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PowerFactory Version 14.1

1. 57 3 9 Enhancements in the Tie Open Point Optimization 60 3 9 1 Thermal and Voltage Constraints Outside Feeders 60 3 10 Enhancements in the Reliability Analysis 61 3 10 1 Optimal Power Restoration Strategies for Distribution 61 3 10 2 Global versus local constraints 61 3 10 3 Consider Sectionalizing Stages 1 3 62 3 10 4 Creation of Load States 62 3 11 Enhancements in Protection Models 63 3 11 1 Interblocking Time Overcurrent Diagram 63 3 11 2 Minimum Maximum Time Value Definition for the Time Current Characteristic Time Overcurrent Diagram
2. 29 3 2 7 Updated IEC Standard Cable Global Library 29 3 3 Enhancements in the Short Circuit Calculation 31 3 3 1 New Short Circuit Method for the Accurate Representation of Converter Driven Generators Wind Turbines Photovoltaic etc 31 3 3 2 Static Generator PWM Doubly Fed Induction Machine and Asynchronous Machine Element ElmGenstat ElmVsc ElmAsmsc ElmAsm Dynamic Voltage Support Extension 32 3 3 3 Executing the Short Circuit Calculation Considering the Current Iteration Method 33 3 3 4 Breaker Results 33 3 4 Harmonic Analysis according to IEC 61000 3 6 35 3 4 1 Harmonic Current Source Type TypHmccur IEC 61000 Extension 35 T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 v 3 4 2 Harmonic Current Injections Norton Equivalent Extension for the Static
3. 63 3 11 3 IEEE C57 109 Transformer Damage Curve Extension 64 3 12 Enhancement in the Shunt Element ElmShnt 65 3 12 1 Saturation Extension 65 3 13 Enhancement in the Series Reactor Element ElmSind 66 3 13 1 Saturation Extension 66 3 14 Enhancement in the Asynchronous Machine Element ElmAsm 67 3 14 1 Variable Rotor Resistance Extension 67 T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 v i 3 14 2 Negative Sequence Extension 68 3 15 Enhancement in the Doubly Fed Induction Machine Element ElmAsmsc 68 3 15 1 Negative Sequence Extension 68 3
4. 2 2 1 2 The Colour Legend Block On Off Button 3 2 2 Enhancements in the Data Model and Single Line Diagrams 4 2 2 1 Variations Expansion Stages and what they Record 4 2 2 2 The Permanent Diagram Concept 7 2 2 3 Draw Existing Net Elements Option The Show Elements of Drawn Composite Nodes Button 9 2 2 4 Working with Templates and the Template Library 11 2 2 5 The New Global Template Library 13 2 2 6 The Renewed Diagram Colouring Option 14 2 2 7 Operation Scenarios and the New Scenario Scheduler and Scenario Configuration Object 16 2 2 8 Substation Automation Switching Rules IntSwitching 18 2 2 9 Some nice to know Shortcuts when Working with Single Line Diagrams 20 2 2 10 File Formats for Background Company Logo and Picture Box VI
5. 20 2 2 11 Plots Additional Variable Description 20 2 2 12 Variable Set Definition Additional Signal Description 21 3 PowerFactory v14 1 Power System Analysis Functions amp Models 22 3 1 Enhancements in the Load Flow Calculation 22 3 1 1 Consideration of Active and Reactive Power Limits in PQ Machines 22 3 2 Considering Temperature Dependency in your Analysis 24 3 2 1 Line and Conductor Type TypLne TypCon Temperature Dependency Extension 24 3 2 2 Cable Type TypCab Temperature Dependency Extension 26 3 2 3 Load Flow Calculation 27 3 2 4 RMS and EMT Simulations 28 3 2 5 Short Circuit Calculation Complete Method 29 3 2 6 Harmonic Load Flow Calculation
6. D I g S I L E N T T e c h n i c a l D o c u m e n t a t i o n What s New in PowerFactory Version 14 1 W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 i i DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich Hertz Strasse 9 D 72810 Gomaringen Tel 49 7072 9168 0 Fax 49 7072 9168 88 http www digsilent de e mail mail digsilent de PowerFactory Version 14 1 What s New 14 1 Published by DIgSILENT GmbH Germany Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Unauthorised copying or publishing of this or any part of this document is prohibited June 29 2011 W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 i i i Revision History Version Release Description 14 1 0 21 12 2010 14 1 0 Beta Version 14 1 1 17 06 2011 Updated to Released Version 14 1 1 29 06 2011 Document Revised T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 i v Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 PowerFactory v14 1 Main Interface Window the Data Model and Single Line Diagrams 2 2 1 New Features in the Main Interface Window 2 2 1 1 What s New in the Drawing Toolbox
7. Harmonic Analysis Distance Protection Overcurrent Time Protection Nonlinear System Identification Parameter Identification Reliability Assessment Multi User Database Driver Distribution Functions State Estimator
8. s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 6 Figure 3 21 Pow er Curve Type TypPow ercurve 3 7 3 Meteorological Station ElmMeteostat In version 14 1 the user has the possibility of defining groups of wind generators according to their correlation Several wind generators can refer to a single meteorological station representing the case whereby several wind turbines may have identical or different average wind speeds yet are correlated with one another A new Meteorological Station Element ElmMeteostat is therefore available Note that when two wind generators are correlated as members of the same Meteo Station they may still have different average wind speeds defined within their Generation Adequacy dialog During the Monte Carlo Analysis a random wind speed is drawn for each Meteo Station This wind speed is then applied to every wind generator in that Meteo Station using the Weibull Stochastic Model Thus the power is calculated according to the individual power curve of the generator 3 7 4 Definition of Dispatchable Conventional Generation The following 3 phase models are capable of utilising the stochastic model object provided there defined as generators and not as motors Synchronous machine ElmSym Static generator ElmGenstat set as Fuel Cell HVDC Terminal Reactive Power Compensation Storage or other Static Generator Asynchronous machine ElmAsm Doubly fed asynchron
9. The Column Number refers to the column in the input file of the time series signal s to be analyzed For ComTrade files the Variable Name is automatically read from the input file and displayed No variable name is provided for other file types The Calculate Ps column allows the user to select which signals are to be analyzed When result file as input is used the user needs to select the elements and variables from the ones available in the result file Signal Settings tab Description Signal Type Select between EMT or RMS values Specify start time User defined start time at which data should be read from file Resample Data The input data matrix will be resampled using the sampling rate entered by the user Observation Period The time period over which the flicker should be analyzed Calculate Plt Perform calculation of Plt long term flicker contribution Number of Observation Periods The number of successive observation periods or time windows to analyze Flickermeter button P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 3 Advanced Options tab Description Filter Offset Offset for the filters to stabilize A positive non zero Filter Offset should always be provided Cut off Frequency Cut off frequency of Butterworth filter Scaling
10. modifications in the single line diagram are still possible this is achievable because of the Permanent Diagram concept Of course while the elements are hidden any other type of modification related the data model e g length of the line active power setting etc is not allowed Read Only If these type of changes are required then the corresponding variation should be activated first Questions amp Answers Q1 Can I delete hidden elements of inactive variations expansion stages from the single line diagram A1 Nice try The answer is No Since hidden elements are Read Only objects deletion is not possible Of course graphical changes such as new placements of the hidden elements are permitted Q2 If I revert to the previous variation concept will I still have the definition of Permanent Diagram and the display of inactive or hidden elements in the single line diagram A2 NO Once you revert to the previous variation concept the graphics will be shown as in v14 0 That is there will be no definition of Permanent Diagram because graphical changes will be recorded in the stages Inactive variations hidden elements will no longer be displayed in the single line diagram O u t o f C a lc u la t io n D e e n e r g iz e d M V M a y o B B 1 P V B B W F B u s b a r M a in B 1 L V B 1 M V D is t B 1 T r W F L o a d M V Tr Main L1
11. 16 Enhancement in the Static Generator Element ElmGenstat 69 3 16 1 Negative Sequence Extension 69 3 17 Enhancement in the PWM Element ElmVsc 69 3 17 1 Negative Sequence Extension 69 3 17 2 Capability Curve Extension 70 3 17 3 Parallel Converters Extension 70 3 18 Enhancement in the 3 Winding Transformer Type TypTr3 71 3 18 1 Pocket Calculator Extension 71 3 19 Enhancement in the Voltage Measurement Device StaVmea 72 3 19 1 Simulation Additional Output Signals 72 3 20 Enhancement in the Current Measurement Device StaImea 72 3 20 1 Simulation
12. 2 5 Short Circuit Calculation Complete Method In case performing a Short Circuit calculation according to the Complete Method two concepts have to be made clear How the short circuit is initialized and how the short circuit is calculated Short Circuit initialization If the load flow initialization option is enabled Advanced Option tab page the Temperature Dependence of the resistance is done according to the settings in the load flow Command Short Circuit calculation If the calculate option is set to Min Short Circuit Currents then resistance values are corrected to maximum end temperature not maximum operation temperature otherwise resistance values referred to 20 C Important note If the load flow initialization is required for calculating pre fault voltages currents used by short circuit calculation the temperature value taken into account to perform resistance correction is the Maximum operational temperature For short circuit currents calculation however the temperature value considered is Maximum end temperature 3 2 6 Harmonic Load Flow Calculation As in the previous short circuit section the harmonic load flow calculation consists also of two concepts How the harmonic load flow is initialized and how harmonic load flow is calculated Harmonic Load Flow Initialization Resistance temperature correction option to be considered in Harmonic Load Flow Command ComHldf and Frequency Sweep
13. Additional Output Signals 72 3 21 Global Library Updates 72 3 21 1 Macros and IEEE Controllers 73 4 Other Important Enhancements 75 4 1 PowerFactory v14 1 32 amp 64 Bit 75 4 2 PowerFactory Versioning 75 4 3 CIM ENTSO E Profile 75 4 4 Topological Processing Breaker Reduction 76 4 5 PowerFactory 14 1 Function Definitions 76 I n t r o d u c t i o n W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 1 Introduction The following sections in this document look at the new features and enhancements that are a
14. Factor Calibration parameter Tolerance Tolerance for determining if the sampling rate is constant or not The parameter SampleRateConstant Info frame depends on this parameter p_resvar Available only if Number of Observation Periods is bigger than one outcmd If enabled a report is displayed in the output window Figure 3 19 Flickermeter Command Window The Flickermeter command will write the results to a result file provided the option Calculate Plt has been selected The results of the Flickermeter calculation can be also displayed in the output window if the user selects the option Report from the Advanced Options tab page For more detailed information on the Flickermeter tool please refer to Chapter 26 of the User s Manual Type of data file Selection of data for calculation P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 4 Questions amp Answers Q1 Why is the Flickermeter button in the Stability toolbar Shouldn t it be located in the Harmonics tool bar instead A1 Since the files used by the Flickermeter tool are related to simulation type files time the idea is to have it also in the simulation Stability toolbar P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s
15. Generator ElmGenstat and PWM ElmVsc ElmVscmono Elements 36 3 4 3 Harmonic Load Flow Calculation 37 3 5 Flicker Assessment according to IEC 61400 21 39 3 5 1 Flicker Coefficient Type TypFlicker 39 3 5 2 Flicker Assessment in the Harmonic Load Flow Calculation 40 3 6 The Flickermeter Tool IEC 61000 4 15 42 3 6 1 Flickermeter Command ComFlickermeter 42 3 7 Generation Adequacy Assessment 45 3 7 1 Stochastic Model for Generation Object StoGen 45 3 7 2 Power Curve Type TypPowercurve 45 3 7 3 Meteorological Station ElmMeteostat 46 3 7 4 Definition
16. Min Max Values for the TCC Once the time range has been defined in the I t Characteristic the user can easily set the value from the time overcurrent object RelToc Used defined Min Max Time P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 4 Figure 3 38 Min Max Time Definition in the Time Overcurrent Object RelToc 3 11 3 IEEE C57 109 Transformer Damage Curve Extension In version 14 1 the IEEE C57 109 Transformer Damage Curve is extended so it considers the transformer as being Liquid Immersed or Dry Type Figure 3 39 Transformer Damage Curve Transformer Type P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 5 3 12 Enhancement in the Shunt Element ElmShnt 3 12 1 Saturation Extension Ever required modelling the saturation of a shunt reactor in an EMT simulation In version 14 1 the shunt model is extended so that saturation can be now considered Figure 3 40 EMT Tab Page of the Shunt Element The saturation Type can be therefore defined as one of the following options Linear No saturation considered Two Slope Approximates the shunt saturation by two linear slopes Polynomial Saturation curve is represented by a polynomial
17. Minimum number of contingencies The parallel contingency analysis will be started only if the number of contingencies is greater than this setting If there are only a few contingencies it doesn t make sense to calculate in parallel because it is time consuming to start slave engines and transfer network data Package size for optimized method and Package size for standard method The master distributes the contingencies to slaves per package The package size means how many contingencies shall be calculated by a slave each time The contingencies can be calculated using either optimized P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 5 method or standard method As the standard method is much slower than optimized method the package size of standard method should be smaller than optimized method to well balance the calculation Figure 3 29 Contingency Analysis Command Dialog Parallel Computing Questions amp Answers Q1 Can I perform a contingency analysis with the Parallel Computing option on my stand alone computer A1 If your computer has more than one processing core then of course you can take advantage of this option Just remember if you have only a couple of contingencies defined it doesn t make that much sense to calculate them in parallel You will even
18. W F 2 P h o to vo lta ic P V L in e 2 P V L in e L o a d L V W in d P a r k E xte r n a l G r id Tr Dist Although variations are inactive the single line diagram displays the hidden elements Graphic Mode P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 9 2 2 3 Draw Existing Net Elements Option The Show Elements of Drawn Composite Nodes Button Whenever the user worked with substations and wanted to represented them as composite nodes so to have an overview diagram the graphical representation of internal elements of the composite node was not that straightforward Picture the following You have defined a power system with the help of a couple of substation elements ElmSubstat such as indicated in Figure 2 8 Figure 2 8 Example Netw ork Substations As the reader is well aware of the previous single line diagram can be represented as an overview diagram by creating a new graphic and using the Draw Existing Net Elements option By doing so the two substations can be drawn as Composite Nodes or which would result in the single line diagram shown in Figure 2 9 Once a Composite node has been drawn the internal elements terminals switches etc will not be available from the displayed lis
19. W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 6 Although not specified in the Harmonic tab page performing a Harmonic Load Flow will also take into account the Temperature Dependency As in the previos paragraphs the temperature dependency of the resistance can be also specified in the Complete Short Circuit tab page of the line TypLne and conductor TypCon type The user is then required to provide the following additional data Maximum End Temperature Maximum temperature in C that the line conductor can support for a short time period without changing its properties irreversibly Temperature Dependency Defines how the resistance of the line conductor changes according to temperature variation In this case only two options are available a Temperature coefficient 1 K where the resistance at the maximum operational temperature is calculated using the following equation Rmax R20 1 Tmax 20oC R20 is the resistance at temperature 20 C is the temperature coefficient in K 1 Tmax is the maximum end temperature Rmax is the resistance at temperature Tmax b Conductor material Aluminium Copper or Aldrey where the resistance at the maximum operational temperature is calculated using the previous expression and using one of the following temperature coefficients The Maximum End Temperature setting of the Complete Short Circuit method is indepe
20. c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 9 3 16 Enhancement in the Static Generator Element ElmGenstat 3 16 1 Negative Sequence Extension In version 14 1 the negative sequence impedance of the static generator can be manually entered Figure 3 44 Negative Sequence Impedance Definition in the Static Generator 3 17 Enhancement in the PWM Element ElmVsc 3 17 1 Negative Sequence Extension In version 14 1 the negative sequence impedance of the PWM converter can be manually entered Figure 3 45 Negative Sequence Impedance Definition in the PWM Converter Negative sequence data Negative sequence data P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 0 3 17 2 Capability Curve Extension In version 14 1 the capability curve of the PWM converter can be manually entered as in the static generator Figure 3 46 Capability Curve Definition in the PWM Converter 3 17 3 Parallel Converters Extension In version 14 1 the number of parallel converters can be now entered by the user Capability curve definition P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 1 Figure 3 47 Number of parallel Converters Definition in the PWM Converter 3 18 Enhancement in the 3 Winding
21. described was explained for a group of elements it should be noted that this feature is also available for Substation Templates Composite node and Branch Templates Composite Branch Questions amp Answers Q1 When would I require copying the external references to the templates Types BlkDef IntQlim and IntThrating A1 If you re intending on using some of the templates in other Projects then we recommend copying the external references so that everything is contained inside If this is not performed and you try to copy the template to other projects PowerFactory will first run a consistency check to detect conflicts in assignments If conflicts are detected missing types then you would have to choose between three options 1 Cancel the copy of the Template 2 Copy the Template and reset the missing references or 3 Prompt the merge tool Q2 Once I have copied the Template to another Project with references included how can I rearrange the type data stored in the Template In other words I would like to have the type data of the template stored in the library folder of my Project A2 Good Question Simply move not copy and paste the type information to the Project library folder The references of the objects using the types will be automatically updated 2 2 5 The New Global Template Library In version 14 1 a new global Templates library is made available Library Templates This global Tem
22. notice that the process is a little more time consuming because it needs to start slave engines and transfer data 3 8 2 The Time Sweep Option Imagine having a Project set up with operational scenarios covering the load and generation forecast for 24 hours of the day and why not consisting also of variations If the user wanted to calculate contingencies for all the scenarios either the contingency analysis must be run manually and separately every scenario must be activated one by one or a DPL can be developed so it activates automatically each scenario and executes the contingency analysis for each of them In version 14 1 a new tab page is made available in the contingency analysis command Time Sweep Here by enabling the Time Sweep option the user can define a number of study times The execution of the Time Sweep will automatically then change the date and time of the active study case according to the list and run the contingency analysis By having this option available the user would be able to easily calculate the Contingencies over 24 hour span automatically Parallel computing enable disable flags P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 6 Figure 3 30 Contingency Analysis Command Dialog Time Sweep As an important note in order for the Time Sweep t
23. of user defined order Current Flux Values Saturation curve is specified with user defined points As an important note the saturation model will be excluded not considered for C Type shunts P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 6 3 13 Enhancement in the Series Reactor Element ElmSind 3 13 1 Saturation Extension As in the shunt reactor in version 14 1 the series reactor model is extended so that saturation can be now considered Figure 3 41 EMT Tab Page of the Series Reactor Element The saturation Type can be therefore defined as one of the following options Linear No saturation considered Two Slope Approximates the shunt saturation by two linear slopes Polynomial Saturation curve is represented by a polynomial of user defined order Current Flux Values Saturation curve is specified with user defined points As an important note the saturation model of the series reactor will be excluded not considered if the Reactance 0 or it s stated as a DC series reactor or if the input signal Xin is connected via a composite model P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 7 3 14 Enhancement in the Asyn
24. order to change the colouring mode The other option would be to have several copies of the single line diagram and assigning different colouring modes to each of the diagrams The first option would require too many actions by the user and the second option would require having copies of the single line diagrams In version 14 1 the above is avoided due to a new calculation dependence feature The user has therefore the possibility of selecting different colouring modes per calculation method If a specific calculation is valid then the selected colouring for that calculation is represented As an example if the user selects the colouring mode Zones for No Calculation and Low and High Voltage Loadings for the load flow calculation then the initial colouring will be according to Zones However as soon as a load flow is calculated the diagram would be coloured according to Low and High Voltage Loadings If the load flow calculation is reset clearing of results the colouring mode would switch back to Zones Furthermore a 3 priority level colouring scheme is also implemented allowing the colouring of elements according to the following criteria 1st Energizing status 2nd Alarm and 3rd Normal colouring Three coloring criteria s available Calculation dependence feature P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g
25. the harmonic current source type Definition on how the calculation will be based Fundamental or Rated current P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 7 Figure 3 13 Norton Equivalent Extension 3 4 3 Harmonic Load Flow Calculation The harmonic load flow calculation in PowerFactory now supports the summation of harmonic currents and voltages according to the IEC 61000 3 6 standard second summation law Due to this enhancement the user will find an additional page in the Harmonic Load Flow command titled IEC 61000 3 6 as shown in Figure 3 14 It should be noted that in order to execute a harmonic load flow according to IEC 61000 3 6 at least one harmonic source in the network must be defined as IEC 61000 Norton Equivalent Extension P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 8 Figure 3 14 Harmonic Load Flow Option According to IEC 61000 3 6 Alternatively the user can freely define the values for the alpha exponent for integer and non integer harmonics by instead selecting option User Defined Furthermore the user has the option of calculating HD and THD based on rated current for branches and rated voltage for b
26. the macros and models definitions arranged in the following folders V13 2 Models old V14 0 Standard Macros old V14 0 Standard Models old Figure 3 50 Old Version Folders O t h e r I m p o r t a n t E n h a n c e m e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 5 4 Other Important Enhancements 4 1 PowerFactory v14 1 32 amp 64 Bit PowerFactory version 14 1 is now available in both 32 and 64 Bit architecture One of the advantages that can be pointed out in a 64 Bit architecture is that it can handle more memory and larger files Typically a 32 Bit architecture in windows based computers can handle up to 2GB in memory In the case of a 64 Bit CPU dependent on your computer system it can handle much more 4 2 PowerFactory Versioning In order for the user to get a better understanding on the connotations used in the different PowerFactory releases here are the following definitions Major Version Major versions reflect significant changes such as new and improved models and functions and minor enhancements and fixes Minor Version Minor versions reflect minor changes such as new and improved models and functions and minor enhancements and fixes Service Pack The service Pack patch reflects basically fixes As an important note the database scheme is not changed when the Service Pack patch number is changed except for a BETA Version 4 3 CIM ENT
27. version 14 0 obtaining a graphical representation of the variations included in the model was achievable by making sure that the selected group of variations were active with their corresponding stages active and then configuring the colouring mode to either Recording Expansion Stage Modifications or Grids Original Locations so they could be easily traced in the single line diagram When working with version 14 1 if the diagram is in graphic mode any inactive variation is nonetheless shown in a light colour and dashed provided that the variation folder is located inside the Network Data folder If the freeze mode is enabled inactive variations will no longer be shown Figure 2 7 illustrates a single line diagram in the Graphic Mode Notice that although the corresponding variations are inactive the single line diagram still shows the variations expansion stages hidden elements For more information on the Freeze and Graphic mode please refer to Chapter 11 Network Graphics of the User s Manual P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 8 Figure 2 7 Display of Inactive Variations in the Single Line Diagram Graphic Mode Although the variations can be inactive elements are considered as hidden
28. Colour Legend Block button allowing a better handling Colour Legend Block On Off button P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 2 2 Enhancements in the Data Model and Single Line Diagrams 2 2 1 Variations Expansion Stages and what they Record Whenever creating a new project in PowerFactory version 14 0 the user was taught to locate the variation folder directly inside the Network Model folder as indicated on the left side of Figure 2 3 Figure 2 3 Location of the Variations Folder in Versions 14 0 and 14 1 This changes however in version 14 1 Now the location of the variation folder is defined by default within the Network Data folder as indicated on the right side of Figure 2 3 The reader may be wondering the reason behind this change well it all had to do with the way graphics got handled when working with variations In version 14 0 whenever the user worked with variations and a corresponding recording expansion stage the common idea was that only model changes or topology changes got recorded adding deleting modifying elements which is actually true to some extent The user may have noticed however that graphical changes were also being recorded These graphical recordings in the expansion stage lead sometimes to confusion in the singl
29. Command ComFsweep is the same specified by the Load Flow Command pointed by these commands 3 2 7 Updated IEC Standard Cable Global Library As an additional note to the user the IEC Standard Cable global library has been updated so that the available line types reflect correctly the following information Resistance at 20 oC Basic Data tab page P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 0 Maximum Operational Temperature Load Flow tab page Conductor Material Load Flow tab page Maximum End Temperature Complete Short Circuit tab page P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 Enhancements in the Short Circuit Calculation 3 3 1 New Short Circuit Method for the Accurate Representation of Converter Driven Generators Wind Turbines Photovoltaic etc Converter driven generators are difficult to model for standard steady state short circuit analysis because in the time frame of a few milliseconds only these generators are influenced by their controllers making their behaviour nonlinear Given that there are many Grid Codes around the world that require the injection of reactive currents during situa
30. Command Dialog Time Sweep 3 8 4 New Tabular Standard Reports In version 14 1 the user will notice an additional Report Contingency Analysis Results button located in the Contingency Analysis Toolbar as shown below Once a Contingency Analysis has been performed by clicking on this button the user will have the option of selecting the following types of report Maximum Loadings Loading Violations Voltage Steps Maximum Voltages Minimum Voltages Maximum Voltage Violations Minimum Voltage Violations Loading Violations per Case Voltage Violations per Case Generator Effectiveness Quad Booster Effectiveness Non Converging Cases Additionally the user has the option of selecting between ASCII and Tabular formats Report Contingency Analysis Results button Consider switching Rules flag P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 8 Figure 3 32 Contingency Analysis Report Dialog If the user selects a Tabular format for reporting the tables displayed will be composed of the following sections Header Identifies the report and its data Filter Represented as drop down lists allowing the selection of one item at a time or as Custom Table Matrix of rows and columns containing cells that can refer to an object
31. In case of requiring global constraints the limits are defined in the reliability command Figure 3 36 The option is available independently for both thermal loading and voltage limits Figure 3 36 Reliability Assessment Command Window Definition of Global or Local constraint P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 2 Additionally the user will notice that the global constraints can be ignored for the elements which voltage are below or equal a stated value 3 10 3 Consider Sectionalizing Stages 1 3 In the FEA Failure Effect Analysis tab page the user will find an additional option called Consider Sectionalizing If this option is enabled the Failure Effect Analysis considers the switch sectionalizing stage when attempting fault separation and power restoration First sectionalizing is attempted using only stage 1 switches if this is not successful then stage 1 and 2 switches are used Finally if this is not successful then stage 1 2 and 3 switches are used 3 10 4 Creation of Load States If you have defined time based characteristics for the feeder loads so that the demand changes depending on the study case time then you might want to also consider using these different demand patterns in the reliability analysis Because the reliability analysis always analyses a discrete system
32. SO E Profile In version 14 1 both export and import of CIM Common Information Model is supported The CIM interface is currently intended for importing exporting the following profiles UCTE May 2009 ENTSO E 2009 CIM is a standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC and its purpose is to allow the exchange of information related to the configuration and status of an electrical system Major Version Minor Version Service Pack Patch O t h e r I m p o r t a n t E n h a n c e m e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 6 4 4 Topological Processing Breaker Reduction Currently there are several different ways to translate the original network to calculation network No reduction the network is one to one translated Any suitable reduction the path composed of reducible elements between two bifurcations is reduced Fully enhanced reduction any reducible element will be reduced The last method full enhanced reduction has the best performance as it maximize the reduction However it has the following issue No results available for reduced elements In version 14 1 a Post Processing option Calculate results for all breakers is available to retrieve the results for reduced elements The option can be enabled form the Calculation Options of the study case Figure 4 1 Study Case Calculation Options Tab Page 4 5 PowerFact
33. Transformer Type TypTr3 3 18 1 Pocket Calculator Extension The pocket calculator is a tool which transforms commonly measured impedance values of the 3 winding transformer into equivalent star impedances in the zero sequence In version 14 1 the pocket calculator tool in the3 Winding Transformer Type is extended so that the measured resistances not only impedances are also considered Number of Parallel Converters P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 2 Figure 3 48 The Pocket Calculator Tool 3 19 Enhancement in the Voltage Measurement Device StaVmea 3 19 1 Simulation Additional Output Signals In version 14 1 additional zero sequence output signals are available u0r Zero Sequence Voltage Real Part u0i Zero Sequence Voltage Imaginary Part u0 Zero Sequence Voltage Absolute 3 20 Enhancement in the Current Measurement Device StaImea 3 20 1 Simulation Additional Output Signals In version 14 1 additional negative and zero sequence output signals are available i2r Negative Sequence Current Real Part i2i Negative Sequence Current Imaginary Part i2 Negative Sequence Current Absolute i0r Zero Sequence Current Real Part i0i Zero Sequence Current Imaginary Part i0 Zero Sequence Current Absolute 3 21 Global Library Updates Besid
34. W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 5 3 7 Generation Adequacy Assessment The ability of the power system to be able to supply system load under all possible load conditions is known as System Adequacy Furthermore the analysis can be extended so to determine the wind power capacity contribution to system adequacy In version 14 1 a Generation Adequacy Tool is now available allowing the user to examine the ability of the total system generation resources to cover the peak load taking into account uncertainties in the generation availability and load level The Generation Adequacy Assessment is carried out by means of the Monte Carlo method probabilistic 3 7 1 Stochastic Model for Generation Object StoGen A new Stochastic Model for Generation object StoGen is available Here the user is able to define for different generation states the following Availability of Generation in Probability of Occurrence in Figure 3 20 Stochastic Model for Generation Object StoGen 3 7 2 Power Curve Type TypPowercurve A new Power Curve Type TypPowercurve is available Here the user is able to define tabular input of wind speed in m s vs nominal power output in p u or MW for wind turbine generators State definition Availability and probability definition P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t
35. Window 2 1 1 What s New in the Drawing Toolbox In version 14 1 four additional buttons related to the static generator element and two additional buttons related to the illustrating graphic are introduced see Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 Additional Buttons in the Drawing Toolbox Besides the original static generator representation the user has now the option of choosing between the following symbols Wind Generator or displayed as Fuel Cell or displayed as Photovoltaic or displayed as Additional buttons for the static generator element Additional illustrating graphic buttons Original button of the static generator element P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 Storage or displayed as The symbol of each category Wind Generator Fuel Cell Photovoltaic and Storage can be changed by selecting the element from the graphic so it s marked right mouse button Change Symbol A dialogue window is then opened prompting the user to select a symbol from a list If a specific static generator has already been drawn and a different category is required for example displaying Storage instead of Photovoltaic edit the element by double clicking on it and change the Category field located in the Basic Data tab page Important t
36. allel Computation of the Parallel Computing can be configured based on the following information Master host name or IP Refers to the machine name or IP address of the master host If a local multi core machine is used the name localhost can be used Parallel computing method 1 Multi core local machine all the slaves will be started in the local machine 2 Local machine plus remote machines the slaves will be started in both the local and remote machines Number of slaves Defines the number of slaves that will be started in the local machine This number should not be greater than the number of cores available in the local machine Computer group Specifies the link to a computer group number of remote machines which will be used for parallel computing Figure 3 28 Parallel Computing settings The second group of settings are the ones related to the execution of the contingency analysis these are located in the Parallel Computing tab page of the contingency analysis and explained in the next section Starting the Parallel Contingency Analysis The user will notice a new page in the Contingency Analysis Command dialog Parallel Computing Enable Parallel Contingency Analysis for AC DC or Time Sweep If the corresponding option is enabled the contingencies will be calculated in parallel otherwise the contingency analysis is executed in its default mode i e sequential calculation
37. ance Coefficient of Variation Also three types of plots can be created automatically Distribution plots quantity value vs aggregated probability in Draw plots quantity value as calculated by the Monte Carlo analysis at each iteration Convergence plots P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 2 Figure 3 26 Distribution and Draw Plots For more detailed information on the Generation Adequacy Analysis please refer to Chapter 32 of the User s Manual P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 3 3 8 Enhancements in the Contingency Analysis 3 8 1 The Parallel Computing Option If the reader has been involved with contingency analysis then it will be clear that the calculation time required mainly depends on two factors 1 The size of the power system and 2 The Number of contingencies considered So it could happen that the simulation time required for such type of analysis takes from a couple of seconds or less to minutes With the development of multi core machines and also the well developed Ethernet network technology the calculation of contingencies in parallel is now an option in version 14 1 This particular feature allow
38. and provide actions like Edit Edit and Browse and Mark in Graphic It also supports copy and paste scroll features page up and down keys as well as Ctrl Pos1 Ctrl End and HTML view Figure 3 33 Tabular Report Maximum Loadings Type of report Study Time definition for reporting Additional filter settings Output format selection Tabular or ASCII Header Filter P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 9 Figure 3 34 ASCII Report Maximum Loadings P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 0 3 9 Enhancements in the Tie Open Point Optimization 3 9 1 Thermal and Voltage Constraints Outside Feeders In version 14 1 the algorithm is extended in order to consider the constraints outside the feeder definitions Additionally the constraints can be ignored if there equal or outside a defined threshold Figure 3 35 Tie Open Point Optimization Command Constraint Options Ignore constraints option P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 1 3 10 Enhancements in the Reliability Analysi
39. as well as their limits Pmin Pmax Qmin Qmax are typically stated Under such considerations it could happen that the value of Active or Reactive Power entered is outside these limits In version 14 0 if the user had machines modelled as PQ every time a load flow was executed the Active and Reactive Power stated of PQ machines were maintained fixed in the calculation regardless if they were inside or outside the specified limits Pmin Pmax Qmin Qmax This can be handled differently in Version 14 1 here the user has the option of forcing PQ machines so that the P and Q resulting from the load flow are always within limits That is if required the load flow algorithm will adjust the initial P and Q stated by the user so that limits are not exceeded Remember Although the load flow algorithm can adjust the P and Q of the machine load flow solution the initial values of P and Q defined in the element remain unchanged unless of course the Update Database command is executed What options do you need to specify in order to consider the active and reactive power of PQ machines You would need to specify the following options in the Load Flow command Consider Reactive Power Limits Basic Options tab page Consider Active Power Limits Active Power Control tab page P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i
40. ccording to IEC 61000 3 6 In previous PowerFactory versions the harmonic load flow calculation according to IEC 61000 3 6 could be carried out via a DPL script This implied however the extra task of creating a DPL script and setting it up every time the user wanted to apply it in other projects In version 14 1 the harmonic analysis according to IEC 61000 3 6 is now a built in function 3 4 1 Harmonic Current Source Type TypHmccur IEC 61000 Extension In version 14 1 the Basic Data page of the harmonic current source type TypHmccur contains a new option called IEC 61000 as shown in Figure 3 11 When selected the user can enter the harmonic current injections for both integer and non integer harmonic orders Figure 3 11 Additional Option for the Harmonic Current Source Type IEC 61000 As in version 14 0 the following 3 phase models are capable of utilising the harmonic current source type Load ElmLod Type must be set to Current Source on the Harmonics page Static generator ElmGenstat AC current source ElmIac Static VAR system ElmSvs PWM converter ElmVsc ElmVscmono Rectifier Inverter ElmRec ElmRecmono Additional to the above mentioned models in version 14 1 the following element is added to the list of models capable of utilising the harmonic current source type Doubly Fed Induction Machine ElmAsmsc ElmAsm In all cases the Harmonic Curren
41. chronous Machine Element ElmAsm 3 14 1 Variable Rotor Resistance Extension In version 14 1 the asynchronous machine model is extended so that a variable rotor resistance can be modelled in the load flow Figure 3 42 Basic Tab Page of the Asynchronous Machine Element Once the option with variable Rotor Resistance is selected the following additional settings will be available on the load flow page Variable Rotor Resistance option P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 8 Figure 3 43 Load Flow Tab Page of the Asynchronous Machine Element Corresponding to a Variable Rotor Resistance Selection 3 14 2 Negative Sequence Extension Depending on the settings for short circuit analysis the negative sequence impedance is equal to the positive sequence impedance r2 r x2 x 3 15 Enhancement in the Doubly Fed Induction Machine Element ElmAsmsc 3 15 1 Negative Sequence Extension Depending on the settings for short circuit analysis the negative sequence impedance is equal to the positive sequence impedance r2 r x2 x Definition of the slip Constant or user defined Active Power Slip Characteristic P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a
42. d Flow Command Calculate Flicker option P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 2 3 6 The Flickermeter Tool IEC 61000 4 15 The IEC standard 61000 4 15 specifies the function and design of apparatus for the measurement of flicker In version 14 1 a user interface for the calculation of the short term and long term flicker according to the IEC 61000 4 15 standard is now available 3 6 1 Flickermeter Command ComFlickermeter The user will find the Flickermeter button in the Stability toolbar definition By clicking on this button the Flickermeter command window will open requesting the user to state the following data Data Source tab Description Import data from Specifies the type of data file containing the input data ComTrade Comma Separated Values PowerFactory measurement files User defined text files Filename The name of the input data file Configuration File The name of the corresponding configuration file relevant for ComTrade input files only Info Information read from the file Selection of Data for Calculation This table allows the selection of which data to analyze from the input file The left most column y1 y24 provides a naming for the output of results of the Flickermeter calculation of which time series signals were analyzed
43. e Optional Change the threshold for ignoring load states with a low probability by altering the Minimum Probability You can also disable this feature by un checking the Ignore load states with a small probability flag Click Execute to generate the load states For more information on the reliability assessment functionality please refer to Chapter 31 of the User s Manual P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 3 3 11 Enhancements in Protection Models 3 11 1 Interblocking Time Overcurrent Diagram In cases where the user modeled protective devices with internal interblocking the tripping time was not being correctly plotted in the time overcurrent diagram the tripping time is correctly calculated In version 14 1 the correct graphical representation of the internal interblocking is achieved 3 11 2 Minimum Maximum Time Value Definition for the Time Current Characteristic Time Overcurrent Diagram Some relay manufacturers allow a user definable setting for the minimum maximum time value definition of the Time Current Characteristics That is instead of having a specified fixed value some relays allow a settable value Because of this in version 14 1 a Minimum time and Maximum time definition is added to the I T Characteristic TypChatoc Figure 3 37 User Defined
44. e line diagrams depending on how and where the changes were made In order to prevent the recording of graphical information the variation folder is created by default within the Network Data folder This gives a sense of having a Permanent single line diagram To illustrate this concept better let s take a look at the single line graphic shown in Figure 2 4 Here a portion of the network has been defined with a variation Variation A which in this particular case consists of two expansion stages Variation folder location in v14 0 Variation folder location in v14 1 v14 0 v14 1 P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 Figure 2 4 Example Netw ork Everything seems fine here at least until now Now let s suppose that we have this variation set up in version 14 0 Let s suppose also that we begin making some graphical modifications while stage 1 is recording stage 2 is therefore not active These graphical modifications moving elements rotating them etc will be as we know recorded in this stage stage 1 Consider that one of the graphical changes made was a new placement of the existing PV BB busbar moved to the left If you now make stage 2 active by changing the study time the graphical representation will be altered because wh
45. e is no need to define additional text boxes and or move types and frames Once an element is marked from the graphic and the Define Template option is selected the user will have the choice of adding additional related models such as Station Controllers ElmStactrl Secondary Controllers ElmSecctrl Tap and Shunt Controllers ElmTapctrl and ElmShntctrl Composite Models ElmComp Tower Couplings ElmTow How are here the types handled Well in this version new features for the template are available Once a template has been created and afterwards edited to edit a Template open the Data Manager right mouse Templates Folder P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 3 button on the corresponding template Edit the user will notice two additional buttons The Check and Pack button Figure 2 13 The Template Window If the user clicks on the Check button the template is checked for external references Independent if external references exist or not a corresponding message is printed in the output window If the user clicks on the Pack button all external references Types Block definitions Capability Curves and Thermal Ratings are copied into a Library folder inside the template Although the template concept here
46. elf a detail representation is then required meaning that every wind turbine should be modelled independently How to achieve this Your answer could be Very easy I just e a c h B a l l s o n l y W F B u s b a r L V B 1 M a i n B 1 M V M a y o M V D i s t S R W i n d P a r W i n d P a r L o a d L V Load MV E x t e r n a l G r i d T r W F T r W F T r W F Tr Dist Tr Main L1 Show Elements of Drawn Composite Nodes button Series Reactor representation in the overview diagram P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 2 simply configure the static generator and the type being used so it represents a single wind turbine and then copy amp paste the static generator with its terminal several times until I have the complete wind park model This could be one way of doing it of course The other option that you have is to create a template But maybe you don t see the advantages of doing it with a Template compared to the copy amp paste option However what happens if the Static Generator representing a single wind turbine has a Station Control and a Composite Model assigned to it Well the copy amp paste option will not create an additional Station Control and Com
47. en stage 2 was initially defined the graphical information of the Photovoltaic element of this stage was also stored As a result the user would see an alteration in the single line graphic Figure 2 5 It should be pointed out to the reader that the element defined in stage 2 doesn t get disconnected The previous is somewhat a simple example which illustrates one particular case You can picture this issue in bigger systems where a fair number of variations exist and which are correlated together If not enough attention is paid on how and where graphical information gets recorded well the user could have at the end very confusing single line diagrams In version 14 1 this is avoided because the graphical information is no longer recorded in the expansion stages The variations stages are therefore only truly regarded as objects storing modifications related to the model This basically means that any graphical modification regardless if variations are active or not are reflected directly in the single line graphic Due to this new characteristic the Permanent Diagram concept is introduced P V B B W F B us b ar M a in B 1 L V B 1 M V D is t B 1 M V M ay o B B 1 P V 2 P ho to vo lta ic P V L ine L o a d M V L o a d L V W ind P a rk Tr W F E xte rna l G rid Tr Dist Tr Main L1 Variation A Stage 1 Stage 2 PV BB busbar P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e
48. erator ElmGenstat Asynchronous machine ElmAsm Doubly fed asynchronous machine ElmAsmsc Additional to the above mentioned models in version 14 1 the following element is added to the list of models capable of utilising the flicker type PWM Converter ElmVscmono ElmVsc Definition of the flicker coefficient step factor and voltage change factor Maximum switching operations P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 0 In all cases the flicker coefficient type is assigned on the element s Harmonics tab page under Flicker Contribution This is illustrated in Figure 3 17 for the example of a Static Generator Figure 3 17 Flicker Coefficient Assignments 3 5 2 Flicker Assessment in the Harmonic Load Flow Calculation The harmonic load flow calculation in PowerFactory now supports the calculation of Flicker according to the IEC 61400 21 standard Due to this enhancement the user will find an additional option named Calculate Flicker in the Harmonic Load Flow command as shown in Figure 3 18 Flicker coefficient definition P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 1 Figure 3 18 Calculate Flicker Option in the Harmonic Loa
49. es how the resistance of the line conductor changes according to temperature variation The following options are available a Resistance at maximum operational temperature Ohm km b Temperature coefficient 1 K where the resistance at the maximum operational temperature is calculated using the following expression Rmax R20 1 Tmax 20oC R20 is the resistance at temperature 20 C is the temperature coefficient in K 1 Tmax is the maximum operational temperature Rmax is the resistance at temperature Tmax c Conductor material Aluminium Copper or Aldrey where the resistance at the maximum operational temperature is calculated using the previous expression and using one of the following temperature coefficients Material Temperature Coefficient K 1 Aluminum 4 03 10 3 Copper 3 93 10 3 Aldrey AlMgSi 3 6 10 3 P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 5 Figure 3 2 Temperature Dependency Definition in the Line Type Figure 3 3 Temperature Dependency Definition in the Conductor Type Max Operational Temperature field Temperature Dependency specification Max Operational Temperature field Temperature Dependency specification P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s
50. es the library updates mentioned in sections 2 2 5 The New Global Template Library and 3 2 7 Updated IEC Standard Cable Global Library the Macros and IEEE Controllers libraries have been expanded Measured Resistance field P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 3 3 21 1 Macros and IEEE Controllers In version 14 1 the Standard Macros folder has been reorganized so to classify better their functionality Additionally some new macro functions have been added such as in the 2nd and Higher order Functions folder Figure 3 49 Standard Macros Folder With regard to IEEE Controls Standard Models folder version 14 1 includes the following additional models avr_AC7B avr_AC8B avr_AC8BnoPIDlimits avr_CELIN no pss avr_DC3A avr_EXELI no pss avr_ST5B avr_ST6B avr_ST7B gov_BBGOV1B gov_TGOV4 pss_PSS2B pss_PSS3B pss_PSS4B pss_PSSIEEE2B svc_CSTNCT svc_CSTNCT noSTB uel_UEL1 P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 4 uel_UEL2 Furthermore additional Composite Model Frames are available The user will notice also the previous version library folders related to
51. ey may use time characteristics to model the time dependency Meteorological Station definition Power Curve definition Stochastic wind model definition P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 9 3 7 7 Generation Adequacy Toolbar The user will notice a new Generator Adequacy Assessment tool available where the available icons have the following functions Generation Adequacy Assessment tool Initialize calculation Run calculation Stop calculation Create distribution plots Create draw plots Create convergence plots P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 0 3 7 8 Generation Adequacy Initialization Command By clicking on the Initialize calculation button the user can define the following data Figure 3 24 Generation Adequacy Initialization Command 3 7 9 Generation Adequacy Run Calculation Command By clicking on the run calculation button the user can define the following data Figure 3 25 Run Calculation Command Estimate of system losses Option for how the demand gets treated Option for considering the maintenance of generators This time frame will affect the data that de
52. ge Support non linear model If the user selects the Dynamic Voltage Support model representation the following additional data is required K Factor Defines the slope of the reactive current contribution Maximum Current imax Maximum reactive current of the generator Figure 3 7 Dynamic Voltage Support Definition If the current iteration function is enabled the reactive current contribution is calculated according to the following figure Figure 3 8 Reactive Fault Current Calculation du voltage deviation in percent 10 imax 1 K Additional parameters for the Dynamic Voltage Support Model Reactive Current P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 3 3 3 3 Executing the Short Circuit Calculation Considering the Current Iteration Method The new PowerFactory version 14 1 Current Iteration method combines elements of IEC 60909 and G74 standard with an iterative approach where only two additional parameters are required K Factor and imax as explained in the previous section This iterative method is based on a fast current iteration which typically requires 5 to 10 iterations and no re factorisation of matrices during iteration The current iteration method can be enabled from the Advanced Options tap page of the Complete Method Fi
53. gure 3 9 Current Iteration Option 3 3 4 Breaker Results In version 14 1 the following variables are available Calculation Parameters set for the Breaker Switch element Ikssmax maximum initial short circuit current Iksmax maximum transient short circuit current ipmax maximum peak short circuit current Ibmax maximum breaking current Current Iteration option Complete Short Circuit P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 4 Ibasymmax maximum asymmetrical breaking current idcmax maximum decaying component Because of this implementation the IEC VDE methods now support the Used Break Time option as in the complete method Figure 3 10 Short Circuit Calculation Command Used Break Time option Depending on the setting Break Time following is considered Global the break time stated in the short circuit command is considered Min of local the fastest Break Time of the connected breakers is considered Local the individual Break Time is considered of the connected breakers Used Break Time option in the IEC VDE method P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 5 3 4 Harmonic Analysis a
54. h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 Q2 Can I revert to the previous type of variation concept That is I want to allow the recording of graphical information in the stages of the variations A2 YES There is no direct way of doing it however meaning that if you re expecting to find an option somewhere in order to automatically change the variation concept you won t find one What should be done here is to manually from the Data Manager cut paste the Variations folder to the Network Model folder as in version 14 0 By doing so the stages of the variations will record graphical information Just keep in mind that before cutting pasting the Variations folder it should be empty no variations inside There is something here however related to the Permanent Diagram concept So please refer to the next section 2 2 2 Q3 Can I have in the same project the two types of variation concepts A3 NO This is not possible Once you have a variation folder in the Project the creation of another variation folder doesn t matter where is not allowed Q4 If I import a Project that was created in version 14 0 will the variation folder be automatically moved A4 NO the variation folder will not be moved and therefore the variations will record the graphical changes as in 14 0 2 2 2 The Permanent Diagram Concept In
55. he Temperature Dependency option located in the Basic Options tap page of the load flow command Temperature coeficient field P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 8 Figure 3 5 Temperature Dependency Option in the Load Flow Command If option at Maximum Operational Temperature is selected each conductor cable or line will have its resistance adjusted according to the settings described in sections Line and Conductor Type TypLne TypCon Temperature Dependency Extension3 2 1 and 3 2 2 As an extra note the Temperature Dependency option is available for balanced positive sequence and unbalanced load flow calculations 3 2 4 RMS and EMT Simulations Whenever performing an RMS or EMT simulation the user is required to calculate first the Initial Conditions of the system Since the Calculation of Initial Conditions is based on the results of the load flow the Temperature Dependency will be considered if the load flow command has this option enabled Temperature dependency option P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 9 Figure 3 6 Links form the RMS EMT Simulation Command to the Load Flow Command 3
56. ides this in version 14 1 a Scenario Configuration feature is also implemented This basically means that the user is able to define the operational data relevant attributes per class per project Or in other words the user will have the possibility of defining what information get s stored in a scenario For more information regarding the Scenario Scheduler and the Scenario Configuration objects please refer to Chapter 16 of the User s Manual 2 2 8 Substation Automation Switching Rules IntSwitching In version 14 1 a new Switching Rule object is available The Switching Rule is related to a substation and it basically defines switching actions for a selected group of switches that are defined inside a substation The different switching actions no change open or close are defined by the user considering different fault locations that can occur inside a substation These switch actions will always be relative to the current switch positions of the breakers The selection of a Switching Rule for a substation is independent of the selection of a running arrangement and if required the assignment of switching Rules can be specified to be part of the operation data provided the user uses the Scenario Configuration object Scenario Scheduler object Time dependence definition of the scenarios P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g
57. l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 9 Figure 2 18 Sw itching Rule Definition Figure 2 19 The Switching Rule Object So maybe after all this explanation the question would still be When to use Switching Rules Picture the following While performing a Contingency Analysis you want to evaluate the results considering the current switch positions in a substation and compare them to the results considering a different substation configuration Switching Rule definition in the substation Switch Actions Matrix The rows of the matrix relate to switches in the substation The columns of the table relate to fault conditions that trigger the switch actions P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 0 for the same outage This can be easily done with Switching Rules Please refer to chapter 5 of the User s Manual for more information regarding how to create select apply and assign switching rules 2 2 9 Some nice to know Shortcuts when Working with Single Line Diagrams Here are some additional enhancements available in version 14 1 that may come in handy when working with single line diagrams The Hand Tool option Whenever the user Zooms In a diagram the Ha
58. lete with types block definitions etc 2 2 6 The Renewed Diagram Colouring Option The colouring representation in version 14 1 undergoes major improvements in its colouring criteria functionality First of all the user will notice a name change of the colouring button In previous versions the button had the name Colour Representation while in version 14 1 it s renamed to Diagram Colouring we think it better describes the functionality By clicking on this button the window displayed in Figure 2 14 will appear P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 5 Figure 2 14 Diagram Colouring Scheme Window The user will notice major changes when compared to other versions Have you ever required having a calculation dependence colouring In previous versions if different colouring modes were required for the same single line diagram the user had to access every time the Colouring Representation in order to change the colouring mode for example if it was required to have the single line diagram coloured initially according to Voltage Levels but once a load flow was calculated the colouring should be according to Low and High Voltage Loadings the user had to click every time on the Colouring Representation in
59. n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 3 Figure 3 1 Options to Consider the Active and Reactive Pow er of PQ Machines Options for Active amp Reactive power consideration in PQ machines P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 4 3 2 Considering Temperature Dependency in your Analysis It is well known that the resistance of a conductor varies in accordance to its temperature In previous PowerFactory versions the resistance Temperature Dependency was defined in a calculation by assigning a Characteristic object to the resistance field of every line and conductor type This additional Characteristic definition is no longer required in version 14 1 as the data needed for the temperature dependency calculation is stated directly in the corresponding types as explained in the following sections 3 2 1 Line and Conductor Type TypLne TypCon Temperature Dependency Extension In version 14 1 the temperature dependency of the resistance is specified in the Load Flow RMS and EMT tab pages of the line TypLne and conductor TypCon type The user is then required to provide the following additional data Max Operational Temperature Maximum temperature in C of the line conductor for continuous operation Temperature Dependency Defin
60. nd Tool option can be quite useful in order to move around the graphic This implied however that the user had to toggle between the Hand Tool button and the Graphic Mode button to allow other actions in the graphic e g selection of elements This is much more flexible in version 14 1 Any time a Zoom In has been performed in a diagram the Hand Tool can be toggled ON by clicking and holding the tracking wheel of the mouse Once the tracking wheel has been released the Hand Tool is disabled Zooming In and Zooming Out with the tracking wheel of the mouse In previous versions this was achieved by holding down the Shift key while scrolling up or down with the tracking wheel of the mouse In version 14 1 the Ctrl key is used instead The reason behind this change is so it matches the same zooming functionality of other commercial software s 2 2 10 File Formats for Background Company Logo and Picture Box VI In version 14 1 for the single line diagram background Company Logo Title Block Picture Box VI and user defined graphic symbols Symbol File the following additional formats are now supported JPEG jpg jpeg jpe jfif PNG png GIF gif TIFF tif tiff 2 2 11 Plots Additional Variable Description Have you sometimes lost track of the definition of the variable you were selecting when plotting them in Virtual Instrument Panels That is u
61. ndent from the Maximum Operational Temperature setting in the load flow EMT amp RMS tab page 3 2 2 Cable Type TypCab Temperature Dependency Extension In version 14 1 the temperature dependency of the resistance for cables is specified by entering the temperature coefficient for each layer conductor sheath amour as illustrated in Figure 3 4 The user will therefore notice a different way of entering the data when comparing it to the line and conductor type Also the temperature coefficients are the same for all calculations Maximum Operational Temperature and Maximum End Temperature are specified in the corresponding calculation tabs page analogous to the line and conductor type Material Temperature Coefficient K 1 Aluminum 4 03 10 3 Copper 3 93 10 3 Aldrey AlMgSi 3 6 10 3 P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 7 The resistivity Ohms cm of each layer is corrected according to its corresponding temperature coefficient Resistance is then corrected using the resistivity and the temperature entered in the calculation method Figure 3 4 Temperature Dependency Definition in the Cable Type 3 2 3 Load Flow Calculation In version 14 1 the Temperature Dependency of the resistance in lines conductors and cables can be easily considered by using t
62. ntil now when the user selected the variable to plot only the name of the variable appeared in the list such as u1 phiu etc In version 14 1 the description of the variable is now displayed P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 1 Figure 2 20 Additional Variable Description 2 2 12 Variable Set Definition Additional Signal Description In previous version whenever selecting Signal variables it was not clear to the user if the signal corresponded to a State Input or Output variable In version 14 1 an extra column is added in the Signal variable set so that the signal type can be easily detected Figure 2 21 Additional Signal Description Additional variable description Additional Signal description P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 2 3 PowerFactory v14 1 Power System Analysis Functions amp Models 3 1 Enhancements in the Load Flow Calculation 3 1 1 Consideration of Active and Reactive Power Limits in PQ Machines Whenever the user specifies a machine as PQ could be a synchronous machine static generator PWM converter or SVS the Active and Reactive Power
63. ntribution This new approach used in PowerFactory has the following characteristics Subtransient time scale relevant for the initial short circuit current Ik and peak current ip Linear model representation classical representation Parameters x or Ik in case of solid fault Transient time scale relevant for the calculation of the breaking current Ib and ib Nonlinear model representation for modelling steady state response to grid faults reactive current contribution Parameters K factor maximum current available when the short circuit model is selected as Dynamic Voltage Support see Section 3 3 2 P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 2 Static Generator PWM Doubly Fed Induction Machine and Asynchronous Machine Element ElmGenstat ElmVsc ElmAsmsc ElmAsm Dynamic Voltage Support Extension In version 14 1 the non linear model representation for modelling steady state response to grid faults is specified in the Complete Short Circuit tab page of the static generator PWM Doubly Fed Induction Machine and Asynchronous Machine set as Double Fed Induction Machine element Under this tab page the user can select the short circuit model used for the fault contribution as Equivalent Synchronous Machine linear model or Dynamic Volta
64. o activate the corresponding scenarios automatically a Scenario Scheduler IntScensched object needs to be created and activated please refer to section 2 2 7 of this document In addition the user has the possibility of performing the Time Sweep with the option Parallel Computing enabled i e different study times are calculated simultaneously over several cores or machines Questions amp Answers Q1 Once the contingency time seep analysis is finished what would be the time and date of the study case Will it be reset to its initial setting A1 Yes At the end of the simulation the study case date and time will be reset to its initial setting 3 8 3 Considering Switching Rules The Contingency Analysis can take into account the predefined Switching Rules In order to specify whether or not the Switching Rules shall be considered in the analysis the user will find an extra option in the Advanced Options tab page of the Contingency command For more information on Switching Rules please refer to section 2 2 8 of this document or Chapter 5 of the User s Manual Study time definition Time sweep enable disable flag Selected study times can be ignored for the calculation P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 7 Figure 3 31 Contingency Analysis
65. o note here is that although the category of the static generator element ElmGenstat can be exchanged the model being considered remains the same generic Static Generator model Depending on the type of simulation to be to be carried out by the user an extension of the model would be required such as adding a DSL definition In addition to the static generator buttons two illustrating graphic line buttons are introduced Arrow Polyline arrow The arrow style can be selected on either side of the line or polyline by editing the object after insertion On a further note the user will notice a wider drawing toolbar If required the width drawing toolbar can be modified by clicking on the User Settings button and specifying the new value in the Number of Columns in Drawing Tools Docker option Graphic Window tab page 2 1 2 The Colour Legend Block On Off Button In version 14 1 a Colour Legend button is made available in the main toolbar Figure 2 2 Location of the Colour Legend Block On Off Button in the Main Toolbar In previous PowerFactory versions the colour legend was accessed through an option defined in the Colour Representation dialogue window this basically meant that every time the user wanted to enable disable the legend the Colour Representation window had to be prompted Now the Colour Legend can be easily enabled disabled by clicking on the
66. o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 1 In version 14 0 this is achievable by copying the series reactor element from the Data Manager and then pasting it graphically in the overview diagram By pasting the element graphically the connections will be not completely shown indicated with gt gt To have this properly drawn the Redraw option must be used In version 14 1 this is much easier Once the user has drawn the composite nodes the internal elements of every substation can be accessed by clicking on the Show Elements of Drawn Composite Nodes button located in the Draw Existing Net Elements window Figure 2 11 Overview Diagram showing the Series Reactor 2 2 4 Working with Templates and the Template Library The first thing we can ask ourselves is Why use templates Well the answer is simple templates are used to facilitate the further construction of network models Let s return to the example we have been using throughout this document If you take a closer look at Figure 2 8 particularly at the bottom right side of the single line diagram you will notice a Wind Park element modelled with a Static Generator Consider that this model represents a complete Wind Park e g 50 MW Now because we need to carry out analysis in the Wind Park its
67. of Dispatchable Conventional Generation 46 3 7 5 Definition of Non Dispatchable Wind and Renewable Generation 47 3 7 6 Demand Definition 48 3 7 7 Generation Adequacy Toolbar 49 3 7 8 Generation Adequacy Initialization Command 50 3 7 9 Generation Adequacy Run Calculation Command 50 3 7 10 Results and Plots 51 3 8 Enhancements in the Contingency Analysis 53 3 8 1 The Parallel Computing Option 53 3 8 2 The Time Sweep Option 55 3 8 3 Considering Switching Rules 56 3 8 4 New Tabular Standard Reports
68. ory 14 1 Function Definitions Starting from PowerFactory Version 14 1 the functions are now distributed as follows Base Package o Load Flow balanced unbalanced o Short Circuit VDE IEC ANSI Complete o Network Reduction o Cable Reinforcement o Low Voltage Analysis o DGS Import Export o RPC In previous PowerFactory versions the Stability module consisted of RMS EMT and DSL Encryption when additionally purchased Now these are divided in three different modules and the DSL Encryption is now considered as a Tool module Stability Functions RMS balanced and unbalanced Instantaneous Values EMT Transient Motor Starting without Stability Post Processing option O t h e r I m p o r t a n t E n h a n c e m e n t s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 7 7 In a similar manner in previous versions the Optimal Power Flow module consisted of Active and Reactive Power Optimization Now these are divided in two different modules Reactive Power Optimization Reactive Power Optimization The different Tools modules are now distributed then as follows DLS Encryption Export PSS E Files Floating License OPC Shared Memory Communication CIM Export Import and Import are now divided in their own modules previously belonging to the Tools module CIM import export The remaining module functionalities remain as they were in version 14 0 Small Signal Stability
69. ous machine ElmAsmsc In all cases the stochastic model object is assigned on the element s Generator Adequacy tab page under Stochastic Model This is illustrated in Figure 3 22 Also in order to consider the generation as dispatchable the Wind Generation option in the Basic Data tab page of the synchronous asynchronous and doubly fed machine should be disabled The static generator model in the other should be stated as Fuel Cell HVDC Terminal Reactive Power Compensation Storage or other Static Generator P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 7 Figure 3 22 Stochastic Model for Generation Assignment StoGen 3 7 5 Definition of Non Dispatchable Wind and Renewable Generation As in the previous section the following 3 phase models are capable of utilising the stochastic model object provided there defined as generators and not as motors Synchronous machine ElmSym set as Wind Generator Static generator ElmGenstat set as Wind Generator Photovoltaic or Other Renewable Asynchronous machine ElmAsm set as Wind Generator Doubly fed asynchronous machine ElmAsmsc set as Wind Generator In all cases the stochastic model object is assigned on the element s Generator Adequacy tab page under Stochas
70. pends on Time Specifically the time characteristics of the loads when the Consider Time Characteristics option is selected Also the time characteristics of the wind generators when specified Shows the last iteration number of the Generation Adequacy simulation Specifies the total number of iterations that the simulation must perform Specifies how many iterations must be additionally performed this field will be visible only if the run calculation is performed in consecutively P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 1 3 7 10 Results and Plots After the generation adequacy has been performed the following variables can be obtained Total Available Capacity Available Dispatchable Capacity Available Non Dispatchable Capacity Total Generation Unconstrained Non Dispatchable Generation Unconstrained Dispatchable Generation Unconstrained Total Reserve Generation Unconstrained Reserve Dispatchable Generation Unconstrained Reserve Non Dispatchable Generation Unconstrained Total Demand Unconstrained Demand Supplied Unconstrained Demand Not Supplied Unconstrained Residual Demand Unconstrained Loss of Load Probability Incident indices Expected Demand Not Supplied Loss of Load Probability LOLP Average Vari
71. per project Summarizing the new colouring concept Better structure of the existing colouring modes Calculation dependence colouring Default settings per project instead of per graphic Questions amp Answers Q1 If the settings of the new Diagram Colouring feature are project based how can I have single line diagrams coloured differently A1 This is still available Remember the colouring settings are by default Project based If you require having all or some diagrams coloured differently then you should click on the Graphic Options button and change the diagram colouring to Colouring Scheme This will allow you to define your own colour settings and to assign them to each single line diagram independently 2 2 7 Operation Scenarios and the New Scenario Scheduler and Scenario Configuration Object The functionality of the Operation Scenario has not changed in version 14 1 What has changed then Well several enhancements have been made If we can recall correctly in version 14 0 the information stored in a scenario was divided into subsets demand data generation patterns local P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 7 switch status etc More often however it is useful to have this information divided acco
72. plates library contains the following ready for use models Check and Pack button P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 4 Battery System with frequency control 10 kV 30 MVA Double Fed Induction Wind Turbine Generator o 0 69kV 1 0MW o 0 69kV 1 5MW o 0 69kV 2 0MW o 0 69kV 2 3MW o 0 69kV 2 5MW o 0 69kV 2 7MW o 0 69kV 3 6MW o 0 69kV 5 0MW o 0 69kV 6 0MW Fully Rated Converter Wind Turbine Generator o 0 4kV 1 0MW o 0 4kV 1 5MW o 0 4kV 2 0MW o 0 4kV 2 3MW o 0 4kV 2 5MW o 0 4kV 2 7MW o 0 4kV 3 6MW o 0 4kV 5 0MW o 0 4kV 6 0MW Variable Rotor Resistance Wind Turbine Generator 0 69 kV 0 66 MW Photovoltaic System 0 4 kV 0 5 MVA How to include one of these models in your current project Easy just follow these steps While your project is active click on the General Templates icon located in the Drawing Toolbox The resulting window will display the available Substation Templates as well as the templates in the global template library Select one of them Place it somewhere in your single line diagram Viola Besides having copied the model in the grid of your project the template is also copied to the template library of your project comp
73. posite Model The user would have to create them separately for every Static Generator which depending on the number of wind turbines can be time consuming Here is where the templates come in handy Figure 2 12 Location of the Template Folder The template can be therefore defined not only for a single element but for a group of elements Now coming back to our example how can we define a template for the complete including the station control composite model etc wind turbine model In version 14 0 when the user defined a template achievable by marking the elements in the single line right mouse button Define Template the template contained only the elements that were selected marked from the single line diagram So I guess you re wondering now But there is no graphical representation of the Station Controller or Composite Model How to include them in the template What the user needed to do then is to create a textbox for every additional element that is not graphically shown such as the Station Controller By doing so and by marking these additional text boxes together with the elements the template included them What about the types and frames Do they get also stored in the template The answer is NO If the user wanted also these objects then they needed to be manually placed inside the template by moving them The complete procedure was therefore not that simple Enter version 14 1 Here ther
74. r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 6 Energizing Status If this option is enabled De energized or Out of Calculation elements are coloured according to the settings in the Colour Settings Alarm If this option is enabled a dropdown list containing alarm modes will be available It is important to note here that only alarm modes available for the current calculation page will be listed If an alarm mode is selected elements exceeding the corresponding limit are coloured Limits and colours can be defined by clicking on the Colour Settings button Normal Colouring Here two lists are displayed The first list contains all available colouring modes The second list contains all sub modes of the selected colouring mode The settings of the different colouring modes can be edited by clicking on the Colour Settings button Every element can be coloured by one of the three previous criteria Also every criterion is optional and will be skipped if disabled In relation to the priority if the user enables all three criterions the hierarchy taken in to account will be the following Energizing Status overrules the Alarm and Normal Colouring mode The Alarm mode overrules the Normal Colouring mode Colouring modes and colours are no longer selected individually per diagram Instead the colouring modes and colours are defined
75. r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 6 Figure 2 5 Example Netw ork w ith Graphical Modifications Reflected Aside from this change storing of graphical information the remaining properties of the variation stay unaltered Please refer to Chapter 17 of the User s Manual Figure 2 6 Location of the Variation Folder in Version 14 1 Questions amp Answers Q1 Will this new variation concept not record any type of graphical information That is what about graphic changes that are not directly related to elements such as illustrating lines texts DPL buttons etc A1 Actually the stage will NOT RECORD ANY type of graphical information regardless if its element related or not graphical changes in the texts illustrating lines DPL buttons etc are also not recorded P V B B W F B u s b a r M a in B 1 L V B 1 M V D is t B 1 M V M a y o B B 1 P V 2 P h o to vo lta ic P V L in e L o a d M V L o a d L V W in d P a r k T r W F E xte r n a l G r id Tr Dist Tr Main L1 Location of the variation folder in v14 1 Stage 1 By activation of Stage 2 the graphic representation of this element is shown skewed PV BB busbar moved to the left while stage 1 was set as recording P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t
76. rding to the grids Because of this in version 14 1 the scenario subsets become grid based Figure 2 15 Subsets of the Operation Scenario Grid Based Another enhancement is that in the scenario grid subset an exclude flag is added This will allow the user to temporarily disable a subset so that operational data doesn t get considered Figure 2 16 The Operation Scenario Subset Dialog Excluded Flag It s clear to the user that one of the properties of the scenario is that it s date and time independent Wouldn t it be nice however to allow the activation deactivation of a scenario based on the date and time of the study case Example Let s suppose that we have setup a project containing one single study case and several operational scenarios that reflect the load and generation profile according to certain hours of the day As a rule by changing the study time the assignment of the scenario won t change In PowerFactory v14 1 a Scenario Scheduler IntScensched object is introduced so that by its activation if the study time and date of the active Study Case is changed the corresponding scenario will be activated The Excluded flag P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 8 Figure 2 17 The Operation Scenario Scheduler Bes
77. s 3 10 1 Optimal Power Restoration Strategies for Distribution In previous versions when the user performed reliability analysis the fault restoration was achieved by closing the switches with smallest operation time This however led sometimes to the overloading of elements and consequently reflected in load shedding In order to avoid unnecessary load shedding the optimal power restoration strategies for distribution networks have been enhanced in version 14 1 This strategy is used if the following settings are enabled in the Reliability Analysis command Basic Data tab page Method is set to Load flow analysis Network is selected as Distribution The switches used for power restoration are determined such that No constraint is violated thermal loading and voltage Number of switch actions is minimized The optimal switching is found by reconfiguration of the switches in the network however not all of the loads will be restored if the constraints cannot be fulfilled by the reconfiguration Furthermore the optimal power restoration strategy will never disconnect any load for load shedding which was not interrupted by the fault 3 10 2 Global versus local constraints In previous versions the constraints for the terminal voltages and the thermal loading were always defined individually per component terminal line etc In version 14 1 the user is free to choose between local or global constraints
78. s reducing significantly the simulation time required depending on the amount of cores used Enabling Parallel Computing By default the Parallel Computing option is enabled in each user account However modifying the default settings is only permitted when the user has logged into PowerFactory as an Administrator There are two types of settings associated with the Parallel Computing option The first and more general group of settings are the ones related to the management of the parallel computation function computing method and the assignments of slaves To access and modify these settings log on first as an administrator and afterwards open a Data Manager window Locate and edit the Parallel Computing Manager System Configuration Parallel Computation The users can nevertheless define his own settings by creating a system folder with key Parallel under the folder Configuration and then creating the setting object ComParalman This can only be carried out when logged on as administrator Figure 3 27 Allowing the Parallel Computing Feature Option for allowing the Parallel Computing feature in the user P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 5 4 Parallel Computing Main Settings Once the user has logged on as an administrator the settings Configuration Par
79. state it is normally not practical to consider every possible demand level because the number of discrete states in a practical system is usually very large Instead the load demand for a one year period can be discretized and converted into several so called load states and a probability of occurrence for each state The Reliability Command will not automatically generate the load states Therefore if you wish to consider multiple demand levels in your reliability analysis you must first get PowerFactory to generate the load states Prior to creating load states the user must have defined time based parameter characteristics for some loads within the network model Follow these steps to create the load states Click the Create Load States button on the reliability toolbar The load states creation dialog will appear Optional Use the Reliability Assessment selection to inspect or alter the settings of the Reliability Calculation command This selection points to the default reliability command within the active Study Case Optional Use the Load Flow selection button to inspect and alter the settings of the load flow command This selection control points to the default load flow command within the active Study Case Enter the year to generate the load states for Enter the Accuracy The lower the accuracy percentage the more load states are generated Optional Limit the number of load states to a user defined valu
80. t Sources type is assigned on the element s Harmonics tab page under Harmonic Currents This is illustrated in Figure 3 12 for the example of a Static Generator IEC 61000 Option Definition of integer and non integer Harmonics P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 6 The option selected in the Harmonic Current Sources type dictates how the defined harmonic current injections will be treated by the Harmonic Load Flow algorithm Figure 3 12 Harmonic Current Injections Assignment static generator For phase correct sources balanced or unbalanced a selection can be made between rated current and fundamental current For IEC sources however the calculation is always based on rated current 3 4 2 Harmonic Current Injections Norton Equivalent Extension for the Static Generator ElmGenstat and PWM ElmVsc ElmVscmono Elements In version 14 1 both static generator and PWM models are extended by a Norton Equivalent definition That is to say besides having the common harmonic current injection model the Converter Model response to variations in its terminal voltage harmonics can be approximated by a Norton equivalent circuit For balanced harmonic load flow calculations the model is valid for all positive sequence and negative harmonic orders Definition of
81. t in the Draw Existing Net Elements window The reader maybe wondering why do we need to draw the internal elements in the first place Isn t this the whole idea when drawing an overview diagram This is actually correct that s the basic idea of the overview diagram In some cases however the user may require drawing internal elements To illustrate this better let s take a look at Figure 2 10 Here the Detailed Graphic of substation MV Mayo is shown this representation can be obtained by double clicking on the MV O u t o f C a lc u la t io n D e e n e r g iz e d M V M a y o B B 1 P V B B W F B u s b a r M a in B 1 L V B 1 M V D is t B 1 T r W F L o a d M V Tr Main L1 W F 2 P h o to vo lta ic P V L in e 2 P V L in e L o a d L V W in d P a r k E xte r n a l G r id Tr Dist Single Busbar System with tie breaker Substation Single Busbar System Substation P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 1 0 Mayo composite node Suppose that while in this diagram the user adds a new element In this case for example maybe it s required inserting a series reactor between the two main busbars in order to limit the short circuit current Figure 2 9 Example Netw ork Substations Over
82. tic Model As illustrated in Figure 3 23 In addition to the stochastic model described above a stochastic wind model may then be defined on the element s Adequacy page which provides Wind Model Stochastic Wind Model Weibull Model Time Series Characteristic of Active Power Contribution MW Time Series Characteristic of Wind Speed m s Wind speed probability and mean wind speed via the definition of a Weibull curve Definition of wind generator power curve TyPowercurve Representation of correlation ElmWindzone Stochastic model definiton P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 4 8 Figure 3 23 Stochastic Wind Model Definition 3 7 6 Demand Definition There are two alternatives to model the demand Fixed and Variable demand Fixed demand refers to a specific value of demand that does not change during the entire analysis Variable demand means that the load varies on time The load elements do not have a dedicated stochastic model Unless a time characteristic is assigned to either the Active Power plini or Scale factor scale0 variables of the load element then the load is treated as fixed demand This means that the demand value does not change during the entire analysis Both General Loads ElmLod and LV Loads ElmLodlv are considered for the analysis Instead th
83. tions of low voltages and because voltage support usually helps the generators to ride through low voltage conditions many converter driven generators inject reactive currents during situations of low voltages and thereby contribute to AC components of short circuit currents The typical approach to determine the short circuit contribution of converter driven generators wind turbines photovoltaic etc is by using the equivalent synchronous generator modelling approach In such approach the generator is approximated by an equivalent circuit with subtransient and transient reactance This has the following characteristics Accurate representation for faults close to converter driven generators Very low accuracy for estimating remote contribution One could then think on performing short circuit analyses by means of time domain simulations which would then mean the following Complex model setup required Relatively long calculation times e g calculation of fault levels at all busbars and terminals Dynamic models not necessarily made for fault level studies Accuracy for predicting subtransient time scales sometimes very poor Because of the aforementioned difficulties with the modeling of such devices for steady state short circuit analyses version 14 1 introduces a new short circuit method approach Current Iteration which is simple and fast and at the same time gives sufficient accurate results for remote co
84. uses as shown on the Advanced Options tab page in Figure 3 15 Figure 3 15 THD HD Calculation Based on Rated Current Voltage New IEC 61000 3 6 option in the harmonic load flow command Alpha exponent definition Acc to IEC 61000 3 6 or user defined HD and THD based on rated current voltage P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 P o w e r S y s t e m A n a l y s i s F u n c t i o n s amp M o d e l s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 3 9 3 5 Flicker Assessment according to IEC 61400 21 As in the case of harmonic load flow calculation according to IEC 61000 3 6 in previous PowerFactory versions the Flicker assessment according to IEC 61400 21 could be carried out by means of a DPL script In version 14 1 this is also now a built in function 3 5 1 Flicker Coefficient Type TypFlicker In version 14 1 a new Flicker Coefficient Type TypFlicker is available Here the user is able to define for different network angles the following c psi Flicker coefficient kf psi Flicker step factor ku psi Voltage change factor also the following maximum switching operations are defined N10 Max no of switching operations in a 10 minute period N120 Max no of switching operations in a 120 minute period Figure 3 16 Flicker Coefficient Type TypFlicker As in version 14 0 the following 3 phase models are capable of utilising the flicker type Static gen
85. vailable in PowerFactory Version 14 1 The descriptions presented here are intentionally brief meaning that only a summary of the new PowerFactory features is given However in order to achieve a better understanding differences between the new and previous versions are discussed and explained with the use of examples While going through the document the reader will come across a series of images that highlight part of the text The interpretations of these images are as follows Indicate hints or the new feature enhancement available in version 14 1 Important Note It emphasises a certain PowerFactory characteristic The Questions and Answers section Some of the chapters will have a Q amp A section to make the concept clearer Although the present document gives a general overview of the implemented features we would like to encourage the user to refer to the User s Manual and or technical references for further details We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to all of our clients for their valuable feedback and suggestions which allow us to continuously improve our software P o w e r F a c t o r y v 1 4 1 M a i n I n t e r f a c e W i n d o w t h e D a t a M o d e l a n d S i n g l e L i n e D i a g r a m s W h a t s N e w i n P o w e r F a c t o r y V e r s i o n 1 4 1 2 2 PowerFactory v14 1 Main Interface Window the Data Model and Single Line Diagrams 2 1 New Features in the Main Interface
86. view Representation Figure 2 10 Detailed Graphic of MV Mayo Substation Since the series reactor was added in the Detailed Graphic of the MV Mayo substation it will be defined as an internal element of the substation This basically means that once you create an Overview Diagram the series reactor will not appear in the displayed list of the Draw Existing Net Elements window How to display graphically this element in the Overview Diagram W F B u s b a r L V B 1 M a i n B 1 M V M a y o M V D i s t W i n d P a r k W i n d P a r k L o a d L V L o a d L V Load MV Load MV E x t e r n a l G r i d E x t e r n a l G r i d T r W F T r W F Tr Dist Tr Dist Tr Main Tr Main L1 L1 R1 R4 R3 R2 L4 L3 L1 L2 MV Mayo BB1 SR SR PV Line 2 PV Line Load MV Load MV Tr WF Tr WF Tr Main Tr Main L1 L1 CBS CBS IS L1 2 IS L1 2 CB L1 CB L1 IS R4 2 IS R4 2 IS L1 1 IS L1 1 CB R4 CB R4 IS R4 1 IS R4 1 IS R3 2 IS R3 2 CB R3 CB R3 IS R3 1 IS R3 1 IS R2 2 IS R2 2 CB R2 CB R2 IS R2 1 IS R2 1 IS L4 2 IS L4 2 CB L4 CB L4 IS L4 1 IS L4 1 IS L3 2 IS L3 2 CB L3 CB L3 IS L3 1 IS L3 1 IS L2 2 IS L2 2 CB L2 CB L2 IS L2 1 IS L2 1 IS R1 2 IS R1 2 CB R1 CB R1 IS R1 1 IS R1 1 Composite Node representaiton Series Reactor added while in the Detailed Graphic of the MV Mayo substation P o w e r F a c t

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