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Portable Solar Modules

1. rre Sn ried out by feeding pulses into the CNTRO counter input of the micro controller For this to work the pulse width must be at least 40 ns and the period at least 100 ns This means that we can measure frequencies of up to 10 MHz without a prescaler Four pushbuttons are provided for the user interface Pressing S1 switches to manual ranging mode automatic rang IC4 LT1016CS8 SO 8 D1 D2 BAS45 1N4148 D3 D4 BZW55 2 7 SMD T1 Dual FET PMBFJ620 NXP Miscellaneous Rel Re4 SIL7271 L 5V or MEDER i SILO5 IA72 71D K1 K2 K3 2 way pinheader K4 K5 4 way pinheader 2 SMA case socket Metal case e g TEKO 372 BNC case socket Miniature rocker switch 7x 1nF feedthrough capacitor j PCB 080331 1 see www elektor com shop al a ee ES OSES ESS SSS a ESE oe a ing then remaining disabled until the next reset S2 switches the timebase and hence sample rate between 1s and 100 ms The current state is indi cated by an LED An extended press on 53 will perform an offset correc tion and S4 switches the readout to peak to peak amplitude for sinusoidal signals Pin P01 o
2. 4 dsPIC Development Board 89 LV24 33A PIC dsPIC Development Board 99 The new dsPICPRO4 is an advanced development board for 64 and 80 pin dsPIC30F devices with built in USB programmer in circuit debugger and extensive I O features and communications interfaces LCD displays and SD card sold separately A versatile development board for 18 28 and 40 pin digital signal controllers in the dsPIC30F family the EasydsPIC4A provides built in USB programmer in circuit debugger and useful I O devices LCD displays sold separately Easily develop 16 bit PIC24 _ and dsPIC33 applications 9 with the LV24 33A Features USB programmer and in circuit debugger plus useful I O devices and supports 64 80 and 100 pin low voltage devices LCD displays and SD card sold separately EasydsPICAA Starter Packs also available comprising EasydsPICAA character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler dsPICPROA Starter Packs also available comprising dsPICPRO4 character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler LV24 33A Starter Packs also available comprising LV24 33A character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler EasyAVRS5A AVR Development Board 89 BIGAVR2 AVR Development Board 89 Easy8051B 8051 Develo
3. 29 00 US 52 00 Books PIC Microcontrollers ISBN 978 0 905705 70 5 27 95 US 52 00 DVD Elektor 2008 ISBN 978 90 5381 235 8 17 50 US 35 00 ire Collection DVD Elektor 1990 through 1999 ISBN 978 0 905705 76 7 17 50 US 35 00 J The 32 bit Machine Art 080928 91 US 42 50 Automotive CAN controller Art 080671 91 US 79 00 Kits amp Modules M16C TinyBrick Art 080719 91 54 00 US 87 50 Order quickly and securely through www elektorcom shop or use the Order Form near the end of the magazine Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road S 0 p Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 Email sales elektor com 83 COMING ATTRACTIONS Summer Circuits 2009 NEXT MONTH IN ELEKTOR Elektor s July amp August double issue packed with 100 tips small circuits and design ideas You really can t afford to miss our annual top selling Summer Circuits issue with its collection of more than 100 articles Elektor editors and tens of free lance contributors again come up with more than 100 exciting stimulating and innovative articles covering the whole gamut of electronics including new ICs small circuits software and design tips Be sure to get your copy of the 2009 Summer Circuits edition as demand is bound to be high A
4. 8 P ry DW y 1 VA TAR rs 4 p 1 x 3 9 lt 200 3 a vi t Res DU e i 0 ie s 4424 P 1 n E il A 1 x 7 lt 4 unti ag T gt at gt S 1 _ TUA 1 4 lt I b i i 4 1 ant Nen 5 o 4 wipes A 4 Mf 33 14 1 t A NS ul size of the panel and amount of sunlight available The surface area of the solar panel in many small battery charg ers is very small so the time required to charge a pair of penlight cells can be rather long Solar panels are usually specified in terms of the amount of power they supply For this article we generally limited our attention to panels rated at less than around 10 W with a few exceptions to keep everything reasonably comprehen sible but much larger panels are also available The panel power specified by the manvfacturer is usually achieved with illumination corresponding to a specified Figure 2 A light meter calibrated in lux is indispensable for measuring light intensity For our measurements we used a Voltcraft LX 1108 provided by Conrad Netherlands 19 CAAT SOLAR PANELS 20 standard spectrum and a light intensity of 100 000 lux At central to north
5. Outputs RFID data via RS232 e Shows RFID data on LC display Relay control by RFID pany EM Microelectronic Marin SA which can be used with various trans ponder chips made by the same com pany The transponder which is also called a tag simply consists of a RDY CLK 080910 15 Figure 2 EM4095 application circuit diagram chip and a coil The transponder chips that are compatible with the EM4095 include the EM4100 EM4102 EM4150 EMA4170 and EM4069 We used a transponder with the EM4012 chip for our experiments Although this chip is still available according to the manufac turer it has been replaced by the EM4200 which can also replace the 4005 and EMA105 Unlike many other RFID devices such as the Mifare cards already used in some Elektor projects these EM chips are not ISO standard ised but they are neverthe less widely used and readily available The EM4095 The block diagram and pin assign ments of the EM4095 Figure 1 show a handful of pins for the exter nal circuitry For our project we use the application cir cuit shown in Figure 2 It has separate power rails for the antenna portion and the chip DVpp and Vpp However a single power supply is ade quate for our simple appli cation The resonant circuit of the antenna coil has two tasks it must generate the transmit signal for the trans ponder and it must receive the amplitude modulated sig nal from th
6. 9 95 ATM18 on the Air 071125 71 868 MHz module s 120 558 9 95 Meeting Cost Timer 080396 41 ATmega168 8 50 12 50 Capacitive Sensing and the Water Cooler 080875 91 Touch Sensing Buttons Evaluation kit 27 50 39 95 080875 92 Touch Sensing Slider Evaluation kit 27 50 39 95 Three Dimensional Light Source 080355 1 Printed circuit board ss 24 90 39 90 Moving up to 32 Bit 080632 91 ECRM40 32 00 46 50 December 2008 No 384 PLDM 071129 1 Printed circuit 9 50 Hi fi Wireless Headset 080647 1 Printed circuit board Transmitter 7 90 15 80 080647 2 Printed circuit board 7 90 15 80 LED Top with Special Effects 080678 71 Kit of parts incl SMD stuffed PCB and programmed controller 42 00 59 00 6 2009 elektor C Prog ra mming for Embedded Microcontrollers ISBN 978 0 905705 80 4 32 50 US 52 00 Microcontroller Systems Engineering ISBN 978 0 905705 75 0
7. Config IntO Change The Manchester coded signal is applied to interrupt pin D 2 The inter rupt routine is triggered by the rising and falling edges of the input signal On IntO Checkints On 1110 declares the interrupt routine Checkints Enable Interrupts This sets the Interrupt bit in the sta tus register Checkints Call checkhitag Return Checkints is the interrupt routine that was previously declared with On IntO DIM Array 5 as Byte DIM Array 5 reserves memory space for five bytes The main routine runs in a DO loop and initially all it does is to indicate via the LC display that nothing is happening The Checkints interrupt routine is only triggered when a transponder enters the range of the EM4095 The interrupt routine in turn calls the library function checkhitag This assembly language routine reads in and decodes the Man chester coded bit string It calculates and checks the parity and then stores the data bytes in an array If a time out or any other sort of error occurs the function terminates without writ ing new data to the array The main routine then continues from the point where it was interrupted The IF statement evaluates the return value of the Readhitag Array 1 function The Readhitag function which 15 integrated in Bascom also calls EM4095 lib It passes the start address of the previously defined byte array with 1 as the initial address as
8. Description Price each Qty Total C 2008 and NET programming for Electronic Engineers C Programming for Embedded Microcontrollers Artificial Intelligence DVD i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 CD ROM ECD 5 Mouse Interfacing Microcontroller Systems Engineering DVD Elektor 2008 Free Elektor Catalogue 2009 Subtotal Prices and item descriptions subject to change The publishers reserve the right to change prices P amp P without prior notification Prices and item descriptions shown here supersede those in previous issues E amp O E Total paid Name Address Post code Tel Email Date Signature Yes am taking out an annual subscription to Elektor and receive a free 2GB MP3 player would like Standard Subscription 11 issues _ Subscription Plus 11 issues plus the Elektor Volume 2009 CD ROM Offer available to Subscribers who have not held a subscription to Elektor during the last 12 months Offer subject to availability See reverse for rates and conditions Name Address Post code Tel Email Date Signature ELOG Order Code METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate Ll Bank transfer L Cheque UK resident customers ONLY L Giro transfer O visa f ey Expiry date Verification code Please send this order form to see reverse for conditions Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great
9. Figure 1 The bench s welcome screen onu 2 180 Figure 2 The manual mode screen Pe hr pa Imp ml ahed ign DFF Bat Figure 3 The asterisk indicates the parameter whose value M can adjusted using the encoder knob Lane mp pm ELM 5 shed 3 7 HaT ORF Bati EU Figure 4 Full throttle zex Tmp mk Rpm Max 3 BBT M Bat i ucu Figure 5 M The ignition is on Watch out for your fingers 35 4 16 MODELLING Figure 6 The engine is running and the ignition canbe turned off Figure 7 Press the encoder knob to store the servo position in idle Ye ciii Figure 8 This screen lets you set engine speed Figure 9 The CBRMmonitor software for PC shows the key engine parameters live as they change 36 tle control is enabled To check this turn the encoder knob anticlockwise The servo should turn in the direction to increase the throttle if this is not the case you ll need to alter the bench parameters Set it to 100 full throttle Figure 4 Important safety note if the throttle control is not work ing satisfactorily check and adjust the throttle control setting Parameters menu see below before continuing Now prime your engine as usual then reduce the throttle to around 10 or 20
10. Form value to be used CANSPI CONFIG PHSHG2 PRG ON amp with CANSPIInit CANSPI CONFIG VALID XTD MEG SPIL Init Initialize SPI module CANSPIInitialize 1 3 3 3 1 Can Init Flags Initialize extemal CANSPI module CANSPISetOperationMode CANSPI MODE CONFIG Set CONFIGURATION mode CANSPISetMask CANSPT MASK Bl 1 CANSPI CONFIG XTD MSG Set all maskl bits to ones CANSPISetMask CANSPI MASK B2 1 CANSPI CONFIG XTD MSG Set all mask2 bits to ones ifdef NODEL CANSPISetFilter CANSPI FILTER B2 F4 0x12 CANSPI CONFIG XTD MSG Nodel accepts messages with ID 0x12 CANSPISetFilter CANSPI FILTER Bl Fl 0x13 CANSPI CONFIG XTD MSG Nodel accepts messages with ID 0x13 tFilter CANSPI FILTER B2 F2 0x10 CONFIG XTD MSG Node2 and Node3 accept messages with ID 0x10 CANSPISetFilter CANSPI FILTER Bl F2 0x11 CANSPI CONFIG XID MSG Node2 and Node3 accept messages with ID 0x11 endif CANSPISetOperationMode CANSPI MODE NORMAL OxFF Set NORMAL mode RXIx Data 0 0x40 Set initial data to be sent ifdef NODEl Tx ID 0x10 Set transmit ID for CAN message fendi ifdef NODE2 Tx ID 0x12 set t it ID for CAN message fendi ifdef NODE3 Tx ID 0x13 Se it ID for CAN message endif ifdef NODEl CANSPIWrite Tx ID amp Data 1 Can Send Flags Nodel sends initial message endif while 1 Endless loop Msg R
11. Send one byte of data back fendif else error occured wait for a while ifdef NODEl ErrorCount Increment error indicator Delay ms 10 Wait for 100ms if ErrorCount gt 10 Timeout expired process errors ErrorCount 0 Reset error counter Tx IDH Switch to another message if Tx ID gt 0x11 Tx ID 0x10 Check over CANSPIWrite Ix ID amp RxIx Data 1 Can Send Flags Send new messag fendif Microchip logo and combinations thereof PIC and others are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microchip Corporation or its subsidiaries Other terms and product names may be trademarks of others CAAT SOLAR PANELS Figure 1 Many portable solar panels come with an extensive set of adapters 18 Portable Solar Mo Portable power for people on the go Harry Baggen Elektor Netherlands Editorial With the summer coming up many of us are again making preparations for recreational trips in the great outdoors Especially with somewhat longer trips a portable solar panel can come in very handy to ensure that you always have enough power for your mobile phone iPod GPS receiver and even the car battery We selected some of the products currently available in this area and here we describe what they have to offer We all lead very busy lives these days When we re not stressing ourselves out at work we re busy with
12. motors or rotary direct drives when holding position The unique single track combines both the absolute position complete system came together in a very short period of time and offers excellent performance With a revolutionary new optical solution that ensures uniformity and reduces glare a correlated color temperature tuned for the environment and a 7 year war ranty the new street light is being considered for broader imple mentation through the country BlueSpan Tel 351 234 639 230 www philipslumileds com 090410 I interface was implemented The controller has 4 Kbytes Flash memory 64 bytes EEPROM and 256 bytes SRAM The ATtiny43U is available in 20 Pin QFN and SOIC package at MSC www atmel com 090410 V and embedded phase informa tion into a single code eliminat ing the de phasing problems that can occur with dual track scales when small amounts of angular misalignment are introduced The single track design allows far wider set up tolerances for quick and easy installation and superior long term reli ability even if the motion axes settle or move over time An integral set up LED on the read head further simpli fies installation and diagnostics www renishaw com encoders 090410 VI WOLVES NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS Development Kit for Plug and Play Touch Screen GUIs 12 Amulet Technologies supply a com plete self contained development
13. www elektor com June 2009 AUS 12 9009 f NZ 15 50 8 SARIS8 0 A710 L SAR Tues RMS For frequency profilene Pro hard amp software _ LIE upgrades for DIY milling machine aN oco NP coo AR IOI i 2 v 3 1 X wx i 770268 45114 i im pue BitScope PC Oscilloscopes amp Analyzers DSO Test Instrument Software for BitScope Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes E 2 _ u T Gt ies aL MEN 4 wow d e DAIT T Ji E PF 4 Channel BitScope 2 Channel BitScope Pocket Analyzer Digital Storage Oscilloscope BitScope DSO Software for Windows and Linux 4 analog channels using industry standard probes or POD connected analog inputs BitScope DSO is fast and intuitive multi channel test and measurement software for your PC or notebook Whether it s a digital scope spectrum analyzer mixed signal scope Mixed Signal Oscilloscope logic analyzer waveform generator or data recorder BitScope DSO supports them all Capture and display up to 4 analog and 8 logic Capture deep buffer one shots or display waveforms live just like an analog scope channels with sophisticated cross triggers Co
14. 00000 display board EO 2 v V1 0 measurement amplifier board internal external OElektor 1 9 080331 1 V1 0 080331 14 Figure 6 Overall wiring diagram Figure 7 The measurement amplifier should be built into a metal casing 32 Other possibilities The module can be constructed in the form of a stand alone voltmeter or it can be built into a function generator In the latter case rather than going via the input amplifier circuit the synchro nisation output of the generator can be connected directly to the microcontrol ler The measured frequency can be used to index a stored table to allow correction for the frequency response of the instrument Another possibility would be to arrange for the software to output readings over the RS 232 port for fur ther processing The microcontroller has 16 KB of pro gram memory of which around 5 KB is used This gives plenty of room to implement new features Readers are welcome to contact the author 12 or Elektor with their ideas 080331 1 Internet links 1 http www elektor com 070954 2 http en wikipedia org wiki Root mean square 3 http tietze schenk com tsbook htm 4 http www analog com en audiovideo products video ampsbuffersfilters ada4862 3 products product html 5 http www linear com pc productDetail isp navld HO C1 C1154 C1086 P7526 6 http www linear com pc downloadDocu ment do n
15. 57 2 7 A 9 8 F 4 2 1 elef EELE 11913 Ea Ao e foi ol ehje fat mhe T 8 F Jajaj lola Jo 5 4 _ tet el Lie je 6 2009 elektor Jan ten Dam The Netherlands An Elektor SHOP voucher worth 40 00 goes to Benoit Body France Todd Adams USA Lars Risting Sweden Congratulations everybody T D F A 8 0 2 9B D 7 3 4 1 A C E 5 3 5 E 2 1t oje 6 EI 3 0 E 9 T Go 1 71 E EE 3 Ed 5 E D E B Hi Li 45 Fle 26 Blo Al 8 1 53 E1 2 4 wimana gt DSSS DESE SSE LEE o js 73 PROJECTS MINI PROJECT Air loniser Negative is not always unhealthy Ton Giesberts Elektor Labs The Netherlands The amount of negative oxygen ions in the ambient air seems to affect the psychological and physical state of many people The air in the mountains and near the sea contains relatively high numbers of negative ions compared to elsewhere and this is one of the reasons that you feel better in this type of environment You can improve the air quality at home too when using the ioniser described here There are two good reasons for ensuring that there are sufficient negative ions in the surrounding air Firstly ions are able to attach themselves to aerosols and dust particles These then become heavier than
16. April 2009 page 49 you are told to fit jumper JP8 This is wrong it is JP6 that needs to be fitted otherwise the pocket terminal won t be powered Those who have taken a close look at the circuit will have already realised use a non crossed straight through cable for connecting the pocket terminal to the controller board as shown in the figure here RJ11 6p6c Straight Reverse Cable 6 pin RJ11 Connector elektor 6 2009 tel 01298 70012 fax 01 298 70046 THE ORIGINAL SINCE www peakelec co uk p H D 1 1 electronic des itd sales peakelec co uk Berta LAYOUT The famous Peak Atlas Range Specialising in Prototype PCBs na EMIT gt A K j z a ori bw includes new premium probes un G Free Laser Stencil NA with all Prototype 1 PCB orders e WD prototype s Alas DCA Model DCASS Alas ESR Model ESRO service lp cn Semiconductor Analyser ESR and Capacitance Meter 2 Identifies type and pinout Resolution of 0 01 ohms Chemical Tin Finish ZO De Atlas Atlas SCR SF no extra cost Ss d Free Phone Simply send your layout files and order ONLINE salesepcb pool com to gate test current up to 100mA cm NNI NM DET E nue BoardMaker3 E rra pese ur k emn 1 LL bein 11 1
17. Propeller http www mydancebot com 090410 VII elektor 6 2009 QUASAR The Electronic Kit Specialists Since 1993 otor Drivers Controllers ere are just a few of our controller and river modules for DC Unipolar Bipolar tepper motors and servo motors See ebsite for full range and details Drives any 5 35Vdc 5 6 or 8 lead unipolar stepper motor rated up to 6 Amps Provides speed and direc tion control Operates in stand alone or PC controlled mode for CNC use Connect up to six 3179 driver boards to a single parallel port Board supply 9Vdc PCB 80x50mm Kit Order Code 3179KT 15 95 Assembled Order Code AS3179 22 95 Drive any 5 50Vdc 5 Amp bi polar stepper motor us ing externally supplied 5V levels for STEP and DI RECTION control Opto isolated inputs make it ideal for CNC tions using a PC running suitable software Board supply 8 30Vdc PCB 75x85mm Kit Order Code 3158KT 23 95 Assembled Order Code AS3158 33 95 Controls the speed of most common DC motors rated up to 32Vdc 10A in both the forward and re verse direction The range of control is freni fully OFF to fully ON in both directions The direction and speed are controlled using a single potentiometer Screw terminal block for connections Kit Order Code 3166v2KT 22 95 Assembled Order Code AS3166v2 32 95 Control the speed of almost any common DC motor rated up to 100V 7 5A
18. RFID Savvy what they have to offer 58 Power in the Pocket 1 62 Campsite AC Monitor 67 Three Quid Light Box 38 Power in the Pocket 1 68 Getting Started with Em bedded C 2 p Here we present a very compact class D 74 Air loniser amplifier that can be powered from four AA batteries and because of its relatively high efficiency can elicit quite a few decibels from a loudspeaker 6 Colophon 8 Mailbox 10 News amp New Products 18 Portable Solar Modules 80 Elektor SHOP 84 Coming Attractions 62 Campsite AC Monitor Camping hook ups for power line supplies usually have a limit on the amount of current that can be drawn When a larger current is J drawn it trips X X fuse which sli IA i most likely jm ee has to be reset by the campsite manager and which probably results in a fine or service charge to be paid To prevent such inconveniences we have designed this controller that can quickly limit the maximum current drawn 55 BeeProg in use at Elektor 73 Hexadoku 76 Retronics Hewlett Packard Model 3300A function generator 1969 Luc Lemmens Daniel Rodrigues Jan Visser Christian Vossen cH ELECTRONICS WORLDWIDE elektor international media Elektor International Media provides a multimedia and interactive platform for everyone interested in electronics From professionals passionate about their work to enthusiasts with p
19. The popular Overo Earth is based on Tl s OMAP3503 Applications Processor that features an ARM Cortex A8 CPU Overo Air provides the same fea tures and function as Overo Earth while adding WLAN and Blue tooth capabilities by way of the on board W2CBWO0O03 module from Wi2Wi Overo Water has been devel oped with the high perform ing Tl OMAP3530 Applica tions Processor instead of an OMAP3503 The OMAP3530 adds the 5320 64 DSP and OpenGL ES graphics engine to the Cortex CPU to enhance applications designs with such features as a smart user interfaces and photo realistic graphics Overo Fire builds on the OMAP3530 driven Overo Water by providing WLAN and Bluetooth communications through the same Wi2Wi module as used on Overo Air Since each Overo is a computer on module and easily expandable design engineers can leverage the Overo to get their new prod uct ideas to market much faster than building from scratch As such each Overo COM is recom mended for integration into com mercial products projected to sell up to 50 000 units each year www ti com omap35x www gumstix com 090410 IV elektor 6 2009 LED based street lights and night lighting in Portugal The street lamp technical design was the result of a coopera tive development effort Philips Lumileds and optics expert less than 80 watts of power was selected because of the compelling BlueSpan recently announced that i
20. and PCB tracks that carry mains voltages The current limits have been clearly Figure 3 The heatsink used to build the prototype in the Elektor Labs was overdimensioned to put it mildly printed on the board next to JP1 To reduce the stress on the solder joints it s advisable to provide the power resistors with a small kink in their legs before soldering them onto the board this also applies to the central connec tion on the triac A2 Safety and earthing Since the triac has been positioned at the edge of the board it follows that it S easiest to mount the heatsink on the edge of the board as well To com ply with isolation requirements you should stick some insulating tape between the heatsink and the board because of the required 3 mm separa tion For safety reasons the heatsink has to be earthed The controller is intended for use as a Class I electrical device This means that if it S part of a distribution box it should include a reliable protective earth PE line An LED is connected to the output of IC2b to indicate when the circuit is limiting the current The whole circuit is connected directly to the mains including the LED For this reason it is not permitted for it to be mounted such that it protrudes through the case and can be touched It is therefore best to mount the LED directly onto the board For your own safety it is best to disconnect the circuit from the AC power line
21. which will be reported to you within four hours your PCBs are produced after receipt of payment In case of a prototype order you receive two PCBs sent to you five working days after receipt of payment In order to sup ply two PCBs we make three If the third board is also good you receive it as well free of charge In case of a batch order any quantity from 5 to 50 boards your PCBs are shipped ten working days after receipt of payment You can use our online payment module to pay easily quickly and securely with Visa or MasterCard To keep costs as low as possible Elektor PCB Service employs fixed production process There is no room for exceptions here All information in text documents or other instruc tions that do not comply with the specifications of this service will be ignored such as a second silkscreen overlay other solder mask colours material specifications con struction etc For this reason please do not send any other data along with your order We produce your PCBs ac cording to the data in the files that you send with your order the layout data in the Extended Gerber files and the Excellon drilling data This data must comply with the following specifications Minimum track width and track clearance 150 um Minimum restring on outer layers 125 um Minimum restring on inner layers 175 um Smallest hole finished 250 um
22. with the reading of pushbuttons and we will program a complete coffee machine Finally it is time for playing a little game with the aid of the 7 segment display Every program contains the function main and a number of other functions each of which contains the appropriate functionality in a well organised way Note functions have to be declared first so that the compiler can take them into account when making the conversion to machine code In this course the following functions will be used among others void delay unsigned int void tick void small beep void init elektor board void void set 7segment int int An example of the structure of a C program is shown in Figure 1 The program begins with main and runs through all the statements one after the other sequentially Sometimes certain sections of code are skipped This is determined by a statement with an expression which can be either true 1 or false for example with the if else command if expresssion do something when expression false skip do something or by if expression if expression true do something else if expression false do something else Sections of code are often repeated in so called program loops These loops can be made by using for expression expression expression statements while expression statements do statements while expre
23. Joined by Paula Brady Elektor s advertise ment executive talked to Elnec s Sales amp Marketing Direc tor Vladimir Doval and R amp D Director Jan Puobis see Fig ure 2 for the backdrop Vladimir explained that many of Elnec s programmers were marketed under different brand names in countries all over the world In Continental Europe for example the programmer cov ered in this article is known as BeeProg and sold by Elnec directly 1 In the UK the brand name is Dataman 48Pro 2 in the USA BK Precision Model 866B 3 Together we recalled the story of the SmartProg2 sup plied to Elektor and discussed the range of programmers currently manufactured by Elnec It seemed to me that the BeeProg was the logical successor to the SmartProg2 and Vladimir did not hesitate to send me one by courier it was on my desk within a week In the lab again You can guess what happened At Elektor House the BeeP box was immediately opened by the lab guys to inspect the build quality but really to satisfy their instinc tive urge to know what s inside Figure 3 They were greeted by two Spartan FPGAs a PIC18F micro a Cypress CY7 chip and lots of assorted logic all on three high density stacked boards In what little time it took them to fit the cover again and me to tell that the BeeProg was a Universal 48 pindrive programmer with USB LPT inter face and ISP capability the software was installed on the residen
24. Ready etc The transitions from one state to another depend on the input signals which come from the pushbuttons on the appliance see photo Figure 2 The middle button functions as the On and Off button on our board it is represented by pushbutton S1 When the appli ance is heating the water an LED inside this button flashes represented on the board by red LED D1 Once the water has reached the correct temperature 90 C the LED will be turned on continuously To the left and right of this button are the buttons that indicate the amount of water required 1 cup 52 or 2 cups 53 The state diagram is shown Figure 3 To allow the software to be tested for correct operation we ve added a green LED D3 for 1 cup and LED DA for 2 cups which are turned on when the coffee is poured The advantage of working with a state machine is that a button can have different functions depending on the present state that the machine is in Pushing S1 while in the Start state means start to heat but in the Heating state it means the opposite which causes the heating to stop and return to the Start state To check the completeness of the state machine you can check whether for each state all the arrows point to another or the same state for every com bination of inputs There are for example 2 inputs which have an effect in the Heating state and cause a change of state and 2 combinations that result in staying in the Heat ing state wat
25. Turn the propeller a few more turns to finish priming the engine then briefly press the button alongside the fourth line Figure 5 The sign at the start of the fourth line indicates that the glow plug is enabled You should also clearly hear the beeping from the pocket terminal sounder This indicates that the ignition is enabled and that the engine is ready to start at the next attempt From now on keep your fingers well away from the propeller Start the engine then adjust the idling speed using the throt tle control Turn off the power to the glow plug by pressing the button on the fourth line again The sounder will stop and the display will appear as in Figure 6 Now increase the throttle to 100 Since the mixture was set to rich the engine will not reach its maximum speed the peak To adjust this press the button on the third line and gradually close the richness screw by turn ing the encoder knob slowly clockwise until peak speed is reached just as you would do if operating the mixture needle manually Take care not to weaken the mixture too much As the setting resolution is 1 100 of a turn this set ting can be made very accurately Then go back to idling by pressing the first line button and turning the encoder knob clockwise When you are satisfied with the idling speed you can store the corresponding servo setting Idle by briefly pressing the encoder knob Figure 7 At this moment a pop up wi
26. coding process and the clock and data are XORed on each edge of the clock signal This produces the transmitted data stream which is used to modu late the 125 kHz carrier signal In our case the data stream consists of 64 bits This is broken down as follows header 9 bits data 40 bits row parity 10 bits column parity 4 bits and stop bit 1 bit This is illustrated in graphic form in Figure 5 The data is read out row by row from the top left to the bot tom right as 64 bit data string The nine 1 bits are the header Each of the next ten rows consists of four data bits and one parity bit The last row consists of the four column parity bits and the stop bit which is always 0 The first eight bits of the data field are customer spe cific The purchaser can store a fixed company ID or internal company code here assuming that a sufficiently large quantity of chips is ordered wee ee ee However rapid technolo
27. displays it in a graph An application for recording editing and converting video to any conceivable format Anonymous sur fing trom any internet access point from a USB stick Easy backups restores and updates for all your drivers Checking optimizing and cleaning up your compu ter Keeping track of your privacy You can expect that and much more in the i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 ISBN 978 90 5381 244 0 27 50 US 39 50 81 Prices and item descriptions subject to change E amp O E 82 All articles published in 2008 DVD Elektor 2008 This DVD ROM contains all editorial arti cles published in Volume 2008 of the English Spanish Dutch French and Ger man editions of Elektor magazine Using Adobe Reader articles are presented in the same layout as originally found in the magazine The DVD is packed with features including a powerful search en gine and the possibility to edit PCB layouts with a graphics program or printing hard copy at printer resolution ISBN 978 90 5381 235 8 17 50 US 35 00 110 issues more than 2 100 articles DVD Elektor 1990 through 1999 This DVD ROM contains the full range of 1990 1999 volumes all 110 issues of Elektor Electronics magazine PDF The more than 2 100 separate articles have been classified chronologically by their dates of publication month year but are also listed alphabetically by topic A comprehensive index enables you to
28. max units Click the Calculate button to see the calculated order price For the actual order you must submit your project files in Extended Gerber format RS274X Within four hours Elektor PCB Service will advise you whether we can produce your project If we cannot execute your job you will receive a report stating the reason for our refusal along with some suggestions for suitable modifications to your data Before we process your order you must pay our pro forma invoice You can pay with Visa or MasterCard under Pro forma Invoice by clicking the Pay Invoice Online button After we receive your payment we schedule your PCBs for production lektor PCB Service Your prototype boards are shipped to your postal address five working days after receipt of payment The turn around time for batch orders is ten working days CAAT NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS New mikroC PRO for PIC 2009 10 Belgrade based mikroElektronika have recently launched a new C compiler for PIC microcontrollers mikroC PRO for PIC 2009 The IDE features project based design and supports an impressive range of PIC microcontrollers mikroC PRO for PIC 2009 offers a set of libraries which simplify the initiali sation and use of PIC MCU and its modules including libraries for ADC CAN CANSPI Compact Flash EEPROM Ethernet Flash Memory Graphic LCD PC Key pad LCD Manchester Code MMC SD Card OneWire Port Expander P
29. search the entire DVD The DVD also con tains free of charge the entire The Elek tor Datasheet Collection 1 5 CD ROM series with the original full datasheets of semiconductors memory ICs microcon trollers and much more ISBN 978 0 905705 76 7 69 00 US 109 00 BOOKS CD ROMs DVDs KITS amp MODULES Automatic Running in Bench April May and June 2009 Even though brushless electric motors have largely replaced internal combustion en gines in small and medium sized radio controlled model aircraft many model enthusiasts are still attached to internal com bustion i c engines and these need to be run in before they can go airborne Elektor presents an ambitious unique project to au tomate this important operation Designed by an R C modeller also steeped into elec tronics the run in bench enables a micro controller and PC software to take over the tedious task of revving the engine up and down while measuring and logging tem perature and rev count The glow plug and fuel richness are also automatically control led for the user s convenience and safety Kit of parts incl PCB 1 with SMDs prefitted Art Nr 080253 71 185 00 US 270 00 ARMee plug in board mk Il Art Nr 090146 91 50 00 US 74 00 i idi Tre Automotive CAN controller April 2009 Since cars contain an ever increasing amount of electronics students learning about motor vehicle technology also
30. voltage in the receiver cir cuit and the energy trans ferred in this manner powers the receiver chip The soft ware in this chip controls a load in the receiver circuit Just as with a mains trans former the different current levels in the receiver can be detected in the primary circuit In this way a RFID chip can send data to the transmitter without itself transmitting a signal Incidentally utilisation of this principle was explicitly pro hibited in the early days of radio broadcasting After the first German broadcasting station started operating on 29 October 1923 it didn t take long for a few hobby garden ers in the surrounding area to discover that with a suit able antenna they could not only listen to the radio pro gramme but also power their jury rigged lighting system This significantly reduced the effective range of Radio Berlin Welle 400 and it was consequently prohibited Getting back to the present 6 2009 elektor 080910 14A Figure 1 Block diagram and pin assignments of the EM4095 RFID reader IC there are now a variety of semiconduc tor devices that you can use to build a very simple RFID receiver For our RFID reader we selected the EM4095 a transceiver IC made by the Swiss com Main specifications RFID Reader e Connects to Elektor ATM18 test board e Compatible with RFID tags using EM4102 and EM4200 e 5 V supply voltage Bascom RFID software for ATM18 e Reads RFID data
31. 3300A has been with me since then playing an active role on my workbench whenever sinewave triangle or square waves are required It s amazing to see this old fellow at its 40 years of age work almost like it was pulled trom the original box Where does all that robustness and endurance come trom A closer look reveals the secret The first thing you notice is the cabinet entirely made from aluminum pieces cut bent and stamped with high precision Everything fits perfectly reveal ing a design aimed to make the product easy to mount main tain and repair even if that FREQ DIAL AND FREQ CONTROL TERMINALS BEFORE CONNECTING EXTERNAL FREQ CONTROL VOLTAGE MAXIMUM LIMITS O TO 15 VOLTS DO NOT APPLY MORE THAN 25 VOLTS BETWEEN CIRCUIT GROUND AND OUTPUT GROUND TERMINALS WITH SHORTING BAR REMOVED 5 2 z 8 EL BA may never be called for Text and signs are engraved in the front panel and look like they will be there perfectly readable for another 40 years The black plastic knobs are shiny show ing no cracks or any other sign of deterioration The same can be said about the switches and potentiometers no signs of mechanical or electrical degrad ing The traces on the printed circuit boards are all gold plated and look shiny after all these years Oxidation is an unknown phenomenon here Wiring is kept to a minimum and compo nents are all top quality com ing from remarkabl
32. 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VISA and MasterCard can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security January 2009 DVD i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 Incl searchable i TRIXX archive This DVD contains 100 nifty freeware applications tools and utilities for the Windows PC And as a free extra it contains the full and searchable i TRIXX archive with all the editions up until week 8 of 2009 from 1 the e magazine published by Elektor Do you feel the need for a decent and HLL ener ku reliable antivirus program A bandwidth monitor which keeps track of your 27 50 US 39 50 current up and download rate and displays it in a graph An application for recording editing and converting video to any conceivable format Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Anonymous surfing from any internet access point from a USB stick Easy backups restores and updates for all your drivers Checking Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom track of your privacy You can expect that and much lektor Tel 44 20 8261 4509 more in the i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 SHOP optimizing and cleaning up your computer Keeping INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Avit
33. 4 32 00 US 46 00 45 projects for PIC AVR and ARM Microcontroller Systems Engineering This book covers 45 exciting and fun Flow code projects for PIC AVR and ARM microcontrollers Each project has a clear description of both hardware and software with pictures and diagrams which explain not just how things are done but also why As you go along the projects increase in difficulty and the new concepts are ex plained You can use it as a projects book and build the projects for your own use Or you can use it as a study guide 329 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 75 0 29 00 US 52 00 6 2009 elektor A DIY system made from recycled components Design your own Embedded Linux control centre on a PC This book covers a do it your self system made from recycled components The main system described in this book re uses an old PC a wireless mains outlet with three switches and one controller and a USB webcam All this is linked to gether by Linux This book will serve up the basics of setting up a Linux environ ment including a software develop ment environment so it can be used as a control centre The book will also guide you through the necessary setup and configuration of a webserver which will be the interface to your very own home control centre All software needed will be available for downloading from the Elektor website 234 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 72 9 24 00 US 42 0
34. AC voltmeter to measure the voltage across R1 and R2 and leave the blade terminal disconnected we will measure the aver age value In our case at the castle Elektor House with a somewhat low power line voltage it was only 220 VAC instead of 230 VAC The peak voltage across R1 and R2 is then 2220 16 6 V The average value should be about 94 V which is also what we measured If we now use a true RMS meter we expect to see the peak voltage divided by two which is 147 V The strange thing was that the true RMS meter displayed 115 V Our first thought was Perhaps something is wrong with the meter after all it s getting quite old But another newer meter although from the same manufacturer gave exactly the same result A more advanced meter provided the solution This was able to measure AC and DC and displayed the expected 147 V It appears that many true RMS meters can t cope with a DC component Those that do usually have it specifically stated on the meter so bear that in mind This also applies to digital square wave shaped signals and the like not just for half wave rectified sinusoidal signals This just goes to show that you have to know what you re measuring and select an ap propriate meter accordingly as the wrong choice can lead to an inac curate result for the limiting adjustable but instead have a jumper on the board that selects one of seven limits via a 14 way header This also gives the opportunity to
35. ADVERTISEMENT By Zoran Ristic MikroElektronika Software Department Whenever several peripheral units share the same data bus it is neces sary to define how the bus is accessed The CAN protocol accurately describes all the details connecting several devices to a network and as such it is widely used in the industry The proto col primarily defines the precedence of bus implementation and solves the problem of collision within the hard ware in the event that several periph eral units start to communicate at the same time Hardware In this example a CAN bus will be configured so that the first device sends messages consisting of Ox10 and Ox11 as their ID while the second and third device send messages consisting of IDs 0x12 and 0x13 respectively We will also configure the CAN nodes so that the second node responds to in coming messages containing ID 0 only while the third one responds only to those containing the Ox11 ID Ac cordingly the first device is configured to receive messages containing a Ox12 and 0 13 ID Figure 2 Message fil tering is easily implemented by calling the CANSPISetFilter routine which will also handle all the necessary settings MikroElektronikKa of the microcontroller registers and CAN SPI board In general the CAN protocol doesn t require a Master device to be present on the bus However to make this example easy to understand while still keeping it general purpos
36. AVR and 8051 NEW PRO versions just released for PIC and AVR existing mikroBASIC mikroC and mikroPascal customers can upgrade free of charge Contact us for details NEW range of GSM GPRS and GPS add on boards and accessories just released Contact us for details NEW PIC and AVR Starter Packs now come with PRO versions of mikroBASIC mikroC or mikroPascal Please see our website at www paltronix com for further details of these other products We also stock components control boards development tools educational products prototyping aids and test equipment Paltronix Limited Unit 3 Dolphin Lane 35 High Street Southampton S014 2DF Tel 0845 226 9451 Fax 0845 226 9452 Email sales paltronix com Secure on line ordering Major credit and debit cards accepted Prices exclude delivery and VAT and are subject to change 410 116 INSTRUMENTATION True RMS Digital Voltmeter with frequency counter Kai Riedel Germany Many simple function generators do not offer the facility to measure either the frequency or the amplitude of the output The module described here fills that gap displaying the frequency and RMS amplitude of a signal on a two line LCD panel The circuit can also be used as a stand alone true RMS voltmeter with frequency measurement A wide range of frequency coun ter designs has been published in Elektor 1 None of these however has offered the ability to measure the
37. PIC and ATMEL Programmers Complete range an documentation available from our web site Programmer Accessories 40 pin Wide ZIF socket ZIF40W 14 95 18Vdc Power supply PSU120 19 95 Leads Serial LDC441 3 95 USB LDC644 2 95 USB Serial connection Header cable for ICSP Free Windows XP software Wide range of supported PICs see website for complete listing ZIF Socket USB lead not included Supply 16 18Vdc Kit Order Code 3149EKT 49 95 Assembled Order Code AS3149E 59 95 USB PIC programmer for all Flash devices No external power supply making it truly portable Supplied with box and Windows Software ZIF Socket and USB lead not included Assembled Order Code AS3128 49 95 See website for full range of PIC amp ATMEL Programmers and development tools lI CAAT NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS Motors right on the board 14 Instrument dashboards micro scopes audio mixers and other moving applications are benefit ing from patented new technology that integrates a motor directly onto a PCB printed circuit board together with the motor controller PCBMotor the Danish company behind the technology builds accu rate and powerful motors directly onto the PCB itself It significantly reduces application cost and introduces a world of new design opportunities This innovation is claimed to reduce the amount of material and space required for the appli cation enable multiple moto
38. Publisher Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Patent protection may ex ist in respect of circuits devices components etc described in this magazine The Publisher does not accept responsibility for failing to identity such patent s or other protection The submission of designs or articles implies permission to the Publisher to alter the text and design and to use the contents in other Elektor International Media publications and activities The Publisher cannot guarantee to return any mate rial submitted to them Disclaimer Prices and descriptions of publication related items subject to change Errors and omissions excluded Elektor International Media b v 2009 Printed in the Netherlands our Professional via wWwW elektorpcbservice com Making printed circuit boards for e Many a designer is regularly confronted with the difficulties associated with producing prototype PCBs To make things easier for our readers and anyone else who may need a PCB for some reason Elektor has joined forces with Eurocircuits to launch Elektor PCB Service lectronic designs is an art ky o rhe d 9S w o N cup E IR Vode REBAR oo 2 st OFF oS PS P i E
39. Pulse width modulation output for maximum motor torque at all speeds Supply 5 15Vdc Box supplied Dimensions mm 60Wx100Lx60H Kit Order Code 3067KT 17 95 Assembled Order Code AS3067 24 95 08717 Sales Controllers amp Loggers Here are just a few of the controller and data acquisition control units have See website for full details Suitable PSU for all units Order Code PSU445 7 95 Computer controlled 8 channel relay board 5A mains rated relay outputs 4 p isolated digital inputs Useful in a variety of control and sensing applications Con trolled via serial port for programming using our new Windows interface terminal emula tor or batch files Includes plastic case 130x100x30mm Power Supply 12Vdc 500mA Kit Order Code 3108KT 64 95 Assembled Order Code AS3108 79 95 4 channel temperature log ger for serial port C or F Continuously logs up to 4 separate sensors located 200 from board Wide range ot tree software applications for stor ing using data PCB just 45x45mm Powered by PC Includes one DS1820 sensor Kit Order Code 3145KT 19 95 Assembled Order Code AS3145 26 95 Additional D81820 Sensors 3 95 each State of the Art High security 4 channels Momentary or 1 7 latching relay output Range up to 40m Up to 15 Tx s can be learnt by one Rx kit in cludes one Tx but more avail able separately 4 i
40. Research Showcase www avitresearch CO UK 78 London Electronics College Showcase 9 78 Beijing 3 www mikroe com 16 17 Beta Layout Showcase 39 Electronics Showcase 78 Bitscope 0 2 Netronics Showcase 79 ByVac Showcase WWW DYVAC COM 78 Newbury Electronics www newburyelectronics co uk 53 5 Technology Ltd Showcase EE www cstechnology co uk eee ae ae ee eee 78 Nurve Networks Ai Neco dns Ve uh sey e a e D Pt www xgamestation com GB on BRE Awe Feil RS a 53 Decibit Co Ltd Showcase wwwdecibitCOM 78 www paltronix com 25 Designer Systems Showcase www designersystems co uk 78 Parallax www parallax CcOm 71 EasyDAQ Showcase u www easydag
41. The program package consists of eight databanks covering ICs transistors diodes and optocouplers A further eleven applications cover the calculation of for example zener diode series resistors voltage regulators voltage dividers and AMV s A colour band ISBN 978 90 5381 159 7 24 90 US 39 50 decoder is included for determining resistor and inductor values Each databank contains the following on almost any component enclosure drawing pin connections tech nical data as far as known Also included is a search engine acting on user supplied parameters The ECD gives you easy access to design data for over 5 400 ICs more than Elektor 1 R Brentf 35 800 transistors FETs triacs under pegs and 1 800 opto E de peed couplers All databank applications are fully interactive allowing the user to add Brentford TW8 9HH edit and complete component data This CD ROM is United Kingdom a must have for all electronics enthusiasts Tel 44 20 8261 4509 SHOP Further information and ordering at www elektor com shop 6 2009 elektor 39 4 10E PROFILER MILLING MACHINE 40 Profiler Pro New processor board increased software capabilities and mechanical upgrades Harry Baggen Elektor Netherlands Editorial and Frank Jacops Colinbus Belgium 3D workpieces G code milling printed circuit boards thanks to a new controller board with a powerful ARM processor and a new robust
42. V1 0 R15 4300 SMD 0805 R16 4300 SMD 1206 R17 4kQ7 SMD 0805 R18 4kQ7 SMD 0805 Figure 3 Printed circuit board for the amplifier UU c cc TEREFE 28 elektor 6 2009 Two ways to calibrate Method 1 oscilloscope Method 2 to good results adjustments dit plify the required calculations the A D converter is provided with a 2 048 V reference voltage IC3 An important factor is the temperature coefficient of this device at 10 ppm C we have a variation in the reference voltage of 0 02048 mV C The A D converter outputs its con version results to the R8C over an SPI port Frequency measurement is car P1 Alps type 290061 Capacitors C1 C2 C11 C13 C16 C19 100nF SMD 0805 C3 C4 C10 C12 4uF7 10V 293D A C5 C6 10nF SMD 0805 C7 27pF SMD 0805 C8 10nF C9 InF SMD 0805 C14 1uF 10V SMD 0805 C15 10uF 10V SMD 0805 C17 C18 10uF 10V 293D A C20 C21 2 5 35pF trimmer C TRIMMS808 7 5 C22 2nF2 C23 22nF C24 C25 220pF Semiconductors IC1 ADA4862 3 SMD IC3 LTC1968CMS8 MSOP 8 6 2009 elektor 1 Connect an oscilloscope to the output of ICT in the amplifier module using a 10 1 probe 2 Connect K4 1 to ground this sets the highest voltage division ratio 3 Apply a
43. We chose the popular Back pack model for this overview The sturdy comfortable backpack with a capacity of 30 litres has a three section panel of monocrystalline solar cells which can collectively charge an included lithium ion battery rated at 7 2 V 2 2 A An AC adapter for charging the battery from a power outlet and a large number of adapter plugs are also included The main advantage of this backpack is that you can walk all day with it with the battery being charged while you are under way The other panels have to be laid out somewhere while in use which means you have to stay put for the duration An excellent choice for frequent hikers Voltage current 10 2 V 0 4 A Dimensions 51 x 25 38 x 18 25 mm weight 1 6 kg elektor 6 2009 Solar Supra Survival Kit The foldable panel of this especially luxurious but rather expen sive set has 16 large triple junction cells that can collectively supply a maximum power of nearly 13 5 W The nylon case into which the panels are fitted is very sturdy and also has space for the included battery and charging regulator This powerbase contains a hefty rechargeable battery probably a lithium type that can supply 50 W The actual capacity is not stated but the manufacturer does say that it can power a notebook computer for several hours This the best battery pack of all the ones we have seen in this overview The output voltage of the internal DC DC converter can be adjus
44. West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 www elektor com sales elektor com USA and Canada residents should use prices and send the order form to Elektor US PO Box 876 Peterborough NH 03458 0876 Phone 603 924 9464 Fax 603 924 9467 E mail custservus elektor com 2 METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate Bank transfer Ll Cheque UK resident customers ONLY Giro transfer VSA f sweet Expiry date Verification code Please send this order form to Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 www elektor com subscriptions elektor com ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS P amp P CHARGES All orders except for subscriptions for which see below must be sent BY POST or FAX to our Brentford address using the Order Form overleaf Online ordering www elektor com shop Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders except for subscriptions for which see below to the USA address given on the order form Please apply to Elektor US for applicable P amp P charges Please allow 4 6 weeks for delivery Orders placed on our Brentford office must include P amp P charges Priority or Standard as follows Europe 6 00 Standard or 7 00 Priority Outside Europe 9 00 Standard or 11 00 Priority HOW TO PAY All order
45. a call parameter The library rou tine stores the data at the address passed in the call and returns a 1 if the result is valid data present in memory The Interrupt bit in the status register is then cleared to pre vent the data from being changed by elektor 6 2009 another interrupt Now the data can be read from the array and displayed in a FOR NEXT loop The example program also actuates a relay for one second at this point After this the Interrupt bit is set again in the status register and the entire proc ess starts again from the beginning A wealth of possibilities As usual this project is intended to provide a sound basis for developing your own applications The hardware and software described here are suit able for recognising and reading RFID devices fitted with the very economi cal EM4095 chip see Figure 11 A relay on the CC2 relay board closes and opens at one second intervals as long as a RFID device is acquired by battery identification childproofing a Internet Links Figure 11 When a RFID tag is recognised the data read from the tag is shown on the LC display the reader The relay contact can be PC or television set a DIY anti start used to control another device such unit for a motor boat and so on http avrhelp mcselec com index html as a door opener We re sure that you can come up with EM4095 reader under Bascom Hardware gt NF Reference Designs many other pote
46. ampli fier and the display board separately Programming the microcontroller for the display board is described briefly in the text box Programming Calibrating the amplifier is a some what more involved task see text box An oscilloscope a digital volt meter ideally one that can make true RMS readings and a sinewave genera tor are required First make a simple check that the RMS to DC converter and the com parator are working correctly Then connect the two modules together as shown in Figure 6 With the input short circuited a press of S3 will store 6 2009 elektor COMPONENT LIST Display board Resistors R3 R5 10kQ SMD 0603 R4 10k R 33k SMD 0603 R7 4kQ7 SMD 0603 R8 100kQ SMD 0603 R11 R12 R13 R14 1kQ SMD 0805 R15 SMD 0603 Capacitors C2 C4 luF 10V SMD 0603 C3 C6 C7 100nF SMD 0603 C5 4uF7 10V SMD 0603 C8 18pF SMD 0603 C9 27pF SMD 0603 C10 20pF trimmer C TRIMMCTZ3 perc pe E the currently displayed value as the calibrated offset voltage and the dis play will show OFFSET SAVED fol lowed by 0 0 mV Now apply a sinewave with an RMS value of 100 mV to the input Connect
47. amplifier stage but a digital version that uses pulsewidth modulation PWM In fair ness we will be upfront and state that this amplifier has quite a bit of distor tion and so this is absolutely not a hi fi or high end amplifier The circuit is far too simple for that On the other hand the circuit does give a unique sound to the music The digital amplifier has perhaps a tube like sound quality PWM amplifier A PWM amplifier has in principle a very high efficiency because the out put is switched at high frequency between the positive and negative power supply voltages or ground see Figure 1 Since the output transistors are driven one at a time either fully on or fully off the voltage drop across the transistors when on and the cur rent through the transistors when off are minimal This means that the heat losses of the transistors remain small While the transistor is on there is a pulse at the output The width of this pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the original input signal The width of this pulse is also a measure of the size of the output signal and by exten sion the volume level of the amplifier 58 Ton Giesberts Elektor Labs There are plenty of designs for simple audio power amplifiers This can be seen clearly in Fig ure 1 the places where the positive side of the signal is the largest cor respond with the highest sine sig nal levels This of course is also tr
48. available A fully functional demonstration version hex output limited to 2 K of program words is available on the mikroElektronika website www mikroe com 090410 11 cally controls the 6 Sense indica tor lighting on the main display The durable user friendly interface in the Whirlpool line employs one CapSense Plus device to imple ment 14 buttons and drive LEDs in the rotary dial control A second device in the control display pow ers eight buttons LED backlighting with dimming functionality and a buzzer WWW Cypress com go capsense www whirlpool com 090410 111 Gumstix OMAP35x modules and expansion hoards for Overo series Gumstix expanded its tiny Overo computer on module series with the addition of Overo Fire Overo Water and Overo Air Two new expansion boards were also released to provide the addi tional options of an LCD with touch screen options and 10 100baseT Ethernet The Overo series consist of four different modules that are based on Texas Instruments TI OMAP35x applications proces sors with an ARM Cortex A8 CPU Each Overo COM operates at 600 MHz and includes 256 MB RAM 256 MB NAND Flash and a microSD card slot for additional on board memory The tiny modules 17x58x4 2 mm run Linux kernel 2 6 28 or higher and developers have access to extensive online software docu mentation The Overo modules are pin compatible which means each expansion board fits every Overo
49. before ences destroying and recycling a piece of equip ment that has become unusable for its pri mary purpose it s sometimes possible to find another useful application for it at minimal cost thereby delaying the moment of final recycling Figure 1 The panel with its electronics hidden beneath a sheet metal screen It all started when bought a faulty TFT monitor over the Net for a pocket money sum intending to use it for spares to repair another monitor had with a PSU fault Unfortu nately the PSU in the model l d just bought turned out not to be compatible Disappointed decided to recover what ever could and started to dismantle the monitor which was cracked and only displaying half a picture In the light of what discovered while was dismantling it a little glim mer soon turned into a bright idea pin intended why not re use the backlight A TFT monitor consists of a TFT or LCD panel which pro duces the image and behind this panel another thicker one made up of a sheet of Perspex with backlighting around all four sides and a coating that diffuses a very neutral white light So the first operation consists of dismantling the monitor which must of course at least be in a position to light up and to keep just the panel with its electronics hidden behind a sheet metal screen Figure 1 Then carefully dis mantle the screening and the TFT or LCD panel often held in place by a piece
50. biz 78 Peak Electronic Design www peakeleCc CO UK 39 Easysync 78 tek EP dese RN aR www picotech com scope1017 23 Elnec Showcase RR 78 Quasar Electronics WWW quasarelectronics com 13 Robot Electronics Showcase WwwWw robot electronics co uk 79 Dataman www dataman com 54 Robotiq Showcase WWW rODOtiG CO UK 79 Www eurocircults Com 57 Schaeffer www schaeffer ag de 53 First Technology Transfer Ltd Showcase www ftt co Uk 78 SHOWCASE CS 78 79 FlexiPanel Ltd Showcase www flexpanel com 78 USB Instruments Showcase www usb instruments com 79 Future Technology Devices Showcase 78 Virtins Technology Showcase WWW Virtins COm u 79 General Circuits WWW Dobboart COIm sese e X 33 Good Will Instruments 5 3 Advertising space
51. can be connected directly to the solar panel In this case you should pay careful attention to the required supply voltage Technology Most of the solar panels examined for this article are fitted with thin film solar cells fabricated using vapour deposition technology The manvfacturing cost of this type of solar cell is relatively low but it has lower efficiency than monocrystalline or polycrystalline solar cells The advantage of thin film solar cells is that they are relatively flexible which makes them quite suitable for use in foldable and roll up panels Every solar panel consists of a group of solar cells con nected in series to obtain the desired output voltage such as eight cells for an output voltage of approximately 4 8 V each cell has an output voltage of 0 6 V The maximum output current depends on the size of the individual cells Most panels intended to be used in or on a car or caravan are made from a large sheet of glass or transparent plastic that forms the base for the solar cells With portable solar panels the solar cells are laminated between plastic sheets and fitted in a frame made from nylon or a similar mate rial with the connections formed such that they can bend with the frame How well do they work How much power can a solar panel supply Can you use it to charge a car battery mobile phone or iPod or even to power a laptop computer This depends primarily on the 6 2009 elektor NOR 5
52. cursor into the throttle closed position marked Closed then adjust the throttle control linkages mechan ically so that the throttle flap is closed when set to the 100 position If the servo moves in the wrong direction turn the encoder knob until a value of 100 is displayed Save the data entered 3 Set the servo to the full throttle position marked Full and check that the throttle flap is fully open If the servo moves the wrong way turn the encoder knob until a value of 100 is displayed Save the data entered These adjustments need to be made each time the engine is changed or if there is any modification to the servo installation Before proceeding go back to Manual mode via the main menu of Figure 10 and check that turning the encoder knob anticlockwise unscrewing increases the throttle set 6 2009 elektor 7 SECS iud dod dor tatta Pal td eles Figure 10 The main menu Figure 11 Don t forget to enter the limits for these three parameters that are vital for safe operation of the bench Figure 12 The adjustments to be made each time the engine is changed or if there is any modification to the servo installation Figure 13 On this screen you can define just how the automatic running in is performed 37 MODELLING ting Check too that the throttle moves over its full rove References and weblinks between 0 and 10
53. diode to a group of cells in stead of providing a separate diode for each cell 21 CANA SOLAR PANELS 22 ME Solar Foldable 650 This foldable panel is made from very sturdy nylon fabric The manufacturer uses c CGIS cells which according to the manufacturer have higher efficiency than the commonly used amorphous cells The panel is weather resistant and on closer examination we see that the cells are integrated almost seam lessly into the nylon fabric so the structure can indeed tolerate a certain amount of rain The included accessories consist of a variety of adapter ca bles with a cigarette lighter plug and matching socket a 5 mm power plug an extension cable and two battery clips A sound product with impressive cell efficiency and outstand ing finish Voltage current 12 V 0 433 A Dimensions 23 x 12 cm folded 75 x 12 cm unfolded PowerFilm R15 600 This rather unusual panel is the only roll up model in our overview The solar cells of this panel are fitted between two layers of tough plastic that can handle a certain amount of abuse and is weath erproof and UV resistant This type of flexible solar panel is often used on boats among other applications The price of a model with a power rating of 10 W around 250 pounds euros may seem high compared with the other panels but for this price you have a robust panel that can withstand a bit of rough treatment and poor weather conditions This pan
54. does not cause interfer ence to other devices EMC The RC network R6 C6 ensures that the filter continues to work properly at higher frequencies R1 maintains the input side of C1 at ground level so that no annoying sounds are generated when the sig nal source is connected with the cir cuit already turned on With the loud speaker we assume that it is always connected which is why there is no resistor in parallel with the output terminals Loudspeakers are complex loads and are mainly inductive at higher frequen cies The gain of the circuit is deter mined by the feedback R2 R3 With the values we selected the gain is about one which given the power supply C7 1000u R6 25V C5 g LS1 330n cg ds 220n 080277 11 Figure 2 The circuit has very modest dimensions so it will all fit on a compact printed circuit board 6 2009 elektor 59 PROJECTS MINI PROJECT voltage and output range gives suffi cient sensitivity From practical tests it appeared that typical sound cards will probably not supply a sufficient signal to obtain a full output signal from the amplifier But don t panic in Part 2 we will describe a board of the same size which contains a matching preampli fier and extensive tone control Results The current consumption in the idle state is at 44 mA clearly too high for battery use certainly if more than one board is used This is caused mainly by the relatively high sw
55. elektor 101 1 1 5 To book your showcase space contact Huson International Media 1 T EO BEEP Fax 0044 0 1932 564998 AVIT RESEARCH www avitresearch co uk USB has never been so simple with our USB to Microcontroller Interface cable Appears just like a serial port to both PC and Microcontroller for really easy USB connection to your projects or replacement of existing RS232 T interfaces See our webpage for more details From 10 00 BETA LAYOUT www pcb pool com Beta layout Ltd Award winning site in both English and German offers prototype PCBs at a fraction of the cost of the usual manufacturer s prices ByVac www byvac com e USB to 12 e Microcontrollers e Forth e Serial Devices C S TECHNOLOGY LTD www cstechnology co uk Low cost PIC prototyping kits PCB s and components DTMF decoder kits CTCSS FFSK GPS GSM radio equipment and manuals PCB design and PIC program development DECIBIT CO LTD www decibit com e Development Kit 2 4 GHz e Transceiver nRF24L01 e AVR MCU 168 DESIGNER SYSTEMS http www designersystems co uk Professional product development services e Marine Security Tracking Monitoring amp control e Automotive AV Tracking Gadget Monitoring amp control e Industrial Safety systems Monitoring over Ethernet e Telecoms PSTN handsets GSM GPRS e AudioVisual HD DVD accessories amp controllers Tel 44 0 1872 223306 7
56. for operation up to high fre quencies the main amplification is car 6 2009 elektor We assume a mean signal amplitude of 1 V SCR stands for Silicon Controlled Rectifier or thyristor we use this as shorthand for the waveforms found in AC phase angle control circuits Sine 1 414 Square 50 1 0 Triangle 1 73 SCR 50 2 SCR 25 4 7 ried out in three stages The amplifier used the ADA4862 3 4 has internal frequency compensation and consists of three opamps which connected in series deliver an overall gain of 8 A particular feature of this device is its very good linearity gain variation is within 0 1 dB up to a frequency of 65 MHz The output of the amplifier feeds IC3 an RMS to DC converter 5 6 and IC4 a high speed comparator 7 Potentio meter P1 allows the switching thresh old of the comparator to be adjusted slightly If it is desired to process sig nals with a greater DC component we recommend adding a series high volt age capacitor of for example 330 nF before the input amplifier circuit According to its datasheet the Lin ear Technology LTC1968 RMS to DC converter has a 3 dB bandwidth of 15 MHz The arrangement in our circuit broadly follows the manufacturer s rec 0 707 0 1 0 11 0 0 577 3 8 0 495 28 0 212 30 ommendations Capacitor C15 allows the response time of the converter to be set A smaller value can be used to reduce the response time but this will increase th
57. m ee m DR n n em M d e e n en TSE HMQ QX E Radio frequency identification RFID technology is actually old hat The first commercial predecessors of the current technology were launched in the 1960s However only now is the world ready for com prehensive data collection RFID is a refinement of a technology that originated during the Sec ond World War A system called Identification Friend or Foe IFF was developed at that time with the objective of enabling the American armed forces to distinguish allied aircraft from enemy aircraft The original equipment was a large as a suitcase and very expensive RFID technology was also used in electronic article surveillance systems as early as the 1960s At that time the memory capacity of an RFID tag was only 1 bit The 1980s saw the introduction of RFID technology in the automobile industry RFID chips were initially used in anti start sys tems fuelling cards and remote vehicle entry systems As in all other fields of electronics miniaturisation proceed rapidly This opened up more and more application areas such as credit cards ac cess control systems and personal identification systems 48 nology chips embedded in people The Verichip RFID chip produced by the US company Applied Digital Solutions is designed to be embed ded subcutaneously beneath the skin In an emergency doctors can immediately re
58. new kits These use the latest scopes just launched in 2009 The new PicoScopes are equipped for the future with twice the band width of their predecessors and four times faster sampling This means that they can clearly display the high speed signals used on the latest vehicles including the highly complex waveforms found on the new FlexRay bus The new always on memory now 64 times larger ensures that you can concentrate on the job not on the scope and so never miss a detail The new scopes also have twice the input range now 100 V so that you can test a wider range of signals The patterns that you get from a PicoScope Diagnostics Kit show you what is really going on inside the vehicle A scan tool can alert you to the most likely cause of a problem but only a scope can prove whether a component is faulty or not and save you the cost of unnecessary replacement The PicoScope display is highly detailed and accurate and can be as big as the screen of your PC or laptop If that s not enough you can zoom in to see even more Megajoule laser is stadium sized On April 23 2009 the US Depart ment of Energy announced that the National Nuclear Security Admin istration NNSA has certified the completion of the historic effort to build the world s largest laser Housed at the Department of Ener gy s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory the National Ignition Facility NIF is expected to allow scientist
59. of black adhesive tape which has to be removed so as to remove the screen and disconnect its connector Take care it s made of quite thin glass and breaks easily depending on local regulations dispose of this in the general waste container and not in the glass recycling bin At this stage if you plug the monitor back in you ll be sur prised to find you have a superb white luminous panel But the satisfaction is shortlived as in the absence of a video signal the screen switches off after about 30 seconds or so The solution is to find the connection for controlling the high voltage generators for the backlight tube and to pull this pin up or down to the appropriate logic level via a resistor of a few kQ so as to make it stay lit up all the time Figure 2 All that then remains is to remove the control panel which is not used in this application possibly to apply a sheet of Figure 2 One resistor makes it possible to keep the backlight lit all the time Figure 3 An ideal unit for checking PCB negatives 6 2009 elektor 67 PROJECTS EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING Getting Started wit 68 A J Bert Korthof The Netherlands Part 2 C tunctions and a coffee The first instalment of this short course looked at the hardware and made a start with programming the MSP430 board using the IAR Embedded Workbench software Now we continue with the description of a number of frequently used C functions In addition we deal
60. principle Let s start by considering a mains transformer If you connect the pri mary to the mains and the secondary to a load a current flows in the pri mary winding as well as the second ary winding After all how else could a current flow in the secondary If you now remove the iron core but leave the two windings as they were they are still coupled by the magnetic field and the same effect still occurs although the secondary cannot supply as much power with this arrangement If you connect an ammeter in the primary cir cuit you can clearly see that the pri mary current changes when the load on the secondary winding is connected or disconnected Even if the two wind elektor 6 2009 VDD to all blocks VSS _ to all blocks SHD to all blocks BIAS amp j BIAS amp AGND SHORT AGND to all blocks DETECTION SOME I amp READY F 4 LOOP VCO amp H ANTENNA ILTER DRIVERS FCAP RDY CLK DEMOD OUT DEMOD_IN CDEC OUT SAMPLER FILTER 080910 14B COMPARATOR F SEQUENCER SYNCHRO 1 CDEC OUT CDEC IN DC2 ings are separated by a few centime tres the effect of the load on the sec ondary winding is still measurable in the primary circuit This is the operating princi ple of a passive RFID trans ponder in which an HF gen erator drives an antenna to generate an electromagnetic field This field induces a
61. test point TP1 to ground and the volt age readings for the lowest measure ment range will be calibrated with display CALIBRATION OK The fre quency of the sinewave signal should be chosen to obtain best accuracy from the voltmeter being used for comparison Calibration is now complete and the unit can be put to use Elektor Semiconductors R8C13 R5F21134FP LQFP32 IC2 LTC2420CS8 SO 8 IC3 LT1790ACS6 2 048 SOT23 6 D1 D4 1N4148 SOD 323 1 BC558C SOT 23 T2 T6 2N7002 SOT 23 LEDT LEDA LED green SMD 1206 LED5 LED 3mm Miscellaneous LCD1 LCD 2x16 JP1 2 way pinheader and jumper K1 K2 K3 2 way pinheader KA K5 4 way pinheader X1 20MHz quartz crystal HC 49US12SMD 51 54 pushbutton Schurter 1241 1614 S5 pushbutton 6mm PCB 080331 2 see www elektor com shop rri peer ee aua Programming 1 Connect the RS 232 interface to a PC 2 Fit mode jumper 1 3 Briefly press the reset button once this activates the microcontroller s boot loader 11 into the microcontroller using the Renesas Flash Development Toolkit in Basic mode 5 Remove the mode jumper 6 Briefly press the reset button The program will then start up using default 4 Load the program FreqCounter mot parameter values cre 31 410 116 INSTRUMENTATION 9876 09
62. the chip from a single power supply 16 bit dimming for lighting applications that require dimming PSoC ple per customer offer limited to stocks www pcbmotor com 090410 IX Architecture Eight programmable digital blocks for functions such as timers counters PWMs and Six programmable analogue blocks for functions such as amplifiers ADCs DACs filters and comparators 16K of Flash memory 8 bit microcontroller In addition to an initial range of PowerPSoC devices available today Cypress is also offering the CY3268 demonstration kit which drives four LEDs in a small form factor 2 5 x 3 5 with basic reprogramming debugging capa bility A PowerPSoC evaluation kit CY3267 is also available for customer prototyping It offers a modular approach with interface for daughter cards to support mul tiple applications multiple proto cols DMX512 and DALI and customer specific daughter cards The CY3267 also offers flexible topology supporting buck boost and buck boost configurations Both of the PowerPSoC kits are availa ble today from Cypress online The CY3268 is priced at US 50 and the CY3267 is priced at US 150 WWW Cypress com www cypress com go pr PowerPSoC 090410 X elektor 6 2009 Two new PicoScope automotive diagnostics kits The PicoScope Diagnostics Kit already well known to automo tive professionals has just been updated with the addition of two
63. the speed every now and then to allows the engine to cool down This cycle needs to be repeated gradually increasing the periods of high speed running and reducing the richness of the mixture All these parameters depend on the type of engine the manufacturer s recommendations and your own habits The second line of the automatic mode parameters Fig ure 13 lets you define the high speed settings The first parameter on this line is the speed for this phase and the second parameter is its duration in seconds At the end of the line you ll find the maximum temperature reached during the current cycle The third line lets you define the low speed settings The first parameter on this line is the speed for this phase and the second parameter is its dura tion in seconds At the end of the line the software indi cates the minimum temperature reached during the cur rent cycle Move between the different fields on the line using the relevant button and store the parameters using the encoder knob The fourth line lets you adjust the rich ness specify the number of cycles to be performed and choose the way the bench behaves at the end of the cycle IF you select the number of cycles as zero the bench won t stop of its own accord At the end of the cycle you can choose between stopping the engine St running it at idling speed Id or leaving it running at low speed Lo Lastly the first line indicates from left to right the curr
64. the surrounding air and settle Ions can also become attached to bacteria and germs and make these harmless by electrically charging them In this way the air is purified from dust and harmful organisms In addition scientific research has shown that negative oxygen ions are essential for our metabolism Breathing ionised air improves the oxygen con centration in the blood which results in better functioning organs and improved cell metabolism These negative ions also seem to influence the production of serotonin in our body a hormone that in the brain among other things influences the mood and self confidence in people A greater amount of negative ions there fore ensures that you will feel better Since the balance between the amount of positive and negative ions in the air at the office and at home is often upset the addition of negative ions can posi tively influence both the air quality as well as the mood of the people present This can be realised quite simply with the ioniser described here High voltage What do we need to increase the amount of negative ions in the air Not 74 much you only need a voltage which is sufficiently high so that the air at the point of a metal pin will be ionised The oxygen ions produced this way easily spread through the air To do this we designed a small genera tor which uses a converter followed by a cascade stage consisting of diodes and capacitors to generate a high v
65. this time scale for all orders Returns Faulty goods or goods sent in error may be returned for replacement or refund but not before obtaining our consent All goods returned should be packed securely in a padded bag or box enclosing a covering letter stating the dispatch note number If the goods are returned because of a mistake on our part we will refund the return postage Damaged goods Claims for damaged goods must be received at our Brentford office within 10 days UK 14 days Europe or 21 days all other countries Cancelled orders All cancelled orders will be subject to a 10 handling charge with a minimum charge of 5 00 Patents Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits devices components and so on described in our books and magazines Elektor does not accept responsibility or liability for failing to identify such patent or other protection Copyright All drawings photographs articles printed circuit boards programmed integrated circuits diskettes and software carriers published in our books and magazines other than in third party advertisements are copyright and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopying and recording in whole or in part without the prior permission of Elektor in writing Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of these publications is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Notwithstanding the above printed circuit boards may be prod
66. when changing the jumper setting or use a well insulated set of pliers When making measurements on the circuit you also have to take great care especially with points connected to AC power between R1 and the blade terminal on the corner for example A short between these two can cause the track next to the blade terminal to dis appear in a puff of smoke as we found out the hard way during testing The way in which this circuit is housed depends whether you want to include it in an existing installation or if you want to create a type of enhanced dis tribution box You should also bear in mind the size and temperature of the heatsink and the amount of heat released 060316 1 elektor 6 2009 RECYCLING PROJECTS The Three Quid Light Box Recycling a backlit TFT or LCD monitor Daniel Arnaud France transparent plastic to protect the diffusing surface and to mount the whole thing in a housing of your choice Do take care however with the lighting tube HT generators whose Destructive recycling is undoubtedly neces voltage is in the region of 900 VI Applications for this light box are left to your imagination sary for future generations to suffer as little checking PCB negatives Figure 3 as an advertising ible f d panel for customizable ambient lighting or even a large as possible from present day excesses in scale photo frame for displaying enlarged transparencies consumption across the planet But
67. 0 More information on the Elektor Website www elektor com Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 Email sales elektor com SHOP Completely updated Elektor s Components Database 5 The program package consists of eight databanks covering ICs germanium and silicon transistors FETs diodes thyristors triacs and optocouplers A further eleven applications cover the calculation of for ex ample LED series droppers zener diode series resistors voltage regulators and AMVs A colour band decoder is included for determining resistor and inductor val ues ECD 4 gives instant access to data on more than 69 000 components All data bank applications are fully interactive al lowing the user to add edit and complete component data This CD ROM is a must have for all electronics enthusiasts ISBN 978 90 5381 159 7 24 90 US 39 50 Incl searchable i TRIXX archive DVD i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 This DVD contains 100 nifty freeware applications tools and utilities for the Win dows PC And as a free extra it contains the full and searchable i TRIXX archive with all the editions up until week 8 of 2009 from i TRIXX the e magazine pub lished by Elektor Do you feel the need for a decent and reliable antivirus program A bandwidth monitor which keeps track of your current up and download rate and
68. 075 Tweak the setting until you get the 1 www elektor com 090250 proper travel for the servo o 2 www elektor com 080253 Elektor April 2009 Important safety note it is absolutely vital that the throttle adjustment operates in the correct sense If not 3 wwwelektor com 081187 Elektor May 2009 going into speed control mode will make the engine race 4 breakinbench free fr What s more pressing the emergency stop will not stop it 01 E 38 quite the reverse the engine will be set to full throttle It s also very important to enter the number of propeller blades correctly as this factor is used for measuring the speed Con firm and save the value by pressing the encoder knob Lastly the DSC parameter allows you to define the chan nel number associated with the throttle control Once the parameter has been entered and saved go back to man ual mode connect your transmitter to the DSC socket and check that the throttle control drives the servo correctly The servo also needs to be adjusted in the transmitter direction and travel Now go back to the main menu and select the Automatic Running In mode Automatic running in consists of carrying out successive acceleration decelera tion cycles with a fuel rich mixture Running in takes place during the high speed phase but the engine temperature can have a tendency to rise dangerously So it is necessary to lower
69. 27 7 g CO oc aT gt o oot p E O oo eo oY Sa Xo o o o9 UM e o9 oc m 2 o Elektor PCB Service is a new service from Elektor You can have your designs con verted into a professional quality PCBs via the www elektorpcbservice com web site Elektor PCB Service is intended for prototype builders and designers who want to have their PCBs made to profes sional standards and for users who want customised versions of Elektor PCBs If you need a couple of protos with fast turnaround batch of 5 to 50 units we can meet your needs at a favourable price When you place your order simply send us a WinZip file containing the Ex tended Gerber files RS274X format of your layout Most layout programs can generate Gerber files in this format The advantages at a glance Available to private and commercial customers No film charges or start up charges There is no minimum order quantity or charge for this service and all prices include handling and shipping charges Choice of double sided or four layer PCBs The PCBs are professional quality finished with an industrial lead free finish with two solder masks and one silkscreen overlay The supplied layout must be in RS274X format Almost every popular layout program can produce files in this format After your project has been checked and found to be
70. 8 Rasy DAD a uma d EASYDAQ www easydaq biz e USB powered 4 relays 4 DIO channels e Will switch 240VAC 10 amps e Screw terminal access e abVIEW VB VC e Free shipping e From 38 Design amp supply of USB USB Wireless Ethernet amp Serial DAQ Relay amp DIO card products info easydaq biz EASYSYNC http www easysync co uk EasySync Ltd sells a wide range of single and multi port USB to RS232 R 422 and RS485 converters at competitive prices ELNEC www elnec com wa device programmer manufacturer E e selling through contracted distributors all over the world e universal and dedicated device programmers e excellent support and after sale support e free SW updates e reliable HW e once a months new SW release e three years warranty for most programmers FIRST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LTD http www ftt co uk e Training and Consulting ivi for IT Embedded and AT ig Real Time Systems e Assembler C all levels e 8 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers e Microchip ARM Renesas Tl Freescale e uCOSII FreeRTOS Linux operating systems e Ethernet CAN USB TCP IP Zigbee Bluetooth programming FLEXIPANEL LTD www flexipanel com TEAclippers the smallest PIC programmers in the world from 20 each e Per copy firmware sales Firmware programming amp archiving e n the field firmware updates e Pro
71. 98 1 Voltaic Backpack www voltaicsystems com Solar power backpack r r p Importer supplier Ecotopia www ecotopia co uk 225 The Electronic Zone www electroniczone co uk www solarmio com 140 MEZ wwwwselectsolor co uk ME Foldable solar panel c 175 pics 6 5W 20Sunling 20E www mobile energy2 com 6 5 W max i Sun php Sunforce Battery trickle charger i MM SE400 Order no 857032 89 105 WWw Sunseli com Sunsei www conrad int com SE135 Order no 857030 89 36 Sunforce www selectsolar SunFor Solar powered battery maintenance charger 1 8 W Order no 853784 89 Mobile solar power case TPS 936 co uk 35 PowerFilm R15 600 256 www selectsolar co uk pics rol www powertilmsolar com lable php account On a sunny day in central Europe the available solar energy is approximately 1000 W m2 and around 150 W m of this can be converted into electrical energy with currently avail able solar cells Cells made from selenium gallium arsenide or other com pounds can achieve even higher efficiency but they are more expensive and are only used in special applications such as space travel There are also other approaches that are aimed primarily at reducing costs instead of increasing efficiency The objective of such approaches is to considerably reduce the amount of pure silicon that has to be used or eliminate its use entirely One example is thin film solar cells mad
72. MOD OUT CEDEC IN MOD IC1 EM4095 CEDEC OUT ANT2 DC2 DEMOD IN FCAP VSS AGND DVSS 080910 11 Figure 6 RFID reader circuit for connection fo the CC2 AVR board The transponder sends this 64 bit sequence repeatedly as long as oper ating power is available which means as long as it is within range of the reader The coded signal starts and ends with the same phase state As a result the start sequence of nine 1 bits can be detected unambigu ously when the received signal is processed Transponders using the EM4102 are among the simplest type of RFID devices They emit only the data stored in the chip during manufacture with no possibility of storing user gener ated data in the RFID device Their sole utility arises from the fact that each EMA102 contains a code that is issued only once which means that each tag can be identified uniquely This is fully sufficient for applications such as door openers anti start systems or identi fying cattle cIElekto RY CL e qu E R1 2 E 1 Li c5 LI LO C6 C2 C10 Figure 7 RFID reader PCB for assembling the reader circuit shown in Figure 6 50 The RFID reader board The ATM18 board needs an extension to enable it to recognise and read RFID devices This extension is the RFID reader board For this purpose we use the previously described EM4095 in the circuit shown in Figure 6 The IC is wired the same as in the dat
73. MP LAB and AVR Studio 3 Integrated 3D Viewer with 3DS and DXF export All levels of the Proteus Design Suite now include a world class fully integrated shape based autorouter at additional cost prices start from just 150 exc VAT amp delivery wuw labcenter cam our website or Electronic phone 01755 753440 Labcenter Electronics Ltd 53 55 Main Street Grassington North Yorks 23 SAA f ii t 1 Registered in England 4692454 Tel 44 0 1756 753440 Email info glabcenter com OF details
74. Resistors R1 470kQ R2 R8 12kQ R4 R5 2200 R 802 Capacitors C1 10uF 63V radial 6mm diam C2 100nF ceramic lead pitch 5mm C3 100uUF 40V radial 8mm diam lead pitch 0 1 2 5mm CA 270pF ceramic lead pitch 0 2 5mm C5 330nF MKT lead pitch 0 3 7 5mm C6 220 MKT lead pitch 0 3 7 5mm C7 1000uF 25V radial 10mm diam lead pitch 0 2 Inductors L1 40uH 2A axial mount vertically e g Epcos type B8211 1EC23 Farnell 9753354 Semiconductors D1 D2 BAT85 1 IRFU9120NPBF TO 251AA I PAK International Rectifier e g Farnell 046 T2 IRLUT20NPBF TO 251AA I PAK International Rectifier e g Farnell 8651345 1 4050 Miscellaneous S1 1 make contact min not on PCB rae rrr elektor 6 2009 E P Cheaper than 11 issues from the newsstand 8 8 50 Discount on the new Annual DVD ROM O With every issue subscribers get up to 40 discount on selected Elektor products O As a welcome gift you get a free 2GB MP3 player worth 31 50 You save Subscription PLUS 10 Magazines phe 4 Double Issue July August O DVD ROM No queues travelling parking fees or sold out Elektor is supplied to your doorstep every month Always up to date read your before everyone else ndividual items bscriptio
75. Step out of a function 6 Execute next statement 7 Run to position of cursor 8 Run to end of program or an infinite loop or to a breakpoint 9 Exit debug mode Always do this before you unplug the board from the USB interface For more information look in the Help menu You can easily set a breakpoint in the program by placing the cursor in front of the line and double clicking a red dot will appear By double clicking again we can remove this breakpoint When you single step through the program you will not go any further than the loop case start while P1IN amp BIT5 IF button S1 is not pressed then the while loop is always true and it will not exit from this loop By simultaneously pressing S1 and clicking arrow 3 or 5 you proceed to the next statement Upon reaching the state Heating you find case heating do PIOUT BITL delay 65000 t t 4 5 11 PLIN amp BIT5 t 90 j while t 90 You can run through this loop much faster by giving the vari able t a value ourselves and store this in the memory of the MSP430 via the JTAG connection You do this by selecting Watch from the View menu The Watch window allows you to see the value of variables and even change these vari ables double click the value By stepping through the code one line at a time you get a good understanding of how the state machine works If you want to change the code you first have to exit Debug mode
76. Two solder masks green One silkscreen overlay white Outline and internal milling to the extent that this can be done with a 2 mm milling cutter Lead free finish our choice of chemical silver chemical nickel gold or lead free HAL FR 4 RoHS compliant material with standard construction Minimum dimensions 20 x 20 mm maximum dimensions 425 x 425 mm Now available for everybody T amatin are ers Waco inner o ee ina EH Hep je socks LU AB HP lil nera BA as Parks Tad cel TT rus Op li ae IF rmn iron mazimom Til rd sim imi la ior Fi malin il T CALCOWMLATE CLEAR CALCWRATE ith The first step in the procedure is to visit www elektorpcbservice com create your account note this site does not use the same accounts as the Elektor magazine website Be sure to enter your address data correctly This is essential to ensure that you actually receive your boards For access to the site use your e mail address as your user name together with a password of your own choosing To place an order click the Order button Click Order PCBs to navigate to the order page Select the Proto tab to order a set of two prototype boards or select the Batch tab to order a batch of PCBs of the same type 5 to 50
77. Ultrasonic Range Finders e Compass modules e Infra Red Thermal sensors e Motor Controllers e Vision Systems e Wireless Telemetry Links e Embedded Controllers ROBOTIQ http www robotiq co uk Build your own Robot Fun for the whole family e MeccanoTM Compatible e Computer Control e Radio Control e Tank Treads e Hydraulics B Internet Technical Bookshop 1 3 Fairlands House North Street Carshalton Surrey SM5 2HW email sales robotig co uk Tel 020 8669 0769 USB INSTRUMENTS http www usb instruments com USB Instruments specialises in PC based instrumentation products and software such as Oscilloscopes Data Loggers Logic Analaysers which interface to your PC via USB VIRTINS TECHNOLOGY www virtins com PC and Pocket PC based virtual instrument such as sound card real time oscilloscope spectrum analyzer signal generator multimeter sound meter distortion analyzer LCR meter Free to download and try CANDO CAN BUS ANALYSER http www cananalyser co uk e USB to CAN bus interface e USB powered e FREE CAN bus analyser S W Receive transmit amp log CAN messages e 5011898 amp CAN 2 0a 2 0b compliant 2 EHTS e Rugged IP67 version available WWW elektor COIT SHOWCASE YOUR COMPANY HERE Elektor Electronics has a feature to help customers promote their business Showcase a permanent feature of the magazine where you will be able to showcase your products
78. Z axis with floating head you can upgrade your existing Profiler milling machine to a Pro version The software has also been adapted to take advantage of this and has many improvements and new features About two and a half years ago when Elektor and Belgium based manufacturer Colinbus thought of putting together a simple handy and importantly affordable milling machine for use in the home workshop none of the company rep resentatives involved in the discussions had any idea about the runaway success their joint project was to become The Elektor Colinbus Profiler turned out to be a hit and an enormous number of kit sets for this machine were sold Very quickly an active community formed whose members would analyse the machine down to the tiniest of details Equally quickly there were modifications and suggestions for improvements Both the users and the manufacturer actively continued to explore all possibilities of further improving Profiler The designers from Colinbus have spent a considerable amount of time improving and advancing the development of the Profiler and the developments have now reached a point that allows us to publish the various new features In particular the combination of all these new features a new processor board modified software and several mechani cal upgrades results in a revolutionary improvement Not every user will have the need for these improvements however It depends entirely on w
79. a sheet application circuit diagram shown in Figure 2 The capacitor values are Ches 2 nF C4 47 pF C5 and Cpy 1 nF C2 Series resistor Rggg has a value of 68 Q R1 The sec ond capacitor position C6 in parallel with C5 allows the value of to be adjusted if necessary A small PCB Figure 7 has been designed for assembling this circuit It connects to the ATM18 board The extension board is available from the Elektor Shop with the SMD compo nents pre assembled so you only have COMPONENT LIST Resistor SMD 0805 RI 6890 Capacitors SMD 0805 C5 47pF C2 C3 CA C7 C8 10nF to solder the coil leads and the con necting links to the ATM18 board The antenna coil is a DIY construction The circular coil which can be seen in the photo consists of 160 turns of 0 6 mm enamelled copper wire The coil diameter is approximately 23 mm which means that you need 12 metres of wire If you can find a suitable form in your junk box and chuck it in a drill winding the coil is very easy The inductance of the coil is approxi mately 780 If you have an induct ance meter or a multimeter with an inductance range you can check the value of the finished coil However the exact value is not especially criti cal In our tests with this antenna the transponder with the EM4102 was recognised immediately every time We obtained the same result with the rectangular coil shown in t
80. a spot about one half millimeter in diameter at the centre of its 10 meter diameter target chamber NIF has the ability to deliver large amounts of energy with extreme precision in billionths of a second Earlier in April NIF became the first fusion laser in the world to break the megajoule barrier a megajoule is the energy consumed by 10 000 100 watt light bulbs in one second by delivering 1 1 mil lion joules of ultraviolet energy to the centre of its target chamber more than 25 times more energy than the previous record holder https www llnl gov 090410 XIII photo montage by Jacqueline McBride detail save the results on disk for future analysis or save pictures to share with colleagues You don t have to pay extra for vehicle spe cific tests because PicoScope works with any make of engine ESSET a us 7 JA ware N T EM 2 fioe E i pe i oa 1 I There is a 2 channel and a 4 channel version so you can choose the kit that suits your budget The PicoScope kits can test just about any electrical com ponent on a vehicle including airflow and MAP sen sors lambda and knock sen sors ABS crank and cam sen sors injectors and fuel pumps primary and secondary igni tion CAN bus integrity batter ies starting and charging cir cuits glow plugs and timer relays and relative compression www picoauto com 090410 15
81. ad out vital patient information such as the person s blood type and any current allergies or illnesses However there are now access control systems for companies and even discos that are im plemented using embedded RFID tags Everyone should carefully con sider whether he or she is willing to have a system of this sort installed in their body Lending libraries such as the new Vienna Main Library use RFID tags for inventory control Special types of RFID readers can read a group of RFID tags in a single operation This technique is called bulk reading Another application for RFID technology which is already extensively exploited is electronic transport cards that can be read without physical contact and reloaded They are used successfully in numerous Asian metropolises such as Hong Kong and Singapore elektor 6 2009 header bits 9 1 11 1 DOO 001 002 D03 D10 D11 D12 D13 8 version bits or customer ID 32 data bits PCO PC1 PC2 PC3 4 column parity bits 080910 18 Figure 5 Configuration of the 64 bits stored in the EM4102 you find this too complicated you can use a spreadsheet available from the manufacturer s website or the project page on the Elektor website www elektor com 080910 This makes the calculations relatively easy and semi automatic The transponder RFID devices are actually modules that are available in a variety of forms such as smart cards small glass tubes an
82. amplitude of the input signal Measur ing the RMS root mean square ampli tude properly is more than matter of applying full wave rectification aver aging and multiplying by a suitable magic constant the method used in extern BNC socket 1 intern voltage divider amplifier measurement amplifier board display board low cost multimeters The magic multi plication factor used in these meters is correct if the input waveform is a pure sine wave but the error in the reported value increases as the input wave form deviates from the pure sinusoidal shape Table 1 shows the degree of error for a few example waveshapes The instrument described here can determine the true RMS amplitude 2 pulse shaper AID converter display True RMS converter programming interface 080331 13 reference voltage Figure 1 Block diagram of the meter 26 or effective value of signals with practically any waveform The maximum permissible crest factor ratio of peak amplitude to RMS amplitude is a way of specify ing for what kinds of waveforms can have their 5 value measured with sufficient accuracy for the true RMS converter used here the maximum crest factor for an overall accuracy of 1 96 is 4 The circuit The principle of operation of the circuit can be understood using the block dia gram Figure 1 The system is divided into two main modules the input ampl
83. and services For just 242 VAT 22 per issue for eleven issues Elektor will publish your company name website address and a 30 word description For 363 VAT for the year 33 per issue for eleven issues we will publish the above plus run a 3cm deep full colour I wish to promote my company please book my space Text insertion only for 242 VAT NAME qu M e Text and photo for 363 VAT ORGANISATION image e g a product shot a screen shot from your site a company logo your choice Places are limited and spaces will go on a strictly first come first served basis So please fax back your order today JIB EE X M Ynn O O M c PLEASE COMPLETE COUPON BELOW AND FAX BACK TO 00 44 0 1932 564998 Qe bd NANE A 6 2009 elektor 79 BOOKS CD ROMs DVDs KITS amp MODULES oing Strong A world of electronics eem from 0 single shop C Programming for Embedded Microcontrollers C PROGRAMMING If you would like to learn the C Program ming language to program microcon trollers then this book is for you No pro gramming experience is necessary You ll start learning to
84. and take it into account in the further processing of the data Familiar subroutines are used to dis play the data on the LCD module and to control the relays on the relay board of these routines have been used before in related articles in this series where they are described in detail The program outputs the data to the serial interface in addition to displaying it on the LCD module so the data can be saved or further processed on a PC and displayed using a terminal emula tor program 6 2009 elektor Figure 8 Oscillogram showing the modulated 125 kHz signal top and the data signal at the DEMOD OUT output of the EM4095 bottom DA R 9 09 20 0721 oot x I0 O O OOOOOOOOOO n M m a ie 5 m 3 USART T 4 66 RBRTORA1R12R13 K9 LCD 20 x 4 EE pest pest ped teme TIN Costs cas EE OIII SAA Je H o_o o_O 080910 12 Figure 9 Wiring diagram of the RFID project with the RFID reader board ATM18 board LC display module and relay board with port expander 51 MICROCONTROLLERS Start main program Config Hitag 64 Type Em4095 Demod Pind 2 Int int0 Config Int Change On Int0 Checkints Enable Interrupts DIM Array 5 as Byte Is LCD call readhitag no transponder true read 5 byte fro
85. ator tab The reading of buttons Next let s have look at how to write code in C for reading the state of the pushbuttons On the MSP430 board the but tons S1 S2 and S3 are connected to port pins P1 5 P1 6 and P1 7 respectively The buttons are connected with pull include msp430x20x2 h void delay unsigned int void set 7segment int int unsigned int t 3 void main void e a xg ng ZUGE s i GOLE as 4 gu 2 tf a Morenot Ale DIO Brot ail Fa J I wed y 75 ucia Lif S Pg sm i Are LZ yvold clelarfungignad inc dd p ma e Tis E i ff e e a mm Fa anum SZALLUd d QU e 1 i F Js a J wi mats fro a cf POLIT COTS H M By HMLTIFIOLLD 2m F 7 wv ry 7 rec Ej 7 7 H 7 7 zf fi ES i i 1 up resistors to the positive supply voltage In this case the port pins have to be defined as inputs which is the default setting for port P1 When you push the button the input signal is pulled to GND so it is a low level and in the C language that means O or not true false You could exe cute the following instruction S1 is declared as unsigned int S1 S1 1 amp BITS Only when the processor executes this inst
86. avid HO0 C1 C1154 C1086 P1 70 1 024931 7 http www linear com pc productDetail isp navid HO C1 C1154 C1004 C1012 P 1225 8 http www elektor com 0501 79 2 9 http www elektor com 0501 79 3 10 http www linear com pc product Detail sp navldhttp www elektor com 080331 H0 C1 C1155 C1001 C1152 P1823 11 http www elektor com 080331 12 kairiedel yahoo de elektor 6 2009 QUALITY PCB amp SERVICE PROTOTYPE TO PRODUCTION instant online quote shopping cart ordering system China competitive prices free electrically test ARDC WA ncbcart com SauscypcDomget cov t b 5 1 B 013819 ht d aa t 485 57 1 070356705 AS SHE OL d ro AER ENT 78 Gutu Road Ha IE MAL hir WWW PCBCART COM New microcontrollers become available every year and old ones become redundant The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers then this book is for yov No programming experience is necessary You ll start learning to program from ex m the very first chapter with simple programs and slowly build from there Initially you program on the PC only so no need for dedicated hardware This book uses 324 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 80 4 only free or open source software and sample programs and exercises can be 32 50 US 52 00 downloaded from the Internet Althoug
87. been burned on the SmartProg2 for use in our prototype circuits or bin ning or erasing if an error was found The programmer was also cheerfully used by lab workers Luc RobertJan Chris Antoine Paul and myself for occasional program ming of 24C16 EEPROMs For a number of years we laughed at every new micro thrown at us by Silicon Val ley s joint forces We pulled the latest device parameters from the Elnec website plugged in the odd adapter board and burned a guinea pig Here have to mention that Elektor unlike some of its com petitors is an independent publication not restricted to one specific kind of microcontroller for use in published projects A solid principle for sure very open minded amp all that but one that calls for programming support of a galaxy of devices from an ever longer list of manufacturers great amp small famous amp obscure Equally long is the list of device housings like SOIC PLCC DIP you mention it While you or your boss may be happy to stick to just one brand and have a matching programmer to burn your own micros 1 pa HAO anm E here at Elektor we have far wider requirements because we will strive to support whichever microcontroller our readers care or dare to propose for their projects once accepted for publication In Munich The story continues in Munich at the 2008 edition of the immense Elektronica show with an unplanned visit to the booth of Elnec
88. before moving to hardware interfacing using serial and parallel ports and range of topics is explored including USB the USB port It includes a hardware design for a simple oscilloscope using a parallel port and inter descriptors a four channel millivolt preci facing to analogue and digital I O using the USB port It is complete with many program examples sion voltage reference all with fully docu self assessment exercises and references to supporting videos Full program examples are available mented source code as is support for University lecturers in the form of PowerPoint presentations 256 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 74 3 240 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 81 1 29 50 US 44 50 26 50 US 53 00 Prices and item descriptions subject to change E amp O E 80 elektor 6 2009 Bring your microcontroller to life Artificial Intelligence This book contains 23 special and excit ing artificial intelligence machine lear ning projects for microcontroller and PC Learn how to set up a neural network in a microcontroller and how to make the net work self learning Or discover how you can breed robots and how changing a fitness function results in a totally diffe rent behavior Several artificial intelli gence techniques are discussed expert system neural network subsumption emerging behavior genetic algorithm cellular automata roulette brains etc 256 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 77
89. bs One really crucial piece of equipment is our BeeProg multi device microcontroller programmer system The guys from Elektor Labs are talkative like no other and good e pranksters from time to time On the cathode down side they suffer from perennial writer s block and are too modest about their discoveries of real gems in electron ics and embedded land In other words they are sitting on heaps of useful information you have to pull from them from hidden FAT32 partitions or from under their desks That happens to be my job 6 2009 elektor A little history from the lab It must have been in 2005 when a Slovakian company called Elnec kindly supplied a sample of their SmartProg2 multi device programmer for writing a few words about in Elektor Figure 1 That was duly done but the program mer was never returned sure we told Elnec they did not mind In fact the SmartProg2 was so good it was sort 55 Figure 1 Elnec s SmartProg2 was used for a number of years in the Elektor Labs for one off microcontroller programming and small series Figure 2 At Elektronica 2008 meeting up with Elnec representatives Jan and 56 Vladimir of confiscated for use in the Elektor Labs more specifically in the ESS department Elektor Software Service where it went into permanent service Since then many hundreds of master devices for microcontrollers EPROMs EEPROMs and other programmable devices have
90. by applied a little bit before the current limit is reached As the overload increases the lim iter will reduce the load current a lit tle further below the selected value The lower load resistance means that the current pulse becomes shorter and greater in amplitude The control voltage across C9 then increases The advantage of this is that the peak cur rents aren t as large Reference The reference voltage is derived from a standard 5 6 V zener diode D5 which has a current flowing through it of about 1 mA set by R20 The ref Meters don t lie or do they The supply voltage for the U2008B is internally regulated Our circuit hardly differs from the standard application The only difference is that our circuit requires a higher current We have designed the sup ply for a current of about 10 mA as already mentioned in the article However during the test and measurement phase we found out a few things about RMS multimeters C4 is charged up by a single phase rectified current Theoretically the average value of a pure sine wave is 2Upeak z which also applies to a full wave rectified sine wave The effective value is also the same in both cases Upeak V2 This is where the well known crest factor of 1 11 n 2N2 comes from But it s all very different when it concerns a half wave rectified sine wave The average value here is Upeak z The effective value is a lot larger though Upeak 2 If we now use a standard
91. c BF245A gt gt LIMITING VS R20 R19 O 10k o lt EIE n 2 59221 5 mE MID 715R INE LAE IE Figure 1 The circuit diagram of the campsite AC monitor illustrates that it isn t an easy task to limit the mains supply 060316 11 63 POWER SUPPLIES decided to use two 5 watt resistors for R1 and R2 even though the total dis sipation is only 2 5 W The supply for the opamp should not be greater than 12 V A zener diode D2 has been connected in series with the supply to keep the voltage within safe limits Limiting The circuit was designed for 230 VAC power lines The above formula and what follows on the circuit opera tion should allow adaptation to 110 117 VAC networks by changing rele vant component values We decided not to make the threshold D3 is reverse biased R9 R11 now form a potential divider The voltage across R11 becomes half of the input signal The rectified signal is then fed to com parator amplifier IC2b This compares the peak value of the current with the reference set up The reference can be chosen from seven values These have been con figured such that the current limits are 3 4 5 6 7 8 or 10 A Jumper JP1 can be used to select the required limit The speed at which IC2b switches is limited somewhat by C8 R22 and R21 in order to obtain a stable output Any spikes glitches and other high fre quency interference are filtered out
92. caravan In most cases you can simply put a panel of this type behind a window and connect the included cable directly to the battery or plug it into the cigarette lighter socket Depend ing on its dimensions a panel of this type can supply a current of 100 to 1000 mA These panels are reasonably priced and the smaller models are well suited to powering a small stand alone circuit or a home made garden lamp Another category consists of portable solar panels These models are specifically designed to be easy to take along on a trip such as a hiking trip Folding and roll up panels are available with or without an integrated battery pack The battery pack often a rechargeable lithium ion battery has a built in charging regulator and can be connected elektor 6 2009 x BEN adv i Tr 1 i We p pA By Ww Wut TP a ES ee NUM 2 Ree AM NET E 7 d u Sa CPP Liriano TA srry f JTA SR ee gy a z A P 7s directly to solar panel When battery pack is fully charged it can be used to charge or power other devices such as a mobile phone For this purpose many of these chargers come with a broad selection of adapters for con nection to the most popular types of portable devices Various adapters are also included with the models that do not include a battery pack so that external devices
93. d key fobs Figure 3 shows block diagram of the 4102 transponder chip and its indi vidual functional blocks The only external component is the coil con nected to the Coill and Coil2 pins The voltage induced in the coil is fed to a full wave rectifier and used as the operating voltage The clock frequency is generated in the Clock Extrac tor The Sequencer uses this clock to shift data out of the memory into the data encoder There the data is proc essed according to the protocol that is used and fed to the Modulator which drives the antenna coil The reader and transponder frequencies are syn chronised The modulator produces an amplitude modulated HF signal in the transponder coil with the data in the sidebands The signal envelope at the reader is exactly the opposite see Figure 4 As previously mentioned part of the mod ulated voltage is tapped off and the reader can filter the transponder data out of its own attenuated signal The read data can be coded in various manners Protocols such as Manches ter bi phase PSK and FSK are widely used In our EM4102 the data which is hard coded in the memory is Man chester coded for output Manches ter coding is commonly used for serial data transmission on a data line The payload data is XORed with a signal at twice the data clock rate which elim inates the need for a separate clock line The clock and payload data are first synchronised at the start of the
94. d to light electrons are released and holes positive charge carriers are generated The holes can recombine with the elec trons The charge carriers are kept apart by the electrical field of the PN junction which partially prevents the direct recombina tion of electrons and holes The electrical potential between the electrodes on the top and bottom of the cell is approximately 0 6 V The maximum current short circuit current is proportional to the surface area of the cell the impinging light energy and the efficiency Higher volt ages and currents are obtained by connecting cells in series to form strings and connecting these strings of cells in parallel to form modules The maximum efficiency achieved by polycrystalline cells is 1796 while monocrystalline cells can achieve up to 2296 although the overall efficiency is lower if the total module area is taken into zi A WI e 5 090059 12 6 2009 phone now and then You should carefully estimate how much decreases considerably when the sun is obscured by cloud power you need and how much sunshine you can expect at On the following pages we provide an overview of several your intended destination and then make your choice on this modules to give you an idea of what types are available basis It s better to choose a panel that is somewhat larger what they have to offer than what you absolutely need since the available power 0707
95. e we will set the first device only to initiate communication on the network and another two devices to respond to in dividual calls Software When sending a message the Mas ter node leaves enough time for the called node to respond In the event that a remote node doesn t respond within the time required the Master reports an error in the current mes sage and proceeds with calling other nodes Figure 3 In the event that a peripheral CAN node responds at the CAN BUS Figure 1 Message filtering Advertising article by MikroElektronika www mikroe com mikroC and mikroC PRO are registered trademarks of MikroElektronika All rights reserved Now you need a DEVELOPMENT TOOLS I COMPILERS I BOOKS Three EasyPIC5 development systems connected on a CAN bus by CAN SPI modules It is often necessary to have several microcontrollers performing different operations integrated i in one system in order to make them function as a whole Here we show how to connect three microcontrollers to a CAN and how to use filters in CAN nodes for the purpose of filtering messages same time as another node a colli sion will occur on the CAN bus How ever the device address priority and CAN alone prescribe that in this case the node transmitting the lower prior message withdraws from the bus thus enabling the node transmitting the higher priority message to proceed with transmission immediately As mentioned b
96. e button on the first line twice Figure 10 Press the button on the fourth line to modify the safety limits The safety limits define three parameters that are vital for the safety of the bench in operation These are Maximum permitted engine speed Maximum permitted engine temperature Minimum board supply voltage to protect your batteries from deep discharge The values for these parameters can be modified in the screen shown in Figure 11 Select the parameter to be modified by pressing the cor responding button Confirm the data entered by pressing the encoder knob The parameter is then saved into non volatile memory and will not need to be entered again next time the bench is turned on Now go back to the main menu by pressing the first button twice then select the Par ameters menu The parameters hat can be adjusted are as follows Servo travel Number of propeller blades 0 DSC Direct Servo Control throttle channel The values for these parameters can be modified in the screen shown in Figure 12 The key servo travel adjustment is done in three steps 1 Press the second line button twice to position the cursor in the neutral position marked N on the third line then adjust the throttle servo rod mechanically so that it is per pendicular to the latter If necessary adjust the value slightly using the encoder knob then confirm the data entered 2 Put the
97. e error in the result at fre quencies below 100 Hz C14 ensures that only the AC component of the sig nal is processed The display module is based around the popular R8C 13 microcontroller from Renesas see Figure 4 The wir ing of the microcontroller with pro gramming over the RS 232 interface crystal and LCD panel follows the cir cuits from the R8C series published in Elektor from February 2006 8 9 IC2 is an external 20 bit analogue to dig ital A D converter 10 It uses the delta sigma conversion technique and can effectively suppress the ripple that appears superimposed on the output of the RMS to DC converter To sim 27 40 116 INSTRUMENTATION 1 1 1 1 1 1 OFFSET COMPARATOR 1 1 1 1 1 IMPEDANCE CONVERTER high to low 1 0 22 5V Amplifier Vu 8 18 06dB 7 10 8 12 K2 O OUTPUT O FREQUENCY IC1 ADA4862 3 T1 PMBFJ620 1 11 58 j INT VOUT I2 TC1968 EN CMS8 RTN MEASUREMENT RANGES MB1 4 RE1 RE4 SIL7172 L 5V POWER SUPPLY 5V 080331 11 ee COMPONENT LIST Measurement Amplifier 50b Resistors NS R1 R2 R5 47Q SMD 0805 R3 RA 270 SMD 0805 R 100kQ R7 10k SMD 0805 R8 470kQ SMD 0805 R9 900kQ 0 1 R10 R11 7 R12 90 0 1 R13 9kQ 0 1 R14 1kQ 0 1 Elektor 080331 1
98. e from amor phous silicon which have an efficiency of 8 to 1096 and a good price performance ratio The silicon can be applied to a glass sheet or plastic film in the form of a thin layer This thin film technology is quite suitable for the production of robust flexible modules such as the examples described in this article Battery charging From an electrical viewpoint an ideal solar cell consists of a pure current source in parallel with a diode the outlined com ponents in the accompanying schematic diagram When the solar cell is illuminated the typical U I characteristic of the diode shifts downward see the drawing which also shows the open circuit voltage Uoc and the short circuit current Isc The panel supplies maximum power when the load corresponds to the points marked MPP maximum power point in the drawing The power rating of a cell or panel specified by the manufactur er usually refers to operation at the MPP with a light intensity of 100 000 lux and a temperature of 25 The power decreases by approximately 0 2 to 0 5 as the temperature increases A battery can be charged directly from a panel without any 6 2009 elektor problems if the open circuit voltage of the panel is higher than the nominal voltage of the battery No voltage divider is neces sary even if the battery voltage is only 3 V and the nominal volt age of the solar panel is 12 V This is because a solar cell always acts as a curre
99. e only thing you want to do then you could also make an engraving head yourself because the professional engraving head is quite expensive The only objective is to maintain a constant distance between the material and the tool few construction drawings for this are available on the Colinbus website Certainly of inter est is the file graveerhet doc which clearly explains the how and why of engraving see www colinbus com free howto htm Finally By simply plugging another controller board into your Pro filer you will obtain an entirely different machine The new PB3D controller makes the machine faster increases the number of features and enables you to make real 3D work pieces The new and improved ColiDrive software is sup plied free Users who want a more robust and more accurate Profiler can fit a new Z axis On the Elektor website you l find a short video which shows the new configuration in operation www elektor com profilerpro Elsewhere in this issue you will find more about the prices and ordering options of the upgrades described here 090163 1 339 00 494 00 380 00 404 00 590 00 454 00 263 00 384 00 295 00 Figure 5 A few 3D workpieces made
100. e transponder The resonant circuit consists of the antennal coil L and 47 MICROCONTROLLERS CLOCK EXTRACTOR AC1 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER AC2 DATA MODULATOR Modulation Control SEQUENCER DATA ENCODER MEMORY ARRAY 080910 16 Figure 3 Block diagram of the EM4102 transponder chip the capacitor These components determine the resonant frequency which should be approximately 125 kHz The 4095 is designed for operation in the frequency range of 100 to 150 kHz and uses a phase locked loop PLL to control the frequency Naturally the transponders also oper ate in this range The series resistor Rope keeps the current in the antenna driver below the maximum rated value As backup protection the EM4095 also has a short circuit detection circuit that disables the output stage in case of an overload Cpy form a capacitive voltage divider that feeds part of the antenna voltage back to the DMOD IN input RFID Good things last long pin 6 This input is used to feed in the amplitude modulated signal gener ated by the transponder The maximum rated voltage on this input is 4 V Capacitor Cpgc decouples the DC sup ply voltage between the sampler out put and the filter input Capacitor works with an int
101. ed power supply 6 to 9 V decoupling capacitors are required at the input and output C1 and C7 It is mainly the output capacitor that determines the lowest frequency that is passed The selected value is always a compromise between physical size and bandwidth just as with analogue amplifiers For driving the output stage a few buffers from the 4000 series logic series are used The main advantage of this series is their large supply voltage range Their limited speed is not really a concern here In order to obtain suffi cient gain two gates are connected in series and the remainder are connected in parallel with the second buffer This results in a better drive signal for the output stage necessary because of the elektor 6 2009 high input capacitance of the output stage We chose MOSFETs in an I PAK pack age TO 251AA made by IRF for the output stage These small transistors can handle more than 4 A the N chan nel MOSFET can cope with more than 7 A The channel resistance of the N channel MOSFET is about 0 25 Q and for the P channel MOSFET it is about 0 5 Q Because of these low values of chan nel resistance it is important that both transistors do not turn on at the same time dead time is required In series with the outputs from the gates are 220 Q resistors each in parallel with a Schottky diode This ensures that the voltage at the gate of one MOSFET is discharged quicker than it is charged a
102. ed via the USB stick or an external adapter Order in the Elektor Shop PCB populated and tested Art 080558 91 35 00 US 55 00 eZ430 F2013 Evaluation Kit Art 080558 92 24 50 US 35 00 SHOP Further information and ordering at Email subscriptions 2elektor com Rates and terms are given on the Subscription Order Form Head Office Elektor International Media b v PO 11 NL 6114 ZG Susteren The Netherlands Telephone 31 46 4389444 Fax 31 46 4370161 Distribution Seymour 2 East Poultry Street London England Telephone 44 207 429 4073 UK Advertising Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane Chertsey Surrey KT16 9AP England Telephone 44 1932 564999 Fax 44 1932 564998 6 2009 elektor www elektor com mspboard Email p brady husonmedia com Internet www husonmedia com Advertising rates and terms available on request Copyright Notice The circuits described in this magazine are for domestic use only All drawings photo graphs printed circuit board layouts programmed integrated circuits disks CD ROMs software carriers and article texts published in our books and magazines other than third party advertisements are copyright Elektor International Media b v and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopy ing scanning an recording in whole or in part without prior written permission from the
103. efore we will use an internal SPI module of the microcon troller to transfer data onto the CAN bus Some of the advantages of us ing the microcontroller s internal SPI module are the possibility of gen erating an interrupt when sending and receiving data the SPI module operates independently of other pe ripherals and has a simple configu ration The CAN SPI library enables you to set the operating mode of the CAN and node filters read data from the CAN SPI board buffer etc 0x10 oe madang A Ae Lt SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD WWW mikroe com VCC MCP2551 KN PIC16F887 MCLR RE3 RAO RA1 RA2 RA3 RA4 RAS REO RE1 RE2 VCC GND OSC1 RA7 OSC2 RA6 RCO RC1 RC2 RC3 2 x 22pF RDO RD1 CAN SPI _CAN BUS Schematic 1 Connecting the CAN SP module to a PIC16F887 This example also includes LEDs on the microcontroller pins indicating that the net work operates properly When node 2 responds to node 1 s call the PORTB LEDs will be automatically turned on If node 3 responds to the call the PORTD LEDs will be turned on The source code for all three nodes in the network is provided with this example In order to create a HEX file for each of these nodes individually it is necessary to write only one DEFINE directive in the example header N1 N1 P o 1 0 10 0 12 ID 0x11 ID 0x13 PEIUS 1 r1 11 T1 T1 4 1a Figure 2 Communica
104. el can be secured using four grommets in the corners It can be connected directly a 12 V battery with the included cable The best way to connect relatively small devices is to use a 12 V battery charger for in car use An outstanding panel primarily suitable for special applica tions due to its unusual features Voltage current 15 4 V 0 6 A Dimensions 23 long by 11 cm diameter rolled up 97 x 29 cm unrolled Solar Mio 31 This small foldable panel with a striking colour can be folded into a compact package It has a fairly low output voltage of 6 V and it is intended to be used for charging portable de vices bracket with an included box is fitted on the back and the box contains a lithium polymer battery with an integrated charging regulator You can charge this battery during the day and then use it whenever desired to charge another device A USB connector 5 V and a 2 5 mm power plug are included for this purpose extensive set of adapters allows a wide variety of devices to be connected to the battery An AC power line adapter and a car adapter are also included for charging the battery without the solar panel A handy kit but it s a pity that the battery capacity isn t a bit larger Voltage current solar panel 6 V 0 42 A battery 5 6 V 0 5A Dimensions 23 x 8 cm folded 235 x 23 cm unfolded Voltaic Backpack A few companies such as Ecosolar and Voltaic produce back packs with integrated solar panels
105. ent phase h or l the current engine speed the number of seconds left in this phase and the number of cycles remaining to be performed By way of a conclusion So now here you are the proud owner of an original com prehensive automatic running in bench We hope you have great fun using it safely 090250 1 Corrections The first part of this series was published two months ago 2 and since then we have found a few small points that deserve special attention The speed detection circuit uses a stabistor diode D4 it s like a zener diode but for voltages under 3 V Un like the zener diode marked on the 080253 1 PCB a stabistor diode is mounted like an ordinary diode So D4 must be fitted backwards i e with its cathode to ground The 080253 71 kit contains the stabistor diode so take care f you can t find the stabistor diode for D4 you can re place it by a 3 mm red LED Fit the LED with its cathode to ground it should light up when the board is powered The speed detector may be lacking in sensitivity If this is the case you can increase the value of R40 up to 22 There are some minor typos in the pocket terminal com ponents list and circuit T1 should be a ZXM61PO2F The value of D10 in Figure 3 April 2009 page 45 should be 3V3 instead of 5V6 The component list gives the correct value At the start of the paragraph Testing the pocket terminal
106. er is not yet 90 and 51 is not active S1 active means go back to Start state and when the water is 90 C go to Ready In the file Coffeemaker c can also be found in file 090251 11 on the Elektor website this state diagram is implemented in C code Tip When you are writing your own application software there is often the tendency to quickly start writing code without first considering what the state machine should look like exactly We may well have a program without syntax errors but it is likely that it does not quite do what it is sup posed to In the program Coffeemaker c we use the switch statement This is often used when you want to make a decision based elektor 6 2009 state start while 1 switch state case start while P1IN amp BITS wait for button 51 State heating delay 1000 bounce suppression break case S1 1 amp BIT1 LED D1 off while PIIN amp BIT5 wait for the release of S1 delay 1000 while 1 amp BIT5 wait for button S1 State heating tz20 initial value for water temperature break case heating do Figure 4 code snippet from the program Coffeemaker c on a variable which was set from a menu with multiple default error show error options This could also be achieved with a series of if else message constructions but that method is much less convenient end switch Example statement int n Depending on t
107. erly European latitudes this requires a bright summer day with a cloud free sky which means that the panel will supply much less power under normal weather conditions To give you an idea on a sunny day with a light overcast the supplied power can easily decline to 50 7075 of the rated value With partially cloudy weather it drops to 20 40 and with full cloud cover and no direct sunlight it decreases considerably more to around 2 1076 These are very rough values but they give you an approximate idea of what you can expect in terms of power yield If you take your holiday in Africa you can draw a lot of power from your solar panel but if you take your holiday here at home you may have to make do with much less power but of course here you can find an electrical receptacle on almost every street corner In practice this means that a solar panel rated at a few watts will unquestionably have to lie in full sunlight for sev eral hours in order to charge a small battery You are thus forced to stay put during this period A handy alternative here is a backpack with a built in solar panel and we examined one example of this sort of solution A solar panel with a matching battery pack is a good com bination This configuration often includes a charging regu lator to optimise the use of the available power Although these combined packages are a good deal more expensive you can unfold or unroll the solar panel while you take a brea
108. ernal filter circuit to form a bandpass filter Four lines are normally necessary for the connection to the microcontrol ler SHD MOD DEMOD OUT and Ready Clock The RDY CLOCK line initially transmits the status signals and later on after the EM4095 has started operating it transmits the clock signal to the micro Signal on Transponder coil Signal on Transceiver coil RF Carrier Figure 4 The 125 kHz signals on the reader and transponder controller The MOD signal is used to write data to the transponder The microcontroller holds the MOD input Low during read operations SHD is the enable input of the EM4095 The reader IC enters sleep mode when this input is set High and in this mode its cur rent consumption is only a few micro amperes When SHD is pulled Low the EM4095 wakes up and executes a start up process that takes 41 clock cycles DEMOD OUT feeds the demod ulated Manchester coded data stream to the microcontroller The manufacturer provides several formulas in the data sheet and Appli cation Note 404 for calculating the values of the external components If In addition to security and logistics animal identification is an impor tant application area for RFID In November 2002 the US Food and Drug Administration FDA approved a controversial use of RFID tech m E eee EN em ME Re en e esed TOS OS SOO
109. esign staff Antoine Authier Head Ton Giesberts Tel 44 208 261 4509 fax 44 208 261 4447 Elektor i is published 1 times a year with 0 double i Issue for July amp x August Internet www elektor com subs elektor 6 2009 Experimenting with the MSP430 IE Low cost development system with a USB interface All the big electronics manufacturers supply micro controllers offering a wide range of functions Texas Instruments supplies handy USB evaluation sticks with related software for its low cost MSP430 controllers Unfortunately the 170 facilities are somewhat limited These can be substantially enhanced with the help of the Elektor MSP430 board Together with Rotterdam s Technical College Elektor developed a low cost development system that should appeal to those of you just starting out into microcontroller land The basis of the system is the MSP eZ430 USB stick from Texas Instruments a chip graced by a free develop ment platform and a programming language C The associated experimenter s board easily accommo dates the hardware for the project examples like a buzzer a 7 segment display some LEDs and pushbuttons Specifications Experimenter s board with several I O possibilities Powerful 16 bit MSP430F2012 controller running at 16 MHz 2 KB Flash and 128 bytes RAM A indicator LEDs 7 segment display Piezo buzzer 3 pushbuttons e 2C SPI connector Power
110. evd CANSPIRead amp Rx ID amp RXIx Data amp Rx Data len amp Can Rev Flags Attempt receive messag if Msg Revd 1f message is received then check id ifdef NODEl if Rx ID 0x12 Check ID RxIx Data 0 Output data at FORTB else RxIx Data 0 Output data at FORID delay ms 50 Wait for a while between messages CANSPIWrite Tx ID amp RxIx Data 1 Can Send Flags Send one byte Tx IDH Switch to next message if Tx ID gt 0x11 Tx ID 0x10 Check overflow endif ifdef NODE2 if Rx ID 0x10 Check if this is our message RxIx Data 0 Display incoming data on PORTB RxTx Data 0 RxIx Data 0 lt lt 1 Prepare data for sending back if Data 0 0 RxIx Data 0 1 Reinitialize if maximum reached Delay ms 10 Wait for a while CANSPIWrite Tx ID amp RXTx Data 1 Can Send Flags Send one byte of data back endif ifdef NODE3 if Rx ID 0x11 Check if this is our message RxIx Data 0 Display incoming data on PORTD RxTx Data 0 RxIx Data 0 gt gt 1 Prepare data for sending back if RXTx Data 0 0 RxIx Data 0 128 Reinitialize if maximum reached Delay ms 10 Wait for a while CANSPIWrite Tx ID amp RXTx Data 1 Can Send Flags
111. for the issue of 20 august 2009 may be reserved not later than 21 July 2009 HexWax Ltd Showcase 78 with Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane 88 Chertsey Surrey KT 16 9AP England Telephone 01932 564999 Fax 01932 564998 e mail p brady husonmedia com to whom all Lcdmod Kit Showcase 78 correspondence copy instructions and artwork should be addressed 6 2009 elektor 87 yrrJg Ga M M d n r 5 ur 1 wih 13 el ir i169 Powerful EDA Software at Affordable Prices Easy to use standard Windows interface Automatic component placement Publication quality schematics and gateswap optimization Fully configurable bill of materials Highly configurable design rules Large component libraries for both Interactive design rule checking simulation and PCB layout Polygonal and split power planes s Mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation World class shape based autorouter Co simulation of PIC AVR 8051 and Automatic mitre unmitre commands microcontroller firmware 4 Industry standard CADCAM amp ODB output 4 Integrates with
112. gical progress in recent years has led to a con fusing proliferation of incompatible systems in part due to the failure to define uniform standards in a timely manner The future widespread use of RFID technology will doubtless depend in part on the extent to which agreement on uniform standards can be achieved To enable RFID technology to be used across company boundaries and nation al borders interested parties in the industrial and mercantile sectors acting under the guidance of European Article Numbering EAN In ternational and EPCglobal have founded the Uniform Code Council UCC EPCglobal has developed the Electronic Product Code EPC which can be used to describe manufacturers and products uniquely This code consists of 96 bits divided into four groups an 8 bit header a 28 bit manufacturer code a 24 bit object class code and a 36 bit serial number This is sufficient to identify 6 87 x 1010 items in each of 1 67 x 1010 object classes for each of 2 68 x 108 manufacturers This standard is currently supported by Wal Mart the Metro Group Carrefour and Tesco With the combination of the product code and a database it should be possible to fully describe every merchandise item in the world Several manufacturers such as NXP Infineon and Texas Instruments produce various types of RFID tags for a wide range of applications In the simplest and most economical versions read only tags the 6 2009 elektor transponders co
113. h the new controller A new Z axis is available it s more stable and easier to mount and calibrate And the most important option a floating head an accessory that you cannot do without when doing high quality engraving work With the new Z axis and floating head now available an engraving head for the Profiler is now also offered n New 3D controller Ex factory the Profiler is fit ted with a 2 5D controller This somewhat older con troller is used in thousands of machines and works well With a little effort it can also be used for mill ing 3D objects but when doing this you will have to take into account that the computing power of the control ler is only enough to control two axes at a time When creating 3D workpieces you really need a real more powerful 3D controller The end result will be much nicer and the time it takes to complete a milling job will be much shorter The FPGA and DSP based controllers used by Col inbus in their bigger machines are too expensive and not suitable for the Profiler So it was decided to build a new cheap but nevertheless powerful CNC controller board This is now available and will be included in a special ver sion of the Profiler The new controller board is built around an ARMZ 32 bit RISC processor which because it uses pipeline technol ogy is eminently suitable as a CNC controller There is n
114. h this book concentrates on ARM micro controllers from Atmel the C programming language applies equally to other Elektor manufacturer s ARMs as well as other microcontrollers Regus Brentford This is an ideal book for electronic enthusiasts 1000 Great West Road students and engineers wanting to learn the Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom C programming language in an embedded Tel 44 20 8261 4509 environment Further information and ordering at www elektor com books 6 2009 elektor 33 510001585 MODELLING 34 Automatic Running in Bench for internal combustion engines Part 3 application software Michel Kuenemann France Our series of three articles about the running in bench for model i c engines begun in April concludes this month with a presentation of the automatic running in software In order to take full advantage of the software CBRMrun ning in hex 1 we re going to be describing here you ll need the following equipment A built and tested CBRM board and a GMMI pocket ter minal described in the April 2009 issue of Elektor 2 A test bench fitted with all its detectors and actuators as described in the May 2009 issue of Elektor 3 You will already have carefully checked that the bench works properly using the CBRMtest sensors hex 3 software and an engine that s already been run in A model i c engine that s already been run in fitted with a suitable twin bladed p
115. hat you expect from your Profiler and the types of task you want to have it perform If you only want to mill 2D shapes from lighter materials and don t have any special demands then the existing machine will work very well for you For these users the existing Pro filer will already cater for the most complex shapes much faster and more accurate than before But other users demand more and often have been active exploring various solutions and possibilities for themselves We lis tened care fully to all these wishes and Colinbus has attempted to steer further development accordingly By offer ing the parts described here we hope to have met the most important requests With these changes the Profiler becomes a more professional machine with many new capabilities What s new As already mentioned there are quite a few new develop ments The most important ones will be introduced in this article Requested by many and now available the new 3D controller A new processor board has been developed fitted with a state of the art 32 bit RISC processor Just like the original controller PCB it has all logic on board This new board can simply be fitted on the driver board in place of the original board elektor 6 2009 ColiDrive the Colinbus control software has been expanded with quite a few new options The program can now import G code and is more user friendly and more powerful in combination wit
116. he photo at the head of this article It comes from an EM4095 reference design kit that is available from MCS Electronics which also produces Bascom The circuit dia gram is described at a site referenced by one of the links at the end of the article In practice the EM4095 reader board works OK without any alignment or tuning but for maximum sensitivity the oscillator frequency should be as close as possible to 125 kHz To avoid accidentally shifting the oscillator frequency while measuring it do not make the measurement directly on the coil but instead use a small sniffer coil brought within range of the antenna coil A circular or rectangular coil with a diameter or edge length of around 60 mm made from insulated or enamelled wire with a diameter of 0 5 to 1mm is suitable for use as a sniffer coil If the frequency measured using the sniffer coil differs significantly from 125 kHz you can correct the situation by changing the number of turns of the coil Reducing the number of turns C1 C9 C10 100nF not fitted see text Semiconductors EM4095 SMD 5016 Miscellaneous K1 solder pin K2 2 way pinheader 0 1 lead pitch 5 way pinheader 0 1 lead pitch PCB with SMD parts prefitted incl pinhead ers order 080910 91 elektor 6 2009 increases the frequency and of course increasing the number of turns reduces the frequency Testing and connection For the fir
117. he value of n 1 2 3 etc execution jumps to the corresponding case statement if the value of n does switch n not have a case defined then execution jumps to the default statement Instead of giving the states a number data type case 1 statel break go to option 1 int you can also give an order to a series of names using case 2 state2 break go to option 2 the data type enum For example enum days sunday case 3 monday or enum status Advertisement do SS Nu E EL NN cuu d Lol dl 2 Ec NN mmm oum FREUEN T Lx BM NM M M m M j LIA mL M m MN m B NL m M EL B M Lb M m M EM M Pee Pee Cu 324 BM M DB uu M M logus c uM x LE NN Parallax Propeller Chips Price Drop 7 With 8 parallel processing cogs the Propeller microcontroller can perform multiple functions eee simultaneously and thereby reduce component count in your finished design LH Parallax is pleased to announce that we have reduced the price for Propeller chips nearly 40 Our costs on all three package types have reduced and we are passing the savings on to our customers Be sure to take a look at our high quantity chip pricing as well 1 1 Milford Inst
118. heck the actual output voltage The input impedance of a even a 10 probe would already load the cascade way too much to allow the real output voltage to be measured accurately A needle with a sharp point is con nected to the output Here is where the ions are generated It is also a good idea to connect a few high voltage resistors between the output and the needle so that the maximum current is reduced should the needle be touched The construction of the circuit is simple which even without a PCB will be very little effort If you are using prototyping board then make sure there is suf ficient isolation dis tance between the primary and secondary sides of the transformers and between the various steps of the cas cade If you have difficulty obtaining the prescribed capacitors of 630 V for the cascade then you can also use two 12 nF 400 V MKT in series instead Never touch the high voltage side when it is energised Also wait a while after switching off to allow the capaci tors time to discharge Once the circuit is working well it can be built into a suitable enclosure Make a small hole in the case b mm diame ter for example and mount the needle point behind this hole in such a way that you cannot touch the needle point when the enclosure is picked up Place the enclosure somewhere in your office or living room not too close to large metal surfaces connect it to a suitable mai
119. hip debugging an debugWIRE a 36 Krpm 27 bit optical encoders Renishaw s new RESOLUTE opti cal encoder system is the world s first true absolute encoder capable of 27 bit resolution at 36 000 rpm The fine pitch system offers excel lent dirt immunity while delivering marketleading resolution of just 1 nanometer at up to 100 m s for both linear and angle encoding applications Using a unique single track optical scale RESOLUTE acquires abso lute position immediately upon switch on without battery back up simplifying machine design by completely eliminating the need for reference returns The sys tem s ruggedness ultra high speed capability and exceptional resolu tion make it ideal for high perform ance lathes as well as slower mov ing axes requiring the highest lev els of precision and motion control integrity 6 2009 elektor The RESOLUTE absolute encoder uses sophisticated new optics to read a fine pitch 30 ym scale M f es resulting in exceptionally low noise levels jitter lt 10 for out 8 m standing positional stability The enhanced detection technology gt _ X AEn intrinsically provides a very sA ex low sub divisional error J 7 5 SDE of 40 nm f The result is better sur face finish of machined 1 parts from CNC e machine tools better i scanning and velocity control and rock solid E servo stiffness on linear
120. ifier and the display board The input circuitry consists of a switch able voltage divider with subsequent amplifier and a true RMS converter Alongside this is a pulse shaper used in measuring the signal frequency The amplifier is needed because the error in the output of the true RMS converter increases noticeably at input levels of 5 mV or less The display module includes the processing circuit consisting of a elektor 6 2009 1 rm cm 1 EN 5 x 7 X e i Ra a M M i microcontroller LCD panel analogue to digital converter and an RS 232 interface Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of the input amplifier module where the parts of the block diagram can clearly be seen As the input voltage is AC a frequency compensated volt age divider is used Without this the voltage divider would form a low pass filter with the input capacitance of the subsequent circuit which would severely limit the maximum frequency of operation To avoid various potential problems associated with matching and with high input voltages relays are used to switch the voltage divider The output of the divider is matched to the amplifier using a classical imped ance conversion stage using a dual field effect transistor This guarantees good stability down to DC see 3 To allow
121. ing head now offered with the Profiler comes from the professional machines produced by Colinbus and has been made especially for the milling of printed circuit boards With this head the milling depth can be set very accurately On the side there is a facility for attaching a vacuum cleaner This is important because otherwise the r Upgrade your Profiler to a PRO milling machine New 3D controller board extended software and various mechanical upgrades ind ColiDrive en ColiLiner update ORDER NOW C HN Eee E E ee EE UN e E ee E E E EE e EE EE E EE e E Ee EE 6 2009 elektor 3D controller board assembled and tested New Z axis with floating head assembled Professional grade engraving head Prices include VAT exclude postage and packing For more information a demo video and ordering go to via www elektor com profilerpro eee E e s EE i E EE T head will slide over the top of the dust pile and the set milling depth will no longer be correct This milling head can currently only be used in combination with a high fre quency motor If engraving text is th
122. is actually the weakest part of the Profiler it s more than adequate for light duty milling but unsuitable for heavier spindle motors That is why Colinbus have designed an entirely new Z axis for the Profiler which is not only stronger but also more accurate than the first Assembly and mounting is a breeze and the fact that this Z axis also has a floating function is the icing on the cake All these improvements come at a cost however the new Z axis is more expensive than the previous one and is therefore mainly intended for Profiler users requiring the heavier milling capability or more accu rate results Since many users are using the Profiler for milling printed circuit boards and for engraving front panels a decision was made to provide this new Z axis with a floating head If you need to do heavier milling work then you can lock this function A nice feature of this is that ColiDrive has a number of provisions to make optimum use of this engraving func tion So for example it is no longer necessary for you to set the Z reference point zero when milling printed circuit boards ColiDrive saves all the parameters in a database so that milling identical materials such as PCBs for exam ple becomes much easier Engraving head For quality engraving work you need in the first instance a head which will follow the surface of the material But you also need some mechanism that sets the milling depth The engrav
123. is its price That is because it functions in ways you will only encounter systems that are considerably more expensive All other controllers in this price range make the attached PC carry out the necessary calculations Such a PC has much more computing power than an embedded controller and the simultaneous interpolation of multiple axes does require a significant amount of computing power Writing the soft ware for a PC is therefore much simpler and cheaper But as is often the case the easiest path is not always the best and there are a few disadvantages with this approach The most important disadvantage is the PC itself Its operating system typically Windows is never completely dedicated to the CNC machine but it carries out all sorts of other tasks in the meantime as well This strongly reduces the reliability In addition writing your own control software is practically impossible because the software is not open source and the manufacturer does not want to reveal all the control details The option of working in a Linux or Mac environ ment is usually not available or desired But with the PB3D controller board all the intelligence resides in the controller itself The PB3D is really a small computer capable of operating completely independently thanks to its powerful embedded software If desired users EY ru 7 Lab im s Maec arsenal ERO lap mim nbn a
124. itching fre quency of 660 kHz at a power supply voltage of 9 V and the absence of a proper dead time control the value of 220 for R4 and R5 is therefore also a compromise Fortunately the frequency reduces at lower power supply voltages this is because the buffers that are used here become slower at lower supply voltages which benefits the current consumption At 6 V f is 510 kHz the current consumption is down to 10 mA and it is possible to use a set of four AA dry cells At 5 V f is 450 kHz the current consumption is only 6 mA However we recommend that you use the circuit with a power supply volt age in the range from 6 to 9 V The absolute maximum is 9 5 V which is an overvoltage of a little more than 5 At this voltage the current consump tion has increased to 60 mA A power 60 10k 20k 40k 080277 13 supply voltage below 5 V gives an insufficient drive signal not enough voltage for the gates At 9 V the maximum output power into 8 clipping is 1 watt Into 40 the maximum power has not doubled but is about 1 7 watts Voltage drops across the choke and output capacitor for example begin to have a significant effect on the maximum available out put voltage At 9 V this amplifier sitting on 6 desk produces quite a bit of noise already even when a small loud speaker is used At 1 mW the distor tion is less than 0 5 The bandwidth with an 8 Q load ranges from 18 Hz to 40 kHz blue cu
125. ith a power ful Renesas 16 bit M1 6C microcontroller A BASIC interpreter is installed in the module to simplify software develop ment Beginners will find it an ideal start A ing out point while more experienced _ users will appreciate its power and con CIO venience With this evaluation board to gether with a TinyBrick you can build an intruder alarm that sends SMS texts Kit of parts incl TinyBrick PCB with SMD parts and microntroller premounted plus all other parts Art Nr 080719 91 54 00 US 87 50 elektor 6 2009 June 2009 No 390 USS Campsite AC Monitor 060316 1 Printed circuit 21 50 30 00 ATM18 RFID Savvy 080910 91 PCB partly populated PCB populated with all SMDs 16 50 26 00 Battery Monitor 080824 1 Printed circuit board sss 12 90 18 75 080824 41 Programmed controller LPC2103 16 50 24 00 03045 11 00 15 00 May 2009 No 389 Experimenting with the MSP430 080558 91 PCB populated and tested 35 00 55 00 080558 92 TI e2430 F2013 Evaluation 24 50 35 00 RGB LED Driver 080178 41 Programmed controller 8 90 13 75 Apri
126. k without having to connect your mobile phone or other device directly to the panel In the evening you can then use the battery pack to charge your mobile phone or GPS receiver at your leisure Solar cells Jens Nickel Elektor Germany Editorial All solar cells are SE made from at least two different materi als often in the form of two thin adjacent layers One of the materials must act as an electron donor un der illumination while the other material must act as an elec tron acceptor If there is some sort of elec tron barrier between the two materials the result is an electrical potential If each of these materials is now provided with an elec PUER trode made from an electrically conductive material and the two electrodes are connected to an external load the electrons will follow this path Blocking Bypass Diode The most commonly used solar cells are made from thin wa fers of polycrystalline silicon polycrystalline cells have a typical frosty appearance after sawing and polishing The silicon is very pure but it contains an extremely small amount of boron as a dopant an intentionally introduced impurity and it has a thin surface layer doped with phosphorus This creates a PN junction Practical experience To get an idea of how well the various panels work we tested them outdoors on a bright blue spring day light inten sity approximately 75 000 lux with various loads Under these condi
127. kit for the implementation of inter active touch screen graphical user interfaces GUI in new or legacy embedded systems based on the company s Plug and Play interac tive Color GUI IC Amulet s AGB75LC04 Color GUI IC is a fully integrated stand alone single chip GUI sub system that inte grates an ARMZ core with a 24 bit 800 600 pixel LCD controller resistive touch screen controller with 4 or 5 wire interface 160 Kbytes of SRAM SDRAM controller power management controller standard communications interfaces GPIO and Amulet s embedded Graphi cal Operating System The Graphi cal Operating System supports 8 bit alpha blending with up to 24 bits of full color or up to 256 shades of gray for photo realistic graph ics and a high resolution PC like appearance The LCD controller supports up to 800x600 pixel TFT and STN displays Communication interfaces includelX High speed USB TWI UART and SPI The Colour GUI IC operates inde pendently of the embedded system requiring no MCU cycles It can be deployed in new or legacy embed ded systems in a week or less via ViewPort Software V 4 1 for Propeller micro Parallax is now selling ViewPort Software Standard and Ultimate versions ViewPort developed by Hanno Sander at MyDanceBot com is the premier debugging environment for Parallax s 8 cog multiprocessing Propeller micro controller The tool combines an integrated debugger with power fu
128. l 2009 No 388 The 32 bit Machine 080928 91 R32C 111 Starterkit 32 bit Controllerboard amp CD ROM 27 00 42 50 Automotive CAN Controller 080671 91 Kit of parts incl PCB with SMDs prefitted 52 00 79 00 Automatic Running in Bench 080253 71 Kit of parts ind PCB 1 with SMDs prefitted 185 00 270 00 090146 91 ARMee plug in board mk 1 50 00 74 00 March 2009 No 387 11166 61 080719 91 Kit of parts TinyBrick PCB with SMD parts and microntroller premounted plus all other parts 54 00 87 50 February 2009 No 386 Model Coach Lighting Decoder 080689 1 PCB long 230 7 30 10 95 080689 2 PCB medium 190 7 30 10 95 080689 3 PCB short 110 5 80 8 95 080689 41 1 12 683 0 9 50 Transistor Curve Tracer 08006851 Man PB eese OS 26 50 42 00 080068 91 PCB populated and tested 55 00 82 50 January 2009 No 385 Radio for Microcontrollers 071125 71 868 MHz module s 7 20
129. l graphics that show you what s going on within the Propeller You can monitor variables over time with the built in oscilloscope or change their value while your Propeller is running You can also solve hardware problems with the logic analyzer at sampling rates up to 80 Msps or ad intelligence to your programs with the fuzzy logic module or integrate computer vision using the OpenCV library Both Standard and Ultimate ver sions come equipped with a debugger The Standard version is lowspeed up to 115 Kbps while the Ultimate version is high speed up to 2 Mbps and includes OpenCV state of the art computer vision processing Development Kit and Designer customize the graphic instrumentation via drag and drop a simple UART connection There is only a very small amount of code to be written on the applica tion side in order to implement the Amulet protocol Amulet s royalty FREE embedded Graphical OS manages all graphics rendering and servicing of user interaction with external input devices such as touch buttons slid ers or touch screens let s Graphical OS eliminates the need for conventional operating sys tems such as Win CE or Linux that would typically be required to run an interactive GUI The STK 480272C GEM develop ment kit consists of a 480x272 TFT display with integrated touch panel and a controller board with Amu le s Color GUI IC with embedded Graphical OS 32 MBit DataFlash me
130. lable products is large and with no sidewalk or power lines in sight for miles around a solar charger seems to be the only viable alternative to lugging spare batteries over cliffs and mountains These chargers operate wherever sunlight is plentiful they do not leave waste behind and do not consume natural resources in use On the down side the prices are still high considering what you get terms in terms of watts out which also tend to drop instantly and dramatically with anything less than full sunshine Less known are the practical value and quality of the products available in this relatively new area As a positive outcome of tests car ried out by the Elektor labs genuine doubts on our part regarding certain electrical specifications found in the product catalogues were not sub stantiated Overall with the modules tested the rated output power stated with 100 000 lux worth of sunshine is rarely achieved in our neck of the woods western Europe where the skies seem to default to cloudy Still the specified data appears to be cor rect and the output power that can be achieved at realistic light intensity levels can be downsized from the rated value with a fair amount of confidence This month our editorial focus is on energy mostly electrical as that is our specialty and at least two articles in this issue show how electronics can contribute to saving natural resources especially within the great outdoors c
131. ld right up to Actel IGLOOs it s all there The most recent device list we found v mid March 2009 had a length of 45 797 devices The Beeprog is also capable of testing logic ICs 54 74 S LS ALS H HC HCT series 4000 4500 series and static RAMs 6116 through 624000 It also supports user definable test pat tern generation The socket converter list at 5 may well be the longest have seen From commonly found housings like DIL TSSOP SOIC and PLCC right up to esoteric stuff like QFP256 and FBGAA84 The socket converters are very high quality builds without exception but relatively expensive compared to the programmer proper Technically speaking The BeeProg has three internal DACs for the programming voltages VCCP 0 8 V 1 A VPP1 and VPP2 both 0 26 V 1 A supporting controllable rise and fall time It has a USB 2 0 high speed compatible port with up to 480 MBit s transfer rate and an FPGA based IEEE 284 ECP EPP slave printer port with up to 1 MB s transfer rate The pindrivers on the ZIF socket are capable of being either TTL H L CLK pull up and pull down or analogue 1 8 26 V with protection against overcurrent power fail ure and ESD IEC1000 4 2 2 S utm La e Ji 1 FF L4 7 Mt 4 Figure 3 A look inside the BeeProg a very powerful microcontroller system on its own The ISP connector is a polar ised 20 pin type with six TTL pin drivers 1
132. ll as the programs written for dsPIC and AVR microcontrollers may be found on our web site www mikroe com en article Program to demonstrate the operation of a CAN bus define NODEL Uncomment this line to build HEX for Node 1 define NODE2 Uncomment this line to build HEX for Node 2 define NODE3 Uncomment this line to build HEX for Node 3 char Can Init Flags Can Send Flags Can Rev Flags Can flags char Rx Data Len Received data length in bytes char RxTx Data 8 Can rx tx data buffer char Msg Revd Reception flag long Tx ID Rx ID Can xx and tx ID char ErrorCount CANSPI module connections sbit CanSpi CS at RCO bit Chip select CS pin for CANSPI board sbit CanSpi CS Direction at TRISCO bit Direction register for CS pin sbit CanSpi Rst at RC2 bit Reset pin for CANSPI board sbit CanSpi Rst Direction at TRISC2 bit Direction register for Reset pin End CANSPI module connections void main ANSEL 0 ANSELH 0 Configure analog pins as digital I O PORIB 0 TRIB 0 Initialize ports PORID 0 TRISD 0 ErrorCount 0 Error flag Can Init Flags 0 Can Send Flags 0 Can Rev Flags 0 Clear flags Can Send Flags CANSPI TX PRIORITY 0 amp Form value to be used 85 7 CANSPI XID FRAME amp with CANSPIWrite CANSPI TX NO RIR FRAME Can Init Flags CANSPI CONFIG SAMPLE THRICE amp
133. lso available as a free download from the Elektor website The instructions for this puzzle are straightforward In the diagram composed of 16 x 16 boxes enter numbers such that all hexadecimal numbers O through F that s 0 9 and A F occur once only in each row once in each column and in each of the 4x4 boxes marked by the thicker black lines A PARTICIPATE Please send your solution the numbers in the grey boxes by email to hexadoku elektor com Subject hexadoku 06 2009 please copy exactly Note new email address as of this month Include with your solution full name and street address SOLVE HEXADOKU AND WIN Correct solutions received from the entire Elektor readership automatically enter a prize draw for an E blocks Starter Kit Professional worth 300 and three Elektor SHOP Vouchers worth 40 00 each Alternatively by fax or post to Elektor Hexadoku 1000 Great West Road United Kingdom Fax 44 208 2614447 The closing date is 1 July 2009 Regus Brentford Brentford TW8 9HH PRIZE WINNERS The solution of the April 2009 Hexadoku is A2543 The E blocks Starter Kit Professional goes to We believe these prizes should encourage all our readers to participate The competition is not open to employees of Elektor International Media its business partners and or associated publishing houses 3 Fi eje 7 zje fet 11 181 4 018151 3 2 fe B 9
134. m array LCD transponder relay 1 sec on lib routine readhitag If Data from transponder OK data in array return 1 call lib function LOOP interrupt routine input transponder Call _checkhitag Retun Figure 10 Flow chart of the Bascom software for the RFID project The flow chart in Figure 10 depicts the logical structure of the RFID reader program The actions shown in red and green are not handled by normal Basic commands but instead call assembly language routines in em4095lib The RFID library for the EM4095 reader IC is integrated into Bascom version 1 11 9 0 and later When a transponder is recognised the data is decoded using an interrupt rou tine The data is saved in memory and can re read out as a byte array 52 Lib Routine Lc 080910 13 The details A number of entries in the main rou tine are necessary in order to link in the library The entries shown in red relate to interrupt handling while the entries shown in green are for calls to the library function Config Hitag 64 Type Em4095 Demod Pind 2 Int intO Hitag is the division factor for the clock frequency Typ is the reader IC type Demod is the number of the input pin for the Manchester coded signal Int is the expected interrupt Demod and Int are physically linked together As you can see from the data sheet interrupt O is associated with PIND 2
135. man Dataman s next generation programmers are built to meet the demands to support all device technologies and designed to achieve the highest speed of programming required for todays production Features e USB 2 0 and parallel connectivity Universal ZIF socket up to 8 x 48 pins e Intelligent pin drivers allow varying voltages to be applied to any pin e Multi Programming support e SP capability with Interface e Concurrent and Semi concurrent gang programming e Stand alone operation with touch screen control e Easy to use software supporting over 45 000 devices e Free software upgrades and technical support for the life of the product e All goods are ex stock ready for same day despatch e 30 day money back guarantee returns during trial period are less than 1 For over 25 years Dataman have been at the forefront of supplying high quality reliable programmers and this is maintained by offering up to three years parts and labour warranty on programmers DAMAN Dataman Programmers Ltd Station Road Maiden Newton Dorset DT2 OAE UK Tel 01300 320719 Fax 01300 321012 www dataman com LABTALK BeeProg in use at Elektor progra mmer Jan Buiting Elektor UK US editorial The meaning of for All i x P 4 J E fast universal 48 ndrive Many readers are curious to know just what gear software and tools is in daily use in the Elektor La
136. measured signal an increase of the load current is required before the voltage can be reduced to its mini mum value This increase is about 1 A Because of this the levels of the refer ence voltages have been adjusted to a slightly lower value than is indicated on the board The limiting is therefore erence voltages for IC2b are relatively small and are between 90 mV 3 A set ting and 340 mV 10 A setting These voltages are generated by the potential divider formed by R12 R19 For the calculations we assumed that about 50 UA flows through the resis tor network The voltage across zener diode D5 will be less than 5 6 V For this reason we ve chosen a value of 100 kQ for R19 The total resistance of R12 R18 can then be neglected and the current remains fairly constant The resistor values are then easy to calculate C7 decouples the reference volt age selected via JP1 There is some non linearity present in the feedback loop because the initial increase of the phase angle has much less of an effect on the effective voltage than when the phase angle is changed at 90 degrees The control also has a dead area Because the control input only becomes elektor 6 2009 active when the voltage falls below 2 V the load current has to increase by about 0 2 A compared to the selected current before the limiting starts This is another reason for making the thresholds a bit lower than indicated The resistor values for the divide
137. mechanical coupling between the stepper motor and the richness screw Screw the richness screw all the way in lightly by hand then retighten the coupling appropriately so that the link shaft cannot slip By turning the encoder knob anticlock wise unscrewing you ll see that the step per motor will slowly and carefully open the richness screw as you wish Choose a rich setting i e open by around two or three turns this is only by way of an indication the exact value depends on your particu lar installation and engine The display will appear as in Figure The left most figure on the richness line indi cates your set value In the centre of the line an animated propeller turns when the engine is running Check that the richness needle closes fully when you go back to zero turns The mechanical coupling should be such that it rotates freely so that the motor won t miss any steps If it does the indication of the needle opening will be incorrect The richness screw setting is retained as long as the board has not been re booted using the reset or emergency stop button or powered down Starting the engine Now press the button by the first line An asterisk appears in the first position on the first line indicating that the throt 6 2009 elektor Mumma Dm Bench pimi Cmm 5 6 uaa 8 uat i
138. ment There is sun pattern button for checking whether the panel is supplying current A blue LED lights up if it is working A special pivoting bracket is available for easy installation of the panel Voltage current 15 V 0 4 A Dimensions 36 37 cm Sunforce Battery Trickle Charger This panel is similar to the large Sunsei panel It has nearly the same dimensions and nearly the same power rating This panel has a permanently attached cable that can be con nected to the car battery with the aid of a few adapters and clips or via the cigarette lighter socket In contrast to the other car panels it does not have an indicator LED which is not nec essarily a drawback The dimensions and weight of this panel make it more suitable for fixed installation somewhere You can use the four mount ing holes and the included screws to make your on bracket for this purpose Voltage current 15 V 0 35 A Dimensions 35 x 34 cm elektor 6 2009 FAL TIL T EPL BRIBES We 0845 226 9451 _ Your source for Development Tools Accessories the United Kingdom We can supply all MikroElektronika development tools including compilers development boards add on boards programmers and starter packs We aim to keep all products in stock for same day dispatch and can offer next day delivery within the UK as well as ins
139. mmable analog and digital blocks and memory This unprecedented level of inte gration provides customers with a single chip solution for high qual ity LED based lighting products and extends into other embedded applications such as white goods and industrial control The result is end systems with fewer com ponents faster design cycles lower power consumption and higher reliability The companion software for PowerPSoC the PSoC Designer development tool enables designers to quickly and efficiently program the controllers for different light ing and power options It also allows changes late in the design cycle without hav ing to change the circuit board layout PowerPSoC features include Integrated Power Peripherals up to four Up to integrated 2 MHz independ switching ently oper frequency ated 32 V allows 7 1 smaller less MOSFETs expensive offer the inductors ability to Float drive high ing load power LEDs buck float up to 1A ET ET ing load up to four ES Era buck boost program GED and boost mable hys converter teretic con topologies trollers provide controlled current enable flexibility for applications output different voltage requirements Up to four low side gate drivers with programmable drive strength provide the abil sup port voltages above 32 V with external MOSFETs Auxiliary power regulator offers the ability to power
140. mod ules like the HP 3302 Advanced THIS GARAGE ISTHE BIRTHPLA IG IGY REGION lI Trigger and PLL you see in one of photos Such modules are currently much sought after by collectors Finally an all US style i e dry and authoritative 52 page User Manual including schematics BOM and approved parts vendor list tells all you need to know to install the 3300A as well as understand the theory of opera tion of each functional block not forgetting troubleshooting cali brating and maintenance guide lines to keep the instrument at top performance You might say that this is all out dated technology superseded by microcontrollers and digital signal processing three or so decades ago And that is not incorrect But then there s great pleasure in seeing this analogue dinosaur still alive and regard less of its age setting the example and hopefully inspiring the younger generations when it comes to quality assurance and customer satisfaction HP test equipment is widely avail able from tech surplus outlets Ebay and on hamfests If you are appreciative of a Big Gun in electronics like HP Glenn Robb s HP Archive 1 is the place to go to first 090008 1 Internet Link 1 www hparchive com Retronics is a monthly column covering vintage electronics including legendary Elektor designs Contributions suggestions and requests are welcomed please send an email to editor elektor com 6 2009
141. mory for graphics storage and 64 Mbit external SDRAM Amulet ViewPort can be integrated into any Spin program It requires one cog and a single line of code at the start of your program It s easy to get started with plenty of tutori development tools and sample GUI source code The kit also includes a 5 V DC power supply stylus and USB PC interface cable The STK 480272C GEM Develop ment Kit is available now for an introductory price of 299 The GEM Compiler and GUI Operat ing System is included in the kit with no licensing fees for produc tion The 751 04 Colour GUI IC is available now in 208 PQFP with 17 GPIO and 225 ball LFBGA with 39 GPIO www AmuletTechnologies com GEMDemo 090410 VIII als videos and documentation ViewPort is also configurable and extensible so you can customize it to your needs The Propeller chip makes it easy to rapidly develop embedded applications Its eight processors cogs can operate simultaneously either independ ently or cooperatively sharing common resources through a cen tral hub Three programming languages are available C via ICC for Pro peller the easy to learn high level Spin native and Propeller Assem bly native which can execute at up to 160 MPS 20 MIPS per cog ViewPort is available for purchase from Parallax or MyDanceBot com Standard version 59 Ultimate version 149 plus shipping www Parallax com search ViewPort or
142. mprehensive test instrument integration means you can view the same data in different ways simultaneously at the click of a button Spectrum Analyzer DSO may even be used stand alone to share data with colleagues students or S Integrated real time spectrum analyzer for each customers Waveforms may be exported as portable image files or live captures replayed 1 KL ELLA other PCs as if a BitScope was locally connected BitScope DSO supports all current BitScope models auto configures when it connects Logic Analyzer and can manage multiple BitScopes concurrently No manual setup is normally required 8 logic External Trigger and special purpose Data export is available for use with third party software tools and BitScope s networked inputs to capture digital signals down to 25nS data acquisition capabilities are fully supported Data Recorder Record anything DSO can capture Supports live data replay and display export mie Networking Flexible network connectivity supporting multi scope operation remote monitoring and data acquisition Data Export e Export data with DSO using portable CSV files or WWW b ITSCO e CO M use libraries to build custom BitScope solutions i P pa LI ut TS P a 7 i E i T 71 MES di PE 2 T JST Memory rime 2 55 un Discover Deep Memory Performance Due to memory constraints t
143. n dow will appear for one second confirming that this value has been saved in non volatile memory Speed setting comes into operation when you press the button on the second line Figure 8 By turning the encoder knob you can alter the engine speed set point Set You ll see that the engine speed will automatically adjust to this value and remain there To avoid abrupt jumps in speed the set point automatically adopts the speed the engine is set to at the moment the adjustment is enabled In the same way when returning to manual throttle control the servo maintains the same position at the moment of leaving the speed control mode IF you have a portable PC you can now connect it to the bench run the CBRMmonitor software and see the par ameters on the screen as they change Figure 9 In the event of a problem with the bench don t panic Quickly hit the emergency stop button to stop the engine at once The functions offered by the manual mode let you run in an engine in a controlled way The speed adjustment will let you ensure that the engine runs fast enough to run it in prop erly whilst avoiding any risk of damaging it with excessive elektor 6 2009 speeds The automatic running in mode lets you control the process even better but before we get to that we need to go back to the main menu and enter a few safety limits and other parameters The main menu is displayed by a pressing th
144. n PLUS 96 10 _ 53 00 Elekt or year su www elektor com subs Tel 44 0 20 8261 4509 lektor electronics worldwide Or use the subscription order form near the end of the magazine POWER SUPPLIES Ton Giesberts Elektor Labs Those of you who go camping regularly will have experienced this before you switch on a powerful electric hob just when the fridge is on and the campsite fuse blows It s a pain because the campsite manager usually has to be called to replace or reset the fuse and the exercise can cost a lot of money This campingsite AC monitor makes these occurrences a thing of the past Camping hook ups for power line trips a fuse which most likely has supplies usually have a limit on the to be reset by the campsite man amount of current that can be drawn ager and which probably results in a When a larger current is drawn it fine or service charge to be paid 62 To prevent such inconveniences we have designed this controller that can quickly limit the maximum cur rent drawn elektor 6 2009 Primary operation This circuit ensures that the current cannot increase any further once a presettable value has been exceeded One consequence of this is that elec tronic devices such as TV sets radios energy saving bulbs must not be con nected to this circuit The circuit is primarily intended to be used with energy hungry appliances such as electric ovens hobs without electro
145. n the microcontroller is con nected to test point TP1 which is used in calibrating the module Construction The overall construction of the unit is shown in the wiring diagram Fig ure 6 and in the picture of the proto type main photograph Observe cor rect polarity on the relays the sym bol on the package and the dot on the printed circuit board The dual FET is fitted correctly when the dot on its package indicating pin 1 is next to the dot on the board The circuit should be built in a metal enclosure to minimise interference Figure 7 The DC signals are con nected to the input amplifier via feed through capacitors and the signals being measured are connected using SMA or BNC connectors The output of the comparator which is a square wave is also taken via an SMA con nector If the module is to be built inside a function generator the gen erator s output should be connected to the SMA input of the module using a screened cable The LCD the four pushbuttons and the timebase indicator LED are all mounted on the front side of the dis play board with all the other com ponents on the back This allows the board to be mounted in an enclosure as a self contained module Software We will only describe the structure of the software in broad outline here Fur ther details can be found in the source code itself and in the file Dokumenta tion Software chm created using the free software t
146. nally regulated by the U2008B In our prototype the voltage was found to be just below 16 V The IC requires at least 3 mA the applied rail to rail opamp TS922IN needs at most 3 mA unloaded the LED 4 mA pulsed and the reference 1 mA This is the reason for increasing the current of the sup ply for the U2008B to 10 mA For this 6 2009 elektor we ve used two 5 watt resistors of 4kQ7 and D1 in series with the power line AC The voltage across C4 is actu ally determined by the average current flowing through R1 and R2 This cur rent can be calculated using the fol lowing formula U x V2 n R1 R2 mains supply We ve ignored any voltage drop across D1 This formula is very similar to the one for the resistor found in the datash eet for the U2008B The effective value of a half wave rec tified voltage is U 2 The average value however is Uj 4 1 Because of the half wave rectification the heat R1 R2 D1 4k7 1N4007 Technical specification e For 230 VAC or 110 VAC campsite power lines e Limits at 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 7 8 or 10 A e Indicator LED e Activation level configurable by jumper or rotary switch generated in resistors R1 and R2 U is about 2 5 times greater than it would be for a DC current with a value equal to the average value of an AC current From a safety aspect we eJ eJ C5 L1 275V 220n 51 i 1 22u R6 111A TRI1 1 U2008B p
147. ndicator LED s Rx PCB 77x85mm 12Vdc 6mA standby Two and Ten channel versions also available Kit Order Code 3180KT 49 95 Assembled Order Code AS3180 59 95 Call your phone num ber using a DTMF phone from anywhere in the world and re motely turn on off any of the 4 relays as de sired User settable Security Password Anti Tamper Rings to Answer Auto Hang up and Lockout Includes plastic case Not BT ap proved 130x110x30mm Power 12Vdc Kit Order Code 3140KT 74 95 Assembled Order Code AS3140 89 95 Credit S Individually control 12 on board relays with included infrared remote control unit Toggle or momentary 15m range 112x122mm Supply 12Vdc 0 5A Kit Order Code 3142KT 59 95 Assembled Order Code AS3142 69 95 New 4 channel computer serial port temperature monitor and relay con troller with four inputs for Dallas 0518520 or DS18B20 digital ther mometer sensors 3 95 each Four 5A rated relay channels provide output control Relays are independent of sensor channels allowing flexibility to setup the linkage in any way you choose Commands for reading temperature and relay control sent via the RS232 interface using simple text strings Control using a simple terminal comms program Windows HyperTerminal or our free Windows application software Kit Order Code 3190KT 69 95 PIC amp ATMEL Programmer We have a wide range of low cost
148. need to know more about electronics and mi crocontrollers In collaboration with the Timloto o s Foundation in the Nether lands Elektor designed a special control ler PCB which will be used in schools in several countries for teaching students about automotive technologies But it can also be used for other applications of course The heart of this board is an Atmel AT90CAN32 with a fast RISC core Kit of parts incl PCB with SMDs prefitted Art Nr 080671 91 52 00 US 79 00 TRELLIS Tepes ELE The 32 bit Machine April 2009 With this attractively priced starter kit you get everything you need for your first hands on experiments with the new R32C 111 32 bit microcontroller The power sup ply is drawn from your computer via the USB connection which simplifies things rather nicely The starter kit consists of an R32C carrier board a microcontroller module equipped with the R32C 1 11 chip and a software CD ROM containing the necessary development tools As with the earlier R8C 13 Tom Thumb project in Elektor Electronics November 2005 through March 2006 the R32C carrier board is an in house development of Glyn an authorised distributor for Renesas in Germany R32C 111 Starterkit 32 bit Controller board amp CD ROM Art Nr 080928 91 27 00 US 42 50 free M16C TinyBrick March 2009 A TinyBrick is a small self contained mi crocontroller module fitted w
149. ng Ceramic isolation 4 5mm e g type AOS2208L Fischer Elektronik Heatsink for Ry lt 3 7 K W lt 9 4 K W voor max 6A PCB 060316 1 from www thepcbshop com 6 2009 elektor 65 4 16 POWER SUPPLIES 125 50 C 11 W 6 8 KW This value is reduced by 2 1 and 1 K W for the triac and the isolation The heat sink used should therefore have a ther mal resistance better than 3 7 K W to provide sufficient cooling for the triac at the maximum current of 10 A When the maximum available current on your favourite campsite is only 6 A you could use a smaller heatsink 125 50 C 6 W 2 1 1 9 4 K W This calculation goes to show that a few amps difference result in a big change in the size of the heatsink We should make one thing clear though these calculations are for the maximum operating temperature of the triac This isn t beneficial to the lifespan of the semiconductor If we want to give the triac a longer life then the following applies the more cooling the better Printed Circuit Board Since the circuit board is sin gle sided and the 10A tracks require a certain minimum amount of cop per and the triac is at the edge of the board for ease of construc tion we decided to use a thick ceramic isolator see parts list This iso lation wasn t chosen to comply with electrical safety regulations as that is already covered by the internal isola tion of the triac It provides more
150. nic controls and pressure cookers These can sometimes consume as much as 3 kW The turning on of such an appli ance can result in the immediate drop ping out of the power line voltage To avoid this it is best to connect the controller between these devices and the AC power line The smaller appli ances can then be connected directly to the power line You should still bear in mind what the total current con sumption of these devices is how ever For example if this is just under 1Athen the value set in the controller should be one Amp less than the maxi mum current that can be drawn from the camping hook up The circuit At the hart of the circuit eS is IC1 a U2008B made by Atmel see Figure 1 This 8 pin phase controller requires only a few exter nal components The IC has a facility to measure the load current which is ideal for the prevention of an overload The inclu sion of automatic retriggering means that inductive loads won t be a prob lem The IC also offers a soft start function connect a capacitor between pin 1 and ground or detection of the load current via a shunt resistor in series with the triac also between pin 1 and ground We ve chosen to use the soft start function here The current through the load is meas ured using a shunt resistor in series with the triac A separate detector cir cuit drives the control input pin 3 of the IC The negative supply of the circuit is inter
151. ns adapter and let it do its job After some time you will notice that the air appears not only cleaner and fresher but that you will also be in a better mood 071072 1 75 RETRONICS TX SW 4 p ON PLUG zr SQUARE RIAH Hewlett Packard Model 3300A function generator 1969 Manoel Conde de Almeida Brasil Agilent Technologies are renowned in the electronics R amp D community for their high qual ity and high technology prod ucts and the company should be known even to those of you just starting out in the world of Test amp Measurement However Agilent s current illustriousness is due to a large extent to an older company called Hewlett Packard More than ten years after the spin off that gave birth to Agilent it s not uncommon to see vintage Hewlett Packard T amp M equipment operating faithfully and accu rately in laboratories and elec tronics manufacturing depart ments sometimes well hidden from the manager s view show ing no signs of fatigue and leav ing no doubt that they were built to last The Function Generator presented here was manufactured back in 1969 and is unquestiona 1 REMOVE SHORTING BAR FROM ble living proof of that statement Its frequency range is 0 01 Hz to 100 kHz for sine square and tri angle waves acquired it in 1992 at an auc tion of used electronic equip ment for much less than its mar ket value The
152. nt source instead of a voltage source If the battery is connected directly to the solar panel a small leakage current will flow through the solar panel when it is not illuminated The can be prevented by adding a blocking diode to the circuit see the schematic Many portable solar mod ules have a built in blocking diode check the manufacturer s specifications This simple arrangement is adequate if the maximum current from the solar panel is less than the maximum allowable over charging current of the battery NiMH cells can be overcharged for up to 100 hours if the charging current in A is less than one tenth of their rated capacity in Ah This means that a panel with a rated current of 2 A can be connected directly to a 20 Ah battery without any problems However under these conditions the battery must be fully discharged by a load from time to time Practical matters When positioning a solar panel you should ensure that no part of the panel is in the shade as otherwise the voltage will de crease markedly with a good chance that no current will flow into the connected battery Most modules have integrated bypass diodes connected in re verse parallel with the solar cells These diodes prevent reverse polarisation of any cells that are not exposed to sunlight so the current from the other cells flows through the diodes which can cause overheating and damage to the cells To reduce costs it is common practice to fit only one
153. ntain fixed non alterable ID codes These tags are very small and maintenance free Transponders are often attached to a plastic film along with their antennas This form of transponder can be printed with visible information and handled similarly to paper These smart labels are available in several versions Depending on the type and the frequency band they can be read out at distances ranging from a few centimetres to 100 metres RFID tags with writable memory offer higher performance and in creased versatility Depending on the type the memory capacity ranges from a few bits to several hundred kilobytes RFID tags with built in encryption mechanisms are used in applications with high security re quirements RFID tags with a microprocessor and an internal operating system are also available now These tags are usually produced in the form of smart cards dual interface cards RFID devices are basically classified as passive active or semi active depending on how they are powered In contrast to active RFID de vices passive RFID devices do not have an internal source of power Semi active devices switch automatically into sleep mode and they can attain a very long battery life of up to six years Active tags have the advantage that they can be used together with integrated sensors for temperature monitoring or precise localisation in combination with a GPS receiver a a ee 49 MICROCONTROLLERS DVDD RY CL SHD 1 DE
154. ntial applications However the potential applications are 080910 1 www elektor com 0809 10 Elektor project practically unlimited Some examples page for this project with download files for include a cat door controlled by a cat the software and PCB layout RFID tag a battery charger with RFID Advertisement Schaeffer FRONT PANELS amp HOUSINGS Cost effective single units and small production runs Tel 01635 40347 abus 011 5 Lid xn ka a ae ER Bd 18 Lh Customized front panels can be Ti designed effortlessly with the Front INE ETON ELE Panel Designer j The Front Panel Designer is available free on the Internet or on CD r ACI LONS Eo automatic price calculation errr Len j H Ha we fat delivery in 5 8 days iE 1 Hey Tami Ci 24 Hour Service if required ril iios Page Printed Mania _ k E i z ML Fi I5 E 1 PI WT ET Sample price 32 50 4 E i plus VAT shipping Schaeffer AG Nahmitzer Damm 32 D 12277 Berlin Tel 49 0 30 80586 95 0 Fax 49 0 30 8058695 33 Web info schaeffer ag de www schaeffer ag de MGT Sec LIIS SO E WWW XGAMESTATION COM 6 2009 elektor 53 Get f 1 MY Whatever your X adds t you ll find the solution at Data
155. nts William R Hewlett and David Packard developed their very first test instrument the Model 200 Audio Oscillator at around 1940 With the help of Elek tor US Publisher Hugo Vanhaecke one Garmin and one Google the place was easily found at Addison Avenue Palo Alto According to HP s official website the premises have been restored to a state much as it would have been while Bill and Dave lived there Re grettably the house and the garage are not accessible to the public At the Computer History Museum in nearby Mountain View was able to see a real HP Model 200 generator on display Although not a computer in any way the Model 200 is as iconic for the birth of Silicon Valley as the HP Garage in Palo Alto Entrance to the CHM is free there is an incredible amount of historical computer stuff to marvel at and the museum is run by knowledgeable and enthusias tic volunteers A must visit place for all Elektor readers P 1 A a A WR ig EM MN Jum d FOR TH E IX Ics independently for amplitude and type of waveform On the back panel the user can access an input that allows vari able voltage remote frequency control and a sync output that supplies pulses in phase with the rising edge of triangle and sine waves Maintaining a long tradi tion of modularity and scalability the HP 3300A has an expansion bay that allows you to connect special purpose plug in
156. off set values from the microcontroller s flash memory otherwise default val ues are loaded and the display shows LOAD DEFAULTS The microcontrol ler then goes into an idle mode TimerX is configured in event counter mode and counts the pulses on the CNTRO input An interrupt is triggered when the counter overflows The interrupt routine that gets called then incre ments a counter variable When the TimerZ interrupt is triggered this depends on the timebase setting and can be every 100 ms or every 1 s the frequency and voltage values are cal culated and output Calculation of the frequency takes into account the values in the counter variable in TimerX and in the TimerX prescaler The voltage is determined by reading the A D converter over the SPI port Twelve of the possible twenty bits of A D converter resolution are enough for the calculation which auto matically takes into account the gain of the amplifier and the measurement range Because of the lag in the RMS to DC converter automatically finding the optimal measurement range takes a few seconds during which the display shows Busy If an overrange occurs the module will automatically switch to the next higher range for safety rea sons and the display will show Over flow This automatic switch happens also in manual mode although the unit will remain in manual mode after the range change The finishing touches We shall discuss setting up the
157. olt age of 3 5 kV The circuit uses standard components it therefore contains no awkward transformer or other difficult to obtain parts The component values BC550B BC550B D a 8 2x 9V Mas D1 D6 6 1N4007 are not all that critical either You can certainly use a number of parts that you are likely to find in the bottom of your parts box The schematic in Figure 1 shows the design For the power supply we assume a DC voltage of about 15 V obtained from a mains adapter The oscillator that we use here is the clas sic astable multivibrator with two tran sistors T1 and T2 The frequency is set with R1 R2 and C1 C2 to a little more than 1 kHz Because of the two opposite phase signals a mains trans 4 9 6 x 4n7 630V NN T 2x 9V 1VA5 0 Uout 1000 0 071072 11 Figure 1 The circuit for the ioniser generates a high voltage of about 3 5 kV elektor 6 2009 former with two secondary windings is driven symmetrically These secondary windings are actually used as the primary side here so the transformer is used the wrong way around The relatively high self inductance of the transformer means that T1 and T2 cannot be used to drive the trans former directly The astable multivibra tor would generate irregular signals at the wrong frequency To solve this two PNP transistors T3 T4 are added These can switch more current and handle a higher voltage but a
158. ontext our Campsite AC Monitor on page 62 and ElektorWheelie on the centerfold Sure the Air loniser mini project on page 74 is for indoor use but it should help to disperse stale air and make you feel healthier at home too However it s no match for a brisk walk along the cliffs or an excursion in the woods exploring the trails Jan Buiting Editor electronics amp microcontrollers 8 Portable Solar cot Ye Especially on somewhat longer trips in sun drenched countries a portable solar panel can come in very handy to ensure that you always have enough power for your mobile phone iPod GPS receiver and even the car battery e lektor 26 True RMS Digital Voltmeter The module described here displays the frequency and RMS amplitude of a signal on a two line LCD panel The circuit can also be used as a stand alone true RMS voltmeter with frequency measurement 40 Profiler Pro Thanks to a new controller board with a powerful ARM processor and a new robust Z axis with floating head you can upgrade your existing Profiler milling machine to a Pro version The software has also been adapted to take advantage of this and has many improvements and new features ee gt Modules 26 True RMS Digital Voltmeter 34 Automatic Running in Bench 3 460 Profiler Pro 44 Elektor Wheelie We selected some of the products currently available in this area and checked 46 ATM18
159. ool Doxygen Source hex and help files are of course avail able for free download from the web site for the project 11 The software makes use of various tim ers and interrupts timers X Y and Z and the key input interrupt If a cal ibration sequence has already been 29 u HOLVOIGNI 32579 cL 16080 02002 25 853001 dd SWH 19534340 NIL 19535 c00ZNC Xp Q SL ra Law SAV 3H JONVY 411 9td NIX Lbd LNOX SSAV SSA L28H SSANO OH LNO LLNI Z Ld NIDL ELNI EEd OM 19 9Ld 016 1 c0dIAN2 0LNV CIM C Ld V3 iL D s 00064 LOdNO 6NV LA L Ld Xt zi LENV EIM E Ld 00dIN2 8NV 0IM O O ONV Z0d 3dON axu O LNW 90d ax LO LOI cNV S0d 138599 6 01 01 12 011 84 CO VNV 0d LELdIND LNOZL LEd SNV cO0d CLdINO LYLNO ZLNI CEd 9NV LOd LLOXL ZNV 0Od JadHA 2OAV JOA e NOILLVH8l TVO u00 L A1SVHLNOO 19 69 99 so 30 ows 0ct cor1 yos jaya 870 6 955 706 228 uBipjoeq G37 9L XZ 0 60 7 74 VUI09 AG 9 u3MOd M Figure 4 Circuit diagram of the display board with microcontroller display A D converter IC2 and voltage reference 3 elektor 6 2009 30 performed at some point the first thing the software does when power is applied is to load calibration and
160. orts 64 and 144 pin devices LCD displays and SD card sold separately Learn about and develop for Cypress s exciting PSoC mixed signal array devices with the EasyPSoC4 Features built in USB programmer and advanced I O devices and supports 8 20 28 and 48 pin PSoCs LCD displays and SD card sold separately With the UNI DS3 you can easily work with a number of popular microcontrollers from different manufacturers simply by buying optional plug on MCU cards Devices sup ported include PIC dsPIC AVR 8051 ARM and PSoC MCU cards LCD displays and SD card sold separately Compilers Starter Packs mikroBASIC mikroC and mikroPascal compilers now available in versions for PIC dsPIC AVR and 8051 microcontrollers All feature user friendly development environments built in library routines and easy integration with MikroElek tronika s programmers and debuggers We stock an extensive range of add on boards that plug straight onto Mikro Elektronika s development boards including A D D A RS 485 CAN LIN Ethernet IrDA RTC EEPROM Compact Flash SD MMC MP3 Bluetooth ZigBee RFid stepper motor driver and many more Save money by buying one of our Starter Packs Each includes a development board with options such as LCD displays touch panel temperature sensor and come with a full version of either mikroBASIC mikroC or mikroPascal Available for PIC dsPIC PIC24 dsPIC33
161. ot enough space is this article to elaborate on this but if you are interested you can consult the datasheet from NXP for more details www nxp com acrobat_download datash eets LPC2212 2214 A pdf Even though yov re using a state of the art processor all w i 7 4414411 me ail JUN e BN E L 4 ape 02 2 er IU3 ri Tune T or emo m EIL H mE uu LJ ar Sowy h na IDE DD E O m EL Peer 2 1 72 GU r 2 aids aS TE IS 1 id Ih si 4 LA V gt E B vi 1 E or Coli3D E i x E amp 3 Li te 2 Bs TM 101 tini H L4 1111117 ace TAT DLL 1 bed s NUN es IU F I ER Lm ome cn ch gas EN 2 irte 84 QUIE now POUUUUI UU QUE I AJ a 20 Lj t 8 Figure 1 s 20 Bl FO 1 a Bite c20 4004209 ce many new features that make this controller board so fast and interesting What makes the new PB3D controller unique
162. pment Board 89 Get off to the best start with AVR microcontrollers with the EasyAVRSA Supports 8 14 20 28 and 40 pin AVRs and features on board USB programmer and useful I O devices LCD displays and SD card sold separately Get off to the best start with Atmel s Flash 8051 micro controllers with the Easy8051B Supports 14 1 16 28 32 40 and 44 pin 8051s and features on board USB programmer and useful I O devices LCD displays sold separately Work with 64 80 and 100 pin AVR microcontrollers with the BIGAVR2 development board Includes built in USB programmer and range of on board I O devices LCD displays and SD card sold separately EasyAVR5A Starter Packs also available comprising EasyAVR DA character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler BIGAVR2 Starter Packs also available comprising BIGAVR2 character and graphic LCDs touch panel and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler Easy8051B Starter Packs also available comprising Easy8051B character and graphic LCDs touch panel tem perature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler EasyARM ARM Development Board 109 EasyPSoC4 PSoC Development Board 89 UNI DS3 Universal Development Board 99 Easily develop for NXP s 32 bit ARM microcontrollers with the EasyARM Includes on board USB programmer and useful I O devices and supp
163. powerful search function allows you to search for items and references across the entire website Also on the Elektor website e Electronics news and Elektor announcements 9 Readers Forum PCB software and e magazine downloads e Surveys and polls e FAQ Author Guidelines and Contact 84 ELECTRONIC FREE 30 CAD FOR cucLosuRES Design your own bespoke enclosure le KtOF ER vcrbis Home Wwa New Magazint Shop E LIII Wireless gud vides HEU reference designs Te M Real time clock pseslaber uses MEME Chaase an spon Minature induce encoder eddy curren ad MEID bool r PES a informative articles a 5 1 5 285 DSCs target power conversion ital Power SHTovan E purni and nid rs peri le ius Programmes robot were n Li mal Y ROM Subscribers only iba ta cur frai 5 Free PAP the Ky waletta 1 SSS vee Enter your E mail address ti nes Programming book ip Kits amp Modules predessinnal and eethuziast rel CO a a 35 a Conirellerg a Magagings as Tort A Gradis er ER Milling machine frac kil elektor 6 2009 Order For pus Li co EU ru
164. program from the very first chapter with simple programs and slowly build from there Initially you pro C F gram on the PC only so no need for de dicated hardware This book uses only free A n or open source software and sample pro P R O R A grams and exercises can be downloaded mo El Madres Enc from the Internet FOR ELES 324 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 80 4 32 50 US 52 00 JOHN interfacing e lektor f ruler Connect your mouse into new embedded applications Mouse Interfacing This book describes in depth how to con Learn more about C programming and NET C 2008 and NET programming for Electronic Engineers This book is aimed at Engineers and Scientists who want to learn about the NET environment and nect the mouse into new embedded appli cations It details the two main interface methods PS 2 and USB and offers appli cations guidance with hardware and soft C programming or who have an interest in interfacing hardware to a PC The book covers the Visual Studio 2008 development environment the NET framework and C programming lan guage from data types and program flow to more advanced concepts including object oriented ware examples plus tips on interfacing the programming It continues with program debugging file handling databases internet communi mouse to typical microcontrollers A wide cation and plotting
165. projects at home sports or attending meetings of the local foot ball club It s thus no wonder that many people look for a chance to relax and restore their balance when they have a few days off For many people this means spending a day hiking or even going hiking for several days with only a backpack and the bare essentials In many cases during your trip you often discover that it s not so easy to do without all the conveniences of modern life It can be very handy to occasionally call someone with your mobile phone or check your GPS receiver to see where you are During long trips this can lead to problems with your collection of battery powered devices because their battery life is often relatively short The solution in such cases is to take along some spare batteries or perhaps a portable solar panel IF you choose the latter option you can also choose from a variety of portable solar panels presently available There are even small solar panels that can be placed behind the window of a caravan or the windscreen of a car to main tain the battery charge while the vehicle is parked We chose several models of both types and subjected them to closer examination We wanted to see what they can do and how useful they are in practice Types The available solar panels can be roughly divided into a few categories For instance there are fixed panels that are intended to be used for topping up a car battery in a car or
166. r Eer Emi Fini m TTE ea ELE Rn Figure 2 The new PB3D controller board uses an ARM7 processor made by NXP The new version of ColiDrive has quite a few changes and improvements the cleverness is of course in the embedded software This in fact contains four years of development 3D circular and collinear interpolation adjustable exponential acceleration curves and adaptive corner speeds are only a few of the a to offer 6 2009 elektor 41 40 16 PROFILER MILLIN Figure 3 The new Z axis is more stable and much easier to adjust than its predecessor In addition it also has a floating head Here the IAC500 motor from Colinbus is mounted on the Z axis Figure 4 This engraving head follows the surface of the material accurately and thereby ensures a constant 42 depth can write application software themselves you only need to send the correct commands to the Profiler On the Colin bus website you can find extensive documentation for this www colinbus com download htm Because of the great computing power of the ARM control ler it is possible to work with much more complex routines resulting in a more dynamic machine In combination with the Colinbus software you will have an additional number of powerful features These features are only available with the new board These are also related to the processor speed and the new processor technolog
167. r have been rounded to values from the E96 range otherwise the total error would become too much P1 is used to set the maximum phase angle At the lowest setting it is still possible to limit the current to 3 A dur ing a large overload otherwise it stays a bit lower COMPONENT LIST Caution Circuit designed for 230 VAC power lines Please refer to circuit description for component adaptation to suit 110 117 VAC networks Resistors R1 R2 4kQ7 5W lead pitch 30mm max R3 R4 330kQ R5 R23 100Q R6 R24 100kQ R7 R8 0521 5W lead pitch 30mm max R9 20kQ0 R10 10kQ0 R11 30kQ1 R12 1kQ91 R13 R14 R17 6980 R15 R16 7150 R18 1kQ40 R19 100kQ R20 10kQ R21 3kQ3 R22 IMQ R25 820kQ Heatsink For the triac we have selected a snub berless type made by STMicroelec tronics the BTA16 600BW The triac is available in an isolated version still with a metal tab and can handle 16 A The BW version needs a trigger current of at least 50 mA The value of 100 chosen for R5 provides a gate current slightly higher than this The disadvantage of the isolated ver sion is a higher internal thermal resist ance 2 1 K W instead of 1 2 K W On top of this the maximum permitted R26 1kQ P1 100kQ preset Capacitors C1 63V radial lead pitch 2 5mm diam 6 3mm max C2 10nF lead pitch 5mm or 7 5 mm C3 C6 C10 100nF lead pitch 5mm or 7 5mm CA 220uF 25V radial lead pi
168. raditional digital storage oscilloscopes don t have the capability of displaying a complete electronic signal at a high sample rate The GDS 1000A Series uses MemoryPrime technology to overcome the problems associated with memory constraints Able to display complete signals with greater detail the GDS 1000A Series can maintain a high sample rate over a wider horizontal range without affecting performance Challenge yourself to go deeper GDS 1000A GDS 1000A Series Digital Storage Oscilloscope 150 100 60 MHz Bandwidth 2 Input Channels Sample Rates up to 1GSa s Real Time Maximum 25Gsa s Equivalent Time e 2M Points Record Length Maximum e 2mV 10V Vertical Scale 1ns 50s Horizontal Range e Up to 27 Automatic Measurements e USB and SD Interface Supported For more information about the advantages of MemoryPrime technology visit our website at www memory prime com or consult your local distributor GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT CO LTD No 7 1 Jhongsing Road Tucheng City Taipei County 236 Taiwan T 886 2 2268 0389 886 2 2268 0639 E mail marketing goodwill com tw GV INSTEK Made to Measure Since 1975 www instek com All solar power charged For the first time in the history of Elektor we have examined the practi cal use of small solar cells specially designed it seems to charge batteries for mobile equipment like cell phones navigation aids and PDAs The range of commercially avai
169. re still housed in a TO 92 package BC640 80 V 1 A R3 and R5 ensure that T3 and T4 do not turn on too early As you can see from the schematic we are not using just one but two small transformers small short circuit proof types rated at 1 5 VA you can use even smaller ones for example 0 35 VA The low voltage windings which are the primary side here are connected in parallel while the high voltage wind ings are connected in series In this way we immediately obtain twice the output voltage compared to using only a single transformer The consequence of this is that the cascade network can contain fewer diodes and capacitors half as many in fact The cascade which consists of diodes D1 through D6 and capacitors C4 through C9 ensures that the peak output voltage is multiplied by six At a power supply 6 2009 elektor volt age of 15 V the two trans formers together gen erate a peak voltage of about 500 V with ringing up to nearly 600 V After the cascade multiplier the result is an output voltage of about 3 5 kV To be able to measure this voltage a voltage divider is connected to the output which consists of high volt age resistors type VR25 made by Vishay BC components 1600 Voc That means that R8 through to R12 are not ordinary resistors Across R7 you can measure the output voltage divided by 1000 or 1001 if you want to be exact This voltage divider is not essential but does enable you to c
170. result equals O all values greater than such as 32 count as true or 1 Because the program has to react to the push of a button you have to include the instruction above in a loop so that it is executed periodically In Part 3 of this course you will see that you could have used an interrupt instead which reacts immediately to the button push Here s a a snippet of code from the file LoopsJumps c which can be downloaded from the Elektor website file 090251 11 if PLIN amp BIT5 0 switch S1 active 090251 11 do P1OUT BITI red led 1 on delay 3 P1OUT amp BIT1 red led 1 off delay 3 while P1IN amp BIT6 active repeat till S2 When S1 is pushed the if statement block will be executed The red LED D1 will continue to flash while button 2 is held down The program will then continue not shown here but will always turn the red LED D1 off because the while instruction comes last As homework for the course you can single step through LoopsJumps c and explore all the possible variations loops and jumps in the code You could also draw a state dia gram from the code see below for an explanation A coffee machine A good example of embedded C programming is the design of the software for a microcontroller in a coffee machine You start this by drawing a state diagram state machine Begin by defining the necessary states such as Start Heating
171. rintOut P5 2 PWM RS 485 Sound SPI Graphic LCD UART USB HID Standard ANSI C a T6963C GLCD Miscellaneous SPI and more MikroC PRO for PIC also has Touch sensing controls on new washing machines Cypress PSoC based CapSense Plus solution has been selected to control the touch sensing buttons in the new AWOE Premium Collection line of wash ing machines from Whirl pool The flexible solution is claimed to offer leading noise immunity and water resistance to deliver uninter rupted operation in the harsh sensing conditions prevalent in household appliances Cypress touch sensing products have resulted in over 2 5 billion mechanical buttons replaced in mobile handsets laptops con sumer electronics white goods automotive applications and more Engineers can take now advantage of PSoC flexibility to implement functions beyond CapSense a capability called CapSense Plus The Whirlpool AWOE Premium Collection washing machines feature 6 Sense technology which recognises the size of a load and automatically adjusts resources to ensure optimal per formance saving up to 3076 on time water and energy The CapSense Plus capability specifi plenty of practical examples and a comprehensive set of documen tation which allows a quick start in programming PIC devices PIC hardware development tools that completely support mikroC PRO for PIC 2009 are also
172. rofessional ambitions From beginner to diehard from student to lecturer Information education inspiration and entertainment Analogue and digital practical and theoretical software and hardware 1 lt ri Volume 35 Number 390 June 2009 ISSN 1757 0875 Elektor is also published in French Spanish American English German and Dutch Together with franchised editions the magazine is on circulation in more Flektor aims at inspiring people to master electronics at any personal level by than 50 countries Graphic design Giel Dols Mart Schroijen presenting construction projects and spotting developments in electronics and information technology International Editor Wisse Hettinga w hettinga elektor nl Editorial secretariat Hedwig Hennekens secretariaat elektor nl Managing Director Publisher Paul Snakkers Publishers Elektor International Media Regus Brentford M 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 91111 England Tel 444 208 261 itor Jon Buiting editor elektor com 4509 fax 44 208 261 4447 www elektor com Marketing Carlo van Nistelrooy International editorial staff Harry Baggen Thijs Beckers 1 Eduardo Corral Ernst Krempelsauer Jens Nickel Clemens Valens Subscriptions Elektor International Media The magazine is available from newsagents bookshops and electronics retail Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England outlets or on subscription D
173. ropeller An engine to be run in with its twin bladed prop elektor 6 2009 Some fuel and a means of starting the engine IF you have a laptop PC running under Windows 2000 XP Vista you can if you wish install the CBRMmonitor 1 software on it and connect it to the bench via a USB link As its name indicates this software will let you monitor all the bench parameters on your computer screen in real time as they change during the running in process Moving on to the nitty gritty Rather than systematically describing all the menus in the application without more ado we re going to go through a try out operation preferably using an already run in engine Flash the CBRMrunning in hex software as per the proce dure given in the April 2009 article and check that the application runs the pocket terminal should give three short beeps and the screen should display the welcome message Figure 1 This display soon changes to the manual mode screen Figure 2 which summarises seven vital parameters of the engine operation Throttle abbreviated to Thr Engine Tmp and ambient Amb temperatures Speed Mixture richness Ned for needle 0 Ignition battery condition and voltage lgn Board supply voltage Sup Richness setting The asterisk in the first column on the third line indicates that the richness adjustment is enabled Temporarily loosen off the
174. rs to be integrated on one PCB elimi nate gears and connections and results in superior accuracy due to very fast start and stops A practical example of the technol ogy can be illustrated with a radio tuner conventional motor solu tion requires external mounting and wiring of standard motors Using PCB motors several motor positions can be integrated on one single PCB to tune different frequencies where all the motors are switched by a single driver The PCB motor results in a smaller bill of material lower building height and less assembly cost Given the high holding torque of the PCB motor it will keep its position dur ing power off In contrast the con ventional motor solution degrades the stability and precision of the movements PCB motors are built using standardized components and well established assembly techniques A free sample of the stator part of a standard PCBMotor with a diam eter of 30 mm is available ship ping charges 7 95 one sam New PowerPSoC Family changes LED lighting design landscape Cypress Semiconductor Corp recently introduced the Pow erPSoC family of integrated embedded power controllers the industry s first single chip solution for both controlling and driving high power LEDs The PowerP SoC family integrates four con stant current regulators and four 32 V MOSFETs with Cypress s PSoC programmable system on chip which includes a micro controller progra
175. ruction is the logical value of pin P1 5 determined by taking the AND function The result can be either 51 x BIT5 or declare function and variables main program for calling the functions delay 100 set 7segment 3 1 j void delay unsigned int k definition of the function int 1i j void Set 7segment int nr int dp 6 2009 elektor A 10 4 2005 es cic es cil cleunernscrsstos mg pg utm cur Id grt Or Pres Ica rcl COU ae a oP M M X 2 e d abad Figure 1 Example of the structure of a C program 69 EU ege Vins ih m ICAC amp li DAA meu ay wel P an am e Figure 2 Your aim will be to simulate the three operating buttons of this popular coffee machine The state 70 in a C program Figure 3 diagram for the coffee machine EMBEDDED PROGRAMMING S1 1 XBIT5 1 x 00100000 32 decimal Because of the AND function with BIT5 only port pin P1 5 has an effect on the value of S1 You can conveniently use the if statement to test whether the button is pressed if 1 amp BIT5 0 execute these statements when button is pressed else execute these statements when button is not active An expression is not true false or O if the
176. ruments www milinst com WE ZN Spinvent www parallax com www spinvent co uk 6 2009 elektor 71 PROJECTS EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING Figure 5 The different debug options offered by IAR Embedded 72 Workbench IAR Embedded Workbench IDE File Edit view Project Debug Emulator D Hdg 27 22 3 4 1 2 Zl 5 6 7 8 9 A section of the code from the file Coffeemaker c can be seen in Figure 4 A few comments regarding the practical aspects of read ing the state of pushbutton switches in software Because a pushbutton is a mechanical system it is generally the case that the make contact will continue to vibrate after the but ton is pushed This is called contact bounce In the software you take that into account by building in a delay of 50 to 100 ms before testing the switch state again You can now load and compile the file download it to the board and run through the code step by step using the arrows check again that in the Emulator menu the option Release on Go is not ticked The different debug options see Figure 5 are 1 Reset the processor the program starts at the first line of main 2 Stop execution We will see a green bar across the instruction that the program got up to The little hand is red when the program is running 3 Execute one statement and wait 4 Step into a function for example delay This can take many steps 5
177. rve in Figure 3 The low corner frequency is determined by C7 the high corner frequency by the low pass filter L1 C5 With small loudspeakers this is more than enough because this is often more than what small speaker boxes can reproduce As already mentioned the blue test result Figure 3 shows the amplitude characteristic into a pure 8 Q load When a loudspeaker is connected a small increase about 1 dB of output voltage can be observed around the resonance point red curve At the corner frequency of the filter around 40 kHz a peak of several dBs can occur This is because the Butterworth filter is no longer terminated correctly In the figure it may appear that this peak is rather large but if you have a look at the scale it is obviously not that bad At 20 kHz the peak is only 2 5 dB This does no harm in principle and a lot of people actually appreciate this The PCB is very compact The accom panying pre amplifier which is planned for next month has the same dimen sions so that a complete and very com pact mini amplifier can be realised We will elaborate on the availability of the PCB in the next instalment September 2009 080277 1 Figure 4 Although standard parts are used the PCB is still very small The parts are packed quite close together however COMPONENT LIST
178. s made to be weather resistant It has a but ton and blue LED for checking whether the panel is working Voltage current 15 V 0 135 A Dimensions 38 x 13 cm Sunforce Battery Maintainer This panel as also intended to be used to maintain the charge of a car battery The current output is low and you shouldn t expect too much from a panel of this size It can be connected to the battery with the included cable and clips A built in blue LED blinks when the panel is supplying power The LED is constantly connected to a portion of the solar panel with the result that the voltage decreases considerably in cloudy weather and the battery can t take advantage of the panel s full capacity The panel has the same surface area and dimensions as the Solar Charger 135 and nearly the same price It has open ings at the top and bottom for attachment to a window A few suction cups are included for installation but they are rather small Voltage current 15 V 0 125 A Dimensions 35 x 13 cm Sunsei Solar Charger 400 This panel is a larger version of the Solar Charger 135 there are four different models in this series Here again the panel can easily be connected directly to the battery with the included cables and clips The panel is nicely finished and the connec tors have protective caps with silicone washers all of which makes a reasonably weatherproof impression Several panels can be connected together in a daisy chain arrange
179. s must be accompanied by the full payment including postage and packing charges as stated above or advised by Customer Services staff Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics with ABN AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VISA and MasterCard can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security COMPONENTS Components for projects appearing in Elektor are usually available from certain advertisers in this magazine If difficulties in the supply of components are envisaged a source will normally be advised in the article Note however that the source s given is are not exclusive TERMS OF BUSINESS Delivery Although every effort will be made to dispatch your order within 2 3 weeks from receipt of your instructions we can not guarantee
180. s to achieve fusion igni tion in the laboratory obtaining more energy from the target than is provided by the laser The com pletion of NIF opens the door to scientific advancement and dis covery that promises to enhance the US national security could help break its dependence on foreign oil and will lead to new breakthroughs in the worlds of astrophysics materials sci ence and many other scientific disciplines NIF is a critical part of NNSA s mis sion of maintaining the safety and reliability of our nuclear deterrent without conducting nuclear testing With NIF scientists will be able to evaluate key scientific assump tions in current computer models obtain previously unavailable data on how materials behave at tem peratures and pressures like those in the centre of a star and help validate NNSA s supercomputer simulations by comparing code predictions against observations 6 2009 elektor from laboratory experiments Because of its groundbreaking advance in technology NIF may also help advance fusion energy technology which could be an ele ment of making the United States energy independent It could also help scientists better understand the makeup of stars It could also help scientists better understand the makeup of stars and giant planets both within and outside our solar system The stadium sized NIF is capable of focusing all of its 192 individ ual beams each about 40 centi metres square into
181. selection from the contents Automatic Bicycle Lights Crystal Tester Curtain Governor Electricity Monitor FM Audio Transmitter Improved Hybrid Headphones Amp Inclinometer Lithium Battery Charger Lithium Polymer Monitor Low drop Voltage Regulator Milliohm Meter Mobile 3 watt LED Lighting Port Extension for Microcontrollers Servo Scales Stress Meter Extra in this year s Summer Circuits edition ElektorWheelie The first article on the construction of a two wheel self balancing electrical vehicle The essential ingredients two hefty motors two batteries two sensors and control electronics built around two small but powerful AVR microcontrollers Article titles and magazine contents subject to change please check Magazine on www elektor com Elektor the web The July August 2009 issue comes on sale on Thursday 25 June 2009 UK distribution only UK mainland subscribers will receive the issue between 20 and 23 June 2009 All magazine articles back to volume 2000 are available online in pdf format The article summary and parts list if applicable can be instantly viewed to help you positively identify an article Article related items are also shown including software downloads circuit boards programmed ICs and corrections and updates if applicable Complete magazine issues may also be downloaded In the Elektor Shop you ll find all other products sold by the publishers like CD ROMs kits and books A
182. short partly because it uses the func tion set_7segment i O while 1 for 1 0 i lt 10 i set 7segment 1 0 for j 0 j lt 30000 j delay while P1IN amp BIT7 endless loop while S3 is active for i j while 1 The while loop that tests the state of pushbutton S3 active low is very short while or even shorter while The while loop will be executed whenever the expression between the brackets is true this is the case only when S3 is pressed The program will continue to carry out this loop and not reach the for loop The number will remain on the display until we release the button again 090251 1 Bert Korthof is a Lecturer in the department of Automotive Tech nology Electrical Engineering at Rotterdam University elektor 6 2009 Puzzle with an Hexadoku zz Hexadoku now also reaches our North American and Canadian readers and two of them even won a prize It s very rewarding to see our monthly e puzzle getting active response from all over the globe All correct solutions we receive enter a prize draw for an E blocks Starter Kit Professional and three Elektor Shop vouchers number of clues are given in the puzzle and these determine the start situation All correct entries received for each month s puzzle go into a draw for a main prize and three lesser prizes All you need to do is send us the numbers in the grey boxes The puzzle is a
183. space on the board for the A2 connection of the triac on the non isolated version this is also the tab The connections for the gate and A1 have been placed a bit further away from the triac in order to make more room for the copper to the A1 connection Due to the large currents involved we haven t held back on the copper used to make the connections to the other components F1 1 1 R7 R8 the mains and load connectors For the 10 A fuse there are two separate fuse clips for a 32 mm fuse mounted on the board These clips are rated at 15 A The con nections for L1 R7 and R8 have been made without the usual thermal reliefs This does mean that you will need a higher power soldering iron to solder these components compared to the rest of the components For the load and power line connectors 66 we ve used automotive blade AMP connectors that have been mounted on the board using 4 mm screws The distance between these connectors is slightly more than the minimum required 3 mm When you screw the connectors in place you need to make sure that they are mounted perfectly straight On the prototype they were mounted on the component side but depending on the way the board is housed you may consider mount ing them on the solder side This has the advantage that losses caused by the resistance of the screw connec tion are avoided You should still make sure that there is a minimum separa tion of 3 mm between the connectors
184. ssion A few examples of expressions are if a gt b means if a is greater that or equal to b adjustable delay initialisation of the MSP430 display a number on the 7 segment display while b means as long as a is equal to b note a b means a is given the value of b You can also perform standard mathematical operations in C You have to take into account the size of the numbers when doing this For this processor int a means a variable between 32768 en 32767 16 bit unsigned int b is a variable b ranging from O to 65535 If you want to work with bigger numbers then we can use the long int 32 bit or even bigger again with float In the latter case numbers are displayed in scientific notation powers of 10 for example 1 234 8 C is aware of the following mathematical operators Add subtract multiply divide the remainder of a division Try it out yourself Take the file BlinkingLeds c from Part 1 and change unsigned int i into unsigned int i a b c d Add in main above the while 1 loop the fol lowing code for example ael c a b d a b elektor 6 2009 Enter the variables c and d in the Watch window look under the View tab By single stepping through the pro gram we will see that c gets set to the value 3 and d gets assigned the value 1 10 323 with remainder 1 Make sure that Release JTAG on Go is not ticked under the Emul
185. st functional test of the 4095 reader card you need a 5 V power source and an RFID tag that can be detected by the EM4095 This can for example be a transponder with an 4102 in the form of a key fob as shown in the large photo Figure 8 shows an example of the acquisition of an RFID tag The upper waveform in the oscillogram is the modulated 125 kHz signal and the lower waveform is the data signal at the DEMOD OUT output pin 13 of the IC or pin 2 of connector K2 on the PCB As you can see the transponder sends its data as it is supposed to this is what you should see when everything 15 in order In order to evaluate and display the data the reader board must be con nected to the CC2 system as shown in Figure 9 Here SHD is connected to PB3 MOD is connected to PB4 and DEMOD OUT is connected to PD2 along with the connections for 5 V and ground The connections between the CC2 board and the LC display mod ule and the relay board are also shown in the wiring diagram The only thing you still need at this point is the Bas com program which is our next topic RFID and BASCOM The program code is very simple because almost all of the tasks are handled by a library lib function The lib function formats the data read from the RFID tag into bytes and places the data on the stack If you read this data as a normal array using the example Bascom code the byte sequence is reversed You should bear this in mind
186. symmetrical squarewave with an amplitude of around 1 V to the junction of re sistors R12 and R13 This can be obtained for example from the calibration output of the 4 Now the value of C25 must be selected to obtain as accurate as possible a squarewave on the oscilloscope screen The value given in the circuit diagram is a good starting point One approach is to fit a 100 pF capacitor for C25 and then try adding 100 pF and then 220 pF capacitors in parallel If you have good eyesight and a steady hand you can solder these as SMDs on the reverse of the board this makes it easier to change them later 5 Enable the next measurement range by grounding K4 2 6 Apply the squarewave signal to the junction of R9 and R12 7 Adjust trimmer C21 appropriately Repeat for C20 Follow steps 1 and 2 above and then apply a symmetrical squarewave to the amplifier mo dule input Now adjust C25 C20 and C21 until an accurate squarewave appears at the output of IC1 Since the choices of values for C25 C20 and C21 jointly affect the response in each measurement range considerably more trial and error is required than in the text book approach described above Nevertheless the author has found that it can quickly lead It is of course possible to start using method 1 and then use method 2 to make final fine
187. t ESS PC and the unit powered up The program mer was in full use within the hour and according to the main user Jan Visser of our ESS its distinct advantages are quote 1 versatility to the highest level 2 kissable software 3 device updates whenever need them 4 a socket converter to suit even the quirkiest of IC housings 5 ISP connectivity alongside the friendly 48 pin ZIF socket 6 great for small series too end quote As with the SmartProg2 had to pull the BeeP rog from my colleagues hands to get the photos done for this article It is truly a Programmer s Delight 45k devices supported Recently the lab guys ran into this horrible IC they were struggling to get programmed and in fact an entire project based upon it the LED Spinning Top with Special Effects December 2008 almost got delayed for publication Almost decided to make a case of it and asked Vladimir at Elnec for a matching TQFP32 adapter 70 0135 to do this particular Atmel beast the ATmega8 16AU Within a week shouts of hooray and a working prototype Still later a highly successful article elektor 6 2009 ea P The list of devices you can program on the unit is so long it would easily fill a com plete edition of Elektor If you are not convinced or into really esoteric micros give the Devices section on the Elnec website a try yov ll be amazed 4 From a 2708 EPROM 8 kbit and 30 years o
188. t has developed and imple mented the first solid state street lighting solution in Portugal along the Fidalgo Aprendiz in Pombal City using LUXEON Rebel LEDs The new street lights are approxi mately 60 more efficient than the most common High Pressure Sodium lamps that were initially considered to replace the actual Mercury Vapor lamps installed Both high pressure sodium and various LED solutions were origi nally considered as replacement options Ultimately a Luxeon Rebel based design consuming energy sav ings high effi Fraen Working closely with teams from BlueSpan and N Future Light EM Solu S QM 5 m gt E E inco m uniform light dis CU tribution and long lifetime that could be delivered 0 7 Volt tinyAVR microcontroller Atmel introduces the first AVR microcontroller with an inte grated boost converter the ATtiny43U The boost converter ena bles the device to oper ate from a supply voltage as low as 0 7 volts With the ATtiny43U it is now pos sible to develop simple low cost and trouble free applications that are small in size and operate from a single AA AAA or similar battery Like all tinyAVR microcon trollers the ATtiny43U integrates several fea tures and benefits It has a A channel 10 bit ADC two 8 bit timer counters a temperature sen sor and an USI on board For on c
189. t the gate of the other one In our prototype we used a reasonably common noise suppression choke for the output inductor in the low pass fil ter L1 This choke is rated for loads up to two amps But you can also use a smaller choke such as axial versions for medium current applications Just make sure that such a choke will fit on the PCB We deliberately selected a coil that can handle more current than strictly necessary at a load of 4 Q the peak current is less than 1 A In order to keep the physical size of coil small a core is used but this results in non linearities which become increas ingly larger as the core approaches saturation So as to operate in a rea JF 1 n 4 NET 1 Pi t s 080277 12 Figure 1 The PWM signal corresponding to a sine wave After filtering of the PWM signal the original signal reappears sonably linear region a slightly big ger inductor was selected By using an axial version and mounting it upright the space required has been kept to a minimum An air cored coil would have been the best choice of course but that is not an option here because of its physical size As already mentioned only a low pass filter is required to turn the digital sig nal back into an analogue signal L1 together with C5 forms a 2P order low pass filter Butterworth which suppresses frequencies above 40 kHz This is also necessary to ensure that the circuit
190. tch 2 5mm diameter 8 5mm max C5 220nF 275VAC X2 lead pitch 22 5mm C7 10uF 63V radial lead pitch 2 5mm diam 6 3mm max C8 Inf lead pitch 5mm or 7 5mm C9 22uF 40 radial lead pitch 2 5mm diam 6 3mm max Inductors L1 22uH 11A e g 1422311C Mura ta Power Solutions Farnell order code 1077056 or 22uH 10 3A e g 2205 V RC J W Miller Magnetics Digi Key M8868 ND junction temperature is only 125 C The voltage drop across the triac is partially dependent on the junction temperature At 10 A the voltage drop at a junction temperature of 125 C is about 0 25 V lower than at 25 C For calculating the size of the heat sink we assumed that the ambient temperature could be 50 C This may seem high but when the cir cuit is housed in a case and placed in a caravan in the summer it could possibly be higher The dissipation at 10 A is about 11 W The maximum total thermal resistance is then Semiconductors D1 1N4007 D2 4 7V 0 5W zener diode D3 D4 D7 BAT85 D5 2 7V 0 5W zener diode D6 red low current LED 1 BF245A TRI1 BTA16 600BWRG TO220AB insu lated Farnell 1175636 IC1 U2008B Atmel 8 pin DIP IC2 TS922IN ST 8 pin DIP Miscellaneous 1 14 way 2x7 pinheader 1 jumper Fl 17 4 x 4 e g Farnell 1175149 2 fuse clips 15A rated Farnell 1175125 4 connectors 4 screw mounting 4x 10 mm bolt nut washer locking ri
191. tection from design theft by subcontractors FUTURE TECHNOLOGY DEVICES http www ftdichip com FTDI designs and sells USB UART and USB FIFO jf interface i c s Complete with PC drivers these devices simplify the task of designing or upgrading peripherals to USB HEXWAX LTD www hexwax com World leaders in Driver Free USB ICs e USB UART SPI I2C bridges e TEAleaf USB authentication dongles e expandlO USB 1 0 USB expander e USB FileSys flash drive with SPI interface e USB DAQ data logging flash drive LONDON ELECTRONICS COLLEGE Vocational training and education for national qualifications in Information Technology BTEC First National Higher National NVQs GCSEs and GCEs Also http www lec org uk Electronics Engineering and JEL Technical Management and Languages LCDMOD KIT http www Icdmodkit com Worldwide On line retailer e Electronics components e SMT chip components e USB interface LCD e Kits amp Accessories e PC modding parts e CD modules ELECTRONICS e Low cost USB Bus Analysers e High Full or Low speed captures e Graphical analysis and filtering e Automatic speed detection e Bus powered from high speed PC e Capture buttons and feature connector e Optional analysis classes elektor 6 2009 products and services directory www elektor com ROBOT ELECTRONICS http www robot electronics co uk Advanced Sensors and Electronics for Robotics e
192. ted in steps over a range of 5 to 19 V and its capacity is indeed reasonably large This is one of the best combinations we have seen with numer OUS accessories Voltage current 8 V 1 68 A Dimensions 23 x 15 x 9 cm folded 49 x 46 cm unfolded Battery pack 50 W 5 19 V TPS936 mobile solar panel This solar panel is actually out of place in this overview in terms of dimensions and portability but in light of the attractive price for such a large panel we considered it worthwhile to include it in the selection This a sort of small case in approximately A3 format which can be opened up to expose large solar panels on the two inner surfaces Although the efficiency of the amorphous cells used here is not especially high this unit delivers 13 W and is thus ideal for topping up the battery of a car or caravan You can also use the included adapters and clips to connect the cable in the case to a wide variety of other devices The case is fairly heavy but this does not matter for use with a car or caravan With a price of around 90 pounds euros it s a real bargain Voltage current 15 V 0 88 A Dimensions 34 x 52 cm closed 68 x 52 cm open 6 2009 elektor Advertisement 1C O pit The new PicoScope 4000 Series high resolution oscilloscopes 4000 Series The PicoScope 4224 and 4424 High Resolution Oscilloscopes have true 12 bit resolution inputs with a vertical accuracy of 1 This la
193. test generation of PicoScopes features a deep memory of 32 M samples When combined with rapid trigger mode this can capture up to 1000 trigger events at a rate of thousands of waveforms per second e PC based capture view and use the acquired waveform on your PC right where you need it e Software updates free software updates for the life of the product USB powered and connected perfect for use in the field or the lab Programmable supplied with drivers and example code Resolution 12 bits up to 16 bits with resolution enhancement Bandwidth 20 MHz for oscillscope and spectrum modes Buffer Size 32 M samples shared between active channels Sample Rate 80 MS s maximum Channels PicoScope 4224 2 channels PicoScope 4424 4 channels Connection USB 2 0 lrigger Types Rising edge falling edge edge with hysteresis pulse width runt pulse drop out windowed www picotech com scope1017 01480 396395 23 CAINA SOLAR PANELS 24 Sunsei Solar Charger 135 This panel is designed for use in or on a car boat or caravan and it can be connected to the battery with the included cables and clips This is a fairly small panel with a rated power of 1 5 W so it has to be used as a trickle charger The panel has four fold out supports that can be used to at tach it to a car window with the included suction cups After this you can simply leave the panel where it is The finishing is good and the unit i
194. tion example In summary here we have described one way of connecting microcontrollers to the CAN bus We have also described how to detect errors by means of a communication protocol in the event that a remote node doesn t respond as expected how to filter messages using CAN filters as well as how to perform communication in general on the CAN bus mikroC PRO for PIC library editor with ready to use libraries such as CAN SPI GLCD Ethemet Functions used in the program E Library Menager 2 8 CANSPIGetOperationMode Current operation mode CANSPlIInitialize Initialize the CANSPI module nn CANIRead Read message Type CAN SPI CANSPISetBaudRate Set the CANSPI baud rate CANSPIGetOperationMode CANSPIInitialize CANSPISetFilter Configure message filter CANSPIRead CANSPISetBaudRate CANSPISetMask Advanced filtering configuration CANSPISetFilter CANSPISetMask CANSPISet OperationMode Current operation mode CANSPISetOperationMode CANSPIWrite CANSPIWrite Write message Compact Flash Conversions EEPROM FLASH Glcd Fonts m Other mikroC PRO for PIC functions used in the program Keypad4x4 DEVE Lcd Constants SPI1 1 n it Lcd C Manchester SPI1 read CANSPI library functions used in the program E E L Lm The program for this example written for PIC microcontrollers in C Basic and Pascal as we
195. tions most of the panels managed to deliver around 75 to 90 of their rated power In particular the roll up panel from Powerfilm the foldable 6 5 watt panel from ME and the solar panel case from ELV scored very high The car panels also performed reasonably well Unfortu nately the two Solar products proved to be under achievers with a maximum output of around 70 of their rated power They obviously need to spend more time in the sun We made all these measurements on a bright spring day The results are not nearly as nice on a cloudy day when the output can easily drop to around a tenth of the rated power This is something that you have to bear in mind Prices Is a portable solar panel a reasonable investment The prices of standard panels are fairly attractive with small models rated at around 2 watts available for around 30 pounds euros and up However the practical utility of such models is questionable Foldable and roll up models are generally a good deal more expensive due to their construction with prices ranging from 100 to 600 pounds euros When selecting a panel of this type you should primarily con sider your intended use In many cases the main issue is not the price but instead how urgently you need electrical power in a remote area If you spend a month in Tibet it s nice to be able to use a solar panel to charge your camera or mobile in the cell exactly the same as in a diode When the cell is ex pose
196. uced for private and personal use without prior permission Limitation of liability Elektor shall not be liable in contract tort or otherwise for any loss or damage suffered by the purchaser whatsoever or howsoever arising out of or in connexion with the supply of goods or services by Elektor other than to supply goods as described or at the option of Elektor to refund the purchaser any money paid in respect of the goods Law Any question relating to the supply of goods and services by Elektor shall be determined in all respects by the laws of England January 2009 6 9 9 SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION CONDITIONS SUBSCRIPTION The standard subscription order period is twelve months If a Standard Plus permanent change of address during the subscription period means United Kingdom 44 00 53 00 that copies have to be despatched by a more expensive service ee n e ioo iiio uu no extra charge will be made Conversely no refund
197. ue for the negative half of the signal the smaller the positive side of the pulse and therefore the wider the negative side the smaller more negative the output signal The size of the output signal is there fore determined by the ratio between Technical specifications e 1 W into 8 1 7 W into 4 e Class D e Power supply 6 to 9 V 4x AA cell Very compact Simple construction without SMDs the positive and negative pulse The bigger the difference the bigger the output signal And the other way around as the ratio between positive and negative pulses approaches 50 50 the lower the output signal becomes Only a low pass filter is required to convert the PWM signal back into the amplified original signal This filter These generally have a class AB or class B topology Here we present a very compact class D design that can be powered from four AA batteries and because of its relatively high efficiency can elicit quite a few decibels from a loudspeaker removes the high switching frequency from the signal so that only a kind of average remains which corresponds exactly to the original signal The circuit The circuit see Figure 2 is a so called self oscillating pulsewidth modula tor This is actually an amplifier stage which is oscillating badly A low fre quency signal affects the oscillation which results in pulse width control Because the amplifier is powered from a single end
198. ured delivery by airmail post or courier worldwide EasyPIC5 PIC Development Board 89 BIGPIC5 PIC Development Board 119 LV18FJ PIC Development Board 89 Get off to the best start with PIC microcontrollers with the EasyPIC5 Supports 8 14 18 20 28 and 40 pin PIC10F 12F 16F 18F devices and features built in USB programmer in circuit debugger and useful I O devices LCD displays sold separately An advanced development board for 64 and 80 pin PIC microcontrollers in the 18F family the BIGPIC5 provides on board USB programmer in circuit debugger plus extensive I O devices and communications interfaces LCD displays and SD card sold separately Designed for low voltage NS PICs in the LV18FxxJxx family with on chip Ethernet connectivity the LV18FJ incorporates USB program mer in circuit debugger and useful I O devices and supports 64 80 and 100 pin MCUs LCD displays and SD card sold separately EasyPIC5 Starter Packs also available comprising EasyPIC5 character and graphic LCDs touch panel tem perature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler BIGPIC5 Starter Packs also available comprising 5 character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler LV18FJ Starter Packs also available comprising LV18F J character and graphic LCDs touch panel temperature sensor and either BASIC C or Pascal compiler
199. use a rotary switch to change the setting after completion of the instal lation The shunt consists of two 5 W resistors of 0 1 connected in parallel At 10 A the power loss is only 5 W and at the lower end of the scale the volt age can still be measured without any extra amplification The measured signal is first rectified A simple full wave rectifier is built around IC2a When the signal is positive IC2a functions as an inverting amplifier and the voltage across R11 via D3 is deter mined by the relative values of R10 and R9 The signal is therefore attenuated by a factor of 2 The attenuation is nec essary because of the simplicity of the full wave rectifier with this particular design only one diode is required When the signal is negative the out put of IC2a stays at ground level and 64 these components The pulse at the output of IC2b that is produced when the current exceeds the limit is used to create the control voltage for IC1 Junction FET JFET T1 has been con figured as a current source and drives an LED that lights when the limiting is active The current source is neces sary because when a resistor is used a small pulse will hardly light up the LED even when a low current device is used C9 is charged via D4 and R23 The voltage across C9 then provides the control signal for IC1 via D7 and R26 C3 provides extra decoupling Due to the adjustment range of the control input and the amplification of the
200. using a Profiler Pro machine 43 tiw A 1 E VEHICLESS 2 d 6 2009 elektor 40 16 MICROCONTROLLERS ATM18 RFID Savvy EM4095 ATmega and Bascom Wolfgang Rudolph and Gerhard G nzel Germany RFID appears to be well on its way to becoming a technology of the future Many people mistrust this technology while some see it as the answer to every problem One thing is certain these tiny devices will be everywhere around us in the future whether or not we notice them Our ATM18 board provides the ideal basis for experimenting with RFID devices and implementing your own ideas cr St r Le ELLE LI One of the potential applications of the Bascom program for this project is using RFID to control a door opener Naturally you can also use the relay card to connect the board to many other types of equipment and switch a specific function on or off with the process being triggered by an RFID device But first let s take a brief look at the theory 46 Lx s ities PLU P NNNM j E ey In E 1 o O o j 5 a 1 1 3 L 1 r T 8 0 5 yi Mum t EI Jj Elitr _ 1 E E a IM t zm 1 i i t r Paid nem n fm ET 24 5 a i RFID operating
201. via button 9 After modifying the code you can com pile it again and reflash the processor When you want to test the program in run mode you need to select Release JTAG on Go in the Emulator menu After that you can test the proper operation of the coffee machine using the pushbuttons 7 segment display While debugging the code you probably will have noticed strange characters on the 7 segment display from time to time This is because some of the I O pins of the processor have more than one function Notice that you have used P1 1 for LED D1 and P1 5 for pushbutton S1 However these pins are also connected to the shift register that drives the display For sure you don t want to wait for Part 3 in this C course to show you how you can drive the display To do this you can use the routines that were made for the Elektor eVents Embedded C Programming Workshop Link the following 3 files to your project elektor_080558 c elektor_080558 h and Game 1Elektor c also in the soft ware package 09025 1 11 If all is well the program should compile without errors and you can flash the code into the microcontroller When you let this program run button 8 in Figure 5 you will see the numbers O through to 9 appear on the display in very quick succession You can make this into a little game by thinking of a number and trying to push S3 at just the right moment to make that number appear on the display The program that does this is very
202. wards at full speed up to a preset distance above the workpiece and then changes to the working speed This function can reduce the working time by up to 6596 0 Slow retract feed this function allows you to have inde pendent up and down speeds very interesting when making deep holes Support of tool length measurement in a very simple manner only with PB3D controller n the event of a problem Colinbus Support can with your agreement make contact with your machine Long telephone conversations or the sending of a series of emails can so be avoided only with PB3D controller The above is a limited overview if the most significant changes You will have seen that it is certainly worth the effort to download the update You will also receive elektor 6 2009 an update to ColiLiner This also contains a number of improvements New Z axis Most buyers of the original Profiler kit had little trouble with the assembly of the machine When there was trou ble it was almost always related to the Z axis Adjusting the guide wheels was indeed not that simple When a number of Profilers are set up next to one another for exam ple at a training session you may notice that there is some play in the Z axis of some of the machines and this of course leads to poor milling results While this can be solved with a small adjustment this is not so easy to do because of the way the Z axis is constructed The Z axis
203. will be made Surface Mail nor expiry date extended if a change of address allows the use of Rest of the World 58 00 67 00 a cheaper service Student applications which qualify for a 20 twenty per cent Airmail TE reduction in current rates must be supported by evidence of stu Rest of the World 74 00 83 00 dentship signed by the head of the college school or university USA 59 95 PAAA A faculty Canada 70 95 for special offers A standard Student Subscription costs 35 00 a Student Subscription Plus costs 44 20 UK only Please note that new subscriptions take about four weeks from HOW TO PAY receipt of order to become effective Cancelled subscriptions will be subject to a charge of 25 twenty five per cent of the full subscription price or 7 50 whichever is the higher plus the cost of any issues already dispatched Subsciptions cannot be cancelled after they have run for six months or more Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics with ABN AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no
204. x VCCP 2 7 V 100 mA 1 sink or source 1x VPP 2 25 V 50 mA 1x target system supply 2 6 V 250 ESD protection IEC 1000 4 2 2x sta tus indicator and a YES equivalent input signal max 0 8 V active level Out of the box The BeeProg comes with diagnostic pods test adapters for ISP and ZIF 48 an ISP flatcable an anti dust cover for the ZIF socket a USB cable software on CD and paper ware including a fine manual Remarkably the program mer also supports the vintage 25 way parallel printer con nection The power supply is internal and happily takes anything between 110 and 240 volts AC 50 or 60 Hz A quad version of the BeeProg is also available under the name Beehive4 while a nest of eight BeeProg s is contained in the stand alone BeeHive8S 090006 1 Internet Links 1 www elnec com 2 www dataman com 3 www bkprecision com 4 www elnec com search device list prog 22 5 www elnec com products socket converters Advertisement 6 2009 elektor e ger vict pco proto 2 boards in 5 days No tooling charge Low PCB Proto prices E g 2x 160x100 mm 2 layers 49 each 4 layers 99 each Immediate online ordering No minimum order charge excluding transport and VAT 57 PROJECTS Power in the Pocket 1 MINI PROJECT a simple PWM amplifier The audio power ampli fier described in this article is no ordinary analogue
205. y And finally we nearly forgot to mention it you can convert your existing Profiler into a real 3D machine simply by plugging in the PB3D controller board New version of ColiDrive The latest version of ColiDrive is available to all Pro filer users We strongly recommend that you download this software because there are quite a few changes and improvements Note that there are now two versions one for the original Profiler with the 2 5D controller called Robby and one for the PB3D the new 3D controller The latter version has more features simply because the powerful 32 bit RISC pro cessor fitted on the PB3D has more features What follows is an overview of the new features where we will also indicate which functions are only available in the 3D version 9 Import this is what many users were waiting for the lat est version of ColiDrive can import and process G code directly with automatic detection of positive and nega tive Z coordinates Plug in milling or engraving of text in any size This uses any of the true type fonts that are available on the PC Direct milling or engraving of circles and squares without the need to use a CAM package The user can select a tool and indicate whether to mill inside outside or on the line The software calculates the offset Support for a series of new drill functions drilling counter boring peck drilling boring New improved tool librar
206. y few ven dors showing HP s tight criteria for component selection The analysis of the electronic circuit yes a complete schematic set and theory of operation is part of the User Manual reveals a design distinguished by simplic ity of concept and by improve ments that guarantee stability reliability and precision rock CKT GND OUTPUT GNO SHIELD GND INTERNALLY CONNECTED PWR LINE GND MAS solid US engineering rarely found these days The heart of the circuit is a relax ation oscillator which inherently produces square and triangle waves Sine waves are synthe sised from the triangle waves by a non linear network Born in an age when integrated circuits were neither popular nor accepted for use in high end almost mil grade test equip ment everything is implemented with discrete components In order to guarantee stabil ity key parts of the circuit are enclosed in what the manual calls the oven a sealed plastic enclosure with tightly controlled internal temperature Each functional block has eas ily accessible calibration points Calibration procedures are clearly described in the User Manual The HP 3300A provides two sig nal outputs which can be set LINE 15 230 096 48 440 MAX POWER 65 VA elektor 6 2009 Hewlett amp Packard s garage Jan Buiting While on a business trip in sun drenched Silicon Valley California set out to locate the place where two stude
207. y with Tool Life calculation Calculation of the expected processing time and costing Complete 3D support only with PB3D controller The progress of the operation can now be followed in real time on the screen only with PB3D controller Every mill depth has its own colour only with PB3D controller Pause function you can interrupt the machine at any time perform some action and then resume only with PB3D controller Obstacle database Enables the user to place an obsta cle on the screen The milling head will not go to that location In this way you can protect objects Obstacles can be stored and reused at any time only with PB3D controller ColiDrive now has an Undo and Redo functions 5 lev els deep The project explorer keeps track of all data for a loaded file This gives you a complete overview of all the opera tions that have been carried out on loaded files 0 New positioning options for jumping to a corner or cen tre of an object Aligning different files above or next to each other has become much easier Alignment can be done using dif ferent reference points such as bottom left From file centre point and from calculated file centre 0 Modern user interface with active icons These appear only when required which makes the software a lot more user friendly Many time saving features such as optimised down movement This makes the head move down

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