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Appendix A - Sand Lake, Sawyer Co, WI

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1. a Fish Captured cl Captured 26 per mile lt 10 c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Length Inches Summary of Results Water temperature at the time of this survey was 66 F appropriate for sampling spawning bass and pre spawn bluegill Electrofishing effort was spread throughout the lake and covered a variety of habitat types The north side of the lake had predominantly sandy substrate with little woody or vegetative cover considerably fewer fish were sampled there than on the south side of the lake which had more stumps and aquatic vegetation Smallmouth bass were found in relatively low numbers possibly because predation by abundant walleye is very efficient in lakes with few areas of rock cobble where young smallmouth bass prefer to hide The smallmouth population was dominated by smaller individuals Growth rate and maximum size of smallmouth in Sand Lake are likely limited by the prey base Smallmouth bass prefer to eat crayfish which do not seem abundant in Sand Lake due to a scarcity of rocky substrate Largemouth bass were found in trace numbers While many other lakes in the area have experienced a decrease in walleye abundance concurrent with an increase in largemouth bass abundance Sand Lake has remained a walleye dominant system Because of their abundance and effectiveness as predators walleye are likely limiting natural recruitment of both bass s
2. DATE 3 29 30 2012WATER TEMPERATURE 44 COMMENTS Most walleye were in 2 4 of water NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION APPROX PERCENTAGE MARKED 01 000 0 10 0 0 DATE 3 31 4 1 2012NATER TEMPERATURE 44 47 COMMENTS Some walleye were tight to the shoreline NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION others were still in 2 4 of water APPROX PERCENTAGE MARKED 0 9 1 5 ml 0 UNKNOWN 6 904 DATE 4 2 2012 WATER TEMPERATURE 45 COMMENTS Recapture run shocked entire shoreline NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION NEWLY APPROX PERCENTAGE MARKED 0 10 0 7818 9 UNKNOWN 0 188 Page 5 Sand Lake Sawyer Co 928 acres Marking Survey 3 23 4 1 2012 WDNR Fyke Net Locations Main Spawning Areas 0 0 25 0 5 Ll ne A hmm 1 5 Miles Sand Lake Sawyer Co 928 acres Recapture Survey 4 2 2012 Entire Shoreline Surveyed 6 1 Pe wW9W93 B ics Appendix B Freshwater Sponge Information Citizen Monitoring Guide to Wisconsin s Freshwater Sponges Dreux J Watermolen Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Project Overview What Information Is Being Collected Freshwater sponges are aquatic animals that grow in lakes rivers Citi 1 dd edlen TENS bogs and streams attached to submerged rocks
3. a o 0 NBO O 00000000 06 06 O OOO 0 oo O OO COCO OOOO OOO OOOO COOH 0O00 00 COCO oO O 0 OOO OOOO O O N O 5 OODOOOOOOO OOO 00 O O OO o 0 00 OJo OO OO OO OO OO OO OO 50 OOO 5 0 OO 0 OOQ NO OO OO OO OOOO o o OC O OON A N O CO C1 TOTAL 2410 222 120 177 11 Page 2 LAKE SAND L AREA 928 COUNTY SAWYER RECRUITMENT CODE C ST YEAR 2012 AGENCY GLIFWC LENGTH FREQUENCY OF SPEARED WALLEYE BEFORE RECAPTURE SURVEY SPEARING DATES 3 29 2012 SPEARING ADJUSTMENT USED YES LENGTH INTERVAL UNMARKED MARKED TOTAL INC
4. B As lt ie po d u pr 5 v A3 1 Us A L SS D A Li s N E Lemna minor pr 5 Aa aue Us A AAA A i A s N E B gt A f k 1 E Fo gt 7 1 a e I 7 AA A ao Ar m LI e 4 2 gt E i 0 La et ee ey Pss Mu r m EN tati E Y A e Li 2 Stiff pondweed Potamogeton strictifolius Appendix D Aquatic Invasive Species Information Eurasian Water Milfoil DESCRIPTION Eurasian water milfoil is a submersed aquatic plant native to Europe Asia and northern Africa It 1s the only non native milfoil in Wisconsin Like the native milfoils the Eurasian variety has slender stems whorled by submersed feathery leaves and tiny flowers produced above the water surface The flowers are located in the axils of the floral bracts and are either four petaled or without petals The leaves are threadlike typically uniform in diameter and aggregated into a submersed terminal spike The stem thickens below the inflorescence and doubles its width further down often curving to lie parallel with the water surface The fruits are four jointed nut like bodies Without flowers or fruits Eurasian water mil
5. Get advice from the users the DNR and others Check with the DNR Lakes management person Buffer This is the area from the shoreline to 35 feet into the property Just that trees brush and other vegetation that 1s natural Hard Surfaces Can be boat houses boat launches house roofs decks and the like Anything that prevents rain water from soaking into the soil Open stairs are considered cleared Column heading Hard Surf Cleared An area that 1s primarily cleared but not mowed It could contain a few trees or shrubs Include open stairs here Lawn Grass or vegetation that is obviously mowed sand Other Data Elevation Natural sand or a sand hauled in Three categories should be enough s steep m moderate f mostly flat Column heading Elv Non Conform Structures such as storage sheds boat houses and residences that are within the 75 foot set back Column heading Non Stru Comments Any comments of interest such as erosion junk and the like Appendix H WDNR Point Intercept Survey Aquatic Plant Sampling Protocol Protocol for Aguatic Plant Survey Collecting Mapping Preserving and Data Entry Below we outline the protocol for statewide baseline sampling of aquatic macrophytes with the primary goals of 1 comparing year to year data within a lake and 2 comparing data among lakes We describe a formal quantitative survey conducted at pre determined sampling loca
6. Only points shallower than 20 feet were initially sampled until the maximum depth of plants could be established This was determined to be 11 feet and is considered the littoral zone A total of 250 points were at depths of 11 feet or less and out of those points 208 of them contained vegetation See Table 1 for a summary of the survey statistics Figure 2 shows the points that were sampled at depths of 11 feet or less and can be considered a map ofthe littoral zone It also indicates the type of substrate that was present at each of the littoral zone sampling points Sand was the most dominant substrate type 9196 followed by rock 7 and then muck 2 Figure 2 Sand Lake Littoral Zone and Substrate Type Species Richness Twenty seven species of aquatic macrophytes were directly sampled and observed in Sand Lake during the August whole lake survey Table 2 lists all ofthe species that were sampled or observed along with their frequency and average rake density Table 1 Sand Lake Aquatic Plant Survey Statistics SUMMARY STATS L Total number of points sampled Total number of sites with vegetation Total number of sites shallower than maximum depth of plants Freguency of occurrence at sites shallower than maximum depth of plants Simpson Diversity Index Maximum depth of plants ft Number of sites sampled using rake on Rope R Number of sites sampled using rake on Pole P Average number of all species per site shallower
7. quality Success demonstrated for reducing EWM variable success for curly leaf pondweed CLP Restores natural water fluctuation important for all aquatic ecosystems Page 4 of 8 wells near shore Species growing in deep water e g EWM that survive may increase particularly if desirable native species are reduced Can affect fish particularly in shallow lakes if oxygen levels drop or if water levels are not restored before spring spawning Winter drawdawn must start in early fall or will kill hibernating reptiles and amphibians Navigation and use of lake is limited during drawdown Management Options for Aguatic Plants ER v WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 Permit How it Works PROS CONS Needed Dredging Plants are removed along with sediment Increases water depth Severe impact on lake ecosystem Most effective when soft sediments overlay Removes nutrient rich sediments Increases turbidity and releases nutrients harder substrate For extremely impacted systems Removes soft bottom sediments that may have Exposed sediments may be recolonized by high oxygen demand invasive species Extensive planning required Sediment testing may be necessary Removes benthic organisms Dredged materials must be disposed of Colors water reducing light and reducing Impairs plant growth without increasing turbidity Appropriate for very small water bodies plant and algal growth Usually non toxic degrades
8. sticks logs or Can We Find Freshwater Sponges in Our Lake or Nearby River O E 9 aquatic vegetation They feed by filtering small particles from the water and so are thought to be sensitive indicators of pollution Where did you observe sponges Wisconsin s freshwater sponges were studied extensively in the Sponges grow in relatively shallow water and so can be found by wading and County 1930s and found to be growing in many lakes and major river observing the surfaces where they might grow You might find a rake useful for Waterbody systems Since then extensive studies have not been done though turning over debris The sponges may be colored green by algae that live inside their L some limited research seems to indicate that the range of some cells or they may be beige to brown or pinkish in color Sponges can be delicate to Substrate where you observed sponges species is more restricted than in the 1930s This Citizen based very firm feeling but are not slimy or filmy Some sponges prefer the underside of sand Hel Us 1161 Monitoring study will try to shed more light on how abundant and logs and sticks these are usually not green in color d pi e d widely distributed Wisconsin s sponges are today Through this gt SPONGES project we are engaging volunteer monitors and creating a database logs of probable sponge occurrences that can be further investigated Wisconsin s sponges exhibit an annual life histo
9. No clear picture of weevils relations will become cyclic presence in the Flowage Is compatible with other Does not like deep areas controls chemical Yet does not need to be next Difficult to maintain weevil to shore populations Native plants must be competitive enough to replace EWM after weevils Cost is around 1000 1000 weevils and if no suitable population already exists Life cycle differences Completely unpredictable as to success Another form of biological control is introducing native aguatic plant species into the infested area to compete with the Eurasian watermilfoil This option will most likely not work by itself and should be used in combination with other control options Also special care should be taken when introducing even a native aquatic plant into an ecosystem Management Options for Aguatic Plants Permit How it Works Needed No Management Do not actively manage plants May be required under NR 109 Mechanical Control Plants reduced by mechanical means Wide range of techniques from manual to highly mechanized SCUBA divers or snorkelers remove plants by hand or plants are removed with a rake a Handpulling Manual raking Works best in soft sediments PROS Minimizing disturbance can protect native species that provide habitat for aquatic fauna protecting natives may limit spread of invasive species aquatic plants reduce shoreline erosion and may improve water c
10. The high cost of herbicides that is associated with continued re application should be taken into consideration Also herbicide application techniques time of application and lake morphology play key roles in determining overall cost and success Permits are required in Wisconsin to apply herbicides over water Chemical spot treatments with 2 4 D has been done on EWM within Whitefish Lake in 2007 and on other area lakes with varied results Most lakes have shown adequate control though eradication has not been possible using any chemical control Physical Control Hand pulling m Very selective Difficult work Good for small infestations Time amp Labor Intensive Drawdown is a control option that has been used in Wisconsin and many other states to control Eurasian watermilfoil with moderate success In order for a drawdown to be plausible a structure such as an impoundment or a dam needs to already be in place in order to drawdown the water level For Northern Wisconsin the best time to do a drawdown for aquatic plant control would be during the winter so that the plant and its roots are exposed to extreme temperatures usually killing it n some cases an overwinter drawdown can have long term effects or effects that can be seen for up to 2 years or more If a structure is already in place it is relatively inexpensive to lower the water level Also it requires very little labor and time Some drawbacks to a drawdown are e Could hav
11. developing this sponge monitoring program and the introductory brochure This project is supported by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Citizen Based Monitoring Partnership Program For more information on the Citizen Based Monitoring Partnership Program see http cbm wiatri net Appendix C Sand Lake Aguatic Plant Survey Report Sand Lake Aguatic Plant Survey Introduction This report is a summary and analysis of the data which was collected in a baseline macrophyte survey of Sand Lake Sawyer County WI The macrophyte survey was completed the last week of August 2012 and followed WI DNR protocol for a point intercept survey The entire littoral zone was also visually surveyed in mid June for the presence of invasive species of which none were found Field Methods A point intercept method for the macrophyte sampling was used The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources WDNR generated the sampling point grid This grid consisted of 830 points Figure 1 Only points shallower than 20 feet were initially sampled until the maximum depth of plants could be established It was determined that the maximum depth of plants was 11 feet A total of 279 points were sampled From those 279 points 250 points were at depths of 11 feet or less and 208 of them contained vegetation If no plants were sampled at a specific depth one sample point beyond that depth was sampled for plants In addition any plant within six fee
12. granules during early Monocots such as pondweeds e g CLP and growth phase many other native species not affected Can be selective depending on concentration and seasonal timing Can be used in synergy with endotholl for early season CLP and EWM treatments Widely used aquatic herbicide Page 6 of 8 WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 CONS Possible toxicity to aquatic animals or humans especially applicators May kill desirable plant species e g native water milfoil or native pondweeds maintaining healthy native plants important for lake ecology and minimizing spread of invasives Treatment set back requirements from potable water sources and or drinking water use restrictions after application usually based on concentration May cause severe drop in dissolved oxygen causing fish kill depends on plant biomass killed temperatures and lake size and shape Often controversial May cause oxygen depletion after plants die and decompose May kill native dicots such as pond lilies and other submerged species e g coontail Cannot be used in combination with copper herbicides used for algae Toxic to fish Management Options for Aguatic Plants ER v WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 Permit How it Works PROS CONS Needed Endothall Broad spectrum contact herbicide that Especially effective on CLP and also effective Kills many native pondweeds inhi
13. in number Fishing boating and other water recreational equipment can transport spiny waterfleas and their eggs to new water bodies Their resting eggs can survive long after the adults are dead even under extreme environmental conditions So care must be taken not to transport water between water bodies and to remove all waterfleas and eggs from equipment Spiny water fleas were found in the Gile Flowage Iron County in 2003 and Stormy Lake Vilas County in 2007 These are the only inland Wisconsin lakes known to contain invasive water fleas Unfortunately at this time no effective strategy is available to control the spiny water fleas once they are introduced to lakes Anyone who thinks they may have spotted spiny water fleas in other inland Wisconsin lakes 1s asked to contact their local DNR office or call 608 266 9270 Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha DESCRIPTION The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is a tiny 1 8 inch to 2 inch bottom dwelling clam native to Europe and Asia Zebra mussels were introduced into the Great Lakes in 1985 or 1986 and have been spreading throughout them since that time They were most likely brought to North America as larvae in ballast water of ships that traveled from fresh water Eurasian ports to the Great Lakes Zebra mussels look like small clams with a yellowish or brownish D shaped shell usually with alternating dark and light colored stripes They can be up to two inches long but m
14. shoreline in a boat taking pictures of the lake shore parcels determining the composition of the shoreline and buffer A buffer with native plants 1s the most positive for water quality The objective 1s to determine within the 35 foot buffer the square footage of impervious surfaces cleared areas natural areas and the like Communicate Communicate to the property owners that the survey will be taken and reasons for it There may be some anxiety that the survey will be used sole for enforcement Deal with this fear in the communications Steps 1 Get from the county mapping a map of the lake shore by section showing parcel s 2 If possible get from the county mapping an aerial map by section with parcel boundaries drawn in 3 Getfrom the county mapping the parcel numbers if not already on the maps 4 Getfrom the county the names of the property owners Note the property owners will change over time The parcel numbers do not change However to help identify the parcel from the boat it helps to know the current property owner 5 Using Excel or similar program construct spread sheet for each map section Log into the spread sheet the parcel numbers and owner names 6 Usinga ruler and scale on maps estimate the shoreline length record this on spread sheet As an accuracy check contact a number of property owners to verify their lake frontage Adjust lake shore estimation process as needed 7 Round up several people to do
15. statistics were generated from the spreadsheet e Frequency of occurrence in sample points with vegetation littoral zone e Relative frequency e Total sample points e Sample points with vegetation e Simpson s diversity index e Maximum plant depth e Species richness e Floristic Quality Index An explanation of each of these data 1s provided below Freguency of occurrence for each species Frequency is expressed as a percentage by dividing the number of sites the plant is sampled by the number of total sites There are two frequency values calculated The first 1s the percentage of all sample points that a plant was sampled at depths less than the maximum depth plants were found littoral zone regardless 1f vegetation was present The second 15 the percentage of sample points that the plant was sampled out of only points containing vegetation The first value shows how often the plant would be encountered in the defined littoral zone while the second value considers only points that contain plants In either case the greater this value the more frequently the plant occurs in the lake If one wants to compare plants within the littoral zone we look at the frequency of all points below maximum depth with plants This frequency value allows the analysis of how common plants are in areas where they could grow If one wants to focus only on where plants are actually present then one would look at frequency at points in which plants were fou
16. the survey Skills at estimating distances and dimensions are important For consistency it is better to have a limited number of people to do the survey 8 Select several properties that contain structures and cleared areas in the buffer From the boat estimate the dimensions and distances On land measure areas and distances estimated Repeat this process until the ability to estimate gets reasonably accurate 9 t may be possible to borrow from the County Land and Water a laser tool that measures distances 10 Tour the lake with someone who knows the properties and owners for that section of the lake It is important to have people in the boat who can associate the owner name with parcel as seen from the lake Take pictures of the parcel and note picture numbers shoreline composition and what is in the buffer on the spreadsheet that was developed in step 5 You can refer to the pictures later to verify what was noted Take your time It can get a little frustrating It works best to have one person driving the boat one person taking the pictures and calling out the picture number and one person to record the data 11 Log data into the computer Excel spread sheet by section 12 Not all will go as planned If there are problems with matching parcels pictures and names or determining the shoreline and buffer composition It may be necessary to visit the property Look up the owner in the phone book or get the fire number of the parcel
17. there are many gaps in can grow to be thin or thick encrusting layers Their surfaces may be smooth textured or wavy or have finger like projections photos at right Their structure is supported by spicules tiny needle like structures made of silicon that are distributed throughout the sponge body You can use a magnifying glass to see at least a hint of the needle Dreux Watermolen SS 7 Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources like spicules our knowledge P O Box 7921 Madison WI 53707 7921 Unfortunately color and shape are not particularly helpful in We created a reporting mechanism by which citizens Or they can send all of the requested information identifying sponges to the species level Instead biologists rely on the can help us prioritize waterbodies for future survey by e mail to dreux watermolen wisconsin gov efforts spicules which are quite diverse in their size shape and number of prongs photo lower right Some have hooks or are dumbbell shaped They can be smooth or spined Much of this variability is species specific i e each species has its own sizes and shapes Submitted information will be compiled in a Please take one of our brochures and share your database of probable sponge occurrences observations r Acknowledgments Photographs Robert Korth and Milwaukee Public Museum E z 888 Thanks to Joan Jass Janis Annesley and the Milwaukee Public Museum for assistance in
18. to desired plants as all macrophytes would be prevented from growing for many years This high level of disturbance may also create favorable conditions for the invasion of other invasive species Purple Loosestrife Description Purple loosestrife is a perennial herb 3 7 feet tall with a dense bushy growth of 1 50 stems The stems which range from green to purple die back each year Showy flowers vary from purple to magenta possess 5 6 petals aggregated into numerous long spikes and bloom from July to September Leaves are opposite nearly linear and attached to four sided stems without stalks It has a large woody taproot with fibrous rhizomes that form a dense mat By law purple loosestrife 1s a nuisance species in Wisconsin It is illegal to sell distribute or cultivate the plants or seeds including any of its cultivars Distribution and Habitat Purple loosestrife is a wetland herb that was introduced as a garden perennial from Europe Photo by Kenneth J Sytsma Courtesy of during the 1800 s It is still promoted by some Wisconsin Vascular Plants Website horticulturists for its beauty as a landscape plant and by beekeepers for its nectar producing capability Currently about 24 states have laws prohibiting its importation or distribution because of its aggressively invasive characteristics It has since extended its range to include most temperate parts of the United States and Canada The plant s reproductive succe
19. 0 MES UL MARKED TOTAL FISH UNMARKED MARKED POPULATION FISH SPEARED TOTAL FISH ESTIMATE SPEARED LENGTH TOTAL BEFORE ADJUSTED CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN BEFORE BEFORE POPULATION INTERVAL GIVEN RECAPTURE NUMBER RECAPTURE RECAPTURE RECAPTURE SPEARING RECAPTURE ESTIMATE STANDARD INCHES MARK SURVEY MARKED M SURVEY C SURVEY SURVEY R ADJUSTMENT SURVEY N DEVIATION 0 1 0 4 0 0 9 9 0 0 TOTAL 222 0 222 16 11 5 598 POPULATION ESTIMATE 602 STANDARD DEVIATION 177 WALLEYE ACRE 0 65 COEFF OF VARIATION 29 44 UNKNOWNS SAMPLING SUMMARY MARKED TOTAL MARKING RECAPTURE FISH UNMARKED MARKED FISH SURVEYS SURVEY SPEARED TOTAL FISH FISH SPEARED DATES 3 23 4 1 2012 4 2 2012 LENGTH TOTAL BEFORE ADJUSTED CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN BEFORE INTERVAL GIVEN RECAPTURE NUMBER RECAPTURE RECAPTURE RECAPTURE RECAPTURE GEAR USED E F E INCHES MARK SURVEY MARKED M SURVEY C SURVEY SURVEY R SURVEY 10 10 45 45 3 3 TOTAL 120 1 19 0 0 0 2 Page 1 LAKE SAND L AREA 928 COUNTY SAWYER RECRUITMENT CODE C ST YEAR 2012 AGENCY GLIFWC WALLEYE LENGTH FREQUENCY LENGTH INTERVAL MARKING PERIOD MARKED HECAP PERIOD UNMARKED HECAP PERIOD RECAPS INCHES MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN 0 0 0 0 O O O NN O O OO O O OO 20000000 00 00 O 00 oo OO OO OO O O O 00 5ONOOO OO O O O 00 OOOOOOO OO O O O 00 oO NN ROUN O Q nm
20. 1 few 2 moderate 3 abundant see illustration following this text on the field data entry sheet at each sampling point where it is found Record rake fullness for filamentous algae as well Record the rake fullness rating for plants dislodged by but not collected on the rake please see Under sampling near shore above While at a site look for any other plants not already recorded at that site within 6 ft 2m of the boat Record these species as a visual V on the data sheet These species will be included in total number of species seen but will not be included in summary statistics Account for plant parts that dangle or trail from the rake tines as if they were fully wrapped around the rake head 5 Filling out the Boat Survey Data sheet Often there will be localized occurrences of certain species e g floating leaf or emergent species that are obvious to the viewer but could possibly be missed by the point intercept grid As discussed above in Under sampling near shore you should examine shoreline areas that are out of the grid While you need not make a separate trip around the entire lake do visit areas that may be under sampled and record the information including the closest sampling point on the Boat survey see APMstats123 xls and on a lake map Be sure to create an electronic version of the Boat Survey from the field notes 6 If no plants are found If no plants are found at a sampling site while approachi
21. 4 81 a8 182 196 1 171 183 197 0 3 0 0 3 Miles 331 Sampling Points Seven is Ik 40mpts shp 135 Acres Seven is Ik poly1 shp III Collecting and Recording Plant Data 1 The rake sampler The rake is constructed of two rake heads double rake head welded together measuring 13 8 inches 35 centimeters long with 14 teeth on each side The handle is 8 ft 2 4 meters in length and should include a telescoping extension that results 1n a total handle length from tip of rake head to fully extended end of 15 feet 4 6 meters You will also need a second weighted double rake head on a rope rake on a rope to sample deeper sites See section on rake construction for more detail 2 Using the rake Collect one rake sample per site In waters less than 12 feet handle the rake using the pole In deeper water toss the rake on a rope In either case try to drag the rake along the bottom for 2 5 feet 0 75 meters The amount of plants brought up on the rake may vary tremendously Record each species present and estimate the rake fullness rating more fully described Keep two examples of each species found in the lake see 7 Collect voucher samples below The rake may dislodge plants that will float to the surface especially short rosette species not easily caught in the rake tines Record each species present and estimate the rake fullness rating just as you would plants brought up on the rake 3 Point intercept sampling i
22. Appendix A WDNR 2012 Spring Netting Survey and Walleye Population Estimates EM vo VAELUONHRSIN DEPT GF HATURAI RESOURCES Late Spring Electrofishing Survey Summary Sand Lake Sawyer County 2012 The Hayward DNR Fisheries Management Team conducted an electrofishing survey on Sand Lake on June 5 as part of our baseline monitoring program A total of 4 miles of shoreline was sampled 1 mile sub sampled for panfish Primary target species were smallmouth bass largemouth bass and bluegill We also obtained useful data on the status of juvenile walleye Quality preferred and memorable sizes referenced in this summary are based on standard proportions of world record lengths developed for each species by the American Fisheries Society Smallmouth Bass Smallmouth B ass Late Spring Electrofishing Fish Captured ce A CO A mm c CO 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Length Inches Largemouth Bass Largemouth Bass Late Spring Electrofishing Fish Captured Captured 2 per mile gt 8 Quality Size gt 12 Preferred Size gt 15 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Length Inches Bluegill Bluegill Late Spring Electrofishing Fish Captured o Captured 25 per mile gt 3 Keeper Size gt 7 Preferred Size gt 8 2 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 55 6 65 Y 75 8 85 9 Length Inches Walleye Late Spring Electrofishing ce e en 2 Walleye co e 2
23. Drawdown Y May require Environmental Assessment Management Options for Aquatic Plants How it Works PROS Plants are reduced by altering variables that affect growth such as water depth or light levels Prevents light from getting to lake bottom Reduces turbidity in soft substrate areas Useful for small areas Lake water lowered with siphon or water Winter drawdown can be effective at restoration level control device plants killed when provided drying and freezing occur Sediment sediment dries compacts or freezes compaction is possible over winter WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 CONS Eliminates all plants including native plants important for a healthy lake ecosystem May inhibit spawning by some fish Need maintenance or will become covered in sediment and ineffective Gas accumulation under blankets can cause them to dislodge from the bottom Affects benthic invertebrates Anaerobic environment forms that can release excessive nutrients from sediment Plants with large seed bank or propagules that survive drawdown may become more abundant upon refilling Season or duration of drawdown can change Summer drawdown can restore large portions of May impact attached wetlands and shallow effects shoreline and shallow areas as well as provide sediment compaction Emergent plant species often rebound near shore providing fish and wildlife habitat sediment stabilization and increased water
24. HES MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN TOTAL O LENGTH INTERVAL UNMARKED MARKED TOTAL INCHES MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN MALE FEMALE UNKNOWN TOTAL 1 0 0 0 0 0 Page 3 LAKE SAND L AREA 928 COUNTY SAWYER RECRUITMENT CODE C ST YEAR 2012 AGENCY GLIFWC SPAWNING POPULATION SIZE DISTRIBUTION SIZE INCH NUMBER SAMPLE POPULATION ESTIMATED NUMBER PERCENT OF CLASS GROUP SAMPLED PROPORTION ESTIMATE NUMBER SPEARED EST NUMBER 726 0 350 1 943 0 57 n 774 0 373 2 072 0 48 576 0 277 1 17 423 160 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SUB TOTAL io 7 14 SPAWNING TOTAL 2 868 7 850 7 850 0 7396 UNKNOWNS 15 72 2 GRAND TOTAL 2 940 59 Page 4 LAKE SAND L AREA 928 COUNTY SAWYER RECRUITMENT CODE C ST YEAR 2012 AGENCY GLIFWC DAILY SUMMARY AND COMMENTS DATE 3 24 4 2 2012NATER TEMPERATURE COMMENTS WDNR Fyke Netting NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION APPROX PERCENTAGE MARKED 4 DATE 3 23 24 2012WATER TEMPERATURE 42 46 COMMENTS Fish were scattered along shoreline NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION APPROX PERCENTAGE MARKED wo o Cm 9 551 DATE 3 25 28 2012WATER TEMPERATURE 43 44 COMMENTS Most walleye were found in 3 5 of water NUMBER SPAWNING CONDITION Bluegill sucker and yellow perch were APPROX PERCENTAGE abundant MARKED o0 10 0 100 0 0 594
25. O WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 Permit How it Works PROS CONS Needed Pathogens Fungal bacterial viral pathogen introduced to May be species specific Largely experimental effectiveness and target species to induce mortalitiy longevity unknown May provide long term control Possible side effects not understood Few dangers to humans or animals Allelopathy Aquatic plants release chemical compounds May provide long term maintenance free Initial transplanting slow and labor intensive that inhibit other plants from growing control Spikerushes Eleocharis spp appear to inhibit Spikerushes native to WI and have not Eurasian watermilfoil growth effectively limited EWM growth Wave action along shore makes it difficult to establish plants plants will not grow in deep or turbid water Planting native plants Diverse native plant community established Native plants provide food and habitat for Initial transplanting slow and labor intensive to repel invasive species aquatic fauna Diverse native community may be resistant to Nuisance invasive plants may outcompete invasive species plantings Supplements removal techniques Largely experimental few well documented cases If transplants from external sources another lake or nursury may include additional invasive species or hitchhikers Page 3 of 8 Permit Needed Physical Control Required under Ch 30 NR 107 a Fabrics Bottom Barriers
26. QI and Ecoregion Median 32 E Sand Lake m Ecoregion Median Ul o 2 M No of Species Mean C e Species Distribution Maps The following maps indicate the locations that the specified plant was surveyed or visually seen during the August whole lake point intercept survey um E E 5 i J P i 8 H ce is Aaa er Arr ta L i d filamentous algae E y PU E i 5 w de 4 gt 2 E Prep O 2 r f 4 LP INCUN ee ie u d t 2 5 yY 2 BJ LI E 80 p ub f rininis A Tori see M gt r 2 isoetes sp quillwort E Elodea canadensis Common waterweed E A ny E WI At M L B SE aid 2 k Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed NU E 4 AL d A B S 1 LI 3 y E 7 Muskgrasses y E s v LT o ww Li 2 y LI B 2 B ia LI Nitella sp Nitella Ur 8 Arias Say O Toggle P 2 7 y 0 diet 5 pede P a B IS i 2 4 k d Y Megalodonta beckii Water marigold
27. SET SIMULATING GPS MODE You must operate the Garmin GPS receiver in Simulating GPS mode while uploading downloading data so that the receiver is not trying to acquire satellite data during these activities Check your GPS manual to determine how to do this Instructions for the GPSMap 76 are given below 1 Press and hold the ON OFF button for two seconds to turn the GPS receiver on 2 Several informational screens will display Press the PAGE button until the first Acquiring Satellites screen appears 3 Press the MENU button and select Start Simulator to see the Simulating GPS page Step 2 SET SERIAL DATA FORMAT You must set the serial data format to GARMIN prior to transferring data Failure to set the serial data format to GARMIN will cause a communication error between the WIDNR Garmin Tool and the GPS unit Instructions for a GPSMap 76 are given below 1 Press the MENU button twice use the rocker key to select Setup and then press ENTER 2 Use the rocker key to scroll left or right until the Interface tab is highlighted Use the rocker key to scroll down to highlight the drop down box and press ENTER 3 A menu will appear select GARMIN and ENTER Press QUIT twice to return to the main screen Step 3 PLUG IN THE PC INTERFACE CABLE l Plug the 9 pin serial connector into COM port 1 on your PC If port 1 1s in use plug into the next available port and note the port number The WIDNR Ga
28. Tool gt Waypoint gt Upload option 2 When complete the number of uploaded points appears at the bottom of the Garmin GPS Tool window A pop up window also indicates the number of waypoints successfully uploaded Click OK The uploaded waypoints should now be visible on the GPS receiver s Waypoints display 3 Below is an example of lake with waypoints 2 319 239 2 320 2102 211 7286 295 303 311 321 241 2 287 296 304 312 322 124 226 24 255 273 288 297 305 313 023 99 112 125 137 184 198 212 227 43 259 1 289 7298 306 314 324 100 113 7126 138 173 185 199 213 228 244 7260 2 290 299 307 315 325 1 E 18 2 46 8 101 114 127 3 166 174 186 214 229 24 261 2 291 300 308 316 326 10 15 27 33 39 47 59 54 55 102 115 125 140 145 154 161 167 7175 187 01 215 30 246 262 292 301 309 317 y 11 28 34 io 48 60 69 18 55 103 116 129 141 149 155 162 168 176 188 202 21 231 24 263 278 293 302 310 31 42 21 29 35 1 49 61 10 79 an 5608 10 0 142 150 156 163 169 17 189 203 217 232 248 264 9 294 0 6 30 91 10 118 131 143 5167 170 178 190 204 218 233 24 265 80 1 3 12 81 2 106 119 132 158 179 191 205 219 234 250 2 81 64 3 82 a3 10 120 133 144 151 159 65 192 206 220 235 251 26 282 5 3 6 1 83 1 108 121 134 145 152 160 207 221 236 252 268 263 1 6 54 a 10 122 135 146 153 193 208 22 237 2562 4760 254 6 6 8 965 110 12 136 147 180 194 209 223 238 8 97 iriI 181 195 10 22
29. al to slightly acidic pH but it can exist in a wide range of soil types Most seedling establishment occurs in late spring and early summer when temperatures are high Purple loosestrife spreads mainly by seed but it can also spread vegetatively from root or stem segments A single stalk can produce from 100 000 to 300 000 seeds per year Seed survival 1s up to 60 70 resulting in an extensive seed bank Mature plants with up to 50 shoots grow over 2 meters high and produce more than two million seeds a year Germination is restricted to open wet soils and requires high temperatures but seeds remain viable in the soil for many years Even seeds submerged in water can live for approximately 20 months Most of the seeds fall near the parent plant but water animals boats and humans can transport the seeds long distances Vegetative spread through local perturbation 1s also characteristic of loosestrife clipped trampled or buried stems of established plants may produce shoots and roots Plants may be quite large and several years old before they begin flowering It 1s often very difficult to locate non flowering plants so monitoring for new invasions should be done at the beginning of the flowering period in mid summer Any sunny or partly shaded wetland 1s susceptible to purple loosestrife invasion Vegetative disturbances such as water drawdown or exposed soil accelerate the process by providing ideal conditions for seed germination Invasion u
30. and habitat and consider need for treatment or scale of treatment given bio control potential Use CLMN Herman guidance on weevil monitoring The plant surveys should be conducted by an independent party not directly affiliated with the herbicide applicator to prevent bias or appearance of bias Measuring success or the need to change course e Chose a percent decrease in the target plant area coverage or frequency of occurrence for an annual goal of at least 50 for restoration projects e For an overall long term goal a reduction to less than large scale treatment less than 10 acres or 10 of lake littoral area where annual spot treatments can sustain low level occurrences is reasonable Alternatively a goal of reducing dense beds to scattered plants using a density measurement might be appropriate Acceptable native response is no net loss and ideally some gain However some loss may be purely sampling variance or inter annual variation Appendix G Shoreline Assessment Protocol Lake Shoreline Asssessment Survey Protocol Goal Determine the composition of the shoreline and the 35 foot buffer Uses 1 Correlate if possible the conditions of buffer and water quality 2 Targeted property owner education about advantages of buffers 3 Identify egregious conditions on the lake shore 4 Support for grant applications if appropriate 5 Reference if a landowner takes future action adverse to local regulations Procedure Tour the
31. arked during 2011 recaptured during 2012 The estimated population using a modified Peterson estimate was 185 137 The wide 95 confidence limits are the result of the small recapture sample The estimate of 0 20 adult muskellunge per acre 185 fish 928 acres 1s below the statewide average which is about 0 33 fish per acre but is not unusually low Lakes with moderate to low densities of muskellunge generally support higher growth rates than high density musky lakes Several juvenile muskellunge were observed in fyke nets during 2012 Most of the juvenile muskellunge contained PIT tags which allowed calculation of growth from the time they were stocked September 2011 until spring The mean growth increment was 1 54 total length Most of the growth probably occurred during fall 2011 The growth of the fish indicates that they were in good condition at the time of stocking Four untagged individuals were examined for evidence of tag loss The tagged fish ranged in size from 12 1 TL to 14 0 TL One untagged individual was slightly larger than the tagged individuals 15 1 had no evidence of scarring from a tag and was likely the product of natural reproduction during 2010 Another untagged fish was smaller 10 5 TL also lacked evidence of tagging and was likely the product of natural recruitment during 2011 These fish provide evidence that limited natural recruitment is occurring in Sand Lake Figure 1 Length total length inches fr
32. asp Nitella 577 48 19 2 Nuphar variegata Spatterdock 337 28 11 1 Megalodonta beckii Water marigold 24 2 08 6 sibiricum milfoil 1 92 1 6 1 a aguatilis crowfoot 1 44 1 2 0 5 Brasenia schreberi Watershield 144 12 05 1 Small duckweed 144 12 05 1 Equisetum fluviatile water horsetail 096 08 03 1 aquateum Ppewot os os os 1 aquaticum Pipewort 0 3 1 Nymphaea odorata White water lily 0 96 08 03 1 Potamogeton strictifolius Stiff pondweed 0 48 0 2 1 Frequency of occurrence within vegetated areas 76 Number of times a species was seen in a vegetated area divided by the total number of vegetated sites Frequency of occurrence at sites shallower than maximum depth of plants Number of times a species was seen divided by the total number of sites shallower than maximum depth of plants whole lake value how often it occurs within the entire littoral zone Plant Diversity Sand Lake has a very diverse plant community consisting of 27 native species The Simpson s diversity index is also very high at 0 91 indicating a healthy ecosystem and a high degree of diversity No single plant dominates within the lake The plant species abundance is balanced between many different types Floristic Ouality Index Sand Lake has a very high FOI 32 0 There were 24 specie
33. bits protein synthesis on EWM Applied as liquid or granules May be effective in reducing reestablishment of Not as effective in dense plant beds heavy CLP if reapplied several years in a row in early vegetation requires multiple treatments spring Can be selective depending on concentration Not to be used in water supplies post and seasonal timing treatment restriction on irrigation Can be combined with 2 4 D for early season Toxic to aquatic fauna to varying degrees CLP and EWM treatments or with copper compounds Limited off site drift Broad spectrum contact herbicide that Mostly used for water milfoil and duckweed May impact non target plants especially disrupts cellular functioning native pondweeds coontail elodea naiads Applied as liquid can be combined with Rapid action Toxic to aquatic invertebrates copper treatment Limited direct toxicity on fish and other animals Must be reapplied several years in a row Ineffective in muddy or cold water lt 50 F Fluridone Y special permit Broad spectrum systemic herbicide that Effective on EWM for 1 to 4 years with Affects non target plants particularly native and Environmental inhibits photosynthesis aggressive follow up treatments milfoils coontails elodea and naiads even Assessment may at low concentrations be required Must be applied during early growth stage Some reduction in non target effects can be Requires long contact time at low doses 60 achieved by lowering do
34. ce e g rocks dock pilings aquatic weeds water intakes boat hulls on which to live grow and reproduce They attach to these surfaces using adhesive structures called byssal threads Zebra mussels feed by drawing water into their bodies and filtering out most of the suspended microscopic plants animals and debris for food This process can lead to increased water clarity and a depleted food supply for other aquatic organisms including fish The higher light penetration fosters growth of rooted aquatic plants which although creating more habitat for small fish may inhibit the larger predatory fish from finding their food This thicker plant growth can also interfere with boaters anglers and swimmers Zebra mussel infestations may also promote the growth of blue green algae since they avoid consuming this type of algae but not others Zebra mussels attach to the shells of native mussels in great masses effectively smothering them A survey by the Corps in the East Channel of the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien revealed a substantial reduction in the diversity and density of native mussels due to Zebra Mussel infestations The East Channel provides habitat for one of the best mussel beds in the Upper Mississippi River Future efforts are being considered to relocate such native mussel beds to waters that are less likely to be impacted by zebra mussels Financial impacts have been significant to Wisconsin s water utilities and to powe
35. d before it has the opportunity to present throughout the lake autofragment which may create more fragments than created by harvesting Minimal impact to lake ecology Harvested lanes through dense weed beds can increase growth and survival of some fish Can remove some nutrients from lake Biological Control Living organisms e g insects or fungi eat or Self sustaining organism will over winter infect plants resume eating its host the next year Lowers density of problem plant to allow growth of natives a Weevils on EWM Native weevil prefers EWM to other native Native to Wisconsin weevil cannot escape water milfoil and become a problem Selective control of target species Longer term control with limited management Page 2 of 8 WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 CONS Not selective in species removed Fragments of vegetation can re root Can remove some small fish and reptiles from lake Initial cost of harvester expensive Effectiveness will vary as control agent s population fluctates Provides moderate control complete control unlikely Control response may be slow Must have enough control agent to be effective Need to stock large numbers even if some already present Need good habitat for overwintering on shore leaf litter associated with undeveloped shorelines Bluegill populations decrease densities through predation Management Options for Aguatic Plants ER IR
36. e negative ecological impacts i e fish and wildlife non target aquatic plants e Not selective e Weather factors play a key role in the success or failure e Inconsistency of plant Eurasian watermilfoil response e Could have negative socioeconomic impacts i e people could dislike the low ice water levels for recreation and or aesthetic reasons e f draw down does not occur semi regularly recolonization will occur e Algal blooms have been reported to occur in response to drawdowns Benthic Barrier Creates limited environmental Can inhibit native plant growth disturbance for 1 2 years following removal Allow for selectivity of area EWM can recolonize up to 5096 of area in 1 month WDNR approval is required Deep water infestations require scuba gear Good for small areas near Non specific docks NEN Not feasible for large areas Conventional Mechanical Harvesting Systems Can select areas to open up Must be deeper than three feet with few stumps fishing amp boating lanes Can remove a lot of plant Fragmentation biomass in short amount of Possible damage to shoreline and or structures If not properly maintained they can discharge oils and gases into lake Not species specific Costly 125 hr and 40 hr min 6500 2500 hectare Could cause disturbance of historical artifacts Cut stems sometimes grow back thicker Needs to be done repeatealy Biological Biological contro
37. e spread to several U S states and Ontario They have likely spread through bait bucket release by anglers aquarium release by hobbyists activities of commercial harvesters and live study specimen release by teachers and students who buy them from biological supply houses Females can carry fertilized eggs or a male s sperm so even the release of a single female could establish a new population Eradicating established infestations is impossible Your help detecting and reporting new infestations is vital to preventing their spread Identify Rusty Crayfish claws greyish green carapace with pair of to reddish brown dark rust colored ts S shaped ff movable claw Tips with black bands Oval gap i when closed General Characteristics e Adults generally are 3 5 inches 7 13 cm long e Claws larger and smoother than many other crayfish usually without wart like white bumps e Claws with oval gap when closed no distinct thin slit or notch present What You Can Do e Learn to identify rusty crayfish e Inspect and remove aquatic plants and animals from boat motor and trailer e Drain lake or river water from live well and bilge before leaving access e Dispose of unwanted live bait and study specimens in the trash e Never dump live fish or crayfish from one body of water into another e Report new sightings record exact location store specimens in rubbing alcohol if in Minnesota call the MN Department o
38. eadfall dock house for sample points near shore that will provide a visual complement to a dot on a map waterproof paper tags and or Sharpie for labeling bags with vouchers and unknown plant species II Point Intercept Sampling Method 1 Description We require the following point intercept sampling protocol In this method a large number of sampling sites are distributed in a grid across the lake There are several benefits to a grid sampling design An evenly spaced distribution of points results in a good overview of the entire lake It 1s easy to replicate and it 1s easy to preserve and present the spatial information Please contact Jen Hauxwell Jennifer Hauxwell g dnr state wi us with lake name county water body identification code WBIC and any other depth and plant information available so that she can establish sampling points for the lake The size of the littoral zone and shape of the lake determines the number of points and the grid resolution You will receive an electronic file of sampling points to upload into a GPS unit below Once on the lake you will go to each site and collect plants and data as described below 2 Uploading sampling points to the GPS unit The following step by step instructions were adapted from the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool User Manual v 8 2 5 available to DNR employees on the intranet file 5C 5Ccentral 5Cet_apps S5CPROD S5SCWiDNR_ Garmin 5Cstandalone gar min 5CDEV Doc 5CWIDNR Garmin S
39. egetation Raking and hand cutting remove plants at the sediment surface and there 1s some evidence that early season cutting of pondweed can prevent turion production Harvesting generally removes the top 5 feet of the plant Curly leaf pondweed can spread from plant fragments so it is important to clean all vegetation off boats and equipment before leaving water access Chemical Control There are a small number of aquatic herbicides that can be used to control curly leaf pondweed In Minnesota good to excellent control was obtained using formulations of diquat Reward and endothall Aquathall K These chemicals can be used in small areas and will usually knock down curly leaf pondweed within 2 weeks The best time for treatment is in spring or early summer when natives are still dormant and temperatures are low enough for endothall be effective In early experiments with fluridone Sonar production of turions was completely inhibited following early season treatments Fluridone usually has to be applied to an entire lake and requires 30 days to knock down curly leaf pondweed Habitat manipulation Habitat manipulation such as drawdowns and dredging can also be used to manage curly leaf pondweed Fall drawdown can kill the plants by exposing them to freezing temperatures and desiccation Dredging can be used as a control by increasing the water depth In deep water the plants do not receive enough light to survive This method can be detrimental
40. equency distribution of muskellunge gt 20 TL sampled in Sand Lake Sawyer County WI during spring 2012 gt a o kn LL op Total Length in SPRING ADULT WALLEYE POPULATION ESTIMATE LAKE SAND L AREA 928 COUNTY SAWYER RECRUITMENT CODE C ST YEAR 2012 AGENCY GLIFWC POPULATION ESTIMATE SUMMARIES MARKED TOTAL FISH UNMARKED MARKED POPULATION FISH SPEARED TOTAL FISH ESTIMATE SPEARED LENGTH TOTAL BEFORE ADJUSTED CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN BEFORE BEFORE POPULATION INTERVAL GIVEN RECAPTURE NUMBER RECAPTURE RECAPTURE RECAPTURE SPEARING RECAPTURE ESTIMATE STANDARD INCHES MARK SURVEY MARKED M SURVEY C SURVEY SURVEY R ADJUSTMENT SURVEY N DEVIATION 120 225 1 931 5 557 617 2 054 12 14 12 0 0 0 TOTAL 2 680 5 2 6 5 286 188 98 POPULATION ESTIMATE 7 850 STANDARD DEVIATION 651 WALLEYE ACRE 8 46 COEFF OF VARIATION 8 29 MARKED TOTAL FISH UNMARKED MARKED POPULATION FISH SPEARED TOTAL FISH ESTIMATE SPEARED LENGTH TOTAL BEFORE ADJUSTED CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN CAUGHT IN BEFORE BEFORE POPULATION INTERVAL GIVEN RECAPTURE NUMBER RECAPTURE RECAPTURE RECAPTURE SPEARING RECAPTURE ESTIMATE STANDARD INCHES MARK SURVEY MARKED M SURVEY SURVEY SURVEY R ADJUSTMENT SURVEY N DEVIATION 120 1893 2 5 469 397 3 1 298 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 2 410 5 2 405 270 177 93 POPULATION ESTIMATE 6 993 STANDARD DEVIATION 581 WALLEYE ACRE 7 54 COEFF OF VARIATION 8 3
41. f sediment that encourages rooting Buoys can mark identified colonies and warn boaters to stay away Whenever possible milfoil control sites should become customized management zones For example colony removal by harvesting can be followed by planting native plants to stabilize sediments against wave action build nurseries for fry attract waterfowl and compete against new milfoil invasions DNR permits are required for chemical treatments bottom screening and buoy barrier placement Chemical Control Herbicide treatment 1s not recommended because it is typically disruptive to aquatic ecosystems and not selective in the vegetation it affects thus threatening native plants Biological Control Eurhychiopsis lecontei an herbivorous weevil native to North America has been found to feed on Eurasian water milfoil Adult weevils feed on the stems and leaves and females lay their eggs on the apical meristem top growing tip larvae bore into stems and cause extensive damage to plant tissue before pupating and emerging from the stem Three generations of weevils hatch each summer with females laying up to two eggs per day It 1s believed that these insects are causing substantial decline in some milfoil populations Because this weevil prefers Eurasian water milfoil other native aquatic plant species including northern watermilfoil are not at risk from the weevil s introduction Twelve Wisconsin lakes are currently part of a two year DNR pr
42. f Natural Resources Invasive Species Program in St Paul 1 888 MINNDNR or Doug Jensen of Minnesota Sea Grant Know the rules Specimens are needed to confirm sightings but some jurisdictions prohibit or discourage possession and transport of rusty crayfish and other invasive aquatic plants and animals Contact your local natural resource management agency for instructions Unauthorized introduction of plants or fish into the wild is illegal Protect your property and our waters Spiny Waterflea and Fishhook Waterflea Bythotrephes cederstroemi and Cercopagis pengoi Photo by Pieter Johnson UW Center for Limnology Both waterfleas entered the Great Lakes in ship ballast water from Europe the spiny waterflea arrived in the 1980 s followed in the 1990 s by the fishhook water flea Only about 1 4 to A inches in length individual waterfleas may go unnoticed However both species tend to gather in masses on fishing lines and downrigger cables so anglers may be the first to discover a new infestation Spiny and fishhook waterfleas are predators they eat smaller zooplankton planktonic animals including Daphnia This puts them in direct competition with juvenile fish for food Young fish have trouble eating these waterfleas due to their long spiny tails The spiny and fishhook water fleas produce rapidly through parthenogenesis commonly known as asexual reproduction which means that no males are required and populations can explode
43. foil is nearly impossible to distinguish from Northern water milfoil Eurasian water milfoil has 9 21 pairs of leaflets per leaf while Northern milfoil typically has 7 11 pairs of leaflets Coontail 1s often mistaken for the milfoils but does not have individual leaflets DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Eurasian milfoil first arrived in Wisconsin in the 1960 s During the 1980 s it began to move from several counties in southern Wisconsin to lakes and waterways in the northern half of the state As of 1993 Eurasian milfoil was common in 39 Wisconsin counties 54 and at least 75 of its lakes including shallow bays in Lakes Michigan and Superior and Mississippi River pools Eurasian Water Milfoil c Barry A Rice The Nature Conservancy Eurasian water milfoil grows best in fertile fine textured inorganic sediments In less productive lakes it 1s restricted to areas of nutrient rich sediments It has a history of becoming dominant in eutrophic nutrient rich lakes although this pattern is not universal It is an opportunistic species that prefers highly disturbed lake beds lakes receiving nitrogen and phosphorous laden runoff and heavily used lakes Optimal growth occurs in alkaline systems with a high concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon High water temperatures promote multiple periods of flowering and fragmentation LIFE HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF INVASION Unlike many other plants Eurasian water milfoil does not rely on seed
44. for reproduction Its seeds germinate poorly under natural conditions It reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation allowing it to disperse over long distances The plant produces fragments after fruiting once or twice during the summer These t WI DNR Aquatic Invasive Species Fact Sheets shoots may then be carried downstream by water currents or inadvertently picked up by boaters Milfoil is readily dispersed by boats motors trailers bilges live wells or bait buckets and can stay alive for weeks 1f kept moist Once established in an aquatic community milfoil reproduces from shoot fragments and stolons runners that creep along the lake bed As an opportunistic species Eurasian water milfoil 1s adapted for rapid growth early in spring Stolons lower stems and roots persist over winter and store the carbohydrates that help milfoil claim the water column early in spring photosynthesize divide and form a dense leaf canopy that shades out native aquatic plants Its ability to spread rapidly by fragmentation and effectively block out sunlight needed for native plant growth often results in monotypic stands Monotypic stands of Eurasian milfoil provide only a single habitat and threaten the integrity of aquatic communities in a number of ways for example dense stands disrupt predator prey relationships by fencing out larger fish and reducing the number of nutrient rich native plants available for waterfowl Dense stands of Eurasian water m
45. from the county Call before visiting the property 13 Produce an Excel summary of the lake by section Review the result of the work with the County Land and Water Conservation Department 14 It goes without saying this is a lot of work Back up your data and pictures frequently 15 Create a CD or DVD of the pictures and spread sheets Keep one in a safe place Distribute copies to those that need them Spreadsheet Data Elements Parcel number Total Total Elevation of buffer Property owner Natural vegetation Natural Non conforming structures Picture number Natural Sand Impervious surfaces Log in the water Natural Rock Cleared Comments RipRap Lawn Structures Sand Lawn Other as needed Sand hauled in Other as needed Spreadsheet Data Element Descriptions Shoreline This is the condition of the shoreline where the water meets the land at the ordinary water level Natural At the water s edge there 1s natural vegetation If there 1s a small strip of sand say less than one foot before the vegetation call it natural vegetation sand Either natural or man made beach Rock A natural rock shoreline RipRap Rock put there by man Structures Man made impervious surfaces such as boat launches or boat houses Column heading Struct Lawn Obviously planted or natural that is routinely mowed Note it may not be necessary to use all the specific categories for the shoreline
46. ilfoil also inhibit recreational uses like swimming boating and fishing Some stands have been dense enough to obstruct industrial and power generation water intakes The visual impact that greets the lake user on milfoil dominated lakes 1s the flat yellow green of matted vegetation often prompting the perception that the lake is Infested or dead Cycling of nutrients from sediments to the water column by Eurasian water milfoil may lead to deteriorating water quality and algae blooms of infested lakes CONTROLLING EURASIAN WATER MILFOIL Preventing a milfoil invasion involves various efforts Public awareness of the necessity to remove weed fragments at boat landings a commitment to protect native plant beds from speed boaters and indiscriminate plant control that disturbs these beds and a watershed management program to keep nutrients from reaching lakes and stimulating milfoil colonies all are necessary to prevent the spread of milfoil Monitoring and prevention are the most important steps for keeping Eurasian water milfoil under control A sound precautionary measure 1s to check all equipment used in infested waters and remove all aquatic vegetation upon leaving the lake or river All equipment including boats motors trailers and fishing diving equipment should be free of aquatic plants Lake managers and lakeshore owners should check for new colonies and control them before they spread The plants can be hand pulled or raked It is i
47. in the worksheet The date records the most recent version b Field Data discussed above c ENTRY a data entry sheet for transferring field data to the computer spread sheet You must transfer all of the information collected in the field to the ENTRY sheet You should be able to copy the coordinates for the sampling points from the text file you uploaded onto the GPS unit and paste these into the entry sheet There is a column for comments on the ENTRY sheet d STATS an automated statistics page that provides a summary of the plant data The summary statistics of the plant survey will automatically appear in the STATS sheet of APMstats123 xls after data are entered in ENTRY e Boat Survey discussed above V Where to Send Data send electronic copies of the ENTRY STATS and Boat Survey to Jen Hauxwell Jennifer Hauxwell dnr state wi us Rake Fullness Ratings Rake fullness ratings are given from 1 3 for each species Conditions of the ratings are described below Rating Coverage Description 111114 A few plants on rake head Rake head is about 2 full Can easily see top of rake head Overflowing Cannot see top of rake head Rake Construction Pictures of a rake are shown below with potential vendors of the components indicated These are not endorsements of specific vendors Pole Sampler The rake sampler is made from two rake heads welded together measuring 13 8 inches 35 centimete
48. ke b Site Number Each site location is defined by the lat long data imported onto your GPS unit and each site should have one row of data c Depth Measure and record the depth at each site sampled regardless of whether vegetation 1s present It is often easiest to mark the pole to establish depth for the shallower sites However a variety of options exist for taking depth measurements including SONAR guns depth finders that attach to the boat or depth increments marked on the rope attached to the weighted rake sampler If using a depth finder please note that the accuracy decreases greatly in densely vegetated areas depth will often be given to the top of the vegetation instead of to the lake bottom d Dominant sediment type Record sediment type based on how the rake feels when in contact with the bottom at each site where plants are sampled as mucky M sandy S or rocky R e Pole vs rope Record whether the field team held the rake by the pole P or rope R f Species information Note that the field data entry sheet does not include any species names except for EWM Eurasian water milfoil and CLP curly leaf pondweed The sampling team must enter the species name the first time that species is encountered Names will have to be entered again on successive field sheets as they are encountered The use of standard abbreviations can greatly shorten this process For all species record the rake fullness rating
49. l is the use of parasitoid predator pathogen antagonist or competitor populations to suppress a pest population making it less abundant and thus less damaging than it would otherwise be The most commonly used biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil is the indigenous weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei The milfoil weevil is native to our region and is hosted by native watermilfoils especially northern watermilfoil Myriophyllum sibiricum The weevil spends its summers on watermilfoil plants where it completes the various stages of its life cycle and overwinters in dry leaf litter along the shore The milfoil weevil is highly specific to watermilfoils and research has shown that weevils that have been exposed to Eurasian watermilfoil prefer it over the native milfoils The milfoil weevil has been shown to prevent growth of watermilfoil in laboratory and field settings and is often associated with numerous milfoil declines It is however completely unpredictable as to the success of the milfoil weevil in a certain lake but if milfoil weevil populations are successful at controlling Eurasian watermilfoil the weevil milfoil relations will most likely become cyclic Also the weevils do not prefer deep areas yet they do not need to be in close proximity to shore It is difficult to maintain milfoil weevil populations and the native plants must be competitive enough to push out the impacted Eurasian watermilfoil If successful weevil milfoil
50. lants A summary table from the WI DNR for management options of aquatic plants is also included in this appendix Introduction Taking inventory of the present situation in order to predict possible outcomes will prove vital in the decision making process of what control option s would be the most successful for Whitefish Lake Also it is in some instances preferable to choose a no action option for a short period of time to provide more time for further exploration and discussion of other control options Control of Eurasian watermilfoil is just that control It is unlikely that Eurasian watermilfoil can ever be eradicated from a lake once it is established The Eurasian water milfoil in Whitefish lake is very limited at this time Considering combinations of the following management options will likely increase the success of any Eurasian watermilfoil control Chemical Control Chemical control uses herbicides to treat EWM infestations Depending upon the application technique and management decisions chemical control can be used as either a partial or whole lake treatment However given the size and morphology of Whitefish Lake whole lake treatments using chemicals is not a realistic option There are two major types of herbicide commonly used to treat EWM infestations systemic and contact herbicides Two forms of contact herbicides have been used to control Eurasian watermilfoil Diquat and Endothall Contact herbicides kill the pla
51. larity No immediate financial cost No system disturbance No unintended effects of chemicals Permit not required Flexible control Can balance habitat and recreational needs Little to no damage done to lake or to native plant species Can be highly selective Can be done by shoreline property owners without permits within an area 30 ft wide OR where selectively removing exotics Can be very effective at removing problem plants particularly following early detection of an invasive exotic species Page 1 of 8 WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 CONS May allow small population of invasive plants to become larger more difficult to control later Excessive plant growth can hamper navigation and recreational lake use May require modification of lake users behavior and perception Must be repeated often more than once per season Can suspend sediments and increase turbidity and nutrient release Very labor intensive Needs to be carefully monitored Roots runners and even fragments of some species particularly Eurasian watermilfoil EWM will start new plants so all of plant must be removed Small scale control only Management Options for Aguatic Plants Permit How it Works PROS Needed Harvesting Plants are mowed at depths of 2 5 ft Immediate results collected with a conveyor and off loaded onto shore Harvest invasives only if invasive is already EWM remove
52. littoral zone would be estimated at 20 Simpson s diversity index Simpson s diversity index is calculated to measure how diverse the plant community is This value can run from O to 1 0 The greater the value the more diverse the plant community is in a particular lake In theory the value is the chance that two species sampled are different An index of 1 means that the two will always be different very diverse and a 0 would indicate that they will never be different only one species found The more diverse the plant community the better the lake ecosystem Maximum depth of plants This depth indicates the deepest that plants were sampled Generally lakes with higher water clarity have a greater depth of plants while lower water clarity limits light penetration and reduces the depth at which plants are found Species richness The number of different individual species found in the lake Results include a number for the species richness of plants sampled and another number that takes into account plants viewed but not actually sampled during the survey Floristic Quality Index The Floristic Quality Index FOI is an index developed by Dr Stanley Nichols of the University of Wisconsin Extension This index is a measure of the plant community in response to development and human influence on the lake It takes into account the species of aquatic plants found and their tolerance for changing water quality and habitat quali
53. ment survey the natives must be assessed the summer before treatment Therefore after defining the proposed treatment polygons 1a perform a presence absence and rake fullness assessment of all plants at a sub sample of points within and near the polygons determined by i A reference table Sample polygons greater than 5 acres unless the proposed treatment areas are smaller than 5 acres Polygon 200 JB 1000 40 YR 2 First treatment 2 Pre treatment Survey a Using the established proposed treatment polygons from YR 1 repeat the methods in proposed treatment survey as needed sampling only for EWM to confirm the appropriateness of the treatment area Plants will be small and may be very sparse this time of year Underwater visual video of the middle and edges of the proposed polygon is highly recommended 3 CONDUCT TREATMENT after the target specie is actively growing but before native species are active Generally this will be prior to water temp of 60 degrees F Best results are generally obtained when biomass is still low thus earlier treatment within the treatment time window is better than later 4 Post treatment Survey Conducted at least four weeks after treatment For CLP post treatment survey needs to be completed before CLP seasonal growth ends For EWM post treatment should be delayed until native plants are well established generally during mid July mid August For the summer post treatment survey repea
54. mer growing season map areas as polygons using GPS to outline beds and pinpoint individual target plants i The initial Point Intercept survey is unlikely to identify every stand of EWM The sponsor or applicant must use additional less formal strategies to find stands of this invasive such as 1 Define beds by sub sampling with a rake at greater frequencies to determine presence only around the points where target plants were found 2 If clarity is good to the depth of rooted plants and bed is topped out identification can be visual but thoroughly augmented with rake tosses to verify species 3 For lower clarity waters sub sample with a rake on a series of denser points Augmenting with scuba and underwater video is highly recommended 4 Boator walk around the shoreline looking for the invasive in the shallow water areas EWM 15 less likely to be found on hard sediments but may occur anywhere 5 Look for plant fragments wind rowed on shore as indication plants floated in from further off shore 6 When trying to see into the water use brown polarized sun glasses or use an Aqua View Scope Confirm EWM with vouchers 1 per large gt 5 acres treatment area or polygon or site visit by DNR personnel who should also voucher In order to assess the effect of chemical treatment on natives there must be a survey of all plant species before treatment However since natives will be largely absent at the time of the spring pre treat
55. mperative that all fragments be removed from the water and the shore Plant fragments can be used in upland areas as a garden mulch Mechanical Control Mechanical cutters and harvesters are the most common method for controlling Eurasian water milfoil in Wisconsin While harvesting may clear out beaches and boat landing by breaking up the milfoil canopy the method is not selective removing beneficial aquatic vegetation as well These machines also create shoot fragments which contributes to milfoil dispersal Harvesting should be used only after colonies have become widespread and harvesters should be used offshore where they have room to turn around Hand cutters work best inshore where they complement hand pulling and bottom screening Bottom screening can be used for severe infestations but will kill native vegetation as well A diver operated suction dredge can be used to vacuum up weeds but the technique can destroy nearby native plants and temporarily raise water turbidity Hand pulling is the preferred control method for colonies of under 0 75 acres or fewer than 100 plants The process is both thorough and selective not to mention time consuming special care must be taken to collect all roots and plant fragments during removal Sites remote from boat traffic can be covered with bottom screens that are anchored firmly against the lake bed to kill grown shoots and prevent new sproutings but screens must be removed each fall to clean of
56. muskellunge were sampled with fyke nets Nets were fished overnight and checked daily throughout the sample period Muskellunge were measured total length inches and tagged with a PIT tag which provides a unique code to identify the fish Muskellunge were released after handling Walleye were measured and released Walleye length data were provided to GLIFWC to supplement their walleye population estimate but are not reported here Baseline monitoring data were also collected for two days and provided to Upper Chippewa Basin biologists but are not reported here sample locations were based on habitat and records from previous WDNR surveys Nets were set after ice out beginning 3 23 Nets were moved or removed based on observed trends in catch rates and water temperature with the last nets removed on 4 4 Results and discussion Twenty seven muskellunge with total length gt 20 were handled during 72 net lifts for an average of 0 37 fish net lift which is nearly identical to the catch rate of 0 35 net lift observed during 2011 Overall the average length of adult muskellunge sampled was 36 8 inches total length which is not significantly different than the mean of 36 9 observed during 2011 Size distribution is shown in Figure 1 Seven fish 40 inches or larger were sampled An early ice out followed by cool weather made for another unusual spring netting season during 2012 Catch rates were lower than expected with a small number of fish m
57. n produce larger samples of accurately aged fish and improve estimates of longevity and growth potential We can also produce better estimates of survival rates of stocked fish and infer the contribution of natural reproduction This information improves understanding of muskellunge biology and management The study will also track adult muskellunge density by conducting population estimates with spring netting surveys Population estimates require two consecutive years of fyke net surveys Fish netted during the first year are usually marked with a fin clip although the marking technique used in this study is tagging with a passive integrated transponder PIT tag The ratio of marked to unmarked fish during sampling conducted the second year is used to estimate the total adult population PIT tags will allow us to identify individual fish and track growth from the time of capture However the primary objective of adult sampling is to estimate density a factor known to be important to growth rates The current study plans call for stocking 5 year classes of PIT tagged fingerlings in alternate years and two mark recapture adult population estimates Sand Lake was stocked with PIT tagged fingerlings during 2009 and 2011 The project will be evaluated for cost effectiveness based on survival rates of stocked fish after 10 years and will be continued if survival rates are sufficiently high and funding and staffing are available Methods Adult
58. naturally over a few Should not be used in pond or lake with weeks outflow Impairs aesthetics Effects to microscopic organisms unknown Non point source nutrient Runoff of nutrients from the watershed are Attempts to correct source of problem not treat Results can take years to be evident due to control reduced e g by controlling construction symptoms internal recycling of already present lake erosion or reducing fertilizer use thereby nutrients providing fewer nutrients available for plant growth Could improve water clarity and reduce Requires landowner cooperation and occurrences of algal blooms regulation Native plants may be able to better compete Improved water clarity may increase plant with invasive species in low nutrient conditions growth Page 5 of 8 Chemical Control Permit Needed Y Required under NR 107 Management Options for Aquatic Plants How it Works PROS Granules or liquid chemicals kill plants or Some flexibility for different situations cease plant growth some chemicals used primarily for algae Results usually within 10 days of treatment Some can be selective if applied correctly but repeat treatments usually needed Chemicals must be used in accordance with Can be used for restoration activities label guidelines and restrictions Systemic herbicide selective to broadleaf Moderately to highly effective especially on plants that inhibits cell division in new tissue EWM Applied as liquid or
59. nd Frequency of occurrence is usually reported using sample points where vegetation was present Relative frequency This value shows as a percentage the frequency of a particular plant relative to other plants This 1s not dependent on the number of points sampled The relative frequency of all plants will add to 100 This means that if plant A had a relative frequency of 30 it occurred 30 of the time compared to all plants sampled or makes up 30 of all plants sampled This value allows us to see which plants are the dominant species in the lake The higher the relative frequency the more common the plant is compared to the other plants Total Sample Points This 1s the total number of points created for sampling on the lake This may not be the same as the actual points sampled When doing a survey samples aren t taken at depths outside of the littoral zone the area where plants can grow Once the maximum depth of plants is established many of the points deeper than this are eliminated to save time and effort Sample points with vegetation This 1s the number of sites where plants were actually sampled It gives a good idea of the plant coverage of the lake If 20 of all grid sample points had vegetation it implies about 20 coverage of plants in the whole lake We also look at the number of sample sites with vegetation in the littoral zone If 20 of the littoral zone had sample points with vegetation then the plant coverage in the
60. ng a deep section in the lake record the depth but do not record any species information Sample one more deeper site beyond that point to ensure that you have correctly identified the maximum plant depth This should be done for each set of points surrounding the deep portion of the lake Along any N S or E W transect sampling should continue for at least 2 points beyond the last site with plants Some sites may not have any plants even if the site 1s shallower than the maximum plant depth For these sites fill out the data sheet as usual with no species identified These sites will be included as sites as deep as or shallower than the maximum plant depth 7 Collect voucher samples Collect 2 samples of each species found on each lake These samples must be pressed and dried according to the protocol in Appendix F Send one prepared specimen to the local DNR office who will pass them on to a University herbarium Keep one specimen for the lake group as a reference for future plant identification If the field team 1s unable to identify a plant please try to get fresh plants to the local DNR lake management specialist as it is much easier to identify fresh plants than pressed plants Be sure to let them know you are sending plants so that they can be processed promptly IV Entering data on the spreadsheets and summary data The APMstats123 xls Excel workbook has 5 spreadsheets a READ ME with a summary of all the spreadsheets included
61. nt tissue that it comes in contact with This makes contact herbicides nonselective and if too much plant material is killed it can cause anoxic conditions which can have negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem Diquat typically shows results within 6 10 days and is not as effective in silty or muddy waters Also certain water uses can be restricted from 24 hours to 14 days i e fishing swimming water intake etc oystemic herbicides like 2 4 D or Fluridone translocate throughout the entire plant and under ideal conditions can provide complete control of target weed 2 4 D is somewhat species specific and has been used to successfully control watermilfoil in our region though no long term control has been shown Soon after application 2 4 D is absorbed by the plants leaf and stem tissues and moves to the actively growing apical regions in the shoots and roots killing the entire plant Fluridone is typically used on areas larger than 5 acres or full lake treatments Species selectivity can be achieved by varying dosage amounts It typically takes 30 40 days before results are seen Fluridone also prevents anoxic conditions that are often associated with herbicide treatments However flow rates within the lake system must be known or the herbicide could be flushed out of the lake Given Whitefish Lake s morphology it may not be appropriate to use Fluridone It is also unclear whether or not long term control using Fluridone is successful
62. oint At coarser zoom 120 foot and up even if you are completely covering the point you still may be quite far from the point just because the arrow is so large in comparison to the size of the points You may need to navigate at a greater zoom resolution but as you approach the target point switch to the 80 ft zoom resolution to assure you hit your point accurately c Hard to reach points It may be hard to get to some sampling sites especially in certain bays where the water 1s very shallow and the substrate is mucky When possible and practical try to get to the point by poling with an oar but do not spend undue time poling to these shallow sites Due to safety concerns field workers should not get out and drag the boat through mucky sediment to reach a site If the sampling site 1s shallow but the substrate 1s firm you should walk to the site from shore If you cannot access a site leave the depth blank and record NA no access or land if the site is on land in the comments column Remember to transfer these comments to the ENTRY sheet 4 Filling out the Field Data sheet Print the FIELD DATA sheet from the Excel workbook APMstats123 xls for use in the field We recommend printing the data sheet onto waterproof paper such as Xerox Never Tear Paper a Top portion Fill out the top portion of the Field sheet with lake name WBIC county and date Also record all the observers and how many hours they worked on this la
63. oject studying the weevil s effectiveness in curbing Eurasian water milfoil populations The fungi Mycoleptidiscus terrestris 15 also under extensive research Curly Leaf Pondweed Photo by Elizabeth J Czarapata DESCRIPTION Curly leaf pondweed is an invasive aguatic perennial that 1s native to Eurasia Africa and Australia It was accidentally introduced to United States waters in the mid 1880s by hobbyists who used it as an aquarium plant The leaves are reddish green oblong and about 3 inches long with distinct wavy edges that are finely toothed The stem of the plant is flat reddish brown and grows from 1 to 3 feet long The plant usually drops to the lake bottom by early July DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Curly leaf pondweed is commonly found in alkaline and high nutrient waters preferring soft substrate and shallow water depths It tolerates low light and low water temperatures It has been reported in all states but Maine LIFE HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF INVASION Curly leaf pondweed spreads through burr like winter buds turions which are moved among waterways These plants can also reproduce by seed but this plays a relatively small role compared to the vegetative reproduction through turions New plants form under the ice in winter making curly leaf pondweed one of the first nuisance aquatic plants to emerge in the spring It becomes invasive in some areas because of its tolerance for low light and low water temperatures These
64. ol may be appropriately adapted to evaluate non herbicide controls The adaptation will retain the goal of science and financial accountability of AIS grant funded projects Proposed treatment surveys To determine Target areas where EWM is found and within which treatment is proposed for a conditional APM permit Target and native species presence absence and abundance Pre treatment surveys To determine The extent of the AIS both in distribution and density refinement of proposed treatment areas The need for an herbicide treatment or whether another method of control is more appropriate at this time Cost of treatment both in product and labor Proper acreage for permit conditions and public notice Adjustments in application rates based on proximity to native plants e Post treatment surveys To determine The effectiveness of the herbicide application both in density and distribution If herbicide is the desired control method The response of native plants If adjustments need to be made to application rates Future direction of plant management activities e 4 e ey 4 ey 4 Protocol for Established Infestations Base YR Recent within 5 years summer point intercept P I survey to characterize entire plant community and identify potential treatment areas YR 1 Season before treatment may be base year l Proposed treatment survey a During the sum
65. ost are under an inch Zebra mussels usually grow in clusters containing numerous individuals DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Zebra mussels were first found in Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan in 1990 They are now found in a number of inland Wisconsin waters see current infestation list and maps By 1991 the mussels had made their way into Pool 8 of the Mississippi River most likely originating in the Illinois River currents may have carried them to the confluence with the Mississippi from which barges could carry them upriver Populations of zebra mussels are steadily increasing to over several thousand per square meter in some portions of the Mississippi river As of 2003 their distribution included the entire Wisconsin portion of the Mississippi and extended up to Stillwater in the St Croix River Zebra mussels are the only freshwater mollusks that can firmly attach themselves to solid objects They are generally found in shallow 6 30 feet deep algae rich water LIFE HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF INVASION Zebra mussels usually reach reproductive maturity by the end of their first year Reproduction occurs through spawning when sperm and eggs are released into the water Spawning peaks at water temperatures of about 68 degrees F A fertilized egg results in a free swimming planktonic larva called a veliger This veliger remains suspended in the water column for one to five weeks and then begins to sink eventually attaching to a stable surfa
66. otassium permanganate and even oxygen deprivation An ozonation process is under investigation patented by Bollyky Associates Inc which involves the pumping of high concentrations of dissolved ozone into the intake of raw water pipes This method only works in controlling veligers and supposedly has little negative impacts on the ecosystem Further research on effective industrial control measures that minimize negative impacts on ecosystem health 1s needed No selective method has been developed that succeeds in controlling zebra mussels in the wild without also harming other aquatic organisms To a certain extent ducks and fish will eat small zebra mussels but not to the point of effectively controlling their populations Water draw downs may yield positive results in some situations as the mussels are killed by deep freezing during winter They are also susceptible to the scouring and freezing of winter ice along the shores of the Great Lakes As of yet no practical and effective controls are known again emphasizing the need for research and prevention Appendix E Discussion of Aguatic Plant Management Options Control Technigues The following discussion involves technigues used to control the growth and distribution of aguatic plants particularly Eurasian Water Milfoil It should be thoroughly understood the application location timing and combination of treatment methods must be carefully considered to effectively manage aquatic p
67. pecies as well as panfish a pattern that has been observed in other area lakes with deep clear water and few aquatic plants Bluegills were found in low numbers with a relatively high proportion of keeper size fish The fast growth that appears to be present in the population is likely made possible by the presence of a dense walleye population that continually thins the number of small bluegill preventing stunting from occurring The relatively low population of keeper size fish renders this population vulnerable to angler over harvest under a liberal daily bag limit of 25 panfish We also sampled many young walleyes 6 to 8 inches long These fish were just over one year old providing evidence of strong natural reproduction of walleye in 2011 at Sand Lake which has not been stocked since the restoration project was completed Report by Max Wolter Fisheries Biologist Sawyer County Data compiled by Scott Braden LTE Fisheries Technician Reviewed by Approved by Dave Neuswanger Fisheries Supervisor Hayward Field Unit 2012 Spring Netting Summary Sand Lake Sawyer County Fisheries Research Spooner Background Sound management of muskellunge fisheries reguires clear understanding of growth rates and mortality factors that determine population size structure Of particular interest to managers and anglers is the relation between harvest regulations and growth potential Size limits for trophy muskellunge fisheries should be se
68. r plants where these animals congregate on and clog intake and distribution pipes In 2001 for example Wisconsin Electric Power Company reported that they were spending 1 2 million per year in the control of zebra mussels on their Lake Michigan power plants Lock and dam operators on the Mississippi River and raw water users have also incurred costs The estimated annual cost of controlling zebra mussels in the Great Lakes now range from 100 to 400 million according to NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Director Dr Stephen Brandt CONTROLLING ZEBRA MUSSELS Once zebra mussels are established in a water body very little can be done to control them It is therefore crucial to take all possible measures to prevent their introduction in the first place Be sure to follow the four step procedure in preventing the spread of aquatic hitchhikers In addition to these measures boaters can take specific precautions in protecting their motors from zebra mussels Infestation of raw water intake pipes and structures can seriously limit water flow into hatcheries drinking water treatment plants industrial facilities and cooling systems of power plants Virtually all control initiatives have stemmed from such utility or industrial infestations thus cost effectiveness and mechanical functioning are the primary goals Control measures can include physical removal industrial vacuums backflushing chemical applications chlorine bromine p
69. rly constant through the growing season However as described below field workers are asked to assess rake fullness for all species and these ratings will likely vary with sample date For many species including Eurasian water milfoil plant biomass and density will probably increase as the season progresses Narrow leaved pondweeds begin to disappear by mid August Data for these species must be interpreted carefully with the sampling date in mind Curly leaf pondweed CLP creates a special problem because it 1s often gone before the recommended sampling window between early July and mid August If you have any suspicion that CLP is present but not found when sampled be sure to talk to APM staff to work out the best sampling scheme DNR personnel and groups using state money e g planning protection or aquatic invasive species grants must follow this protocol I Field Eguipment 1 Reguired field eguipment boat handheld GPS unit with WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System capability with site locations already loaded Garmin 76 is a commonly used model within DNR a lake map waterproof field data sheets pole mounted rake weighted rake on a rope depth finder storage bags for vouchered specimens personal flotation device 2 Recommended equipment helpful but not necessary trolling motor underwater video camera plant ID references hand lens cooler for storing samples digital camera to document shoreline features e g d
70. rmin GPS Tool does not support connection through a USB port Plug the round end of the cable into the external data auxiliary power port on the back of the GPS receiver Check your GPS manual if you do not know where the data port 1s located The GPS receiver should be on and in simulating GPS mode Step 4 LOAD WAYPOINT DATA FROM A TEXT FILE TO THE WIDNR GARMIN GPS TOOL 1 Open the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool file on computer Select the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool gt File gt Load gt Waypoints From gt GPS Text File option Enter Select the path and name of the text file to load into the Open window The GPS data will be loaded into the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool If you have trouble at this point see the next section on troubleshooting Otherwise go on to section 4 Waypoints Troubleshooting If you encounter problems during loading a pop up window will notify the user Click OK a If problems are encountered check that the COM port 1s set correctly GPS gt Assign Port gt select correct port 7 b Also check that the baud rate matches that of the GPS unit GPS gt Assign Port gt Baud Rate gt select correct rate A GPSMap 76 will transfer at 9600 c Check that the Serial Data Format is set to GARMIN outlined in Step 2 4 Waypoints You can now view edit waypoints by clicking the Advanced button on the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool window Step 5 UPLOAD WAYPOINT DATA TO THE GPS RECEIVER 1 Select the WIDNR Garmin GPS
71. rs long with 14 teeth on each side This example purchased from Menards with wooden poles attached and subsequently removed The handle is 8 ft 2 4 meters in length and should include a telescoping extension that results in a total handle length from tip of rake head to fully extended end of 15 feet 4 6 meters This example was purchased from a pool supply company in Madison WI Bachmann Pool amp Spas Rope Sampler A similar rake head should be constructed for the rope sampler At the point where the pole would be attached tie on a rope or anchor line of at least 40 ft in length If desired attach a 5 Ib weight to the top of the rake away from the tines or thread it on the rake rope This example has a length of steel tubing welded to the rake head to serve as a handle through which is strung 45 ft of climbing rope
72. rworts watermilfoils and coontails Broad spectrum herbicide Affects both monocots and dicots Contact herbicide Unable to move within the plant kills only plant tissue it contacts directly Specific effects of herbicide treatments dependent on timing dosage duration of treatment and location References to registered products are for your convenience and not intended as an endorsement or criticism of that product versus other similar products This document is intended to be a guide to available aquatic plant control techniques and is not necessarily an exhaustive list Please contact your local Aquatic Plant Management Specialist when considering a permit Page 8 of 8 Appendix F WI DNR Pre and Post Treatment MonitoringProtocol Pre and Post AIS Chemical Herbicide Treatment Monitoring May 2007 Purpose This protocol is used to determine the need for and evaluate the results of herbicide application to reduce aquatic invasive plant species The following protocol is applicable for introducing new treatments to lakes where the treatment size is greater than 10 acres or greater than 10 of the lake littoral area and more than 150 feet from shore as well as any AIS grant funded treatments or where performance results are needed where restoration is a goal i e for science or for financial accountability This protocol is written for Eurasian water milfoil EWM but can be adapted for Curly leaf Pondweed and other AIS This protoc
73. ry in which they grow through the summer die back in the winter and begin a new growth cycle in spring So it s best to look for them in late summer and early fall In late summer sponges form _ other When did you observe sponges gemmules small spherical protective structures that contain cells from which new Date sponges will grow in spring The gemmules will appear about the size of poppy How many kinds of sponges did you observe seeds but are tan in color arrows in photo below right They can be clustered or All sponges appeared to be the same kind Study Area scattered in the sponge Sponges appeared to be more than one kind How can we contact you The Citizen Monitoring of Wisconsin s Freshwater Sponges project Name is a statewide inventory program Citizens throughout the state are l now able to collect and report data on sponge occurrence in their Address local lakes and waterways Telephone E mail What Do Freshwater Sponges Look Like 17 Where Do Volunteers Send Their Reports How Common Are Freshwater Sponges Freshwater sponges vary from marble sized to elongated masses and Ves Volunteers can mail their completed We don t know Since little modern survey research questionnaires to has been conducted their conservation status remains unknown Biologists have found sponges in fewer than half of Wisconsin s counties So
74. s used to calculate the FOI The species and their conservatism values are included in Table 3 The mean conservatism value was 6 54 The number of species and FOI are greater than the median values for lakes in the same eco region Northern Lakes and Forests The mean conservatism value is slightly lower however Figure 3 compares these values The high FQI is indicative of a plant community that is intolerant to development and other human disturbances in the watershed It indicates that the plant community 1s healthy and has changed little in response to human impact on water quality and habit sediment changes Table 3 Plant Conservatism Values Conservatism Species Name Common Name Value Elodea canadensis Vallisneria americana Wild celery 6 Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogeton zosteriformis Flat stem pondweed 7 Potamogeton robbinsii___ Fern Leaf pondweed 8 filamentous algae filamentous algae Bushy pondweed 6 Nitellasp Nitella Clasping leaf Potamogeton richardsonii pondweed 5 Megalodonta beckii Water marigold 8 soetes sp quwot 8 Eriocaulon aquaticum Pipewort 9 Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed 6 Nymphaea odorata White water ly 6 Schoenoplectus pungens Three square rush Spatterdock Small duckweed Conservatism Species Name Common Name Value Figure 3 FQI Comparison to Ecoregion Median Sand Lake F
75. sage 90 days Available with a special permit only chemical Slow decomposition of plants may limit Demonstrated herbicide resistance in hydrilla applications beyond 150 ft from shore not decreases in dissolved oxygen subjected to repeat treatments allowed under NH 107 Applied at very low concentration at whole Low toxicity to aquatic animals In shallow eutrophic systems may result in lake scale decreased water clarity Unknown effect of repeat whole lake treatments on lake ecology Page 7 of 8 Management Options for Aguatic Plants ER v WISCONSIN DEPT CF MAT RAL RESOURCES Draft updated Oct 2006 Permit How it Works PROS CONS Needed Glyphosate Broad spectrum systemic herbicide that Effective on floating and emergent plants such RoundUp is often incorrectly substituted for disrupts enzyme formation and function as purple loosestrife Rodeo Associated surfactants of RoundUp believed to be toxic to reptiles and amphibians Usually used for purple loosestrife stems or Selective if carefully applied to individual plants Cannot be used near potable water intakes cattails Applied as liquid spray or painted on Non toxic to most aquatic animals at Ineffective in muddy water loosetrife stems recommended dosages Effective control for 1 5 years No control of submerged plants Triclopyr Systemic herbicide selective to broadleaf Effective on many emergent and floating plants Impacts may occur to some native plants at plants that disrupts en
76. ss across North America can be attributed to its wide tolerance of physical and chemical conditions characteristic of disturbed habitats and its ability to reproduce prolifically by both seed dispersal and vegetative propagation The absence of natural predators like European species of herbivorous beetles that feed on the plant s roots and leaves also contributes to its proliferation in North America Purple loosestrife was first detected in Wisconsin in the early 1930 s but remained uncommon until the 1970 s It is now widely dispersed in the state and has been recorded in 70 of Wisconsin s 72 counties Low densities in most areas of the state suggest that the plant is still in the pioneering stage of establishment Areas of heaviest infestation are sections of the Wisconsin River the extreme southeastern part of the state and the Wolf and Fox River drainage systems This plant s optimal habitat includes marshes stream margins alluvial flood plains sedge meadows and wet prairies It 1s tolerant of moist soil and shallow water sites such as pastures and meadows although established plants can tolerate drier conditions Purple loosestrife has also been planted 1n lawns and gardens which is often how it has been introduced to many of our wetlands lakes and rivers Life History and Effects of Invasion Purple loosestrife can germinate successfully on substrates with a wide range of pH Optimum substrates for growth are moist soils of neutr
77. ssues and procedures a Under sampling near shore One problem with the grid system 1s that it may under sample very shallow sites where the vegetation is often quite different even from sites just a bit deeper To compensate for this problem it 1s essential that you visit bays and shoreline areas missed by the grid and use the rake to collect and identify Record any species seen especially emergent vegetation rooted in water and describe near shore habitats on the Boat Survey sheet These data will not be tallied in the ENTRY or STATS pages but should be recorded on an electronic version of the Boat Survey Sheet to accompany the other data b Navigational error When navigating to sites using a handheld GPS unit remember that there will be inherent error in locating points sometimes as great as 60 feet In addition to that error there remains the question of How close to the point is close enough You will almost never be able to sample a point at 0 feet from the point Total error from the GPS error and navigational error combined should not exceed half of the sampling resolution To avoid this when navigating using the map screen navigate at no more than an 80 foot zoom level and completely cover the point with the arrow At this level the locational arrow on the screen is 8 m long This means that to sample with acceptable accuracy the arrow must completely cover the point you are trying to hit with the arrow centered over the p
78. sually begins with a few pioneering plants that build up a large seed bank in the soil for several years When the right disturbance occurs loosestrife can spread rapidly eventually taking over the entire wetland The plant can also make morphological adjustments to accommodate changes in the immediate environment for example a decrease in light level will trigger a change in leaf morphology The plant s ability to adjust to a wide range of environmental conditions gives it a competitive advantage coupled with its reproductive strategy purple loosestrife tends to create monotypic stands that reduce biotic diversity Purple loosestrife displaces native wetland vegetation and degrades wildlife habitat As native vegetation is displaced rare plants are often the first species to disappear Eventually purple loosestrife can overrun wetlands thousands of acres in size and almost entirely eliminate the open water habitat The plant can also be detrimental to recreation by choking waterways Rusty Crayfish Orconectes rusticus Rusty crayfish are invasive crustaceans spreading to lakes rivers and streams in several areas of North America They are more aggressive than other native crayfish better able to avoid fish predation and can harm native fish populations by eating their eggs and young They can displace native crayfish hybridize with them and graze on and eliminate aquatic plants Native to the Ohio River drainage rusty crayfish hav
79. t at levels that allow harvest of trophy fish but limit exploitation and mortality at smaller sizes allowing fish to achieve their full growth potential Traditional methods of aging fish include reading patterns of annuli from scales or cleithra bones located in the pectoral girdle Scales allow reasonable age estimation in younger fish but accuracy diminishes with increasing age Aging based on cleithra relies on lethal sampling which restricts samples to voluntary returns from harvested fish or fish sampled for purposes such as contaminant sampling Because age and growth records of muskellunge are generally characterized by small sample sizes and are variable among lakes population modeling often relies on assumptions about growth and mortality that cannot be validated with reliable empirical data Therefore we are evaluating alternative methods for determining lake specific growth rates of muskellunge in a set of study lakes including Sand Lake The study 1s being conducted within lakes that are stocked by WDNR and currently assumed to have negligible natural reproduction Stocked fingerlings will be given passive integrated transponder or PIT tags These are small tags that produce a unique signal that can identify individual fish throughout their lives These tags will allow the tracking of known age fish throughout their lives so that future sampling efforts will produce accurate records of age and growth As the fish grow and mature we ca
80. t of the boat was recorded The visually surveyed plant data is not used in the statistical analysis nor is the density recorded Only results from the predetermined sample points were used in the statistical analysis A handheld Global Positioning System GPS located the sampling points in the field The Wisconsin DNR guidelines for point location accuracy were followed with an 80 foot resolution and the location arrow touching the point At each sample location a double sided fourteen tine rake was used to rake a 1 meter tow from off the bow of the boat All plants contained on the rake and those that fell off of the rake were identified and rated as to rake fullness The rake fullness value was used based on the criteria contained in the diagram below Those plants that were within six feet were recorded as viewed but no rake fullness rating was given Rating Coverage guns Figure 1 Sand Lake Sampling Point Grid W Created 2011 AW WISCONSIN DEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Sand Lake Sawyer County WBIC 2393200 T39N RO9W S22 949 5 acres 384 3 ha 830 Sampling Points 68m between Points Site1 Lat 45 84266034 Long 91 48555643 06 Kilometers The depth and predominant bottom type was also recorded for each sample point All plants needing verification were bagged and cooled for later examination Data Analysis Methods The data collected was entered into a spreadsheet for analysis The following
81. t steps l c This will be used to identify effectiveness on target plants determine if there was any harm or benefits to native plants and identify next year s potential treatment areas for target plants a Compare summer surveys If there are chemical treatments in subsequent years compare summer surveys for treatment effects on natives and long term effects on target species 5 Conduct visual survey to look for new colonies YR3 and Yr 4 6 Repeat YR 2 procedure Be sure to resample all areas treated in all years even if treatment area declines in size over time so that an accurate record of control and results can be established YR 5 fe Repeat YR 2 procedure if necessary 8 Conduct a lake wide P I survey repeat base year to gauge overall lake community response Notes Summer to summer post treatment comparison is for assessing native and target species response Conversely spring to spring is for assessing target AIS response Comparing spring to fall in the same year is not a valid assessment of native response A fall survey may be added however to locate potential new EWM spring treatment areas Once established and repeated monitoring indicates that the beds of target species stay in the same location year to year and only density varies pre treatment surveys on repeated nuisance control treatments may be less rigorous During initial P I survey of lake assess weevil damage northern water milfoil abundance and shorel
82. tandalone GPS Tool User Guide pdf This is a two step process First you need to load the sample points you receive from Jen Hauxwell in a text file into the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool a computer file Second you need to upload the points from your computer onto the GPS unit itself For more information or troubleshooting help consult the User Manual Please note that GPS units vary in how many way points they can store In the event that the number of sampling points exceeds your unit s storage capacity simply split the text file containing the point information into multiple files Upload successive files of points as needed For more information on Garmin GPS units please see http www garmin com and navigate to consumer outdoor GPS mapping Choose a unit and then click on specifications and under navigation features find the number of waypoints icons To upload points into your GPS unit from a text file txt using the WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool you will need e PC laptop with WIDNR Garmin GPS Tool software If you do not have the software on your computer contact your administrator for installation e Waypoint txt file in the same format as one created by the WI DNR Garmin GPS Tool Text files received from DNR Research will be in the correct format e PC Interface cable Comes standard with the GPS unit or can be ordered at http www garmin com outdoor products html mapping e GPS unit with external data port Step 1
83. than max depth Average number of all species per site veg sites only Average number of native species per site shallower than max depth Average number of native species per site veg sites only Species Richness Species Richness including visuals Table 2 Sand Lake Aquatic Macrophytes Freq at sites shallower Freg w in than max Common vegetated depth of Relative Rake Species Name Name areas plants Freg Density amens widceley sas as ao americana Wild celery 65 87 54 8 21 5 1 busi smipmiwes 24 26 9 pusillus Small pondweed 27 4 22 8 1 filamentous algae agas 254 2 86 1 filamentous algae algae 26 44 22 1 2 86 1 Najas flexilis Bushy pondweed 26 44 22 e Ia richardsonii pondweed 22 12 18 4 7 2 1 amplifolius pondweed 21 63 18 7 1 1 isoetes sp quilwort 1394 116 46 1 mem enims acutus bulrush 13 46 11 2 1 Myriophyllum Dwarf water tenellum milfoil 11 06 9 2 3 6 1 Freg at sites shallower Freg w in than max Common vegetated depth of Relative Rake Species Name Name areas plants Freg Density maene inoispondweed 1058 se 85 1 illinoensis Illinois pondweed 10 58 8 8 3 5 1 mw am 27 1 robbinsii pondweed 8 17 2 7 1 721 6 24 1 66 em se 22 1 zosteriformis pondweed 6 73 5 6 2 2 1 demum coomani sm 3 2 a demersum Coontail 6 25 5 2 2 1 um pungens rush 6 25 5 2 2 Niell
84. tions distributed evenly over the lake surface point intercept approach We believe that this method when combined with a boat survey to gather additional information on areas not sampled directly will best characterize a lake s plant community The chief benefit of adopting a statewide protocol is that variation in the sample set can be primarily attributed to actual differences in plant communities instead of the confounding variables introduced by using different sampling techniques These guidelines are intended to work on most lakes However modifications may be required if a lake is uniquely shaped so that a uniform distribution of points isn t representative long skinny lake shape or if obtaining rake samples is difficult due to substrate rocky cobble bottom Please note these are baseline recommendations Additional monitoring activities may be warranted if the goal 1s to assess a specific management activity For example to gauge the success of chemical spot treating stands of an exotic species in a relatively large lake we recommend additional mapping of the beds within a season before and after treatment The baseline sampling described below should be conducted between early July and mid August Although changes such as biomass in the plant community through this long sampling window might complicate data interpretation in this survey we are mostly interested in species diversity and frequency variables that should be fai
85. tolerances allow it to get a head start on and outcompete native plants in the spring In mid summer when most aquatic plants are growing curly leaf pondweed plants are dying off Plant die offs may result in a critical loss of dissolved oxygen Furthermore the decaying plants can increase nutrients which contribute to algal blooms as well as create unpleasant stinking messes on beaches Curly leaf pondweed forms surface mats that interfere with aquatic recreation CONTROL METHODS Turions and plant fragments can be carried on boats trailers motors and fishing gear from one water body to another thus proper prevention techniques are essential to curb the spread of this aquatic invasive An effective prevention and remediation program also addresses the overall health of a water body Maintaining a healthy ecosystem with diverse native aquatic plants and animals as well as minimizing nutrient and pollutant inputs will deter invasions Once introduced curly leaf pondweed spreads rapidly Long term management requires the reduction or elimination of turions to interrupt the lifecycle DNR permits are required for chemical treatments mechanical treatments some manual treatments biological control bottom screening and buoy barrier placement Manual Mechanical Control To have the maximum benefit manual mechanical control efforts should be undertaken in the spring or early summer Mechanical control includes raking hand cutting or harvesting v
86. ty The index uses a conservatism value assigned to various plants ranging from 1 to 10 Not all plants have a conservatism value A high conservatism value indicates that a plant is intolerant to disturbance while a lower value indicates tolerance Those plants with higher values are more apt to respond adversely to water quality and habitat changes largely due to human influence The FOI is calculated using the number of species and the average conservatism value of all species used in the index The formula is FQI Mean C NN Where C is the conservatism value and N is the number of species A higher FOI indicates a healthier aquatic plant community This value can then be compared to the mean for other lakes in the assigned eco region There are four eco regions used throughout Wisconsin These are Northern Lakes and Forests Northern Central Hardwood Forests Driftless Area and Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plain Sand Lake is located 1n the Northern Lakes and Forest eco region Below is a summary of the FOI median values for the Northern Lakes and Forest eco region Mean species richness 13 Mean conservatism 6 7 Mean Floristic Quality 24 3 Floristic Quality Assessment of Wisconsin Lake Plant Communities with Example Applications Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management 15 2 133 144 1999 Results The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources generated the sampling point grid for Sand Lake which consisted of 830 points
87. zyme function higher doses e g coontail Applied as liquid spray or liquid More effective on dicots such as purple May be toxic to sensitive invertebrates at loosestrife may be more effective than higher concentrations glyphosate Control of target plants occurs in 3 5 weeks Hetreatment opportunities may be limited due to maximum seasonal rate 2 5 ppm Low toxicity to aquatic animals Sensitive to UV light sunlight can break herbicide down prematurely No recreational use restrictions following Relatively new management option for treatment aquatic plants since 2003 Copper compounds Broad spectrum systemic herbicide that Reduces algal growth and increases water Elemental copper accumulates and persists prevents photosynthesis clarity in sediments Used to control planktonic and filamentous No recreational or agricultural restrictions on Short term results algae water use following treatment Wisconsin allows small scale control only Herbicidal action on hydrilla an invasive plant Long term effects of repeat treatments to not yet present in Wisconsin benthic organisms unknown Toxic to invertebrates trout and other fish depending on the hardness of the water Clear water may increase plant growth Systemic herbicide Must be absorbed by the plant and moved to the site of action Often slower acting than contact herbicides Broadleaf herbicide Affects only dicots one of two groups of plants Aquatic dicots include waterlilies bladde

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