Home

Chapter 1 About Old Standard

1. Supported Features Feature Settings Font Styles OpenType English Name ID Name ID Rg Bd It equiv Diagonal Fractions frac False True 0 1 frac Vertical Position vpos Normal Vertical 0 i Position Superiors 1 I sups Inferiors 2 subs Ligatures liga No Ligatures 0 TL Common Ligatures 2 Riga Diphthong Ligatures dph1 False True 0 1 F dlig French Spacing Rules frsp False True 0 1 4 F l for Punctuation Marks Localized Forms rolc No Localized 0 TL for Romanian Forms Required 1 locl ss01 Localized Forms Localized Forms srlc No Localized 0 i for Serbian Forms Required 1 1ocl ss11 Localized Forms Optional 2 ss12 Localized Forms Localized Forms oslc No Localized 0 TL for Old Slavonie Forms Required 1 locl ssi4 Localized Forms Optional 2 ssi5 Localized Forms Greek Punctuation Marks elpt False True 0 1 locl Mathematical Greek mgrk False True 0 1 mgrk Greek Theta elth Script Form 0 I Closed Form 1 I ss05 Contextual Forms elct False True 0 1 ss06 for Greek Greek Accents elmk Before Capitals 0 TL Above Capitals 1 l Greek Mute Iota elis Adscript 0 l with Capitals Subscript 1 Capitalized Greek elcp False True 0 1 4 F 4 l ldlig for German 3 2 SMART FON
2. G o v YOEOTEQLOY xaxoiv E yv iar xoxgvO amp TOV YOEUCTOY w Toig Fowxidvou g tig e Eval x FOLXLOG ddoacdar TAG dv 00 doag ei voig FOplEx o1 ni TOId _ dmdoauelv d te Pede x g ol DIXAGOTA amveedouiyl oc tov y0EUATOV TO A amp yoc dmeyou vog Jj x v gg vvegov y vos Evan Guata ndvra dz voi iegoi thaov Evan Old Standard includes also several precomposed accented Greek characters in the PUA added for compatibility with Ralph Hancock s fonts However you should use those characters with a caution and only if your application doesn t support combining mark positioning Tilde Shaped Circumflex vs Lunate Cireumflex Greek circumflex perispomeni often becomes a matter of discussions I know that some mostly English and American classicists prefer porsonic lunate circumflex similar to an inverted breve mainly because this form is characteristic for most Greek fonts tradi tionally used in English and American typography However in fact the preferred design of this accent is a purely font specific question For most typefaces of the continental European origin such as Didot or Teubner only the tilde shaped form is acceptable as inverted breve just cannot be harmonized with most letters So don t ask me to implement a version with porsonic circumflex 32 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE Iota Adscript vs Iota Subseript Combinations of Greek vowels w
3. todo xpoo Aa6ov Srw gt ob cso0e amp vOpec amp amp tot tis hevdep as Ho x xtyabe xal he buds y ediatuovilw ed y p tote Ott tH Aevdepiay Skotum amp v dvtt v yw civico xal AY TohAaTAaotWy K gog 08 owyxaA cag vovg oteatnyovs xai hoyayovs t v TEAAQvov ovvebovdeveto TE n g Qv THY u amp yqv TOLOLTO xoci abtos maonver Saoobvav Toi e dvoges EdAnvec obx amp v0gcoztov atogeav Bagbaowrv cvuudyove buds ayo alla voultov dueivovac xai xpeltrovs zoAAGv Baobcowyv bude civar due tobdto weoc habov xag obv csc0e dv ves d LoL Tie hevdegiac ne x xtnobe xal He bude ya e aruovi o e yao love tri thy hevbeoiay hoiuny dv avti av yo n vtrov xai dAAov TO A OOV Except the script theta to closed theta substitution the mgrk feature allows to change the appearance of some other glyphs This includes kappa in all font styles and rho in italic in regular and bold the default shape for this character is Unicode conforming Note that the k shaped glyph for kappa which can be activated by this way doesn t harmonize well with other Didot styled letters although I ve done my best to make it aesthetically acceptable so using it anywhere outside of math contexts is not recommended Old Standard also implements stroked phi U 03D5 omega like pi U 03D6 and lunate epsilon U 03F5 There are no special smart font features to get those glyph substituted instead of default letterforms so t
4. vro ev meg ra v 226 Aune atwov ov de x i Gsazi cov tOLO TOV yevou vov ojos leyera LOTO avno pev ur Anagrintns Arqu xns vov todE puol simsiv t xog molv y cvppitot peag toler Mijows zv 9Ousvov zg g tev tov Tonuywov og mecy ol BaoBaugor ndoo Figure 1 4 An example of the Teubner Greek font taken from Herodotus f r den Schul gebrauch erkl rt Von Dr K Abicht Direktor des Gymnasiums zu Ols Vierter Band Buch VIII Dritte verbesserte Auflage Leipzig 1882 S 192 Designing an italic style for a Greek typeface represents a separate problem Most modern implementations of Greek Didot are accompanied with italie versions obtained by applying a slant to the upright glyphs I have chosen a different solution instead of creating a slanted version of the Didot family completely unknown to the traditional typography I have based my italies on various cursive Greek fonts actually used in the German typography of the early 20 century The most elegant of those fonts was the 1 2 GREEK FONT DESIGN 7 face used by the famous Teubner publishing house in Leipzig for their editions of classical authors Surprisingly until recently nobody has attempted to implement a digital version of the Teubner Greek font and this is a pity because Teubner editions are still considered a model of fine Greek printing in Germany Russia and I think many other European coun tries exactly like the Loeb classical library in th
5. v Ady Greek Mute Iota with Capitals This feature allows to select the preferred style of the Greek mute iota in combination with capital letters See section 3 2 3 for more information of this issue Note that the adscript style i e a normal lowercase iota is used by default if the Graphite rendering is enabled while in applications which don t support Graphite the corresponding glyphs are always rendered with iota subscript M n Ev Ady gt Qu v Ardy J m v An Qu n v Aon 40 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE Capitalized Greek This feature converts lowercase Greek letters to uppercase The ac cents breathings are removed unless the Greek Accents feature is set to Above Capitals DAOS ADAOS gt AYAOX AYAOX amp vAoc avhoe gt ATAOZ ATAOZ In the later case the diacritical marks preserved but placed at the top of the capi talized letters DAOS ADAOT gt YAOX AYAOX dv oe a A e gt ATAOX ATAOX Language Dependent Feature Modifications This feature may modify the effect pro duced by some other features depending from its current setting For example in the Turkish mode fi ligatures are disabled In OpenType the same effect is achieved by associating a feature lookup with a specific combination of scripts languages It is not recommended to manually change settings of this feature they are supposed to be activated by default depending from the language assigned
6. 47 4 4 Modifications You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it In addition you must do these things in the Modified Version A Use in the Title Page and on the covers if any a title distinct from that of the Document and from those of previous versions which should if there were any be listed in the History section of the Document You may use the same title as previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission List on the Title Page as authors one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document all of its principal authors if it has fewer than five unless they release you from this requirement State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version as the publisher Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices Include immediately after the copyright notices a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
7. Currency Symbols 20A0 20CF The EURO SIGN U 20AC Letterlike Symbols 2100 214F In this block Old Standard implements a few char acters belonging to the following two categories first a few standard symbols present in most Western or Cyrillic fonts in particular NUMERO SIGN U 2116 TRADE MARK SIGN U 2122 and OHM SIGN U 2126 and second some charac ters which may be useful for textual criticism such as Fraktur and Number Forms 2150 218F Fully covered Mathematical Operators 2200 22FF This block is far from being finished and yet it already includes I hope all symbols which are most commonly used in mathematical typesetting Miscellaneous Technical 2300 23FF In this block Old Standard implements angle brackets U 2329 and U 232A these characters should probably be avoided use mathematical angle brackets at U 27E8 U 27E9 instead and ancient metrical symbols 23D1 23D9 Geometrie Shapes 25A0 25FF Old Standard implements only a few of these symbols for compatibility with legacy fonts and charsets Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols A 27C0 27EF Old Standard implements mathematical angle square and double angle brackets useful also for critical text editions Supplemental Mathematical Operators 2A00 2AFF In this block I have implemented only a few characters in particular alternate less than and greater than symbols with a slanted bar which actually where preferred forms in the t
8. a lettertype which was once so common that no special name was associated with it typefaces of this style are usually called just Standard or Modern in old font catalogues 1 2 GREEK FONT DESIGN 9 1 2 Greek font design The Greek characters in Old Standard require a separate note The upright letters follow the style first introduced by famous French typecutter Firmin Didot and then widely used in various editions both in Greece itself and many other European countries It would be no exaggeration to state that the most part of Greek editions printed in continental Europe for more than 100 yers was set with Didot faces So it is no wonder that digital versions of this design have already been created by several type foundries However almost all these fonts either cover just the Greek script and provide no support for Latin not to say Cyrillic characters or combine Didot s Greek design with a stylistically incompatible usually Times styled Latin face Most of them even some hightly overpriced commercial products also don t meet my quality standards 5 NI C 2 xoctlorg ovat dy cout ovva Opayuas Exactog Mubdvo TOD N gt A gt y gt i pun vos Owoexa T Aavta 29 El E TIG cletar pepa dpop LTV Elvan ortnp cto Tols GTOATEVOLLEVOLS omo ev o pll g gt 9 y yvoxev yo y p otda capis Ett TOT av Y VTAL TOOCTO e yn eo pret t Aolm auto TO otp teup AT TOU TOAEOU OUDEVA THY E
9. base character in those cases where a simple accent positioning would not produce the desired result For example the Czech alphabet has some accented characters d l f where the accent is identified with the ha ek caron but actually looks like an apostrophe So when you type d or t followed by combining ha ek Old Standard just substitutes the corresponding Czech character for you There are also some situations where mark and ccmp should be used together to pro duce a better result For example before you can place an accent above letters like or 7 you have to replace the base letter with a dotless variant first and this can be done on ly with ccmp For this reason all Open Type renderers which support accent positioning support also this feature Word 2003 does Stylistic Sets Stylistic sets are used to enable a group of stylistic variant glyphs designed to harmonize visually and make them automatically substituted instead of the default forms OpenType allows to specify up to 20 stylistic sets marking them ss01 ss02 ss20 The following stylistic sets currently available in Old Standard are relevant for the Latin script ss01 This set allows to automatically substitute small and capital s and with commaac cent U 0218 U 0219 U 021A U 021B instead of the corresponding letters with cedilla U 015E U 015F U 0162 U 0163 as required by Romanian typographic rules The same substitution can be done automatically
10. can always type regular iota as a separate character 3 9 4 Cyrillic Script Combining Mark Positioning Smart combining mark positioning is often necessary for Cyrillic Although the stress is usually not indicated in modern languages which use the Cyrillic script accentuation 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 33 020 7 gt Figure 3 2 Serbian and Macedonian variant forms Russian norms on the left Serbian and Macedonian norms on the right bs is still mandatory for textbooks dictionaries and books for children This is especially important for Serbian which has long and short vowels and four types of accent Nev ertheless there are virtually no precomposed Cyrillic accented characters in Unicode so that using combining marks remains the only option So Old Standard provides all nec essary anchor points allowing to place accents above Cyrillic vowels see the following sections about Serbian and Old Slavonic for examples Serbian Alternate Forms It is a well known fact that except several specific letters Serbian Cyrillic alphabet also has different preferred shapes for some letters common for most languages which use the Cyrillic script According to the most common opinion four Serbian variant forms are specific for the italie style while one can occur both in roman and italie styles as Figure 3 2 demonstrates This practice was adopted by many font designers and Adobe even included Serbian variant forms
11. for Romanian and Molda vian languages if only your application supports the local feature tag otherwise you can use ss01 instead Of course this is important only if the glyph variants with commaaccent are not typed directly which is also possible as now those letterforms have separate Unicode codepoints ra iune si constiinta ra iune si con tiin ra iune si constuinta ratiune si constunta 24 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE ss02 By enabling this feature tag you can get all occurrences of small and capital Latin y automatically replaced with insular forms sometimes preferred for typesetting Old English Gosfreg gSosfrez Gosfreg Sosfreg This stylistic set is preserved for backwards compatibility I no longer recommend using it as both capital and small insular g now have dedicated Unicode codepoints and it is probably better to type them directly Sample Text Fragments in Old and Classical Languages Classical Latin Of course classical Latin is supported Just an example Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres quarum unam inc lunt Bel gae aliam Aquitani tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae nostra Galli appellantur Hi omnes lingua instit tis legibus inter se diff runt Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen a Belgis Matr na et Sequ na dividit Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae propterea quod a cultu atque humanit te provinciae longissime absunt minimeque ad eos merca
12. have not been called Didot due to a different style of its Latin part It should also be noted that the historic Didot style had several variations in particular its German version popular also in Russia is slightly different from the font used in 6 CHAPTER 1 ABOUT OLD STANDARD hri parvop vo Aimapas m poavtes A vas Ota ixn ap aost xpatepby x pov SBpros vidy erv v parm ovta Goxedvt dy dravta mi obar NY yahk s yap yahxw suupizetar atat 6 Apre rn gt t fS Tovtoy gorv kst tat E he depos Ehhd os uap evovora Kpovidns exayer xal mote Nixn s Tora ra piv xal odtw evapy m A yovt B ir dy s o tihoyins Ypyspwoy m p obte avths yety Tohp w obte Tap dhhwy v xopat Figure 1 3 A modification of the Didot style used in German editions The example is taken from Herodoti Historiae Recensuit Henrieus Stein Tomus II Berolini 1871 P 318 French editions of the same time Old Standard seems to be the only digital typeface which follows mostly the German and Russian understanding of the Didot style although for some characters e g Greek circumflex I have preferred French forms considering them more elegant Asavidn iv tovtm p ag v yWow Asboufvovg payaloron tolg avrav vUyyavov ti mEpLE0DOOL xal ysgol xal or uaor nat yocav ol BaoBagor Baddovtes of u v E vavrins niondo pevos xol TO pupa tov telyeog GvyyoGavrsg of 0 xrepreld vres 10 T
13. into its Cyrillic specification although they have not been accepted by Unicode However after studying several examples of old Serbian printing a small collection of such examples was previously available at the site of the faculty of Mathematics at the Belgrade university I have an impression that the modern practice is not fully justified by the preceding tradition As far as I can see there are only two letters namely Cyrillic and m which always have typically Serbian forms clearly distinct from their Russian counterparts Howev er the late 19 and early 20 century editions set with Modern typefaces also show a significant difference from the contemporary Serbian style as the horizontal bar the most characteristic feature of Serbian and m is attached to the base glyph rather than positioned above it like a diacritical mark The m also may look like a slanted upright glyph but I have preferred to draw both n and m in the same historical style It is especially important to stress that Serbian with a hook below seems to never occur in the traditional Serbian printing although there was absolutely no problem to reproduce this form if somebody considered it correct as Latin italic g has exactly the same shape in Modern typefaces of the early 20 century My own opinion is that the contemporary Serbian letterform first appeared as a result of uncritically reproducing the handwritten shape erroneously
14. k Ha CHBOCT 13 NJA U3 we Vonnrre ca je 1 nac cfiBo M n 60 n Halla sumja u mytaJb Tp HaT Opax cpel m n Be Halle erB pu K0Je jeJrHa ro jeJHa imaJraae Ha aH Ha u eeM6apcexo cynuy up epfie ce uprasa ijmpo6a name KYhE Tyamo cam macan H ox n c m c M pkow Chey owupwamng CAAMAPUYY TIRO a ezegan Y j6gan MPTICGU NK uaa YPHUM HUCKUM xp soewwa u wece up agepafa c uawhew ce o up e Ona mu x oce I au Onna 6p xcno lima mu je g uac Ona je BENUKA ena an acena CUBOCT UZOUJA U3 166 Vonume cee je Aanac c eo H n 6o u HAMMA eauja u WYTAR epanam opax cpe7 166 U OBE n we cme pu KOJE JEANA uo JEAHA 3203 na An The case of the letter 6 is basically the same as one of the 0 The only difference here is that the script form actually seems to be more common for Russian than for Serbian printing although in the Russian tradition it is applicable only for the italic style At least it was used in the italic version of one particular Standard typeface of early 20 century That s why I have implemented this letterform in Old Standard although the italic version of the glyph is actually based on a Russian source and the upright shape has been added just for completeness These glyphs are not automatically applied for Serbian text by default but you can enable the stylistic set 12 to get them substituted as in the following example MpTBH O JAK MpTBH OOJIAK MPTIGU O NAN gt AMpew
15. script say Cyrillic or Greek This error is reported because fontspec expects to find the information about supported scripts in the font s tables respon sible for its smart rendering Well this makes some sense for OpenType but Graphite essentially has no script concept at all it allows to define language specific some behavior but doesn t group languages by their script So there is just no desired data in Graphite tables and this leads to an error Fortunately the workaround is simple it is sufficient to explicitly tell fontspec to use the desired font for a particular script by defining the appropriate font family For example MnewfontfamilyNgreekfont Renderer Graphite Old Standard TT 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 43 e under certain conditions XyTE X correctly loads additional font family members e g bold or italic but apparently doesn t recognize them as Graphite fonts The workaround is to explicitly specify all the additional styles in fontspec options e g XfontspecL Renderer Graphite ItalicFont 101dStandardTT Italic BoldFont 01dStandardTT Bold 1 0ld Standard TT Chapter 4 GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 2 November 2002 Copyright O 2000 2001 2002 Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin St Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed Pr
16. the stylistic set 02 Will el m kyng zret Will el m bisceop and Sosfrez portirefan and ealle pa burhwaru binnan Londone Frencisce and Englisce freondlice And ic ky e eow t ic wylle pet get beon eallre pera laga weorde pe zyt w ran on Eadwerdes deze kynzes And ic wylle t ele cyld beo his feeder yrfnume efter his feeder deeze And ic nelle zepolian t amp nig man eow amp enig wrang beode Sod eow zehealde Will el m kyng gret Will el m bisceop and Sosfreg portirefan and ealle b burhwaru binnan Londone Frencisce and Englisce freondlice And ic kyde eow pot ic wylle t get beon eallre bera laga weor e pe syl weran on Eadwerdes dege kynges And ic wylle bet cle cyld beo his feeder yrfnume fter his feder dese And ic nelle zebolian pet nig man eow nig wrang beode Sod eow sehealde Middle English No special typographic features are required for typesetting Middle En glish so the following example just demonstrates some characters specific for this lan guage in particular the 5 yogh Our Lord which ich shal douten is my liztyne and my helpe Our Lord is defendour of my lif for what pyng shal ich drede To pat noiand comen neze vp me pat hij etand my flesshes Myn enemys pat trubleden me ben made sike and hij fellen 3if hij setten manaces o3ains me myn hert ne shal nouzt drede 3yf myn enemy arere bataile o3ains me y shal hopen in pat Ich asked pe lif pat euer shal last of our Lord ich shal bise
17. their accented counterparts they are used in upper case only i e may occur only in a fully capitalized text So for these glyphs namely Unicode characters U 1FBC U 1FCC U 1FFC I have designed a special version of iota adscript which looks like a capital Iota decreased in size To my mind this shape will better match to the design of surrounding capital glyphs Such an implementation of capital vowels with mute iota has nothing wrong by itself but of course it would be nice to allow replacing each of affected Unicode codepoints with a pair of glyphs the vowel itself and a regular iota Theoretically this could be done by applying smart font feature but unfortunately I am not aware of any suitable Open Type feature which can be used for replacing a single glyph with two or more glyphs as in our case can be disabled if a user doesn t like it Things are different for Graphite since this technologie doesn t impose any limitations on the number and usage of features the designer would consider appropriate That s why in Graphite enabled applications Old Standard now uses the adscript design by default This can be easily changed by applying another value to the appropriate feature Unfor tunately I can t implement the same behavior in a way compatible with OpenType so all other applications will just use the default glyphs for capital vowels with the mute iota If you absolutely don t like the subscript design at least you
18. to a text in your application Using Graphite Features in OpenOffice org LibreOffice OpenOffice org 3 2 and above or LibreOffice automatically recognizes fonts which con tain Graphite tables For such fonts Graphite rendering is enabled by default However currently there is no special GUI allowing to select typographic features either Open Type or Graphite Instead a special extended font name syntax has been developed in order to activate an optional feature its ID followed by an equals sign and the ID of the desired setting are appended directly to the font name string An ampersand is used to separate different feature settings pairs For example the following font should be used in order to get capitalized Greek text with accents and breathings placed above letters Old Standard TT elmk 1kelcp 1 Of course modifying the font name directly is very inconvenient since it is difficult to remember short tags and numerical values used for feature setting Ds in different fonts Things may be simplified if you install Keith Stribley s Graphite Font Extension which provides a dialog to make feature selection easy However at the present time as for March 2011 this extension should be used with a caution due to several problems related both with the extension itself and the Graphite renderer 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 41 Graphite Features E Old Standard TT Western Diagonal Fractions Ve
19. well as some other font editing utilities and know how to use them Note that downloading the Kerning is the adjustment of space between pairs of letters especially by placing two characters closer together than normal Kerning makes certain combinations of letters such as WA MW TA or VA look better Kerning data is specific for each particular font and for this reason is normally specified in the font file carefully designed fonts normally have a large number of kerning pairs 10 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND USAGE source package may make a sense for you only if you are going to apply some modifications to the original files i e to prepare your own version of the fonts Please consult the Terms of Use section of this document to see which license conditions should be met when distributing such derivative works Sometimes I am getting e mails from packagers of Linux distributions asking if they could build Old Standard from sources just like they used to do for application executables Well I can t prohibit this as the fonts are available under a free license and even the name itself is not reserved as explained below but I strongly discourage doing so The reason is that despite the common name font sources aren t very much like application sources and similarly TTF or OTF fonts have very few common with compiled programs When an application is built from sources the resulting files are usually suitable only for a particular pl
20. with TrueType outlines This is not a problem by itself but it has recently been reported that Microsoft Word 2010 the 2 3 SOURCE PACKAGE 9 first version with optional OpenType features support has adopted the same approach and doesn t allow to access optional features in a TrueType font which is not digitally signed So now my TTF fonts contain a dummy digital signature which seems sufficient to fool both Windows Explorer and Word and thus appear with the same O icon as the OTF versions The two formats are different in many aspects which are important from a developer s point of view but almost not noticeable for an ordinary user In particular OpenType CFF fonts use PostScript oputlines based on third order cubic Bezi r curves while in TrueType fonts second order quadratic splines are used There is also a significant difference in hinting grid fitting area TrueType hints theoretically allow to achieve much better quality of screen rendering but quality hinting is a very difficult and time consuming process Note that it is possible to install both TrueType and Open Type CFF versions along side in order to prevent name clashes a TT suffix is appended to font name family name fields in TrueType fonts Thus you can compare both versions and decide which one better fits your needs In the older versions of this manual I recommended installing TrueType versions since this format used to be better supported in many app
21. AA v v d rxo v 0062 t v cup Qv Wot Eye puobov y TEAT Ey cup mA ovy eA oves Toy ev Orio Uy Exotkoc av pur x30 obtw y n H dev obv 6 T pos Tv y onu vov amp Tap budy xede w yev cdar Todt Jon Ao Figure 1 2 An excerpt from a French edition typeset with a Didot face The example is taken from Les hanrangues de D mosth ne Text grec publi d apres les travaux les plus r cents de la philologie avec un commentaire critique et explicatif une introduction g n rale et des notices sur chaque discours par Henri Weil Deuxieme dition ent rement revue et corrig e Paris 1881 A notable exception is GFS Didot now available for free from Greek Font Society Unlike many others the designers of this font did care about a matching Latin face but surprisingly their choice has nothing to do with the classicist style instead they imple mented their font as an accompanying Greek family for Adobe Palatino For this reason the proportions and metrics of GFS Didot are quite different from those of original Greek Didot in particular ascenders and descenders are significantly shorter The Unicode ver sion now comes with its own Latin alphabet but again it is based mostly on the Palatino design although some glyph features are adapted to the geometrical shapes of Greek cap itals The resulting font may be very elegant but again it is not suitable to reproduce the authentic look of old editions and essentally should
22. Alphanumeric Symbols 1D400 1D7FF Old Standard includes a few Fraktur letters useful for critical editions of ancient biblical texts This block is far from being complete and I am not planning to implement the whole alphabet anyway however it already includes all characters which appear in the Nestle Aland New Testament 3 1 3 TODO As you can see still lots of characters are waiting to be implemented Since Old Stan dard is oriented mainly to historians and philologists I am especially interested in adding those characters which might be useful for textual studies and studying various ancient languages Here are some priorities Old Standard still lacks a bold italie version for beatiful typesetting small capitals superscripts lining numerals and old style numerals are needed some characters useful for medievalists are still missing from the Latin Extended B range some IPA characters at least those needed for English phonetic transcription a large group of medievalist additions has been adopted in Unicode 5 1 Of course it would be nice to implement them in Old Standard 3 1 4 How you can help If you would like to get a specific character available in Old Standard then probably the best help you can offer is to provide some high resolution normally 600dpi scans showing you character used in an old book where the rest of text is set with a Modern typeface this condition is especially important for addit
23. CENSE 4 9 Termination You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Document except as expressly pro vided for under this License Any other attempt to copy modify sublicense or distribute the Document is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 4 10 Future Revisions of this License The Free Software Foundation may publish new revised versions of the GNU Free Doc umentation License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns See http www gnu org copyleft Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written include a copy of the License in the docum
24. IPA Extensions 0250 02AF From this range Old Standard currently implements a few characters which can be used in other contexts except IPA One such example is U 0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R needed for the transliteration of Old Norse runic inscriptions Spacing Modifier Letters 02B0 02FF Old Standard implements spacing versions of some combining diacritical marks available in the next block Combining Diaeritieal Marks 0300 036F Most standard accents commonly used in various European languages are supported Greek and Coptic 0370 03FF Fully covered except Coptic letters Cyrillic 0400 04FF Old Standard implements all modern Slavic i e Russian Uk rainian Byelorussian Serbian and Macedonian characters as well as historical characters and extensions for Old Slavonic Phonetic Extensions 1D00 1D7F Only one character U 1D79 LATIN SMALL LET TER INSULAR G is implemented Note that the uppercase version of this letter form is now encoded in Latin Extended D range Latin Extended Additional 1E00 1EFF This range is coveref except Vietnamese acented characters and medievalist additions Greek Extended 1F00 1FFF Fully supported General Punctuation 2000 206F Fully supported except invisible control characters Superscripts and Subscripts 2070 209F Subscript and superscript forms of digits and math operators but not letters available in this block are covered 3 1 UNICODE COVERAGE 19
25. If the Cover Text requirement of section 4 3 is applicable to these copies of the Docu ment then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate the Document s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronie form Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate 4 8 Translation Translation is considered a kind of modification so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4 4 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections You may include a translation of this License and all the license notices in the Document and any Warranty Disclaimers provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or notice or disclaimer the original version will prevail If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements Dedications or His tory the requirement section 4 4 to Preserve its Title section 1 will typically require changing the actual title 50 CHAPTER 4 GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LI
26. O NAK Finally the case of Serbian e is a bit special here the specific shape is really justified by the peculiarities of the Serbian handwriting tradition and yet the letterform normally used in pre computer Serbian printing was typically Russian i e had no horizontal bar above Particularly I think the modern Serbian variant has nothing wrong by itself but 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 395 of course it is difficult to implement it if both and m are designed in the historical style so that there is no gap between the bar and the base glyph Nevertheless I have attempted to implement a Serbian e in the same style as n and m basing on the recommendations by Nikola Kovanovich but this glyph is purely experimental and thus currently it is not accessible via any OpenType features Old Slavonie and Church Slavonie Until 2008 Unicode included only a subset of historical Cyrillic characters which was not sufficient for typesetting any actual texts Thus legacy encodings or PUA based solutions were the only solution for representing historical documents in old Slavic languages which used the Cyrillic script In Unicode 5 1 the range of supported early Cyrillic characters was greatly extended and now includes all letters and signs normally used in scientific publication and Orthodox liturgical books including even combining letters Beginning from the version 2 0 Old Standard fully supports historical Cyr
27. OLD STANDARD A Unicode Font for Classical and Medieval Studies User s manual Version 2 3 Alexey Kryukov This manual is set in Old Standard with Latin Modern fonts used for missing styles e g typewriter fonts Copyright O 2006 2011 Alexey Kryukov Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License Contents 1 About Old Standard 4 4 LX qu Amd DOS o a ORC Rey e Xo dab Ae RR LE II qo 3L deck ceo eM ee a a Ew de deo 2 Installation and Usage 2 1 Obtaining Old Standard Lu sos woo dob doe Ew deo een sd Which format to rr a XE ERR KR A 2 3 Source Package Lou ox Ax ok CR Oe RR OR OR RR eR 24 System Requirements sos s s saco ok wo o bo o eo tg Baek WINS oou koe e oE EORR E RR RA A Wed 2 4 2 Linux and X11 Windowing Environment 20 Installation Instructions oua 6 ade ode XX AR dede Bou o WIB DWS 24 xor a do SE Ode Xo dob de a 2050 Linux and ALL 442 13x x 9 RR UR Re ee Sd eee 1v uode Te Yes we ec We T Ea we Ie e a A E a ud Ge e oh ide Bh she SE eR BY ZO Terms Ol UNE duc CHOR NI Bg JUDGES 42d dex a URS OE O Rede UE a 3 Multilingual Support Unicode and OpenType B ApoU OVES uoo ge voee e v ee
28. T CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 39 Language Dependent fmod Default 0 zd Feature Modifications Dutch 19 l Turkish 31 I 4 l Note that some OpenType features supported by Old Standard such as ccmp mark or mkmk are not listed in this table In fact my Graphite tables implement nearly the same functions as provided by those features but the corresponding rules are considered mandatory and always executed so there are no optional features to control them On the other hand you can see that most Graphite features have their OpenType equivalents However due to more flexible nature of the Graphite technologie it was possible to describe some additional features which would be too difficult to implement in OpenType These features are listed below French Spacing Rules This feature adds extra space to some punctuation marks as re quired by the French typographic rules It will be on by default for a French text Il a dit Bonjour Ila dit Bonjour Il a dit bonjour Ila dit Bonjour Greek Accents Setting this feature to the Above Capitals state causes Greek ac cents breathings to be displayed above capital letters instead of their default position before capitals This convention would probably look a bit chocking for a modern classicist but it was quite common in Greek 19 century typography Qj iv Ady gt Quin v Ady 201 v Asn gt Q h
29. able either to avoid using optional features at all or to access them by mod ifying the font name directly Refer to the table above for the list of feature setting IDs supported by Old Standard It is also possible that the Graphite renderer will do wrong things for you so that you want to avoid using it Then you can either switch to the Open Type CFF version of the font which doesn t support Graphite or to completely disable the Graphite engine for your OpenOffice org installation You can do this by modifying the SAL DISABLE GRAPHITE environment variable which is set in profile on Linux and HKCU environment in the Windows registry Graphite Font Extension provides a GUI option to simplify this operation however it didn t work on my Ubuntu box 42 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE Using Graphite Features in Xy TEX Graphite Support has recently been added to Xq TX which means Graphite features are now accessible from TEX documents Moreover it is possible to enable the Graphite font renderer with the fontspec package which greatly simplifies selecting system installed fonts in TEX documents for users of Unicode based TEX compilers Xy TEX and LuaTRX This functionality is relatively new so you ll need at least TgX Live 2010 or MikTRX2 9 for the recommendations below to work You can activate the Graphite rendering mode for a particular font via the the Renderer option its value should be set to Graphite in t
30. age user but the result surely worth efforts 2 5 Installation Instructions 2 5 1 Windows Font installation under Windows is simple You can install Old Standard as you would any TrueType or OpenType CFF font by placing the font files to the Windows fonts folder To do that 1 Goto the Windows Control Panel and open the Fonts applet On the File menu select Install New Font Switch to the drive and directory that contain the fonts you want to add pe mee De To select more than one font to add press and hold down the CTRL key click the fonts you want then click on OK You may need to restart some applications before they can access the fonts you have just installed 12 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND USAGE 2 5 2 Linux and X11 Currently there are no prepackaged RPM or DEB files for Old Standard but of course you can always install the fonts manually which is actually not so complex task with mod ern Linux distributions A tricky part is related with the fact that there are actually two engines responsible for font installation and handling in X11 environment fontconfig and an older X11 engine Since fontconfig is used by almost all recent applications including those based on GTK2 and QT4 in most cases it is sufficient to install fonts via fontconfig this is the only option in case of OpenType CFF fonts On most distributions you can do that just by placing the font files to your fonts directory After t
31. ame cover previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of you may not add another but you may replace the old one on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one The author s and publisher s of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version 4 5 Combining Documents You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License under the terms defined in section 4 4 above for modified versions provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents unmodified and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers The combined work need only contain one copy of this License and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it in parentheses the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known or else a unique number Make the same adjustment 4 6 COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS 49 to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work In the combination you must combine any sections Ent
32. aragraph which describes the advantages of the OpenType technologie and discusses the level of OpenType support in various applications Then the manual proceeds to various language specific details again focusing mainly on OpenType features sorting them by scripts Latin Greek and Cyrillic The Graphite rendering mode is described in a separate para graph 3 2 1 What is OpenType OpenType is a smart font rendering technology that allows proper typographic treatment of complex scripts and advanced typographic effects for simpler scripts This is achieved by applying various features or tags described in the OpenType specification Some of those features are supposed to be enabled by default while others are considered optional In order to get advantage of all those advanced typographic features you need two basic components a smart font including certain extra tables where the features applicable to this font are specified and an Open Type aware application Not all applications currently support OpenType although their number is growing So before relying on any smart features provided by Old Standard or another typeface you should carefully examine which of those features are expected to work in your application and which are not The most popular OpenType rendering engine for Windows platform is the Uniscribe library developed by Microsoft This library is used not only by own Microsoft software but also by many other Windo
33. atform or system and cannot be used in other environments Fonts represent just an opposite case font sources are specific for a particular font editing application while the output files are suitable for various platforms and can be easily disassembled opened edited This means rebuilding fonts from sources will not give you any productivity improve ments but you can easily lose some functionality e g because your FontForge version doesn t work exactly like one I used to build the original font files That s why I can recommend this approach only of you know what are you doing and your intent is to apply some real changes improvements to the font sources 2 4 System Requirements 2 4 1 Windows Old Standard is a large Unicode font For Windows you need at least Windows 95 or at least Windows 2000 for the PostScript flavored OpenType fonts and a word processor that can handle Unicode based documents such as Microsoft Word 97 and above OpenOffice org 1 0 and above or Libre Office which has splitted from the OpenOffice org project in 2010 and has now superseded it in most Linux distributions You will also need a way to enter the Unicode characters that are not directly acces sible from standard keyboards Remember that you can browse the contents of any font and copy characters to the clipboard by using the Character Map utility that comes with Windows Character Map does not support Unicode values beyond the Basic Multilingual Pla
34. bstitution to an ordinary Greek text if you prefer the closed form of theta applying the mgrk Mathematical Greek feature tag triggers the same substitution as well This is supposed to be used in mathematical contexts in order to make the elyph mapping exactly corresponding to one defined by the Unicode standard e at the middle and the end of words if the stylistic set 06 the ss06 feature tag is active Thus enabling both ss05 and ss06 allows you to typeset your text in exact comfor mance with French typographic conventions theta is aways closed the contextual sub stitution for beta is on On the other hand activating just ss06 will turn on contextual forms both for beta and theta as demonstrated below davuacdele B amp pBapoc gt davyacbele B p apos davuacdtels Baopaoos Bavuacbeic Baobagos Note that the U 03D1 character will always be displayed as a script theta no matter which feature tags you have applied The following example shows a fragment of Greek text with contextual alternates note the medial beta and the closed theta substituted in the appropriate places K pog ouyxad cas tobe OTPATAYODS xol Aoyoo c TW EMNvoY cove6o0Ae st TE Tc AY THY UayNY TOLO TO xal 30 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE adtos Tapyver dapp vw torde vdpes HAAnves o x poro anopdy Bep6 pov supp youg u s yw AAA vouiCwy d amp uetvovacg xo xpelttoug TOAAMY Bap dpw bux elvat
35. chen pat pat ich mai wonne in pe hous of our Lord alle pe daies of my lif Pat ich se pe wille of our Lord and uisite his temple Our Lord which ich shal douten is my liztyng and my helpe Our Lord is defendour of my lif for what byng shal ich drede To bat noiand comen nese vp me bat hij etand my flesshes Myn 26 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE enemys pat trubleden me ben made sike and hij fellen 3if hij selten manaces o3ains me myn hert ne shal noust drede 3yf myn enemy arere bataile osains me y shal hopen in at Ich asked e lif pat euer shal last of our Lord ich shal bisechen pat pat ich mar wonne in be hous of our Lord alle be dates of my lif Pat ich se e wille of our Lord and uisite his temple Gothic Transliteration Two additional letters are used in Gothic transliteration p piup thorn and hwair Both of them are available in Old Standard Akei ik sunja izwis qipa batizo ist izwis ei ik galeipau unte jabai ik ni galeipa parakletus ni qimip at izwis appan jabai gag ga sandja ina du izwis Jah qimands is gasakip po manasep bi frawaurht jah bi garaihtipa jah bi staua bi frawaurht raihtis pata patei ni galaubjand du mis ip bi garaihtipa patei du attin meinamma gagga jah ni panaseips sailvip mik ip bi staua patei sa reiks pis fairlvaus afdomips warp Aker ik sunja izwis gipa batizo ist izwis ei tk galeibau unte jabai ik ni galeiba parakletus ni gimp at izwis appan jabai
36. considered typically Serbian actually it is not as the same style is preferred also in the Russian handwriting which doesn t mean this practice should necessarily be reflected in printing On the other hand I have an impression that the Russian italic with an ascender is also not so common in Serbian printing often it is replaced with a slanted version of the upright letter This glyph seemed a good compromise for me based on the historical tradition and at the same time certainly 34 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE acceptable for those Serbs who absolutely don t like the Russian form In Old Standard only three italic letters listed above 0 n and m form the default set of Serbian alternate forms which are automatically enabled when you mark a text with Serbian language Alternatively if your application doesn t support the 1oc1 feature tag which is probably the case you can achieve the same result by enabling the stylistic set 11 Here an example of a fully accentuated Serbian text which demonstrates both the combining mark positioning and the localized forms in the italic style Ha HoBem aperom CYHIYy npenphe ce rI JbaB yrpo6a H me kyhe Uyamo cam tyman M nor H c m c MAjkOM CABY OTpuaHy cu Mapumy T NO s raegaH y jean MwprB O JAKk Han UPHAM HUCKAM KP BOBHMA Haller rmperrpaba carJmhem ce o mpar Ona MH K xe Il au Onna Op ukHo IT ru je n nac Ona je B JIHKA TJI JIH
37. contain zero Invariant Sections If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none The Cover Texts are certain short passages of text that are listed as Front Cover Texts or Back Cover Texts in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License A Front Cover Text may be at most 5 words and a Back Cover Text may be at most 25 words A Transparent copy of the Document means a machine readable copy represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public that is suitable for re vising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or for images composed of pixels generic paint programs or for drawings some widely available drawing editor and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup or absence of markup has been arranged to thwart or dis courage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text A copy that is not Transparent is called Opaque Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup Texinfo input format LaTeX input format SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD and standard conforming simple HTML PostScript or PDF designed for human modification E
38. ctions of the Document unaltered in their text and in their titles Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles M Delete any section Entitled Endorsements Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version N Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Endorsements or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section O Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers If the Modified Version includes new front matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant To do this add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version s license notice These titles must be distinct from any other section titles You may add a section Entitled Endorsements provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties for example statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front Cover Text and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back Cover Text to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version Only one passage of Front Cover Text and one of Back Cover Text may be added by or through arrangements made by any one entity If the Document already includes a cover text for the s
39. dard is supposed to reproduce the actual printing style of the ear ly 20 century I shall avoid implementing new characters basing just on general considerations Ideally all glyphs should be based on real examples taken from some old editions Of course exceptions from this rule are sometimes necessary as many characters were first introduced only in 20 century or even never existed in traditional typography before they were adopted by the Unicode standard 18 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE I shall try to develop all font styles currently regular italic and bold only simul taneously i e if a specific character is added to the regular font it should also be designed for italics and bold The exceptions are allowed for glyphs which don t have dedicated codepoints and supposed to be accessible via smart font features as well as for those characters which have no corresponding italic or slanted style this is the case of many mathematical symbols 3 1 2 Character repertoire Currently the following Unicode ranges are fully or partially covered by Old Standard Basic Latin 0000 007F Fully supported Latin 1 Supplement 0080 00FF Fully supported Latin Extended A 0100 017F Fully supported Latin Extended B 0180 024F Old Standard implements two groups of characters from this block namely several letters needed for various Old Germanic languages and Croatian accented characters and digraphs
40. discussed below I d not recommend to actively use it at the present time Note that it is currently not possible to add Graphite tables to Open Type CFF fonts So for now the technologie is only supported by the TrueType version of Old Standard Graphite Features in Old Standard In Graphite fonts each feature is identified by a human readable name which may be localized but Old Standard currently includes only US English names and a unique ID Those IDs are often numerical but in Old Standard 4 letter codes similar to Open Type feature tags are used for this purpose A Graphite feature normally has several states or settings which again have their own names and IDs In the simplest case a feature is boolean i e supports just two two possible settings 1 true and O false The following table lists all Graphite features defined in Old Standard with their pos sible settings It also tells which settings are available for each particular style for exam ple there are no required Serbian forms in regular and bold The last column shows the correspondences between OpenType and Graphite features Note that some cells in this columns are left blank and this means the given feature setting corresponds to the default 38 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE font behavior without any OpenType features applied A dash indicates there is no OpenType feature similar to this Graphite feature setting pair
41. e Anglo American world It should be noted here that the actual Teubner typeface is sometimes confused with another cursive Greek font also called Artotax in Greece which does have some digital implementa tions in particular Monotype Greek 91 and the grml grbl fonts which Claudio Beccari has designed to provide a matching italic font for his CB Greek package Indeed a similar font was sometimes used in Leipzig editions mainly for headings but it is quite different from the standard text face these editions are set with I should admit however that even Old Standard Italic doesn t provide an authentic reproduction of the Teubner font The problem is that the Greek letters used in Leipzig editions are a bit bolder than their accompanying Latin face so that it was really difficult to bring them into a better correspondence with Latin and Cyrillie glyphs That s why I had to consider also some less elegant but lighter Greek typefaces used by other printing houses in Germany at the same time I hope however that the general style of the Teubner font is preserved so that anybody who likes Leipzig editions of classical authors will like Old Standard as well Chapter 2 Installation and Usage 2 1 Obtaining Old Standard If you are reading this document then you probably have already downloaded Old Stan dard You may check if you have the most recent version by visiting the following page at the Thessalonica web site http www thes
42. e of supported characters thus providing support for more languages Nevertheless I would like to protect my typeface from some problems shared by many similar free font projects The developers of those fonts are often attempting to cover the widest possible number of scripts and Unicode blocks even if the Unicode code charts is the only source of their knowledge about the design of a specific character Of course the resulting glyphs not always look really acceptable for actual typesetting Moreover due to the lack of time and resources the designers are often unable to keep all glyphs at the same quality level for example we often can see autogenerated accented characters with mispositioned diacrities In particular there are so many fonts which are claimed to support the extended Greek range but actually are not suitable for typesetting classical Greek Another common problem is that only the regular version of each particular font is really actively developed while all additional weights and shapes fall far behind it e g support much less Unicode characters That s why I have formulated for myself several principles which I am always trying to follow when designing additional glyphs I shall never add any new characters just for completeness i e to get a specific Unicode range fully covered Before drawing new glyph I must ensure that I really understand its intended purpose and the principles of its design since Old Stan
43. e that work under the conditions stated herein The Document below refers to any such manual or work Any member of the public is a licensee and is addressed as you You accept the license if you copy modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law 44 4 1 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 45 A Modified Version of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it either copied verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language A Secondary Section is a named appendix or a front matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document s overall subject or to related matters and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject Thus if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters or of legal commercial philosophical ethical or political position regarding them The Invariant Sections are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated as being those of Invariant Sections in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant The Document may
44. eamble The purpose of this License is to make a manual textbook or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it with or without modifying it either commercially or noncommercially Secondarily this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others This License is a kind of copyleft which means that derivative works of the docu ment must themselves be free in the same sense It complements the GNU General Public License which is a copyleft license designed for free software We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software be cause free software needs free documentation a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does But this License is not limited to software manuals it can be used for any textual work regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference 4 1 Applicability and Definitions This License applies to any manual or other work in any medium that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License Such a notice grants a world wide royalty free license unlimited in duration to us
45. engine that would be able to properly handle scalable fonts existed at the X11 level Normally OpenOffice org LibreOffice can automatically detect X11 fonts and add them to its configuration so no additional steps are required but sometimes it fails to find them In this case you should let OpenOffice org LibreOffice know about your new fonts using the spadmin utility You can either run this tool manually from your OpenOffice org directory or select the OpenOffice org printer administration GUI menu item in KDE or Gnome you should close any open OpenOffice org LibreOffice instances before you can do this When the spadmin window appears do the following 1 click on the Fonts button 2 click on Add 3 look for the directory where the fonts are installed e g usr share fonts truetype oldstand as Figure 2 2 shows 4 Click on Select all 5 Click on OK When you restart OpenOffice org LibreOffice the fonts should be available to its ap plications 14 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND USAGE Properties Rename Default Remove Test Page Command Driver Laser Jet CLP S Laser Jet Location Comment New Printer Figure 2 1 The OpenOffice org printer administration utility main window 2 9 4 TEX systems Adding new fonts to a TEX installation is always difficult for an average user as in order to use a font with TEX typesetting system one has to generate
46. ent and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page Copyright O YEAR YOUR NAME Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documenta tion License Version 1 2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License If you have Invariant Sections Front Cover Texts and Back Cover Texts replace the with Texts line with this with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES with the Front Cover Texts being LIST and with the Back Cover Texts being LIST If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts or some other combination of the three merge those two alternatives to suit the situation If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code we recommend re leasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license such as the GNU General Public License to permit their use in free software
47. f PUA slots so that fonts are often incompatible with each other especially because very few of them have more or less correct OT layouts allowing to access those glyphs without typing them directly Old Standard uses a different approach it has a carefully adjusted set of anchor points and ccmp rules which allow to correctly position accent marks relatively to each other and combine breathings with accents to specially designed combinations when necessary Moreover when you type a capital letter folowed by one or more accents these accents are placed before the letter and the letter itself is shifted right to the necessary amount of space Thus you can type any possible accented combination using combining marks if only your application supports smart accent positioning but this is not a problem at least with Microsoft Word 2003 and above Note that you should observe the following order of typing diacritics first a macron or a breve then a breathing and finally an accent For example combining marks were used to type the following fragment of the Mantinea inscription g or dy yp amp ox ptov xaxptv E yv star naxpid s t v ypEn dtoy TE TOUS Fouxt amp vot c TAS 9 amp 0 Evar x FOLxtag d cacdal t g Av 00 doas el xvoic FopA amp x ot ETL TOLD e rxdsapely te VeOc xc ol LXGGGTAL muge oply os tov APEp TOV TO AaYOS neyopivog x t pp ytepoy y vos Evan data T vto db tol lepot tAnov yat iz
48. font designers to think that any Greek typeface can and should include two basic forms for several Greek letters and that some of these forms are always preferred for a Greek text while others are intended only for mathematical usage Of course this assumption is wrong in fact all such letterforms are font specific so that normally only one of them is stylistically compatible with each particular typeface That s why although OldStandard implements several alternate forms for Greek let ters only a few of them can be considered really useful The most important of such exceptions is curly beta U 03D0 this character indeed should be available in any correct Greek font since according to the French typographic rules it is used instead of the reg ular beta with descender as a medial and final form the same rule was sometimes applied also in Greece itself For this reason French classicists often type U 03D0 directly in their documents and particularly I see nothing wrong in this practice although it is not recommended by Unicode However in a smart font it is also possible to implement a contextual substitution rule allowing initial medial forms to be automatically substituted at the correct places In Old Standard v 1 0 I used contextual alternates the calt feature tag for this purpose but later I realized this feature is normally enabled by default in most applications which support it and since contextual forms are not very com
49. gagga sandja ina du izwis Jah qimands is gasakip bo manasep bi frawaurht jah bi garathtipa jah bi staua bi frawaurht raihtas pata patei ni galaubjand du mis ib bi garaihtipa pater du attin meinamma gagga jah ni anasei s sail ip mik tp bi staua bates sa reiks bis farrivaus afdomips warp Old Icelandie A fragment of text in Old Icelandic Note some specific letters used in that language as well as the fj ligature Komr n essi fregn fyrir Hr lf konung ok kappa hans upp kastalann at ma r mikil dligr s kominn til hallarinnar ok hafi drepit einn hir mann hans ok vildu peir l ta drepa manninn Hr lfr konungr spur isk eptir hv rt hir ma rinn hef i verit sak lauss drepinn v var n sta sog u eir K musk fyrir Hr lf konung oll sannindi h r um Hr lfr konungr sag i pat skyl du fjarri at drepa skyldi manninn hafi pit h r illan vanda upp tekit at berja saklausa menn beinum er m r pv vir ing en y r st r skomm at gora sl kt Hefi ek jafnan roett um petta r ok hafi pit at pessu engan gaum gefit ok hygg ek at pessi ma r 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 27 muni ekki alll till fyrir s r er p r hafi n leitat ok kalli hann til m n sv at ek viti hverr hann er Komr n essi fregn fyrir Hr lf konung ok kappa hans upp kastalann at ma r mikilidligr s kominn til hallarinnar ok hafi drepit einn hir mann hans ok vildu eir l ta dre
50. guage dependent exceptions have been made from this rule according to the common convention usually applied to OpenType fonts Turkish Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar alphabets have two distinct versions of the letter one dotted and the other dotless For this reason the fi and ffi ligatures are not applied for those language systems to avoid the confusion which would be possible otherwise No ligatures are enabled by default for German since this language has very com plex rules of ligature processing You still can get them if you enable the dlig feature tag in addition to liga Note that the exceptions described above will work as expected only if your application can perform OpenType processing depending from the current language Combining Mark Positioning One of the most attractive possibilities offered by OpenType is smart diacritic positioning if you type a letter followed by a diacritic from the Unicode Combining Diacritics range the diacritic will be placed exactly above or below the letter To achieve this effect an OpenType font should support the mark feature tag This feature allows to add anchor points both to base letters and diacrities so that when an accent mark is typed after a base character the glyphs are positioned by such a way that their anchor points are coincident Another type of anchor points specified by the mkmk feature is used to position two marks with respect to each other so that an addi
51. hat you may need to run fc cache from your command line to update your fontconfig configuration You can also use a eraphical font installation tool provided by KDE the most powerful graphical desktop environment for X11 but be aware that this tool actually does just the things described above i e copies the fonts to the appropriate directory and runs fc cache However if you want to make TrueType fonts accessible to some older X11 applica tions then additional steps are required 1 Find the place in your directory tree where your X stores TTF fonts The usual place is usr X11R6 1ib X11 fonts truetype and the subdirectories therein 2 create under that location a subdirectory for the fonts you are going to install for example mkdir usr X11R6 lib X11 fonts truetype oldstand You should become root to do that Then copy the ttf files there cp ttf usr X11R6 1ib X11 fonts oldstand 3 switch to the directory where you have just copied the font files and run the following commands ttmkfdir fonts scale mkfontdir 4 Now the hardest part we have to inform your X server about the path where the recently installed fonts are placed This can be done by two ways a in most distributions fonts are managed directly by the X11 system In this case the information about font paths is stored in the main X11 server con figuration file which is located under etc X11 and may be called xorg conf XF66Config or XF86C
52. he argument list of a font selection com mand such as fontspec newfontfamily or Nsetmainfont Since there are no stan dard feature tags in Graphite most of the fontspec feature selection interface is useless here optional feature identifiers and their settings are just passed to the RawFeature op tion which normally serves the last resort for accessing OpenType features which aren t supported otherwise As the fontspec package author has explained both feature ID gt lt setting ID and feature name gt lt setting name combinations can be used to specify the desired optional feature settings However in my tests the first syntax didn t work probably because Old Standard unlike most other Graphite fonts doesn t use numerical feature identifiers So for example in order to get capitalized Greek text with accents above vowels one should write something like the following note that settings passed to RawFeature are separated with a semicolon M ontspec Renderer Graphite RawFeature 1 Capitalized Greek True Greek Accents Above Capitals Old Standard TT Of course this code is quite easy to understand but it is surely not optimal in terms of conciseness The Graphite support in XHTEX and fontspec is not very much tested and so various undesired effects may still occur Here s a few problems I have noticed with their solutions fontspec sometimes would complain that the current roman font does not support a particular
53. hey can be accessed only by their Unicode codepoints Again there is no reason to do so when typesetting ordinary Greek texts although the elyphs might be useful in mathematical contexts The same statement would be true for the lunate sigma both small and capital al though it is sometimes reasonable to use this form e g for typesetting papyrological texts where word breaks and thus the usage of final sigmas are sometimes not obvious it is probably impossible to implement a lunate sigma fully conforming the Didot style So I don t recommend using this letterform and have implemented it mainly in order to make existing documents which use this character such as some texts from the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae corpus readable Combining Mark Positioning Unicode provides codepoints for all accented characters needed for the standard Greek or thography and yet this set is often insufficient for classicists The most common problem is combining a breathing and or an accent with a macron or a breve mark Also one often has to put a macron a breve or a circumflex above epsilon or omicron when publishing epigraphical documents although such combinations make no sense for literary Greek 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 31 For this reason some Unicode Greek fonts include a huge number of additional accented characters in the Unicode Private Use Area The most important problem here is that each vendor uses its own arrangement o
54. illic including Unicode 5 1 extensions However except just having all necessary characters available in a font typesetting Old Slavonic or Church Slavonic also requires some complex text rendering So the fol lowing smart font features necessary for this purpose are implemented in Old Standard Combining mark positioning Old Slavonic and especially modern Church Slavonic has a wide range of combining characters such as accents breathings titlos and su perscript letters Basically the accentuation system is very similar to Greek one but unlike for Greek there are no precomposed accented characters available in Unicode so that using combining marks is the only option Enclosing combining marks Church Slavonic inherited from Greek its numeric system where numbers are denoted with letters However special enclosing marks shown in the following table have been invented to denote large numbers beginning from 10000 Notation Numerical Old Slavonic meaning name 10000 TbMa ye 100 000 JIeTrHoH un 1 000 000 JIeoJrp x 10000000 Bopon A 100000000 kozoga Old Standard implements two types of OT lookups to achieve proper positioning for this kind of marks first standard anchor points the mark feature used to attach a mark to a base character and second contextual positioning lookups allowing to increase the base character bearings and advance width when it is followed by enclosing marks Unfor
55. ional Latin letters If it is impossible to find such examples e g because your character had not yet been introduced at the time when Modern typefaces were popular then at least provide a clear description on how it should be designed or point me to a such description Also remember that except the upright character I will have to implement also an italic version and the design of italic glyphs may often require additional notes Of course you can also design the desired character s yourself and then contribute them to Old Standard Such contributions are always very welcome but be aware that I will review the submissions carefully in order to be able to guarantee a high level of quality for the fonts Please don t be discouraged if I do not include a submission for this reason or ask you to make some specific revisions 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 21 3 2 Smart Font Capabilities and Language Support This section is intended to demonstrate how Old Standard can be used for typesetting texts in various languages This assumes discussing two types of issues smart font ren dering features intended to provide a better support for each particular language and some elyph design peculiarities Old Standard currently supports two smart font technolo gies OpenType and Graphite Since the OpenType technologie is much more widespread this section deals mostly with OpenType rendering It starts from a special p
56. ith mute iota defined in Unicode is one more im portant group of glyphs which may be designed by various ways depending from the designer s preferences Most ancient Greek language manuals state that mute iota called iota subscript is written below lowercase letters but after capital vowels a regular small iota written inline and so called ota adscript should be used instead Currently most Unicode Greek fonts follow this convention and many classicists even suppose any over implementations of uppercase combinations with mute iota to be illegal However iota subscript below capital letters also may occur in some editions In particular this orthography is very common for liturgical books of the Greek Orthodox church Particularly I prefer this typographic tradition not only because it is inherited from fine Greek typography of the past centuries but also for some technical reasons The problem here is that if a mute iota is designed as a regular iota and printed inline it should behave as separate character This means that when letterspacing for the surrounding text is changed the distance between the iota and the preceding vowel should be scaled too Of course this is impossible if both characters are implemented as a single glyph That s why in Old Standard mute iota is looks like a iota subscript in all accented combinations with capital vowels Note that unaccented capital vowels with mute iota represent a special case unlike
57. itled History in the various original documents forming one section Entitled History likewise combine any sections Entitled Acknowledgements and any sections Entitled Dedications You must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements 4 6 Collection of Documents You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released un der this License and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects You may extract a single document from such a collection and distribute it individually under this License provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document 4 7 Aggregation with Independent Works A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation s users beyond what the individual works permit When the Document is included in an aggregate this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document
58. lications on various platforms However most of the problems with Open Type CFF fonts have been fixed in recent software releases In particular n most Windows programs except Adobe s desktop publishing applications kern ing worked only for the first 256 characters in the font Of course this means that you couldn t get kerning working neither for Greek nor for Cyrillic letters This issue seems to no longer exist in Windows Vista 7 older version of OpenOffice org didn t embed OpenType CFF fonts into PDF files Moreover under Unix like systems OpenOffice org could not access such fonts at all so that using TTF versions was the only option This is fixed in OpenOffice org 3 2 and LibreOffice Thus selecting one of two formats is now essentially a matter of taste Since Old Standard has been drawn in cubic splines and then converted to quadratic for the TTF version and since it still has only autogenerated TrueType hints the Open Type CFF format may theoretically give you even a better screen rendering quality However note that only the TTF version currently supports the Graphite rendering technologie this is a limitation of the technologie itself and this might be a reason to still prefer TrueType fonts for OpenOffice org LibreOffice users 2 9 Source Package You also can download the FontForge sources of the Old Standard font family Of course this package may be useful for you only if you have the FontForge font editor as
59. many additional files TEX font metrics files TFM in particular Yet I still haven t provided a TEX support package for Old Standard mainly because Old Standard currently has only three shapes regular italie and bold and thus such package would have very limited functionality from the TEX point of view However you can easily use Old Standard as well as any other TrueType or OpenType CFF font in your TEX documents without any additional steps if you install Xy TX a Unicode enabled version of the TEX compiler In particular this manual was set with X9yI2TEX using the TrueType versions of the fonts XHTEX has many other advantages over traditional TEX compilers as it combines the full Unicode support with a very good support of advanced OpenType features In par ticular this manual including all examples demonstrating smart font rendering features available in Old Standard was typeset with XyT X 2 6 Terms of use The current version of Old Standard is distributed under the SIL Open Font License OFL v 1 1 I have selected OFL for my typeface because it is the only known license developed specially for fonts which meets the standards of the FLOSS Free Libre and Open Source Software community in particular the Debian Free Software Guidelines 2 6 TERMS OF USE 15 Old Standard TT Italic Old Standard Italic ttf Old Standard TT Regular DldStandard ttf Cancel Select All Source directory fhome alexios d
60. mon in contemporary Greek publishing outside France most classicists would probably be discouraged if they appear automatically in their texts So now a stylistic set ss06 is used instead Theta is another letter which can have two different forms both of which are stylis tically compatible with Didot faces The Unicode code chart displays the closed theta 0 at U 03B8 thus making it the default letterform while the open or script variant form Y is mapped to U 03D1 and intended only for mathematical usage Most fonts currently follow this convention Historically however selection of one or another form has been made depending from national typographic traditions In particular French and Greek publish ers certainly preferred the closed letterform although in some 19 century editions the open theta is used at the beginning of words i e a rule similar to one of beta is applied see Figure 3 1 for example On the other hand in German and Russian typography the open theta was normally used this is also the only style of this letter found in the Teubner font and other cursive Greek typefaces of a German origin Since my sources contained good examples of both open and closed theta in Didot styled Greek fonts I have implemented them both and have added a closed letterform even to the italic font for better compatibility with the regular version However since Old Standard mainly follows German typographic conventions it seemed inappro
61. mple if you have modified Old Standard in order to get Serbian Cyrillie glyphs displayed by default instead of Russian ones it might be logical to call your version Old Standard Serbian It is still desired however that you don t take the original name as is but add some suffix specific for your version Note that this manual is NOT covered by SIL OFL but distributed under the GNU Free Documentation license See chapter 4 for more information 16 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND USAGE 2 7 Acknowledgments I would like to thank George Williams for his excellent Font Forge program and especially for his respon siveness in fixing bugs and adding new features Without his assistance this package would never be released Peter Baker for his xgridfit utility which provides a good Open Source solution for adding TrueType instructions to a font and also for valuable information on the design of the Middle English letter yogh he provided Tavmjong Bah Tav who kindly granted me his Perl scripts originally written for his Arev fonts used to convert separate kerning pairs defined in a FontForge source file into kerning classes Andrew Panov for valuable remarks on the design of mathematical characters and scanned images he provided Chapter 3 Multilingual Support Unicode and OpenType 3 1 Unicode coverage 3 1 1 General principles Since Old Standard is a multilingual font family I will always do my best to extend the rang
62. ne an excellent alternative is Andrew West s BabelMap free Some applications also provide their own mechanisms for entering characters such as Insert Symbol in MS Word or Insert Special Character in OpenOffice org LibreOffice In Microsoft Of fice applications you can also enter a Unicode character by typing its hexadecimal number followed by ALT x Of course inputting Unicode characters via a character table or accessing them directly by their hexadecimal codes has some significant disadvantages first it is relatively slow and so may be used only for characters which you need relatively rare and second it may be recommended only for experienced users since Unicode includes a lot of similar characters which however are intended for different purposes so that sometimes it is difficult to make the correct choice without consulting the documentation So normally you 2 5 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 11 will need a special keyboard utility allowing to input characters needed for the language of your choice Some custom keyboard layouts for such languages as Classical Greek are provided by my Thessalonica package Alternatively you may use Tavultesoft Keyman the leading keyboard mapping utility providing an extensive range of features There is a large number of keyboard layouts already designed for Tavultesoft Keyman so you probably just have to check the list of available keyboard to select one or more which are suitable for your need
63. npiawa eo 6 wecmin acuse moy G stauye ubcmu noca puzy za4y Mpeme8iawue na Gevnemcnei 6260 6A 52 60Y A U 06614 UMS LOMAWAA bamu 6 ace impo Gecbsa KNAHALSCA EMY eiue amp Gpauiun KO NOBBIAI0UYA U LOMAWAA bumu ums u noetaamwa 4 UMbHIE E20 u Jamena Go2dcmeoy HAPUYALOY AKO ZNAMNALZO KA MHAUYE 3 9 9 Graphite Support Graphite is a rendering technologie developed by SIL International It is similar to Open Type at some aspects but doesn t prescribe a list of features with predefined meanings and their possible implementations thus leaving more freedom to a font designer An other advantage of Graphite is that it gives a better control on some subtle aspects of font behavior However this technologie isn t currently widely supported except SIL s own WorldPad editor a Windows only application which requires a NET runtime the Graphite support is now built into OpenOffice org beginning from the 3 2 version and LibreOffice There is also an open source project to put Graphite support into Mozilla This means the Graphite support in Old Standard would be mostly actual for OpenOf fice org LibreOffice users Since this office suite still lacks proper OpenType support for Wester scripts its Windows version depends from Miscrosoft Uniscribe rendering en gine Graphite gives nice possibility to get a consistent rendering both on Linux and Windows platforms It also provides an optional features support although for reasons
64. ocuments fonts oldstand output IM Search Subdirectories Target options I Create soft links only Please select the folder from which you want to import fonts Add the selected fonts by clicking the OK button Figure 2 2 Adding new fonts to OpenOffice org via spadmin Both the text of the license itself and the OFL FAQ are included into the fonts package so I don t reproduce them here Basically licensing under OFL means that you can freely use copy modify and distribute the fonts as long as the terms of the license are not violated In particular you are not allowed to remove the original copyright notices from the font software and to change licensing conditions i e distribute either original or modified versions under a different license One more significant restriction is that you can t sell the fonts alone however OFL allows to bundle and sell them together with any other software either free or commercial A large part of OFL is devoted to so called Reserved Font Names which can t be used in derivative works without a written permission of the original author However there are no Reserved Font Names specified for Old Standard This is because I think I can t prohibit anybody from using such common words as Old or Standard in their font names In fact I even encourage you to base names of your modified versions on the original one so that the user can easily determine where the main design comes from For exa
65. onfig 4 depending from your distribution and the ver sion of the X11 server it uses So open that file in your favorite text editor and add the following line to the Files section FontPath usr X11R6 lib X11 fonts oldstand b some Linux distributions Alt Linux in particular handle fonts using a spe cial X Font Server xfs You can easily determine if your distribution be longs to this second group as in this case the only FontPath element in your xorg conf or XF86Conf ig will look as follows FontPath unix 1 2 5 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 13 If you have noticed such a line in your main X11 configuration file you should keep it untouched and instead edit the etc X11 xfs config file and add the new font path there 5 Finally if everything is done correctly the fonts will be accessible for X11 appli cations when you restart your X Server However you can also activate your new fonts immediately Again this can be done by two ways a if your system doesn t use xfs then you should execute the following com mands xset fp usr X11R6 1ib X11 fonts oldstand xset rehash b otherwise you have to restart your X Font Server Usually this can be done by executing service xfs restart 2 5 3 OpenOffice org Under MS Windows OpenOffice org LibreOffice just uses system wide installed fonts but Unix versions have their own font administration utility inherited from the dark times when no suitable
66. pa manninn Hr lfr konungr spur isk eptir hv rt hirdmadrinn hef a verit sak lauss drepinn v var n sta sog u eir K musk fyrir Hr lf konung oll sannindi h r um Hr lfr konungr sag i at skyl du fjarri at drepa skyldi manninn hafi pit h r illan vanda upp tekit at berja saklausa menn beinum er m r v vir ing en y r st r skomm at gora sl kt Hefi ek jafnan r tt um etta r ok hafi pit at essu engan gaum gefit ok hygg ek at essi ma r muni ekki alll tall fyrir s r er r hafi n leitat ok kalli hann til m n sv at ek viti hverr hann er A special note is required on the shape of the Icelandic letter p thorn In modern fonts this character s design is almost always based on the lowercase p with an ascender added This design is also the only mentioned by Icelandic type designer Gunnlaugur SE Briem in his article Thorn and eth how to get them right And yet this letterform doesn t look characteristic for the traditional typography Generally speaking there were two styles of thorn most commonly used in the late 19 and early 20 century printing a glyph based on the lowercase p but with a double sided serif at the top of the ascender e a glyph with its top and bottom serifs positioned under an angle to the vertical stem and the bowl stretched upwards In both cases the upper element often doesn t reach the full ascender height which makes a significant ad
67. pper leg terminating with a rounded ball open bowl on g again with a rounded ball at its end curved bowl on y and so on May be you was wandering why it is so difficult to find a digital typeface of similar style despite the vast amount of computer fonts currently available In general the Modern style was almost completely abandoned in the middle 20 century as it no longer corresponded to the tastes of the time moreover contemporary typographers often consider this lettertype obsolete and out of fashion due to its unnaturality Nevertheless the classicist style in general and its modification used in early 20 century in particular has at least one advantage it is still very suitable for typesetting scientific papers especially on social and humanitarian sciences as its specific features are closely associated in the people s eyes with old books they learned on However it would be even more important to stress the fact that the book printing in many non Western languages first appeared or was greatly improved in 19 century and thus many classical typefaces for non Latin scripts the most beautiful examples of Greek and Cyrillic lettertypes in particular were designed to be harmonizable with the Modern faces the standard Roman printing style of the time That s why the Modern style should be considered an extremely good choice for type setting multilingual texts and so I am really surprised that still nobody has attem
68. priate to map this form to U 03B8 and thus make it the only accessible glyph for the case ad vanced Open Type features are not supported by user s application Instead the following solution has been preferred the open theta is mapped both to U 03B8 GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA and U 03D1 GREEK THETA SYMBOL while the closed glyph may 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 29 Erdv amp 0tty Qs ads x Sokole os tov Osov Adyov ov ppirte xat Tp per ta Xepovbiu nal Bokohoyouaty at Avvdyste tay oUpxvGy TOY eLavactavta tomiuepov Ex tapo Xpiotav tov Cwodarny g a Bokagupey Y prisoyey mavres deomper s daga evbeors tov Ma T pa xai t y Y io nai Hveipa t Jelov tpigur sta toy xpatos trv piay Bagtheiay mai xuptorntar E X vexpwy Sovca Tov adv Yo dypavre Hagb ve AYZ gdyca Jeorper s Japos AVEXPPATTE ttcis Ein po ro aut y dofohoyotca ai a yepalgouda dice Figure 3 1 Contextual forms of beta and theta in traditional Greek typesetting This example has been taken from QpoAdytov TO WEya TEPL YOY ATT ADAY THY AV XOVOAV AUTO xokou iav MATA THY THELY vijc AvaTOA Ne TOD Xprotod xxAnatac xal amp atp coc tov DTOXSILEVWY aT day uovastnpiwv Ex ootc EBdouy Ev Bevetia 1851 2 32 be automatically substituted instead of U 03B8 in one of the following situations e in any postition if the ss05 stylistic set 05 feature tag is applied You can apply this su
69. prominent and visible You may add other material on the covers in addition Copying with changes limited to the covers as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly you should put the first ones listed as many as fit reasonably on the actual cover and continue the rest onto adjacent pages If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100 you must either include a machine readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer network location from which the general network using public has access to download using public standard network pro tocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document free of added material If you use the latter option you must take reasonably prudent steps when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus ac cessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy directly or through your agents or retailers of that edition to the public It is requested but not required that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document 4 4 MODIFICATIONS
70. pted to implement a multilingual typeface on this basis Instead multilingual typesetting is usu ally done with Times styled fonts which eliminate specific features of each script instead of stressing them This is the main reason for which I have designed Old Standard a multilingual font which attempts to revive the most common printing style of early 20 century Old Standard has two main purposes it is intended to be used as a special ized font for philologists mainly classicists and slavists and also as a general purpose font for typesetting various editions in languages which use Greek or Cyrillic script For this reason Old Standard provides glyphs for a wide range of Latin Greek and Cyrillic characters 4 CHAPTER 1 ABOUT OLD STANDARD A BTIEKFH KJIMHONPCTV XHANINNbBIBARNA ABBTIESH KJIMHONPCTVEXIIYNIIINBBIBAROA abcdefghijklmnopgrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 IX IV V VI VII VIIL IX X 0 512 Figure 1 1 The regular version of the Russian Standard typeface from the 1966 font catalogue 1 1 Origin and Design Old Standard was first intended as a digital version of O venosennas Standard typeface found in the following font catalogues printed in the Soviet Union e Karauor py4HBIX n manmnunux mpuproB M Kuura 1966 e Karauor pyunnix mpudros n HA OpH IX ykpanenufi Xappkon IIpanop 1973 That s where the name originates from I have have only added Old to stress the difference from Ode
71. raditional European typesetting before the arrive of modern standards Cyrillic Extended A 2DE0 2DFF Fully covered Supplemental Punctuation 2E00 2E7F Old Standard implements New Testament editorial symbols Ancient Greek textual symbols and half brackets CJK Symbols and Punctuation 3000 303F Again Old Standard includes angle and square brackets at U 3008 U 3009 and U 301A U 301B correspondingly as some people have used to use them for textual criticism Nevertheless mathematical versions of those characters see above should probably be preferred for their pur poses Cyrillic Extended B A640 A69F Old Standard implements letters and signs for Old Cyrillic but not letters for old Abkhasian orthography Latin Extended D A720 A7FF LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR G U A77D and Ancient Roman epigraphic letters Private Use Area This block includes a few additional accented Greek letters and some glyphs traditionally mapped to PUA codepoints in Adobe fonts I find this practice reasonable even if Adobe itself now has dropped it It is not recommended to use 20 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE those glyphs directly instead you should access them by applying various smart font features see subsection 3 2 1 and subsection 3 2 5 for more information if only your application allows this Alphabetic Presentation Forms FB00 FB4F In this block the standard Latin f ligatures are available Math
72. rence in this License but only as regards disclaiming warranties any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License 4 2 Verbatim Copying You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium either commercially or non commercially provided that this License the copyright notices and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute However you may accept compensation in exchange for copies If you dis tribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 4 3 You may also lend copies under the same conditions stated above and you may publicly display copies 4 3 Copying in Quantity If you publish printed copies or copies in media that commonly have printed covers of the Document numbering more than 100 and the Document s license notice requires Cover Texts you must enclose the copies in covers that carry clearly and legibly all these Cover Texts Front Cover Texts on the front cover and Back Cover Texts on the back cover Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally
73. rtical Position Common Ligatures Default X No Ligatures Diphthong Ligatures French Spacing Rules for Punctuation Marks Localized Forms for Rornanian Localized Forms for Serbian Localized Forms for Old Slavonic Greek Punctuation Marks Mathematical Greek Greek Theta Script Form Default X Closed Form y 7 mS am Fernan A Cancel Figure 3 3 The window of the Graphite Font Extension for OpenOffice org displaying the Graphite features of Old Standard p E 9 BH EH coe coc H the extension cannot determine which feature settings are supposed to be on for the current text language For example in Old Standard common ligatures are enabled by default but disabled for German Thus you can t activate the standard Latin ligatures in a German text with the Graphite extension since it will consider they are already on the displayed list of features and their possible settings will always correspond to the regular font even if the the selected text is formatted in bold or italic the extension doesn t care about the order of applied features and unfortunately this order may be significant since applying multiple features at once may sometimes lead to incorrect rendering However this problems doesn t occur if feature IDs are appended to the font name in the same order as they are defined in the font file If you have experienced any of the problems described above then you have only two options avail
74. s 2 4 2 Linux and X11 Windowing Environment Most Unix like systems now use the same basic framework called X Window System commonly X or X11 to build graphical user interfaces This means that all issues re lated with font installation and usage are basically the same no matter if you use Linux BSD Solaris or some other system In order to be able to handle TrueType or Open Type fonts your system should have the freetype library installed and enabled this is normally done by default in all modern distributions As under Windows you will need amp Unicode aware word processor Presumable you will do most of your work in OpenOf fice org or LibreOffice other less powerful word processors like AbiWord or KWord support Unicode as well As under Windows you may input Unicode characters using either a character map utility both the most full featured X11 based desktop environments KDE and Gnome include such utilities comparable with the Windows Character Map or a special key board driver Again you can try Thessalonica for OpenOffice org Another good choice is kmfl a keyboarding input method which aims to bring Tavultesoft Keyman function ality to nix operating systems KMFL is being jointly developed by SIL International and Tavultesoft Note that KMFL is not available by default in some popular Linux dis tributions so that you may have to compile install and configure it yourself This task is a bit difficult for an aver
75. salonica org ru en fonts html This page contains information about all font projects I am currently developing and download links 2 2 Which format to prefer The Old Standard font family is currently available in two formats so that before down loading fonts you should consider with which software you are planning to use them p TrueType fonts or more precisely Open Type fonts with TrueType outlines O OpenType fonts with PostScript outlines also called Open Type CFF Note that fonts in those two formats have different file extensions ttf for True Type otf for OpenType CFF this is the convention most font developers currently follow There also used to be a small difference in Windows icons while otf files ap pear in a folder or on a disk with a dog eared page icon showing a slanted letter O for Open Type an old icon with two overlapping T s has been used for TrueType fonts It is worth pointing out that the icon was misleading since the TrueType version of the Old Standard family beginning from the very first releases supported the same set of advanced Open Type features as its OpenType CFF counterpart see chapter 3 for information on how to take advantage of those features The reason for displaying the old icon is that Windows checks the presense of a digital signature in a TrueType font considering quite illogically this would allow to distinguish old TrueType fonts from modern Open Type fonts
76. terms of this License in the form shown in the Addendum below Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document s license notice Include an unaltered copy of this License Preserve the section Entitled History Preserve its Title and add to it an item stating at least the title year new authors and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page If there is no section Entitled History in the Document create one stating the title year authors and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence Preserve the network location if any given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on These may be placed in the History section You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission 48 CHAPTER 4 GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE K For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications Preserve the Title of the section and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and or dedications given therein L Preserve all the Invariant Se
77. text So these substitutions they are available only in regular and bold are optional He B B IbBIM BOY IOYIHATO Ne B B IIBIH BOY IOVIIIATO Contextual letterforms Some Cyrillic letters have tall ascenders while in medieval manuscripts the same letters normally did not extend above x height so that it was possible to put an accent or a combining letter above them Old Standard includes special low forms for some of such letters namely 6 and 7 and can automatically subsitute them when the letter is followed by an accent Hp b rb BOTOMb Ips BOMBb npb ao 020M6 gt NP OMe Finally an example of Old Slavonic text with combining marks and historic letters and letterforms W c Wparam moi TIPMTUEIO perona c Dewi Mppm xponorp HANMHCA pwm se p ymbBb HA Hb TBOPAINISCA BDATIIO VUE ZATO MHOTW BZEMb H MJI Bb E TVI Kb KOJICHS XawoBy ciia Hoesa Ul Dpi ma ro UECTIO 5KMBE TOY BO Phan J3bCTH HOCA puzy ZJIAY it MperBSr mte NA rVrieTCRBI BJYbXB BJIB BOYA HOB B 1A MIME XOTAIIA BbITH BB Ke HW xiTp b BECIA KJAHAXSCA My Liye B b pmu IAKO HNOB BIAIONIA H XOTANIAA BBITH UM H MOB B IAJONIA 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 37 MMBHIE Tr H AATEJLA BOPACTBOY HAPHNAXOY AKO ZJATHATO Ba MHAIIIC w e Hpanain now npumuer pexowa c Dewpi puu aponoep nanuca Ep wiu ace p yarbeo na no Meop AUSCA pamir uge gnamo MHOeW ezewo xe es Gevne wo xouenS Xamosy cha Hoeea iiu
78. tional diacritic can be stacked properly above the first Old Standard provides proper mark and mkmk anchor points for most Latin letters and combining marks so that you can type them in almost any combination and the result 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 23 will be visually identical with the corresponding precomposed accented characters in case they are available in the font Most OpenType renderers except older versions of Adobe s Cooltype library support the corresponding feature tags and so you can safely use these features in most Open Type aware applications MS Word 2003 for example Unicode Composition and Decomposition Another important OpenType feature is ccmp This feature allows to decompose a character into two glyphs or on the contrary to compose two characters into a sin gle glyph for better glyph processing Often such substitutions correspond to canonical de compositions specified in the Unicode character database but this is not a required condition So if we would like to replace a specific glyph or a group of glyphs with an other glyph or a group of glyphs such replacement can almost always be implemented via ccmp the only important limitation here is that this feature is not supposed to an often just cannot be turned off and thus it should not be used for optional typographic refinements such as Latin ligatures Old Standard uses ccmp mainly to compose accented glyphs from an accent and a
79. tores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos an mos pert nent important proximique sunt Germanis qui trans Rhenum inc lunt quibuscum continen ter bellum gerunt Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virt te praecedunt quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres quarum unam incolunt Belgae aliam Aquitani tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae nos tra Galli appellantur Hi omnes lingua institutis legibus inter se diff runt Gallos ab Aguitanis Garumna flumen a Belgis Ma tr na et Sequ na dividit Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant alque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important proximique sunt Germanis qui trans Rhenum inc lunt quibuscum continen ter bellum gerunt Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virl te praecedunt quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis 3 2 SMART FONT CAPABILITIES AND LANGUAGE SUPPORT 25 contendunt cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt Old English The following text a writ from William the Conqueror to the citizens of London 1066 demonstrates several specific characters used in Old English Note the insular G automatically substituted instead of the regular Latin G by applying
80. tunately this technique is not guaranteed to work in all OpenType aware applications in particular at the time this manual was written contextual positioning did not properly work in Xy TEX 36 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE Historic letterforms Although the modern Cyrillic script so called civil style is often used to typeset medieval texts some of the modern letterforms are especially closely associated with the typographic reform under Peter the Great and thus would look out of place in a historical context That s why Old Standard provides some stylistic alternates specially intended for Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic He BBL 6ovirovmraro He BALM BOYAOVIIATO ne emoww 6oydoywazo gt ne eb 6oya0yuAeo These alternates are enabled for Old Church Slavonic if your application under stands the 1oc1 feature tag and allows to mark a text with this language Alterna tively you can get the same substitutions by applying the stylistic set 14 ss14 There is also an additional stylistic set ss15 intended to handle the Cyrillic I vs Cyrillic N problem It is a well known fact that in the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts these two letters looked more like their Greek prototypes Eta and Nu and only in 15 century the middle bar slope has aquired its modern form However using an H shaped Cyrillic I and N shaped Cyrillic N by default even for typesetting Old Slavonic would probably be misleading in some con
81. u OV Foy XE EY 3 1 1 G neral Principles Luo dodo sr x UR Rr RO Xx HES SLE Character repertoire au fece qoe ec oe p chen hee e BE OD C sacs X y 9e XXE doit AP ab dodo dog dh eg Als Tow OU Bell co oa ook ex XR A e XE EES 3 2 Smart Font Capabilities and Language Support 3 2 1 Whatis DONT VOL soss vos poro Rh e du AA ANI 3 2 3 Greek EI Bod Cyrilli A A 3 20 Graphite DUDDOEE i i gnana e gen XXX RA E ED 4 GNU Free Documentation License 4 1 Applicability and Definitions 26 449 a A A2 Verbatim COPINE Los taa a ee NA Yep en 43 Copying in Quantity uso EG eaea a ed RR e a SES M i 3 TOC OCQ a A a a TET oF c 17 17 17 18 20 20 21 21 22 28 32 37 Table of contents 45 Combining Documents 24x xXx XX A AR 48 4 6 Collection of Documents iu uox ER de o x n Rs 49 4 7 Aggregation with Independent Works 49 e Mc IIA 49 A9 Termination a a a A A A A AAA 50 4 10 Future Revisions of this License lt suo xo oso A 50 ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents 50 Chapter 1 About Old Standard Everybody who has ever thumbed through any old books printed in the late 19 or early 20 century may have noted a specific typeface style most commonly used at that time basically a variation of the modern classicist antiqua but less contrast and more legi ble This group of typefaces also had an accompanying style of italics with some specific shapes k with the u
82. usly In the Unix world there are at least two free Open Type rendering libraries One such 22 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE library is Pango used in applications based on the GTK2 toolkit This library currently has nearly the same capabilities as MS Uniscribe although still there are some glitches Another even more powerful rendering engine is JCU used by XyTX ICU properly handles virtually all features provided by Old Standard even those not supported by most other rendering engines language dependent substitutions for example Unix versions of OpenOffice org and LibreOffice also use ICU but unfortunately this is not very useful for our purposes as they enable complex text processing only for complex scripts I know very little about Mac but I have to mention that many applications for this platform also have a very good level of Open Type support One such application is Mel lel the leading word processor for Mac OS X designed to serve scholars creative and technical writing and multilingual word processing 3 2 2 Latin Seript Standard Ligatures Old Standard currently includes 5 standard f ligatures namely ff fi fl ffi and ffl present in most OpenType fonts and also fj and ff ligatures which are required for proper typeset ting in Nordic languages All these ligatures are accessible via the liga feature enabled by default in most applications which support it such as Adobe InDesign Two lan
83. vantage over the modern letterform where the glyph often looks unbalanced due to the fact that the ascender is significantly longer than the descender I have preferred the second form for the upright font as it looks more elegant and seems to be preferable for Old English and the Gothic transliteration However it is important to stress the fact that it is also perfectly suitable for Norse languages In particular it was actively used for this purpose in the German printing as for example the Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken Germanischer Dialekte series published in Halle a S in early 20 century and now thanks to the Germanic Lexicon Project available on the web in the form high resolution scans can demonstrate In the same books however the italic thorn already has the contemporary style So I have implemented this letterform too in the italie font where indeed it looks more appropriate than in the regular version 28 CHAPTER 3 MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT UNICODE AND OPENTYPE 3 2 3 Greek Seript Alternate Forms In addition to the basic Greek alphabet the Unicode standard includes alternate forms for several letters such as script theta stroked phi and so on These characters were included mainly for compatibility with legacy character sets Symbol for example and using them anywhere except mathematical contexts is strongly discouraged Nevertheless the fact these characters are encoded causes a great mess by itself since it convinces
84. ws applications for example the Windows versions of OpenOffice org and LibreOffice Initially Uniscribe supported only complex scripts like Arabic or Devanagari but the most recent versions supplied with Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and Microsoft Office 2003 note that MS Office uses its own version of Uniseribe rather than the system library also perform some processing for Latin Greek and Cyrillic The Uniscribe support for Western scripts is still limited Microsoft Word 2003 performs only accent positioning and character composition decomposition On the other hand the supported features are actually the most important ones and they are really sufficient for proper text rendering although without additional typographic niceties Adobe s applications such as InDesign use another shaping engine called Cool Type which provides access to many optional features offered by OpenType such as small caps stylistic sets and various types of ligatures Old Standard currently supports some of those optional features such as stylistic sets To tell the truth this functionality is very important from the point of view of a fine typography but in most cases almost useless for a linguist However beginning from the CS3 version Adobe Creativity Suite applica tions are said to support a wider range of OT features including mark positioning and elyph composition decomposition which makes them much more suitable for typesetting linguistie texts when previo
85. xamples of transparent image formats include PNG XCF and JPG Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by pro prietary word processors SGML or XML for which the DTD and or processing tools are not generally available and the machine generated HTML PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only The Title Page means for a printed book the title page itself plus such following pages as are needed to hold legibly the material this License requires to appear in the title page For works in formats which do not have any title page as such Title Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work s title preceding the beginning of the body of the text A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below such as Acknowledgements Dedications Endorsements or History To Preserve the Title of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section 46 CHAPTER 4 GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE Entitled XYZ according to this definition The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by refe
86. xnosennaa Hosas New Standard another a bit similar and yet quite different typeface much more popular in the Soviet typography Currently there is a good digital version of New Standard available from Paratype so I was not planning to reproduce it Later however I realized that the O vrnosennaa typeface as it was used in Soviet printing of the second half of the 20 century is not an independent family but rather a bunch of various sets inherited from pre 1917 Russian typography So I had to improve the initial design basing mainly on various Russian and German editions of the late 19 and early 20 centuries mainly manuals of ancient languages and editions of classical Greek and Latin authors where I could find good examples of Latin Greek and in case of Russian books also Cyrillic letters used alongside I have also brought the following font catalogue which unlike later Soviet catalogues contains examples of several Stan dard typefaces so that I could compare the letterforms and select those I considered the most elegant Tocynapersernpi rTpeer BCHX IIoaurpad O pasuer mpudros M 1927 Thus the current version of Old Standard doesn t reproduce any particular typeface but rather attempts to revive the general style of the early 20 century typography most ly Russian and German Nevertheless I have decided to keep the initial name of course it doesn t look very original but seems to be a good choice for

Chapter 1 About Old Standard

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents