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SIR System-3000 User`s Manual

1. Frequency Sample Applications Typical Max Typical Range Depth ns Feet meters 1 6 GHz Structural Concrete 1 5 0 5 10 15 Roadways Bridge Decks 900 MHz Concrete Shallow Soils 3 1 10 20 Archaeology 400 MHz Shallow Geology Utility 9 3 20 100 Environmental Archaeology 200 MHz Geology Environmental 25 8 70 300 100 MHz Geology Environmental 60 20 300 500 Antennas by Application Radar is also not a continuous measurement along a survey line The system takes readings scans at a set spacing If your scan spacing is too wide you risk not hitting your target with enough scans to draw a recognizable hyperbola or worse missing the target altogether Generally you need a minimum of 10 scans to draw a recognizable hyperbola The rule of thumb is to have 10 scans divided by the depth of the shallowest object So if you want to image something 10 feet deep 10 scans 10 feet 1 scan foot For 5 feet 10 scans 5 feet 2 scans foot For locating structural features in concrete with the 1 6 GHz antenna we usually recommend 60 90 ft For utility and tank location we usually recommend 6 24 ft While this is more than the minimum rule of thumb GSSI has found these densities to work well in the widest variety of situations The image above shows hyperbolas from objects of similar size The hyperbolas vary in size because due to the spreading of the radar signal a deeper target shows
2. 53 SIR 3000 User s Manual What is NMEA The National Marine Electronics Association NMEA pronounced NEE ma has generated a standard set of messages for communicating GPS information We use the NMEA 0183 version 2 1 protocol So which one should I get We have chosen to go with a GPS Datalogger mostly because it is so simple No buttons nothing to control and everything is handled automatically inside the SIR 3000 Yet it produces results as good as the other consumer grade WAAS enabled units However if you already have a GPS we have tested the Garmin eTrex GPS Map76S Magellan SporTrak Pro Teletype PocketPC GPS and a few others These should all work fine but not as seamlessly Our requirements are rather flexible Any unit that sends the NMEA GGA command should work Since each company sells its own interface we have chosen to work with the popular shareware OziExplorer www oziexplorer com as our interface Oziexplorer can talk to Garmin Magellan Eagle Lowrance Brunton Silva and MLR units It will even interface with other NMEA compatible units that output waypoints in the NMEA sentences GPRMC or GPGGA and GPVTG or GPGLL and GPVTG If your GPS outputs a GGA command every second in a standard serial fashion 4800 baud 8 bit no parity 1 stop bit and if you can get your tracklog into OziExplorer then we can talk to your GPS with RADAN 6 0 Geophysical Survey System
3. Distance mark system time SYNC 24 bit scan number 32 bit internal clock tick count in mS 2 sizeof RGPS the same as in RADAN file header one record for every distance or user mark the same as in RADAN file header Header and footer only file has no marks nMarks can be calculated from file size as FileSize GPSAREASIZE sizeof RDMT MN72 433 Rev F 57 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F 58 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix A TerraSIRch SIR 3000 System Specifications A 1 System Hardware Antennas Compatible with all GSSI Antennas Number of Channels 1 one Data Storage e Internal memory 1 GB Compact Flash memory card e Compact Flash port Accepts industry standard Compact Flash memory or IBM Microdrive up to 2 GB user provided Processor 32 bit Intel StrongArm RISC processor 206 MHz Display Enhanced 8 4 TFT 800 x 600 resolution 64K colors Linescan and O scope display modes Input Output e Antenna input control cable e DC power e Ethernet I O e RS232 Serial I O GPS port e Compact Flash memory e USB master e USB slave Mechanical e Dimensions 31 5 cm x 22 cm x 10 5 cm 2 4 x 8 7 x 4 1 e Weight 4 1 kg 9 lbs including battery Operating e Temperature 10 C to 40 C e Charging Power Requirements 15 V DC 4 amps e Battery 10 8 V DC internal
4. G scan could take anywhere from seconds to minutes Be OM DIEL 10 00 patient D SURFACE 10 00 From the Collect Setup screen 3 windows with the PROCESS parameter selection tree at the left click the Playback OLP IIR 0 Mode button You will see a pop up window with all of OHO HP IIR 0 the stored data Choose the grid file you want to play OLP FIR 0 back and click the Right arrow The data will scroll DHP FIR 0 across the screen You can change the Display Gain E STACKING 0 setting OUTPUT gt DISPLA Y gt GAIN or any of the HD BGR RMVL 0 process settings including toggling the Migration on and off and selecting the proper material dielectric for Ba that migration A table of dielectrics of common materials can be found in Appendix D When you have made the necessary changes click Run Setup to go to Playback Run The SIR 3000 will generate the top down view of your area Depending on the size of your collected area this could take anywhere from seconds to minutes Be patient D MIGRATION ON The SIR 3000 will also process the data by applying a background removal filter to take out constant horizontal banding including the direct wave If you have the Migration process turned on under the PLAYBACK gt PROCESS menu then the computer migrates with the dielectric that you have specified under PLAYBACK gt SCAN Just like under the Test_Diel function in Collect Setup if you have too low a dielectric specified the hyperbolas will t
5. Run Stop This button is located below the Insert Mark button Pushing the Run Stop button in COLLECT gt RUN stops data collection and brings up a set of crosshairs Clicking this button again closes a data collection file and causes the system to ask if you want to save that file Clicking this button during Setup in modes other than TerraSIRch or Quick 3D will cause the system to re initialize the gain and position servos This will reset the gains to the area under the antenna and could minimize clipping Help This button is located under the Start Stop button Pushing the Help button will bring up a menu of help topics The onscreen help is only accessible from the TerraSIRch splash screen Use the Mark button to highlight links and Enter to jump to a help topic Pushing the Run Stop button on the right hand side of the unit will take you back to the previously viewed screen Function Keys These six 6 buttons are located below the video screen Pushing one of these from the initial start screen will cause the SIR 3000 to operate in the desired software module MN72 433 Rev F 4 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 1 3 Cautions and Warnings 1 The Display Screen Do not use Windex or other ammonia based glass cleaner to clean the display screen as this may damage the glare reduction coating Use only a clean slightly damp cloth to gently clean the screen Due to the screen s special coating for direct sun
6. You are in Setup mode if you can see 3 display windows with the parameter selection tree at the left If you only see a single data screen and no parameter selection tree you are in Run mode Y ou can only collect data in Run mode In Setup mode the Command Bar will look like this RUN STOP COLLECT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP COLOR TABLE COLOR XFRM MODE MODE Setup Mode Command Bar RUN STOP This button stops the transmitter The green light to the right of the Run Stop button will turn off If you are in Setup mode 3 display windows this will stop data from continuously scrolling across the screen If you are in RUN mode a single display window this will stop the data collection and bring up crosshairs You can then use the arrow keys to move MN72 433 Rev F 22 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual the crosshairs over your data You will see two sets of numbers at the bottom right of the screen These give the location of the crosshairs The first number is the distance from the beginning of the profile and the second is depth Pushing this button again will bring up the Save File window After selecting YES or NO you will automatically begin collecting the next profile The Run Stop button under the marker button on the right hand side of the system has the same function as this key COLLECT This button has three main functions The first is to toggle between the Collect and Playback modes You
7. For example the contact between a dry sand 3 6 and a water table water being 81 will be easy to image while the contact between sandstone 6 and limestone 7 8 will be much more difficult Also remember that it is the electrical property of the material that most governs dielectric Even though concrete and grade are qualitatively very different they are made of similar materials and react to radar energy similarly It is usually extremely difficult to tell the top of grade from the bottom of the slab You should practice trying to image different materials so that you can build up a body of experience See Appendix D for a chart of the dielectric constants of different materials B 3 Data Collection Methods 2D vs 3D Time is money Whether you are a university based researcher working off a grant or performing NDT work for pay the faster you can get the survey done the better off you will be Those charging by the hour understand the fine balance between a price that reflects a realistic estimate of how long it will take to get the job done and padding the cost with unnecessary work The point of this discussion is to get you to think about how much information you really need to make a decision 2D Two dimensional data collection means that you will be collecting and interpreting single profiles of data This is useful for quickly following a pipe by scanning over an area noting the location of the pipe hyperbola on the ground then
8. Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The antenna tub should just touch the ground surface It is intended to be loose because it 7 needs to be able to float over small obstacles If you are using a small higher frequency antenna be sure that the antenna is centered in the tub Connect the female end of the control cable to port that is labeled CONTROL and connect the lead from the survey wheel 4 pin to the SURVEY port These leads should only be hand tightened Hold the SIR 3000 in the mounting bracket so that all of the holes line up Beginning with the top 2 holes attach the SIR 3000 with the thumb screws Pivot the SIR 3000 back and forth to get the most comfortable viewing position and screw in the bottom 2 thumb screws Be sure to only hand tighten the screws If you purchased the optional sunshade be sure that it is positioned on the outside of the bracket rather than being sandwiched between the mounting bracket and the SIR 3000 MN72 433 Rev F 70 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Attach the male end of the control cable to the antenna port on the back of the SIR 3000 Be sure to only hand tighten this connection as over tightening may cause system damage Attach the kit to the 400 MHz antenna as shown MN72 433 Rev F 71 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Remove the front wheel from the cart by loosening the front axel relea
9. The number of scans second that the system is able to collect The recommended number is 120 per second at 512 samples scan A higher sample density will slow this down automatically SCN UNIT The number of scans per unit that the system is collecting along your profile line Gain Either Auto or Manual Points The number of gains points evenly distributed along the vertical range LP IIR Infinite Impulse Response Low Pass frequency filter Contains antenna specific information that the SIR 3000 needs to use with the selected antenna HP IIR Infinite Impulse Response High Pass frequency filter Contains antenna specific information that the SIR 3000 needs to use with the selected antenna LP FIR Finite Impulse Response Low Pass frequency filter Contains antenna specific information that the SIR 3000 needs to use with the selected antenna HP FIR Finite Impulse Response High Pass frequency filter Contains antenna specific information that the SIR 3000 needs to use with the selected antenna Stacking A horizontal high pass noise reduction filter BGR RMVL Background Removal is a horizontal low pass noise reduction filter MIG COL Toggles the migration display during data collection on and off MIG PB Toggles the migration display during data PLAYBACK on and off C Table Toggles the default color table C XFORM Toggles the default color transform Gain db Indicates added display gain Path Default data pathway MN72 433 Rev F
10. 50 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Borehole 120 MHz Borehole antenna frequency 120 MHz Note The borehole antennas are unshielded Data Collection Mode Point Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 64 KHz MN72 433 Rev F 80 SIR 3000 User s Manual Borehole 300 MHz Borehole antenna frequency 300 MHz Data Collection Mode Point Range 300ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 38 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 600 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 64 KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F 81 E 3 Pre loaded Quick3D Setups SetupName 200 SW 200 SW 400 Cart 400 Cart 900 Cart 900 Cart 1500 B_ 5x 1500 B 10x 1600 B 5x 1600 B_ 10x UNITS Metric English Metric English Metric English Metric English Metric English ANTENNA 200MHz 200MHz 400MHz 400MHz 9O00MHz 900MHz 1 5 1 6GHz 1 5 1 6GHz 1 5 1 6GHz 1 5 1 6GHz SW Cal 417 m 127 ft 1785 m 544 ft 1785 m 544 ft 4031 m 1228 ft 4031 m 1228 ft ORDER zigzag zigzag normal normal n
11. Data Collection Step 1 After system boot up press the TerraSIRch function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Examine the parameters in the Collect tree to ensure that the system is properly configured for the antenna you are using 1 Load SETUP Under the System menu open SETUP and RECALL a factory setup for the antenna that you are using or a saved setup that you have worked with previously A setup will also sometimes contain a preloaded survey wheel calibration value that makes it easier to use your antenna with a survey cart These setups will have the antenna frequency value and then cart or sw Setups MN72 433 Rev F 27 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual with cart are for the large three wheeled survey cart Those with sw are for the tow behind survey wheel For example if you have a 400 MHz use a setup which begins with 400 Helpful Hint If you are using the 1500 MHz or the 1600 MHz antenna with the blue metal minicart use setup 1500BlueCart or 1600BlueCart 2 Survey Wheel Calibration Make sure that MODE is set to DISTANCE Once you select DISTANCE
12. Factory setups cannot be overwritten but the system has 16 slots where single user setups can be saved e After choosing your antenna under the COLLECT mode you will have to find the correct setup for that antenna and recall it e These are named SETUPO1 to SETUP16 SETUPOO0 is a default setup that contains the parameters the system was collecting the last time that it was used PATH Think of this as the location in which your files are stored on the SIR 3000 There are two basic types of paths Common and User defined e Fach file in the Common path will be named with the word FILE and then a number For example the first data file will be FILE001 then FILE002 and so on e The user defined path allows you to change the root name instead of FILE and the location of your data This is useful if you are surveying multiple areas or if you prefer to name your files during collection with a site name instead of doing it later after download e To create a user defined path select NEW from the Path menu This will bring up a window with six letters and an Up Down arrow Enter the new name by scrolling through the letters with the Up Down arrow You can advance to the next digit by using the Enter button Once you are finished click the Right arrow e To delete a Path you must first delete all of the data files Then select TRANSFER gt DELETE again the Remove Files window will pop up and you will see an option to REMOVE PATH Cli
13. Flash Keychain Pen Drive HD 46 5 4 Deleting Data from the System lt eccccsesciececccesecesdsccoctimectareeactsdscnccstmensmsenaceseduacees 46 Chapter 6 Summary of Pre Set Mode Parameters c ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 47 6 1 C ncrete DOAN aisresenaadndnenaondacedaecdadueadcaaduateveaduaadedadeaadudaldscaduiaduiadadadadndnindvantedaivdnes 47 6 2 Str ctureScaAN Sec cle dienes edieerdisined encditedlveaduiademndiibadamanaiedenedibedenadededenadbedenadatudenndidhedits 48 6 3 TIMP a CA kies Sewer EEEE AA epee AE AEE EE EERS 49 6 4 Geology SaN ee Ee en een ee A ERREA ree 50 Chapter 7 Using a GPS with your SIR 3000 cccccessseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 51 7 1 Attaching a GPS ge mem eee oe eee ee 51 7 2 Understanding GPS sieseascsceteasethaictapivedatsadei enter auulbadstindsiuadis adewadstendebadsilevelandiadabadebadeds 52 7 3 Using the G30L with the SIR 3000 and RADAN 6 0 cceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeetees 54 Appendix A TerraSIRch SIR 3000 System Specifications cccccccsssssseeeeeeeeeees 59 Appendix B The How To s of Field Survey eccccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeneeeeeeees 61 Appendix C Mounting Your SIR 3000 On a Cart ccccccessseesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeees 67 Appendix D Dielectric Values For Common Materials cccccsccssseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 73 Appendix E Listing of Antenna Parameters cccccessessseeeeeeee
14. GPR work EM Acronym for electro magnetic FCC Acronym for Federal Communications Commission The United States governmental body that oversees the UWB industry of which GPR is a part Gain amplifying the signal to certain section of a radar pulse in order to counteract the effects of attenuation and make features more visible GHz Acronym for Gigahertz A measurement of frequency equal to one billion cycles per second GPR Acronym for Ground Penetrating Radar Ground coupling the initial entry of a radar pulse into the ground Hyperbola an inverted U The image produced in a vertical linescan profile as the antenna is moved over a discrete target The top of the target is at the peak of the first positive white in a grayscale color table wavelet Interface the surface separating materials with differing dielectric constants or conductivity values KHz Acronym for Kilohertz A measurement of frequency equal to one thousand cycles per second Linescan commonly used method of depicting a radar profile Linescans are produced by placing adjacent scans next to each other and assigning a color scheme to their amplitude values Macro a preset list of processing options that may be applied to perform repetitive functions on an entire dataset Macros may be created and edited to include different functions see RADAN manual for addition information MN72 433 Rev F 85 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User
15. Rev F 1 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The battery slot in the front of the unit accepts the 10 8 V Lithium Ion rechargeable battery provided Survey time with a fully charged battery is approximately 3 hours Batteries are recharged with the optional battery charger or by simply leaving the battery in the unit and connecting the unit to a standard AC source and leaving the system in standby mode Time to recharge a battery is approximately 4 5 hours Be sure to keep the battery slot cover on the unit while in use to ensure that no dust or dirt enters the unit s interior Hardware Connections On the back edge of the unit the SIR 3000 has six connectors and one slot for the memory card The five top row connectors are from left to right AC Power Serial I O RS232 Ethernet USB B and USB A Memory Card Data can be stored on Compact Flash cards USB key drives Compact Flash format or IBM Microdrives for transfer to PC for processing These cards are widely available and are the same type used in other digital devices such as cameras MP3 players and camcorders The amount of system card memory is totally dependent on your choice of memory card size e Since radar profiles can sometimes be several megabytes in size GSSI recommends that you purchase a high capacity card e If there is no memory card inserted when the system is first turned on the system will save the data profile to its internal system
16. Stacking function in Collect Mode The Playback Stacking is also a horizontal high frequency noise reduction technique but here it is an FIR filter with a boxcar shape BGR_REMOVAL The Background Removal filter is a horizontal high pass remove low frequency noise operation meant to remove flat lying noise associated with antenna ringing The input number here is scans so in order to use this filter find the length in scans of the feature that you want to remove and put that number into the system Features of this size or larger will be removed from the data AGC AGC stands for Automatic Gain Control AGC lets you choose a set number of gain points 2 3 or 5 distributed evenly through the vertical scale The object of AGC is to normalize make even looking the scan by reducing the gain for areas where the signal is very strong usually near the surface but adding gain with increasing attenuation usually with depth This dramatically slows the scroll speed of the data especially if 5 points are used A faster option is Display Gain located under the Display sub menu in Output The OUTPUT Menu This menu controls the data display printing and file maintenance There are two sub menus to the Output ourput G DISPLAY menu DO LINE e DISPLAY page 21 OC TABLE 4 e TRANSFER page 22 Hic _XFORM 2 HM GAIN dB 0 G TRANSFER O Pc O FLASH D HD D DELETE DISPLAY This sub menu controls the look and fe
17. This mode lets you display individual profiles in the Linescan Window at the right You would do this to show a target that you can then find the depth of by using the Select Depth mode You will notice that the window chooser arrow is now pointing down to the C Scan window e You can select the X profiles by clicking Up Down and the Y profiles by clicking Left Right The profile line number will be displayed in the C Scan Locator Window e Once you have selected your profile click the Show Profile button on the Command Bar to display it in the Linescan Window Each profile begins at the red box and ends at the tip of the arrow In the Linescan Window the profiles read from left to right with the beginning red box location being at the left MN72 433 Rev F 44 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 5 Data Transfer and File Maintenance This section describes how to transfer data from the SIR 3000 to a PC for processing and interpretation and also how to clear unwanted data from the system s memory These functions are all accomplished under the Output menu Note If the external memory card was inserted into the system before you turned it on all data files were automatically collected to that memory card They were not saved to the internal memory 5 1 Transfer to a PC via USB connection If this is your first time transferring data via the USB connection please see Appendix G Installing Microsoft
18. collection press Run Setup to return to the setup screen and save your data MN72 433 Rev F 34 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 4 Using the Quick3D Collection Mode This mode is designed to help you easily collect 3D data on an area of any size and surface This will allow you to enter in a grid size and profile spacing and the SIR 3000 will show your current survey location and guide you through your survey position During the survey each individual survey profile is saved as it is collected and at the end the SIR 3000 will create a special folder and file which will contain positioning information that RADAN needs to display your data In essence Quick3D allows you to skip the 3D file creation step in RADAN The next section explains the file structure of a Quick3D file and the sections following explain the field use and implementation in RADAN of Quick3D files 4 1 Quick3D File Structure The Quick3D data collection mode creates a folder on your SIR 3000 memory card with the name of the grid followed by the extension 3DS Inside of that folder are all of the DZT files and a file with the extension B3D Build 3D DZT files are your actual survey profiles When you open a radar file in RADAN you are opening up the DZT file In the Windows XP screenshot example below a 25 foot wide area was surveyed in one direction only with profiles every 1 foot We end up with 26 DZT files 1 every foot and th
19. depth of penetration Then select your scans per unit from the list of presets The presets are 6 12 18 per foot for English or 10 25 50 per meter for Metric units What is Preset T_RATE 100 RATE 80 Range Max for antenna Gain Spoint Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position MN72 433 Rev F 50 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 7 Using a GPS with your SIR 3000 Your SIR 3000 is capable of attaching GPS coordinates to individual data profiles This will allow you to place the beginning and the end of your survey lines into a larger real world coordinate system provided that you 1 Survey in straight lines and 2 Have a GPS with sufficient accuracy for your application GSSI will publish specific integration information as a series of Technical Notes available on the website www geophysical com Attaching a GPS with its own data logger such as the G30L available from GSSI will allow you to collect GPS data points with a much finer resolution RADAN 6 will then be able to wrap data files and show coordinates with a GPR X Y and Z The GPS you do choose must have the following 1 Provide data output through a serial RS232 port 2 Output data at a baud rate of 4800 3 Output the NMEA GGA data string Note GSSI only supports the G30L receiver 7 1 Attaching a GPS 1 Try your GPS to determine if you are getting a good position and an adequate number of satellit
20. in the O Scope window is the gain curve The centerline of the scan is zero and to the left of it is negative reducing gain and the right is positive adding gain Ensure that the scan is visible you can see curves If not select AUTO MN72 433 Rev F 33 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual under the Gain menu This will cause the system to re initialize and add reduce gain to produce a visible signal Drag the antenna over the area and look for evidence of clipping If your data becomes clipped leave the antenna over the area where it is occurring and re initialize by changing AUTO to MANUAL and then back to AUTO This will depress the gains so that the data will not clip 5 Check STACKING Point data is typically collected with some static stacking The default value here is 64 The system will take 64 scans at that location and average them together to output a single scan This is done to minimize high frequency random noise Step 3 Position the antenna at the first data point station and press Run Setup You will see the blank 1 pane Run screen Press Run Stop to collect a point of data The blue wait bar will scroll at the bottom left of the screen while the system is busy recording and stacking your data When it is finished the collected scan number will appear above the Command Bar Re position your antenna at the next collection point and push Run Stop to collect another point When finished with the
21. moving some distance away and scanning again for the pipe The real benefit of 2D data collection is speed and ease of use Processing is certainly possible on 2D data to clean up the image but most clients will only use it for visually noting the presence absence of targets in the field 2D data collection is also useful for geologic applications such as bedrock and water table mapping MN72 433 Rev F 64 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 3D Collecting data for 3D imaging obviously takes more time than 2D collection While the SIR 3000 makes it faster and easier than it has ever been before it can still add significant time and cost to a job It also requires some software processing to produce an interpretable image These two issues may frighten some users away from 3D data collection but like GPR in general it only requires some practice to gain confidence Three dimensional data can be a great aid in interpretation The question many people ask is When do I use 3D Aside from producing a 3D map for its own sake there are really only three main reasons a complicated area prospecting or dangerous targets in the subsurface A complicated area might be a city street with many different types of pipes running in different directions In a situation like that the best option is usually to do 3D data collection so that you are able to visually track targets as they twist and turn around other targets Prospec
22. output NMEA the standard 0183 version 2 1 at 4800 baud e Set your GPS to start logging track data On the Garmin units this means going to the Track menu turning it on and setting the track interval i e every 2 seconds or every 10meters e Start Data Acquisition e Stop Data Acquisition and Close the file GPS Start and Stop positions and times go in the header In our header rh_version is set to 2 see Addendum A So far this is not complicated at all And since most surveys will require nothing more than these two begin end positions any standard GPS outputting GGA will do this job nicely Next Time Synchronize GPS GPR files But if the survey is along a curve you will need to work out the GPS position of each scan This can be done in Microsoft Visual Basic or with Simulink MatLab to get the two data files together Our Binary file extension is TMF The tracklog output of your GPS software will have a unique extension that s why we prefer the Oziexplorer plt file so that all the various GPS s can output data in one format e For Time based data acquisition Match GPS Start Stop position time with records in the GPS log The scan rate is used to time tag individual scans e For Distance based data acquisition or data with user marks Match GPS Start Stop position time and file filename TMF see Addendum B to synchronize marked scans with the time position records from the GPS l
23. previously collected file pushing the Playback function key will bring up a window that lists stored data files If you select a single file it will cycle through that one or you can choose multiple files and the system will play them back in sequence The playback menu has two sub menus E PLAYBACK e SCAN page 20 e G scan e PROCESS page 21 OM DIEL 10 00 D SURFACE 10 00 G PROCESS OM LP IIR 0 MHP IIR 0 DLP FIR 0 DHP FIR 0 D STACKING 0 MBGR RMVL 0 MAGC OFF SCAN The scan sub menu contains two parameters DIEL and SURFACE SURFACE Surface operates just like the surface item in the Position sub menu of Collect menu and it has been duplicated here for convenience Once again this input is percentage based Changing the surface position here will not permanently eliminate any data DIEL The Diel parameter allows you to input the dielectric constant so that the system can do a time to depth calculation Once again for convenience this parameter is duplicated from the Scan sub menu of the Collect menu Possible values are 1 81 MN72 433 Rev F 20 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual PROCESS This menu allows you to apply different filters and mathematical operations to the data in order to remove noise or make subtle features more visible These functions do not permanently alter the data but are only for display purposes STACKING Stacking in Playback Mode differs from the
24. the UtilityScan button you will be asked to click Right for English or Left for Metric units You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across UtilityScan includes the backup cursor function This allows you to back the antenna over the line you just surveyed and get an on screen cursor that will help you relate the location of targets in the data back to the slab The backup line in the data is the location of the midpoint of the antenna What You Can Customize Choose your antenna by selecting the proper center frequency from the list under the Radar submenu Select DISTANCE based or TIME based data collection under MODE Remember to check the survey wheel calibration Choose 512 recommended or 256 samples scan under the SAMPLES submenu and then choose 16 default or 8 bit data collection under FORMAT Next select your maximum depth of penetration from the list of 5 presets 3 5 10 15 20 ft 1 3 5 7 meters Select the appropriate soil type from the list of 4 presents Soil Type 1 4 This will set your dielectric and affect your maximum depth of penetration Then select your scans per unit from the list of presets GSSI recommends a scan density of either 12 or 18 per foot or 25 per meter Soil Types Type 1 Dielectric 4 dry sand or dry grade Type 2 Dielectric 8 damp sand or grade dry silt Type 3 Dielectric 16 agricultural fields sandy
25. the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Load Setup Under SYSTEM gt SETUP gt RECALL find the appropriate Setup Highlight the one that you want and click the Right arrow to load it Note that the SIR 3000 will reinitialize Wait for the data to start scrolling across the screen before continuing Please see Appendix E for a list of saved Setups If you do not wish to use one of the saved Setups you should still recall the Setup that closely matches your antenna s frequency You should then modify that Setup accordingly Step 3 Set 3D GRID limits Under the COLLECT gt 3D GRID menu set your grid limits and line spacing Normally the X START and the Y START should both be set to 0 If your grid is not starting at 0 0 you should put in the coordinates of the origin point here The only time that you would not want your grid to start at 0 is if it is just a small part of a larger site grid If you are going to combine grids later in Super3D you can just leave this number at 0 0 and add real coordinates later Just remember that your X END and Y END are coordinates not line lengths If you intend to process the data you should only collect a 3D file along either the X or the Y not both If yo
26. the survey wheel calibration dialogue will come up You can either enter the factory setting for smooth terrain or calibrate it to local conditions If DISTANCE already is shown as the selection you should still check that the calibration is correct by selecting another choice and then selecting DISTANCE In order to manually calibrate the antenna for difficult terrain you will need to lay out a measured line on your survey surface It can be of any length but the longer the line the more accurate the calibration Enter the calibration distance and position the antenna at the start of the calibration line The exact part of the antenna front center rear that is positioned at the beginning of the line must finish at the end of the survey line This is critical for an accurate calibration Follow the onscreen instructions to calibrate the wheel Once you are satisfied with the calibration value click the right arrow to save this value and exit the calibration window Repeat this procedure several times and take the average result If you prefer to enter in the value manually click the mark button to highlight the New Calibration Value choice and use the up and down arrows to enter in the correct value Then click the right arrow to save and exit Default Settings for the Survey Wheel are Helpful Hint These default values are provided for convenience but it is always advisable to calibrate your survey wheel to obtain a more accurate val
27. too long to couple penetrate with the ground When this happens more of the signal than was intended bounces off of the ground surface instead of going into the ground Always try to keep your antenna flat on the ground surface The systems will have no problem penetrating carpeting or low grass A good rule of thumb for the 1500 MHz is no thicker than low carpet and for the 400 MHz no more than 1 inch NEVER survey through standing water no matter how shallow the puddle MN72 433 Rev F 61 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Subsurface Conditions If you are working with concrete try to make sure that the concrete has had some curing time Three months is usually adequate for a standard slab on grade while a suspended slab may cure faster The best solution is to practice on slabs of different ages so that you have a first hand feel of the way they will look Concrete that is not well cured will be difficult to see into Try and find out some information about the area s soil and water content Generally speaking clay and water cause attenuation and impede penetration Finding out the soil grain size sand silt clay will help you to guess the dielectric constant of the material to help you set up survey parameters and make time to depth estimations If you have never worked with soils before you should consult the US Department of Agriculture soils website at http soils usda gov The site has a number of fre
28. will know which mode you are in by looking at the top left corner of the screen It will say either COLLECT or PLAYBACK then the File that you are on The second function is only in Collect Setup mode From Collect Setup 3 display windows pushing this button will cause the transmitter to momentarily turn off then back on This dumps the display buffer and restarts the data scroll The third function is during the Collect Run mode 1 data window Pushing this button while collecting data stops data collection brings up the Save File dialog then immediately opens another data file collection PLAYBACK Pushing this button from the Collect Setup mode 3 display windows COLLECT in the top left corner brings up the File Open window This window shows stored data files that are in the current directory on the memory card Highlight a data file with the arrow keys and push Enter to put a check in the box next to it Click the Right arrow to enter and accept The data will start to scroll across the screen Make any necessary changes under the Process menu and then click Run Setup to toggle to the Playback Run screen 1 display window The whole data profile will scroll across the screen When it has finished scrolling it will stop and crosshairs will come up This will allow you to check distance and depth of targets and to scroll back and forth through your data RUN SETUP This button toggles between Run mode 1 window and Setup mode 3 wi
29. your survey grid origin line direction and line orientation You may begin your survey in any corner of the grid and survey either in one direction or zig zig back and forth Step 4 Collect the data Collect each survey profile as a separate file Do not reset the gains or do anything to cause the system to re initialize the gains If you accidentally reset the gains either reinitialize the system over the area that you originally set the gains on or manually enter the gain values you have used previously It is best to set the gain to manual before beginning a 3D survey That way if you need to change batteries in the middle of a grid you will not cause the system to auto gain Be sure to keep accurate notes showing the location of each file in relation to other files and immovable objects You will assemble the 3D project in RADAN and 3D QuickDraw after downloading the data to a PC MN72 433 Rev F 31 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 3 3 Setting Up for Time Based Data Collection The scan spacing horizontal resolution of Time based data profiles is a function of the speed that the system is collecting data and the rate that the antenna is moving over the survey surface The higher you set the RATE in scans second and the slower you move the antenna the denser the data will be Time based data has no real distance tag so the software has no idea how far you actually traveled It is extremely important t
30. 00 Deep 300 Shallow Old 300 MHz antenna Old 300 MHz antenna Data Collection Mode Continuous Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 300ns Range 150ns Samples per Scan 1024 Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 100 MHz Vertical High Pass Filter 100 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans per second 32 Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz Transmit Rate 50 KHz MN72 433 Rev F 77 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 120 Deep Unshielded 120 MHz standard antenna 100 Very High Power 100 MHz antenna with very high power Data Collection Mode Continuous ao Range 400ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 6 KHz 120 Shallow Unshielded 120 MHz standard antenna Subecho 70 Data Collection Mode Continuous 70 MHz antenna with high power transmitter Range 200ns Samp
31. 83 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F 84 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix F Glossary of Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading Antenna a paired transmitter and receiver that sends electromagnetic energy into a material and receives any reflections of that energy from materials in the ground Also called a transducer Antennae are commonly referred to by their center frequency value i e 400MHz 1 5Ghz This frequency determines the depth of penetration and the size of the objects or layers visible Attenuation the weakening of a radar pulse as it travels through different materials Center Frequency the median transmit frequency of an antenna The antenna will also transmit energy at a frequency range of 0 5 2 times its center value For example a 400 MHz antenna may actually transmit at a range from 200 800 MHz Clipping occurs when the amplitude of a reflection is greater than the maximum recordable value The system disregards the true value of the reflection and writes in the maximum allowable value Clipping appears in the O Scope as signal that goes off the scale at the sides of the window Dielectric permittivity the capacity of a material to hold and pass an electromagnetic charge Varies with a material s composition moisture physical properties porosity and temperature Used to calculate depth in
32. AREASIZE structure member alignment macros define TYPEBYTE x n BYTE x n define SHORTBYTE x TYPEBYTE x 2 short int 16 bit define FLOATBYTE x TYPEBYTE x 4 float define RFDATEBYTE x TYPEBYTE 4 tagRFDate define COORDBYTE x TYPEBYTE x 8 tagRFCoords C RADAN Header structure struct tagRFHeader Offset in bytes short rh tag OxOOff if header Oxfnff for old file short rh data constant 1024 obsolete short rh nsamp samples per scan short rh bits bits per data word 8 or 16 short rh zero Offset 0x80 or 0x8000 depends on rh bits FLOATBYTE rhf sps FLOATBYTE thf_spm FLOATBYTE thf_mpm FLOATBYTE thf_position FLOATBYTE thf_range short rh_npass RFDATEBYTE thb _cdt RFDATEBYTE thb_mdt short rh rgain short rh _ nrgain short rh text short rh _ntext short rh _ proc short rh _nproc short rh_nchan FLOATBYTE rhf _epsr FLOATBYTE rhf top FLOATBYTE thf_depth COORDBYTE th_coordX FLOATBYTE thf_servo_level char reserved 3 BYTE rh accomp short rh_sconfig short rh _ spp short rh linenum COORDBYTE rh_coordY BYTE rh lineorder 4 BYTE rh slicetype 4 char th_dtype char rh_antname 14 BYTE rh pass0TX 4 MN72 433 Rev F scans per second scans per meter meters per mark position ns range ns num of passes for 2 D files Creation date amp time Last modification date amp time offset to range gai
33. AY menu This function is only available in Setup Mode MN72 433 Rev F 23 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual In COLLECT RUN Mode This is what the Command Bar will look like if you are in Collect Run mode You are in Collect Run mode if you can see 1 display window If you see 3 data display windows and the parameter selection tree you are in Setup mode Y ou can only collect data in Run mode In Run mode the Command Bar will look like this RUN STOP NEXT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP DISPLAY DEPTH FILE MODE Collect Run Mode Command Bar RUN STOP Pushing this button in Collect mode will stop data collection and bring up crosshairs Pushing this again will close the data file bring up the Save File window then start a new data file collection Pushing this in Playback mode will toggle the system from Stop to Run and the selected file will scroll across the screen to the end and bring up crosshairs Clicking the button after the file has stopped will cause it to scroll through again NEXT FILE Clicking this button in Collect Run will stop the current data and bring up the File Save dialog After saving the file the system will immediately begin collecting the next file This command is unavailable in Playback Mode PLAYBACK MODE Clicking this button in Playback Run will bring up the Open File dialog so that you can select another file to view Clicking this in Collect Run will close the current
34. ActiveSync on Your PC 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Connect Master rectangular end of USB cable to computer Connect Slave square end of USB cable to SIR 3000 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click Run Stop to pause the system 3 Under the OUTPUT gt TRANSFER submenu click on PC From the PC 4 Wait for ActiveSync light to turn green and then right click on green ActiveSync icon located in system tray Next click Explore you will see the mobile device explorer You are now accessing the SIR 3000 s memory 5 Navigate to My Computer gt Storage Card and go to the folder containing your projects You will now be able to copy from one location on the storage card to the external storage card or to a folder on the PC by drag and drop When transfer is complete wait a couple of seconds after completion disconnect USB cable from SIR 3000 5 2 Transfer to a PC via the External Compact Flash 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If the SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Make sure that your Flash card is inserted AFTER powering up the system 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click Run Stop to pause the system 3 Under the OUTPUT gt TRANSFER submenu click on FLASH 4 A window will appear showing all files on the internal memory Highlight the files and click Enter once on each file to add
35. ES CAUSED BY PROPER OR IMPROPER OPERATION OF ITS EQUIPMENT WHETHER OR NOT DEFECTIVE Before returning any equipment to GSSI a Return Material Authorization RMA number must be obtained Please call the GSSI Customer Service Manager who will assign an RMA number Be sure to have the serial number of the unit available FCC Class B Compliance This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Note This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment or residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the introduction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is not guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation Shielded cables must be used with this unit to ensure compliance
36. SIR 3000 to your PC find and double click on ActiveSyncKeys exe in the ASUSB or ASUSBwoMSAS directory Select Force Guest Only connections and click okay Configuration Tool xj V Force GuestOnly connections I Run this app when device connects NOTEPAD EXE J Run this app when device disconnects CMD EXE cme 2 Double click on Microsoft ActiveSync icon Go to File gt Connection Settings Make the selections shown below Click Next gt Connection Settings x ag Click Get Connected to connect your mobile device to this ta 5 computer Status Waiting for device to connect Get Connected Allow serial cable or infrared connection to this COM port COM1 hd Status COM port is not available V Allow USB connection with this desktop computer Status Connected Tl Allow network Ethernet and Remote Access Service RAS server connection with this desktop computer Status Network is available Status icon l IV Show status icon in Taskbar Cancel Help 3 At this point you should disconnect the USB cable from the SIR 3000 and reboot the SIR 3000 After the SIR 3000 starts reconnect the USB cable 4 You should see the ActiveSync symbol turn green in the system tray at this point you can right click on that icon and select Explore 5 You can now Transfer data to your PC through the USB connection MN72 433 Rev F 93
37. SIR System 3000 User s Manual The World Leader i lz We i Subsurface Imaging Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Tel 603 893 1109 Fax 603 889 3984 sales geophysical com www geophysical com September 2006 Copyright 2003 2006 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 12 Industrial Way Salem New Hampshire 03079 Printed in the United States GSSI RADAN and SIR are registered trademarks of Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Limited Warranty Limitations Of Liability And Restrictions Geophysical Survey Systems Inc hereinafter referred to as GSSI warrants that for a period of 24 months from the delivery date to the original purchaser this product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship EXCEPT FOR THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY GSSI DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE GSSI s obligation is limited to repairing or replacing parts or equipment which are returned to GSSI transportation and insurance pre paid without alteration or further damage and which in GSSI s judgment were defective or became defective during normal use GSSI ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR INJURI
38. Scan window telling you that you should only work with this window to make decisions e You can move the C Scan crosshairs around with the arrow keys to get locations on anything you see in the data e You will also notice that the vertical crosshair on the Linescan Window is also moving and that it is giving a location below that window right above the Color Table button That location is not as accurate as the one on the C Scan window You should always read X Y coordinates from the C Scan Locator Window Note You MUST pay close attention to the ZO and Z1 numbers on the C Scan Locator Window The C Scan is only showing targets within that depth range For example in the screenshot on the previous page that map is of targets between 3 1 4 and 4 5 16 only Anything above or below that depth is not being displayed SELECT DEPTH gt Select Depth This mode allows you to find out how deep something is and to change the display depth of the C Scan Piece window You will notice that the Window Chooser arrow is pointed to the Linescan Window on the right of Ste el e If your scan is 12 or up to 50 cm deep then it will be divided into 12 equal slices e If it is deeper than this then it will be divided into 15 slices Top of e You will use the Up Down arrow to move the horizontal Steel crosshair on the Linescan Window up and down That will give you depth information which will be displayed below the Linescan Window above t
39. Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 3 2 Setup for Single Line 3 D Collection in TerraSIRch Follow these instructions if you want to build a 3D area out of multiple individual survey profiles You will save each profile as a different file and create the 3D project in RADAN s 3D QuickDraw module This is an alternative to the Quick3D Data Collection mode discussed in Part 3 5 Step 1 Follow all the above steps for 2D in order to set your SIR 3000 to local conditions and antenna choice After you have set the gains so that you do not clip set the POSITION and GAIN under the Collect menu to MANUAL This will ensure that you do not accidentally auto gain or auto position over a different area while collecting Gaining over a different area will produce data that is mosaiced Gain differences will mask features and create edge effects Step 2 You must lay out your survey grid so that you can cross your targets with at least 3 profiles Three profiles will allow you to tell the difference between a point target and a linear target For example if you are looking for graves 2 meters in length your survey profiles should be spaced no more than 0 5 m apart and try to orient your survey grid so that you cross the graves perpendicular to their long axis in order to have the greatest possibility of hitting them Step 3 In order for your data to be properly positioned in RADAN 5 0 or higher you must be able to tell the software
40. Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual e Make sure to assign X to one axis and Y to the other e Photograph or make a sketch map of the grid 4 3 Setting Up the SIR 3000 for Quick3D Collection Pictured at the right is the full Collect Menu tree from the Quick3D mode The blue boxes enclose the menu choices Ae ene which are new to the Quick3D The following sections explain 0400 MHZ what they are and present a step by step guide to set up the OT RATE software H MODE Distance D GPS amp 3D GRID New Menu Items DORDER normal 3D GRID This menu controls the grid size profile line m minge re a spacing and survey direction OD Y START 0 00 ORDER Normal Ziz Zag This controls the survey line ie ed 0 6 0 0 direction Normal profiles are all surveyed in one direction At HYln_spc 0 50 the end of each line you must move the antenna back to the GF SCAN starting baseline before moving to the next line and collect OH SAMPLES 512 along that same direction A zig zag order allows you to E FORMAT bits 16 D RANGE nS 60 collect data in both directions 0 00 OTEST_DIEL OFF RZ 00 OH SCN UNIT 18 00 5 amp GAIN D AUTO BH POINTS 3 m GP1 dB 10 D GP2 dB 15 D GP3 dB 25 Zig Zag Normal X Y START These two items tell the system the coordinate a f igi int Typically these will both be 0 If you are of your origin point Typically th Ify POSITION working on a pre existing site grid and you wa
41. York MN72 433 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F 74 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix E Listing of Antenna Parameters The SIR 3000 comes with preloaded setups to fit the system s data collection parameters and filters to the most commonly used currently available GSSI antennas Settings for additional antennae are also provided below to assist you in creating a setup for an older or specialized antenna Please note that these are only generalized setups and it may be necessary to alter these to your particular situation For example deeper penetration can be set by increasing the range in the COLLECT gt SCAN menu E 1 Preloaded Setups 1 5 1 6 GHz Model 5100 1 5 GHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 18 inches in concrete Setting is optimized for scanning of structural features in concrete Range 12 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 250 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 3000 MHz Scans per second 100 Vertical IIR High Pass N 2F 10 MHz Transmit Rate 100 KHz 900 MHz Model 3101D 900 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 1 m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 15 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 2 Vertical High Pass Filte
42. a check next to them Once all files are checked click the Right arrow to begin the transfer This process will not delete the data from the internal memory 5 Remove Compact Flash card from the SIR 3000 and insert it into a USB CF card reader or similar and attach the card reader to your computer You can now access the data as if you had another disk drive on your computer MN72 433 Rev F 45 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual If you get an Error 3 this indicates that the SIR 3000 has not recognized the card Pop the card out wait 5 seconds and reinsert 5 3 Transfer to a PC via an External USB Flash Keychain Pen Drive HD This choice is available to allow you to use a USB memory stick to transfer your data Note Any keychain drive that requires installation drivers or restart of a computer in order to have it recognized will not work with the SIR 3000 GSSI has tested the Attach USB 2 0 Flash drive by PNY Technologies and has found it to work 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If the SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Make sure that your memory stick is inserted AFTER powering up the system 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click Run Stop to pause the system 3 Under the OUTPUT gt TRANSFER submenu click on HD 4 A window will appear showing all files on the internal memory Highlight the files and click Enter once on each f
43. al in order to counteract the natural effects of attenuation As a radar scan travels into the ground some of the scan is reflected some of it is absorbed and some of it keeps traveling down As the scan gets deeper it becomes weaker We apply gain to the scan to make the subtle variations in weaker data more visible The two choices under the gain menu are a MANUAL AUTO toggle and a listing of point numbers e Setting the GAIN to MANUAL will allow you to change the number of gain points and to add strength to the signal at your own discretion This is not recommended for inexperienced users as it is possible to create features in the data by over gaining areas e Setting the gain back to Auto will cause the system to re initialize and adjust its gains to the area under the antenna This is useful if you find that your data is clipped over gained over a particular section of your survey area Just place the antenna on the area where the data is clipped area and toggle the gain to Manual and then back to Auto This will cause the system to reset the gains to a lower level and prevent clipping e Gain is applied at a number of evenly spaced points throughout the data scan You can select up to 5 gain points and then manually add or subtract gain values from individual points e The gain curve is visually represented by a red line in the O Scope window on the Setup screen Values increase from left to right and the location of gain point
44. ation or Seismic Data Investigations in Geophysics No 10 Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa OK MN72 433 Rev F 87 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Useful Websites 1 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc www geophysical com 2 North American Database of Archaeological Geophysics www cast uark edu nadag 3 United States Department of Agriculture Soils Website http soils usda gov 4 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Ground Penetrating Radar Program http nesoil com gpr MN72 433 Rev F 88 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix G Installing Microsoft ActiveSync on Your PC Connecting your SIR 3000 to your PC for the first time and Installing Microsoft ActiveSync Warning RADAN 4 0 2 0 and 5 0 0 0 CDs have an older version of the SIR 3000 USB Transfer software that will significantly limit your transfer speed If you had already installed the transfer software from one of these disks or from the previous version on the web site please contact GSSI software technical support Part 1 Having your PC recognize the SIR 3000 unit 1 Please download the latest transfer software and instructions from http www geophysical com softwareupdates htm Navigate to the SIR 3000 software downloads Download the SIR 3000 USB transfer software file ASUSBwoMSASYNC exe and extract it to the root directory typically C Please note the locatio
45. beginning SAVE IMAGE This function will take a screen shot of the data file and save it as a bitmap bmp in your working directory Although bitmaps cannot be viewed on the SIR 3000 you can transfer them to a PC and view email or print them later Bitmaps do not require any special software to view on the PC and anyone with a PC or Mac will be able to view them They are automatically transferred when you transfer a data file and are automatically deleted when you delete that data file The filename of the bitmap is similar to the radar data file name For example if you are playing back FILE 020 DZT and want to save an image then the bitmap will be called FILE 020A BMP The A tag is there if you want to take multiple images of the same file The next bitmap will be called B The Save Image function will only take a view of the current screen so if you have a very long data file then multiple image saves will be required MN72 433 Rev F 25 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual PLAYBACK FILE 020 02T Save Image Example MN72 433 Rev F 26 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 3 Setting Up Your System for Data Collection in TerraSIRch Mode In this part you will find instructions for configuring your SIR 3000 to collect single 2 D profiles of data that can be interpreted by themselves or stacked together in software to produce a 3 D image You will find instr
46. cal Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual AC Power Serial I O Ethernet Memory Card AC Power Plug in the supplied universal AC power adaptor to run the system from 110 240 V 47 63 Hz power Serial I O RS232 This is a standard serial connection that can be used to establish communication between the SIR 3000 and a GPS Please see Part 7 Using a GPS with your SIR 3000 for additional information This port is also used to connect the serial lead from the StructureScan Optical barcode reader cart to the SIR 3000 Ethernet Functionality for this port is not currently available USB B and USB A These ports are for connection to a variety of USB peripherals including a keyboard and memory device Keypad Connector Panel Power Indicator Light Power ter Arrow Pad Insert Mark Collect Indicator Light Run Stop MN72 433 Rev F 3 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The keypad on the front of the unit has fifteen 15 buttons and two indicator lights Power This button puts the system to sleep This mode is designed for instant turn on In this state a charged battery should last a couple of weeks The only way to turn the system completely off is to remove power The system will also turn on automatically when you connect a battery or AC power If you are running on battery power the Power Indicator Light will flash green when you are low on battery power Double cli
47. can exchange information between your mobile device and this computer you must set up ActiveSync This setup wizard will guide you through Installing the ActiveSync program on this computer Setting up your mobile device Note It is strongly recommended that you exit all Windows programs before continuing with this setup wizard Click Next to continue with the setup process Click Cancel to quit setup lt Back Cancel Help Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the Microsoft ActiveSync setup Use the default folder if possible It is likely that the installation will appear to hang at approx 91 for a few minutes Allow it to continue After completion you may see the New Partnership dialog In order to successfully transfer SIR 3000 data via USB you will need to set up a guest connection with the SIR 3000 Select No at this dialog each time you connect your SIR 3000 as you do not synchronize any information with the PC Synchronization is for Pocket PC users and similar who need to synchronize information You should configure MS ActiveSync to bypass this dialog by following Step 1 of Part 3 below MN72 433 Rev F 92 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 3 Configuring Microsoft ActiveSync If you have trouble with your MS ActiveSync connection to the SIR 3000 check your configuration 1 Ifyou do not want to respond to the New Partnership dialog each time you connect the
48. ccccceceeeeeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess 27 3 2 Setup for Single Line 3 D Collection in TerraSIRCh cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 31 3 3 Setting Up for Time Based Data Collection cccccceceeeeesseesecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeees 32 3 4 Setting Up for Point Data Collection cccccccccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 33 Chapter 4 Using the Quick3D Collection Mode ccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeees 35 4 1 Quick3D File Sa UCHR Saeed ccananeaiiceandesionetnnmaiondsinawmatadanngsdadsadwatavanapavadsadeataianceetansn 35 4 2 Setting Up Quick3D Data Grids ccccceeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 36 4 3 Setting Up the SIR 3000 for Quick3D Collection ccccccccccccccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeees 37 4 4 Step By Step Software Setup cceceeecccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseecaaaeeeeeeeeeeeeeneas 39 4 5 Collecting AU As ctecetni ceeded aa dah onde baie dalceh batde adel nebo dbedebadebasebabebadelbededs 40 4 6 Playing Back Quick 3D Data on the SIR 3000 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 41 Chapter 5 Data Transfer and File Maintenance eeececeeeeseeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeneees 45 5 1 Transfer to a PC via USB CONNECTION ccc ccceccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteess 45 5 2 Transfer to a PC via the External Compact Flash cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 45 5 3 Transfer to a PC via an External USB
49. ccessive f san in 1 Avid i Vi li isin line can be started with the 3 VAN N remote marker switch on your antenna The Prompt Area tells you positioning information and also what to do during collection The image at the right tells you at that RUN STOP PLAYBACK RUN SETUP you are on your second line you MODE are scanning parallel to the X direction and that you should be on the 1 foot mark along your Y baseline 10 0 0 0 Position Window Step 2 Once you have clicked the Mark button you will see COLLECT DATA in the prompt area Wait for the green light to come on next to the RUN STOP button Collect the profile line Once you have gone the distance that you specified in the Setup the SIR 3000 will stop collecting data automatically It will save the file and automatically increment to the next line Step 3 If you need to skip or redo a profile use the arrow keys to highlight that file and then press Mark The new data file will then be stored with the proper positioning info and any old data will be overwritten MN72 433 Rev F 40 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 4 6 Playing Back Quick 3D Data on the SIR 3000 From the Collect Run screen previous section 2 windows you can go directly into Playback by clicking the Playback Mode button Your data will be automatically saved and it will generate a top down PLAYBACK view Depending on the size of your collected area this
50. ck Enter to put a check in that box and then Right Arrow to accept The path will be removed and the system will default to the Common path BACKLIGHT This controls screen brightness The scale runs from 1 to 4 with 4 being the brightest The darker the screen is the longer the battery will last because powering the screen is a large draw on the power supply MN72 433 Rev F 12 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual DATE TIME Use this selection to set the system s internal clock to the current date and local time The SIR 3000 will attach this information to each radar profile you collect This information is saved and will not be lost each time you turn the system off or remove the battery BATTERY This selection allows you to check the remaining charge on the battery The value here is percent of total charge remaining If you have external power connected the window will say External Power Supply LANGUAGE This allows you to change the display language of the SIR 3000 to a number of pre loaded language packs If your native language is not available check the GSSI website periodically to see if the language patch is available for download VERSION This allows you to check the current version of the TerraSIRch operating software You should check the GSSI website for updates to the Graphical User Interface GUI software The GUI is listed at the bottom of the Version pop up window Note which GUI
51. cking this button while in one of the six data collection programs will cause the system to reboot to the TerraSIRch splash screen Enter Arrow Pad This grouping of five buttons is located right below the power button The Enter key is the one in the center These buttons allow you to navigate through the menu tree e Highlighting a menu item by pushing Up or Down on the menu tree and then pushing the Right arrow will open any menus that are under that menu choice Left arrow will collapse those menu items to refresh the menu tree e Pushing the Enter key on some menu items will cause a pop up menu to appear so you can toggle between two or more parameter choices For example To setup data collection mode pushing Enter when COLLECT gt RADAR gt MODE is highlighted will bring up a pop up menu which will allow you to choose from Time continuous data collect Distance survey wheel or Point measurement Highlight your choice and push Enter to see your choice applied and then Right arrow to accept and cause the pop up menu to disappear Insert Mark This button is located below the Enter Arrow Pad Pushing this button while collecting data will cause the system to set a User mark in the data e User marks are helpful for noting distance traveled if you are not using a survey wheel and for noting the location of obstacles such as columns trees pits etc e User marks will appear as long dashed vertical white lines through the data window
52. click on the ConcreteScan button You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across ConcreteScan includes the backup cursor function This allows you to back the antenna over the line you just surveyed and get an on screen cursor that will help you relate the location of targets in the data back to the slab The backup line in the data is the location of the midpoint of the antenna What You Can Customize You will choose your antenna 1 6 GHz 1 5 GHz 1 0 GHz or 900 MHz under the RADAR submenu and also select DISTANCE or TIME based collection under MODE Remember to check the survey wheel calibration if you are using DISTANCE Under the Scan submenu choose your maximum penetration depth from a number of presets 6 12 18 36 inches or 15 30 50 100 cm Select your SCN UNIT from 5 7 5 10 per inch or 2 4 5 per cm Also set your concrete type from a number of presets ranging from Dry to Wet This sets the dielectric constant and gives you a rough depth calculation MN72 433 Rev F 47 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual What is Preset T RATE 100 Samples Scan 512 deep 256 shallow 12 and less Format Bits 16 RATE 100 deep 200 Shallow 12 and less Gain 5 point Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position 6 2 StructureScan This mode is for collecting very high resolution 3D data over a concr
53. clude this location in the search C ASUSBwoMSAS Don t search will choose the driver to install Choose this option to select the device driver from a list Windows does not guarantee that the driver you choose will be the best match for your hardware lt Back Next gt Cancel Hardware Installation The software you are installing for this hardware Anchor USB E2 Link Cable has not passed Windows Logo testing to verify its compatibility with Windows XP Tell me why this testing is important Continuing your installation of this software may impair or destabilize the correct operation of your system either immediately or in the future Microsoft strongly recommends that you stop this installation now and contact the hardware vendor for software that has passed Windows Logo testing Continue Anyway R Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 2 Installing Microsoft ActiveSync After the USB connection is installed install the latest version of MS ActiveSync It can be downloaded from Microsoft s web site 1 Using a web browser go to http www microsoft com Search for Active Sync or ActiveSync Download the latest version of MS ActiveSync If saved to disk double click on the MSASYNC exe icon directory to start the installation It will copy files and then begin setup Microsoft ActiveSync Set Up Microsoft ActiveSync 3 7 Before you
54. collection ask you to save the data and open the Open File window so you can choose a file to view Clicking this in Playback Mode will bring up the playback file selection box RUN SETUP Pushing this in Collect mode will cause the Save File window to come up and close the current data file You will then toggle to Setup Mode 3 windows In Playback mode this key toggles between Run and Setup DISPLAY Pushing this key toggles between a linescan data display and a single scan O scope style display The function is the same in Collect or Playback DEPTH This button allows you to calibrate the system to a target with known depth This will update the vertical scale and the dielectric and give you a more accurate depth calculation than simply guessing dielectric or soil type 1 Scan over your area and find a target Once you do do not stop data collection but just move the system away from that area 2 Drill or dig down and measure the depth Back at the system click Run Stop to bring up crosshairs 4 After the crosshairs come up target them on the first positive peak of that target if it is metal and the first negative peak if it is air Positive peaks stick out to the right white in a grayscale color table and negative peaks stick out to the left black in a grayscale color table Push DEPTH and scroll to the correct depth Click right to take effect MN72 433 Rev F 24 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manua
55. covered or even where you were in the middle of a lake And of course if you actually need expensive survey grade GPS accuracy we want to give you the hooks you need to place our RADAR data correctly Increasingly GPS is claiming a legitimate place in the ever increasing size and variety of GPR applications How does it work GPS works by triangulating the distance from satellites in space Like our RADARs these satellites just transmit time very accurately and estimate the distance using the speed of light Getting the travel time from just three satellites is enough to know where you are on the earth Getting the travel time from 12 satellites greatly decreases the uncertainty of your position Typically around buildings and trees you might see six satellites plenty to know where you are to within 3 meters The degree of precision depends on many things like how well distributed the satellites are in the sky or the travel path the signal took to get to your receiver Main sources of error GPR and GPS share a lot in common The travel times and paths are directly affected by the medium For GPS this means the signal from the satellites to your receiver can get slowed down and bent by changes in the Ionosphere the Troposphere and even nearby objects These sources of error can be reduced using expensive tricks like dual frequency Klobuchar modeling and Real Time Kinematic RTK solutions Geophysical Survey System
56. d CD ROM drives Where do you want Windows to search for driver files D and select Specify a location Click Next gt Search for driver files for the following hardware device USB Device The wizard searches for suitable drivers in its driver database on your computer and in any of the following optional search locations that you specify To start the search click Next If you are searching on a floppy disk or CD ROM drive insert the floppy disk or CD before clicking Next T CD ROM drives IV Specify a location T Microsoft Windows Update cows 4 When directed to Insert the x manufacturer s installation disk Insert the manufacturer s installation disk into the dive x click Browse Find the directory yu i Corcat_ extracted the ASUSBwoMSAS drivers to earlier either C ASUSB or C ASUSBwoMSAS directory by default and select wceusbsh inf Click Copy manufacturer s files from cc 29 5 Ifyou selected the correct directory Found New Hardware Wizard you get the following dialog Click Driver Files Search Results Pate Nex t gt The wizard has finished searching for driver files for your hardware device ey The wizard found a driver for the following device a USB Device Windows found a driver for this device To install the driver Windows found click Next SS c asusb weeusbsh inf 6 The installation is complete Click Finish MN72 433 Rev F 90 Geophysical Surve
57. e Transmit Rate Up to 100 KHz Note The SIR 3000 will not work with the short orange attenuated control cable that was sold with the SIR 2000 The SIR 3000 will only work with non attenuated cables blue or black in color MN72 433 Rev F 59 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual A 2 Data Acquisition and Software Data Format RADAN dzt Scan Rate Examples e 220 scans sec at 256 samples scan e 120 scans sec at 512 samples scan Sample size 8 bit or 16 bit user selectable Scan Interval User selectable Number of samples per scan 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 Operating Modes Free run survey wheel point collection Time Range 5 8000 nanoseconds full scale user selectable Manual or automatic gain 1 5 points 20 to 80 dB Filters e Vertical Low Pass and High Pass IIR and FIR e Horizontal Stacking Background Removal System Includes e SIR 3000 control unit e Transit case e AC adaptor e User manual e 2 batteries e Sun shade Fully FCC Compliant MN72 433 Rev F 60 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix B The How To s of Field Survey As the old saying goes Garbage in Garbage out The biggest single factor affecting the quality of your data and your ability to make decisions based on it is the accuracy of your data collection This appendix has instructions and helpful hints to get you into the habit of collecting quality data from the b
58. e and low cost resources including soil maps of most of the United States and guides to help you understand soils Site Accessibility Simply put can you feasibly work in the proposed area Is the site in the middle of a dense thicket of trees or is it the outside of a tall building or a tight elevator shaft Remember that GPR and geophysics depends on your ability to see contrasts in the data The area has to be large enough for you to collect enough data to be able to make an interpretation For example if you need to survey an area in advance of an 18 utility trench you want to make sure that you have some coverage over areas outside of that trench so you can see normal conditions Always give yourself some elbow room B 2 Targets The type of targets you are trying to find will govern your choice of antennas setup parameters or even the feasibility of radar for the application There are two main criteria to consider Target Size e Target Composition Target Size All things being equal antenna choice determines how deeply you are able to penetrate and the minimum size of the targets that you are able to see Lower frequency antennas see deep but the minimum target size that they can see is larger Rather than focus on what each antenna can see the table below lists the appropriate antenna by application and depth range MN72 433 Rev F 62 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual
59. e beginning line and 1 B3D file The Grid was named GRID _006 3DS This grid name was automatically generated by the SIR 3000 Note The example window is not a SIR 3000 screen image It is an image from a PC after the data were downloaded amp GRID 006 3DS CJ File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Q wx X 2 S Search E Folders E Address C GRID___006 308 Grid Name AmarILE__001 SAFILE__01S File and Folder Tasks 4 SAFLE 002 SAFILE__ 016 PFE 003 Sre 07 9 Make a new folder SAFE _004 ag FILE 018 Publish this folder to SAFILE___005 pgFILE___019 END Wene 006 Pene 020 Fad Share this folder Sre 007 Sre 021 JFE 008 BaFILE___022 SIFILE_ 009 FILE 023 Seer Puos sin 010 hs 024 onticaldass MOFILE__011 SAFLE 025 E My Documents PIF 012 SFe 02 FIFE 013 acr 006 830 My Computer BA o Bons 014 E My Network Places K B3D file The B3D file is an information file which tells the RADAN software where each of your DZT files is positioned and allows the software to create your 3D file with the proper positioning information To open the grid in RADAN you need to open the B3D file In RADAN go to FILE gt OPEN and change the Save as Type to 3D Project File It will have defaulted to DZT file You may have to click Open once in order for Windows to display the B3D file MN72 433 Rev F 35 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual When you transfer your data from the SIR 3000 to a PC ru
60. e influence of each new scan drops If you put in a very high number you will filter out high frequency targets in your data This might lead to missing real targets in your data e High frequency noise generally has a snowy appearance e The larger the number you put in here the smoother the data will be It is possible to over smooth and smudge out real data e A larger number also means that the system is performing a great deal of extra calculations and data collection speed will then be reduced MN72 433 Rev F 19 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual BGR_REMOVAL The Background Removal filter is a horizontal high pass remove low frequency noise operation meant to remove flat lying noise associated with antenna ringing The input number here is scans so in order to use this filter find the length in scans of the feature that you want to remove and put that number into the system Features of this size or larger will be removed from the data e Also please note that this filter will remove your direct coupling making positive identification of Time Zero difficult To preserve data integrity it is best to collect data without this filter and then apply it in playback or post processing if needed The PLAYBACK Menu If you want to review the data you just collected or access any of the Playback functions push the Down arrow to highlight the particular menu choice If you would like to review a
61. ected target which should be the ground surface The other information is still collected and saved but not displayed This allows you to set the display to show an in field time to depth calculation For simplicity the value is set as a percentage of the total vertical window The SIR 3000 will examine the offset and the antenna type you entered under RADAR to find the proper surface automatically It will set near to the first positive peak of the direct coupling In the image at the i right the antenna was moved up and ESN No A PADA D PNN down over the ground surface Notice PAT pt OP EN how the surface reflection moves up to join the direct wave MN72 433 Rev F 18 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual FILTERS This menu allows you to set data collection filters to either remove interference or smooth noise Many of these are antenna specific especially the High and Low Pass filters In ConcreteScan StructureScan UtilityScan and GeologyScan these will be automatically set when you choose your antenna under the RADAR menu In order to set factory values for the filters you must recall a factory setup for the antenna you are using under SYSTEM gt SETUP gt RECALL There are six menu selections here e LP_IR e HP UR e LP FIR e HP FIR e STACKING e BGR REMOVAL LP_IIR HP_IR LP_FIR HP_FIR The first four are frequency filters and the values are all expressed in MHz The two types
62. ee a red box Axis Indicator covering one of the dots That is the currently selected profile and the one that will be displayed in the linescan window if you press Show Profile e Above the C Scan window is the Locator Window This window gives positioning information for the C Scan crosshairs and also shows the highest Z0 and lowest Z1 points of the depth slice shown in the C Scan Working with the C Scan Display The C Scan display has three main functions Select Depth Select Profile and Select X Y Position You toggle between each one by clicking Enter When you click Enter the window chooser arrow changes This arrow shows you which window Linescan or C Scan to browse with the arrow keys e For example if you click Enter until the Select X Y Position wording appears you will notice that the window chooser arrow points down to the C Scan window Now if you click the arrow keys you will notice that the C Scan crosshairs move and you will get location information in the Locator Window e You may also see the first number change in the Linescan Crosshair locator but the locator window information is more accurate Each of the modes are explained below MN72 433 Rev F 42 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual SELECT X Y POSITION ba Select X Y Position This mode allows you to find the horizontal location of targets or clear areas to drill The window chooser arrow will point down to the C
63. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 75 Appendix F Glossary of Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading 85 Appendix G Installing Microsoft ActiveSync on Your PC ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 89 MN72 433 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 1 Introduction This manual is designed for both the novice and experienced user of ground penetrating radar It is intended as both a reference and a teaching tool and it is recommended that you read the entire manual regardless of your level of GPR experience For information about GPR theory please see the list of general geophysics references that can be found in Appendix F If you experience operation problems with your system GSSI Tech Support can be reached 9am 5pm EST Monday Friday at 1 800 524 3011 or at 603 893 1109 International 1 1 Unpacking Your System Thank you for purchasing a GSSI TerraSIRch SIR System 3000 hereafter referred to as SIR 3000 A packing list is included with your shipment that identifies all of the items that are in your order You should check your shipment against the packing list upon receipt of your shipment If you find an item is missing or was damaged during the shipment please call or fax your sales representative immediately so that we can correct the problem Your SIR 3000 system con
64. eginning While many of these points are only relevant to data collection over the ground as opposed to concrete structures you may find this section helpful no matter what your application B 1 Site Selection Radar is not the proper technique for every situation If you are unable to inspect the site have prospective clients send a photograph of the area As you gain experience you will find it easy to judge an area s or an application s suitability In the meantime consider the four following issues before deciding whether you should conduct work at an area Topography Ground Cover e Subsurface Conditions Site Accessibility Topography One of the first things you should consider about a new survey area is the topography In the first place you need to be able to physically move the antenna over the ground surface in a fairly smooth fashion Areas that are full of trenches or extreme slopes are not ideal You can still survey an area of broken terrain but it may require collecting point data rather than continuous data profiles Radar energy travels into the ground perpendicular to the surface This means that if the antenna is flat on the ground and level you are reading right under the antenna This forward scanning of the antenna could lead to serious position errors Ground Cover If your antenna is floating on top of thick grass or a layer of gravel you may get errors in your data because the signal is taking
65. el of the data displayed on the screen Here is where you can change the mode of display color table and distribution transform and add screen gain There are four parameter inputs here Mode LINE SCOPE C_TABLE C_XFORM and GAIN dB LINE This is really the Mode option which allows you to toggle between Linescan and Scope display modes Linescan is the conventional way of looking at GPR data with each scan stacked next to its neighbor and amplitude values along that scan assigned a color value Scope or oscilloscope mode shows you the waveform of the individual scan MN72 433 Rev F 21 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual C_TABLE This option lets you choose which of the pre loaded color tables to use to view your data In addition to grayscale there are several full color tables It is sometimes useful to examine your data in a number of different palettes because altering the colors may help you to see different aspects of your data There are 5 tables to choose from C_XFORM Once you have the data displayed in the proper color table you may alter the distribution of color shades across your data by changing the color transform under the C_XFORM option This will spread out your color shades over different sections of the scan s amplitude range You would do this to show more color shades over the extremes or the mid range values or just a simple black to white Stretching more colors over a particular val
66. em will turn on automatically If you purchased your SIR 3000 with a cart as in the UtilityScan System or purchased the cart system separately please see Appendix C Mounting your SIR 3000 on a Cart The cart also incorporates a survey wheel that is used in place of the survey wheel pictured earlier If you have a StructureScan Standard or StructureScan Optical system please consult the hardware setup instructions in the small laminated QuickStart Guides that came with the system MN72 433 Rev F 8 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 2 2 Boot Up and Display Screen After the SIR 3000 boots up you will see the introductory screen with the words TerraSIRch SIR 3000 There will be 6 icons positioned over the Function Keys The first one is TerraSIRch Pushing the Mark button switches your desired units between English and Metric TerraSIRch mode gives you complete control over all data collection parameters Quick Start guides are available for StructureScan and UtilityScan The StructureScan Quick Start guide also covers the ConcreteScan functionality Push the TerraSIRch button After a moment you will see a screen divided into three windows and there will be a bar running across the bottom with commands above each of the 6 Function Keys After entering one of the six data collection modes you can return to this screen by either clicking the Power button twice or by removing the battery and AC power and reinse
67. enna using the tow behind Model 620 survey wheel 16 diameter 2 400 Cart A Model 5103 400 MHz antenna with the three wheeled survey cart 3 900 Cart A Model 3101D 900 MHz antenna with the three wheeled survey cart 4 1600 _B 5x or 1600_B_ 10x A Model 5100 1 5 GHz antenna with the blue metal survey minicart The final value before the x denotes grid size Setups with the G designation in their name are optimized for the gray plastic model 613 minicart Antenna Center frequency of the antenna you are using SW Cal Calibration number in ticks unit for the survey wheel you are using See Part 3 of this manual for the factory supplied number for different wheels You may need to re calibrate your survey wheel for local conditions Order Either Zig zag scanning during the up and back directions of a survey or Normal scanning only in one direction Size Default grid size Spacing Default profile spacing Direction Survey profile direction The choice here is parallel to the listed axis For example Yonly means the profiles are parallel to the grids Y axis Range The default time range in nanoseconds You can change this under COLLECT gt SCAN gt RANGE DIEL The default dielectric value This is needed if you want the SIR 3000 to do a time to depth calculation during data collect This is also used for the auto migrate display during data collection and playback This has no bearing over depth of investigation Rate
68. enter this menu first Highlighting SYSTEM and pushing the Right arrow will bring out seven additional menu choices e UNITS page 12 e SETUP page 12 esa ace moist foot e DATE TIME page 13 SETUP D RECALL e BATTERY page 13 D SAVE e LANGUAGE page 13 PATH O NEW e VERSION page 13 BACKLIGHT DO LEVEL 4 amp DATE TIME DO DATE DO TIME G amp BATTERY D STATUS G LANGUAGE O ENGLISH VERSION O SHOW MN72 433 Rev F 11 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual UNITS You can select appropriate units for DEPTH and DISTANCE as well as the appropriate scale For example if you are using a very high frequency antenna to scan 18 inches into concrete you may choose to display depth in inches and distance in feet Under VSCALE you can choose to display in depth time or height Time is measured in units of nanoseconds ns When set to time the vertical scale displays two way travel time TWTT If you set to depth then the SIR 3000 will perform a time to depth conversion based on dielectric value that you have set in COLLECT gt SCAN It will then display the vertical scale in depth Height will invert the screen so that time zero is at the bottom This can be a useful display if you are scanning upside down SETUP This allows you to either save the current list of data collection parameters hereafter called a setup recall saved setup or a factory loaded one e
69. es 2 Setup and power up your SIR 3000 as normal 3 Under COLLECT gt RADAR highlight the GPS menu choice and click Enter Toggle to G30L for the GSSI provided receiver or to CUSTOM for any other receiver and click the Right arrow 4 The Enable GPS dialogue box will pop up Follow the instructions in the window to connect your GPS You should ensure that your receiver is tracking at least 4 satellites If you are using the G30L 4 is the minimum number of satellites you can use 5 When you start a data profile the SIR 3000 will capture a GPS coordinate and place it in the file header It will do the same when you stop the data file and save it These coordinates will be visible when you view the file header in RADAN 5 0 or higher Some other Concerns 1 The TMF file You will notice that the SIR 3000 has created 2 files the data profile DZT and another file with the same name but a different extension TMF This file will be used for some added GPS functionality which is not yet available 2 East vs West The SIR 3000 is set to capture Latitude and Longitude coordinates rather than UTM It does not however tag a North South or East West to those numbers If you are west of the Prime Meridian the Longitude will be negative and if you are south of the Equator the Latitude will be negative MN72 433 Rev F 51 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 7 2 Understanding GPS This is a brief description of GPS and how to use it w
70. ete slab or wall with the 1 6 GHz 1 5 GHz or 1 0 GHz antenna and GSSI s patented scan pad This will produce a 3D cube of data that can be viewed in planview at differing depths so as to note clear locations for coring and cutting You must use the scan pad for this mode and collect data in a prescribed fashion Consult the StructureScan QuickStart guide for more details What You Can Customize Under the Scan submenu choose your maximum penetration depth from a number of presets 6 12 or 18 inches or 20 30 50 cm Also set your concrete type from a number of presets ranging from Dry to Wet This sets the dielectric constant and gives you a rough depth calculation What is Preset T RATE 100 Samples Scan 512 deep 256 shallow 12 and less Mode Distance Format Bits 16 RATE 100 deep 200 shallow 12 and less Scn Unit 5 inch 2 cm Gain 1 point Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position MN72 433 Rev F 48 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 6 3 UtilityScan UtilityScan is meant for a quick examination of an area in order to locate utilities in soils under concrete slabs or asphalt UtilityScan can be used with the 270 MHz 400 MHz and 900 MHz antennas Both the 400 MHz and the 270 MHz can be used with the survey cart UtilityScan will allow you to create 2D profiles so that you can mark the location of utilities on pavement prior to trenching or excavation Upon clicking
71. f a material Basically it reflects the velocity that radar energy moves through a material e Ifyou know the dielectric value of the material that you are surveying through you can enter it here and get an in field time to depth calculation e Higher dielectric values mean slower travel time and shallower penetration e Generally speaking water raises a material s dielectric constant and surveys should be performed on dry material whenever possible e Please see Appendix D for a chart of dielectric values of common materials and a deeper discussion of dielectrics Possible values are 1 81 Example In air which has a dielectric constant of 1 radar energy will travel at 12 inches per ns Since the time range is two way travel time ns on the vertical scale translates to 6 inches if the DIEL is set to 1 The distance traveled per ns is reduced by the square root of the dielectric constant The dielectric constant of water is 81 so that water slows down the radar wave by a factor of 9 V81 9 The range in water is thus 6 9 inches per ns RATE The next selection is scan RATE This value is the number of scans the system will record in its RAM memory per second e Ifyou are collecting data based on time this is the number of scans that will be saved each second e Ifyou are collecting data based on distance with a survey wheel this number should be set very high If you tell the system that you want to collect 60 scans a foot a
72. he Color Xform button A e Remember that the top of a piece of metal is the middle of the first bright white part of the target In the example on the right the black dot is at the middle of the white target which is the location of the top edge of the metal target In order for this to be true make sure that you are in the grayscale color table and that the positive amplitudes are being displayed as white To get the depth of that you should set the horizontal linescan crosshair at that location If you scroll to the top or the bottom of the image you will get a C Scan display of the full depth range The image is displaying strongest targets in the full range If you look at the C Scan Locator Window you will see that Z0 is set to 0 and that Z1 shows the maximum depth MN72 433 Rev F 43 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual e Otherwise as you scroll up and down the profile these numbers will change once the horizontal crosshair on the Linescan Window crosses a distance threshold The C Scan will then change to show the new slice data and the ZO and Z1 will update to give you the new depth range Note The accuracy of the depth reading is 100 dependent on your accurate guess of the dielectric Remember that dielectrics in soils often change with depth and since the SIR 3000 is performing a constant velocity migration then it will not take those changes into account SELECT PROFILE Select Profile
73. he baseline collect your data until the end of the line pick up your system and move it back to the baseline to collect the next profile in the same direction This is different from zig zag where you are simply turning around and collecting the next data file in the opposite direction from the previous If you are collection with a zig zag order both the start and finish baselines should be straight e Your grid can be irregular but as long as the line that your profiles start from is straight the RADAN software will have no problem lining things up e Make sure that your grid corners are right angles and that your grid lines are actually perpendicular to your baseline The graphic below illustrates how to put together a square 10x10 grid Step 1 Locate the origin point 0 0 and pull a tape measure 10 to find the point 10 0 blue line a This is your baseline If 10 10 amp b c 10 10 c Step 2 Pull one tape measure 10 from 0 0 line b so to 0 10 Pull the other one from 10 0 to 0 10 V 200 c line c so c 14 14 Step 3 Move both tapes together so that 10 on line b connects to 14 14 on line c The point that they connect is the grid corner You will know that the corner at 0 0 is square because this method produces a right triangle Step 4 Repeat for the corner 10 10 You can use this method for grids of any size You can also use this for rectangular grids MN72 433 Rev F 36 Geophysical Survey
74. ile to add a check next to them Once all files are checked click the Right arrow to begin the transfer This process will not delete the data from the internal memory 5 Remove the USB Keychain Pen Drive from the SIR 3000 and insert it into a USB port on your computer You can now access the data as if you had another disk drive on your computer 5 4 Deleting Data from the System While it is always advisable to keep the data on your system until you have downloaded it if desired and checked the integrity of the data eventually the memory may fill up or you may simply want to do some housecleaning GSSI suggests that you download all of the data from a particular jobsite and completely delete the data before starting a new job This will help to avoid confusion over which files belong to specific projects 1 Highlight Delete under the TRANSFER submenu and push Enter You will see a window with a list of files 2 Using the Up and Down arrow keys highlight the file to be deleted and push Enter to place a check in the empty box to the left of the file name 3 Repeat until there are checks next to all of the files you want to delete Click the Right arrow key to accept and delete those files Note When you attempt to collect a new file the system will find the lowest number it can to assign to the new file For example if you have 25 files and you delete File 001 the next file will not be File _026 i
75. in In Point mode we are recording single scans over an area The scan spacing horizontal resolution of Point based data profiles is a function of how far apart you set your collection points Step 1 After system boot up press the TerraSIRch function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Examine the parameters in the Collect tree to ensure that the system is properly configured for the antenna you are using 1 Load SETUP Under the System menu open SETUP and RECALL a factory setup for the antenna that you are using or a saved setup that you have worked with previously 2 Check MODE Under the Collect gt Radar menu ensure that MODE is set to POINT 3 Check RANGE With the system in Collect Setup mode and data scrolling across the screen drag the antenna over the area and find a target that you want to image Note its position on the screen and at what time depth it occurs Ideally it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the range under the Scan menu 4 Check GAIN The thin red line superimposed over the scan
76. ith our SIR 3000 GPS information gets attached to our data two different ways First the start and end positions are stored in the header of each DZT file Second the timing of each marked scan is stored in a separate TMF file which RADAN 6 0 incorporates into its database This paper gives a quick GPS overview and then describes what you need to know in order to effectively use the SIR 3000 with a GPS What is it GPS is a satellite navigation system provided free by the USDoD designed to provide instantaneous position velocity and time information almost anywhere on the globe at any time and in any weather It typically provides positioning accuracies ranging from 3 meters costing 150 to 1cm 15 000 Since it needs to see much of the sky it works poorly indoors in woods and in concrete canyons like Manhattan Why do I need it You probably don t In fact for many Ground Penetration Radar applications you can just use a survey wheel to measure your distance and take simple notes about your start and stop locations And since digging or drilling often requires more precision than 3meters knowing sort of where you are is not helpful However as surveys become larger and as technologies improve GPS can be very MN72 433 Rev F 52 SIR 3000 User s Manual helpful in telling you where you are on a map or what road you turned onto or what section of the avalanche you have already
77. ize and add subtract gain to produce a visible signal Drag the antenna over the area and look for evidence of clipping If your data becomes clipped leave the antenna over the area where it is occurring and re initialize by changing AUTO to MANUAL and then back to AUTO This will depress the gains so that the data will not clip Once you find gain settings which are workable you can see targets and the signal does not clip it is usually best to set the gain to MANUAL This will allow you to collect multiple profiles that you will be able to compare without the gains being altered automatically Step 3 Push the function key under RUN SETUP to begin collecting a profile of data The system will beep twice to open the Collect Run window 1 display window and then beep again when it is ready to receive data You can also click the marker button on your antenna handle to open a data collection At the end of your profile push and hold down the Run Setup key to stop data collection The profile will be saved and can be viewed in Playback mode If you wish to collect another profile with the same settings you can click NEXT FILE The SIR 3000 will ask you if you want to save the data The system is in a paused state so with that dialog open move the system to the beginning of the next profile line and then click Right arrow to save The SIR 3000 will save the data and then begin collecting another profile MN72 433 Rev F 30 Geophysical Survey
78. l Note If you are on dirt the dielectric value may only be an approximation If you are on a homogenous material like concrete this calibration is good for all like material If you are on soils know that the dielectric of the soils can change dramatically with depth and across an area so this is only an approximation Calibrating the depth in TerraSIRch mode updates the dielectric constant but keeps the fixed time range This function in ConcreteScan StructureScan UtilityScan and GeologyScan keeps the entered depth under scan but updates the time range required to scan to that depth given the new dielectric After calibrating in one of these four programs not TerraSIRch click Run Stop twice to reinitialize the gains In PLAYBACK RUN Mode This is what the Command Bar will look like in Playback Run mode This mode is accessible from the Playback Setup screen by clicking Run Setup After clicking Run Setup the data file will scroll out to the end and a set of crosshairs will appear You can use the arrow keys on the keypad to scroll left and right to view long data files The functions here operate very similarly to Collect Setup with two main differences These differences are in Run Stop and Save Image RUN STOP SAVE PLAYBACK RUN SETUP DISPLAY DEPTH IMAGE MODE Playback Run Mode Command Bar RUN STOP This button functions as a screen refresh in Playback Run Pressing this will cause the data file to re scroll from the
79. les per Scan 512 Data Collection Mode Continuous Resolution 16 bits Range 500ns Number of gain points 5 Samples per Scan 512 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Resolution 16 bits Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Number of gain points 5 Scans per second 32 Vertical High Pass Filter 15 MHz Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Vertical Low Pass Filter 150 MHz Transmit Rate 50KHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans 100 High Power Transmit Rate 12 KHz 100 MHz antenna with high power transmitter Subecho 40 Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MN72 433 Rev F Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 10 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 80 MHz Scans per second 32 Transmit Rate 12KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 80 MHz 80 MHz folded bow tie antenna Note The 80 MHz antenna is unshielded Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz MLF 120 cm Low Frequency antenna 1 2m leng
80. lock clamps and insert the wheel shaft into the axle It will slide all the way in and lock securely To remove wheels squeeze the wheel lock clamp again and pull the wheel straight out Note The wheels are foam filled and do not require inflation Slide the front wheel onto the front wheel fork and tighten clamp When the clamp is slightly tight turn the handle to the locked position shown This will further tighten the clamp Exercise care not to over tighten the front wheel as this may result in damage to the front fork MN72 433 Rev F 68 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Ensure that the survey wheel encoder is correctly positioned on the inside of rear left wheel and that the survey wheel is making contact with the tire s rim Place the antenna into the white plastic tub and secure with the attached straps If you are using the cart system with the 1 5 GHz Model 5100 antennas place the antenna in the tub and then sandwich it between the bottom of the tub and the white plastic Velcro plate Fix the straps over the top of the plate to secure With the arrows on the top of the antenna housing pointing toward the front of the cart place the tub under the cart so that the tub handles face the front and the back of the cart Lift the tub to fit the brackets under the handle and insert them through the 2 double holes on the frame Secure with the metal pins MN72 433 Rev F 69
81. memory and data will have to be transferred with the USB connection or by later inserting a memory card The internal memory capacity is approximately 1 gigabyte Please see Part 4 Data Transfer and File Maintenance for additional information on transfer Antenna Connector The large protruding 19 pin connector at the back of the system is for the antenna control cable You will notice that antenna connection on the SIR 3000 has five notches cut from the metal These mate with the five raised nubs on the control cable to ensure that the pins line up properly e Screw the cable connector collar onto the SIR 3000 to make proper contact The cable should only be hand tightened Do not use a wrench to tighten the connection as over tightening will result in damage The cable connector collar should be screwed down far enough to cover the red line on the SIR 3000 connector e The only proper time to attach or detach an antenna is with system power off Be sure to unplug any external power and to remove the battery before attaching or detaching antennas Putting the SIR 3000 in Sleep Mode is not sufficient WARNING Use of a Model 3207 pair 100 MHz or a Model 3200 Multiple Low Frequency antenna without a TR fiber optic link will cause damage to the SIR 3000 s transmit circuitry Always be sure to use a Model 570 Fiber Optic Transmit Link with the Model 3207 pair and use the fiber optic transmit cable for the 3200 MLF MN72 433 Rev F 2 Geophysi
82. n function size of range gain function offset to text size of text offset to processing history size of processing history number of channels average dielectric constant position in meters range in meters X coordinates gain servo level reserved Ant Conf component setup config number scans per pass line number Y coordinates Antenna name Activ Transmit mask 56 SIR 3000 User s Manual Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual BYTE rh_pass1TX 4 Activ Transmit mask 112 BYTE rh version 3 1 no GPS 2 GPS 113 BYTE rh system 5 3 for SIR3000 113 char rh_name 12 Initial File Name 114 short rh chksum checksum for header 126 char variable INFOAREASIZE Variable data 128 RGPS rh_RGPS 2 GPS info 944 E End of tagRFHeader Addendum B Time Marks File Format SIR 3000 A Internal structures struct RGPS char RecordType 4 DWORD TickCount double PositionGPS 4 struct RDMT DWORD ScanNumber DWORD TickCount B Constants and macros constants const int GPSAREASIZE T C Time Marks File TMF struct RGPS startGPSpos struct RDMT markTime nMarks struct RGPS endGPSpos Minimum file size is GPSAREASIZE GPS record system time SYNC GGA CPU tick count Latitude positive if N Longitude positive if E Altitude FIXUTC
83. n where you extracted it You will need this information for a later step With both PC and SIR 3000 running but not collecting or playing back data Plug Master rectangular end of USB cable into PC Plug Slave square end of USB cable into SIR 3000 ote ee Your PC will generate a dialog stating that a new USB Device has been found Found New Hardware f Sa USB Device X Installing The remaining steps vary depending on operating system Steps for both Windows 2000 and Windows XP are both included in two sections below Windows 2000 Install Hardware Device Drivers Sm 1 p At the Found New Hardware pipet olga a program that enables a hardware device to work with ey Wizard click Next gt This wizard will complete the installation for this device 2 At the Install Hardware Device oD USB Device Drivers dialog select Search for a device driver is a software program that makes a hardware device work Windows suitable dr iver for my device and needs driver files for your new device To locate driver files and complete the installation click Next click Next gt Display a list of the known drivers for this device so that can choose a specific driver lt Back Cancel MN72 433 Rev F 89 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 3 At the Locate Driver Files dialog Found New Hersey i Locate Driver Files deselect floppy an
84. nd you move more than one foot per second the system is going to look for scans which aren t available This is called dropping a scan Assuming your T RATE is 100 KHz this setting should be at 120 whenever you are collecting with a survey wheel and are collecting a max of 512 samp scan MN72 433 Rev F 16 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual If you set this value higher than possible given the 100 KHz T RATE and the number of samples scan the SIR 3000 will automatically lower it to the maximum possible SCN UNIT The last choice is SCN UNIT or scans per unit of horizontal distance This parameter is the scan spacing when you are collecting with the survey wheel e Having a smaller scan spacing produces higher resolution data but larger file sizes The number here is the number of scans that the system will collect per unit of distance So for example if you see a 12 here and the system is set to English feet rather than Metric units you will collect 12 scans per foot or 1 per inch e The StructureScan setting for shallow structural features in concrete is 60 scans foot or 5 scans inch The StructureScan setting also allows you to set to 7 5 and 10 scans inch Ten per inch is the densest recommended scan spacing and it is only meant for the 1 5 1 6 GHz antenna e Lower frequency antennas like the 400 MHz will require coarser scan densities 12 24 scans foot GAIN Gain is the artificial addition of sign
85. nder the Scan menu 4 Check RATE This number will be scans per second Your data density now depends on the rate you move the antenna over the survey surface 5 Check GAIN The thin red line superimposed over the scan in the O Scope window is the gain curve The centerline of the scan is zero and to the left of it is negative removing gain and the right is positive adding gain Ensure that the scan is visible you can see curves If not select AUTO under the GAIN menu This will cause the system to re initialize and ADD REDUCE gain to produce a visible signal Drag the antenna over the area and look for evidence of clipping If MN72 433 Rev F 32 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual your data becomes clipped leave the antenna over the area where it is occurring and re initialize by changing AUTO to MANUAL and then back to AUTO This will depress the gains so that the data will not clip Step 3 Push the function key under RUN SETUP to begin collecting a profile of data The system will emit a beep when it is ready to receive data At the end of your profile push and hold down the Run Setup key to stop data collection The profile will be saved and can be viewed in Playback mode 3 4 Setting Up for Point Data Collection The third data collection mode on the SIR 3000 is for Point data collection This mode is most useful for deep geophysical investigations or data collection over difficult broken terra
86. ndows Pushing this while in Collect Setup begins data collection The TerraSIRch will beep twice then switch to Run mode It will then beep twice again and then it is ready to accept data Pushing this while collecting data will cause it to beep twice again and bring up the Save File dialog It will then go to Setup 3 windows mode Pushing this while in Playback Setup will open the Playback Run mode 1 window The data file you selected in the Open File window will scroll to the end then stop Crosshairs will come up Pushing this again will take you back to the Playback Setup 3 windows COLOR TABLE Pushing this key will allow you to scroll through the 5 available color tables The TerraSIRch will redraw the data from the beginning of the display buffer in that new color You can also change the color table under the OUTPUT gt DISPLAY menu This function is only available in Setup Mode COLOR XFORM This button allows you to scroll through the different color transforms available for some of the color tables A color transform is a different spread of the same colors over the amplitude range of the scan You might use a transform that has a lot of colors spread over the middle if you want to highlight variation in weak targets Only 3 of the 5 color tables have transforms available The red white blue and one of the grayscales are linear color tables and cannot be transformed You can also change the color transform under the OUTPUT gt DISPL
87. nning RADAN you must transfer the whole Grid folder Furthermore do not remove the files from the Grid folder Keep all files pertaining to that grid in the Grid folder So to sum up each grid you collect is a separate folder Inside that folder are all of your radar data lines DZT files Also inside that folder is the B3D file which you will open in RADAN Once RADAN reads that B3D file it will know which of your data lines to put where You must keep that B3D file and all of you data files together in the same grid folder 4 2 Setting Up Quick3D Data Grids Collecting data for 3D imaging is easiest when you have a guide grid laid out to follow You should lay out a grid with chalk paint ropes or some other method Your grid can be any size but your data quality will be much better if you make sure that your grid corners are square Your grid itself does not have to be a square it can be a rectangle or can be irregularly shaped but if you follow the tips below you will save yourself a lot of trouble Tips for Grid Setup e _ If you are scanning in one direction only with a normal profile order one direction only you need the grid edge that you start your profiles from the baseline to be straight We understand one direction only to mean scanning along only the X or the Y axis but not both A normal profile order is one where you are collecting data along your profile in one direction In other words you start at t
88. nt your survey E AUTO grid origin to have that coordinate you can put it in here QOFFSET 25 00 SURFACE 7 00 X Y END The SIR 3000 uses this coordinate to figure out the 5 g FILTERS size of your grid In the menu tree the numbers for both the X LP_IIR 800 and Y are 20 This means that the X axis and the Y axis both HP_IIR 100 end at 20 and since the origin is at 0 0 the grid is 20x20 OHP FIR 0 Note These numbers are coordinates not line length So if E STACKING 3 you have a 20x20 grid and X Y START is 10x10 then X Y Ree Seis 9 END is 30x30 XIn YIn_SPC This is the spacing between your survey lines X lines are parallel to the X axis and Y lines are parallel to the Y axis The X spacing can be different from the Y spacing but the spacing must be regular For example you cannot start your grid at one interval and change halfway through to another If you need to change the line spacing you must start a new grid with the new parameters If you only want to collect on the X or the Y set the line spacing of the direction you are not collecting to 0 MN72 433 Rev F 37 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Note If you intend to collect data in both X and Y and to process that data you must collect the grid twice once in X and once in Y and then combine them in RADAN TEST_DIEL This function allows you to test the dielectric of the material you are scanning through by collecting a section of da
89. o move the antenna at a constant speed and to add user marks by clicking the mark button at consistent intervals Time based data requires additional processing in RADAN to create a 3 D image If 3 D imaging is your goal you should collect Distance based data with a survey wheel Step 1 After system boot up press the TerraSIRch function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Examine the parameters in the Collect tree to ensure that the system is properly configured for the antenna you are using 1 Load SETUP Under the System menu open SETUP and RECALL a factory setup for the antenna that you are using or a saved setup that you have worked with previously 2 Check MODE Under the Collect gt Radar menu ensure that MODE is set to TIME 3 Check RANGE With the system in Collect Setup mode and data scrolling across the screen drag the antenna over the area and find a target that you want to image Note its position on the screen and at what time depth it occurs Ideally it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the range u
90. of filters that we are using are the Finite Impulse Response FIR and Infinite Impulse Response IIR We are using these to downplay external interference and thus clean up the signal The FIR filter does this without altering the phase of the signal For some antennas we also use a very low IIR filter to clean certain characteristics of that antenna s signal These filters are antenna specific and are set automatically when you recall the proper setup for your antenna FIR filters should not be used with 4096 or 8192 samples per scan e LP stands for low pass which means that any frequency lower than the one entered here will be allowed to pass by and be recorded by the system e HP stands for high pass which means that any frequency higher than the one entered here will be allowed to pass by and be recorded by the system e By setting these at different ends of the antenna s bandwidth you are determining the range of frequencies that the antenna is filtering out e The default values will be adequate in almost all situations STACKING After the frequency filters the next choice is Stacking Stacking is a high frequency noise reduction technique It is an IIR filter which operates in the horizontal direction Each new scan has a 1 n influence in the data so this filter has a tendency to smooth high frequency targets and accentuate low frequency horizontal features such as layers As the number of scans you stack n increases th
91. og Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Interpolate time distance data between the marked scans as necessary Addendum A SIR 3000 User s Manual Please see the protocols listed below in the following Addenda for help on how to extract the necessary information RADAN File Header Format SIR 3000 Please note This information is being provided for informational use only It is not supported by GSSI technical support and is only provided for those users who are already comfortable working in a C programming environment A Internal structures struct tagRFDate unsigned sec2 5 unsigned min 6 0 23 unsigned day 5 unsigned month 4 unsigned year 7 struct tagRFCoords float rh fstart float rh fend struct RGPS char RecordType 4 DWORD TickCount double PositionGPS 4 bs MN72 433 Rev F File header date time structure second 2 0 29 minute 0 59 unsigned hour 5 hour day 1 31 month 1 Jan 2 Feb etc year 1980 0 127 1980 2107 Start End position GPS record system time SYNC GGA CPU tick count Latitude positive if N Longitude positive if E Altitude FIXUTC 55 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc B Constants and macros constants const int const int const int const int MINHEADSIZE PARAREASIZE GPSAREASIZE INFOAREASIZE 1024 128 2 sizeof RGPS MINHEADSIZE PARAREASIZE GPS
92. ormal normal normal normal normal normal Size 20x20m 50x50ft 20x20m 50x50ft 5x5m 10x10ft 5x5m 10x10ft 5x5m 10x10ft Spacing 1m eft 0 5m att 0 25m tft 0 25m 1ft 0 25m 1ft Direction Yonly Yonly Yonly Yonly X and Y X and Y X and Y X and Y X and Y X and Y RANGE 110ns 110ns 50ns 50ns 30ns 30ns 10ns 10ns 10ns 10ns DIEL 8 8 8 8 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 25 RATE 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 SCN UNIT 50 m 12 ft 50 m 18 ft 100 m 30 ft 200 m 60 ft 200 m 60 ft GAIN auto auto auto auto auto auto manual manual manual manual POINTS 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 LP_IIR 600 600 800 800 2500 2500 0 0 0 0 HP_IIR 50 50 100 100 225 225 10 10 10 10 LP_FIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 3000 3000 3000 3000 HP_FIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 250 250 250 STACKING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BGR_RMVL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIG COL no no no no no no no no no no MIG PB no no no no no no no no yes yes C_TABLE 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray 4 gray C_XFORM 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal 2 normal DISPLAY GAIN db 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 PATH COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON COMMON MN72 433 Rev F 82 Glossary of Terms in Pre loaded Quick3D Setups Note You can alter any of these parameters after you have recalled them The saved Setups represent common settings and are a good start point template Setup Descriptions 1 200 SW A Model 5106 200 MHz ant
93. ou can change it to Time under SYSTEM gt UNITS gt VSCALE This may help you to estimate the correct range value 4 Check SCN UNIT Generally you need a minimum of 10 scans to draw a recognizable hyperbola The rule of thumb is to have 10 scans divided by the depth of the shallowest object So if you want to image something 10 feet deep 10 scans 10 feet 1 scan foot For 5 feet 10 scans 5 feet 2 scans foot For locating structural features in concrete with the 1 5 1 6 GHz antenna we usually recommend 90 ft For utility and tank location we usually recommend 6 24 ft While this is more than the minimum rule of thumb GSSI has found these densities to work well in the widest variety of situations MN72 433 Rev F 29 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The image below shows hyperbolas from objects of similar size The hyperbolas vary in size because due to the spreading of the radar signal a deeper target shows reflections in more scans than a shallow one 5 Check GAIN The thin red line superimposed over the scan in the O Scope window is the gain curve The centerline of the scan is zero and to the left of it is negative decreasing gain and the right is positive adding gain Ensure that the scan is visible you can see curves Gain is applied in dB along an exponential function to more closely model loss If not select AUTO under the Gain menu This will cause the system to re initial
94. r 225 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 2500 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz MN72 433 Rev F 75 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 500 MHz Model 3102 500 MHz antenna Not Model 3102 HP or 3102 DP Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 60ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 3 Vertical High Pass Filter 125 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 400 MHz Model 5103 400 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 3m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 50 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 3 Vertical High Pass Filter 100 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 800 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 270 MHz Model 5104 270 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 4m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 75 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 3 Vertical High Pass Filter 75 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 700 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 200 MHz Model 5106 200 MHz ground coupled antenna Lower frequency antenna optimized for mid range profiling Range 100ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits MN72 433 Rev F 76 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Fil
95. reflections in more scans than a shallow one MN72 433 Rev F 63 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Lower frequency antennas like the 200 MHz and 400 MHz will sometimes not image targets close to the surface very ees inch io well While not strictly a dead zone you should be aware that it may be difficult but not impossible to see targets in 16 GHz ree this area As a general rule of thumb this zone is equal to the spacing between the transmitter and receiver dipoles 20o MEZ an but this can vary with soil composition See the chart at right for a general idea If your application requires you to mere e0325 see deep and shallow consider surveying the area with two different antennas POO MHZ 1290 5 Target Composition Your ability to see a target depends on the contrast between the dielectric values of the target s material and the material that the radar energy was traveling through just before it hit the target The greater the contrast between the dielectric values the more visible the target is For applications which involve finding metal targets like rebar pipes and drums this is not a great issue because there will always be a great contrast The dielectric of metals is so high that the actual number is meaningless You will always have a visible contrast where metals are concerned Composition can affect your ability to see things in different ways
96. rs keep the position set to Auto This choice is automatically set to MANUAL if you are using sample densities of 4098 or 8192 OFFSET This is an internal system parameter that describes the time lag in ns from the SIR 3000 triggering the pulse inside of the control unit until we consider it to have transmitted from the antenna itself Since there is no way to accurately measure the exact moment the pulse leaves the antenna we use the antenna s direct coupling to figure out the appropriate point to set the offset and thus the transmit pulse The direct coupling is the pulse that travels inside of the antenna housing directly from the transmitter to the receiver and it is generally considered to be the first response in the data As long as the antenna dipoles are not very far apart as is the case with a separated bistatic antenna pair the direct coupling happens before any reflections from the ground So if we make sure that we have the direct coupling visible in the data we can be sure that we have 100 of our data and most importantly the ground surface to perform a depth calculation The number here is nanoseconds from trigger pulse inside the SIR 3000 If you need to adjust this parameter use caution not to lose that direct coupling wave SURFACE SURFACE is a useful display option and is new to the SIR 3000 This allows you to visually cut out the flat part of the scan and the direct wave and show the scan from the first refl
97. rting it to re boot Note For information on other modes please see Chapter 6 TerraS Rch SIR 3000 vere Metric TerraSiRch Concrete Structure Utility Geology Quick 3D Scan Scan Scan Scan bm le MN72 433 Rev F 9 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Data Display Windows Parameter Selection Tree A PA eR A W bam Wen ee tee ee yet Main Data Display l Window 3 y 3 s gt L a i onl S a Command Bar a RUN STOP COLLECT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP COLOR TABLE COLOR XFRM MODE MODE O Scope right On the far right of the screen you will see a window that shows a single radar scan in an oscilloscope style O scope depiction This will show successive single scans as you move your antenna across an area while in Setup mode e Time depth increases down the screen e At the bottom of the window you will see a color bar This shows you the distribution of colors across the range of reflection amplitudes size of the peaks of the scan to the left and the right of center The exact color and distribution depends on your choice of color table and color transform Main Display center The main data display window in the center shows a radar profile in linescan format In this depiction successive single scans are assigned color values and stacked next to each other in sequence to form a continuous image e The vertical scale on the left of this data display window
98. s Inc 7 3 Using the G30L with the SIR 3000 and RADAN 6 0 The G30L was an optional accessory to our SIR 3000 It is no longer available new and this section is presented for those who had previously purchased the G30L It is a GPS datalogger with no external controls It will store up to 15 hours of GPS data that can be downloaded at any time The only caveat is that once it fills its memory it stops For this reason we stop and clear its internal memory at the end of each survey To simplify the interface we also needed to make changes in RADAN which will next appear in version 6 0 Here s all you need to do e Turn on your SIR 3000 e Plug your GPS unit in the serial port and the USB port for power e Enable GPS in the RADAR Menu always off on Startup GPS Start Stop positions and times go in the header of your DZT data file see Addendum A These positions are all you Il need for most surveys The GPS positions between Start and Stop get matched up with the Mark positions in RADAN 6 0 and are stored in the new database Microsoft Access compatible Matching your own GPS GPR Data With other GPS units the match up can be done but it s a bit complicated Here s how First Collect the GPS GPR Data e Turn on your SIR 3000 e Plug your GPS unit in the serial port e Enable GPS in the RADAR Menu always off on Startup MN72 433 Rev F 54 SIR 3000 User s Manual e Set your GPS to
99. s Inc The least Satellite a expensive way to correct for l J n spheiic these errors is Refraction through Differential GPS DGPS where data from a second stationary GPS A Base GPS P is subtracted from a Roving GPS Compared to the distance from the satellite distance between Base and Rover is insignificant which means the travel paths through the ionosphere and troposphere are basically identical So the difference between the two positions subtracts out atmospheric effects leaving just the Rover position What is WAAS The Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS is a form of differential GPS that uses geostationary satellites to transmit an error correction estimate back down to your receiver The measured positions of ground reference stations strategically positioned across the country are sent up to the WAAS satellites Your receiver reads the reference station closest to you WAAS testing in September 2002 confirmed accuracy performance of 1 2 meters horizontal and 2 3 meters vertical throughout the majority of the continental US and portions of Alaska http gps faa gov Programs WAAS waas ht m This is with a clear view of the sky Typically WAAS can improve your error from less than 5 meters 95 of the time to less than 3 meters WAAS is now available even in the less expensive GPS units and is recommended Tropospheric Refraction MultiPath Reflection MN72 433 Rev F
100. s Manual Mark point inserted along a survey line manually by the operator or at preset intervals MHz Acronym for Megahertz A measurement of frequency equal to one million cycles per second Migration mathematical calculation used to remove outlying tails of a hyperbola and to accurately fix the position of a target Nano second unit of measurement for recording the time delay between transmission of a radar pulse and reception of that pulse s reflections Equal to one one billionth of a second Noise unwanted background interference that can obscure true data Noise floor time depth at which the noise makes target identification impossible nS see Nano Second Oscilloscope device used to view and measure the strength and shape of energy waves Common term in GPR industry for a method of data display showing actual radar wave anatomy Passband the frequency range at which the antenna is emitting energy It is roughly equivalent to 0 5 2 times the center frequency RAM Acronym for random access memory Temporary memory in which a computer stores information used with a running program or temporarily stored data before it is written to a hard drive Range the total length of time in nanoseconds for which the control unit will record reflections Note indicates two way travel time RF Acronym for radio frequency Sample a radar data point with two attributes time and reflection amplitude A third attribute po
101. s Manual RADAR This sub menu has four main choices Antenna T RATE MODE and GPS Antenna Choice Under this menu you will be able to enter the center frequency of the particular antenna you are using This will allow the SIR 3000 to perform the auto surface operation T_RATE The T_RATE is the antenna transmit rate in KHz This rate is capped at 100 KHz A higher transmit rate equals faster data collection ability Some older antennas however are not capable of transmitting at high speeds and setting them at a high transmit rate may cause error Please consult your antenna documentation or call GSSI Tech Support if you have any question about transmit rate All GSSI 5100 series antennas 1 6 GHz 1 5 GHz 1 0 GHz 400 MHz 270 MHz 200 MHz can be driven at 100 KHz If you are using another GSSI antenna consult Appendix E for the proper transmit rate Note If your SIR 3000 beeps repeatedly with an older high power antenna you may have your T_RATE set too high This beeping is a high voltage overload warning A prolonged overload could damage your system Lower your T_RATE until the beeping stops MODE The MODE selection allows you to collect data as point distance or time based Point data collection is commonly selected only for very deep applications or very difficult terrain The system will record one scan every time the external marker or Run Stop button is pressed The antenna is then moved to the next location and the next scan i
102. s is shown by a change in the slope of the curve e Use caution not to add too much gain to a single point because you may create what will look like a layer in the data The software will automatically adjust lower gain points to be equal to or greater than higher points This is done to avoid a negative gain slope Note The SIR 3000 is only displaying about 25 of the amplitude range This means that even if your data appears slightly clipped the SIR 3000 is likely still recording the full amplitude range of the reflection If you use a 12 dB display gain you will see an accurate MN72 433 Rev F 17 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual representation of the recorded scan This also means that when you view your data in RADAN it will appear under gained and you will need to add some display gain POSITION This menu controls the position of Time Zero Time Zero is the location of the beginning of the time range and thus the beginning of the scan Typically having the system auto locate itself is enough to adequately set the position If however you need to manually adjust the location of Time Zero this is the place to do it Position contains three additional menus MANUAL AUTO OFFSET and SURFACE MANUAL AUTO The MANUAL AUTO toggle will allow you to make adjustments in manual mode and cause the system to re servo just like in the gain menu when switched back to auto GSSI recommends that inexperienced use
103. s taken In time based data collection the system is recording a certain amount of scans per second The data density over an area depends on the speed that the antenna is moved over the ground The rate scans second is set in the SCAN submenu Distance based collection is performed with a survey wheel The system records a certain number of scans per unit of distance This is the most accurate data collection method and it is strongly recommended that you collect data in this mode if possible Distance based data is required for 3D files GPS This selection allows you to toggle the GPS capability on and off Connect the GPS to the serial port and toggle this either to G30L if you are using the GPS receiver obtained from GSSI or to CUSTOM if you are using another GPS receiver Consult Part 7 of this manual for additional instructions and setting up the GPS and working with it GSSI publishes information about GPS integration as Technical Notes that are available on the GSSI website www geophysical com SCAN Scan contains six additional menus SAMPLES FORMAT RANGE DIEL RATE and SCN UNIT SAMPLES Each scan curve is made up of a set number of individual data points called Samples The more samples you collect the smoother the scan curve and the better your vertical resolution will be e Youcan choose from a preset list of 256 512 1024 2048 4096 or 8192 samples per scan FIR filters should not be used with 4096 or 8192 samples per
104. scan e Note that as sample number increases maximum scan rate drops and file size increases MN72 433 Rev F 15 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual e GSSI recommends sampling at 512 or 1024 samples per scan for most applications More samples will be required for deep geologic or polar ice thickness applications FORMAT Data can be collected in either 8 bit or 16 bit format 16 bit data is recommended for most applications because it has a greater dynamic range meaning there is more information in the data If you are only collecting data to be viewed on the screen no processing or are collecting very high samples scan data you should set this to 8 bit data 16 bit data profiles are twice as large in terms of computer storage RANGE RANGE is the time window in nanoseconds ns that the SIR 3000 will record reflections The time range is proportional to depth viewed because a longer range will allow more time for energy to penetrate deeper and give reflections from deeper down e tis important to remember that the range is two way travel time so that a range of 50 ns means that the deepest reflector is 25 ns deep e Bearin mind that you still have a set number of samples to draw a curve and a very long range may require a greater number of samples The range can be set from 5 8000 ns e Please see Appendix B for a list of common ranges for individual antennas DIEL DIEL refers to the dielectric constant o
105. se Attach the front fork of the cart to the antenna as shown Tighten down the clamp at the rear of the antenna All screws should be lightly snugged down Completed mount This configuration allows you to scan much closer to a curbside or building MN72 433 Rev F 72 SIR 3000 User s Manual Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Appendix D Dielectric Values For Common Materials Material Dielectric Velocity Clay soil 3 173 mm ns dry Air 1 300 Marsh 12 86 Agricultural 15 77 Water fresh 81 33 land Water sea 81 33 Pastoral land 13 83 Polar snow 1 4 3 194 252 Average 16 75 Polar ice 3 3 15 168 soil Temperate 3 2 167 Granite 5 8 106 120 ice Limestone 7 9 100 113 Pure ice 3 2 167 Dolomite 6 8 8 106 115 Freshwater 4 150 Basalt wet 8 106 lake ice Shale wet 7 113 Sea ice 2 5 8 78 157 Sandstone 6 112 Permafrost 1 8 106 300 wet Coastal sand 10 95 dry Coal 4 5 134 150 Sand dry 13 6 120 170 Quartz 4 3 145 Sand wet 25 30 55 60 Concrete 5 8 55 120 f Asphalt 3 5 134 173 Silt wet 10 95 Clay wet 8 15 86 110 abe 13 Meter to English conversion factor 2 54 cm in 1 inch Table of Dielectric values adapted from Reynolds John M 1997 An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics John Wiley amp Sones New
106. shows time depth or sample number e Newscans will be placed at the right side of the window and data will scroll from right to left Command Bar bottom The bar across the bottom of the screen is the Command bar and allows you different toggles and functions depending on whichever system mode you are in at the time You can activate these commands by pushing the function key right below the wording These commands are each explained in more detail later on when the different system modes are discussed Parameter Selection left To the left of the main data display window is the parameter selection tree window This window is where you will navigate through the various commands set system parameters and enter file name information The tree is similar to the basic folder and file browser seen in many Windows based applications Upon setup you will see three choices that indicate the three modes of the SIR 3000 COLLECT PLAYBACK and OUTPUT as well as the SYSTEM menu used to change system parameters MN72 433 Rev F 10 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 2 3 System Modes and Menus A General Description The SIR 3000 has four main system menus Collect Playback Output and System We will first look briefly at the System menu F correct Pj PLAYBACK Pj OUTPUT Pj SYSTEM The SYSTEM Menu If you are using your SIR 3000 for the first time or if you need to change some system parameters you should
107. silt wet sand Type 4 Dielectric 32 wet conditions clay What is Preset T_RATE 100 RATE 100 Gain 3 point Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position MN72 433 Rev F 49 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 6 4 GeologyScan This mode is optimized for 2D profiling of shallow geological features such as high bedrock sediment bedding water tables etc It is also useful for archaeological profiling GeologyScan works with the 400 MHz 270 MHz 200 MHz and 100 MHz antennas though only the 400 MHz is small enough to be mobilized on the survey cart Other antennas will need to be dragged over the ground surface Upon clicking the GeologyScan button you will be asked to click Right for English or Left for Metric units You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across There is no QuickStart Guide available for GeologyScan What You Can Customize Choose your antenna by selecting the proper center frequency from the list under the RADAR submenu Select DISTANCE based or TIME based data collection under MODE Remember to check the survey wheel calibration Choose 1024 recommended 512 or 256 samples scan under the Samples submenu and then choose 16 default or 8 bit data collection under FORMAT Select the appropriate soil type from the list of 4 presents This will set your dielectric and affect your maximum
108. sition is assigned by the user Under sampling will produce a scan wave that does not contain enough information to draw a smooth curve It may miss features Over sampling will produce a larger data file Samples Scan the number of samples recorded from an individual radar scan Commonly set to 512 Scan one complete reflected wave from transmission to reception sometimes called a trace Survey wheel wheel attached to an antenna and calibrated to record precise distances Necessary for accurate data collection Time slice a horizontal planview of amplitude values drawn from adjacent vertical profiles The time slice is produced for a particular time depth and is vital for understanding the horizontal positions of features in a survey area Time window the amount of time in nano seconds that the control unit will count reflections from a particular pulse Set by the operator Transect a line of survey data An area is systematically surveyed by recording transects of data at a constant interval The transects are then placed in their correct position relative to each other in a computer and horizontal time slices are produced UWB Acronym for Ultra Wide Band Refers to the wide frequency band of emissions put out by a GPR device MN72 433 Rev F 86 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Wiggle trace method of GPR data display showing oscilloscope trace scans placed next to each other to form a profile vie
109. t will be File_001 In other words it will fill in any gaps in the memory before adding new files MN72 433 Rev F 46 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 6 Summary of Pre Set Mode Parameters The section briefly describes four out of the six operation modes for the SIR 3000 These modes are more limited in their customization because they are meant for specific applications or to collect data for on screen target location as opposed to post processing As noted earlier TerraSIRch mode allows you full reign over all collection parameters The 3Dscan mode is similar to TerraSIRch in that it is fully customizable but with the added feature of defining an easy 3D data collection project Please note that some of these modes may require additional equipment purchase in order to get full functionality Expanded instructions for each of these modes are available in the form of separate QuickStart manuals Contact your GSSI sales consultant for more details The four additional modes are e ConcreteScan e StructureScan e UtilityScan e GeologyScan 6 1 ConcreteScan ConcreteScan is meant for a quick and dirty scan of concrete You would use this mode to locate shallow structural features in concrete and mark their location directly on the survey surface prior to any cutting coring or drilling It works with the 1 6 GHz 1 5 GHz 1 0 GHz and 900 MHz antennas First choose English or Metric units and then
110. ta and then performing a migration on that data This is important because if your dielectric is correct then you know what depth you are scanning to Highlight this choice and click Enter to bring up a pop up menu You will notice that data has stopped scrolling across the screen With that pop up menu on the screen collect a profile of at least 10 feet in length This profile must go over known targets and must cut across those targets at a right angle You will now use the Up and Down arrows to adjust the dielectric value so that those hyperbolas collapse to points After selecting a dielectric value press Enter to see that take effect Once you have established the correct dielectric value click the Right arrow This will also cause the system to re initialize DIEL too DIEL too DIEL HIGH LOW just Hyperbolas Hyperbola RICE have not tails have Hyperbol collapsed turned as have into points upward into collapsed Still are smiles into shaped like narrow yperbolas targets Note Dielectrics in soils are rarely constant This method is best suited to find the dielectric in engineered or homogenous materials Do not use this method to establish a depth approximation in soils MN72 433 Rev F 38 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 4 4 Step By Step Software Setup Step 1 After system boot up press the Quick3D function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on
111. tains the following items 1 Digital Control Unit DC 3000 with preloaded operating system 1 Transit Case 2 Batteries 1 Charger 1 AC Adaptor 1 Sunshade 1 Operation Manual Your choice of antenna cables and post processing software is available for an additional purchase 1 2 General Description The SIR 3000 is a lightweight portable single channel ground penetrating radar system that is ideal for a wide variety of applications The various components of the SIR 3000 are described below The major external features of the control unit are the keypad color SVGA video screen connector panel battery slot and indicator lights The video screen allows you to view data in real time or in playback mode It is readable in bright sunlight although an optional sunshade for the unit is available Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight will cause the screen to heat up and may affect screen visibility Note Do not use Windex or other ammonia based glass cleaner to clean the display screen as this may damage the coating Use only a clean slightly damp cloth to gently clean the screen Due to the screen s special coating for direct sun viewing it is very susceptible to scratches Take extreme care not to use any abrasive materials or any solvents to clean the screen The only recommended cleaning tool is a camera quality lens cloth Screen replacement due to scratching is not covered under the system s warranty MN72 433
112. ter 50 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 600 MHz Scans per second 64 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 100 MHz Model 3207 100 MHz ground coupled antenna Low frequency for deeper profiling Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 300 MHz Scans per second 16 Transmit Rate 50 KHz E 2 Parameter Listing for Older Specialty Antennae The following list of antenna setups is provided to assist you in using the SIR 3000 with additional antennae To use this list you must enter the correct parameters You may wish to save any special parameters in a separate setup under the System menu to help you easily recall them Some of these are no longer commercially available but the system does function with all older antennas They are designated by their center frequency and in some cases a D or S which noted whether that setup is for Deep or Shallow prospecting Please note that many of these antennae have a different listed transmit rate than the default one on the SIR 3000 The transmit rate listed here is the rate that the antenna was tested and rated at It may function correctly at a higher transmit rate and allow you to collect data faster but you must pay careful attention to your data to decide if the antenna is functioning correctly at the different rate If your system is beeping it indicates that your T RATE is too high for this antenna 3
113. th Note The MLF antennas are unshielded Data Collection Mode Point Range 250ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 160 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MLF 240 cm Low Frequency antenna length 2 4m Data Collection Mode Point Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 15 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 90 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MN72 433 Rev F 79 SIR 3000 User s Manual MLF 360 cm Low Frequency antenna length 3 6m Data Collection Mode Point Range 750ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 10 Vertical Low Pass Filter 60 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MLF 480 cm Low Frequency antenna set to a length of 4 8m Data Collection Mode Point Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 6 Vertical Low Pass Filter 40 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12KHz MLF 600 cm Low Frequency antenna set to a length of 6 0m Data Collection Mode Point Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 1 Vertical Low Pass Filter
114. ting is mainly what those doing Archaeology will face In this case you don t have any concrete information about the subsurface so you will need to do 3D over the area and look for human made patterns that could be targets An example of the final reason would be coring or cutting into an area that has live high voltage in the floor When the safety of your crew is at stake the more information the better MN72 433 Rev F 65 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual This page intentionally left blank MN72 433 Rev F 66 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix C Mounting Your SIR 3000 on a Cart Mobilizing your system on the GSSI Model 623 survey cart allows you to cover ground much more easily and conveniently than with the conventional system configuration described in Part 2 1 The cart can accommodate the 400 MHz 900 MHz and 1 5 GHz antennas It also incorporates a survey wheel for high precision distance measurements 1 Unfolding the cart and attaching the wheels 2 Mounting the antenna 3 Attaching the SIR 3000 4 Optional mounting of the 400MHz on the front of the cart MN72 433 Rev F 67 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual C 1 Unfolding the cart and attaching the wheels Unfold the cart frame and insert the black tips of the top assembly into the receivers on the front wheel fork Secure with the attached pin Squeeze the silver wheel
115. troduction to the different menus and functions that are available to you in TerraSIRch mode TerraSIRch mode allows you total control over all collection parameters and is the most versatile data collection method usable for all GPR applications If desired these 2 D profiles can later be transferred to a PC for processing in GSSI s RADAN post processing software 2 1 Hardware Setup Hardware setup for the SIR 3000 is very simple We will assume the 400 MHz Model 5103 antenna for this example but the hardware connections are the same for other GSSI antennas and the cable connections are clearly marked Follow the steps below 1 Attach the survey handle between the two vertical mounting plates on the top of the antenna with the two removable pins adjust the angle for comfort and connect the marker cable to the antenna at the MARK port c O N T R o L MN72 433 Rev F 7 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 2 Connect the female end of the antenna control cable to your antenna Then connect the male end to the antenna connection on the back of the SIR 3000 Connect the two protective caps together Attach the survey wheel to the brackets at the back of the antenna as shown below and connect the cable to the SURVEY port on the top of the antenna Be sure that the triangular plate protecting the survey wheel encoder faces down 3 Connect power source battery or AC to the SIR 3000 and the syst
116. u want 3D with both directions you must collect the area twice For the X set up the file with a 0 in the Y line spacing and vice versa if you want to collect for the Y Collect and save the file then collect and save a separate file for the other direction You will thus end up with two 3D files Step 4 Push the function key under RUN SETUP to begin data collection The system will beep twice to open the Collection Run window 2 display windows You will see the Linescan window at the right it will be blank at first the Position window at the left and the Prompt Area at the top Position your antenna so that its center is in the middle of your start line and push the Mark button The MARK TO START message will turn into a COLLECT DATA message Move the antenna along your survey line You will see data scrolling across the screen Once the SIR 3000 has collected enough data based on your setup parameters it will stop recoding automatically Reposition your antenna at the beginning of the next line and continue by following the instructions shown in the Prompt Area MN72 433 Rev F 39 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 4 5 Collecting Data Step Hs COLLECT FILE After you have clicked paka Wa rompt Area eN RUN SETUP from the setup EELE screen you will see the Run A screen 2 windows at right You will need to click the Mark button on the SIR 3000 to start j data collection Each su
117. uctions for setting up and collecting a 3 D project using the Quick3D Collection mode in Part 4 The first section of this part includes a step by step checklist to set up your system This refers to the software setup only not the hardware setup If you are using a survey cart please see Appendix C otherwise see Section 2 1 These first two parts also assume that you are collecting distance based data with the survey wheel If you are collecting data where the scan spacing is based on time Time based see Part 3 3 and if you are collecting single Point data please see Part 3 4 Note If the external memory card is inserted into the system before you turn it on all data files will be automatically collected to that memory card They will not be saved to the internal memory Note Due to constraints on the internal memory the largest single profile you can collect is 64 MB At 512 samples scan and 12 scans foot this translates to 5200 feet or roughly one mile Note You can collect up to 70 files before you need to power down the system and restart it If you collect more than 70 without restarting the system the SIR 3000 will hang up and you will lose that data profile that you are collecting and will need to restart the system Remember to reload any saved setups and recheck your collection parameters to be sure that they are the same as they were before you powered down This may also corrupt your setup file 3 1 Setting Up for 2 D
118. ue Model 611 3 5 6 wheel Model 613 StructureScan Cart or single wheel 900 MHz 2000 ticks meter 609 6 ticks foot Model 620 16 wheel 400 MHz and 200 MHz tow behind 417 ticks meter 127 ticks foot MN72 433 Rev F 28 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Model 623 Survey Cart UtilityScan Cart 1785 ticks meter 544 ticks foot Model 614 615 Survey Minicart Blue metal StructureScan Cart with or without bar code reader 4030 ticks meter 1229 ticks foot Note If you set the horizontal units on the SIR 3000 under SYSTEM gt UNITS gt DISTANCE to inches or cm you will need to input the calibration default in ticks inch cm For inches divide the ticks ft by 12 and for cm divide by 100 To quickly input a default calibration number open the calibration dialogue and simply spin the wheel until the total number of ticks is equal to 10 times the default value 3 Check RANGE With the system in Collect Setup mode and data scrolling across the screen drag the antenna over the area and find a target that you want to image Note its position on the screen and at what time depth it occurs Ideally it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the range under the Scan menu You may also take one quick profile over your targets and note where they fall on the data window If your vertical scale is set to depth y
119. ue ranges allows you to see more subtle variations in the data Bear in mind that not every transform is available for every color table There are up to 4 different transforms available GAIN The final display option is GAIN This is often referred to as display gain because it basically just increases the amplitude of your data by multiplying every sample throughout your scan by a constant value The result is that you will be able to better see weaker reflections but those already strong reflections will be over gained This function is useful for a quick viewing of data that is attenuated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not clipped Transfer This sub menu allows you to perform file maintenance The four options for this sub menu are PC FLASH HD hard drive and DELETE PC HD and FLASH allow you to move data from the internal system memory to an external device such as a PC flash card Microdrive or an external USB keychain drive Transfer to a PC will be controlled by the external computer through Microsoft ActiveSync while transfer to the removable Flash card can be done using the SIR 3000 s buttons For detailed instructions on data transfer please see Part 5 Data Transfer and File Maintenance 2 4 The Command Bar The six keys across the bottom of the data display window have different functions depending on whether you are in Setup 3 display windows mode or in Run 1 display window mode In Setup Mode
120. urn into smiles If you have too high a number they will remain hyperbolas Note The SIR 3000 is only performing a constant velocity migration MN72 433 Rev F 41 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Understanding the 3D Playback Screen Once you get to this display you PLAYBACK FILE___001 0ZT can toggle to different color SELECT DEPTH Chooser gt aaa tables or transforms by using the x ein aan i la S Command Bar buttons or go n eoi A a SER back to the Setup 3 windows screen by clicking Run Setup 0 0 24 0 ET Window PENA i Crosshairs C Sean The C scan top down display Crosshairs window is split into 3 important 4 areas Linescan Window e At the right is the Linescan window which shows a 2D vertical profile Depth is shown on the vertical axis Linescan Crosshair Z Location 0 0 0 0 t 24 0 0 0 and distance along the Top Down C Scan Tien survey profile is shown on SHOW RUN SETUP COLOR TABLE COLOR XFRM PROFILE the horizontal Underneath this display are two coordinates The first is distance and the second is depth e At the left is the Top Down C Scan map This map shows the location of targets as if you were standing above your survey area and looking straight down At the lower left corner is 0 0 The X axis is horizontal and the Y is vertical The black dots along two of the sides are the locations of profiles You will also s
121. version you have then go to www geophysical com click on Technical Support and then click on the Software Updates link You should also download the instructions for the download You will need a USB cable to link your SIR 3000 to your PC and you will also need a password and username for the secure section of GSSI s website You may register for a password on the Technical Support section of the website MN72 433 Rev F 13 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The COLLECT Menu The COLLECT menu is similar to the Collect Setup mode on the older GSSI SIR 2 and SIR 2000 If you are familiar with those systems you will notice a lot of similarities here Under COLLECT there are five main sub menus that can each be accessed by pushing the Down arrow to highlight the sub menu then the Right arrow to see additional menus inside the sub menu These are e RADAR page 15 COLLECT e SCAN page 15 aon uke e GAIN page 17 OT RATE e POSITION page 18 stu oma e FILTERS page 19 E scan OH SAMPLES 512 D FORMAT bits 16 MH RANGE nS 60 DIEL 10 00 O RATE 100 m SCN UNIT 18 00 amp GAIN AUTO HO POINTS 3 MH GP1 dB 10 D GP2 dB 15 D GP3 dB 25 o o POSITION 0 AUTO OFFSET 25 00 B SURFACE 7 00 FILTERS OH LP IIR 800 MHP IIR 100 O LP FIR 0 O HP FIR 0 D STACKING 3 BGR_RMVL 0 MN72 433 Rev F 14 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User
122. viewing it is very susceptible to scratches Take extreme care not to use any abrasive materials or any solvents to clean the screen The only recommended cleaning tool is a camera quality lens cloth Screen replacement due to scratching is not covered under the system s warranty Power off before connection disconnecting an antenna Antennas are not hot swappable You must remove the battery or AC power before connecting or disconnecting an antenna Failure to remove power may cause damage to the SIR 3000 Weatherproofing The SIR 3000 is weather resistant but not weather proof Try to avoid getting the system wet If you believe that water has gotten inside of the system disconnect power open the battery compartment and input connector compartment on the back and allow the system to thoroughly dry 100 MHz 3207 and 3200 MLF antennas Use of a Model 3207 pair 100 MHz ora Model 3200 Multiple Low Frequency antenna without a TR fiber optic link will cause damage to the SIR 3000 s transmit circuitry Always be sure to use a Model 570 Fiber Optic Transmit Link with the Model 3207 pair and use the fiber optic transmit cable for the 3200 MLF MN72 433 Rev F 5 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev F 6 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Chapter 2 Getting Started and TerraSiRch Module Setup In Part 2 you will find instructions for connecting all of the hardware inputs and an in
123. w Commonly used method in seismic studies Further Reading Davis J L Annan A P Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy Geophysical Prospecting 37 531 551 Conyers Lawrence B and Dean Goodman Ground Penetrating Radar An Introduction for Archaeologists Altamira Press Hatton L Worthington M H and Makin J 1986 Seismic Data Processing Theory and Practice Blackwell Scientific Publications Boston MA 177p Jackson J D 1975 Classical Electrodynamics Wiley amp Sons Jordan E C Balmain K G 1968 Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems Prentice Hall NJ pp 139 144 Oppenheim Willsky and Young 1983 Signal and Systems Prentice Hall Reynolds John M 1997 An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics Wiley and Sons Roberts R L Daniels J J 1996 Analysis of GPR Polarization Phenomena JEEG 1 2 139 157 Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 1 History Theory and Data Acquisition Cambridge University Press New York 253 p Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 2 Data Processing and Interpretation Cambridge University Press New York 221 p Telford W M Geldart L P Sheriff R E Applied Geophysics Cambridge Univ Press MA p 291 Wait J R Geo Electromagnetism Academic Press New York Yilmaz Oz Seismic Data Analysis Processing Inversion and Interpret
124. with the Class B FCC limits Canadian Emissions Requirements This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES 003 Cet appareil numerique de la classe A est conforme a la norme NMB 003 du Canada MN72 433 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Table of Contents Chapter 1 INMFOCUCIION asi sic iain titinnipeanenninnieniauanatanalnuanniakorniiesiausneininntimesiauala is ianadnendaniiians 1 1 1 Unpacking Your SY STON cap ccctasccceenccuncercanmatinacenceanaseude ncsincnecqeunebenasenganememesund 1 1 2 General ESCH OM aticicccesendsaa sania cudncadtandd ain aubicndsaabd anda aubtdndtabdundaubnendeabdaindnanumans 1 1 3 Cautions and VAIS oreo cies cccncieu cates cucceneteutacnciamciedsGeniied eucieianted euciecsieuccend 5 Chapter 2 Getting Started and TerraSIRch Module Setup cssssseesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 7 Bebe GROW ANC Set p i uicit desae E TEESE ENERE EEEE EEEREN 7 2 2 Boot Up and Display Screen ccccceeceeeeeeeeseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaaeeeaeeeeeeseeeeensneeaees 9 2 3 System Modes and Menus A General DeSCription eceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteees 11 2 4 Ihe Command EAD coiesica cirnntanrendnantconeatsineaicnsadinantdnindnautcintncniontn di a EEE 22 Chapter 3 Setting Up Your System for Data Collection in TerraSIRch Mode 27 3 1 Setting Up for 2 D Data Collection ccccccccccccccc
125. y Systems Inc Windows XP 1 At the Found New Hardware Wizard select Install from a list or specific location and click Next gt 2 At the search and installation options dialog select Search for the best driver in these locations and Include this location in the search Click Browse Find the directory you extracted the ASUSBwoMSAS drivers to earlier either C ASUSB or C ASUSBwoMSAS directory by default and select wceusbsh inf Click OK 3 Finish the driver installation by following the onscreen instructions You will see the following dialog Select Continue Anyway MN72 433 Rev F SIR 3000 User s Manual Found New Hardware Wizard Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install software for USB Device If your hardware came with an installation CD QP or floppy disk insert it now What do you want the wizard to do O Install the software automatically Recommended Install from a list or specific location Advanced Click Next to continue ack l Next gt Cancel Found New Hardware Wizard Please choose your search and installation options Poe 91 Y Search for the best driver in these locations Use the check boxes below to limit or expand the default search which includes local paths and removable media The best driver found will be installed C Search removable media floppy CD ROM In

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