Lab manual for Subject: System Programming Class : sixth semester
Contents
1. Viva Voice 1 What is the role of lexical analyzer 2 Explain lexical analysis 3 What are the tokens patterns lexemes 4 How can you recognize a token 5 What are the various issues in lexical analysis 6 Explain 3 parts of the lex program 7 What are the Lex specifications 8 What are the rules used to define the lexical analysis function 9 What is the regular expression Practical V Aim Study of Device drivers Theory Introduction The purpose of a device driver is to handle requests made by the kernel with regard to a particular type of device There is a well defined and consistent interface for the kernel to make these requests By isolating device specific code in device drivers and by having a consistent interface to the kernel adding a new device is easier A device driver is a software module that resides within the Digital Unix kernel and is the software interface to a hardware device or devices A hardware device is a peripheral such as a disk controller tape controller or network controller device In general there is a one device driver for each type of hardware device Device drivers can be classified as 1 Block Device Drivers 2 Character Device Drivers including terminal drivers 3 Network Device Drivers 4 Pseudodevice drivers 1 Block Device Driver A block device driver is a driver that performs I O by using file system block sized buffers from a buffer cache supplied by2. In employing a macro the programmer defines a single instruction to represent a block of code For every occurrence of this one line macro instruction in his program the macro processing assembler will substitute the entire block Implementation Statement of Problem 1 Recognize macro definitions 2 Save the definitions 3 Recognize calls 4 Expand calls and substitute arguments Specification of Databases Pass I data bases The input macro source deck The output macro source desk copy for use by pass2 3 The Macro definition Table used to store the body of macro definitions 4 The Macro Name Table used to store the names of defined macro N 5 The Macro Definition Table Counter used to indicate the next available entry in the MDT 6 The Macro Name Table counter used to indicate the next available entry in MNT 7 The argument List array used to substitute index markers for dummy arguments before storing a macro definition Pass II database The copy of the input macro source deck The output expanded source deck to be used as input to the assembler The MDT created by pass I The MNT created by pass II The MDTP used to indicate the next line of text to be used during macro expansion The ALA used to substitute macro call arguments for the index markers in the stored macro definition aA BWN ON Viva Voice 1 What are the tasks performed by macro processor
3. A network Device driver attaches a network subsystem to a network interface prepares the network interface for operation and governs the transmission and reception of network frames over the network interface 4 Psedodevice Driver Not all device drivers control physical hardware Such device drivers are called peudodevice drivers Like block and character device drivers pseudodevice drivers make use of the device driver interfaces Unlike block and character device drivers pseudodevice drivers do not operate on a bus One example of a pseudodevice driver is the pseudoterminal or pty terminal driver which simulates a terminal device The pty terminal driver is a character device driver typically used for remote logins Viva Voice 1 What is a device driver 2 What is the difference between character driver and block driver 3 What are the header files included for line printer driver 4 What are the major design issues for designing a RAM derive 5 How do device drivers handle interrupts Practical VI Aim To study and implement the general purpose commands in UNIX Date Who Who am I Cal Echo Clear Mesg Mail and LOGIN command Introduction Commands Login Syntax login username No Options Purpose Sign on to another account Passwd Syntax passwd username No Options Purpose Change Login password Man Syntax man options section entry Options e option gives you a o
4. Write output to an intermediate file Pass II Assemble instruction Assemble instructions as per opcode table and symbol values Generate data value for storage directives Perform assembly directives not done during pass I Write object code and Symbol tables to a file and assembly listing to output device Assembler skips all comments and detects errors in pass I Viva Voice 1 What is the purpose of pass1 of assembler 2 What is the purpose of pass2 of assembler 3 What are the functions of POTGET MOTGET LTSTO BTSTO LITASS 4 What is the difference between MOT of pass1 amp pass2 5 What are the examples of fixed tables Why are they called fixed tables 6 What are the examples of variable tables What is the purpose of variable tables 7 What are various operations before transferring control to pass2 Practical III Aim a Write a program to generate Macro Name Table Macro Definition table and argument list array in Pass One of Two Pass Macros b Write a program to generate expanded Source in Pass Two of Two Pass Macros Theory The assembly language programmer often finds it necessary to repeat some blocks f code many times during programming The block may consist of code to save or exchange sets of registers or code to set up linkages or perform a series of arithmetic operations Thus Macro facility is used here Macro instruction macros are single line abbreviations for groups of instructions
5. 2 What is the purpose of pass macro processor 3 What is the purpose of pass2 macro processor 4 What is the purpose of MDT table 5 What is the purpose of MNT table 6 What is the use of MDI amp MDLC Practical IV Aim Study of Lex A Lexical Analyzer Generator Theory Lex is a program generator designed for lexical processing of character input streams It accepts a high level problem oriented specification for character string matching and produces a program in a general purpose language which recognizes regular expressions The user in the source specifications given to lex specifies the regular expressions The Lex written code recognizes these expressions in an input stream and partitions the input stream into strings matching the expressions At the boundaries between strings program sections provided by the user are executed The Lex source file associates the regular expressions and the program fragments As each expression appears in the input to the program written by lex the corresponding fragment is excuted Lex turns the user s expressions and actions called source in this memo into the host general purpose language the generated program is named yylex The yylex program will recognize expressions in a stream called input in this memo and perform the specified actions for each expression as it is detected An Overview of Lex Figure 1 Working of LEX Summary of Source Format The general form
6. are the different techniques of file handing Practical II Aim a Write a Program to Generate Machine OP Code table Symbol table and Pseudo Op code table during First Pass of Two Pass Assembler b Write a program to generate Machine Code during Pass Two of Two Pass Assembler Theory Assembler translates a program written in assembly language and generates a sequence of machine instructions In an assembly language program generally there is one statement per line which can be one of two types 1 Mnemonic machine instructions each one is translated to a single executable instruction 2 Assembly directives which control assembly processing There are many types of directives 3 Location counter directives which modify location of next instruction Assemblers produce object code modules symbol tables and assembly listing giving translation of each statement A typical listing may contain Line Label Mnemonic Operands Comment Location Object Code 12 A ADD 2 Regl ADD2 10002E 1200CFOF Object code denotes the code to be loaded at given memory location It can denote either an executable machine instruction or some data to be stored at that location Logic of Two pass Assemblers Pass 1 Gather Symbols Assign address to each statement as per the size of each instruction and addressing modes Save values of labels to be used in Pass II Process assembler directives Which affects address assignment
7. the kernel The kernel also provides for the device driver support interfaces that copy data between the buffer cache and the address space of a process Block device drivers are particularly well suited for disk drives the most common block devices For block devices all I O occurs through the buffer cache 2 Character Device Driver A character device driver does not handle I O through the buffer cache so it is not tied to a single approach for handling I O You can use a character device driver for a device such as a line printer that handles one character at a time However character drivers are not limited to performing I O one character at a time despite the name character driver For example tape drivers frequently perform I O in 10 K chunks You can also use a character device driver when it is necessary to copy data directly to or from a user process Because of their flexibility in handling I O many drivers are character drivers Line printers interactive terminals and graphics displays are examples of devices that require character device drivers A terminal device driver is actually a character device driver that handles I O character processing for a variety of terminal devices Like any character device a terminal device can accept or supply a stream of data based on a request from a user process It cannot be mounted as a file system and therefore does not use data caching 3 Network Device Driver
8. your system In this example we are opening a text file on a windows machine The second parameter is the mode We can open a file for only reading We can open a file for only writing We can open a file for reading and writing In the above example r means reading Reading Info from a File After we have opened the file we will probably want to do something with it To read the contents of a file into a variable we use fread contents fread fp filesize filename fclose fp Now fread also uses two parameters The first parameter is the variable to which we assigned the fopen function the second is the number of bytes we want to read up to in the file In this case we want to read the entire file so we use the filesize function to get the size of the file specified in the filename variable Thus it reads the entire file in Let us assume C file txt contains Linel Line2 Line3 Line4 Line5 So now contents would contain contents line1 n line2 n line3 n line4 n lines If we printed the variable out the output would be Linel Line2 Line3 Line4 Line5 The contents of the file are read into a string complete with newline characters n We can then process this string however we like Write To a File We can also write data into a file once we have opened it To do this we use the fputs function filename C file txt fp fopen filename a
9. Lab manual for Subject System Programming Class sixth semester CSE List of Practical 1 Write a Program to create read and write into a file having record of students 2 a Write a program to generate Machine Op Code Table Symbol Table and Pseudo Op Code table during First Pass Assembler b Write a program to generate Machine Op code table using Two pass Assembler 3 a Write a program to Generate Macro Name Table Macro definition Table and Argument List Array during Pass One of Two Pass Macro b Write a program to generate Expanded Source in Pass Two of Two Pass Macro 4 Study of Lexical Analyzer 5 Study of Device Drivers 6 Study and implement general purpose commands in UNIX Date Who Who am I Cal Echo Clear Mesg Mail and Login Command 7 To Study and implement all the directory oriented Commands of UNIX Cd MKdir rmdir And Pwd Command 8 To Study and implement all the File oriented Commands of UNIX Is list files Cat cp rm commands 9 To study implement HEAD TAIL CUT and PASTE commands 10 To Study Common Object File Format COFF Practical I Aim Write a program to create read and write into a file having record of Students Theory Opening a File To open a file we use fopen filename c file txt fp fopen filename r The fopen function normally uses two parameters The first is the file which we want to open This can be a file on
10. ears w the day if the week Sunday 0 Monday 1 and so on m The month of the year 01 to 12 d The day of the month 01 to 31 y Last two digits of the year 00 to 99 The formatting directives for the time include T The time as HH MM SS r The time as HH MM SS A M P M H The hour 00 to 23 M The minute 00 to 59 S The second 00 to 59 Purpose display the current date and time Cal Syntax cal month numberlyear No options Purpose Print calendar Who Syntax who Purpose Determine who is on the system Who am I Syntax who am I Purpose Display the name under which you are logged in Viva Voice 1 What do you mean by kernel 2 How does the file represent kernel 3 List features of UNIX 4 What is the significance of mail and merge command 5 What does Multi user technology mean Practical VII Aim To study and implement all the directory oriented Commands of UNIX Cd Mkdir rmdir and Pwd Command Introduction Commands Cd Syntax cd cd pathname No options Purpose Change working directory Mkdir Syntax mkdir pathname No options Purpose Make a directory Rmdir Syntax rmdir pathname No options Purpose Remove a directory Pwd Syntax pwd No options Purpose Print working directory Viva Voice 1 Differentiate between Ordinary files directory files and device files 2 What does directory file contain 3 How to rename a dir
11. ectory 4 What is a regular file 5 How is the password of a particular Id Changed Practical VIII Aim To study and implement all the file oriented Commands of UNIX Is list files Cat cp rm commands Introduction Commands Is Syntax ls option Option X output in multiple columns Fx Identifying directories and executable files axF Showing hidden files r Reversing the sort order R Recursive listing Purpose Listing files cat Syntax cat filename with extention cat gt filename Type the contents of file here This is used for creating a file cat filename This is used for displaying the contents of a file Purpose Displaying amp creating files cp Syntax cp option source file destination file Option I It warns the user before overwriting r It copies all files and sub directories from source to destination file Purpose Copying a file rm Syntax rm option source file destination file Option I It asks the user for confirmation before removing a file f It removes all files amp subdirectories Purpose Deleting files mv Syntax mv source file destination file No options Purpose Renaming a file or directory and moving a group of files to a different directory Result Viva Voice 1 Explain the following options to Is X F 1 a R l d t u I 2 What are the general commands used with files 3 How is a duplicate file crea
12. ne line introduction to the command Entry more gives the pagewise introduction to the command Purpose Display On Line UNIX user s manual Date Syntax date username No Options Purpose Sign on to another account Mesg Syntax mesg option Options none Report your terminal write permission N Remove write permission for your terminal Y Grant write permission for your terminal Purpose Permit or deny messages Mail Syntax mail option mail username Options p Display entire contents of mailfile without prompting for instructions then mail exits q Cause mail to exit after receiving an interrupt signal without changing the mailfile r Reverse order in which mail displays messages mail username Type your text here mail From username fri sep 7 12 40 PDT 1984 Your text display here 2 q quit x exit without changing mail P print S file save default mbox d delete Purpose Send or Receive electronic mail among users Echo Syntax echo options arg Options n Do not terminate output with a new line character Purpose Display the contents of command tty Syntax tty No Options Purpose Get your terminal name Date Syntax date date format Format The formatting directives for the date include D The date as MM DD YY a Abbreviated weekday sun to sat h Abbreviated month jan to dec j day of the year 001 to 365 or 366 on leap y
13. of a Lex source file is definitions o rules user subroutines The definitions section contains a combination of 1 Definitions in the form name space translation 2 Included code in the form space code 3 Include code in the form 4 code 5 4 Start conditions given in the form S namel name2 5 Character set tables in the form T number space character string T 6 Changes to internal array sizes in the form x nnn Where nnn is a decimal integer representing an array size and x selects the parameter as follows Letter Parameter P Positions n States e tree nodes a transitions k packed character classes o output array size Lines in the rules section have the form expression action where the action may be continued on succeeding lines by using braces to delimit it Regular expression in Lex use the following operators X x x y x x y the character x 6699 an x even if x is an operator an x even if x is an operator the character x or y the characters x y or z any character but x any character but newline an x at the beginning of a line an x when lex is in start condition y an x at the end of a line an optional x Da instances of x E instances of x anxoray an x an x but only if followed by y xx the translation of xx from the definitions section x m n m through n occurrences of x
14. string nline5 write fputs fp string fclose fp Firstly we open the file Notice the a parameter That means open the file for writing only and place the file pointer at the end of the file We then use fputs to write to the file We then close the file So now what will the file contain Linel Line2 Line3 Line4 Line5 Modes There are various modes you can use to open a file they are listed on the php net fopen function page but PI stick them up on here too e r Open for reading only place the file pointer at the beginning of the file e rt Open for reading and Writing place the file pointer at the beginning of the file e w Open for writing only place the file pointer at the beginning of the file and truncate the file to zero length If the file does not exist attempt to create it e a Open for writing only place the file pointer at the end of the file If the file does not exist attempt to create it e a Open for reading and writing place the file pointer at the end of the file If the file does not exist attempt to create it Viva Voice 1 What is the use of fseek function 2 What is the difference between getw and getc function 3 What is the use of ftell function 4 How we are creating file 5 What is the difference between fscanf and fread 6 What is the difference between fprintf and fwrite 7 What
15. ted 4 How are the files under directories and subdirectories accessed 5 What will cat foo foo foo display 6 What will rm f1 do 7 How will you copy a directory structure barl to bar2 8 What is the command used to terminate a current operation Practical IX Aim To study and implement HEAD TAIL CUT and PASTE commands Introduction Commands Head Syntax head linecount filename No options Purpose displaying the beginning of a file tail Syntax tail linecount filename No options Purpose Displaying the end of a file cat Synatx cat option filename Option c It is used to exact specific columns from file Purpose Slitting a file vertically paste Syntax paste filename filename2 No options Purpose Pasting the files Viva Voice 1 How are the records in a file displayed on the screen 2 Give the functions of the cut and paste command 3 Explain how the contents of the file are edited 4 How are the columns adjusted using cut command Practical X Aim Study of Common Object File Format Theory Common Object File Format COFF COFF is the format of the output file produced by the assembler and the link editor The following are some key features of COFF Applications can add system dependent information to the object file without causing access utilities to become obsolete Space is provided for symbolic information used by debuggers and other applica
16. tions Programmers can modify the way the object file is constructed by providing directives at compile time The object file supports user defined sections and contains extensive information for symbolic software testing An object file contains A File header Optional header information A table of section headers Data corresponding to the section headers Relocation information Line numbers A symbol table A String table Explanation of the various fields in object File Object File Format FILE HEADER Optional Information Section 1 Header Section n Header Raw Data for Section 1 Raw Data for Section n Relocation Info for Sect 1 Relocation Info for Sect n Line Numbers for Sect 1 Line Numbers for Sect n SYMBOL TABLE STRING TABLE Viva Voice 1 What are the header files included in File header section 2 Distinguish between Symbol table and String table entries 3 Give difference between Static and Dynamic relocation 4 What are the contents of section headers
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