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Software - Meteonorm

1. L Design Reference Year locations Cities Q _ User defined locations O C Batch mode locations Zoom to region 46953 Nlat 7424 E Lon Pharmazeut Institut meteonorm Defining a user defined site If your project site is not in the vicinity of a predefined city or weather station it is recommended to specify a user defined site General information Mame Type Altitude Timezone Time reference Situation Fribourg f lh ne Openstrate ap Map data 62014 adr Hu Details This i5 a user defined location Hb Survise set Edom _ Software Description 16 Meteonorm To specify a user defined site the following parameters must be available e name of site e coordinates as longitude latitude in decimal degrees e altitude If altitude is left empty Meteonorm will retrieve the information from its digital terrain model Specifica tion of time zone terrain situation and time reference are optional Default values are used if omitted The default value for the time zone is that of the corresponding country defined in a 1 grid For Cen tral European Time CET it is 1 The sign of the time zone matches the general standards Daylight saving time is ignored The time reference in minutes specifies the difference between the center of the interval and the full hour The default value is 30 This means that the current full hour designates the end of the interval For ex
2. 11 0 5 4 0 6 World 1500 0 0 7 1 1 4 9 1 9 Data Basis 47 Meteonorm xx rr a OP mtu nm LETT BR i Rd Pad dd a ET Fig 3 2 1 Anomalies of global radiation in kWh m compared to 1961 1990 for the period 2080 2099 with IPCC scenario A2 It is important to be aware that predictions from climate models are always subject to uncertainty be cause of limitations on our knowledge on the climate system and the development of emissions and on the computing resources available Data Basis 48 Meteonorm 3 3 Climatic zones In table 3 3 1 the climatic zones defined by Troll and Paffen 1980 are listed Tab 3 3 1 The climatic zones defined by Troll and Paffen 1980 Polar and subpolar zones l 1 High polar ice climates polar ice deserts 2 Polar climates with low summer temperatures 6 C I 3 Subarctic tundra climates with cool summers l4 Subpolar maritime climates Cold temperate boreal zone Maritime boreal climates Continental boreal climates High continental boreal climates with severe winters 25 C Cool temperate zones Wooded climates Ill 1 Elevated maritime climates with very mild winters Ill 2 Maritime climates with mild winters Ill 3 Submaritime climates Ill 4 Subcontinental climates IIl 5 Continental climates IIl 6 Elevated continental climates Ill 7 Warm summer and humid summer and winter climates Ill 8 Warm and humid summer climates Steppe cl
3. hour hour hour mon mon hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour Header lines 2 11 12 25 32 Parameters dm m h G Bh G Dh Ta FF RH Any Number y dy h FFE FFN Ta RH p RR G Gh Sd FF Td Tp N y dy dm m h G Gh G GvE G GvS G_GvW G GvN G Dh G Lin G Lv Ta RH FF FFaS FFaW FFaN FFaE G Bn Any Number Ta Tp Td DD FF p We N N1a N1 G Gh G Bn G_Dh y m dm h G_Bn G_Gh Ta Td FF Ta Td G_Gh G_Dh G_Bn N FF Ta H_GvS H_GvE H_GvwW H GvN HD 40 HDD 18 10 HD 40 HDDe0 12 HD 44 HDDe2 14 snow and wind loads Ta H_GvS H_GvE H_GvwW H_GvN HD o HDD48 10 HD12 HDDe2012 HD14 HDD2274 FF RH m dm h Ta Td RH p G_Gex GO G_Gh G_Bn G_Dh LG LD Lz DD FF N N1 Vis Hc WC w Aod Sn Ds m d h min Ta RH Ts FF DD G Lin G Dk G DirX G DirY G DirZ Ta H GvN H GvE H GvS H GvW H Gh Td Tsky FF Ta H GvN H GvE H GvS H GvW H Gh Td Tsky FF Any Number Ta H Gh H Dh H Bn Sd RH FF m dm h Nr y m d h Ta p RH RR FF FX DD Tground N G_Gh G Dh G_Bn G_GvE G_GvS G_GvwW G_GvN rho G_Lin G_LvS eh Td enthalpy mx Tp Gen Gpn N Ta Rh FF DD RR Gin Ta Ta Rh FFE FFN G_Bn G_Dh Ta Rh G_Bh G_Dh G_Lup G_Lin n DD FF RR one file per parameter hy dy dm h Ta RH FF G_Gh DD Deli miter Blank Ta
4. meteonorm Global Meteorological Database Version 7 Software and Data for Engineers Planners and Education The Meteorological Reference for Solar Energy Applications Building Design Heating amp Cooling Systems Education Renewable Energy System Design Agriculture and Forestry Environmental Research Handbook Part Software Version 7 1 July 2015 iz meteonorm Imprint Imprint Publisher Authors Version Computer program Copyright Liability Meteonorm METEOTEST Fabrikstrasse 14 CH 3012 Bern Switzerland sales meteonorm com www meteotest com www meteonorm com Tel 41 0 31 307 26 12 Fax 41 0 31 307 26 10 METEOTEST Jan Remund Stefan M ller Stefan Kunz Barbara Huguenin Landl Christian Studer Daniel Klauser Christoph Schilter Reto Lehnherr Version 7 software version 7 1 5 of July 2015 Meteonorm Version 7 x for personal computer under Windows XP Vista 7 8 and 10 METEOTEST Fabrikstrasse 14 CH 3012 Bern Switzerland Swiss Federal Office of Energy CH 3003 Bern May 2014 Reproductions of portions of this document are permitted citing the source document The information contained in this handbook is provided without warranty and is subject to alteration without notice The program developers cannot accept any liability The computer program de scribed in this handbook is licensed for use on one location com puter only under the condition
5. license agreement The Meteonorm software can be downloaded at http meteonorm com en downloads The purchaser is entitled to use the software and data supplied for his own purposes The licensing conditions to be adhered to are published on http meteonorm com en downloads documents They are displayed when Meteonorm is installed and are available in the software in the menu Help About meteonorm 7 2 2 Installation The installation package for the software can be downloaded from the internet at www meteonorm com en downloads The file downloaded is an easy to use installation package Run the downloaded file and follow the instructions given To install and run the program a personal computer with Windows XP Vista 7 and 8 is required 800 MB of storage space is required on the hard disk At least 512 MB RAM is needed If not present the NET framework 4 0 freely available from microsoft com will be installed automatically A screen resolution of at least 1024x800 pixels is recommended An internet connection is required for license checking The license conditions must be read prior to installation See chapter 2 1 where to find them The program is by default installed to the mn7 directory C Program Files Meteotestlmeteonorm 7 If required the directory can be changed Additionally software specific as well as personal configura tion files are stored in the user s configuration directory e g c Users lt username gt App
6. provided your image was taken on a sunny day i e the sun is visible on the image For automatic detection click Detect north south dev automati cally and follow instructions Make sure date and time of your input image are correct with re spect to the given timezone Note that Meteonorm ignores local time shifts such as Central European summertime For example time in Central Europe should always be given as UTC 1 i e wintertime After having converted the image you can verify the correctness of the conversion by clicking Verify sun position if the displayed sun i e yellow circle matches the sun if visible on the converted image everything is correct otherwise you need to recheck parameters Meteonorm stores the unfolded image automatically in the folder Note that once the conversion is done Meteonorm will remember the parameters for a specific input image even after a restart of the software Atmospheric turbidity The part of the solar radiation reaching the ground is influenced by the turbidity of the atmosphere Meteonorm uses the concept of the Linke turbidity factor Turbidity information in Meteonorm is based on a mixture of satellite data from the satellite experiments MISR and MODIS and ground station measurements from Aeronet More theoretical details about the turbidity are described in the Mete onorm Theory Manual in chapter 6 5 3 Horizon _ None CO Interpolated Custom Near
7. Om Interpolated city Q Aarberg 47 0 N 7 3 E 456 m l Interpolated city oJ E Aarburg 47 3 N 7 9 E 402 m alt Interpolated city Oja Aarwangen 47 2 N 7 8 E 438 m e Interpolated city Oja Baar 47 2 N amp 5 E 445 m wl Interpolated city Oja Buchs Aarau 474 N 81 E387m te Weather station O The Location selection window is divided into two parts To the left you can see the list of your select ed locations and to the right the list of selectable locations divided into three tabs e The Favorites tab is a list of the locations you marked as your personal favorites This is shown per default on starting up if it is not empty e The Locations tab lists all the pre defined locations Weather stations as well as interpolated cities and Design Reference Years are mixed You can search over the search bar for certain location names With the filter button you can filter the list by station types and continent For each location a short description of the location is displayed The name and the site type on the left side the coordinates and weather parameters available for either the old and the newer period as green and red squares in the center move your mouse over the colored squares to see the tool tip for an explanation and on the right side the selection toolbox Learmonth Airp 3222 N 1141 E 6m du OF Weather station T e he User defined tab lists your own added stations You can add
8. available approx 2 weeks after the end of each month The quality of the data is specified in 4 levels e High Near station with current data available or interpolation within Switzerland from 2001 onwards In Switzerland data with corrections for horizon and location influences are available since 2001 e Middle More than 3 stations available for interpolation normally nearer than 500 km Satellite data available from October 2006 onwards e Low Less than or equal to 3 stations for interpolation e Not available No station nearer than 2000 km no other data source Example 1 Push the button mport monthly values D Import monthly values 2 Select the start of your desired year In the example April 2011 is selected which will retrieve the values from April 2011 to March 2012 3 Push the button Download amp Download 4 The table will be filled with values On the right you will see information about the data quality 5 To continue with Meteonorm push the Save button As a feature introduced in version 7 0 20 as existing in version 6 1 the imported monthly values can be used for interpolation of nearby locations This option can be chosen only for user defined loca tions Software Description 27 Meteonorm Monthly values for Adelboden Gh Dh Ta Td RR Rd FF Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax January 65 5 48 13 14 7 10 5 February 1099 Lj Lm EIC Pm RM March 142 2 April 1894 2 May 183 3 June 2292 July 2
9. daily values and kt to hourly values T kg octal units 3 eg Ulo Diffuse illuminance Atmospheric pressure er hPa 1 100 inch Hg Days with Precipitation 0 1 mm Precipitation 3 T JJ E ee ee Oe I Z 2 oO os be Q p rho Albedo Effective sunshine duration CD D Ioa Q C 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F taf Relative humidity Ta min max Lowest highest hourly temperature per month Air temperature ambient temperature 2 m above ground Linke turbidity factor a o C Ll m e O16 4 o Parameters and Units 53 Meteonorm Tab 5 2 Definition of the radiation parameters Parameter Description C Direct normal radiation clear sky Direct radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation X 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle 5 aperture centered around the sun s disk impinging on a horizontal surface UJ W 2 2 O 2 A CJ Direct radiation inclined i e shortwave radiation X 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle centered around the sun s disk 6 aperture and impinging on an inclined surface UJ Beam i e direct normal radiation DNI Shortwave radiation lt 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle 5 aperture centered around the sun s disk and impinging on a surface normal to the direction of the radiation Diffuse radiation horizo
10. dot on the button Advanced settings changes to yellow By pushing the Reset button all set tings in the Data step are reset to their default Radiation model e Default hour Hourly values for one typical year are generated The chain of algorithms from Remund 2008 is used See chapter 6 8 1 in the theory manual for details e Minute Aguiar amp Collares Pereira Minute values for one year are generated according the TAG model See chapter 6 8 1 in the theory manual for details e Minute Skartveith amp Olseth Minute values for one year are generated according Skartveith and Olseth 1991 See chapter 6 8 1 in the theory manual for details e Clear sky radiation Calculation of maximum global radiation and corresponding diffuse radiation for clear days cloudless sky at hourly intervals This affects the automatic selection of the clear day temperature model warmest possible temperature e Monthly variation This will produce a more variable year instead of a typical mean year The monthly values are not the mean of the selected climatological period but are varied between the climatological extreme boundaries e 10 years This will generate 10 single years of the monthly variation type 10 files are written to the output 10 x 8760 values For minute data only the special output format Standard Minute and PVScout will be available in the settings of the Output step Only the radiation parameters are generated in minute
11. for environmental research agriculture forestry and anyone else interested in meteorology and solar energy What is it based on Meteonorm s orderly facade conceals not only numerous databases from all parts of the world but also a large number of computational models developed in international research programs Meteonorm is primarily a method for the calculation of solar radiation on arbitrarily orientated surfaces at any desired location The method is based on databases and algorithms coupled ac cording to a predetermined scheme It commences with the user specifying a particular location for which meteorological data are required and terminates with the delivery of data of the desired struc ture and in the required format Depending on user requirements the calculation procedure employs between one and four computa tion models Tab 1 1 In addition to the monthly values Meteonorm provides maximum radiation values under clear sky conditions For Switzerland Germany and USA standardized data typical meteorological years for building simulation purposes are available for a number of locations Short Review 2 Meteonorm Tab 1 1 Sequence in which the computational models are coupled in generating hourly radiation data on an arbitrarily orientated surface at a site for which no measurements are availa ble Interpolation with monthly average value model Space dependent interpolation of horizontal radiation and Gn Ta tempera
12. global irradiation and 20 for beam irradiation For the meteorological parameters the flag E and the uncertainty level 8 is set Software Description 36 Meteonorm Software without data exchange formats with Meteonorm Climawin Define a user defined format with parameters in the correct order year month day of month hour Wet bulb temperature mixing ratio Temperature Wind speed Diffuse radiation horizontal Beam Global luminance Diffuse luminance Height of sun Solar Azimuth Wind direction Longwave radia tion Units are in W m2 C hPa and m s The field delimiter is a semicolon Include the header lines and use file extension dat Designbuilder from DesignBuilder Software Ltd EnergyPlus epw or TMY2 data format can be imported into Designbuilder Ecotect Analysis from Autodesk Inc For this software WEA weather data files files are required There is a possibility to convert Ener gyPlus epw files into WEA files Follow the instructions given by http knowledge autodesk com support ecotect analysis troubleshooting caas sfdcarticles sfdcarticles Convert TMY or EPW weather files into W EA format for Ecotect Analysis html EDSL Tas This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw and TMY2 format eQuest For data import into the software eQuest use binary files generate in the DOE data format As a second option you can generate an EnergyPlus epw file and use the tool eQ WthProc http doe2 com index
13. new locations by clicking the Add new button Details for defining a new site are given in the section Defining a user de fined site below _ The selection toolbox contains four buttons The globe sign on top left opens the map tool E d and a map centered to the coordinates of the location is displayed With the green plus sign on the top right you can select the location for your calculations The location will be added to the list of selected locations on the left side of the window where the green plus sign is turned into a red cross for removing the station out of the selected location list You can also select and deselect locations by double clicking When pressing the information button on the bottom left a window with location specific information will pop up The greyed star on the bottom right adds the location to your favorites The color of the star will change to yellow when the location is included in your favorite list ln addition to the lists all sites may also be chosen on a World Map This is accessed Ge with the Map icon on top right of the Locations window To zoom in and out you can either use the buttons at the bottom of the window or using the mouse wheel Pan the map by clicking and dragging Locations are marked as colored dots on the map They can be switched on and off with the check boxes on the left side under location types Software Description 14 Meteonorm Location types Wea
14. radiation tracked 1 and 2 axis tracking see table 2 3 7 Gref Global radiation reflected by the ground a Gex Extraterrestrial radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation X lt 3 um arising from the sky upper hemi sphere on a horizontal surface at the upper edge of the atmosphere Lin Longwave thermal infrared radiation on horizontal surface arising from the sky upper hemisphere longwave incoming wavelength gt 3 um Lup Longwave thermal infrared radiation on horizontal surface emitted from the earth s surface longwave outgoing wavelength gt 3 um V Longwave thermal infrared radiation on vertical surface wavelength 3 um AR Photosynthetically active radiation always in W m UU PV production in KWh KWp for monthly and yearly values and Wh kWp for hourly values Typical production of a well installed mid sized installation with crystalline silicon modules with an efficient inverter see Table 2 3 7 If no inclination is given calculated for horizontal planes if inclination is non zero calculated for Gk PV takes effect of high horizon into account if this option is chosen Radiation balance i e balance of total incident and emitted radiation short and longwave IVA VAS UV uvas OVE UVES C U r lt Note As most computer programs do not provide for subscripts there are two modes of representa tion for each variable In the Meteonorm program and most of the figures the sub
15. resolution The other parameters will be generated in hourly resolution Diffuse radiation model You have the choice between two models for the calculations of the diffuse and direct part of the ra diation See the theory manual for further details e Perez default This is the standard model which was already used in Meteonorm version 6 Perez 1991 e Boland Ridley Lauret BRL Added in version 7 0 Ridley 2010 Temperature model Software Description 29 Meteonorm e Standard hour The default model for hourly temperature values produces hourly extremes which correspond to mean extreme values e 10 year extreme hour This model for hourly temperature values produces hourly extremes which correspond to 10 year hourly extreme values This option will spread the distribution of val ues while the climatological mean remains the same It is suited for simulations in which also ex tremely warm or cold values have to be considered e g building simulations e Clear sky temperature This model is selected automatically when the clear sky radiation model is chosen and cannot be selected by the user himself Tilt radiation model The Perez model is the default model Three further models are optionally available for the calculation of radiation on tilted planes e Perez 1986 This is the default model It delivers the most robust and best results for generated time series e Hay s model 1979 This delivers slightly
16. wth html from DOE to convert it to a DOE binary file If you receive the error message invalid floating point it is related to the regional and language options from the Windows operating system Go to System settings Change date time number currency value settings Click the Customize this format button Set the decimal symbol to dot and the digit grouping symbol to comma HEED Home Energy Efficient Design This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw format IES Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw format LightTools from Optical Research Associates This software delivers its format specifications in form of a User defined format muf file included in its software package distribution This file needs to be imported for correct data output Please follow the instructions given by the user manual of LightTools SAM System Advisor Model This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw TMY2 and TMY3 format SMA Sunny Design This software accepts the Meteonorm standard output format and the EnergyPlus epw format Trane Trace Software Description 37 Meteonorm This software can import weather files in the TMY2 and TMY3 data format Software Description 38 Meteonorm 2 3 2 6 Step 5 Output On the right hand side of the output window graphs of the calculated results are shown Monthly val ues of radiation temperature precipitation a
17. 05 Tab 3 1 1 Distribution and number of available stations Available parame Global radiation Temperature Only temperature Total ters and temperature additional pa or radiation rameters Europe North America Asia with Russia wa E e se In addition to the monthly data 1 020 DRY within the USA tmy3 datasets based on 1991 2005 of NREL the 15 German Testreferenzjahre of DWD and 45 additional sites of sia Merkblatt 2028 www energycodes ch are included in Meteonorm The sia datasets correspond to the period 1984 2003 and are based on EN ISO 15927 4 They can only be accessed with a special license Add on sia Merkblatt 2028 see www meteonorm com order 25 TMYS datasets are included in the soft ware The rest can be downloaded from www meteonorm com download tmy3 3 1 2 Satellite data In version 7 1 satellite data is used for radiation interpolation in remote areas Fig 3 1 1 Where no radiation measurement is available nearer than 200 km Europe 50 km from the selected location satellite information is used If the nearest site is more than 30 km Europe 10 km away a mixture of ground and satellite information is used The method used for processing the satellite images is an approximation of methods like Heliosat II Lef vre et al 2002 The 3 hourly pictures of the visible channel of the 5 geostationary satellites have been used period 2009 2014 The satellite pictures are
18. 70 9 August 238 8 September 166 8 10 7 October 1147 L ps ist fe a pur pe a November 753 pe 6 m e J 69 53 Downloadliturrent data Import from file Radiation units Year Beginninglibf the period Data wi Dorted exported W m currently selected units MJ m Year kWh m month kWh m da eu Use for interpolation Temperature units Use this radiation data for the amp C interpolation of other locations Save Cancel 2 3 2 4 Step 3 Data In the Data window you can modify the setting for the data and the models applied to the data Basic Settings Data 1991 2010 Data Dataset Period radiation IPCC Scenario for future periods 9 Use meteonorm 7 climate data 1991 2010 B1 2020 Use imported data D 1981 1990 A1B D Future A2 Period temperature 2000 2009 D 1961 1990 Future Back Advanced settings Reset Next In the basic settings you can define which data basis and which time period will be used for the calcu lations Dataset The dataset field in orange specifies whether to use the Meteonorm 7 climate database or to use the imported data from the data import in the modification part in the step before When selecting Use imported data neither the provided time periods nor a future scenario can be chosen Software Description 28 Meteonorm Time period for temperature radiation T
19. Create To create a new data format click on the New button A dia e log window asks you to enter a name for your format This ae New will become the filename and the name shown in the dropdown list A new window will open You can select a parameter by double clicking on it or select and push the green plus button l This moves the parameter to the output box highlighted with an orange border on the right hand side To remove a parameter double click on it in the output box or select and click the red cross button X a Edit opecial parameters The user defined output includes some parameters which aren t available in other formats Table 2 3 7 Tab 2 3 7 Special parameter of the user defined output format Abbreviation Parameter Remarks H G Gref Global radiation reflected Reflected global radiation by the ground H G HR Radiation balance Long and shortwave radiation balance H G Gn2 Global radiation 2 axis tracked Geometrical calculation of tracked global radiation H G Gnl Global radiation 1 axis tracked Calculation of 1 N S directed horizontal axis with back tracking 3096 spaceing factor max tilt angle 45 PAR Photosynthetically active radia Radiation band available for photosynthesis tion PV PV production Typical production of a well maintained mid sized installa tion with crystalline silicon modules Performance ratio 0 82 temperature coefficient 0 5 9e K see Table 5 2 Softwar
20. Data Roaming Meteotest imeteonorm7 Win 7 Vista c Documents and Settings lt username gt AppData Meteotest imeteonorm7 Win XP The directory AppData is a hidden directory So if you don t see it it is there anyway To find this direc tory you can also type 96APPDAT A9e in the address field of Windows Explorer QU i APPDATA Meteotest meteonorm7 The meteonorm7 exe file and several files are contained in the mn7 directory The program is started with the meteonorm7 exe file or with an entry in the start list provided by the installation program The operating language of the program is English default but this can be changed during program operation see 2 2 3 Help is only available in English After installation the software runs in demo mode which has restrictions in saving data files For full usage of the software a license key is required See also online installation instructions http meteonorm com en support fag post installation meteonorm v7 Software Description 5 Meteonorm 2 2 1 Software activation With your license key which you receive after buying a license you can activate the full functionality of the software The license runs only on 1 computer at the same time The license cannot be activated a second time when it is already activated First revoke the license registration in order to register it on another computer If your computer crashes and you are not able to revoke the license then contact us
21. FF FFE FFN FFaE N W S lt G gt Gh Gh hor Gh max Gc Gk GvE N W S H HDD12 20 Lin Lup Lv LG Swiss Federal Office of Energy Design Reference Year Deutscher Wetterdienst Eidgen ssische Materialpr fungs und Forschungsanstalt Generated mean biased error Meteonorm Nationales Beobachtungsnetz f r Luftfremdstoffe Photovoltaics root mean square error World Meteorological Organisation Swiss Meteorological Institute MeteoSwiss Direct radiation on horizontal surface Direct radiation on inclined surface Direct normal radiation beam Wind direction Diffuse radiation horizontal Diffuse radiation horizontal with raised horizon Diffuse radiation on clear days Diffuse radiation on inclined surface Emissivity horizontal Emissivity vertical Wind speed 10 m above ground Wind speed in E direction Wind speed in N direction Wind fraction E N W S in Average radiation intensity Global radiation horizontal global radiation horizontal with raised horizon Maximum global radiation on clear days horizontal Global radiation on inclined surface Global radiation on vertical surface in E N W and S directions Radiation time integral radiation energy Heating degree days with critical temperatures 12 C outside 20 C in side Longwave horizontal radiation impinging longwave incoming Longwave horizontal radiation emitted longwave outgoing Longwave radiation on vertical s
22. G Gh G Dh G Bn Ta Parameters hy G Gh G Dh Ta G Lin FF RH G Gh Ta RH FF G Gh Ta RH FF G Lin plus binary format 2 3 6 Definition of generally used output formats Format TMY2 TRY DWD TMY3 time step hour hour hour Header lines 1 24 2 Parameters m d h G Ga GO G Gh G Bn G Dh LG LD Lz N N1 Ta Td RH p DD FF Vis Hc Wc w Aod Sn Ds Any Number dm m h N DD FF FFv Wc RR p Ta RH G Bh G Dh LG G Lin G Lup m d h Gao Gex Gan Gen Gon Lo Len Lp Lz N N1 Ta Td RH p DD FF Vis Hc Wc w Aod albe do lprec Deli miter Tab Blank Blank Tab Semi colon Semi colon Deli miter Semi Tab Blank Deli miter Blank Blank Tab Meteonorm Units W m C 9e m s W m C m s W m W m C W m W m C Units W m C m s W m C e m s W m C m s 96 Units W m C m s cm h hPa 9 m s mm hPa C 9e W m lux W m C m s cm h hPa For a horizontal surface Hek Hpk and Hg are replaced by Hsp and Gek Gpi Gg by Gen Special parameters for TMY2 3 and Energy Plus not calculated Lz Zenith Luminance N1 opaque sky cover calculated with linear regression from N Vis Visibility Hc Ceiling Height Wc Current Weather Aod Aerosol
23. Import of current monthly values for a specific year through the Meteonorm data web service Hourly values will be generated from these by Meteonorm e You can enter your own monthly values and make a simulation with them This is described in more detail in chapter 2 4 e Import of your own hourly values You can import your hourly values They will be passed through the Meteonorm processor Additional parameters will be added by Meteonorm if needed depending on the output format This is described in more detail in chapter 2 4 The import of monthly values is useful e g to e make a simulation of the weather for your own monthly values e add additional monthly values to the database These monthly values can also be used for in terpolation if the location has been defined as a User month site In case of importing hourly values this is useful e g to Software Description 26 Meteonorm e transform data files from one data format to another e do calculations on inclined planes if you only have global radiation horizontal values Import of current values from the Meteonorm server Current monthly data can be imported automatically By pressing the button Current data the period can be entered 1 12 months and the data radiation and temperature for Switzerland also tempera ture distributions is downloaded automatically from a server operated by METEOTEST Data is always interpolated The data exists from 1998 onwards Data will be
24. Optical Depth Sn Snow Depth Ds Days since last snow fall lprec liquid precipitation depth www energycodes ch eh ground emissivity www solarschmiede de Software Description 34 Meteonorm User defined data format You can define a data format yourself You choose the parameters units and the delimiter symbol yourself The user defined format is stored for later usage The single format definition files are stored as files with the extension muf in the folder APPDATA Meteotest meteonorm7 CustomFormats In Meteonorm version 6 the user defined formats were stored in files with the extension muf These muf files can be imported for usage in version 7 The default units for radiation are KWh m for monthly values and W m for hourly values The de fault unit for the temperature is C If you subsequently select a fixed output format the units will be reverted to their fixed values A header with four lines can be activated The first line contains the name of the site the second line the latitude and longitude height above sea level time zone and elevation and azimuth of the plane if elevation is greater than 0 The third line is blank and the fourth line contains the parameter headings Custom Select From the drop down list you can select one of your previously User defined defined data formats Once you have selected a data format from the list you can edit it by clicking on the Edit button
25. System C Programme METEOTEST meteonorm7 Resources Examples Aarau Organisieren Neuer Ordner Interpolated city Favoriten Name Anderungsdatum Typ sydnhimp mn7 txt 02 05 2012 15 49 TXT Datei Bibliotheken jM Computer L System C cs DATA D GA sm floccus hv amp adm floccus G amp P pooldat flocct G amp P projekte flocci C23 snkrates Mlocei Dateiname sydnhimp_mn7 bt L Data import Import monthly values 9 Select hourly values file Back v Data v Format v Output Selection of output format All output formats can be chosen In this example the standard format is ok Click on Next or the Output register to run the calculation Save the results as PDF show preview for this location or ASCII files monthly daily or hourly data Data Basis 44 Meteonorm 3 Data Basis In this chapter the data basis of Meteonorm is presented the sites to which the models were adapted and validated are listed and the climatic classification system used for the generation of hourly values is defined 3 1 Climatological Databases 3 1 1 Ground stations In Meteonorm several databases have been thoroughly checked to ensure reliability and were cou pled to form a single comprehensive database permitting worldwide simulation of solar energy sys tems buildings and environmental simulations The database contain
26. al information for some data formats When using the DOE format an additional file for ground temperatures is written The additional DOE file has the same name as the output file but the extension DOE With version 7 0 the packing of the data into a binary file is not possible any more Read in the following paragraph Software without data exchange formats with Meteonorm under the point eQuest howto produce a binary file for DOE Meteo provides an overview of the meteorological parameters of a site as monthly values Standard opt calculates the optimal angle of panel inclination for the site Meteonorm evaluates the optimal azimuth and inclination angle with the highest radiation income in steps of 5 PHPP WaVE calculates the heating and cooling loads Five different stochastic runs are carried out The calculation of design temperatures for cold and cloudy situations is based on the cloudiest period The design temperatures can be adopted statistically in order to correct the bias which is recom mended as it reduces uncertainty Beside a calculation based on long term monthly means a worst case calculation is also carried out This calculation is based on 10 year extremes cloudy cold win ters and sunny hot summers TMY3 includes aerosol information shown is based on the Meteonorm turbidity information also for original DRY TMYS sites Columns with uncertainties in this data format are reported for all sites identically 10 for
27. ample 14 00 hours designates the time interval 13 00 14 00 hours The time reference is ex plained in detail in the Meteonorm Theory Manual The default value for the location situation i e the surrounding terrain is open situation In the section Situation this can be changed The specification of the situation influences the interpolation of the monthly averages of temperature and wind speed and must be very carefully considered There are 14 types of situations from which to choose Tab 2 3 1 They are classified according to the local surroundings as shown in Figure 2 3 1 and Tab 2 3 1 Software Description 17 Tab 2 3 1 Terrain Open Depression Cold hollow Sea lake City S incline W E incline Valley Valley Central Alps F hn valley Valley Alpine foothills S valley side W E valley side Summit Fig 2 3 1 Meteonorm Definition of location situations Open site open terrain north facing incline no raised skyline Applies to most sites Depression or very flat valley floor in which cold air collects e g in Switzerland particularly in the Jura and the Alps Extensively cold hollows above 1000 m Shore of sea or larger lake up to 1 km from the shore Centre of larger city over 100 000 inhabitants South facing incline above approx 10 inclination facing between SE S SW At least 200 m above valley floor West or east facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing
28. ation You can access this file over the menu Help Show error log File Locations Tools Locations Selecte A text editor opens showing the errors amp X View meteonorm help View meteonorm theory Show example files Show error log Register Revoke registration About meteonorm 7 Crash Software Description 9 Meteonorm 2 3 Software usage Meteonorm supplies meteorological data at any desired location in the world as monthly daily hourly or minute values in various output formats The example in chapter 2 3 1 provides a quick initial intro duction to the main features of the program for a basic usage of the software In chapter 2 3 2 a more detailed description of the software features is given 2 3 1 An introductory example Example For a design project in San Diego CA USA hourly values of global radiation on a south facing surface inclined at 45 and of the temperature are required The user has no data of his own Proceed according to the steps shown below 1 Locations form Select San Diego from the Available locations list in the Locations tab on the right side of the application window You can search the list by typing San Diego in the search bar above the station list Add the location to the list of selected locations on the left side of the window by clicking on the green plus sign on the right of the station name or by double clicking the entry Selecte
29. ature Outside Above this outside daily mean temperature heating is not needed any more e Average hours above Number of hours to calculate minimum temperature to satisfy the comfort criteria e g 12 2 12 hours minimum is calculated Cooling loads e Number of hot days Equals the number of days in which a building heats up in summer e Critical temperature outside Above this outside daily mean temperature cooling is needed e Night ventilation limits Limitations of temperature and humidity to use night time cooling based on ventilation 2 3 2 5 Step 4 Format The Format window defines which final data will be stored to a file and the output data format 36 pre defined data formats are available Beside some data formats defined by Meteonorm or generalized data formats like the Typical Meteorological Year TMY there are a lot of data formats designated for data exchange with specific software packages for building simulations or solar energy applications In Tables 2 3 2 to 2 3 6 the parameters and units calculated for the respective formats are given The naming of the data format is given by the name of the external software e g the data format for the software PVSOL is named PVSOL The data exchange formats for the external simulation software have been specified and tested together with the developers of the corresponding software Addition ally you can define your own output format with the User defined data format see subsectio
30. aved 3 row column headers for different parameters name Name of location needed longitude lon Longitude needed latititude lat Latitude needed altitude alt Altitude optional hor file name or auto for taking topographic horizon into account optional situation optional time zone optional time reference optional azimuth optional inclination optional 2o0 0o00oco0p t 0 Software Description 4 rows 4 99 locations to be imported After calculation the files can be saved individually or all at once 2 3 2 3 Step 2 Modifications 19 This part describes the site specific settings for a selected location Modifications Modifications AACHEN 50 8 N 6 1 E 200m x Weather station w o global radiation HH z o AX eneral Correction of global radiation measurements Use corrected global radiation data excluding honzon effects Use original global radiation data including horizon effects Only applicable for weather stations with high horizons Plane orientation Azimuth Inclination Albedo Automatic Custom Horizon None Custom oW ND D Atmospheric turbidity Interpolated Nearest Aeronet station J5 Edit horizon Data import Custom Edit turbidity Meteonorm Monthly values 9 Daily hourly values All options are only available if only one lo
31. b Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Tab Tab Blank Tab Blank Tab Meteonorm Units W m C m s W m C m s cm h hPa W m C e m s btu ft h F 1 100 inch Hg kJ m h 1 10 C 1 10 m s W me 1 10 C kt MJ m C MJ m C m s W m C m s cm h hPa C W m m s W m C m s W m C m s 1 10 C J cm min Ve 1 10 m s m s mm hPa C V6 W m W m C m s mm 96 C C m s W m C m s W m C R m s W m Software Description 33 Tab 2 3 4 Definition of output formats for PV simulation software Nr 15 8 19 18 28 35 Tab Nr 16 15 26 Tab Nr 12 13 33 k k kkkk Format PVSOL PVSYST PVS Meteo Matrix Pvscout Solinvest 2 3 5 Definition of output formats for solar thermal simulation software Format Polysun TSOL Solar Ripp time step hour hour hour hour hour hour time step hour hour hour Header lines A 6 6 1 12 Header lines 4 Parameters G_Gh Ta RH FF G Gh G Dh Ta FF G Gh G Gh Ta classified in form of matrix G Gh Tmoaue distribution in minute time resolution m d h hy
32. bal radiation and temperature Do not make wind assess ments with Meteonorm 2 4 Import of your own data Meteonorm allows the user to import their own monthly and hourly data 2 4 1 Monthly values 2 4 1 1 CSV import In Meteonorm version 7 monthly values are imported as a CSV Character Separated Values file The delimiter can be a semicolon or a tabulator One header line is needed specifying the parame ters abbreviations followed by 12 lines one for each month containing the data The first column is reserved for the month The columns with the meteorological parameters are optional and do not have a specified order Fill out missing values for single months with 999 Missing parameters will be filled with the climatological mean Tab 2 4 1 Parameters for monthly data import The timestamp Month is mandatory all other pa rameters are optional Abbreviation Parameter Unit Month Month Gh Global radiation horizontal kWh m month Dh Diffuse radiation horizontal KWh m month Ta Temperature C RH Relative humidity 96 HR Precipitation mm Rd Days with rain days FF Wind speed m s Tadmin Mean daily minimum of tem C perature Tadmax Mean daily maximum of temper C ature Tamin Minimum hourly temperature C Tamax Maximum hourly temperature C To import the CSV file go to register modification click on mport monthly values and then on Open file Select your data file and it will be r
33. better results for vertical surfaces than the Perez mod el e Skartveit and Olseth model 1986 e Gueymard s model 1987 See chapter 6 7 2 for test results First random seed 10 different first random numbers of the generation algorithm of hourly radiation can be chosen By changing this number different time series of all meteorological parameters are generated due to a different initialization of the stochastic process The monthly means remain the same Time system Definition of the time system in which the data is saved e Legal The data is saved in local winter time e Solar The data is saved in true solar time which means that the highest sun elevation angle is always at noon 10 year monthly extreme values for temperature and radiation For the analysis of radiation and temperature extremes at the selected location there is the possibility to simulate rare climate events The option allows displaying the variations at a certain location e Averages default Per default an average year is generated e Monthly minima maxima will take the lowest highest monthly values for a decade Attention This is not equal to a P90 P10 extreme year These are even a much rarer events e Yearly minima maxima will produce a yearly value with a statistical probability of happening once in a decade minima P10 maxima P90 This allows evaluating a P10 or P90 year P10 means that there is 1096 chance to have such a year or such a y
34. between SW W NW or NE E SE At least 200 m above valley floor Valley floor in mountainous valley at higher altitudes Valley floor inclined flat valleys are often treated as depressions Floor of large central Alpine valley e g Alpine regions of Valais Switzerland Valley floor of F hn valley regions with warm descending air currents Valley floor in northern Alpine foothills South facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing between SE S SW up to 200 m above valley West or east facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing between SW W NW or NE E SE up to 200 m above valley floor Open summit above 500 m Overlooking surroundings in all directions N open SS Cold hollow NS i i N Sincline Valley W E incline S valley side 1000 1000m Classification of the 14 types of terrain situations The definitions have been designed for Swiss Alps For climate conditions outside the Alps we sug gest to use only open 5 17 5 17 cold hollow sea lake city and summit In Tab 6 2 2 and 6 2 3 theory handbook the effect on the terrain classification is shown Software Description 18 Meteonorm Exporting and importing the list of user defined locations The list of your own user defined locations can be exported and imported To do so go to Locations in the menu bar on top and select the appropriate function With that you can distribu
35. cation is chosen no batch mode General Corrections of global radiation measurements This point affects only a few stations in deep valleys in the Swiss Alps where measurements are highly influenced by high horizons The data is corrected as if there is no horizon line This setting is only available if one of these stations is selected Location specific Plane orientation Here you can set the orientation and inclination of your solar panel for the calculations of the radiation components on the inclined plane Software Description 20 Meteonorm 180 Azimuth angle Inclination angle e The azimuth is the angle between the horizontal projection of the normal to the surface and due south The azimuth angle is defined as follows 0 South 90 West 90 East 180 North e The inclination angle is the angle between the surface and the horizontal plane and ranges from 0 to 90 0 horizontal 90 vertical Albedo The albedo can be set to a user defined value Custom The albedo is the part of the shortwave ra diation that is reflected by the ground It normally lies between 0 1 and 0 8 mean values of grass are 0 15 0 2 Use the slider or enter the value directly in the input field If the albedo is not set by the user selection Automatic it is calculated using a temperature depend ent model see Meteonorm Theory Manual 6 7 2 This model takes the snow coverage into account This will cau
36. d locations Available locations Favorites Locations User defined san diego gt T i 1 of 1 locations selected San Diego US 32 8 N E rial 0 m x an Diego Airp CA 32 7 N 1172 E 9 m s Interpolated city LJ Weather station an Oa SAN DIEGO LINDBERGH FIELD CA 32 7 N 117 27E 4 m alt Design Reference Year Ola SAN DIEGO MIRAMAR NASCA 329 N 117 1 E 140m Qa 1 Search for San Diego 2 Select location Design Reference Year Oja SAN DIEGO NORTH ISLAND NAS C 32 7 N 117 2 E 15 m alt 34 46 IN 4 7a Press the Next button on the bottom right to move to the next page 2 Modifications form Enter the plane orientation by typing 45 in the inclination box and leave the azimuth at 0 due south to set the right orientation Modifications General f Correction of global radiation measurements San Diego US 32 8 N 117 2 E O m Gb Use corrected global radiation data excluding horizon effects 7 9 Use original global radiation data including horizon effects Interpolated city amp J P Only applicable for weather stations with high horizons Location specific Plane orientation Azimuth 1 enter plane orientation Inclination Ww 4 Dedo Automatic Custom Horizon Atmospheric turbidity None Q Interpolated Automatic topographic Nearest Aeronet station Custom Custom Edit horizon Edit
37. d with a Sony DSC H70 digital camera 16 mega pix els 4 GB SD card which is also applicable for other purposes To use HOR Icatcher you additionally need a normal photo tripod and the Meteonorm software Components of the HORIcatcher system Digital camera Sony DSC HX10V or similar Camera mounting with integrated compass and circular level Horizon mirror Shadowing system Horizon mirror mounting and camera are fixed on a photo tripod not included The software to unfold images is inte grated in Meteonorm version 7 Read Section 2 3 for a detailed description Horicatcher 56 Meteonorm 6 2 How to take horizon pictures Follow this procedure to obtain optimal horizon pictures 1 Choose an optimal site The site should be as representative as possible 2 Install the tripod mount HORIcatcher 3 Try to orientate HORIcatcher towards south on the northern hemisphere or north on the southern hemisphere The following pictures show an optimal orientation for the northern and the southern hemispheres respectively a L 4 a Northern hemisphere ie Golem hemisshere E See Section 2 3 for details on how to correct deviations afterwards using the Meteonorm software 4 Adjust HORIcatcher horizontally using the cellular level integrated in the base plate 5 Turn the camera on and check the following settings use the main settings button on the back of the Sony DSC HX10V e Set zoom to w
38. del Sony DSC H70 Use mousewheel to zoom 2 a Identify center of the mirror camera lense North south deviation E ol 9 To detect north south deviation A er 4 Enter north automatically set date and time of input A 2 dU ii south deviation inge 2 b resize the 25052011 fis u2 x B0 50 a rT circle radius to match the mirror Alternatively enter check date and time and detect north south deviation automatically Detect north south dev automatically Convert se right mouse button to define center 5 Start conversion Converted image Verify sun position 6 Check if the sun if visible is approximately X Cancel Apply at its intended position Otherwise recheck the parameters and restart the conversion After opening an input image you need to configure three things 1 Carefully identify the center and boundary of the input image i e the mirror First use the right mouse button to set the center 2 a then use the buttons to adjust the boundary 2 b The red cross must match the center of the mirror or the center of the lense and the red circle must match the mirror boundary You can use the mouse wheel or the zoom buttons to zoom in and out 2 Make sure that the camera model of your Meteonorm HORIcatcher is set correctly It should be automatically detected from the
39. e Description 35 Edit user defined output format atp austria Parameters Time Day of year Hour of year Local time Precipitation Precipitation Driving rain Snow depth Wind Air pressure Wind direction Air pressure Units Radiation monthly values Wim MJ m kWh m month kWh m day Radiation hourly values a W m btu ft Formatting Field delimiter Temperature Humidity Height of sun Dew point temperature Global radiation tilted plane Wet bulb temperature Diffuse radiation tilted plane Relative humidity Longwave radiation incoming Cloud cover fraction Longwave radiation vertical p Surface temperature Longwave radiation outgoing Mixing ratio Global radiation reflected Radiation balance Extraterrestrial radiation Solar azimuth Global luminance Diffuse luminance Global radiation 2 axis tracke Global radiation 1 axis tracke Direct radiation horizontal UVA radiation E Air pressure 9 hPa inch hg Headers Extension 9 Include header lines File extension cay Meteonorm Output variables Year Month Day of month Hour Global radiation horizontal Diffuse radiation horizontal Beam Temperature Wind speed Tab MEM No header lines Custom ii T x Delete Cancel Delete To delete a user defined format select it from the drop down list click Edit and then click the Delete button 2 at the bottom Addition
40. e to be coded as 999 Data series covering less than a full year are also permitted A two line header is mandatory Software Description 42 Meteonorm Tab 2 4 2 Parameters for data import The timestamp m dy or dm h is mandatory all other pa rameters are optional The parameters must be separated with tabulators The abbrevia tions must be in the second line Abbreviation Parameter Unit m Month dy or dm Day of year or day of month h Hour gh Global radiation W m ta Temperature C dh Diffuse radiation W m bn Beam radiation W m td Dew point temperature C rr Precipitation mm ff Wind speed m s In the first header line the text mn7 import file must be written with no additional tabulators In the second line the different parameter abbreviations have to be listed The order of the parameters can be chosen freely make sure that header lines and values columns match With version 7 1 the import of daily values is possible This is done in the same way as with hourly data also with the same units In the first header line only the word daily has to be added The time definition used in the measurements have to be used in the definition of the site The time is defined with the two parameters time zone and time reference see chapter 6 1 in the Theory Manual If the definitions do not match Meteonorm tries to correct time definition in order to let the data be imported If too many hours with gl
41. ead into Meteonorm Import monthly values Software Description 40 Meteonorm v Monthly values for Abaeteluba BR Ta RH RR Rd FF Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax Juni Juli August September Oktober November N Download current data I Dezember Radiation units Q9 W m D MJ m Year 2 kWh m month D kWh m day from file Time Beginning of the period Data Wil be imported exported with th urrently selected units Year 2009 January X Temperature units t3 Open file 4 is amp Download Save to file Data quali Month ME Radiation Temperature e Save Cancel There is an example file located in C ProgramFiles METEOTEST meteonorm7 Resources Examples Sample_monthly_values_for_Bern Liebefeld 201 1 csv 2 4 1 1 Manual import Another method to import your monthly values is to fill out the table from the Monthly values dialog by hand Be aware to select the correct units of your radiation and temperature data In the time field select the start year of your data You can save your data by clicking the button Save to file The file name will consist of the location name and the year entered in the time field Monthly values for Abitibi Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax a ee b eee Mao 2 PnF aa Download current data Beginning of the period Import
42. ear occurs once in 10 years P90 will oc cur 9 times in a decade e Summer Winter allows selecting summer and winter periods specifically With this function you can produce e g a cold winter together with a hot summer which is a worst case scenario for heat ing and cooling simulations Software Description 30 Meteonorm Extremes can be simulated for temperature and global radiation only For radiation the 10 year extreme monthly values of the 6 nearest measurement stations are interpo lated to obtain the extreme conditions for each location For temperature the extreme values are calculated using the standard deviation of the interpolated 6 nearest sites with such measurements For the maximum values the standard deviations multiplied by the factor 1 28 are added to the mean for the minimum values the standard deviations are subtract ed The annual mean resulting this way does not correspond to any realistic value because 12 ten year extreme months are not probable to follow each other The calculation of the extremes includes only the climate variations and not the uncertainty Output format specific settings For the output format PHPP WaVE the parameters for calculating the heating and cooling degree days can be modified Heating loads e Number of cold days equals the number of days in which a building cools down or is heated up e Critical temperature Inside Aspired room temperature inside the building e Critical temper
43. ers such as diffuse radiation celestial radiation dew point temperature etc which are determined from calculated as opposed to measured data are subject to greater inaccuracy owing to error propagation Design reference year DRY data for Switzerland Germany and USA should preferably be used in situations for which they were generated and tested i e for building simulations This is because like generated data they are produced from original data via a data transfor mation procedure The term DRY is used here as a synonym for Typical Meteorological Year TMY or Typical Reference Year TRY What has changed since the last edition Compared to version 6 1 version 7 is completely redesigned and modernized Version 7 1 includes more data and many additional features Database Update of the time periods for temperature humidity precipitation and wind speed periods 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 for radiation parameters 1981 1990 1986 2005 and 1991 2010 Update of the satellite database Inclusion of completely new high resolution satellite map for Europe produced by MeteoSwiss 3 km resolution Africa CMSAF and globally 5 geosta tionary satellites with 8 km resolution Access to climate change forecasts IPCC scenarios B1 A1B A2 http www meteoschweiz admin ch web de forschung publikationen alle publikationen stoeckli r 2013 html 5 http wui cmsaf eu safira action viewHome menuName HOME CMSAF WUI Shor
44. est Aeronet station Custom Edit turbidity The selection can be made whether to use the interpolated satellite data default from Meteonorm from the nearest Aeronet station ground data or to use user modified values Software Description 25 Meteonorm The button Edit turbidity opens the turbidity editor which allows enter ing your own turbidity values Edit turbidity EEE 5 Atmospheric turbidity for Adelboden ss Monthly values Interpolated default Interpolated Aeronet Custom Nearest Aeronet station E TL Custom January 2 36 2 36 February 328 Daily val ri seni March 9 Variable default Constant April May une phugust September October November Nearest Aeronet station December Ispra 45 8 N 86 E 235 m a s l Distance to location 112 km Year Turbidity editor functions e Monthly values Choose between three datasets of monthly values The selected one will be marked in orange in the value table on the right side nterpolated interpolates the values from the Meteonorm turbidity climatology Aeronet is from a ground station network The nearest site is shown by following the red arrow in the image above Custom lets you enter your per sonal values e Daily values Select Variable default for variable values on a daily basis To hold them con stant throughout the month select Constant Data import There are different types of data imports e
45. from file Data will be imported exported 2009 H Year Month amp Download with the currently selected units Export 5 MJ m kWh m month C kWh m d z clay Use for interpolation Temperature units E Use this radiation data for the e cC interpolation of other OF locations Data quality Radiation Temperature Software Description 41 Meteonorm 2 4 2 Hourly and daily values With version 7 0 hourly values can be imported for every location The software will change the type of site automatically to User hour First the import file has to be chosen in the register Modifications with the button Select hourly files for import Hourly data must be defined according to a predefined format There are three different types of files which can be read e italian weather station format e Free format with tabulators as column separator and given header structure e Energy Plus Weather format EPW Italian weather station format The Italian weather station format includes 11 header lines and the following parameters Year month day day of year hour global radiation temperature relative humidity precipitation pressure wind direction wind speed and longwave incoming radiation All radiation parameters must be in W m temperatures in C pressure in hPa and wind speed in m s Free format The parameters of the free format are specified in Table 2 4 2 Missing values are permitted and ar
46. he time period can be chosen on one hand for the radiation parameters radiation and on the other hand for temperature and all the other parameters Two climatological time periods are available for both groups as well as a future time period for a climate change scenario e Temperature and all other parameters except for radiation 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 e Radiation 1981 1990 1991 2010 e Future By selecting Future the field IPCC Scenario for future time periods is activated There you can choose between different scenario types which affect the climate differently More details about this topic are given in chapter 3 2 Climate change data The 2000 2009 period for temperature and the 1991 2010 period for radiation depict the periods most commonly used At some stations the periods can differ from these standard periods By open ing the information window of a weather station in the Locations part you can see which data is availa ble and from which period it is For Cities or User defined sites the radiation period of cannot be cho sen The radiation values are pre interpolated for these sites For this interpolation a database includ ing global radiation measurements of all time periods is used Advanced settings Advanced settings are intended for more experienced users as they allow changing the standard setting by selecting different radiation models or other specific settings By changing the defaults the green
47. hy hour in year The remaining symbols are defined in chapter 5 Nr Format time Header Parameters Deli Units step lines miter 1 Standard hour m dm h hy G Gh G Dh G Gk Tab W m C G Dk G Bn Ta 90 Meteo mon 5 Ta Tamin Taamin Taamax Tamax RH Blank C 76 W m H Gh SD SDasir RR RD FF DD h day mm days snow and wind loads m s deg 98 Standard min m dm dy h min G_Gh hs Tab W m C minute G Ge G Gh hour G Dh G Gk G Bn Ta FF 21 Humidity hour m dm h hy G Gh Ta Td RH Blank W m C hPa Tp mx PP Enthalpy RR kJ kg mm 99 Science hour m dm dy h Ta G_Gh Td RH Blank W m C m s G_Dh FF DD G_Lin RR Sd N hs TL G Bn G Gc G Dc G ex G Gh profile PAR snow G Lup 17 Spectral UV hour m dm h hy G Gh G Dh Ta Blank W m C UVAc UVBc UVEc UVA UVB UVE UVAincl UVindex 14 Standard opt mon H Gh H Dh H Gk optimum incli Blank W m C nation Ta Tab 2 3 3 Definition of output formats for Building simulation software Software Description Nr Format 9 TRNSYS 7 CH METEO 2 HELIOS PC 3 DOE 4 SUNCODE 6 MATCH 11 sia 380 1 10 LESOSAI 22 ENERGY PLUS epw files 12 DYNBIL 24 PHPP WaVE WPP 36 PHPP8 27 Pleiades Comfie 29 sia 2028 30 WUFI WAC 31 PHLuft 32 IDA ICE 34 IBK CCM 3 VIP Energy time step hour hour hour
48. ic zones 3 4 Additional data 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 5 PARAMETERS AND UNITS 5 1 Definition of Parameters 5 2 Conversion Factors 6 HORICAT CHER eec caesus cea coa tr coo au secre dcus 6 1 Introduction 6 2 Howto take horizon pictures 6 3 Software installation and licensing PART Il THEORY oee the theory manual Meteonorm Short Review 1 Meteonorm Short Review What is Meteonorm Meteonorm is a comprehensive climatological database for solar energy applications Meteonorm is a meteorological database containing climatological data for solar engineering applications at every location on the globe The results are stochastically generated typical years from interpolated long term monthly means They represent an average year of the se lected climatological time period based on the user s settings As such the results do not rep resent a real historic year but a hypothetical year which statistically represents a typical year at the selected location Meteonorm is a computer program for climatological calculations Meteonorm is a data source for engineering simulation programs in the passive active and photovoltaic application of solar energy with comprehensive data interfaces Meteonorm is a standardization tool permitting developers and users of engineering design programs access to a comprehensive uniform meteorological data basis Meteonorm is a meteorological reference
49. idest position standard setting e Activate self timer needs to be activated for every picture If you choose not to use the self timer make sure you re not standing on the wrong side when shooting the photo e Turn off flash e Cover the sun with the supplied shadowing system to avoid overexpose due to direct sun light If the sun is not shining you may want to dispense with the shadowing sys tem e Re check leveling and orientation and shoot the picture timer is set to 10 seconds Connect PC and camera via USB Transfer the photos to your PC either via Windows Explorer or via Sony s software Use Meteonorm software to process the image Follow the instructions in chapter 2 3 2 3 CoN 6 3 Software installation and licensing Follow the installation process in chapter 2 2 If you don t have a license of Meteonorm version 7 or above contact us under sales meteonorm com to request a HORIcatcher license key Enter the key in the registration form chapter 2 2 1 and you will not be prompted anymore on startup of Meteonorm software for registration An exposed film strip ideally works as a filter because the sun remains visible which allows for an automatic correction of north south deviations later on see Section 2 3
50. imates IIl 9 Humid steppe climates with cold or mild winters IIl O Steppe climates with cold or mild winters and dry summers Ill 1 Steppe climates with cold and dry winters and humid summers Ill 2 Desert or semi arid climates with cold or mild winters Warm temperate zones Subtropical climates Mediterranean climates with humid winters and dry summers Humid winter and very dry summer climates Short humid winter and dry winter climates Long humid summer and dry winter climates Desert and semi arid climates without severe winters but with frost Perpetually humid grassland climates in southern hemisphere Perpetually humid hot summer climates Tropical zones V 1 Tropical rain climates V 2 Tropical humid summer climates V 3 Tropical humid winter climates V 4 Tropical dry climates V 5 Tropical desert or semi arid climates Data Basis 49 Meteonorm 3 4 Additional data For the Alpine countries wind and snow load zones have been added Countries and the availability of load zones are listed in Table 3 4 1 Tab 3 4 1 Wind and snow load zones available in Meteonorm Country Wind load Snow load Switzerland Germany Austria x France x The load zones are shown in the monthly output of the two output formats Meteo and sia 380 1 Abbreviations and Symbols 50 Meteonorm 4 Abbreviations and Symbols Tab 4 1 Alphabetic index of abbreviations and symbols General Automatic Network of the SMA Dk eh V
51. input image This setting is important because different versions of Meteonorm HORIcatcher differ in the angle the camera is mounted on the stand which influences the orientation of the image 3 Enter the north south deviation of the input image This is only necessary if the mirror of the horicatcher when taking the picture was NOT directed south north if you re on the southern hemisphere The north south deviation can be read off from the compass The fol lowing picture shows the standard optimal setup on the northern hemisphere with the mirror being directed south make sure the compass rose is positioned as in the picture In this case north south deviation is 0 However if e g the compass above showed 30 then north south deviation would be 30 note the minus sign if the compass showed 330 Software Description 24 Meteonorm north south deviation would be 30 If your location is on the southern hemisphere north and south directions are inverted The following picture shows the standard optimal setup on the southern hemisphere with the mirror being directed north In this case the north south deviation is 0 If e g the compass above showed 30 north south deviation would be 30 note the minus sign it the compass showed 330 north south deviation would be 30 In you prefer not to mess around with the compass you can let the software detect the north south deviation automatically
52. lite or fish eye camera you can load this image into the editor as a background image for more precise digitizing of the horizon line The image can be imported in jpg or png format The image must stretch from N to E S W to N again azimuth from 180 to 4 180 and from 0 to 90 elevation If you have an original Meteonorm horicatcher raw image which is not yet unfolded then click on the horicatcher button for unfolding the image See below for a detailed description e Display A legend of the different colored lines in the image is given Checkboxes are used to switch on off the topographical horizon to display the sun paths for winter solstice spring autumn and summer solstice and to display the reflections of a solar panel according to the plane orientation e Horizon You can load a horizon line from a previously stored hor file You can save the horizon line as a hor file The data are stored with a 1 resolution The button Remove cus tom horizon will delete the custom set points The topographical horizon remains e The opacity slider changes the transparency of the green topography layer For fixed hourly output formats DOE TMY2 TRY etc the global radiation is corrected for the hori zon profile e g the selected raised horizon is included in the calculation and written to the output For 3 see http Awww meteonorm com products meteonorm horicatcher Software Description 22 Meteonorm standard and user defined outpu
53. lues and the temperature are calculated and finally the radiation on the inclined surface is calculated The results are shown in the display The monthly average values of the resulting parameters can be displayed with the View results from all locations button and saved as a PDF document Software Description 11 Meteonorm Output San Diego US 32 8 N 117 2 E Om Daily global radiation i Daily temperature _ Data table 1 Overview of the results 2 Create overview PDF Radiation kwh m os amp gssts Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Mov Dec 3 Save results B Diffuse radiation KWh m C Global radiation kWh m 6 By pressing the Save all results on disk button you can store the values In the opening dialog box select the time format of the data Month for monthly values Day for daily values or Hour for Hourly values 2 3 2 Detailed software overview The software basically works in two steps In a first step surrounding weather stations are searched and their long term monthly means are interpolated to the specified location Data derived from satel lite imagery help to improve radiation parameters in regions with a low density of available ground based data lilii In a second step a stochastic weather generator runs on the interpolated monthly data to generate a typical mean year of data in hourly resolution 8 760 values per parameter for most of the output for mats Some of the output for
54. mation show information e g coordinates about the selected location The hourly files may contain very different parameters depending on the selected output format The parameters and the parameter order are shown in Tab 2 3 2 Hourly files consist of 8 760 lines Each line contains the values for one hour The monthly files contain a table with the values and information about the setting used as well as information about the nearest three stations used for the interpolation procedure and uncertainty in formation for radiation and temperature 2 3 2 7 Uncertainty variability and trend information The uncertainty model of Meteonorm 7 is described in chapter 7 3 of the theory handbook The measurement uncertainty as part of the uncertainty model the variability and trend information is taken from the 6 nearest stations with long term measurements subset of GEBA database with approximately 800 stations The same interpolation method as for the other meteorological parame ters is used see chapter 6 2 1 Only results are given if the nearest GEBA station is closer than 1500 km Software Description 39 Meteonorm 2 3 2 8 Interpretation of the results Do not interpret the 1 of January as THE mean 1 of January but as a day in January Values within a month are realistic values for that month based on the statistics and variations of the data of nearby measurement stations for that month Meteonorm is tuned to the parameters glo
55. mats even require a minute by minute time resolution Software Description 12 Meteonorm 2 3 2 1 Introduction To obtain a result a user has to consecutively go through the following five steps af meteonorm 7 File Locations Tools Help v Locations wl Modifications v Data wl Format wl Output 1 Locations Select the locations for which you want to run Meteonorm 2 Modifications Modify the location specific settings 3 Data Adjust data settings 4 Format Set the output format 5 Output Calculate and store the results 2 3 2 2 Step 1 Locations It is important to choose the location that suits your needs best Based on the selection of a location the data basis can be different since the sites and the databases are intimately coupled Basically there are seven different site types for locations defined Interpolated cities weather sta tions weather stations without global radiation measurement that means global radiation is interpo lated for them design reference years DRYs user defined sites sites with imported monthly values User month and sites with imported hourly values User hour Worldwide cities with more than 100 000 habitants and for Switzerland all 3 020 municipalities are included To have Meteonorm calculate meteorological data the question of which data basis to use arises Do you have your own data should one of Meteonorm s built in sites be used or should an in
56. n User defined data format below Software Description 31 Meteonorm Output Format Meteonorm Building simulation PV Solar thermal Standard TRNSYS PVSOL Polysun Meteo CH Meteo PVSyst TSOL Stai S PC PVS Solar Ripp Hu h G_Gh G_Dh G_Gk G_Dk G_Bn Ta Meteo matrix TISO de PVScout Solinvest Spectral atc Standard opt sia 380 1 LESOSAI EnergyPlus epw DYNBIL WaVE PHPP WPP PHPP 8 Pleiades Comfie sia 2028 WUFI WAC PHLuft IDA ICE IBK CCM VIP Energy General use Custom TMY2 User defined TRY DWD TMY3 T 5 Edit New Moving the mouse over a data format will activate a tool tip showing the parameters stored in this for mat This is demonstrated in the image above The tool tip first shows the time step the data is stored in in brackets h hourly min minutely mon monthly and then the list of the parameter abbrevia tions Parameters and their abbreviations are described in detail in chapter 5 If you choose the standard or the user defined output you are free to choose any desired surface orientation If you select a fixed format for a particular simulation software the surface orientation and also the units may be disabled as these settings will be applied in the simulation software itself Tab 2 3 2 Definition of designated Meteonorm output formats Number and sequence of parame ters Symbols y year m month dm day in month dy day in year h hour
57. n period for radiation was ex tended to 1986 2005 for radiation and to 2000 2009 for temperature wind and precipitation e Globalsod data NCDC 2002 The parameters temperature wind speed 10 m above ground and precipitation were processed to 2000 2009 means e GEBA The main period was extended to 1986 2005 e Turkish State Meteorological Service 9 stations with global radiation from 2004 2013 were add ed e NREL Monthly means of selected TMY3 sites those within the lowest uncertainty class were added The monthly average radiation values were calculated for periods of at least 10 years Although the 10 year periods differ between the stations a uniform period was used for each continent Tab 3 1 1 For some stations the data was extended with data from neighboring stations using a differential pro cedure The database contains a total of 8 275 weather stations Table 3 1 1 gives an overview of the global distribution and the type of the weather stations Data Basis 45 Meteonorm For most primary stations outside the USA average values of temperature humidity wind and rainfall are available for the measurement period 1961 1990 In the USA average values of these parame ters are available for most weather stations for the period 1961 1990 All sites of type station weather stations without global radiation measurements now have average values for the period 2000 2009 in version 5 x 1961 1990 6 x 1996 20
58. nd sunshine duration are shown as well as the curves for daily global radiation and temperature Output Aadorf 47 5 N SE 528 m ml 3 d Daily global radiation Daily temperature Data table PI Radiation Temperature Precipitation Sunshine duration opens preview tool gt PDF 120 3 store data to disk Radiation kwh m oc e 5 8 pa ca 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jj Diffuse radiation kWh m _ Global radiation KWh m On the left hand side of the window you can store your results by clicking the appropriate icons of the selection toolbox The magnifier icon will open the preview sheet which can be stored as a PDF file The graphs presented in the output part as well as a table with the monthly values are in ia cluded in the PDF Additionally the nearest sites up to three sites with the distance to each BA one of them or the WMO number for weather stations which were used for the interpolation are shown Furthermore information on the uncertainty of the yearly value for radiation and temperature as well as the trend and the year to year variability of the global radiation is provided The floppy disk icon lets you store the data as ASCII files You will be prompted for the time resolution to store the data The data is stored according to the data format selected in the format window The icons on the left hand side green globe and infor
59. ntal clear sky Diffuse radiation horizontal i e shortwave isotropic radiation A 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by the direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 6 aperture Dh hor Diffuse radiation horizontal with raised horizon i e shortwave isotropic radiation A 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by the direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 5 aperture taking raised horizon into account Dh min Diffuse radiation horizontal minimum Minimum diffuse radiation on horizontal surface on clear cloudless days clear sky conditions Diffuse radiation inclined i e shortwave isotropic radiation A 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by the direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 6 aperture on inclined surface Global radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation A lt 3 um received by a horizontal surface from the solid angle 2x Gh hor Global radiation horizontal with raised horizon i e shortwave radiation A 3 um received by a horizontal surface from the solid angle 27 taking raised horizon into account Gh max Gc Global radiation horizontal maximum i e maximum global radiation on horizontal surface on clear cloud less days clear sky conditions Global radiation inclined i e shortwave radiation A 3 um received by an inclined surface from the solid angle 2x Gn1 Gn2 Global
60. o transfer a license to another computer 1 Revoke your license registration on the old computer 2 Install Meteonorm on the new computer and activate your license there In case your license cannot be revoked due to a computer crash contact support meteonorm com to deactivate your license manually Software Description 7 Meteonorm 2 2 3 Basic settings Use the Tools menu item options to set your specific options Help Application language English Default output directory CAUsers jr Documents mn 0_output Proxy server Automatic Use following server settings Address Username optional Password optional Output format Remember last used output format e User options o Application language Language settings of the software o Default output directory Directory where per default the results are written to e Application options o Proxy server Set to Automatic will use the information which is set in the Windows system options Set the proxy address manually if your proxy server needs a different authen tication than the Windows login credentials If you leave the address field empty then the setting will switch automatically to automatic Software Description 2 2 4 Error Log 8 Meteonorm In case of software crashes errors are written to an error log file named exceptions log The log file is located in the user s configuration directory see chapter 2 2 for the exact loc
61. obal radiation at negative sun elevations or no global radiation with positive sun elevations occur the import is stopped The easiest way to examine the time definition of the measured values is to save standard output val ues for the same site change the type to User defined site for clear sky radiation with different time zones and time references and compare them to the measured time series e g in Excel 2 4 3 Examples Example hourly values import For a project in Sidney Australia hourly values for a complete year are to be imported The measured data are from the Sydney weather station and were stored with normal time reference Chap 6 1 i e the IZRM 30 and the time refers to the end of the measurement interval Using the measured glob al radiation data in W m the radiation on a vertical north facing surface is to be calculated 1 Selection of site The first step is to select the site within Sydney nterpolated city 2 Specification of surface azimuth 180 inclination 90 Software Description 43 Meteonorm Select the hourly import file in the register Modifications with the button Select hourly values file The hourly example file to import can be found under Help Example files sydnhimp_mn7 txt 4 meteonorm7 y e ZAR a E_E File Locations Tools Help of X See B M aum C Ce 0 v Locations Modification
62. of all 18 models has been included in Meteonorm Three different scenarios B1 low A1B mid and A2 high are available The anomalies of temperature precipitation global radiation of the periods 2011 2030 2046 2065 2080 2099 were used for the calculation of future time periods The forecast changes of global radiation until 2100 with all scenarios are relatively small compared to temperature changes They are in the range of one tenth of a percent up to some percent The differ ences between the three scenarios are also relatively small Table 3 2 1 and Figure 3 2 1 In average the global radiation will slightly decrease However in the Mediterranean region the trend is positive 2 4 96 until 2100 The changes of the last 25 years go in the same direction but are already bigger than the forecasted anomalies for the period until 2030 However it has to be noted that the variations in the past 50 years global dimming and brightening have been underestimated by the climate mod els in the past Tab 3 2 1 Change of mean global radiation values in scenario A2 Yearly means 1981 2000 ac cording to Meteonorm 6 1 Site longitude latitude Yearly mean Anomalies Anomalies Anomalies 7 7 Meteonorm 2011 2030 2046 2056 2080 2099 6 1 kWh m2 kWh m kWh m kWh m Germany 10 50 1087 7 0 6 4 1 3 38 3 5 South Spain 5 37 1796 8 1 096 8 1 696 1 2 896 Turkey 30 37 1952 15 0 896 4 1 7 69 3 5 Sahara 0 30 2163 9 0 4
63. our of day hy Hour of year IZRM Internal reference time in min m Month CET MEZ Central European Time True solar time Local time time of day Time difference between local time and zonal time Time difference between zonal time and universal time Universal time coordinated Parameters and Units 52 Meteonorm 5 Parameters and Units 5 1 Definition of Parameters The following tables show the definitions and abbreviations of the parameters Table 5 1 shows all the different meteorological parameters while table 5 2 shows the different radiation parameters Tab 5 1 Definition of meteorological parameters Parameter pessimo Sesewst Ror ite FF Wind speed FFE FFN longitudinal and latitudinal part of the m s 1 10 m s kt km h wind speed Gust peak speed format sia 2028 only 1 m s HE o O Time integrated radiation Index refers to radiation type kWh m MJ m H G Average hourly radiation intensity H At Index refers to radia W m btu ft h KJ m h tion type lt G gt Average radiation intensity H At Index refers to radiation W m btu ft h KJ m h type For daily monthly and yearly averages Solar altitude i e the angle between the line joining the center rad of the sun with the site and the horizontal plane at the site KTm Ktd kt Clearness index Ratio of global radiation on earth s surface and extraterrestrial radiation Gh GO KT refers to monthly values Kt to
64. phical horizon Topographical horizon Custom horizon coordinates of mouse pos Horizon azimuth elevation Show sun paths Sun paths a Load X4 Save 3 Remove custom horizon Show reflections Reflections Close editor Constant horizon 30 47 Add Ocloseeditor The horizon editor allows modifying the horizon line according to the local neighborhood The green area at the bottom shows the horizon of the surrounding landscape retrieved from the horizon server The topographical horizon can be calculated for all regions of the world between 60 N and 60 S using a 90 m digital terrain model This normally gives quite a good approximation of the horizon line If the horizon is very near e g the site is on a slope the horizon is shown as blocks The thick red line shows the final horizon line which is a mixture of the topographical horizon and the custom horizon The topographical horizon is used as a base horizon line With left mouse clicks you can add the cus tom horizon line from additional nearby objects like buildings or trees Points are marked as black squares Remove points with right mouse clicks or by dragging the points out of the window In the example above a skyscraper in the neighborhood is added to the topographical horizon Horizon editor functions e Background image If you have a 360 image of the surrounding of your location e g made with Meteonorm horicatcher geological compass theodo
65. processed to daily means of global radiation and summed up to monthly values These monthly values are interpolated with mean ground meas urements mainly GEBA data The difference between the ground measurements and satellite infor mation is interpolated spatially with the inverse distance method see Chapter 6 2 1 This provides a result which includes the values at the ground stations and the variation of the satellite pictures For Europe a high resolution 2 3 km satellite map has been compiled by MeteoSwiss based on im ages from 2004 2010 of the visible and the infrared channel of Meteosat Second Generation satellite This data is included in Meteonorm version 7 1 For Africa data for the period 1986 2005 from CMSAF DWD is used For the rest of the world satellite data is from the period 2009 2013 and has a resolution of 8 km j http wui cmsaf eu safira action viewHome menuName HOME CMSAF WUI Data Basis 46 Meteonorm Yearly sum of Global Horizontal Irradiation GHI NNN i ed gt YNNNANA WS wo ooooceo oo sag ecocooooocos 3 MZ i Source Meteonorm 7 2 www meteonorm com uncertainty 8 3f meteonorm 7 Vn Period 1991 2010 grid cell size 0 125 mbar 2014 Me Fig 3 1 1 Map of yearly sum of global irradiation in KWh m based on satellite and ground infor mation Means adapted mainly to the period 1991 2010 3 2 Climate change data From the IPCC report 2007 Meehl et al 2007 the average
66. s all necessary parameters for further processing global radiation temperature wind humidity and precipitation The Swiss database already used in the 1995 version 2 has been retained partly This was compiled by the MeteoSwiss and contains 10 year mean data for Gh Ta FF DD and Sd for 64 weather sta tions for the period 1983 1992 These values can be accessed for these sites for radiation parame ters For worldwide applications several different international databases are included Global radiation data was taken from the GEBA Global Energy Balance Archive WMO World Climate Program Wa ter Gilgen et al 1998 The data was quality controlled using six separate procedures checking of physical probability time series analysis and comparison of cloud data Temperature humidity wind data sunshine duration and days with rain were taken from WMO Climatological Normals 1961 1990 WMO 1998 To replace missing data and ensure a homogeneous distribution of weather stations other databases such as the data summary of international weather stations compiled by the National Climatic Data Center USA NCDC 1995 2002 were added For some stations in the USA monthly mean values 1961 1990 of global radiation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL database The Solar Radiation Data Manual For Buildings were used For version 7 0 six data sources were updated e Swiss database based on Swissmetnet of MeteoSwiss The mai
67. scripts are repre sented by a suffix preceded by an underscore Example of variable representation G_Gh Designates average hourly radiation intensity for global horizontal radiation H Gh Designates time integral of horizontal global radiation which corresponds to the en ergy absorbed Parameters and Units 54 Meteonorm 5 2 Conversion Factors The conversion factors used for converting units are provided in Table 5 3 Tab 5 3 Conversion factors for conversion of units Krist 1976 Radiation H KWh m MJ m 2 3 6 1 lt G gt W m kJ m h 2 3 6 1 btu ft h 2 0 317 1 MJ m h 2 0 0036 1 MJ m mon Month with kWh m2 h 2 0 001 1 kWh m day 2 0 024 1 KWh m mon Month with 28 days 2 0 67 1 30 days 2 0 72 1 31 days 2 0 74 1 Year 2 8 76 1 epemus Ta TaT a 178 Wind FF m s kn 2 1 94 1 km h 2 3 6 1 pese ep reanna inorena Jees btu British thermal unit Horicatcher 55 Meteonorm 6 HORIcatcher ua e Lia 4 s e S 2 M E ae gr i amp A B A g E s bs k P s Qe Za a P x C gh T E 2 d e aa us ka X Gt 6 1 Introduction HORIcatcher is an easy to use and fast tool to take pictures of the horizon These pictures can be used to determine the solar energy input sunshine duration and sun exposure reduced by obstacles like trees houses or mountains HORIcatcher is supplie
68. se the albedo value to be variable between winter if there is snow and summer Horizon Atmospheric turbidity Interpolated w Custom J Nearest Aeronet station i5 Edit horizon Custom D Edit turbidity In Meteonorm the influence of the horizon profile on the monthly and hourly values is taken into ac count Should the horizon for the Northern Hemisphere be raised above 10 in the directions NE through S to NW a noticeable reduction in average monthly radiation occurs For hourly values a relatively little elevated horizon may already have a strong influence on individual values For these reasons it is important to consider the effects of a raised horizon The selection can be made whether to use e None Do not use a horizon line at all The terrain is assumed to be flat and no shading is tak en into consideration e Use custom Use a horizon line edited with the horizon editor The button Edit horizon will open the horizon editor which allows v Edit horizons drawing your personal horizon line Software Description 21 Meteonorm reflection line white skyscraper in the neighborhood 12 produces shadow in winter spring and autumn in the early afternoon surrounding topography green Mesi Background image Display YS 4 Horizon opacity Final horizon Select b di is Clear HORIicatcher zi Se ackground image Eg af Use topogra
69. t Review 3 Meteonorm Wind load zones for Germany and Switzerland Snow load zones for Germany Switzerland Austria and France Models Enhanced interpolation models to calculate mean values for any site in the world Additional models for calculation of diffuse and direct radiation Enhanced temperature and humidity generation for building simulation including extreme events Uncertainty variability and trend information of yearly values of radiation and temperature for any site Software Total redesign of software and graphical user interface e g new high resolution map tool easi er activation of the software with a license key Update of the data import interface for user defined data including current data by internet Effects of high horizon considered in radiation calculations High horizon calculated automatical ly for all regions worldwide Calculation of panel reflections Update of the English user manual maps and illustrations included New output formats added IBK CCM Solinvest and VIP Energy Batch mode to calculate up to 100 sites at once How accurate is Meteonorm Owing to the comprehensive framework chosen for the present edition certain inconsistencies could not be avoided However it is always possible to establish which data basis and algorithms were used Differences between the various data bases and algorithms may be summarized as follows Quality of the data basis The radiation and tempera
70. t formats radiation on inclined planes Gk and Dk is corrected for horizon profile but not radiation on the horizontal plane Gh and Dh Gh and Dh are calculated with an astronomical horizon and written unmodified to the output Horizon Example In the example below we have drawn the topographical horizon plus two objects in the nearby neigh borhood We have a setup of a solar panel oriented 40 azimuthal and 20 inclined The sun paths show us that we have shading from object 1 in the early morning hours in summer and shading from object 2 at noon in winter In spring and autumn we will have reflections from the panel at object 1 in the afternoon Unfolding a HORIcatcher image The horicatcher dialog transforms a fisheye image taken with the Meteonorm HORIcatcher device into a rectangular 360 panorama image the y axis representing the elevation from 0 to 90 For more information about the Meteonorm HORIcatcher device and on how to take photos with it see Chapter 6 You can find a sample image in the examples file folder Select Show example files from the help menu to open this folder in the Windows Explorer The following screenshot explains how to transform an input image into a 360 panorama image Software Description 23 Meteonorm E HORIcatcher 5 ca 8 Es 1 Open Photo shot Input image with HORIcatcher Parameters 3 Check camera GU EE model 0 Open image Camera mo
71. te your list of User defined locations e g to your colleagues or to another PC It is also possible to import list from version 6 x The file is located in C Program Files Common Files MN61 output stnuser2005 mdb at meteonorm 7 File Locations Tools Help Import user defined locations Export user defined locations Clear user defined locations Clear Favorites of 1C Using the batch mode function With Meteonorm 7 1 it is possible to choose more than one location at once or to import a list with predefined locations see above Like this up to 100 locations can be calculated at once The file to import has to include the following parts Lister P mn Q_10 002Xdataumportibatch map npole 2deg b txt Datei Bearbeiten Optionen Formattyp 1 save month Codierung Hilfe name longitude latitude altitude map 68668 1790006 179 BBB8BB 68 B8B8BB88B 345 map 68668 17700A 177 BBB8BHB 68 B8B8B8B88B map 68668 165B8BHB 165 BBBBH 68 B8B8B8B88B 15H map 68888 163888 163 660066 68 606006 368 map 686608 16188B 161 00000 68 886008 678 map 686068 159006 159 BB88BB8 68 HB8BBB88HB 35H map 68668 157000 157 BBB8BB8 68 B8B8BB88B 648 map 68668 1550006 155 BB88BB8 68 B8B8B888B 1220 map 68668 153006 153 BBBBB 68 B8B8BBB8H 1528 map 68668 151888 151 60066 68 606006 1526 1 row Formattyp 1 99 format type number see Tab 2 3 2 2 row Save month hour time resolution of values to be s
72. terpolation based on the nearest Meteonorm sites be used The fixed database in Meteonorm 7 contains approx 6 200 cities 8 325 weather stations and 1 200 DRY Design Reference Year sites For weather stations monthly average values are stored Should you require hourly values these are generated accordingly For cities the monthly average values long term averages are interpolated and then the hourly values generated For other sites the monthly values are likewise interpolated and hourly values generated If you choose a DRY site the stored hourly data will automatically be read in and used in the calculations If your project is near a weather station this station can be used directly The distance between your location and the nearest weather station should not be more than 20 km and the altitudes should not differ by more than 100 m When a weather station is selected its data is used in the calculations If your project lies far from the next city or weather station included in Meteonorm it is recommended to define a user defined site form Available Locations Tab User defined button Add new so that data from nearby weather stations are interpolated Software Description 13 Meteonorm A Locations Selected locations Available locations Locations User defined gt 1 of 1 locations selected _ r Aarwangen 47 2 N 7 8 E 438 m AFA s Aarau 47 4 N 8 0 E 385 m 4 Interpolated city
73. that it shall not be further distributed No liability on the part of the developers shall arise from this The user shall be responsible for checking the correctness and plausi bility of the results by applying state of the art control procedures oee also the license agreement http meteonorm com en downloads documents Contents Contents PART I REVIEW AND SOFTWARE 1 SHORT HEVIEWuoiieeti eerie Rer Eee Rie rebar ee ems 2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 2 1 Delivery license agreement 2 2 Installation 2 24 SOtWelecdcllVallODissdcuenadzetetex Madera asa alse hed dean torEdcc su Ed 2 2 2 l1cense trariste uito ecu A Mp e LEE rd 2 243 BASIC SEMINGS susci mectodetesas went be vepres teu ua Sadabu Latii date le uaa 2 24 ETON EOQs cecinit dH tma Dons itia a 2 3 Software usage 2 3 1 An introductory example cccccesescccecsssseeeeeceeeeeeeseaeeeeeseeas 2 3 2 Detailed software overview cccccsseeeccesseeecceeseeeseeseeesseaeees 2 4 Import of your own data 2 4 1 Monthly values eessesesssseeseeeeeeen nennen 2 4 2 Hourly and daily values ccccccseeeecceeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeas 2 393 Examplessuessstnnbveidiv test v eros Wien deacons vo oaov o a MU UR pue a 3 Angel M 3 1 Climatological Databases 3 1 1 Ground stations eesesesesn meme neis 342 Sgele tds iens a ed tecto pee ned ade 3 2 Climate change data 3 3 Climat
74. therstations Greenland Weatherstations w o global radiation E Design Reference Year locations Cities User defined locations O E Batch mode locations r R ASIA Zoom to region 30000 N Lat G Zoom In 2 Zoom Out 4f Create new location Address search 4 Nominatim Search Courtesy of MapQuest meteonorm 3X Close OpenStreetMMap Map data 2014 Ope zetMap tiles cour of MapQuest http www mapquest com More information about a location is displayed when clicking on a location dot in the map You will see the same type of location bar as in the list of available locations You can then directly select a location for your calculation or view details with the available buttons Select for calculation St Petersburg 60 0 N 30 3 E 72 m Weather station aaa vmis ree a E sake La P M AM Sahara E a 6 In the center of the map you can see a red cross To define a new User defined location click on the Create new location button The coordinates for the new location will be taken from the position of the red cross In the window opening enter a name for the location the altitude and time zone See the subsection Defin ing a User defined site below for further instructions wel Create new location Software Description 15 Meteonorm N a p Location types 7 Weatherstations Q Weatherstations w o global radiation
75. turbidity Data import Import monthly values Select hourly values file Press Next on the bottom right to move to the next page Software Description 3 Data form Leave it as is to use the default selections Data Use meteonorm 7 climate data O Use yearly imported data Back C Advanced settings Timeperiod radiation 9 1986 2005 1981 1990 Future Press Nextto move to the next page 10 Timeperiod temperature 2000 2009 1961 1990 Future Meteonorm IPCC Scenario for future time periods B1 2010 A1B A2 le Reset Next gt Output Format form Choose output format Standard The Meteonorm standard output file con tains the global radiation diffuse radiation global radiation inclined diffuse radiation inclined di 4 rect normal radiation and air temperature Output Format Meteonorm Building simulation 9 Standard TRNSYS Meteo CH Meteo Standard Winute 2 HELIOS PC Humidity DOE Science Suncode Spectral UV Match Standard opt sia 380 1 LESOSAI EnergyPlus epw DYNBIL 1 Select output format PHPP WaVE Pleiades Comfie sia 2028 WUFI WAC PHLuft IDA ICE IBK CCM Press Next to run the calculations 9 PV i PVSOL PVSyst PWS Meteo matrix TISQ PV Scout Solinvest Output The calculation takes about 2 to 10 seconds The monthly values are first interpolated then the hourly global horizontal radiation va
76. ture based on weather data taking altitude topogra phy region etc into account Hourly value generator Gn Ta Stochastic generation of time dependent global horizontal radiation and temperature data having a quasi natural distri bution and an average monthly value equal to the average value over 10 years Radiation resolution Gn Dn Bn Resolution of global radiation into diffuse and direct compo nents Radiation on inclined surface with skyline effect Calculation of hemispherical radiation on arbitrarily orientated hourly value model Gx surfaces taking the reduction due to skyline profile into ac count Which data for what purpose Depending on his specific requirements the user must choose the most suitable method from among the numerous procedures available in Meteonorm To provide the user with the best possible service a whole series of dependent parameters in addition to the measured data are available In choosing the data the quality and relevance of the basis data sets must be considered The following criteria should be applied Measured and interpolated monthly values are of similar precision Although measured data reflect the specific characteristics of a local site they are always subject to measurement errors and these tend to be compensated by the interpolation process Interpolated data should there fore be used at sites with no weather station in the vicinity approx 20 km distance Dependent paramet
77. ture data was subjected to extensive tests The root mean square error in interpolating monthly radiation values was found to be 7 and for temperature 1 2 C Climatic variations The Meteonorm radiation data base is based on 20 year measurement periods the other meteoro logical parameters mainly on 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 means Comparisons with longer term measurements show that the discrepancy in average total radiation due to choice of time period is less than 2 396 rmse for all weather stations Computational models The models used in Meteonorm are designed to calculate radiation on inclined surfaces and addi tional meteorological parameters One or more models are used depending on data basis If the results are to be passed on to another software the data basis and models used should be speci fied to ensure that the results are correctly interpreted In general the hourly model tends to slightly overestimate the total radiation on inclined surfaces by 0 3 depending on the model The discrepancy compared to measured values is 10 for individual months and 6 for yearly sums It is important for users of Meteonorm to be aware that the data basis and computational models only approximate the real situation Notwithstanding this the mean variation in measured total radiation between one year and another is greater than the inaccuracy in the models Software Description 4 Meteonorm Software Description 2 1 Delivery
78. under sales meteonorm com to revoke it manually 2 2 1 1 Activate your license 1 In the Help item in the menu bar select the entry Register An internet connection is needed meteonorm 7 Demo mode File Locations Tools Help Locations amp View meteonorm help View meteonorm theory Selected Show example files Show error log loca About meteonorm 7 Crash 2 Enter your license key 16 character long string to register and obtain full software usage En ter your personal information for a quicker identification in case you have support questions and click ok af Register your copy of meteonorm 7 Please enter your registration information First name m Last name E mail Serial number Enter serial number here 3 You will be informed by a popup window on the success of the activation process Push the Start button for working with Meteonorm In case the license is already activated on another machine the license has to be revoked there first Software Description 6 Meteonorm 2 2 1 2 Revoke your registration 1 Inthe Help item in the menu bar select the entry Revoke registration An internet connection is needed Your license will be deactivated and Meteonorm will restart in demo mode File Locations Locations amp View meteonorm help View meteonorm theory Selecte Show example files Show error log About meteonorm 7 Crash 2 2 2 License transfer T
79. urface Global illuminance Diffuse illuminance Mixing ratio Total cloud cover Atmospheric pressure Photosynthetically active radiation Photovoltaic installation production Abbreviations Earth Surface Sun Time and Symbols o1 Meteonorm p Albedo reflection coefficient R Radiation balance Ratio of direct radiation integral on inclined and horizontal surfaces Days with precipitation gt 0 1 mm Ratio of global radiation integral on inclined and horizontal surfaces Relative humidity Precipitation Air temperature Dew point temperature Wet bulb temperature psychrometer temperature Surface temperature Water content of Atmosphere precipitable water Latitude Latitude of equivalent horizontal area Longitude Surface inclination Surface azimuth orientation of surface Incident angle of radiation on inclined surface Isotropic diffuse view factor Isotropic reflex view factor Optical air mass Declination Solar azimuth Solar altitude Solar constant Radiation at the upper edge of the atmosphere Solar constant adjusted to distance earth sun Extraterrestrial solar radiation horizontal Clearness index month Clearness index day Clearness index hour Astronomical day sunshine duration Effective sunshine duration Hourly solar angle Hourly angles at sunrise and sunset dm Day of month 1 28 29 30 31 dy Day of year 1 365 366 ET Time equation Greenwich mean time UTC h H

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