HERE - Virtual Labs - Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Contents
1. USER S MANUAL Virtual Lab for Basic Electronics Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur April 2011 Revision Sheet Release No Date Revision Description Rev 1 08 04 2011 Second Version 1 0 GENERAL INFORMATION 1 1 System Overview Basic Electronics Virtual Laboratory is a MHRD initiative driven from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur The objective of this tool is to perform experiments in a Basic Electronics laboratory virtually The tool is developed using Adobe AIR Technology 1 2 Authorized Use Permission This software and documentation contain confidential and proprietary information that is the property of MHRD The software and documentation are furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement No part of the software and documentation may be reproduced transmitted or translated in any form or by any means electronic mechanical manual optical or otherwise without prior written permission of MHRD or as expressly provided by the license agreement 1 3 Points of Contact 1 3 1 Help Desk For any assistance please email your queries to dbagchi77 gmail com 2 0 SYSTEM SUMMARY Virtual Laboratory for Basic Electronics is an AIR based desktop application The objective of this tool is to perform experiments in a Basic Electronics laboratory virtually The virtualization of the experiments is being done through accurate spice based simu2. d after simulation in the data analyzer The equations panel can be opened by selecting the Equations button from the tool bar at the top As the name suggests equation has an LHS and a RHS The LHS is the name that the user wants to store for this equation for example when measuring gain the user may choose the LHS as gain The right hand cannot be edited by keyboard but the buttons available in the panel can be used to fill the same Once having entered the equations the user can save it by pressing the tick button Consequently equation gets displayed in the User Equations panel e M e adele eH Ha sin asn sqrt exp mag ES ES ES BS tS tested Laminate jet Fe 4 tan acos max log2 ceil EO ee cu oee etn ume _teot0 toon cot cosec avg abs round T y 5 m Il IMFrobe Rae msi V V Meterl nmsiT Tvleter2 Isub max IMProbel raw Probe j 12 Id Is texpt VProbel 10 Y Yprobe2M 1 Figure 4 4 1 Equation Panel The user can add the following type of equations 1 Simple numerical functions 2 Trigonometric functions 3 Complex mathematical functions 4 Device based functions Various examples have been provided in the Sample Equations panel to assist the user in writing equations The first three are quite simple however the 4 needs a little more explanation Using devices based functions When the user adds any measurement devic
3. doing dual Sweep Analysis two sweeps should not be done for the same component For example the following is an incorrect behavior Equations Panel Adding any illegal equations may lead to a failure in simulation Attention should also be paid to the equation variables being used in other equations For example if the user added equation and used it in equation2 and then removed equationi then it would lead to a problem as the variable equation1 is still being used in equation2 but the definition for the same is missing Saving Restoring If the circuit fails to simulate after restoring it from a saved state then the user may want to double check weather all the circuit values and that of simulation properties have been restored properly 5 0 VIEWING THE STEP SUBMISSION This section talks about how to view the steps submit for an experiment 5 1 Step View User can open the Lab Window for a particular experiment using Start gt My Labs gt Particular Lab Once you have a Lab Window there user can select an experiment and view all the Steps Submitted for that experiment using the Submission Button at the Top of Lab Window 4 Virtual Laboratory Submission Win dow 9 X Figure 5 1 1 Submission Window
4. election Figure 3 2 1 Logout Option 4 0 DOING THE EXPERIMENT These sections briefly talk about how a user can do an experiment 4 1 Using the components User needs to select the Experiment from Start gt My Labs gt Particular Lab On selecting a lab the list of experiment in that Lab comes Up E Basic Electronics mr Start E Submission ty Wizard Module Name Start Date End Date Status Grade 1 Familiarisation with Capacitors 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 2 Familiarisation with Inductors NOT_STARTED 3 Familiarisation with Resistors NOT_STARTED 4 Ohms Law 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 5 i Characteristics of a Diode 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 6 Study of Capacitative Rectification 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 7 Study of Fullwave Rectification 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 8 Study of Halfweave Rectification 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 9 Voltage Multipliers 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 10 BJT Common Emitter Characteristics 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 11 BJT as an Amplifier 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 12 BJT Common Base Characteristics 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS 13 Vi Characteristics of Zener Diode 2011 04 05 IN_PROGRESS Figure 4 1 1 Lab Window User can select and Start the experiment using the Start button at the top of window If the experiment is not started on starting it its Stats changes to IN PROGRESS Once an experiment is started the grid window comes up User can now use the component window to select various components and double click on Special Com
5. es to the circuit for example Ammeter Voltmeter Oscilloscope etc then it automatically adds the corresponding variables in the equations panel For example adding the Voltmeter instance VMeter0 will add the corresponding variable in this panel Similarly adding an oscilloscope provides two variables one for each channel of the oscilloscope i e if you add an oscilloscope instance Osc0 then the corresponding variables would be OSC0_CH1 and OSCO_CH2 respectively Figure 4 4 2 4 4 3 shows the circuit and corresponding variables in equations panel eet Car DIS MILA tn jees j oma tweet cot cosec ava abs round e A I1 Probel Rac rmai Y Y Meterl mms I IvIeter2 Isub mawI Probe max I Probe2 4 12 Id Ist expi V V Probel X10 V Yprobe2 1 Once an equation is saved a corresponding variable for that is also created which can be used in further equations 4 5 Simulation 4 5 1 Simulation Properties The simulation panel provides the means the control the simulation parameter and type of analysis that the user wants to do Currently the user can do the following analyses e Time Domain Analysis e Frequency Domain Analysis e Advanced Analysis Time Domain Analysis T Freg Domain Analysis Advanced Analysis Analy siame Sampling period i ms 7 Sweep Analysis Close Each of the above can be selected from the combo b
6. lation The basic components of this tool are v Virtual Lab Platform v Virtual Lab Management System v Basic Electronics Lab v Virtual Lab Collaboration System The subsequent sections each one of these would be discussed in detail This tool will be focused on the learning aspects as much as on performing the basic electronics experiments in a virtual setting This tool is aimed at fresh students who do not have an experience with basic electronics lab It requires a solution which should not only be easy to use and easy to understand but should also meet all instructional objectives fully 4 Virtual Labo ratory 7 z Close Basic Electronics Close Start E8 Submission Wizard Module Name Start Date End Date Status Grade 1 Familiarisation with Capacitors 2010 08 15 IN_PROGRES 2 Familiarisation with Inductors 2010 08 02 3 Familiarisation with Resistors 2010 08 12 4 Ohms Law 2010 08 15 5 VI Characteristics of a Diode 2010 08 14 6 Study of Capacitative Rectification 2010 08 07 7 Study of Fullwaye Rectification 2010 08 07 3 Study of Halfwave Rectification 2010 08 13 sS 9 Voltage Multipliers 2010 08 11 IM_PROGRESS 10 BJT Common Emitter Characteristics 2010 08 16 OGRES 11 BJT as an Amplifier NOT_STARTED 12 BJT Common Base Characteristics NOT_STARTED 13 VI Characteristics of Zener Diode 2010 08 06 IIN_PROGRESS Fig 2 0 1 List of Experiments 2 1 System Configuration The application is curre
7. lected components Rotate selected components Save the current circuit Undo last action Redo last action Delete selected instances 4 9 Troubleshooting A lot of attention has been paid to warn the user of any errors that may happen during circuit creation Some of the things are e Sanity checks for ground e Sanity checks for sources e Sanity checks for measurement devices e Sanity checks for any open connections etc Even though a lot of sanity checking has been built into the tool there may be times when things may not work as expected The user may follow the following checklist that all the things are in the correct order e Component properties Please check weather permissible values for the components have been entered For example entering negative values for diode junction potential is not allowed and may result in incorrect simulation e Simulation Properties Following things may be kept in mind while doing the same gt The sample size of the simulation may not be too high as it leads to huge amount of data crunching gt Proper values should be chosen for simulation for example in case of Frequency Domain Analysis the step increment size should never be zero as it would lead to an incorrect frequency sweep gt Similarly choosing the value too less would lead to a huge number of frequency sweep points which may lead to a very long simulation time gt In Advanced Analysis while
8. n has been added to vary the current or voltage parameter of a DC Source For a DC source the parameter sweep depends upon the current operation of a DC Source For example if a DC source is being used in constant current mode then the user can vary the current parameter of the source However if the same source is changed to a constant voltage DC Source then the parameter to vary will no longer be current Instead it will be voltage Precautions while choosing Simulation Properties Incorrectly choosing the simulation properties can lead to the incorrect simulation results or simulation not even completing To ensure this the user should carefully provide the simulation properties Following things may be kept in mind while doing the same e The sample size of the simulation may not be too high as it leads to huge amount of data crunching This would lead to long simulation times and may even slow down the system e Proper values should be chosen for simulation for example in case of Frequency Domain Analysis the step increment size should never be zero as it would lead to an incorrect frequency sweep similarly choosing the value too less would lead to a huge number of frequency sweep points which may lead to a very long simulation time e In Advanced Analysis while doing dual Sweep Analysis two sweeps should not be done for the same component For example the following is an incorrect behavio
9. ntly available on Windows XP Windows 7 Windows Vista The application requires these executables to be pre installed 1 Adobe AIR Runtime version 2 5 It can be downloaded from here 2 Adobe Flash Player version 10 0 It can be downloaded from here 2 2 Data Flows The application is purely desktop based and runs simulation and stores result and other db operations natively 2 3 User Access Levels Currently the Application is available for Students to conduct experiments and save steps as history 2 4 Installation User need to follow this procedure to run the Application 1 Install the Adobe Flash Player 2 Install the Adobe AIR Runtime 3 Install the vLab Application 3 0 GETTING STARTED Once the Application is installed on clicking the vLab Installed Application Icon on desktop the application starts with a Login Screen User needs to add his her information Login and Password to get access to the System In case of an invalid Login Password a valid error is thrown Register Fig 3 0 1 Login Screen 3 1 Logging On Once the user successfully logins he can view the various options available for him to work on Virtual Labs 4 Virtual Laboratory LIE Fig 3 1 1 Logged in state 4 Virtual Laboratory LIE Figure 3 1 2 Various Menu Options 3 2 Exit System User needs to click the Start Click Logout to exit from the Application On Logout the Login screen appears 4 Virtual Laboratory Bi Course S
10. onding units wherever applicable The user may change the Value or the Unit using the dropdown The user can also reset the values to the default with the Set Default Values button Much attention has been paid to resistors as they are the most commonly used components Resistors come in different series like E6 E12 E24 E48 etc Each of these series has a different tolerance and should be carefully used depending on the need The user may select the series and the corresponding value from the resistor properties panel x CeHes Yalue Tolerance E43 w 1 0 Ohms 7 2 rx Set Default Yalues Save Il Cancel 4 2 Virtual Instruments Instruments DC Source Oscilloscope Function Generator have been modeled virtually and have same look and feel as real devices User can access these and configure them by double clicking on the instrument icon on the Bread Board 2 000A 05 000V Figure 4 2 1 DC Source Figure 4 2 2 Oscilloscope Figure 4 2 3 Function Generator 4 3 Wizard Each experiment is provided with a Learning Wizard The wizard guides the learning of concepts for the Experiment b BASIC ELECTRONICS j j Familiarization with Capacitor A i 4 4 Equations Panel Provision has been provided for the user to add mathematical equations Any equations added will be processed at the time of the simulation and the output can be viewe
11. ox provided at the top of the Simulation Panel Depending upon the type of simulation selected by user certain parameters will be provided that the user can modify to control simulation properties In addition to the basic simulation properties the user can also perform Sweep Analysis for any type of simulation To do this the user should select the Sweep Analysis checkbox provided at the bottom This displays a list of all the components whose parameters can be selected to vary Time Domain Analysis be DE Analysis Analysis Time 1 sec Sampling period 1 ms iv Sweep Analysis Type Resistor Instance RO Mi Parameter R Sweep Start i K Ohms Sweep End 2 K Ohms Ho of points 4 Close A single parameter sweep can be performed for Time Domain Analysis and Frequency Domain analysis However if the user wants to perform an even more advanced parametric analysis that can be done using Advanced Analysis wherein two parameters can be varied by selecting the Sweep Analysis 1 and Sweep Analysis 2 checkboxes Adwanced Analysis A Sweep Analysis 1 Type Resistor Instance RO Parameter R Mi Sweep Start 1 KkOhms mq Sweep End 2 KOhns No of points 100 Y iw Sweep Analysis 2 Type Capacitor 7 Instance Ci T Parameter C n Sweep Start 1 Sweep End 400 uF T Mo of points 5 Please note that a special provisio
12. ponents to do their modeling Figure 4 1 2 4 1 4 shows the selection of Components 4 Virtual Laboratory x Experiment Familiarisation with Electronic components X Be Basic Ele Z Experimen Figure 4 1 2 Experiment Window 4 Virtual Laboratory CER x Experiment Familiarisation with Electronic components x Resistor _m Inductor a Capacitor Ee Basic Ele Experimen Figure 4 1 3 Basic Components 4 Virtual Laborato ry Experiment Familiarisation with Electronic components X Figure 4 1 4 Nonlinear Components 4 1 1 Configuring component Properties Each component has a set of configurable properties which changed to obtain the desired results Most of the components are modeled in a generic manner and their properties can be changed in the properties panel The properties panel can be opened by simply right clicking on the instance and selecting the Edit Properties from the menu Name Value Unit Descnpton Iz 1 FA i saturation current HM 1 emission coefficient Mi 0 5 grading coefficient jo 10 FF zero bias junction capacitance Wi 0 7 _y r junction potential R s T Ohms ohmic series resistance Bu O reverse breakdown voltage Ibu 000i current at reverse breakdown voltage Tt O transit time Set Default Values Save Cancel The panel shows the description for each of the properties and the corresp
13. r Advanced Analysis E iV Sweep Analysis 1 Type Resistor v Instance RO v Parameter R v Sweep Start 1 0 Ohms v Sweep End 1 0 Ohms v No of points i 100 v wv Sweep Analysis 2 Type Resistor v Instance RO v Parameter R v E Start 1 0 il Sweep End 1 0 Ohms v No of points 2 v 4 6 Saving the Schematic User at any stage can save the schematic for a particular experiment Later once he starts that experiment the same schematic is restored Figure 4 6 1 4 6 2 shows how to save a schematic 4 Virtual Laborato ry Experiment Diode Applications A Virtual Laboratory DER gt Experiment Diode Applications a xX DNK Seba z2 Figure 4 6 2 Schematic Saved 4 7 Saving the Experiment Step User can save a particular experiment with a Step Title and Step Description He can later view the same steps using the Submission Window opened for that experiment Step Title Step Description Submit Cancel Figure 4 7 1 Submitting the Experiment Step 4 8 Short cuts Following keyboard shortcuts can be helpful in easily drawing the circuit e Shift D Enter wire draw mode press Esc to exit the same e Shift A e Shift C e Shift X e Shift V e Shift R e Shift S e Shift Z e Shift Y e DELETE Select all components on the Schematic Copy all the selected components Cut all the selected compo Paste all the se
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