the operating system such as MS DOS or to applications software The meaning of each is defined by the particular software This simplifies tasks that might otherwise require several keystrokes These keys can also be used with other keys to increase the number of functions you can specify to a program NUMERIC KEYPAD KEYS To activate the numeric keypad press the NUM LOCK key The NUM LOCK key may contain an indicator light within the key to indicate when it is ON Use the numeric keypad just like a calculator keypad to enter numbers you will be using in mathematical functions CURSOR CONTROL KEYS The CURSOR CONTROL keys are most important They allow you to move the cursor from one place to another on the display screen Remember the cursor is the indicator the spot of light on the screen which lets the user know where the next entry will be made On the keyboard shown in the cursor control keys are located in two locations both on the numeric keypad and as a separate keypad When the NUM LOCK key is OFF you can use the arrows on keys 2 4 6 and 8 to control cursor movement one line up or down or one position to the left or right as shown by the direction of the arrow The remaining cursor control keys on keys 1 3 7 and 9 are used to move the cursor to other parts of the screen o
216. othermagraphs each with its own specific operating requirements Check the operator s manual for the specifics of your equipment The hypothermagraph uses a paper chart and marking pens to record the temperature and humidity The chart is normally a 7 day graph showing the day and a number range It uses two different colors usually red for humidity and blue for temperature to show the temperature and humidity on the chart COMPUTER CONSOLE OPERATION CPUs aren t the computers you may have seen in the movies with all the blinking lights although their basic functional units are still the same The CPU of today regardless of its size still contains an arithmetic logic section a control section and an internal storage memory section as we discussed in chapter 1 However today s CPU contains relatively fewer lights switches levers and dials when compared to earlier models So you may be thinking but aren t all these bells whistles and lights necessary so that I can communicate with the CPU and its peripheral devices They really aren t At one time systems like the IBM 360 series were characterized by dials switches and lights that flickered on and off And although most of the switches and lights were primarily used by the maintenance technician or customer engineer an experienced computer operator could tell you the status of the system just by watching the movement of the lights These operators were able to
217. ouble reports computer system output environmental conditions console operations virus protection software AIS requests and the media library This is but a sampling of what will be expected of you as you enter the computer center You will build on this foundation with the skills you have and those you will learn CHAPTER 3 DATA MANAGEMENT Upon completing this chapter you should be able to do the following Explain how to convert process transfer and verify data files Describe how to input and manipulate data on a computer system upgrade software Calculate storage and memory requirements for computer systems and data Explain how to perform software configurations and how to install and e Review I O file specifications and determine system I O requirements Explain how to analyze the requirements review the structure identify the problems and change the structures of databases Data management incorporates many aspects of data manipulation and inputting calculating storage and memory requirements and computer software You will need to know how to install applications software so it works and be familiar with all types of productivity software Database management techniques will aid you in understanding how databases are analyzed how to review and change structures and how to identify problems DATA ADMINISTRATION Data administration is an ongoing concern of management Data administration
218. ould have up to date information on how to properly maintain the ATLC system so you can key enter via CRT new records make changes to existing records or delete records entirely You must also know how to use input parameters and possibly SCL parameters to produce the appropriate output products 2 25 The main purpose of any ATLC system is to relieve you of having to maintain numerous logs and library files by hand So if your AIS installation has an automated library control system take full advantage of it otherwise you can look forward to many many hours of manual labor You will also find that the number of tape and disk accountability problems will be lessened considerably under an automated system Using Remote Terminals Many tape libraries use remote terminals connected to mainframes or minicomputers to help manage their library functions The automated library control system ALCS is one use Remote terminal operation will include the following tasks e Performing log on log off procedures e Entering proper system passwords to assure security Inputting data to computer Retrieving data from computer Updating library files using ALCS Querying searching library files using ALCS Requesting library listings and reports Ensure that all library personnel are properly trained on how to use the library s remote computer terminal All personnel must have a good working knowledge of the features and functions o
219. ount of RAM to accommodate larger applications You may have to replace the enhanced graphics adapter EGA board with an video graphics array VGA board to upgrade the graphics capabilities of your system You may need to install a communications board You may receive a new software release that requires the presence or absence of certain boards to function properly You do not want to find out too late that your software is incompatible with your hardware You might have to answer questions such as the follow ing Will the graphics software the user wants to order work with the graphics board currently installed in the system Does the user s system have sufficient room to accommodate another hard disk drive A diagnostics routine may indicate that the disk controller board needs to be replaced and so on and so on For reasons such as these you will need to know a lot more about microc computers both inside and out if you are to be effective and able to help others in your work environment The Computer or System Unit The computer or system unit is the main part or heart of the total microcomputer system Inside this unit all data is processed arithmetic and logic functions are performed and control is maintained for the system If you were to remove the outer cover from this unit figure 1 8 you would see a power supply and as many POWER SUPPLY BOARDS FLOPPY DISK HARD DRIVE DISK DRIVE RWM20021 Fi
220. ourier 10 Roman 10 point Courier Italic 12 point Roman WP 18 point r wu ae 3 15 2 e Letterspacing and leading You can adjust space both horizontally and vertically Letterspacing refers to the addition of small spaces between lleltitlelrls within a word Leading refers to the space added between lines of material You can create an index or table of contents by marking special words for an index or use headings and sideheadings to make a table of contents Desktop Publishing Layout Layout involves arranging the text and graphics on the page The text may flow from column to column on multicolumn documents like the newspaper You may have to move text from one part of a document to another using the electronic pasting features You can incorporate illustrations on a page with text Borders may be drawn around text or illustrations Illustrations may be sized made smaller or larger and additional letter spacing and leading may be added to create a full page To lay out a pleasing document requires experience and practice as well as a good eye for balance You will find the following features in most desktop publishing packages e Lay out pages and edit page layouts You can lay out pages electronically rather than having to cut and paste using scissors and glue Incorporate text and graphics Your text and graphics can be electronically merged together in the layout Multiple columns column
221. over it Cover it uncover it Uncover it cover it Uncover it uncover it w oTVO VOM OW Rigid metal platters contained in a small sealed unit either within the system unit or external to it are called what type of disk drive 1 Colt 2 Winchester only 3a Hard disk only 4 Winchester or hard disk Speed large storage capacities and convenience are all advantages of which of the following storage media I Diskettes 2 Hard disks 3 Paper tape 4 Magnetic tapes Printers used with microcom puters usually have which of the following speeds and print characters in what manner 1 Low speed one character at a time 24 Low speed one line at a time 3a lig speed one character at a time 4 jigh speed one line at a time Which of the following types of nonimpact printers can be used for both printing and plotting 1 Laser 2 Ink jet or Electrostatic 4 Electrosensitive Control panels select various settings on a printer What is the purpose of a form feed button iD To eject paper from the printer 2 To advance the paper to the top of the next form 1 59 or To allow you to select reprinted forms 4 To advance the paper 1 1 2 inches Before a printer can print the indicator lights must be in which of the following conditions 1 60 Ts The power light on the online light off and the error light off van The power light on the offline light on
222. ovides you with black text on a white background Using a technique known as reverse video that is reversing the color of the pixels or dots on the screen it is possible to have white text on a black background Monochrome displays also come in amber a yellowish brown and green Amber and green are considered more pleasing and less stressful to the eyes than black and white Most color displays are of the red green blue RGB type Depending upon the sophistication of the display device and the amount of RAM available with the microcomputer you may be able to display from 8 to 16 000 000 colors Now let s take a closer look and discuss some of the more common features you are likely to find on moni tors These include brightness contrast and sizing We will also discuss the various types of video display and graphics boards cards that are used to support them You use the brightness control to vary the brightness of displayed data When adjusting this control you turn the dial until the intensity is at the brightness level desired Use the contrast control to vary the difference between the nonintensified colors and the intensified colors Monitors with a sizing feature allow you to increase or decrease the physical size the height and width of the displayed information on your screen Some models use control knobs Others use two position switches Depending on the type monitor you have these control knobs or switches could
223. ow you are ready to use the computer or are you Chances are you will need more than the operating system The operating system is great It has many useful commands like COPY DELETE FORMAT BACKUP and soon It will even have an editor usually a line editor that allows you to create files and edit them line byline However its primary jobs are to manage the system and its resources disks printers and soon and to help you communicate with the computer to use other programs applications software User Applications Software When you install a user application software package on a system you need to provide the software with information about your microcomputer configuration Because there are so many different software packages and programs available and each one has different requirements we will not go into a lot of detail Remember refer to the documentation it should provide what you need to know Many of the manuals lead you through step by step The following example should give you a good idea of what is involved We have selected a wordprocessing program for our example because most installations will have a wordprocessing package BACK UP DISTRIBUTION ORIGINAL MASTER DISKETTES The first thing you should do is copy the files from the distribution diskettes Each software package may have several diskettes If you have a hard drive system you may copy the files from the distribution diskettes to the hard drive
224. own instead have it done by a qualified electrical technician If you re not sure of the line voltage that is being supplied to the electrical outlets in your work space have a qualified electrician check them for you Further it is recommended that the outlet you select to support your system be used only by the microcomputer system and its peripheral devices Figure 1 25 Back panel of system unit showing voltage line select switch Once you have determined that the type and amount of power are sufficient to meet the microcomputer s needs you must attempt to prevent abnormal power fluctuations from damaging your microcomputer With alternating current you have what are called peaks and valleys Valleys also referred to as low voltage or brownouts will not harm the computer or any of its related components However peaks also referred to as high voltage or surges can overload and literally burn up the computer s internal components You can avoid these peaks surges and protect the computer by using a surge protector like the one shown in figure 1 26 This particular surge protector has a power strip capable of accommodating up to six components It is advisable to first plug the system unit and its supporting devices into the surge protector and then plug the surge protector into the electrical outlet as illustrated in figure 1 26 This lets you turn all your equipment ON or OFF wa LIGHT lt a ELECTR
225. pecialized processors 1 14 Storage area 1 3 input 1 3 output 1 3 program 1 3 working 1 3 Storage capacity 1 19 Surge protector 1 27 System care 2 30 System configuration 1 28 System software 3 9 assemblers and compilers 3 2 operating systems 3 2 utilities 3 2 System unit 1 11 1 27 T Tape retention 2 26 Trouble reports 2 1 Troubleshooting U User requirements 3 19 hardware 3 19 memory software 3 19 Users 3 5 User owner manuals 1 25 INDEX 3 Utilities 3 17 backup 3 18 desktop organization 3 18 DOS shells 3 18 file maintenance 3 18 Utilities Continued INDEX 4 file management 3 18 keyboard enhancement 3 17 printer 3 18 virus 2 8 3 18 Assignment Questions Information The text pages that you are to study are provided at the beginning of the assignment questions Textbook Assignment Computer Hardware through 1 25 ea The central processing unit 1 4 of a digital computer is made up of a central control section and work areas that are needed to perform calculations and manipulate ASSIGNMENT 1 What are the names of within the CPU data the sections ig Control internal storage and arithmetic logic 2 Control working storage storage 3u Internal storage arithmetic logic and working storage 4 Arithmetic logic input output storage and internal storage Within the CPU what sec
226. perating system software enables you to install select and execute a variety of programs It does this through system job control languages and or commands Microcomputer users are not often computer specialists They are end users in the functional areas doing computer processing specific to their requirements They need to know about the software the operating system the communication software and the applications programs They need to know about the hardware the microcomputer the hard disks and the floppies the monitor the keyboard and the printer You will need to help them configure set up the system install the operating system and or applications program and troubleshoot problems You need to know more than just merely how to operate them if you are to become a communications specialist To be effective you must keep up with the latest changes in microcomputer technology and terminology You must have a good working knowledge of microcomputer hardware components 1 10 the computer peripherals and accessories You should also be able to explain and demonstrate how to use the different types of systems and applications software to both computer and noncomputer personnel Last but not least you should know how to use the various types of documentation supplied by the manufacturer and software vendors As a communications specialist you must be able to set up configure upgrade and initialize microcomputer sy
227. program segment that leaves no obvious signs of its presence 2 Complex instructions that have been designed to stop your computer system from booting up oe A malicious program segment that creates obvious signs of its presence 4 Complex instructions that cause the peripheral devices to log on and off by themselves Magnetic tape must be acclimated to the atmosphere in which it will be used for what minimum period of time al 6 hours 2 12 hours ct 18 hours 4 24 hours A media librarian is NOT expected to the following perform which of tasks it Maintain off site storage tapes and disks for disaster recovery 2 Maintain control of data files program files and various types of microforms Se File all library materials in a neat organized and uniform manner 4 Make necessary SCL program changes prior to releasing jobs from the Liprary What is the total number of 2 27 90 day extensions that may be granted before the tape is copied to another tape IX One De Two oe Three 4 Four What person is responsible for updating fire fighting 2 2 O instructions and ensuring fire fighting equipment is maintained in the magnetic media library Media librarian 2 Local fire marshal 3 Damage control petty officer 4 Computer operations 2 29 supervisor As media librarian you have just removed a new tape from the shipping container Which of the
228. r you must learn to react quickly to situations that may affect the processing capabilities of the computer system To accomplish this task you must have a working knowledge of the operational aspects of your job That is you must understand what procedures to follow when specific errors arise know where the operations manuals are kept and how to use them know where the supplies to process jobs are stored computer ribbons paper tape reflectors and so on who to contact in the event of equipment or program failures and errors and what forms are used and for what purpose Having a general knowledge of what to do is particularly important to you as a new operator just reporting aboard You must adjust yourself to this new environment and learn where things are located as well as what should be done Regardless of the system you are working on you must know how to use all the available resources which include hardware software and people Operators who are alert to the requirements of the total system and are able to understand and use the available resources play a vital role in the overall efficiency of the system the department and the installation It is your performance as a computer operator that often determines the general attitude of users toward your installation In developing a proper attitude toward your work adhere to a code of ethics Job Monitoring Although we would like to believe all jobs run without error th
229. r document data for example the end of a line END key or the top of the next page PgDn key Some software packages use the cursor control keys in combination with each other or with other keys to increase the number of ways and the speed with which you can move the cursor Read the software documentation the faster and more efficiently you are able to move the cursor through a document or database the faster and more efficiently you will get the job done Some keyboards have separate arrow keys for cursor control This is particularly helpful when you are doing a lot of data entry of numbers SCROLL LOCK KEY Applications software uses the SCROLL LOCK mode of the key to control screen scrolling PAUSE KEY The PAUSE key is used to interrupt program execution PRT SCreen KEY The PRT SCREEN key is activated by depressing it in conjunction with the SHIFT key depressed This sends whatever is displayed on the monitor s screen to the printer INSert and DELete KEYS These keys allow you to insert or delete a character at the position of the cursor when neither the SHIFT nor the NUM LOCK keys are depressed It is important to remember that any key or combination of keys can be assigned special meaning by a program Therefore the keys may have different meanings and functions depending on the program you are using Once again we remind you read all the documentation that comes with each program and with the computer system
230. r programs included with the operating system to further aid the user by performing standard functions Sort merge and copy programs are typical examples Other examples are text editors to allow programmers to enter add delete or change program statements linkage editors to put together compiled programs and routines and debug routines to help programmers find errors APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Applications software consists of programs designed to solve specific classes or types of problems For example word processing programs help us prepare correspondence instructions messages and so on Spreadsheet programs enable us to store and manipulate numbers in numerical tables Database programs enable us to store and retrieve large amounts of data in various report formats Some software is ready to use and may be purchased from retail stores and government contracts This software is called off the shelf software COTS If COTS is not available to solve Navywide or individual user problems the Navy may write its own programs Some programs are designed and written by one of the Navy s central design agencies and distributed to AIS installations for use If no Navy developed software will solve an individual problem you or your automated information system AIS installation may write a program in one of the many programming languages PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Almost any type of application you can think of can be programmed in one
231. r required to perform arithmetic calculations INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES AND ACCESSORIES To the system unit we must add input output devices to communicate between us and the computer These include the monitor the keyboard disk drives and the printer We will look at each of these devices in the following sections along with some of the more common accessories found on microcomputers such as surge protectors parallel to serial converters and vice versa null modems cables and switches used for sharing hardware Monitors Display Devices Monitors are used as output devices on microcomputers They are peripheral devices that contain a display like a television viewing screen They are the principal link between you and the microcomputer Their sole purpose in life is to allow the microcomputer to communicate its actions to you the user so you can act upon those actions to accomplish whatever job you are doing They display output from the computer The monitor is one of the most important peripherals to a micro and is certainly the most visible Quite often the term monitor is used interchangeably with such names as screen display display device and cathode ray tube crt osf RMM20026 Monitors can display information in either monochrome or color depending on their design Monochrome displays produce output images using a single foreground color such as black and a single background color such as white This pr
232. racters by using these pins to generate characters a dot at a time Dot matrix printers have speeds that range from 60 to 350 cps XEROGRAPHIC PRINTERS Xerographic printers use a printing technique very similar to the methods used in duplicating or copying machines The printers can operate at speeds up to 4 000 lines per minute ELECTROSTATIC PRINTERS Electrostatic printers use a special photographic paper that allows characters to be etched onto the paper using a stylus The stylus made up of tiny wires forms characters by placing an electrostatic charged image on the paper Then as the paper is moved through a toner solution containing ink particles the ink adheres to the charges that form a pattern on the paper to develop the character This type of printer can be used for both printing and plotting displaying graphic output and can print up to 5 000 lines per minute INK JET PRINTERS Ink jet printers employ a technique very similar to the way we use a can of spray paint and a stencil A spray of electrically charged ink is shot under pressure toward the paper Before reaching the paper the ink is passed through an electrical field which forms the letters in a matrix form The print resulting from this process consists of easy to read high quality characters Some manufacturers use large droplets of ink for faster printing while others use small droplets for better clarity but with slightly reduced printing spe
233. re assigned In addition a listing is produced that reflects the overall operating condition of the pack This listing is normally retained in the library or in the technical support branch As you travel from one command to another you will find that there are many DASDI programs available under just as many names INIT FORMAT and so on The one you use will depend upon the system s hardware and its executive software DISASTER OFF SITE BACKUP Have you ever given any thought to how much time and money are invested in the library If you are not working in the library at the moment next time you visit one look around and try to imagine how much money it would take to replace the equipment and the media and how much time it would take to recreate all the necessary files if everything were totally lost because of fire or flooding Depending on the size of the library and the types of media it contained it could run into the millions of dollars Remember data entry personnel do not work for nothing The loss of these media can have harmful effects on your command s operations for quite some time And as we have already noted recreation of files can be extremely costly All systems software master files and other critical entries and documentation should be duplicated as backup on a regularly scheduled basis and stored in a protected area as far away from the library as possible In spite of the many precautions that can be t
234. re record types and a record type may have occurrences in more than one area A particular record is assigned to a single area and may not migrate between areas e Database A database consists of all the records sets and areas that are controlled by a specific schema If a facility has multiple databases there must be a separate schema for each database Furthermore the content of each database is assumed to be independent e Program A program is a set or group of instructions in a host language such as COBOL or FORTRAN For the purpose of this chapter a run unit is an execution of one or more programs Data Manipulation Languages DMLs A data manipulation language DML is a language used to cause data to be transferred between a run unit and the database A DML is not a complete language by itself It is called a query language by some manufacturers It relies on a host language to provide a framework for it and to provide the procedural capabilities required to manipulate data DBMS Events To depict DBMS events we selected the READ function The sequence depicted in figure 3 15 provides a conceptual example of an application PTION SUBSCHEMA AND STORAGE 2 USED SCHEMA SYSTEM A SCHEMA S FOR DATABASE A RMM20097 Figure 3 15 A conceptual view of the events that take place when an application program reads a record in a system interfaced with a DBMS program of a particular software system reading
235. read a printed document and encode it into a digital file for computer processing You might also receive a document that has been transmitted over a network or phone system Creating and Modifying Documents To create a new document you will start by telling the system you want to create a document In some packages this is the default option the option you get if you do not specify something else When you load and execute the program you are in the create mode and simply start typing The software will probably have a number of defaults that can be set up for your installation For example you can probably have defaults set to 8 1 2 inch by 11 inch paper with a 1 1 2 inch margin at the top a l inch margin at the bottom and 1 2 inch margins left and right You may be able to have tabs set as a default option for indenting paragraphs Regardless of how the original document is entered eventually it ends up as a data file on some type of secondary storage media that you can later access and modify add change or delete To make changes you INSERT AND DELETE TEXT MOVE TEXT AROUND SEARCH AND REPLACE CHANGE NAVOP TO OPNAV RMM20082 Figure 3 1 Examples of word processing program features must retrieve the file into the computer s memory The software displays the document on the screen You then make entries by moving the cursor to the places in the document where you want to make changes Two modes of oper
236. rmation on a spreadsheet This is the horizontal component of a spreadsheet Normally a record contains information about one particular item or topic for example a person or a piece of equipment Spreadsheet rows are usually identified by numbers 1 2 3 and so on CELLADDRESS OF THE CURSOR DG 2166 10 MODE INDICATOR e ITI 1122 00 74 36 3 BABLEB 222222222 2620 30 136 16 4 333333333 5 444444444 6 555566655 8 np 5 168 44 378 04 258 10 190 26 323 42 1707 30 102 86 82 50 2160 10 1124 90 20 Mf WALTER T 999999999 DPCM 291060 163 20 DATAAS IT APPEARS ON YOUR MONITOR RMM20084 Figure 3 3 Example of a spreadsheet worksheet e Column A column is the vertical component of a spreadsheet A record or row can have many associated columns such as base pay FICA state tax federal tax and so on Each column contains one type of information and is normally labeled to identify the type it contains such as base pay The columns are usually identified by letters A B C D and so on Data cell A data cell contains one piece of information associated with a particular record Thus a record row that contains seven pieces of information will have you guessed it seven data cells A data cell is symbolically identified by using some type of common notation usually column row Therefore if you have a spreadsheet with 20 records each with 7 columns of information the rows w
237. rogram 1 which originated the call Any required data transformations between the representation of the data as it appears in the database as declared in the schema and the representation of the data as it appears in a program s UWA as declared by the subschema are handled by the DBMS The DBMS provides status information to program 1 based on the outcome of its call for example error indications The data in Program 1 s UWA may be manipulated as required using the facilities in the host language The system buffers are shared by all programs serviced by the DBMS Remember programs interact with the system buffers entirely through the DBMS Schema DDL and Hardware A schema DDL entry does not include references to a physical device or media space Thus a schema written using a DDL is a description of a database that is not affected by the devices or media used to store the data The database may therefore be stored on any combination of storage media that is supported in a particular DBMS Because of their sequential nature some devices such as magnetic tape may not take full advantage of the facilities included in a DDL Such devices are not precluded however and may be perfectly adequate for some of the data Chances are the DDL you are using will follow the guidelines created by the Conference on Data Systems Languages CODASYL and their subcommittee Data Base Task Group DBTG These guidelines have influenced th
238. ronym for Beginner s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code PASCAL Pascal is a language designed to teach programming It is fairly easy to learn yet it is a more powerful language than BASIC Although Pascal is not yet a standardized language it is still used rather extensively on microcomputers It has greater programming capabilities on small computers than are possible with BASIC It is used by many colleges and universities It is named after Blaise Pascal a mathematician and the inventor of the first mechanical adding machine ADA Ada is a modern general purpose language designed with the professional programmer in mind It has many unique features to aid in the implementation of large scale applications and real time systems Its development was initiated by the U S Department of Defense DOD It is named to honor the achievements of Ada Augusta Byron Countess of Lovelace who was a supporter of and collaborator with Charles Babbage the first person to propose the concept of the modern computer She suggested using the binary system of storage instead of the decimal system and developed the concept of a loop to execute repetitive instructions Babbage is known as the father of the computer and Ada Lovelace is considered the first programmer C C is a general purpose language that works well with microcomputers It is useful for writing both operating systems and database programs The programs are portable
239. roublesome difficult to handle or prone to producing errors Then ask about the work to be done on your shift what jobs are scheduled to be run are all the tapes disks documentation and other various media and supplies present and accounted for if not have the appropriate personnel or organizations been notified the librarian data entry or scheduling to rectify the problem This is important for it ensures you 2 7 that the next job to be processed will be input to the computer system with minimum or no delay In determining all these factors you get a feel for what s going on and what is to take place during the upcoming shift your shift In a production environment personnel sometimes get too busy to finish a job or job step Take that little extra time to stay organized especially when it comes to the paperwork Keep in mind and help other personnel understand the importance of being organized and the problems that come from having too many things going on at one time A misfiled or mislabeled tape can at best mean lost time either in locating it or recreating it At worst it can mean lost data and an unrecoverable problem You will find that most AIS installations overlap each of the shifts from 15 to 30 minutes This allows you sufficient time to get acquainted with the jobs currently being run and provides continuity between shifts and operators Throughout this section we have tried to make one point clea
240. rs Cache memory is a small high speed RAM buffer located between the CPU and main memory it can increase the speed of the PC Read only memory ROM are chips with a set of software instructions supplied by the manufacturer built into them that enables the computer to perform its I O operations The control unit is also capable of shutting down the computer when the power supply detects abnormal conditions 1 3 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT The arithmetic logic unit ALU performs all arithmetic operations addition subtraction multiplication and division and logic operations Logic operations test various conditions encountered during processing and allow for different actions to be taken based on the results The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands The ALU relies on basic items to perform its operations These include number systems data routing circuits adders subtracters timing instructions operands and registers shows a representative block diagram of an ALU of a microcomputer PRIMARY STORAGE MAIN MEMORY The primary storage section also called internal storage main storage main memory or just memory serves four purposes To hold data transferred from an I O device to the input storage area where it remains until the computer is ready to process it This is indicated by the solid arrow on To hold both the data bein
241. rying job queue 4 Displaying master scheduler Normally the programmer determines the points in a program where a job can be restarted without having to rerun the entire job Thes points are known by what term ae Program checks 2 Checkpoints 3 Branchpoints 4 Cutoff points When a program is cancelled or terminates abnormally i is said to have ABENDED ABANDONED ERROR STOPPED JOB HALTED STOPPED Bo Mp When a program terminates you will normally be required to dump the contents of storage for which of the following reasons 1 To save space on the storage media deh To allow for reconstruction of the input data 3s To help the programmer analyze the program 4 To clear out the problem area that caused the abnormal termination What is are the main reason s for relieving a shift 15 to 30 minutes 2 2i early Ta Get acquainted with the jobs running 2 Provide constancy between shifts 3 Provide continuity between operators 4 All of the above If a job terminates before going to a normal EOJ you as the I O control clerk may be equired to collect which of the following data information I Output data and memory dump only De Input data and SCL statements only 3 Input data output data and memory dump 4 Output data console printout and SCL statements 12 abnormally 2 20 What makes up a basic virus I A malicious
242. s each day on a microcomputer system the user should take which of the following actions Ii Save his her work 2 Exit the program to return to the operating system oe Park the read write heads if using a hard drive 4 Deenergize the system Packaged software does NOT include which of the following software ZO Dk 1 Database 2a Word processing os Job control 4 Spreadsheet Regardless of the software package you are using it is NOT mandatory that you be capable of executing which of the following operations 2 66 Ts Access and execute the software 23 Save files 3x Delete files 4 Run diagnostics To perform file management functions effectively you must know which of the following facts about files de low they are set up and coded Le low they are named How they are backed up 4 All of the above 18 Before turning the power off 2 64 When you are learning how to use a software package you should NOT take which of the following actions i Take the tutorial study the learning section 2 Create a test file and practice on it OF Practice on the master data file 4 Make mistakes on purpose to see how the software handles operator user errors Commands composed of words and or characters predefined by the software to perform specific tasks are what type of commands 1 Direct 2 Indirect 3 Execute 4 Job Function keys have which of the followin
243. s of subschema data types so that they can be matched with the characteristics of schema data types Different host languages may define their rules for intended data type correspondence in terms of the closest schema equivalents for example FORTRAN referring to schema TYPE specifications and COBOL referring to schema PICTURE specifications In this case the conversion rules specified as part of the schema DDL may be used in determining appropriate conversions involving data types not explicitly mentioned in the host language s defined rules For example the COBOL database facility might specify the intended correspondence between its subschema PICTURE specifications and schema PICTURE specifications With the correspondence between schema and subschema PICTURES established subschema PICTURE specifications may be interpreted as if they were schema PICTURE specifications The schema DDL defined conversion rules which define conversions between schema PICTURES and other schema data types can then be used to determine appropriate conversions between subschema PICTURES and any schema data type Schema DDL and DML The relationship between a schema DDL and a DML is the relationship between declaration and procedure The DDL declarations impose a discipline over the executable code and are to some extent substitutes for procedures written in the DML and the host language To specify the relationship between DDL declarations and DML co
244. s self study course is organized into subject matter areas each containing learning objectives to help you determine what you should learn along with text and illustrations to help you understand the information The subject matter reflects day to day requirements and experiences of personnel in the rating or skill area It also reflects guidance provided by Enlisted Community Managers ECMs and other senior personnel technical references instructions etc and either the occupational or naval standards which are listed in the Manual of Navy Enlisted Manpower Personnel Classifications and Occupational Standards NAVPERS 18068 THE QUESTIONS The questions that appear in this course are designed to help you understand the material in the text VALUE In completing this course you will improve your military and professional knowledge Importantly it can also help you study for the Navy wide advancement in rate examination If you are studying and discover a reference in the text to another publication for further information look it up 1997 Edition Prepared by DPC SW Walter Shugar Jr and RMCS SW A W Deborah Hearn Published by NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER NAVSUP Logistics Tracking Number 0504 LP 026 8620 Sailor s Creed I am a United States Sailor will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America and will obey the orders of those appointed over
245. s that are out there WORKING WITH USERS End users especially first time users and noncomputer users will need your help to operate their systems and their programs They also need to know how to care for and handle diskettes manage disks and 3 5 files take care of the system and perform user operator maintenance Don t be surprised when you get your first call for help As you have learned computers seem to have minds of their own and can do strange things Help users by troubleshooting and identifying problems Teach them what you know Using Software Once you have the software installed and set up so it works on your system the system is ready for use Simple enough you say so what should I do first You should boot either from the hard drive or by inserting the diskette that contains the operating system You can set up the system so it will automatically boot when power is turned onto the system Next tell the operating system which program to use Do this by entering the file name of the program following a prompt given by the operating system For example if the program is named WPP for wordprocessing program enter WPP and press the ENTER RETURN key If you are using a hard disk be sure to specify the directory used when you installed and set up the program The operating system will then load the program into memory and the system is ready to do the work From this point on follow the instructions of the
246. seful only to you the librarian Save Label Whenever a tape is to be saved for a period of time a save label such as the one shown in figure 2 6 is required for accountability The save label also referred to as a user label contains information that helps to identify the job task number and the data file s written on the media along with other related information This label is placed on the front side of the media so it can be readily seen by all Each individual programmer user and in some cases the control clerk depending upon command policy has responsibility for filling out as much information on the save label as possible before job submission He or she normally enters such information as job or task number file identification security classification purge date and or its period of retention 30 60 or 90 days When the job JOB TASK FILE D CLAS REEL OF CREATION DATE SYSTEM OR PROG INIT CTRL CLERK INIT OPER INIT PURGE DATE RETENTION PERIOD 30 60 90 RMM20059 Figure 2 6 Magnetic tape save label for unclassified UNCLAS Privacy Act PRIV and For Official Use Only FOUO is run the operator inserts the remaining entries reel sequence number s the creation date of the file the system on which the job was run the magnetic tape unit the drive that was used to create the tape along with his or her operator number or initials upon completion of the job These newly cr
247. should you look FEOF Reel warpage Tape protruding Irregular winding All of the above K CG Pp Assume you have mounted a tape on tape unit 2 and notice that during the loading phase the tape is wobbling Which of the following conditions could cause this problem T The tape tension is uneven vie The drive capstans are not properly aligned 3a The file protect ring is not completely inserted 4 The volume of air in the vacuum columns is low When you adjust the tractors on a printer it is good practice to keep which of the following tractors in one permanent location ey Upper tractors 2i Lower tractors Iy Left hand tractors 4 Right hand tractors On a printer the paper thickness control knob has a direct effect on which of the following printer functions di Forms stacking D Quality of print a4 Alignment of preprinted forms 4 Line by line movement of paper Your system will probably NOTE provide a read disk test a keyboard test anda power up test These types tests are characterized by Vitae ae what term Le Offline routines 2 Diagnostic routines oe Operator maintenance 4 Corrective maintenance Software that is specifically designed to coordinate the capabilities of the computer itself is 2 58 called what type of software ile Systems 2 Computer om Scheduling 4 Operations Programs that are designed to solve individual user problems are called
248. site and off site storage areas as well as providing physical and administrative controls of the media The librarians must ensure proper security protection is provided for all magnetic media and materials in accordance with applicable security instructions and procedures This includes issuing receiving shipping declassification destruction and disposal MAGNETIC MEDIA ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES Attention to administrative detail is a must It will help assure that media are properly maintained and ready for use Control logs pass down log library listings and reports are all a part of the everyday administrative functions Administrative duties and responsibilities include the following e Maintaining tape cleaning verification and degaussing logs Checking magnetic media in and out using appropriate logs e Making entries in tape and disk control logs e Making entries in pass down log Labeling magnetic media e Establishing and updating current and history files e Preparing library listings and reports for distribution REPORTS PASSDOWN CONTROL LOG To accomplish this task requires a specially designed program that is able to read the internal label information that is stored on the magnetic media The program extracts whatever information it needs to build a record onto the library master file or database file Once a record is established you can make changes or deletions as necessary Most A
249. software package in this example a wordprocessing program Refer to the user manual and any in house user manuals that apply When you have finished your processing return to the operating system before turning off the power Do this by saving your work and exiting the program properly Each program will have a procedure or command to end execution of the program and return to the operating system If using diskettes remove them from the drives put them in protective jackets and file them in an appropriate place If using a hard disk drive it is considered good practice to enter the operating system command to park the read write heads This will move the heads away from data storage areas so data will not be destroyed if the system is moved or accidentally bumped Then turn the power OFF WORKING WITH SOFTWARE PACKAGES When you work with packaged software you will be concerned with what it does how it does it and how you are to interact with it For each different type of application package you will be confronted with anew vocabulary For example the terms used with word processing come primarily from the office clerical environment margins tab sets indenting paragraphs and so on The terms used with desktop publishing come from the printing industry fonts type styles points and soon Spreadsheets bring us the vocabulary of an accountant or bookkeeper worksheets rows columns data cells Database terminology ma
250. st However a drawback to this type of storage is that it must have a constant power source The term for this is volatile storage An example of volatile storage is DATA IN J O nema Ar HUNDREDS OF SMALLER LOOPS WITH THOUSANDS OF BUBBLES PER LOOP 1 g RAM When you turn the power to the computer off all the stored data is lost Also when there is a power failure and you do not have a backup power supply all the stored data is lost As mentioned this is not the case with magnetic core storage With core storage the data is retained even when there is a power failure or breakdown since data is stored in cores in the form of magnetic charges not electric current BUBBLE STORAGE Bubble memory is one of the newer storage technologies generally used in laptops It consists of a very thin crystal made of semiconductor material The molecules of the crystal act as tiny magnets Data is stored by changing the polarity of these molecules called magnetic domains The magnetic domains can be switched in an opposite direction by passing a current through a control circuit imprinted on top of the crystal Like magnetic core storage bubble memory is nonvolatile The data is retained even when the power is turned off or there is a power failure Unlike magnetic storage reading from bubble memory is nondestructive The data does not have to be regenerated it is still present after being read If we were to view these magn
251. st be packed up and shipped out When possible use the original packing material if available Otherwise make sure the equipment is wrapped and packed to avoid any damage This can be accomplished by using heavy cardboard boxes bubble wrap and other cushioning packing material SUMMARY With the completion of this chapter you should gain a basic understanding of how digital computer systems work A computer system is composed of hardware and software Electronic digital computer systems consist of a central processing unit CPU with its primary storage and input output I O devices The arithmetic logic unit and control unit process both data and program instructions Computers use stored programs to process data and solve problems This provides a powerful method of automatic control In addition to operating microcomputer system you should become proficient at setting up configuring upgrading and initializing them It is important that you become familiar with computer system documentation including user manuals and any software training materials and help aides Among the microcomputer related tasks you will be expected to perform are inspecting repairing and installing cables running system checks and troubleshooting error conditions CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER CENTER OPERATIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completing this chapter you should be able to do the following Explain the use of trouble reports Describ
252. stem DBMS is a software package that provides an integrated source of data for multiple users while presenting different views of that data to different users It can be characterized as generalized software that provides a single flexible facility for accommodating different data files and operations while demanding less programming effort than conventional programming languages It features easy access to the data it facilitates the storage and maintenance of large volumes of data and most importantly it provides the capability for sharing the data resources among different types of users Database management systems range from elementary systems with single record structures providing rudimentary report formatting facilities to very elaborate systems The very elaborate systems DATA ONLINE i tl ZN LIBRARIES FILES DATABASES DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS handle several files with hierarchical or relational structures perform functions in an online mode and have sophisticated query and report writing capabilities DBMSs are being used on a wide variety of computers in the Navy Because of this no one DBMS by any single manufacturers discussed in this chapter Most of the problems with DBMSs in Navy computer systems are the same as in the civilian workplace A few of these problem areas are noted below Users do not want to share their data with others in the database Data representation
253. stems You will need to know how to install applications software so it works with the system s unique configuration It will be your job to help noncomputer users end users learn and understand everything they need to know to work in a microcomputer environment This includes how to interconnect various peripheral devices keyboard monitor printer to the computer or system unit It also includes how to tailor the software for the operating system and the applications software to each user s unique hardware configuration You need to teach them how to format and label diskettes how to properly manage back up clean up and store their files You need to demonstrate routine operator maintenance and explain security procedures When users are having problems with their micros you may be called upon to troubleshoot the systems using system diagnostics to help isolate and determine whether the problem is hardware or software related You will also be expected to make recommendations and or arrangements to have repairs made There will be times when you will be expected to make repairs if spare parts are available On microcomputers you will need to be familiar with all types of productivity software the program packages or packaged software These include word processing spreadsheet and database programs at a minimum You also need to learn how to use local area network software communications programs graphics programs computer
254. stripped five times it should be reloaded transferred onto what we call a mini reel A mini reel is about half the size of a standard reel of tape If the errors continue throughout the length of the tape you should determine whether the errors are distortion errors or dirt errors Distortion errors are usually the result of careless handling abuse of the tape and can rarely be corrected Distortion errors can be seen as wrinkles creases turned up edges or a slight stretching of the tape Dirt errors usually result from the accumulation of microscopic foreign matter on the tape surface and can be removed by careful cleaning To do this you need to use a tape cleaner Tape cleaning is the process of removing all foreign particles known as residual buildup and protruding debris from the oxide and back side the shiny side of the tape This process does not destroy any of the data that has been previously recorded on the tape New tape has a tendency to shed oxide particles near the surface for approximately the first six passes through the read write heads of the magnetic tape unit Unless the new tape is cleaned at least twice increased tape unit head wear could result You will also find that deterioration of the edges of the tape is the major cause of most tape generated debris Edge guides that help to direct the tape along the tape path also cause a constant edge scuffing This results in a further breakdown of the oxide base
255. sts of a unique identifier for a particular record and should only point to a single record in the database being indexed Secondary key Data are normally arranged within a database in some type of order e SUPPLY DEPARTMENT 0 depending upon the contents of one or more 5 a as 5 fields Secondary keys allow you to access the database in different ways For example your Name SSN 2 database might be arranged in the order the O SK2 Boat P T 555555555 O records were entered You can then set up a SK2 Seaman A B 888888838 i 6 secondary index or key by the name field or by the social security number field You may O SK1 Doe J A 111111111 0 pate Bee be aes specify any number of secondary keys You re SKI Frost J R 123456789 o might index by more than one field For A A example you could index by last name within i B rate as shown inlfigure 3 6 O 0 o Database Organization Methods Structures RMM20087 Databases can be list hierarchical network or Figure 3 6 Example of a database report relational in structure The major advantage of a database is it permits the maintenance of a related set of files or tables that can provide information to several different users So how do these database structures differ you might ask That s a good question Read on and find out LIST DATABASES List databases link records together through the use of pointers The pointer is a data element in one record n
256. t of internally stored instructions called a program or software we provide and process the data we feed into them The design of fifth generation computers is such that they will actually learn from previous experiences and apply what they have learned This is called artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence computers manipulate data more efficiently with parallel processing and understand written and spoken human language Ultimately we may have a computer similar to the human brain COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE All electronic digital computer systems consist of a central processing unit CPU and one or more peripheral devices for inputting and outputting data and programs Figure 1 1 shows the CPU and the types of peripheral input and output I O devices you will find in a computer system The devices are interconnected by electrical cables thru a bus to allow communications between them The CPU communicates with the peripheral devices through input output I O channels The brain of a computer system is the central processing unit which we refer to as the CPU THE CPU IS THE COMPUTER It receives the data transferred to it from one of the various I O devices It processes the data and transfers the intermediate or final results to an I O device for storage or distribution The CPU executes stored programs and does all the processing and manipulating of data It contains the circuits that control and perform the
257. tapes LOCAL AREA NETWORK A network that normally operates within a well defined and generally self enclosed area The communication stations or terminals are linked by cable MAGNETIC CORE STORAGE System of storage in which data is represented in binary form by means of directional flow of magnetic fields in tiny doughnut shaped arrays of magnetic cores MAGNETIC DOMAINS The data that is stored by changing the polarity of the magnetized dots bubbles MAINFRAME COMPUTERS This term is usually used to designate large scale computer systems although the precise definition of mainframe is the cpu and the control elements of any computer system MATRIX Orderly array of symbols by rows and columns MINICOMPUTERS Midsize computers that are smaller than large scale systems but with the same components They are less expensive and have less strict environmental requirements MODEM A device that converts data from digital to analog format for transmission on analog transmission lines and also converts data in analog format to digital format for computer processing MULTIPLE FILE DIRECTORIES An option of the operating system that allows for several files to be contained in a directory N NONVOLATILE STORAGE Storage medium that retains its data in the absence of power O OXIDE A ferrous material that can be magnetized also the recording side of the magnetic tape dull side P PARALLEL
258. te printer connector on the back of the printer see figure 1 30 Should either the printer or data cable connector have some type of locking device screws or cable locks be sure to screw or secure them in place Then connect the other end of the data cable to the back of the system unit slot D as shown in Once you have made this connection connect the power cable to the back of the printer and plug it into the power strip ABCDEFGHI4J I KEYBOARD CONNECTOR RMM20052 KEYBOARD Figure 1 29 Cable connection from keyboard to system unit SYSTEM UNIT Figure 1 30 Cable connections from printer to system unit and power strip Configuring the System Once all of the hardware has been connected to the system unit and has power you are ready to start configuring the system In most cases the system will recognize the hardware that was connected and make the changes on its own but you need to know how to go into the system configuration to make changes Each system has its own procedures to follow so get the manual and read about your system and how to make changes To make changes you will need to get into the system setup Normally this is accomplished by pressing a key or series of keys when the system is booting up From system setup the following changes can be made Date and time e Memory size e Floppy drives Hard disk type All of this information is contained in the comple
259. ted records This problem is especially true when working with disk files When the operating system supports checkpoint restart routines a job can be restarted near the point where the problem occurred without having to rerun the entire job or system The logical point to take a checkpoint is at the end of reading or writing a tape file or after a predetermined number of records say 15 000 have been processed or after so many minutes of processing say 30 minutes have occurred The programmer determines the points in the program at which the checkpoints are to occur This way if the program cancels aborts it can be started again at the last checkpoint Even if the system provides for an automatic restart at the last good checkpoint you still must authorize the restart Usually a message will appear on the console indicating the job or task to be executed and the checkpoint for restarting the job It is then up to you to either restart the job postpone the restart until the cause of the problem can be determined or indicate that the job is not to be restarted Under no circumstances should the termination or cancellation of a job interfere with the continuous flow of processing within the system 2 6 CANCELING A JOB Among the tasks you may be asked to initiate via the console is cancellation of a job currently running within the system The purpose of the cancel operation is to allow you to halt stop the processing
260. that are to be used for recording classified information should have a stick on pressure sensitive classification label specifying the classification of the highest level of information ever recorded on this media Seel figure 2 15 In addition after recording has taken place you must ensure that the proper save label has been placed on the face front side surface of the media This label should contain the highest classification of information recorded on the media the date the recording was performed and other appropriate identification information required by your installation Magnetic media that is not the property of your AIS installation but which is on loan from another installation known as foreign tapes disks and so on should be isolated in the library and separated according to security classification Classified magnetic media received from other AIS installations should be degaussed before you return it unless the sending organization specifically requests the media not be degaussed Before returning the degaussed media to its rightful owner a certificate of destruction should be filled out and retained in the library For reasons of security TOP SECRET U S Government Property Protect it frorm unauthorized disclosure in compliance with applicable executive orders statues and regulations ORANGE This medium is classified CONFIDENTIAL U S Government Property SF 708 1 87 i unaut
261. the incorrect printer definition is used The hard drive may be having excessive read errors The problems may be operator user errors software problems or hardware malfunctions Knowing which is sometimes easy Under other conditions it may be difficult to determine the source of the problem TROUBLESHOOTING Learn about common problems For example what does it mean if the monitor screen goes blank Is the problem a simple one such as the monitor has an automatic function that turns off the screen when it hasn t been used in a specified amount of time Pressing any key will reactivate the screen Or have the brightness or contrast thumbwheels been turned causing the screen to look blank A turn of a thumbwheel may bring the monitor screen back to light Has a cable become disconnected Has the power been turned off Is the monitor or power strip unplugged Or is the power supply no longer working Has the operator hit a combination of keys by mistake that has caused the screen to go blank except for the status lines Look at the status lines to see if they provide information Whatever the symptoms look first for simple logical answers Check all cable and outlet connections Check to see that each component of the system is plugged in properly Check to see that the proper options are selected For example on the printer is it in a ready status Are the proper dip switches set Is the printer out of paper Is the correct mode o
262. the time a new tape is added to the library This identification number never changes The second block identifies the information to be stored on the tape along with the file ID It may also contain date information that is used by special programs to further identify the tape and to protect the information from being destroyed prematurely This type of information is normally provided by the programmer You must schedule computer processing time to set up the internal label Like magnetic tape whenever you introduce anew disk or diskette into the system it too must undergo an internal labeling process known as initialization 2 13 Initialization is somewhat similar to an initiation If the disk pack or diskette passes a series of tests then it gets to become a member of the library If not then the media is normally boxed up and shipped back to the manufacturer To initialize a disk pack you must have computer processing time at your disposal and a special program called a direct access storage device initialization DASDI program The initialization procedure itself is designed to accomplish two things First during the DASDI procedure an internal volume identification is recorded on track zero of the disk Without this volume identification label the computer cannot access the disk Second for a new pack a surface analysis of the entire disk or disk pack is performed defective tracks are flagged and alternate tracks a
263. ther draw programs You can import images from a scanner or digitizer These images can be in either text or graphic form Images can also be imported from either a paint or draw type graphics package Layered output for color printing You can create camera ready copy for color separation work when an outside printing process is required Color work is done by creating up to as many as four film negatives one for each of the primary colors red yellow and blue plus black Each negative is used to create a separate printing plate for each color Then as the colors are overprinted the color of the original photograph is reproduced Hardware Requirements Unlike the software packages previously discussed desktop publishing packages and graphics software packages require a considerable amount of resources To give you a better idea of what we are talking about the following are hardware requirements e Microprocessor At a minimum you will need a 486 sixteen bit microprocessor or equivalent A Pentium or 586 or equivalent is even better Do not plan on using PCs based on 286 and 386 microprocessors These machines simply do not have enough computing power to handle DTP chores efflciently Monitor You will need a high resolution 19 inch monitor When doing desktop publishing and design work laying out pages on most standard 12 inch and 13 inch screens can be tiring and difficult The monitor and associated graph
264. ting systems Backup utilities also allow you to save your files to tape or even to another hard disk File Management Utilities As the capacities of hard disks increase so does the need for file management utilities Try keeping track of the files on a 2Gb hard disk without any type of file management utility It is next to impossible Adding to the problem can be a maze of subdirectories originally set up to keep order that can easily hide a file or two File management utilities help you avoid these problems by manipulating files and directories They perform tasks such as searching for files deleting files tagging files to allow for file manipulation on groups of unrelated files relocating files and setting file attributes In short file management utilities provide you with a convenient way to keep hard disk directories subdirectories and the files themselves organized and under control File Maintenance Utilities File maintenance utilities include file recovery utilities including backup and restore and programs that manipulate files such as data compression and file security programs File recovery utilities are designed to identify diagnose and repair every form of data and low level format damage on standard DOS hard disks One of the most critical areas of file maintenance is file recovery If you should accidentally erase a file it can easily be recovered unerased by using a recovery utility Compress
265. tion maintains order and directs the flow of operations and data 1 6 I Logic Zi Control om Program storage 4 Internal storage Within the CPU the internal storage section normally contains which of the following storage areas ile Input and output only 2 Output and program only 3 Input program and working only 4 Input output program and working and programming aes Startup What type chapter 1 pages 1 1 of memory allows you to read data from or giving the write data into it just by computer the of the location address where the data is stored or is to be stored Iz ROM 2x RAM Fe PROM 4 EPROM Most computers can permanently store often used instructions such as those used to boot strap the computer in memory What type of memory makes this possible HS OG PD 4S written be memory Permanent Read only Inaccessible Programmable What type of storage allows you to enter any program you desire but once the memory has been into it can never altered or changed ROM RAM PROM EPROM HS G DR FS Which of the of storage is normally outside the main body of the computer and is used to store programs and data for f uture use E Map storage 2 Hyper storage o Secondary storage 4 Peripheral storage LSZ Anytime an input or output device is under the direct control of the CPU we say the device is in what mode 1 Online 2 Off
266. to be scratched cleaned degaussed stripped or mailed off site or any other action they deem necessary Collect a copy of the save labels from the operators for the tape library tape disk database file only if the site has an automated tape library control system and supported software e Maintain off site storage of tapes and disks for disaster recovery e Maintain a current list of all foreign outside tapes and disks received and return them on schedule e Ensure fire fighting equipment in the library is maintained and inspected by appropriate personnel fire department damage control petty officer and so on in accordance with command policy e Update fire fighting instructions as necessary e Maintain the correct temperature and humidity in the library e Maintain security requirements and access to the library area e Ensure unauthorized persons do not remove magnetic media or related materials from the library e Promptly report any and all problems to your supervisor leading chief or other appropriate personnel in accordance with standard operating procedures SOPS As you see by this list there is a lot to do In anyone day you may perform one or many of these tasks Practice being a good communicator and adopt orderly work habits RECEIPT OF MAGNETIC MEDIA One of your jobs will be to receive magnetic media from the manufacturer new tapes disks or diskettes The first thing you should
267. tor is trying to read in reel four of an eight reel master file the operator is about 3 hours into a very important job and finds out there is no way to recover restart the job starting with reel three of the input A failure at this stage of the operation gets the operator and a good many other people very upset for we all know that reruns are costly in both time and money Such failures can be avoided if tapes are cleaned and recertified on a regular basis It is well worth the effort to properly care for tapes according to a regular planned schedule since this avoids upset and inconvenience and gives your users confidence that your AIS facility is running smoothly Careful and planned maintenance of magnetic tapes can minimize and even possibly eliminate a lot of lost computer time The first step in every magnetic tape maintenance program is obviously careful cleaning Despite the many safeguards against contamination you can believe that magnetic tape will eventually acquire some contamination and cause read or write errors You will find the greatest number of tape errors normally occur in the first 100 feet of a reel When this is the case the appropriate action is to cut off the contaminated area relocate the BOT reflective marker and continue to use the tape see figure 2 11 In most cases the reduced length will not detract from its usefulness This procedure is known as stripping a tape After a tape has been
268. torage can be located by knowing its address It is the responsibility of the programmer to assign descriptive names to these data items This enables the computer program and the computer to keep track of the storage location address of each data item Primary storage can be classified by its physical or functional characteristics Memory Types by Physical Characteristics Primary storage devices may be classified according to the type of magnetic or electronic principle they use to store data Some of the more common types are magnetic core storage semiconductor storage and bubble storage MAGNETIC CORE STORAGE Magnetic core storage although not used as much as it used to be provides an easy way to show the general concepts of memories including integrated semiconductor and bubble types of memories Magnetic core storage is made up of tiny doughnut shaped rings made of ferrite PRIMARY STORAGE 1005 1010 E RMM20004 Figure 1 3 Memory locations 1 4 iron which are strung on a grid of very thin wires Because computers store data in binary form covered in a two state device is needed to represent the two binary digits bits 0 for OFF and for ON In core storage each ferrite ring can represent a 0 bit or a 1 bit depending on its magnetic state If magnetized in one direction it represents a 1 bit and if magnetized in the opposite direction it represents a 0 bit These cores are magnetized
269. ts hardware utilization reports and trouble reports You will be responsible for 2 1 implementing performance tuning initiatives to improve computer system performance You will be evaluating and maintaining user manuals All these are technical functions needed to ensure the smooth operation of an AIS facility TROUBLE REPORTS You will be responsible for submitting trouble reports as discussed in chapter 1 of Module 1 Trouble reports are used in reporting any system problem involving hardware or software that you cannot correct Remember the report must be as complete as possible COMPUTER OUTPUT Output from computer processing the work that has been completed may take the form of a printed document magnetic tape or magnetic disk or diskette In all cases you are responsible for and must ensure that all completed jobs run successfully In addition you are responsible for identifying and coordinating the various outputs for each job and for initiating their correct distribution OUTPUT PRODUCTS To determine whether a job or system ran successfully to a normal EOJ and that all processing steps were properly performed you may have to review the computer console printout This printout indicates such things as the number of input records read the various input files updated all error conditions error messages that the operator encountered during the run and the resulting actions taken the various output files
270. uch as MKDIR or just plain MD These are called subdirectories Further a subdirectory can have other subdirectories Directories regardless of their level are given names just like any other files DOS keeps track of each directory the same way it does your files Using various DOS file handling commands you can create MKDIR or MD change CHDIR or CD and remove RMDIR or RD directories and subdirectories To move through the tree structure UP or DOWN you must issue commands that use a path name A path name is a list of the directory ies which might end with a file name that DOS EXAMPLE A A SUPPLY gt DIR Disectory of A CHRISTMAS SUPPLY lt DIR gt a lt DIR gt SUPAUDIT DOC 983 SUPUPDAT EX1 8362 SUPUPDAT EX2 1483 SUPINVT EX2 43438 7 18 96 7 18 96 7 18 96 6 FILES S bytes free EXAMPLE B A FOODSERV gt DIR Directory of A CHRISTMAS FOODSERV 7 24 96 7 24 96 7 24 96 7 26 96 9 50a 9 50a 9 62a 8 36a m lt DIR gt FOODSERYV UPD 26642 DIN MENU DLY 6363 4 FILES S 101436 bytes free RMM20074 Figure 2 18 Examples of files in subdirectories 2 28 must follow to find a given directory subdirectory or file name In example B in figure 2 18 to locate the file named DIN MENU DLY the path is CHRISTMAS FOODSERV DIN MENU DLY Once you have grouped related files into a subdirectory you can act on them as a unit The DOS file handling commands can be applied to an entire sub
271. umber of bits handled 8 16 or 32 bits memory size 640K 4M 16M and up and the applications software it will run Each microcomputer contains a specific microprocessor chip as its main processor A microprocessor chip can typically handle 8 16 or 32 bits of information at once Generally speaking the more bits a computer can manipulate at one time the faster it can process program instructions and data and the larger the main or primary memory it can accommodate The type of chip in your computer or system unit also has a great effect on what you can do with your micro For example operating systems are written to serve a specific microprocessor chip and applications programs that work under one operating system are not likely to work under another unless the program is modified Many applications programs come in several versions to provide compatibility with several operating systems These are just a few of the reasons why we say it is very important that you read all the documentation that comes with your microcomputer The Navy uses many different types of microcomputers and microprocessor chips To give you an idea of the variety table 1 1 lists some of the microprocessor chips Specialized Processors Specialized processor chips have been developed to shift some of the workload from the main Table 1 1 Microcomputer Chips and Microcomputers nen as im DATE INTRODUCED June 1979 June 197
272. unter problems using the media Temperature and relative humidity tolerances should be maintained within specified limits In the absence of other instructions maintaining a 30 to 60 percent relative humidity at 70 F to 80 F is considered an acceptable environment In the library especially the tape cleaning area the elimination of dust lint and foreign matter on equipment is necessary for efficient operation In short the cleanliness of equipment floors and contact areas and the control of humidity and temperature are essential Traffic in and out of the library should be kept to a minimum Smoking eating and drinking should be prohibited at all times The library should be vacuumed and or cleaned with a damp mop A dry mop fox tail or dust broom should never be used as they tend to kick up more dust than they take up Aerosols should never be used in the library environment because the oily dust collecting moisture settles and eventually finds its way onto the equipment as well as the surfaces of the media The use of air conditioning filters in the library should be given special attention because fiber glass filters often fail to prevent the penetration of fine silts and tend to deposit particles of fiberglass on magnetic media MANAGEMENT OF CLASSIFIED MEDIA AND MATERIALS As the media librarian you must ensure that all classified magnetic media bear some type of external markings or labels and internal notatio
273. urate the oxide coating of the media and randomly orient all the magnetic particles Magnetic Tape Degaussing To degauss a magnetic tape you must pass the entire tape through controlled fields of alternating current to reduce the signal level of the magnetic tape s recordings to a level which is below the capability of ADP equipment to interpret This requires that signal level reduction be performed on the entire reel of magnetic tape including the tape leader and tape trailer For a tape 1 inch or less in width to be considered unclassified by the National Security Agency NSA standards the signal on the tape must be reduced a minimum of 90 dB decibels below saturation level after degaussing The manufacturer s recommended operating procedures should be followed when degaussing a tape Also the tape degausser should be checked at least quarterly by technical personnel to ensure proper operating level specifications Before degaussing a tape you should remove the tape wrap around strap to prevent the reel from jamming and secure the end of the tape with a foam rubber stopper to prevent the tape from unwinding The degaussing operation itself takes no more than 2 2 20 minutes per reel for a magnetic tape with a maximum one inch width Magnetic Disk Diskette and Drum Degaussing Rigid magnetic media such as disk and drum storage as well as diskettes also known as floppy disk should be machine cleared overwritten
274. utomatically makes a backup copy with the extension BAK BAS BAS refers to a source program written in the BASIC language COB COB refers to a source program written in COBOL HEX HEX refers to a special type file where all information has been stored in HEXADECIMAL format Various applications software packages automatically add an extension For example ENABLE adds WPF DBASE adds DBF NDX FRM and MEM LOTUS adds WK1 PRN and PIC It is important to devise a naming scheme that is comfortable for you Your command may have already addressed this area and come up with descriptive naming conventions If so of course you will use those Whatever method you use be sure that it is indeed a method and NOT just haphazard naming of files When working alongside the end users be sure to pass along what you have learned When they go to the filing cabinet be sure they know exactly which file drawer to open and which file folder to retrieve from that drawer Most people are familiar with organizing file folders in the drawers of a filing cabinet You might want to use this analogy as a starting point explaining to the users how they can organize their disk files in much the same manner Explain how they can organize their work files into groups of files called directories Directories File directories like the folders that are filed away in drawers by category or like the yellow pages of the phone
275. uy additional copies Online tutorials that come with software packages usually have which of the following purposes Ls To teach all the commands of the software 2 To give you an overview of what the software can do and how it works 3s To drill you in keying the correct information for specific applications 4 To help you memorize all the functions and special commands Keyboard templates and reference cards are useful because they provide which of the following information 1 Detailed instructions about each feature 2 Identification of features and associated keystrokes 3 Keyboard schematic with a detailed description of each key and all its functions 4 Keyboard schematic with the ASCII coding associated with each key In house user manuals have which of the following functions di To implement command policy only 2a To implement command procedures only 3 To implement command policy and procedures 4 To implement security regulations only Textbook ASSIGNMENT 2 Assignment Computer Hardware Startup continued chapter 1 pages 1 26 through 1 29 Computer Center Operations chapter 2 pages 2 1 through 2 35 Data Management chapter 3 pages 3 1 through 3 6 Which of the following 2 5 What is the criteria for devices if any gets its submitting a trouble report power supply from the system
276. ving storage are more important than programmer time High Level Languages A whole host of high level programming languages have been developed to solve one particular class of problems or another High level languages were developed to allow you as a programmer to work in a language that is close to English or mathematical notation thus improving overall efficiency and simplifying the communications process between you and the computer These high level languages allow us to be more concerned with the problems to be solved rather than with the details of computer operation Examples of high level languages include COBOL FORTRAN BASIC Pascal Ada and C COBOL COBOL was developed for business applications It uses everyday English like statements and is good for handling large data files COBOL is the acronym for COmmon Business Oriented Language FORTRAN FORTRAN was developed for mathematical and scientific work It is used by engineers scientists statisticians and others in areas where mathematical operations are most important FORTRAN is the acronym for FORmula TRANslator BASIC BASIC was designed as a teaching language to help beginning programmers write 3 3 programs Therefore it is a general purpose introductory language that is fairly easy to learn and to use With the increase in the use of microcomputers BASIC has regained popularity and is available on most microcomputer systems BASIC is the ac
277. widths and heights The software automatically formats multiple columns on continued pages You specify how many columns are to be on a page and the amount of gutter space desired Gutter space is the amount of space between columns Vertical horizontal printing Material can be printed either vertically or horizontally on a sheet of paper Fit copy to page You can fit the copy to a page either by reducing the type size increasing or decreasing borders or margins and any other number of creative ways you can come up with changing the size of an illustration cutting off cropping an illustration or even rewording some of the text e Automatic page numbering You can have the software automatically number the pages e Headers and footers You can also have appropriate headers titles at the top of every page and footers at the bottom of every page Headers or footers can usually include page numbers Desktop Publishing Graphics Desktop publishing packages have the capability to scan or import illustrations graphics either from hardcopy or from digital data The following are graphics features you can expect to find in DTP packages e Graphic images You can add images borders lines arrows and so on of various sizes to the text Shrink expand and edit images You can reduce or enlarge images to fit in a desired space If necessary the images can be altered or edited Accept images from scanners or o
278. y look the most familiar to you because many of the terms come from data processing files records fields keys and indexes First we will look at the commonalities then at the specifics of several different types of software packages word processing spreadsheet database desktop publishing and utilities Word processing Spreadsheet Database management RMM20081 USING SOFTWARE PACKAGES Regardless of the type of software package you are using on your computer at a minimum you will need to know how to conduct the following seven general operations e Access and execute the packaged software from the operating system Create a new file or retrieve a previously created file on disk diskette or tape Save a file onto disk diskette or tape Delete a file stored on disk diskette or tape Print a file Indicate to the packaged software that you want to stop working on what you are currently doing to do something on another file Terminate your work via the packaged software and return to the operating system NOTE Each software package will have specific ways you are to perform these functions A major consideration for a person working with packaged software is file management You will need to know how files are setup coded named backed up and accessed You will need to know who can access the 3 6 files whether you can control access by others whether you can protect the data and whether the
279. y of the release report on a weekly basis The users can annotate the files they want released and return the report to you At that time you can scratch the appropriate files and make the magnetic media available for reuse But wait is the file you are about to scratch the same file that is listed on the release report Good question Before you start removing save labels be sure that all information written on the save label agrees with what is listed on the release report There are times when the computer operator is in a hurry to get things rolling and may accidentally place the wrong wrap around strap on a tape disk pack cover on the wrong disk or attach the wrong save label to a newly created file By performing this check you could avoid hours of computer rerun time Once you have determined the file to be scratched agrees with the information on the release report you can remove the save label If the file to be scratched contains classified data be sure the media is degaussed before its release unless it is to be used again for the recording of classified data of the same security level Next examine the media thoroughly to be sure it is healthy in good physical condition Be on the lookout for the following problems MAGNETIC TAPE Look for contaminants on inside and outside of flanges tape unevenly rewound take note of the tape unit it was created on cracked or warped flanges cracks around the center hub if ma
280. y screen at any time while the program is running This means if you get stuck or confused about how to do some function when you are in the middle of a task you can call the help screen function and have it display information relating to your problem Reference cards usually list the features and the keystrokes that activate each feature Keyboard templates fit over or above the keys They identify each feature and its associated keystrokes These aides are very helpful especially when you are jumping back and forth between a number of different programs that have assigned different meanings to the function keys A quick look at a template or a reference card or a call for a help screen may be all you need to remind you of how something works This is especially true once you have become an experienced user on a particular software package In House User Manuals To implement your own command s policy and procedures you may have one or more in house user manuals These will generally cover the use of microcomputers what software is to be used any specially designed routines and programs authorized for use standards for labeling diskettes and files backup procedures maintenance procedures security procedures and so on Diagnostic Troubleshooting Information For performing diagnostics and for troubleshooting problems there may be separate manuals or the information may be included in an appendix of an owner user ma
281. you simply mount the entire tape cartridge on the tape unit and depress the proper keys buttons The tape automatically loads Your hands never come in contact with the tape The cartridge type of tape unit also works under vacuum control and threads the tape in the same manner as self loading tape units DISMOUNTING A TAPE When a job finishes using a tape the tape is normally rewound and unloaded automatically At that time the ready light goes off This is an indication to you that the tape can be dismounted and placed in its proper storage rack or returned to the media library LABELING A TAPE In some installations you may be required to prepare the external tape label for an output tape file On it you will indicate such information as the following The tape unit number or drive number where the tape file was initially created The date of creation The job name or number The identification or volume number The tape usage data and other pertinent information STORING TAPES When not being used tape reels should be properly supported The plastic canister or tape strap is designed to fully support the reel A tape reel that is supported in any other manner may become warped LOADING AND UNLOADING PAPER FORMS Many printers have a soundproof cover that you must raise to gain access to the forms tractors and other manual controls By moving the print unit release lever toward you frame A you unlock the print

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